Wikipedia swwiki https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwanzo MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.1 first-letter Media Maalum Majadiliano Mtumiaji Majadiliano ya mtumiaji Wikipedia Majadiliano ya Wikipedia Faili Majadiliano ya faili MediaWiki Majadiliano ya MediaWiki Kigezo Majadiliano ya kigezo Msaada Majadiliano ya msaada Jamii Majadiliano ya jamii Lango Majadiliano ya lango Wikichanzo Majadiliano ya Wikichanzo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 8702 1612574 1611744 2026-11-02T14:57:37Z ~2026-58312-82 93654 copyright violation of contributors page should be moved not replaced-swapped 1612574 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Jedwali la nchi | jina_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Éire | jina_asili = ''Éire'' ([[Kieire]]) </br> ''Ireland'' ([[Kiingereza]]) | bendera = Flag of Ireland.svg | nembo = Coat of arms of Ireland.svg | kaulimbiu = | wimbo = ''Amhrán na bhFiann''<br>"Wimbo wa Wanajeshi" | ramani = EU-Ireland (orthographic projection).svg | mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu = [[Dublin]] | majiranukta1 = 53°20′39″K | majiranukta2 = 6°16′03″M | lugha_rasmi = [[Kieire]]</br> [[Kiingereza]] | dini= {{Plainlist| *75.7% [[Ukristo]] *14.5% [[Wasio na dini]] *3.1% Nyingine * 6.7% Hawakueleza}} | kabila= {{plainlist| * 76.6% [[Mzungu|Wazungu wa Eire]] * 10.8% [[Mzungu|Wazungu]] wengine * 3.3% [[Asia|Waasia]] * 1.5% [[Watu weusi|Weusi]] * 1.7% Wengine * 6.2% Hawakusema}} | serikali = Jamhuri ya bunge ya muungano | vyeo_viongozi = {{*}}[[Rais]]<br>{{*}}Taoiseach<br>{{*}}Tánaiste | majina_viongozi = [[Michael D. Higgins]]<br>[[Micheál Martin]]<br>[[Simon Harris]] | eneo_jumla = 70,273 | cheo_eneo = 118 | maji = 2.0% | watu_kadirio = 5,458,600 | mwaka_kadirio = 2025 | msongamano = 76.6 | pato_ppp = {{increase}} $691.904 bilioni | pato_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $127,750 | plt = {{increase}} $560.566 bilioni | pato_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $103,500 | mwaka_pato = 2024 | maendeleo = {{increase}} 0.949 </br> {{juu sana}} | mwaka_maendeleo = 2023 | gini = 27.9 | mwaka_gini = 2022 | fedha = [[Euro]] (€) (EUR) | majira_saa = +1 (DST) | udereva = Kushoto | msimbo_simu = 353 | tld = .ie }} '''Eire''' (pia: '''Ayalandi'''; [[jina rasmi]]: '''Jamhuri ya Eire''') ni nchi katika [[Ulaya ya Magharibi]], inayochukua sehemu kubwa ya [[kisiwa]] cha Ayalandi/Eire. Inapakana na [[Atlantiki|Bahari ya Atlantiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Eire]] mashariki, na [[Eire Kaskazini]], ambayo ni sehemu ya [[Ufalme wa Muungano]], kaskazini-mashariki. Ina [[idadi]] ya watu takriban [[milioni]] 5.45, ikiwa ya 119 [[dunia|duniani]]. [[Jiji]] lake kubwa zaidi na [[mji mkuu]] ni [[Dublin]]. Eire imegawanyika katika majimbo 4 na kaunti 26. Inajulikana kwa mandhari yake ya kijani kibichi, urithi wake tajiri wa [[Wakelti|Kiselti]], [[fasihi]] mashuhuri, na [[historia]] yake ya kupigania [[uhuru]] dhidi ya [[Uingereza]]. == Jiografia == Kijiografia Eire ni [[kisiwa]] kilichogawiwa kati ya Jamhuri ya Eire inayokalia sehemu kubwa ya kisiwa na [[Eire ya Kaskazini|Northern Ireland]] ambayo ni [[jimbo]] la [[Ufalme wa Maungano]]. Kisiwa chote kina eneo la [[km²]] 84,421 na 83% zake ni Jamhuri ya Eire. Upande wa [[magharibi]] kuna [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]], upande wa [[mashariki]] [[Bahari ya Eire]] inayokitenga na kisiwa cha [[Britannia]]. [[Kitovu]] cha kisiwa kuna [[tambarare]] inayozungukwa nje upande wa [[pwani]] na vilima. [[Mlima]] mrefu zaidi ni [[Carrauntoohil]] wenye [[kimo]] cha [[mita]] 1,038. [[Mto]] mkubwa ni [[Shannon]] ambao kutoka kaskazini unaelekea [[kusini]]. Kwenye [[tambarare]] ya katikati kuna ma[[ziwa]] kadhaa. [[Hali ya hewa]] inaathiriwa na Atlantiki: ni ya wastani, hakuna [[baridi]] kali wala [[joto]] kali. [[Bahari]] inaleta [[mvua]] nyingi na hivyo Eire huitwa "Kisiwa cha Kijani". [[Miji]] mikubwa ni [[Dublin]] (wakazi [[milioni]] 1), [[Cork]] (watu 190,000), [[Limerick]] (90,000), [[Galway]] (72,000) na [[Waterford]] (49,000). ==Historia== Kwa [[karne]] kadhaa Eire ilitawaliwa na [[Uingereza]]. [[Sheria]] ya mwaka [[1800]] iliunganisha Ufalme wa Britania Kuu na Ufalme wa Eire na hivyo kuunda [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] (United Kingdom of Great Britan and Ireland). Baada ya [[Vita vya uhuru vya Eire]] [[bunge]] la [[London]] kwa sheria ya mwaka [[1920]] (Government of Ireland Act 1920) liligawa Ireland katika sehemu mbili za Northern Ireland na Southern Ireland. Wabunge waliochaguliwa katika Ireland ya Kusini walijitangaza kuwa bunge la Eire na kwa mapatano ya mwaka [[1922]] [[uhuru]] wa Eire ulitambuliwa. Nchi mpya ilijiita tangu [[1937]] "Jamhuri ya Eire" na kuendelea kama nchi ya pekee. Baada ya [[uhuru]] wa sehemu kubwa ya [[kisiwa]] hicho, [[Eire ya Kaskazini|ile ya kaskazini-mashariki]] imebaki kama sehemu ya [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]. ==Watu== Wakazi walio wengi (76.6%) ni Waeire asili, [[Wazungu]] wengine ni 10.8%, [[Waasia]] 3.3%, [[Waafrika]] 1.5% n.k. Wengi kabisa hutumia [[lugha]] ya [[Kiingereza]] lakini [[Kieire]] ndiyo [[lugha ya taifa]] na [[lugha rasmi]] ya kwanza. Kinazungumzwa katika maeneo kadhaa ya [[Kijiji|vijijini]] na hufundishwa [[shule]]ni, lakini kutokana na [[uhamiaji]], [[Kipolandi]] kina wasemaji wengi zaidi kuliko Kieire. Upande wa [[dini]], 75.7% ni [[Wakristo]] (69.1% [[Wakatoliki]], 2.5% [[Waanglikana]] na 4.1% ni wa [[madhehebu]] mengine). Ushiriki wa [[ibada]] ni wa juu sana. [[Waislamu]] ni 1.3% na 14.5% hawana dini. == Tazama pia == * [[Wilaya za Eire]] * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] ==Marejeo== <!-- Please order books alphabetically by the author's last name --> {{Refbegin}} *{{Rejea kitabu |title=Ireland: Neutrality and the International Use of Force |last=Gilland|first=Karin|year=2001|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-21804-7|ref=harv}} *{{Rejea kitabu |title=Rough guide to Ireland|url=https://archive.org/details/ireland0000unse_g9o2|last=Greenwood|first=Margaret|year=2003|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=1-84353-059-7|ref=harv}} *{{Rejea kitabu |title=James Clarence Mangan – His Selected Poems|last=Mangan|first=James Clarence|year=2007|publisher=Read Books|isbn=1-4086-2700-0|ref=harv}} *{{Rejea kitabu |title=Two thousand years of Coptic Christianity|last=Meinardus|first=Otto Friedrich August|year=2002|publisher=American Univ in Cairo Press|isbn=977-424-757-4|ref=harv}} *{{Rejea kitabu |title=A New History of Ireland: Prehistoric and early Ireland|last=Moody|first=Theodore William|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-821737-4|ref=harv}} {{refend}} ===Marejeo mengine=== {{refbegin}} *''{{lang|ga|Bunreacht na hÉireann}}'' (the 1937 constitution) *''The Irish Free State Constitution Act, 1922'' *J. Anthony Foley and Stephen Lalor (ed), ''Gill & Macmillan Annotated Constitution of Ireland'' (Gill & Macmillan, 1995) (ISBN 0-7171-2276-X) *FSL Lyons, ''Ireland Since the Famine'' *Alan J. Ward, ''The Irish Constitutional Tradition: Responsible Government and Modern Ireland 1782–1992'' (Irish Academic Press, 1994) (ISBN 0-7165-2528-3) *Michael J. Geary, ''An Inconvenient Wait: Ireland's Quest for Membership of the EEC, 1957–73'' (Institute of Public Administration, 2009) (ISBN 978-1-904541-83-7) {{refend}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{commons|ireland}} ; Serikali *[http://www.gov.ie/ Irish State] – ''Official governmental portal'' *[http://www.president.ie/ {{lang|ga|Áras an Uachtaráin}}] – Official presidential site *[http://taoiseach.gov.ie/ Taoiseach] – Official prime ministerial site ; Taarifa za jumla *{{CIA World Factbook link|ei|Ireland}} *[http://www.state.gov/p/eur/ci/ei/ Ireland] information from the [[United States Department of State]] *[http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/ireland.htm Ireland] {{Wayback|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/ireland.htm |date=20080821132627}} at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' *{{dmoz|Regional/Europe/Ireland|Ireland}} *[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17473476 Ireland profile] from the [[BBC News]] *{{Wikiatlas|Ireland}} *[http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=IE Key Development Forecasts for Ireland] from [[International Futures]] {{Umoja wa Ulaya}} {{Ulaya}} {{mbegu-jio-Ireland}} [[Jamii:Ireland| ]] [[Jamii:Nchi za visiwa]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Ulaya]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Umoja wa Ulaya]] [[Jamii:Umoja wa Forodha wa Ulaya]] [[Jamii:Visiwa vya Atlantiki]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] 7c2ofz6pev9czzextc0io7ozurozmxx 1612583 1612574 2026-11-02T15:25:49Z ~2026-58447-53 93655 salvage update from copyviolating redirect 1612583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Jedwali la nchi | jina_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Éire | jina_asili = ''Éire'' ([[Kieire]]) </br> ''Ireland'' ([[Kiingereza]]) | bendera = Flag of Ireland.svg | nembo = Coat of arms of Ireland.svg | kaulimbiu = | wimbo = ''Amhrán na bhFiann''<br>"Wimbo wa Wanajeshi" | ramani = EU-Ireland (orthographic projection).svg | mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu = [[Dublin]] | majiranukta1 = 53°20′39″K | majiranukta2 = 6°16′03″M | lugha_rasmi = [[Kieire]]</br> [[Kiingereza]] | dini= {{Plainlist| *75.7% [[Ukristo]] *14.5% [[Wasio na dini]] *3.1% Nyingine * 6.7% Hawakueleza}} | kabila= {{plainlist| * 76.6% [[Mzungu|Wazungu wa Eire]] * 10.8% [[Mzungu|Wazungu]] wengine * 3.3% [[Asia|Waasia]] * 1.5% [[Watu weusi|Weusi]] * 1.7% Wengine * 6.2% Hawakusema}} | serikali = Jamhuri ya bunge ya muungano | vyeo_viongozi = {{*}}[[Rais]]<br>{{*}}Taoiseach<br>{{*}}Tánaiste | majina_viongozi = [[Michael D. Higgins]]<br>[[Micheál Martin]]<br>[[Simon Harris]] | eneo_jumla = 70,273 | cheo_eneo = 118 | maji = 2.0% | watu_kadirio = 5,458,600 | mwaka_kadirio = 2025 | msongamano = 76.6 | pato_ppp = {{increase}} $691.904 bilioni | pato_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $127,750 | plt = {{increase}} $560.566 bilioni | pato_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $103,500 | mwaka_pato = 2024 | maendeleo = {{increase}} 0.949 </br> {{juu sana}} | mwaka_maendeleo = 2023 | gini = 27.9 | mwaka_gini = 2022 | fedha = [[Euro]] (€) (EUR) | majira_saa = +1 (DST) | udereva = Kushoto | msimbo_simu = 353 | tld = .ie }} '''Irelandi''' (pia: '''Ayalandi'''; [[jina rasmi]]: '''Jamhuri ya Eire''') ni nchi katika [[Ulaya ya Magharibi]], inayochukua sehemu kubwa ya [[kisiwa]] cha Irelandi. Inapakana na [[Atlantiki|Bahari ya Atlantiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Eire]] mashariki, na [[Irelandi Kaskazini]], ambayo ni sehemu ya [[Ufalme wa Muungano]], kaskazini-mashariki. Ina [[idadi]] ya watu takriban [[milioni]] 5.45, ikiwa ya 119 [[dunia|duniani]]. [[Jiji]] lake kubwa zaidi na [[mji mkuu]] ni [[Dublin]]. Irelandi imegawanyika katika majimbo 4 na kaunti 26. Inajulikana kwa mandhari yake ya kijani kibichi, urithi wake tajiri wa [[Wakelti|Kiselti]], [[fasihi]] mashuhuri, na [[historia]] yake ya kupigania [[uhuru]] dhidi ya [[Uingereza]]. == Jiografia == Kijiografia Irelandi ni [[kisiwa]] kilichogawiwa kati ya Jamhuri ya Eire inayokalia sehemu kubwa ya kisiwa na [[Irelandi ya Kaskazini]] ambayo ni [[jimbo]] la [[Ufalme wa Maungano]]. Kisiwa chote kina eneo la [[km²]] 84,421 na 83% zake ni Jamhuri ya Irelandi. Upande wa [[magharibi]] kuna [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]], upande wa [[mashariki]] [[Bahari ya Eire]] inayokitenga na kisiwa cha [[Britannia]]. [[Kitovu]] cha kisiwa kuna [[tambarare]] inayozungukwa nje upande wa [[pwani]] na vilima. [[Mlima]] mrefu zaidi ni [[Carrauntoohil]] wenye [[kimo]] cha [[mita]] 1,038. [[Mto]] mkubwa ni [[Shannon]] ambao kutoka kaskazini unaelekea [[kusini]]. Kwenye [[tambarare]] ya katikati kuna ma[[ziwa]] kadhaa. [[Hali ya hewa]] inaathiriwa na Atlantiki: ni ya wastani, hakuna [[baridi]] kali wala [[joto]] kali. [[Bahari]] inaleta [[mvua]] nyingi na hivyo Eire huitwa "Kisiwa cha Kijani". [[Miji]] mikubwa ni [[Dublin]] (wakazi [[milioni]] 1), [[Cork]] (watu 190,000), [[Limerick]] (90,000), [[Galway]] (72,000) na [[Waterford]] (49,000). ==Historia== Kwa [[karne]] kadhaa Irelandi ilitawaliwa na [[Uingereza]]. [[Sheria]] ya mwaka [[1800]] iliunganisha Ufalme wa Britania Kuu na Ufalme wa Eire na hivyo kuunda [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] (United Kingdom of Great Britan and Ireland). Baada ya [[Vita vya uhuru vya Eire]] [[bunge]] la [[London]] kwa sheria ya mwaka [[1920]] (Government of Ireland Act 1920) liligawa Irelandi katika sehemu mbili za Northern Ireland na Southern Ireland. Wabunge waliochaguliwa katika Irelandi ya Kusini walijitangaza kuwa bunge la Irelandi na kwa mapatano ya mwaka [[1922]] [[uhuru]] wa Irelandi ulitambuliwa. Nchi mpya ilijiita tangu [[1937]] "Jamhuri ya Eire" na kuendelea kama nchi ya pekee. Baada ya [[uhuru]] wa sehemu kubwa ya [[kisiwa]] hicho, [[Irelandi ya Kaskazini|ile ya kaskazini-mashariki]] imebaki kama sehemu ya [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]. ==Watu== Wakazi walio wengi (76.6%) ni Waeire asili, [[Wazungu]] wengine ni 10.8%, [[Waasia]] 3.3%, [[Waafrika]] 1.5% n.k. Wengi kabisa hutumia [[lugha]] ya [[Kiingereza]] lakini [[Kieire]] ndiyo [[lugha ya taifa]] na [[lugha rasmi]] ya kwanza. Kinazungumzwa katika maeneo kadhaa ya [[Kijiji|vijijini]] na hufundishwa [[shule]]ni, lakini kutokana na [[uhamiaji]], [[Kipolandi]] kina wasemaji wengi zaidi kuliko Kieire. Upande wa [[dini]], 75.7% ni [[Wakristo]] (69.1% [[Wakatoliki]], 2.5% [[Waanglikana]] na 4.1% ni wa [[madhehebu]] mengine). Ushiriki wa [[ibada]] ni wa juu sana. [[Waislamu]] ni 1.3% na 14.5% hawana dini. == Tazama pia == * [[Wilaya za Eire]] * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] ==Marejeo== <!-- Please order books alphabetically by the author's last name --> {{Refbegin}} *{{Rejea kitabu |title=Ireland: Neutrality and the International Use of Force |last=Gilland|first=Karin|year=2001|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-21804-7|ref=harv}} *{{Rejea kitabu |title=Rough guide to Ireland|url=https://archive.org/details/ireland0000unse_g9o2|last=Greenwood|first=Margaret|year=2003|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=1-84353-059-7|ref=harv}} *{{Rejea kitabu |title=James Clarence Mangan – His Selected Poems|last=Mangan|first=James Clarence|year=2007|publisher=Read Books|isbn=1-4086-2700-0|ref=harv}} *{{Rejea kitabu |title=Two thousand years of Coptic Christianity|last=Meinardus|first=Otto Friedrich August|year=2002|publisher=American Univ in Cairo Press|isbn=977-424-757-4|ref=harv}} *{{Rejea kitabu |title=A New History of Ireland: Prehistoric and early Ireland|last=Moody|first=Theodore William|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-821737-4|ref=harv}} {{refend}} ===Marejeo mengine=== {{refbegin}} *''{{lang|ga|Bunreacht na hÉireann}}'' (the 1937 constitution) *''The Irish Free State Constitution Act, 1922'' *J. Anthony Foley and Stephen Lalor (ed), ''Gill & Macmillan Annotated Constitution of Ireland'' (Gill & Macmillan, 1995) (ISBN 0-7171-2276-X) *FSL Lyons, ''Ireland Since the Famine'' *Alan J. Ward, ''The Irish Constitutional Tradition: Responsible Government and Modern Ireland 1782–1992'' (Irish Academic Press, 1994) (ISBN 0-7165-2528-3) *Michael J. Geary, ''An Inconvenient Wait: Ireland's Quest for Membership of the EEC, 1957–73'' (Institute of Public Administration, 2009) (ISBN 978-1-904541-83-7) {{refend}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{commons|ireland}} ; Serikali *[http://www.gov.ie/ Irish State] – ''Official governmental portal'' *[http://www.president.ie/ {{lang|ga|Áras an Uachtaráin}}] – Official presidential site *[http://taoiseach.gov.ie/ Taoiseach] – Official prime ministerial site ; Taarifa za jumla *{{CIA World Factbook link|ei|Ireland}} *[http://www.state.gov/p/eur/ci/ei/ Ireland] information from the [[United States Department of State]] *[http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/ireland.htm Ireland] {{Wayback|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/ireland.htm |date=20080821132627}} at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' *{{dmoz|Regional/Europe/Ireland|Ireland}} *[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17473476 Ireland profile] from the [[BBC News]] *{{Wikiatlas|Ireland}} *[http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=IE Key Development Forecasts for Ireland] from [[International Futures]] {{Umoja wa Ulaya}} {{Ulaya}} {{mbegu-jio-Ireland}} [[Jamii:Ireland| ]] [[Jamii:Nchi za visiwa]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Ulaya]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Umoja wa Ulaya]] [[Jamii:Umoja wa Forodha wa Ulaya]] [[Jamii:Visiwa vya Atlantiki]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] d9cyo4xzwm04h6d98k7pimtu6l0b3s8 1612593 1612583 2026-11-02T15:51:55Z NDG 79979 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/~2026-58447-53|~2026-58447-53]] ([[User talk:~2026-58447-53|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:~2026-58312-82|~2026-58312-82]] 1612574 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Jedwali la nchi | jina_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Éire | jina_asili = ''Éire'' ([[Kieire]]) </br> ''Ireland'' ([[Kiingereza]]) | bendera = Flag of Ireland.svg | nembo = Coat of arms of Ireland.svg | kaulimbiu = | wimbo = ''Amhrán na bhFiann''<br>"Wimbo wa Wanajeshi" | ramani = EU-Ireland (orthographic projection).svg | mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu = [[Dublin]] | majiranukta1 = 53°20′39″K | majiranukta2 = 6°16′03″M | lugha_rasmi = [[Kieire]]</br> [[Kiingereza]] | dini= {{Plainlist| *75.7% [[Ukristo]] *14.5% [[Wasio na dini]] *3.1% Nyingine * 6.7% Hawakueleza}} | kabila= {{plainlist| * 76.6% [[Mzungu|Wazungu wa Eire]] * 10.8% [[Mzungu|Wazungu]] wengine * 3.3% [[Asia|Waasia]] * 1.5% [[Watu weusi|Weusi]] * 1.7% Wengine * 6.2% Hawakusema}} | serikali = Jamhuri ya bunge ya muungano | vyeo_viongozi = {{*}}[[Rais]]<br>{{*}}Taoiseach<br>{{*}}Tánaiste | majina_viongozi = [[Michael D. Higgins]]<br>[[Micheál Martin]]<br>[[Simon Harris]] | eneo_jumla = 70,273 | cheo_eneo = 118 | maji = 2.0% | watu_kadirio = 5,458,600 | mwaka_kadirio = 2025 | msongamano = 76.6 | pato_ppp = {{increase}} $691.904 bilioni | pato_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $127,750 | plt = {{increase}} $560.566 bilioni | pato_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $103,500 | mwaka_pato = 2024 | maendeleo = {{increase}} 0.949 </br> {{juu sana}} | mwaka_maendeleo = 2023 | gini = 27.9 | mwaka_gini = 2022 | fedha = [[Euro]] (€) (EUR) | majira_saa = +1 (DST) | udereva = Kushoto | msimbo_simu = 353 | tld = .ie }} '''Eire''' (pia: '''Ayalandi'''; [[jina rasmi]]: '''Jamhuri ya Eire''') ni nchi katika [[Ulaya ya Magharibi]], inayochukua sehemu kubwa ya [[kisiwa]] cha Ayalandi/Eire. Inapakana na [[Atlantiki|Bahari ya Atlantiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Eire]] mashariki, na [[Eire Kaskazini]], ambayo ni sehemu ya [[Ufalme wa Muungano]], kaskazini-mashariki. Ina [[idadi]] ya watu takriban [[milioni]] 5.45, ikiwa ya 119 [[dunia|duniani]]. [[Jiji]] lake kubwa zaidi na [[mji mkuu]] ni [[Dublin]]. Eire imegawanyika katika majimbo 4 na kaunti 26. Inajulikana kwa mandhari yake ya kijani kibichi, urithi wake tajiri wa [[Wakelti|Kiselti]], [[fasihi]] mashuhuri, na [[historia]] yake ya kupigania [[uhuru]] dhidi ya [[Uingereza]]. == Jiografia == Kijiografia Eire ni [[kisiwa]] kilichogawiwa kati ya Jamhuri ya Eire inayokalia sehemu kubwa ya kisiwa na [[Eire ya Kaskazini|Northern Ireland]] ambayo ni [[jimbo]] la [[Ufalme wa Maungano]]. Kisiwa chote kina eneo la [[km²]] 84,421 na 83% zake ni Jamhuri ya Eire. Upande wa [[magharibi]] kuna [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]], upande wa [[mashariki]] [[Bahari ya Eire]] inayokitenga na kisiwa cha [[Britannia]]. [[Kitovu]] cha kisiwa kuna [[tambarare]] inayozungukwa nje upande wa [[pwani]] na vilima. [[Mlima]] mrefu zaidi ni [[Carrauntoohil]] wenye [[kimo]] cha [[mita]] 1,038. [[Mto]] mkubwa ni [[Shannon]] ambao kutoka kaskazini unaelekea [[kusini]]. Kwenye [[tambarare]] ya katikati kuna ma[[ziwa]] kadhaa. [[Hali ya hewa]] inaathiriwa na Atlantiki: ni ya wastani, hakuna [[baridi]] kali wala [[joto]] kali. [[Bahari]] inaleta [[mvua]] nyingi na hivyo Eire huitwa "Kisiwa cha Kijani". [[Miji]] mikubwa ni [[Dublin]] (wakazi [[milioni]] 1), [[Cork]] (watu 190,000), [[Limerick]] (90,000), [[Galway]] (72,000) na [[Waterford]] (49,000). ==Historia== Kwa [[karne]] kadhaa Eire ilitawaliwa na [[Uingereza]]. [[Sheria]] ya mwaka [[1800]] iliunganisha Ufalme wa Britania Kuu na Ufalme wa Eire na hivyo kuunda [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] (United Kingdom of Great Britan and Ireland). Baada ya [[Vita vya uhuru vya Eire]] [[bunge]] la [[London]] kwa sheria ya mwaka [[1920]] (Government of Ireland Act 1920) liligawa Ireland katika sehemu mbili za Northern Ireland na Southern Ireland. Wabunge waliochaguliwa katika Ireland ya Kusini walijitangaza kuwa bunge la Eire na kwa mapatano ya mwaka [[1922]] [[uhuru]] wa Eire ulitambuliwa. Nchi mpya ilijiita tangu [[1937]] "Jamhuri ya Eire" na kuendelea kama nchi ya pekee. Baada ya [[uhuru]] wa sehemu kubwa ya [[kisiwa]] hicho, [[Eire ya Kaskazini|ile ya kaskazini-mashariki]] imebaki kama sehemu ya [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]. ==Watu== Wakazi walio wengi (76.6%) ni Waeire asili, [[Wazungu]] wengine ni 10.8%, [[Waasia]] 3.3%, [[Waafrika]] 1.5% n.k. Wengi kabisa hutumia [[lugha]] ya [[Kiingereza]] lakini [[Kieire]] ndiyo [[lugha ya taifa]] na [[lugha rasmi]] ya kwanza. Kinazungumzwa katika maeneo kadhaa ya [[Kijiji|vijijini]] na hufundishwa [[shule]]ni, lakini kutokana na [[uhamiaji]], [[Kipolandi]] kina wasemaji wengi zaidi kuliko Kieire. Upande wa [[dini]], 75.7% ni [[Wakristo]] (69.1% [[Wakatoliki]], 2.5% [[Waanglikana]] na 4.1% ni wa [[madhehebu]] mengine). Ushiriki wa [[ibada]] ni wa juu sana. [[Waislamu]] ni 1.3% na 14.5% hawana dini. == Tazama pia == * [[Wilaya za Eire]] * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] ==Marejeo== <!-- Please order books alphabetically by the author's last name --> {{Refbegin}} *{{Rejea kitabu |title=Ireland: Neutrality and the International Use of Force |last=Gilland|first=Karin|year=2001|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-21804-7|ref=harv}} *{{Rejea kitabu |title=Rough guide to Ireland|url=https://archive.org/details/ireland0000unse_g9o2|last=Greenwood|first=Margaret|year=2003|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=1-84353-059-7|ref=harv}} *{{Rejea kitabu |title=James Clarence Mangan – His Selected Poems|last=Mangan|first=James Clarence|year=2007|publisher=Read Books|isbn=1-4086-2700-0|ref=harv}} *{{Rejea kitabu |title=Two thousand years of Coptic Christianity|last=Meinardus|first=Otto Friedrich August|year=2002|publisher=American Univ in Cairo Press|isbn=977-424-757-4|ref=harv}} *{{Rejea kitabu |title=A New History of Ireland: Prehistoric and early Ireland|last=Moody|first=Theodore William|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-821737-4|ref=harv}} {{refend}} ===Marejeo mengine=== {{refbegin}} *''{{lang|ga|Bunreacht na hÉireann}}'' (the 1937 constitution) *''The Irish Free State Constitution Act, 1922'' *J. Anthony Foley and Stephen Lalor (ed), ''Gill & Macmillan Annotated Constitution of Ireland'' (Gill & Macmillan, 1995) (ISBN 0-7171-2276-X) *FSL Lyons, ''Ireland Since the Famine'' *Alan J. Ward, ''The Irish Constitutional Tradition: Responsible Government and Modern Ireland 1782–1992'' (Irish Academic Press, 1994) (ISBN 0-7165-2528-3) *Michael J. Geary, ''An Inconvenient Wait: Ireland's Quest for Membership of the EEC, 1957–73'' (Institute of Public Administration, 2009) (ISBN 978-1-904541-83-7) {{refend}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{commons|ireland}} ; Serikali *[http://www.gov.ie/ Irish State] – ''Official governmental portal'' *[http://www.president.ie/ {{lang|ga|Áras an Uachtaráin}}] – Official presidential site *[http://taoiseach.gov.ie/ Taoiseach] – Official prime ministerial site ; Taarifa za jumla *{{CIA World Factbook link|ei|Ireland}} *[http://www.state.gov/p/eur/ci/ei/ Ireland] information from the [[United States Department of State]] *[http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/ireland.htm Ireland] {{Wayback|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/ireland.htm |date=20080821132627}} at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' *{{dmoz|Regional/Europe/Ireland|Ireland}} *[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17473476 Ireland profile] from the [[BBC News]] *{{Wikiatlas|Ireland}} *[http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=IE Key Development Forecasts for Ireland] from [[International Futures]] {{Umoja wa Ulaya}} {{Ulaya}} {{mbegu-jio-Ireland}} [[Jamii:Ireland| ]] [[Jamii:Nchi za visiwa]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Ulaya]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Umoja wa Ulaya]] [[Jamii:Umoja wa Forodha wa Ulaya]] [[Jamii:Visiwa vya Atlantiki]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] 7c2ofz6pev9czzextc0io7ozurozmxx 1612595 1612593 2026-11-02T15:53:15Z NDG 79979 Undid 3 revisions from [[Special:Diff/1612574|1612574]] until [[Special:Diff/1612593|1612593]] Rv vandalism 1612595 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT[[Irelandi]] 8l6ty8zsy4gy43agatyghyo6fk0l3rc 1612596 1612595 2026-11-02T15:58:47Z ~2026-58456-23 93657 rvv piracy see [[w:en:Wikipedia:Moving a page]] However, do not perform a page move by creating a new page and then cutting and pasting the content over to it. Doing so will instead cause two page locations to exist side-by-side regarding the exact same subject, each with its own revision histories and content, and where any changes that are made to one location do not "synchronize" or "update" the other (or vice versa). 1612596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Jedwali la nchi | jina_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Éire | jina_asili = ''Éire'' ([[Kieire]]) </br> ''Ireland'' ([[Kiingereza]]) | bendera = Flag of Ireland.svg | nembo = Coat of arms of Ireland.svg | kaulimbiu = | wimbo = ''Amhrán na bhFiann''<br>"Wimbo wa Wanajeshi" | ramani = EU-Ireland (orthographic projection).svg | mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu = [[Dublin]] | majiranukta1 = 53°20′39″K | majiranukta2 = 6°16′03″M | lugha_rasmi = [[Kieire]]</br> [[Kiingereza]] | dini= {{Plainlist| *75.7% [[Ukristo]] *14.5% [[Wasio na dini]] *3.1% Nyingine * 6.7% Hawakueleza}} | kabila= {{plainlist| * 76.6% [[Mzungu|Wazungu wa Eire]] * 10.8% [[Mzungu|Wazungu]] wengine * 3.3% [[Asia|Waasia]] * 1.5% [[Watu weusi|Weusi]] * 1.7% Wengine * 6.2% Hawakusema}} | serikali = Jamhuri ya bunge ya muungano | vyeo_viongozi = {{*}}[[Rais]]<br>{{*}}Taoiseach<br>{{*}}Tánaiste | majina_viongozi = [[Michael D. Higgins]]<br>[[Micheál Martin]]<br>[[Simon Harris]] | eneo_jumla = 70,273 | cheo_eneo = 118 | maji = 2.0% | watu_kadirio = 5,458,600 | mwaka_kadirio = 2025 | msongamano = 76.6 | pato_ppp = {{increase}} $691.904 bilioni | pato_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $127,750 | plt = {{increase}} $560.566 bilioni | pato_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $103,500 | mwaka_pato = 2024 | maendeleo = {{increase}} 0.949 </br> {{juu sana}} | mwaka_maendeleo = 2023 | gini = 27.9 | mwaka_gini = 2022 | fedha = [[Euro]] (€) (EUR) | majira_saa = +1 (DST) | udereva = Kushoto | msimbo_simu = 353 | tld = .ie }} '''Irelandi''' (pia: '''Ayalandi'''; [[jina rasmi]]: '''Jamhuri ya Eire''') ni nchi katika [[Ulaya ya Magharibi]], inayochukua sehemu kubwa ya [[kisiwa]] cha Irelandi. Inapakana na [[Atlantiki|Bahari ya Atlantiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Eire]] mashariki, na [[Irelandi Kaskazini]], ambayo ni sehemu ya [[Ufalme wa Muungano]], kaskazini-mashariki. Ina [[idadi]] ya watu takriban [[milioni]] 5.45, ikiwa ya 119 [[dunia|duniani]]. [[Jiji]] lake kubwa zaidi na [[mji mkuu]] ni [[Dublin]]. Irelandi imegawanyika katika majimbo 4 na kaunti 26. Inajulikana kwa mandhari yake ya kijani kibichi, urithi wake tajiri wa [[Wakelti|Kiselti]], [[fasihi]] mashuhuri, na [[historia]] yake ya kupigania [[uhuru]] dhidi ya [[Uingereza]]. == Jiografia == Kijiografia Irelandi ni [[kisiwa]] kilichogawiwa kati ya Jamhuri ya Eire inayokalia sehemu kubwa ya kisiwa na [[Irelandi ya Kaskazini]] ambayo ni [[jimbo]] la [[Ufalme wa Maungano]]. Kisiwa chote kina eneo la [[km²]] 84,421 na 83% zake ni Jamhuri ya Irelandi. Upande wa [[magharibi]] kuna [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]], upande wa [[mashariki]] [[Bahari ya Eire]] inayokitenga na kisiwa cha [[Britannia]]. [[Kitovu]] cha kisiwa kuna [[tambarare]] inayozungukwa nje upande wa [[pwani]] na vilima. [[Mlima]] mrefu zaidi ni [[Carrauntoohil]] wenye [[kimo]] cha [[mita]] 1,038. [[Mto]] mkubwa ni [[Shannon]] ambao kutoka kaskazini unaelekea [[kusini]]. Kwenye [[tambarare]] ya katikati kuna ma[[ziwa]] kadhaa. [[Hali ya hewa]] inaathiriwa na Atlantiki: ni ya wastani, hakuna [[baridi]] kali wala [[joto]] kali. [[Bahari]] inaleta [[mvua]] nyingi na hivyo Eire huitwa "Kisiwa cha Kijani". [[Miji]] mikubwa ni [[Dublin]] (wakazi [[milioni]] 1), [[Cork]] (watu 190,000), [[Limerick]] (90,000), [[Galway]] (72,000) na [[Waterford]] (49,000). ==Historia== Kwa [[karne]] kadhaa Irelandi ilitawaliwa na [[Uingereza]]. [[Sheria]] ya mwaka [[1800]] iliunganisha Ufalme wa Britania Kuu na Ufalme wa Eire na hivyo kuunda [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] (United Kingdom of Great Britan and Ireland). Baada ya [[Vita vya uhuru vya Eire]] [[bunge]] la [[London]] kwa sheria ya mwaka [[1920]] (Government of Ireland Act 1920) liligawa Irelandi katika sehemu mbili za Northern Ireland na Southern Ireland. Wabunge waliochaguliwa katika Irelandi ya Kusini walijitangaza kuwa bunge la Irelandi na kwa mapatano ya mwaka [[1922]] [[uhuru]] wa Irelandi ulitambuliwa. Nchi mpya ilijiita tangu [[1937]] "Jamhuri ya Eire" na kuendelea kama nchi ya pekee. Baada ya [[uhuru]] wa sehemu kubwa ya [[kisiwa]] hicho, [[Irelandi ya Kaskazini|ile ya kaskazini-mashariki]] imebaki kama sehemu ya [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]. ==Watu== Wakazi walio wengi (76.6%) ni Waeire asili, [[Wazungu]] wengine ni 10.8%, [[Waasia]] 3.3%, [[Waafrika]] 1.5% n.k. Wengi kabisa hutumia [[lugha]] ya [[Kiingereza]] lakini [[Kieire]] ndiyo [[lugha ya taifa]] na [[lugha rasmi]] ya kwanza. Kinazungumzwa katika maeneo kadhaa ya [[Kijiji|vijijini]] na hufundishwa [[shule]]ni, lakini kutokana na [[uhamiaji]], [[Kipolandi]] kina wasemaji wengi zaidi kuliko Kieire. Upande wa [[dini]], 75.7% ni [[Wakristo]] (69.1% [[Wakatoliki]], 2.5% [[Waanglikana]] na 4.1% ni wa [[madhehebu]] mengine). Ushiriki wa [[ibada]] ni wa juu sana. [[Waislamu]] ni 1.3% na 14.5% hawana dini. == Tazama pia == * [[Wilaya za Eire]] * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] ==Marejeo== <!-- Please order books alphabetically by the author's last name --> {{Refbegin}} *{{Rejea kitabu |title=Ireland: Neutrality and the International Use of Force |last=Gilland|first=Karin|year=2001|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-21804-7|ref=harv}} *{{Rejea kitabu |title=Rough guide to Ireland|url=https://archive.org/details/ireland0000unse_g9o2|last=Greenwood|first=Margaret|year=2003|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=1-84353-059-7|ref=harv}} *{{Rejea kitabu |title=James Clarence Mangan – His Selected Poems|last=Mangan|first=James Clarence|year=2007|publisher=Read Books|isbn=1-4086-2700-0|ref=harv}} *{{Rejea kitabu |title=Two thousand years of Coptic Christianity|last=Meinardus|first=Otto Friedrich August|year=2002|publisher=American Univ in Cairo Press|isbn=977-424-757-4|ref=harv}} *{{Rejea kitabu |title=A New History of Ireland: Prehistoric and early Ireland|last=Moody|first=Theodore William|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-821737-4|ref=harv}} {{refend}} ===Marejeo mengine=== {{refbegin}} *''{{lang|ga|Bunreacht na hÉireann}}'' (the 1937 constitution) *''The Irish Free State Constitution Act, 1922'' *J. Anthony Foley and Stephen Lalor (ed), ''Gill & Macmillan Annotated Constitution of Ireland'' (Gill & Macmillan, 1995) (ISBN 0-7171-2276-X) *FSL Lyons, ''Ireland Since the Famine'' *Alan J. Ward, ''The Irish Constitutional Tradition: Responsible Government and Modern Ireland 1782–1992'' (Irish Academic Press, 1994) (ISBN 0-7165-2528-3) *Michael J. Geary, ''An Inconvenient Wait: Ireland's Quest for Membership of the EEC, 1957–73'' (Institute of Public Administration, 2009) (ISBN 978-1-904541-83-7) {{refend}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{commons|ireland}} ; Serikali *[http://www.gov.ie/ Irish State] – ''Official governmental portal'' *[http://www.president.ie/ {{lang|ga|Áras an Uachtaráin}}] – Official presidential site *[http://taoiseach.gov.ie/ Taoiseach] – Official prime ministerial site ; Taarifa za jumla *{{CIA World Factbook link|ei|Ireland}} *[http://www.state.gov/p/eur/ci/ei/ Ireland] information from the [[United States Department of State]] *[http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/ireland.htm Ireland] {{Wayback|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/ireland.htm |date=20080821132627}} at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' *{{dmoz|Regional/Europe/Ireland|Ireland}} *[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17473476 Ireland profile] from the [[BBC News]] *{{Wikiatlas|Ireland}} *[http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=IE Key Development Forecasts for Ireland] from [[International Futures]] {{Umoja wa Ulaya}} {{Ulaya}} {{mbegu-jio-Ireland}} [[Jamii:Ireland| ]] [[Jamii:Nchi za visiwa]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Ulaya]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Umoja wa Ulaya]] [[Jamii:Umoja wa Forodha wa Ulaya]] [[Jamii:Visiwa vya Atlantiki]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] d9cyo4xzwm04h6d98k7pimtu6l0b3s8 1612598 1612596 2026-11-02T15:59:40Z NDG 79979 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/~2026-58456-23|~2026-58456-23]] ([[User talk:~2026-58456-23|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:NDG|NDG]] 1612595 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT[[Irelandi]] 8l6ty8zsy4gy43agatyghyo6fk0l3rc 1612599 1612598 2026-11-02T16:00:59Z NDG 79979 Protected "[[Eire]]": Persistent vandalism ([[m:GS|global sysop]] action) ([Kuhariri=Zuia watumiaji wapya au wale ambao hawajajisajilisha] (itakwisha 16:00, 16 Novemba 2026 (UTC)) [Kuhamisha=Zuia watumiaji wapya au wale ambao hawajajisajilisha] (itakwisha 16:00, 16 Novemba 2026 (UTC))) 1612595 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT[[Irelandi]] 8l6ty8zsy4gy43agatyghyo6fk0l3rc 0 9986 1612556 46337 2026-11-02T12:06:46Z OtikolenoiL 71204 Created by translating the page "[[:fr:Special:Redirect/revision/240943770|Samarino]]" 1612556 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Samarino''', ambaye jina lake halisi ni '''Benjamin Kalonda''', anayejulikana pia kwa jina la utani '''Sama Baby''', ni [[mwimbaji]], mtunzi wa nyimbo , [[mtunzi]] na dansi [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|kutoka Kongo]] . Alizaliwa Mei 7, 1993 huko [[Kinshasa]], anafanya kazi katika [[Muziki|muziki wa mijini wa Kongo]] . Anajulikana katika tasnia ya muziki kama Samarino na pia anatoa baadhi ya muziki wake chini ya jina Sama Baby. Taarifa za umma zinazopatikana kuhusu utoto wake, familia, na elimu bado ni chache. Vyanzo vya uandishi wa habari vilivyochunguzwa bado haviruhusu ujenzi mpya sahihi wa vipengele hivi vya maisha yake. Kazi ya Muziki Miaka ya Mapema Samarino alianza kazi yake ya muziki mwaka wa 2015 kwa kutoa wimbo wake wa kwanza, "Benda singa." Toleo hili liliashiria mwanzo wake katika tasnia ya muziki ya Kongo na kumruhusu kupata kutambuliwa kutoka kwa wataalamu wa umma na tasnia.[2] Aliendelea na kazi yake na single kadhaa, hasa "Oko Lelela Nani," ushirikiano na mwimbaji wa Kongo Innoss'B, pamoja na "Bolukaka nini" na "Hozana." Mafanikio ya "La Katangaise" Samarino ilipata umaarufu zaidi na wimbo "La Katangaise," unaojulikana pia kama "La Katangaise (Bibi Remix)." Mnamo 2019, alitoa toleo lililochanganywa la wimbo huo na waimbaji wawili wa Togo Toofan. Wimbo huo ulinufaika na usambazaji mkubwa kwenye mitandao ya kijamii baada ya kutolewa kwa video za densi zilizowashirikisha wachezaji kama vile Jeny Bosenge na Anae Romyns. Umaarufu wa video hizi ulichangia usambazaji wa wimbo huo zaidi ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo.[3] Mafanikio haya yalisaidia kuanzisha Samarino miongoni mwa wasanii wa kizazi kipya cha muziki wa mijini wa Kongo. Albamu "Chambre Noire" Mnamo Juni 10, 2022, Samarino alitoa albamu yake ya kwanza ya studio, inayoitwa "Chambre Noire." Albamu hiyo ina nyimbo kumi na tatu na inajumuisha wasanii kadhaa wageni, miongoni mwao Glenn Precious, Tidiane Mario, Rebo, Gally Garvey, DJ Cent 15, Serge Beynaud, Mac Gayver, Afara Tsena, na PSON[4]. Miongoni mwa nyimbo kwenye albamu hii ni: Chambre Noire; Epesi pasi; Bongo; Unajua; Delta Force; Achour; Nga f'o esimba; Kalebe; Rachel; Mawa; Kilelo; Verre Nanga Freestyle; Olobaki. Mnamo Juni 25, 2022, alitoa video ya muziki ya "Delta Force," wimbo kutoka kwenye albamu hii. Katika wimbo huu, msanii huyo anarejelea filamu ya vitendo ya Marekani ya 1990 yenye jina moja, iliyoigizwa na Chuck Norris. Ushirikiano wa Muziki Katika kazi yake yote, Samarino ameshirikiana na wasanii kadhaa kwenye eneo la muziki wa Kongo na Afrika. Ushirikiano ulioandikwa ni pamoja na: Toofan, kwenye remix ya "La Katangaise"; Innoss'B, kwenye "Oko Lelela Nani"; Koffi Olomidé, kwenye "Allez dire"; DJ Mombochi, kwenye "Docteur"; Tidiane Mario, kwenye "Chambre Noire"; Gally Garvey, kwenye "Bongo"; Serge Beynaud, kwenye "Kalebe"; Rebo, kwenye "Epesi pasi"; PSON, kwenye "Olobaki". Ushirikiano huu unaonyesha shughuli zake ndani ya eneo la muziki wa mijini wa Kongo na mawasiliano yake na wasanii kutoka nchi zingine za Afrika.[5] Kusaini na Bomaye Musik Mnamo Julai 2024, Samarino alijiunga rasmi na lebo ya Bomaye Musik, kampuni ya utengenezaji na usambazaji wa muziki inayohusishwa na mtangazaji Général Philo na msanii Youssoupha.[6] Ushirikiano huu uliambatana na kutolewa kwa wimbo "Docteur," wimbo uliotayarishwa na DJ Mombochi na kutolewa Julai 2024. EP "Transcendance" Mnamo Desemba 27, 2024, Samarino alitoa wimbo "Transcendance," mradi wa nyimbo sita. EP hiyo inajumuisha nyimbo "Rouléage," "Fête," "Bolingo esili," "Allez dire," "Bad," na "Porte ya bolingo."[7] EP hiyo ina ushirikiano na mwimbaji wa Kongo Koffi Olomidé kwenye wimbo "Allez dire," pamoja na kuonekana kwa mgeni na Rena kwenye wimbo "Bad." Matasha na Maonyesho Samarino anatumbuiza katika majukwaa mbalimbali katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo na nje ya nchi. Mnamo Agosti 3, 2024, alitangaza tamasha katika viwanja vya GD katika wilaya ya Lemba ya Kinshasa, kama sehemu ya kukuza muziki wake na ushirikiano wake na Bomaye Musik. Mnamo Novemba 2024, alitangaza tamasha huko Paris, lililopangwa kufanyika Desemba 14, 2024, katika Canal 93 huko Bobigny, Ufaransa. Pia alitangaza onyesho lingine katika ukumbi huo huo mnamo Januari 2025. Mnamo Desemba 2024, pia alipanga tamasha huko Kinshasa kabla ya safari yake kwenda Paris, haswa kuwasilisha mradi wake mpya wa muziki, Transcendance.[8] Tamasha lililopangwa kufanyika Januari 31, 2026, huko Pan Piper huko Paris baadaye liliahirishwa na timu yake ili kutoa muda zaidi wa maandalizi na ukuzaji.[9] Diskografia Albamu na EP Chambre Noire (2022) Transcendance (2024) Wasio na Wapenzi na Ushirikiano Benda singa (2015) La Katangaise (2019) La Katangaise (Bibi Remix) pamoja na Toofan (2019) Hozana (2020) Oko Lelela Nani pamoja na Innoss'B Bolukaka nini (2021) Delta Force (2022) Ebeba (2023) Mapigano ya Mon (2024) Daktari akiwa na DJ Mombochi (2024) Elengi (2025) Mtindo wa Muziki Muziki wa Samarino unaingia ndani 4v16gsnw27mbakfkgnk9mz4170wcqv3 1612558 1612556 2026-11-02T12:15:09Z OtikolenoiL 71204 1612558 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Samarino''', ambaye jina lake halisi ni '''Benjamin Kalonda''', anayejulikana pia kwa jina la utani '''Sama Baby''', ni [[mwimbaji]], mtunzi wa nyimbo , [[mtunzi]] na dansi [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|kutoka Kongo]] . Alizaliwa Mei 7, 1993 huko [[Kinshasa]], anafanya kazi katika [[Muziki|muziki wa mijini wa Kongo]] . Anajulikana katika tasnia ya muziki kama Samarino na pia anatoa baadhi ya muziki wake chini ya jina Sama Baby. Taarifa za umma zinazopatikana kuhusu utoto wake, familia, na elimu bado ni chache. Vyanzo vya uandishi wa habari vilivyochunguzwa bado haviruhusu ujenzi mpya sahihi wa vipengele hivi vya maisha yake. == Kazi ya Muziki == === Miaka ya Mapema === Samarino alianza kazi yake ya muziki mwaka wa 2015 kwa kutoa wimbo wake wa kwanza, "Benda singa." Toleo hili liliashiria mwanzo wake katika tasnia ya muziki ya Kongo na kumruhusu kupata kutambuliwa kutoka kwa wataalamu wa umma na tasnia. Aliendelea na kazi yake na single kadhaa, hasa "Oko Lelela Nani," ushirikiano na mwimbaji wa Kongo Innoss'B, pamoja na "Bolukaka nini" na "Hozana." === Mafanikio ya "La Katangaise" === Samarino ilipata umaarufu zaidi na wimbo "La Katangaise," unaojulikana pia kama "La Katangaise (Bibi Remix)." Mnamo 2019, alitoa toleo lililochanganywa la wimbo huo na waimbaji wawili wa Togo Toofan. Wimbo huo ulinufaika na usambazaji mkubwa kwenye mitandao ya kijamii baada ya kutolewa kwa video za densi zilizowashirikisha wachezaji kama vile Jeny Bosenge na Anae Romyns. Umaarufu wa video hizi ulichangia usambazaji wa wimbo huo zaidi ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo. Mafanikio haya yalisaidia kuanzisha Samarino miongoni mwa wasanii wa kizazi kipya cha muziki wa mijini wa Kongo. === Albamu "Chambre Noire" === Mnamo Juni 10, 2022, Samarino alitoa albamu yake ya kwanza ya studio, inayoitwa "Chambre Noire." Albamu hiyo ina nyimbo kumi na tatu na inajumuisha wasanii kadhaa wageni, miongoni mwao Glenn Precious, Tidiane Mario, Rebo, Gally Garvey, DJ Cent 15, Serge Beynaud, Mac Gayver, Afara Tsena, na PSON. Miongoni mwa nyimbo kwenye albamu hii ni: * Chambre Noire; * Epesi pasi; * Bongo; * Unajua; * Delta Force; * Achour; * Nga f'o esimba; * Kalebe; * Rachel; * Mawa; * Kilelo; * Verre Nanga Freestyle; * Olobaki. Mnamo Juni 25, 2022, alitoa video ya muziki ya "Delta Force," wimbo kutoka kwenye albamu hii. Katika wimbo huu, msanii huyo anarejelea filamu ya vitendo ya Marekani ya 1990 yenye jina moja, iliyoigizwa na Chuck Norris. === Ushirikiano wa Muziki === Katika kazi yake yote, Samarino ameshirikiana na wasanii kadhaa kwenye eneo la muziki wa Kongo na Afrika. Ushirikiano ulioandikwa ni pamoja na: * Toofan, kwenye remix ya "La Katangaise"; * Innoss'B, kwenye "Oko Lelela Nani"; * Koffi Olomidé, kwenye "Allez dire"; * DJ Mombochi, kwenye "Docteur"; * Tidiane Mario, kwenye "Chambre Noire"; * Gally Garvey, kwenye "Bongo"; * Serge Beynaud, kwenye "Kalebe"; * Rebo, kwenye "Epesi pasi"; * PSON, kwenye "Olobaki". Ushirikiano huu unaonyesha shughuli zake ndani ya eneo la muziki wa mijini wa Kongo na mawasiliano yake na wasanii kutoka nchi zingine za Afrika. === Kusaini na Bomaye Musik === Mnamo Julai 2024, Samarino alijiunga rasmi na lebo ya Bomaye Musik, kampuni ya utengenezaji na usambazaji wa muziki inayohusishwa na mtangazaji Général Philo na msanii Youssoupha. Ushirikiano huu uliambatana na kutolewa kwa wimbo "Docteur," wimbo uliotayarishwa na DJ Mombochi na kutolewa Julai 2024. === EP "Transcendance" === Mnamo Desemba 27, 2024, Samarino alitoa wimbo "Transcendance," mradi wa nyimbo sita. EP hiyo inajumuisha nyimbo "Rouléage," "Fête," "Bolingo esili," "Allez dire," "Bad," na "Porte ya bolingo." EP hiyo ina ushirikiano na mwimbaji wa Kongo Koffi Olomidé kwenye wimbo "Allez dire," pamoja na kuonekana kwa mgeni na Rena kwenye wimbo "Bad." === Matasha na Maonyesho === Samarino anatumbuiza katika majukwaa mbalimbali katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo na nje ya nchi. Mnamo Agosti 3, 2024, alitangaza tamasha katika viwanja vya GD katika wilaya ya Lemba ya Kinshasa, kama sehemu ya kukuza muziki wake na ushirikiano wake na Bomaye Musik. Mnamo Novemba 2024, alitangaza tamasha huko Paris, lililopangwa kufanyika Desemba 14, 2024, katika Canal 93 huko Bobigny, Ufaransa. Pia alitangaza onyesho lingine katika ukumbi huo huo mnamo Januari 2025. Mnamo Desemba 2024, pia alipanga tamasha huko Kinshasa kabla ya safari yake kwenda Paris, haswa kuwasilisha mradi wake mpya wa muziki, Transcendance. Tamasha lililopangwa kufanyika Januari 31, 2026, huko Pan Piper huko Paris baadaye liliahirishwa na timu yake ili kutoa muda zaidi wa maandalizi na ukuzaji. == Diskografia == === Albamu na EP === * Chambre Noire (2022) * Transcendance (2024) * Wasio na Wapenzi na Ushirikiano * Benda singa (2015) * La Katangaise (2019) * La Katangaise (Bibi Remix) pamoja na Toofan (2019) * Hozana (2020) * Oko Lelela Nani pamoja na Innoss'B * Bolukaka nini (2021) * Delta Force (2022) * Ebeba (2023) * Mapigano ya Mon (2024) * Daktari akiwa na DJ Mombochi (2024) * Elengi (2025) kwolh2xrrkp7ta66iv03xs4h4j18jhz 0 13351 1612683 1605626 2026-11-03T05:52:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612683 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:WhiteHouseSouthFacade.JPG|thumb|300px|Ikulu ya [[White House]], makazi rasmi ya rais wa Marekani]] [[Picha:Seal of the President of the United States.svg|thumb|200px|Ngao ya Taifa la Marekani.]] Katika [[Katiba ya Marekani]], [[Rais wa Marekani]] ni [[Mkuu wa Taifa]] pamoja na kuwa [[Mkuu wa Serikali]] wa nchi hiyo. Kama mkuu wa tawi la utendaji na mkuu wa serikali ya majimbo, rais ndiye mwenye [[cheo]] na madaraka makuu zaidi katika nchi ya Marekani. Rais pia ndiye [[Amiri Jeshi Mkuu]] wa [[Majeshi ya Marekani]]. Kuchaguliwa kwa rais wa Marekani ni kupitia mfumo wa [[wawakilishi wenye kura]] ''(electoral college)'', ambapo rais huchaguliwa kwa muhula wa miaka minne. Inawezekana pia kwamba rais achaguliwe kupitia katika [[Nyumba ya Wawakilishi ya Marekani]] (US House of Representatives), ikiwa kongamano la wajumbe halikuweza kumchagua rais kwa kumpa mgombea mmoa kura nyingi kuliko mwingine yeyote. Kulingana na Katiba ya Marekani, mtu yeyote hawezi kuchaguliwa kuwa rais wa nchi hiyo zaidi ya mara mbili.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_amendments_11-27.html|title=The Constitution: Amendments 11–27|publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration|U.S. National Archives & Records Administration]]|accessdate=2008-10-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526170111/http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_amendments_11-27.html|archivedate=2013-05-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kukitokea [[Mauti|kifo]], kujiuzulu au kuondelewa mamlakani kwa rais, [[Makamu wa Rais wa Marekani]] atachukulia kiti cha rais. Orodha hii inajumulisha tu wale watu ambao waliapishwa kama rais kufuatia kupitishwa ka [[Katiba ya Marekani]] hapo 4 Machi 1789. Kumeapishwa marais 45, na kumekuwa na marais 46, kwa sababu rais [[Grover Cleveland]] alihudumu mihula miwili isiyofuatana, na kwa hivi anahesabiwa mara mbili, kama rais nambari 22 na nambari 24. Marais wanne walifariki kawaida wakiwa mamlakani ([[William Henry Harrison]], [[Zachary Taylor]], [[Warren G. Harding]], na [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]), mmoja akajiuzulu ([[Richard Nixon]]), na wanne wakauawa ([[Abraham Lincoln]], [[James A. Garfield]], [[William McKinley]], na [[John F. Kennedy]]). Rais wa kwanza wa Marekani alikuwa [[George Washington]], aliyeapishwa [[1789]] bada ya kupigiwa kura na wajumbe wote katika kongamano. William Henry Harrison alihudumu kwa muda wa siku 31 pekee, mwaka 1841, naye Franklin D. Roosevelt akahudumu kwa muda mrefu zaidi kuliko wote, miaka 12. Rais wa sasa ni [[Joe Biden]], aliyeapishwa 20 Januari [[2021]]. == Marais == {| class="wikitable" cellpadding=2 cellspacing=2 class="sortable" |- bgcolor=#cccccc ! Urais !! Jina la Rais !! !! Kipindi cha utawala !! Chama !! Jimbo la kuzaliwa !! Makamu wa Rais |- |align=center| 1 || [[George Washington]] || [[Picha:Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg|50px]] || [[1789]] - [[1797]] || Independent || [[Virginia]] || [[John Adams]] |- bgcolor=#E6E6AA |align=center| 2 || [[John Adams]] || [[Picha:Johnadamsvp.flipped.jpg|50px]] || [[1797]] - [[1801]] || Federalist || [[Massachusetts]] || [[Thomas Jefferson]] |- bgcolor=#CCFFCC |align=center| 3 || [[Thomas Jefferson]] || [[Picha:Thomas Jefferson rev.jpg|50px]] || [[1801]] - [[1809]] || Republican (Jeffersonian)|| [[Virginia]] || [[Aaron Burr]] | [[George Clinton]] |- bgcolor=#CCFFCC |align=center| 4 || [[James Madison]] || [[Picha:James Madison (cropped 3x4 close).jpg|50px]] || [[1809]] - [[1817]] || Republican (Jeffersonian) || [[Virginia]]|| George Clinton | [[Elbridge Gerry]] |- bgcolor=#CCFFCC |align=center| 5 || [[James Monroe]] || [[Picha:Jamesmonroe-npgallery.jpg|50px]] || [[1817]] - [[1825]] || Republican (Jeffersonian) || [[Virginia]]|| [[Daniel Tompkins]] |- bgcolor=#CCFFCC |align=center| 6 || [[John Quincy Adams]] || [[Picha:John Quincy Adams.jpg|50px]] || [[1825]] - [[1829]] || National Republican || [[Massachusetts]]|| [[John Calhoun]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF |align=center| 7 || [[Andrew Jackson]] || [[Picha:Andrew jackson head.jpg|50px]] || [[1829]] - [[1837]] || Democratic || [[South Carolina]]|| [[John Calhoun]] | [[Martin Van Buren]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF |align=center| 8 || [[Martin Van Buren]] || [[Picha:Martin Van Buren.jpg|50px]] || [[1837]] - [[1841]] || Democratic || [[New York (jimbo)|New York]] || [[Richard Mentor Johnson]] |- bgcolor=#FFFFCC |align=center| 9 || [[William Harrison]] || [[Picha:William Henry Harrison.jpg|50px]] || [[1841]]* || Whig || [[Virginia]] || [[John Tyler]] |- bgcolor=#FFFFCC |align=center| 10 || [[John Tyler]] || [[Picha:John Tyler.jpg|50px]] || [[1841]] - [[1845]] || Whig || [[Virginia]] || |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF |align=center| 11 || [[James Polk]] || [[Picha:Polkpolk.jpg|50px]] || [[1845]] - [[1849]] || Democrat || [[North Carolina]] || [[George Dallas]] |- bgcolor=#FFFFCC |align=center| 12 || [[Zachary Taylor]] || [[Picha:Zachary Taylor 2.jpg|50px]] || [[1849]] - [[1850]]* || Whig || [[Virginia]] || [[Millard Fillmore]] |- bgcolor=#FFFFCC |align=center| 13 || [[Millard Fillmore]] || [[Picha:Millard Fillmore.jpg|50px]] || [[1850]] - [[1853]] || Whig || [[New York (jimbo)|New York]] || |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF |align=center| 14 || [[Franklin Pierce]] || [[Picha:Franklin Pierce.jpg|50px]] || [[1853]] - [[1857]] || Democrat || [[New Hampshire]] || [[William King]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF |align=center| 15 || [[James Buchanan]] || [[Picha:James Buchanan.jpg|50px]] || [[1857]] - [[1861]] || Democrat || [[Pennsylvania]] || [[John Breckinridge]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |align=center| 16 || [[Abraham Lincoln]] || [[Picha:Abraham Lincoln head on shoulders photo portrait.jpg|50px]] || [[1861]] - [[1865]]* || Republican || [[Kentucky]] || [[Hannibal Hamlin]] | [[Andrew Johnson]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF |align=center| 17 || [[Andrew Johnson]] || [[Picha:Andrew Johnson.jpg|50px]] || [[1865]] - [[1869]] || Democrat || [[North Carolina]] || |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |align=center| 18 || [[Ulysses Grant]] || [[Picha:Ulysses S. Grant 1870-1880.jpg|50px]] || [[1869]] - [[1877]] || Republican || [[Ohio]] || [[Schuyler Colfax]] | [[Henry Wilson]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |align=center| 19 || [[Rutherford Hayes]] || [[Picha:President Rutherford Hayes 1870 - 1880 Restored.jpg|50px]] || [[1877]] - [[1881]] || Republican || [[Ohio]] || [[William Wheeler]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |align=center| 20 || [[James Garfield]] || [[Picha:James Abram Garfield, photo portrait seated.jpg|50px]] || [[1881]] - [[1881]]* || Republican || [[Ohio]] || [[Chester Arthur]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |align=center| 21 || [[Chester Arthur]] || [[Picha:Chester Alan Arthur.jpg|50px]] || [[1881]] - [[1885]] || Republican || [[Vermont]] || |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF |align=center| 22 || [[Grover Cleveland]] || [[Picha:President Grover Cleveland.jpg|50px]] || [[1885]] - [[1889]] || Democrat || [[New Jersey]] || [[Thomas Hendricks]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |align=center| 23 || [[Benjamin Harrison]] || [[Picha:Benjamin harrison.jpg|50px]] || [[1889]] - [[1893]] || Republican || [[Ohio]] || [[Levi Morton]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF |align=center| 24 || [[Grover Cleveland]] || [[Picha:President Grover Cleveland.jpg|50px]] || [[1893]] - [[1897]] || Democrat || [[New Jersey]] || [[Adlai Stevenson]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |align=center| 25 || [[William McKinley]] || [[Picha:Mckinley.jpg|50px]] || [[1897]] - [[1901]]* || Republican || [[Ohio]] || [[Garret Hobart]] | [[Theodore Roosevelt]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |align=center| 26 || [[Theodore Roosevelt]] || [[Picha:T Roosevelt.jpg|50px]] || [[1901]] - [[1909]] || Republican || [[New York (jimbo)|New York]] || [[Charles Fairbanks]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |align=center| 27 || [[William Howard Taft]] || [[Picha:William Howard Taft.jpg|50px]] || [[1909]] - [[1913]] || Republican || [[Ohio]] || [[James Sherman]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF |align=center| 28 || [[Woodrow Wilson]] || [[Picha:Woodrow Wilson (1912).jpg|50px]] || [[1913]] - [[1921]] || Democrat || [[Virginia]] || [[Thomas Marshall]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |align=center| 29 || [[Warren Harding]] || [[Picha:Warren G Harding portrait as senator June 1920.jpg|50px]] || [[1921]] - [[1923]]* || Republican || [[Ohio]] || [[Calvin Coolidge]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |align=center| 30 || [[Calvin Coolidge]] || [[Picha:Calvin Coolidge photo portrait head and shoulders.jpg|50px]] || [[1923]] - [[1929]] || Republican || [[Vermont]] || [[Charles Dawes]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |align=center| 31 || [[Herbert Hoover]] || [[Picha:President Hoover portrait.jpg|50px]] || [[1929]] - [[1933]] || Republican || [[Iowa]] || [[Charles Curtis]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF |align=center| 32 || [[Franklin Roosevelt]] || [[Picha:FDR in 1933.jpg|50px]] || [[1933]] - [[1945]]* || Democrat || [[New York (jimbo)|New York]] || [[John Garner]] | [[Henry Wallace]] | [[Harry Truman]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF |align=center| 33 || [[Harry Truman]] || [[Picha:Harry-truman.jpg|50px]] || [[1945]] - [[1953]] || Democrat || [[Missouri]] || [[Alben Barkley]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |align=center| 34 || [[Dwight Eisenhower]] || [[Picha:Eisenhower official.jpg|50px]] || [[1953]] - [[1961]] || Republican || [[Texas]] || [[Richard Nixon]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF |align=center| 35 || [[John Kennedy]] || [[Picha:John F Kennedy.jpg|50px]] || [[1961]] - [[1963]]* || Democrat || [[Massachusetts]] || [[Lyndon Johnson]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF |align=center| 36 || [[Lyndon Johnson]] || [[Picha:Lbj2.jpg|50px]] || [[1963]] - [[1969]] || Democrat || [[Texas]] || [[Hubert Humphrey]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |align=center| 37 || [[Richard Nixon]] || [[Picha:Nixon_30-0316a.jpg|50px]] || [[1969]] - [[1974]]** || Republican || [[California]] || [[Spiro Agnew]] | [[Gerald Ford]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |align=center| 38 || [[Gerald Ford]] || [[Picha:Gerald Ford.jpg|50px]] || [[1974]] - [[1977]] || Republican || [[Nebraska]] || [[Nelson Rockefeller]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF |align=center| 39 || [[Jimmy Carter]] || [[Picha:Jimmy Carter.jpg|50px]] || [[1977]] - [[1981]] || Democrat || [[Georgia]] || [[Walter Mondale]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |align=center| 40 || [[Ronald Reagan]] || [[Picha:Ronald Reagan 1981 presidential portrait.jpg|50px]] || [[1981]] - [[1989]] || Republican || [[Illinois]] || [[George H. W. Bush]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |align=center| 41 || [[George H. W. Bush]] || [[Picha:George H. W. Bush presidential portrait (cropped).jpg|50px]] || [[1989]] - [[1993]] || Republican || [[Massachusetts]] || [[Dan Quayle]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF |align=center| 42 || [[Bill Clinton]] || [[Picha:Bill Clinton.jpg|50px]] || [[1993]] - [[2001]] || Democrat || [[Arkansas]] || [[Al Gore]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |align=center| 43 || [[George W. Bush]] || [[Picha:George-W-Bush.jpeg|50px]] || [[2001]] - [[2009]] || Republican || [[Connecticut]] || [[Dick Cheney]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF |align=center| [[Urais wa Barack Obama|44]] || [[Barack Obama]] || [[Picha:Official portrait of Barack Obama.jpg|50px]] || [[2009]] - [[2017]] || Democrat || [[Hawaii]] || [[Joe Biden]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |align=center| 45 || [[Donald Trump]] || [[Picha:Donald Trump official portrait.jpg|50px]] || [[2017]] - [[2021]] || Republican || [[New York (jimbo)|New York]] || [[Mike Pence]] |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF |align=center| 46 || [[Joe Biden]] || [[Picha:Joe Biden official portrait 2013 cropped (cropped).jpg|50px]] || [[2021]] - [[2025]] || Democrat || [[Pennsylvania]] || [[Kamala Harris]] |- bgcolor=#FFE8E8 |align=center| 47 || [[Donald Trump]] || [[Picha:Donald Trump official portrait.jpg|50px]] || [[2025]] - || Republican || [[New York (jimbo)|New York]] || [[JD Vance]] |} '*' maana yake, amefariki madarakani '**' maana yake, amejiuzulu madarakani == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya Nje == * [http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/ Whitehouse.gov: The Presidents] {{Wayback|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/ |date=20101006034811 }} * [http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/ American Heritage People: The Presidents] {{Wayback|url=http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/ |date=20060210002715 }} * [http://www.history.com/genericContent.do?id=53504 American Presidents – History Channel] * [http://www.americanpresidents.org/ American Presidents: Life Portraits] * [http://www.gvsu.edu/hauenstein/ The Hauenstein Center for Presidential Studies] – [[Grand Valley State University]] * [http://www.ipl.org/div/potus/ POTUS: Presidents of the United States] – [[Internet Public Library]] [[Jamii:Marais wa Marekani| ]] [[Jamii:Orodha za marais|Marekani]] [[he:נשיא ארצות הברית#רשימת הנשיאים]] fzffyo97lojihv2g45gwbey9db4dao7 0 15871 1612604 1600485 2026-11-02T17:03:13Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612604 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Malaria.jpg|thumb|Protista ya plasmodium jinsi inavyoonekana kwa [[hadubini]]: ndiyo inayosababisha malaria]] '''Malaria''' ni [[ugonjwa wa kuambukiza]] ambao unaenezwa na [[mbu]] wa [[jenasi]] ''[[Anopheles]]'' na kusababishwa na [[kidubini]] aina ya [[protisti]] ''[[Plasmodium]]''. Kutokana na uenezi wake katika nchi zinazotumia [[Kiswahili]], mara nyingi [[ugonjwa]] huo huitwa "[[homa]]" tu, ingawa homa ni [[dalili]] yake mojawapo tu, pia kuna magonjwa mengi yanayosababisha homa. Malaria inatokea katika maeneo ya [[tropiki|kitropiki]] na yanayokaribia tropiki ikiwa ni pamoja na sehemu za [[Amerika]], [[Asia]] na [[Afrika]]. Mwaka [[2015]] [[duniani]] kulikuwa na [[maambukizi]] [[milioni]] 214 ya malaria, <ref>[http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/facts.htm Malaria Facts.] ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.'' </ref> na watu 438,000 walikufa, wengi wao (90%) wakiwa [[Bara|barani]] [[Afrika]], hasa [[watoto]] wachanga katika mataifa ya [[kusini kwa Sahara]]. <ref>"Malaria Fact sheet N°94". WHO. Retrieved 2 February 2016.</ref> Malaria ni mojawapo ya magonjwa yaliyoenea sana na ni tatizo kuu la [[afya ya umma]]. Kwa kawaida huhusishwa na [[umaskini]], lakini pia ni sababu ya [[umaskini]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://ftp.iza.org/dp2997.pdf|format=PDF|title=Malaria: Disease Impacts and Long-Run Income Differences|publisher=[[Institute for the Study of Labor]]|accessdate=2008-12-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318151954/http://ftp.iza.org/dp2997.pdf|archivedate=2016-03-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> na kikwazo kikubwa kwa [[maendeleo]] ya [[uchumi]]. [[Spishi]] [[tano]] za [[vimelea]] vya Plasmodium huweza kumwambukiza [[binadamu]]; aina iliyo mbaya zaidi husababishwa na Plasmodium falciparum. Malaria inayosababishwa na ''[[Plasmodium vivax]], [[Plasmodium ovale]]'' na ''[[Plasmodium malariae]]'' husababisha ugonjwa usio shadidi sana kwa binadamu na aghalabu haijui. Spishi ya tano, ''[[Plasmodium knowlesi]]'', husababisha malaria kwa [[nyani]] aina ya [[makaku]] lakini inaweza pia kumwambukiza binadamu. [[Kundi]] hilo la spishi za ''Plasmodium'' linalosababisha ugonjwa kwa binadamu hujulikana kama ''vimelea vya malaria''. Kwa kawaida, watu hupata ugonjwa wa malaria kwa kung'atwa na [[mbu]] wa kike wa jamii ya ''[[Anopheles]]'' aliyeambukizwa. Mbu aina ya Anopheles pekee ndio wanaoweza kusambaza malaria, na ni lazima wawe wameambukizwa kupitia [[damu]] waliyofyonza kutoka kwa mtu aliyeambukizwa. Mbu akimng'ata mtu aliyeambukizwa, huchukua kiasi kidogo cha [[damu]]: damu hiyo huwa na vimelea vya malaria. [[Wiki]] moja baadaye, wakati mbu anapofyonza mlo wake mwingine wa damu, vimelea hivyo huchanganyika na [[mate]] ya mbu na kuingia katika [[mfumo wa damu]] ya anayeng'atwa. Vimelea hivyo huzaa ndani ya [[seli nyekundu za damu]], na kusababisha dalili kama vile [[anemia]], [[maumivu]] kidogo ya [[kichwa]], shida ya kupumua, [[takikadia]], n.k., aidha kuna dalili nyingine za jumla kama vile homa, [[baridi]], [[kichefuchefu]], [[mafua]], na katika hali mbaya zaidi [[kupoteza fahamu]] na hata [[kifo]]. Maambukizi ya malaria yanaweza kupunguzwa kwa kuzuia kung'atwa na [[mbu]] kutumia [[vyandarua]], [[dawa za kuzuia wadudu]], au hatua za kudhibiti maenezi ya mbu kama vile kunyunyizia [[dawa za kuua wadudu]] ndani ya [[nyumba]] na kupiga mifereji kuondoa [[maji]] yaliyosimama ambapo mbu hutaga [[mayai]] yao. Majaribio yamefanywa kuibuka na [[chanjo ya malaria]] bila mafanikio makuu, pamoja na kuibua mbinu za udhibiti wa kiajabu zaidi, kama vile kubadili [[kiini tete|viini tete]] vya mbu ili kuwafanya sugu kwa vimelea pia umefikiriwa. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Yoshida S, Shimada Y, Kondoh D, ''et al.'' |title=Hemolytic C-type lectin CEL-III from sea cucumber expressed in transgenic mosquitoes impairs malaria parasite development |journal=PLoS Pathog. |volume=3 |issue=12 |pages=e192 |year=2007 |pmid=18159942 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.0030192 |url=http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.0030192}}</ref> Ingawa [[utafiti]] unaendelea, hakuna [[chanjo]] iliyopatikana hadi sasa inayotoa ulinzi wa hali ya juu dhidi ya malaria <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/NEJMoa0807381 |title=RTS,S vaccine protection rate |accessdate=2009-11-19 |archivedate=2009-11-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091108200359/http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/NEJMoa0807381 }}</ref>; mwaka 2015 ile pekee iliyoruhusiwa kutumika nje ya majaribio ni RTS,S, ambayo inatolewa kwa kudunga [[sindano]] mara nne, na hata hivyo ina ufanisi mdogo (26%-50%) kulingana na chanjo nyingine. Hivyo dawa za kuzuia lazima zitumiwe bila kukoma ili kupunguza hatari ya kuambukizwa. Madawa hayo ya kuzuia maambukizi mara nyingi huwa ghali mno kwa watu wengi wanaoishi katika maeneo ambapo ugonjwa huu hupatikana kwa wingi. [[Watu wazima]] wengi wanaoishi katika maeneo ambayo ugonjwa huo umeenea huwa na maambukizi ya muda mrefu ambayo hujitokeza mara kwa mara, na pia huwa na [[kinga]] kidogo; kinga hiyo hupunguka kadiri muda unavyosonga; watu wazima kama hao wanaweza kuambukizwa malaria kali ikiwa wameishi muda mrefu katika maeneo ambapo ugonjwa huo haujaenea. Wanashauriwa kuchukua tahadhari kamili wanaporejea katika maeneo ambapo ugonjwa huo umeenea. Maambukizi ya malaria hutibiwa kwa kutumia [[dawa ya malaria]], kama vile [[kwinini]] au vizalika vya [[atemisinin]]. Hata hivyo, vimelea vimekuwa sugu kwa nyingi ya dawa hizo. Kwa hiyo, katika baadhi ya maeneo ya dunia, dawa chache tu ndizo zilizo na uwezo wa kutibu malaria kwa ufanisi. == Ishara na dalili == [[Picha:Symptoms of Malaria.png|thumb|Dalili kuu za malaria.<ref>WebMD Dalili za malaria Ilisashishwa Mwisho: 16 Mei 2007</ref>]] Dalili za malaria ni pamoja na homa, kutetemeka, [[athralgia]] (maumivu ya kifundo), [[kutapika]], [[anemia]] (inayosababishwa na kuachana kwa chembechembe nyekundu za damu), hemoglobinuria, kuharibika kwa [[retina]], <ref>{{cite journal |author=Beare NA, Taylor TE, Harding SP, Lewallen S, Molyneux ME |title=Malarial retinopathy: a newly established diagnostic sign in severe malaria |journal=Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. |volume=75 |issue=5 |pages=790–7 |pmid=17123967 |pmc=2367432 |url=http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17123967 |date= 1 Novemba 2006 |month=Nov |day=01 }}</ref> na [[mtukutiko wa maungo]]. Dalili tambulika za malaria hutokea kwa namna ya mzunguko wa [[baridi]] ya ghafla ikifuatiwa na [[kutetemeka]], kisha homa na kutokwa [[jasho]] kunakodumu kwa saa nne hadi sita: dalili hizo hujitokeza kila baada ya siku mbili kwa maambukizi ya ''P. vivax'' na ''P. ovale'', huku ikijitokeza kila baada ya siku tatu kwa ''P. malariae.'' <ref name="RBMarmenia">[http://www.malaria.am/eng/pathogenesis.php Malaria life cycle &amp; pathogenesis.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.malaria.am/eng/pathogenesis.php |date=20080118084209 }} Malaria katika Armenia. Ilitumiwa 31 Oktoba 2006.</ref> ''P. falciparum'' yaweza kuwa na homa inayojitokeza kila baada ya saa 36-48 au homa isiyoshadidi lakini inayoendelea. Kwa sababu zisizofahamika vyema, lakini ambazo zinaweza kuhusiana na shinikizo ya hali ya juu katika [[fuvu la kichwa]], watoto walio na malaria mara nyingi hudhihirisha [[mkao usiokuwa wa kawaida]], ishara ya uharibifu wa [[ubongo]]. <ref name="Idro ">{{cite journal | last =Idro | first =R | authorlink = | coauthors =Otieno G, White S, Kahindi A, Fegan G, Ogutu B, Mithwani S, Maitland K, Neville BG, Newton CR | title = Decorticate, decerebrate and opisthotonic posturing and seizures in Kenyan children with cerebral malaria| journal =Malaria Journal | volume =4 | issue =57 | pages = 57| publisher = | date = | url = | pmc = 1326205 | doi = 10.1186/1475-2875-4-57| pmid =16336645 | accessdate =2007-01-21}} </ref> Imegunduliwa kuwa malaria husababisha matatizo ya kutambua, hasa kwa watoto. Husababisha kuenea sana kwa [[anemia]] katika kipindi cha kukua haraka kwa ubongo na pia uharibifu wa moja kwa moja wa ubongo. Uharibifu huo wa [[nyurolojia|kinurolojia]] hutokana na malaria ya ubongo ambayo ni hatari mno kwa watoto. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Boivin MJ |title=Effects of early cerebral malaria on cognitive ability in Senegalese children |journal=J Dev Behav Pediatr |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=353–64 |year=2002 |month=Oktoba |pmid=12394524 |doi= |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0196-206X&volume=23&issue=5&spage=353 |access-date=2009-11-19 |archive-date=2011-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718072406/http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0196-206X&volume=23&issue=5&spage=353 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> <ref> {{cite journal |author=Holding PA, Snow RW |title=Impact of Plasmodium falciparum malaria on performance and learning: review of the evidence |journal=Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. |volume=64 |issue=1-2 Suppl |pages=68–75 |year=2001 |pmid=11425179 |doi= |url=http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/64/1_suppl/68 |format= }} - ^{[http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;q=intitle%3AImpact+of+Plasmodium+falciparum+malaria+on+performance+and+learning%3A+review+of+the+evidence&amp;as_publication=Am.+J.+Trop.+Med.+Hyg.&amp;as_ylo=2001&amp;as_yhi=2001&amp;btnG=Search Orodha tafuta))]} </ref> malaria ya ubongo huhusishwa na weupe wa retina, <ref>{{cite journal|author=Maude RJ, Hassan MU, Beare NAV|title=Severe retinal whitening in an adult with cerebral malaria|journal=Am J Trop Med Hyg|volume=80|issue=6|year=2009|page=881|url=http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/full/80/6/881|pmid=19478242|pages=881|month=Jun|day=01}}</ref> ambayo inaweza kuwa na manufaa kama ishara ya kutofautisha malaria na visababishi vingine vya homa. <ref>{{cite journal|author=Beare NAV, Taylor TE, Harding SP, Lewallen S, Molyneux ME|year=2006|title=Malarial retinopathy: a newly established diagnostic sign in severe malaria|journal=Am J Trop Med Hyg|volume=75|pages=790–797|pmid=17123967|issue=5}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Spishi ! Mwonekano ! Dalili katika vipindi vinavyolingana ! Hudumu katika ini? |- | ''[[Plasmodium vivax]]'' | [[Picha:Plasmodium vivax 01.png|center|200px]] | kila baada ya siku tatu | ndio |- | ''[[Plasmodium ovale]]'' | [[Picha:Plasmodium ovale 01.png|center|200px]] | Kila baada ya siku tatu | ndio |- | ''[[Plasmodium falciparum]]'' | [[Picha:Plasmodium falciparum 01.png|center|200px]] | kila baada ya siku tatu | hapana |- | ''[[Plasmodium malariae]]'' | [[Picha:Mature Plasmodium malariae schizont PHIL 2715 lores.jpg|center|200px]] | kila baada ya siku nne | hapana |} Malaria kali husababishwa takriban kipekee na maambukizi ya ''P. falciparum'': kwa kawaida hujitokeza kati ya siku 6-14 baada ya kuambukizwa. <ref name="Trampuz">{{cite journal | author = Trampuz A, Jereb M, Muzlovic I, Prabhu R | title = Clinical review: Severe malaria | url= | pmc=270697 | journal = Crit Care | volume = 7 | issue = 4 | pages = 315–23 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12930555 | doi = 10.1186/cc2183}}</ref> Madhara ya ugonjwa wa malaria kali ni pamoja na [[kukosa fahamu]] na kifo ikiwa haitatibiwa-watoto wachanga na wanawake wajawazito hasa wamo hatarini. [[Splenomegali]] (kupanuka kwa wengu), [[maumivu makali ya kichwa]], [[iskemia ya ubongo]], [[hepatomegali]] (kupanuka kwa ini), [[hypoglisimia]], na hemoglobinuria na [[kufeli kwa figo]] huweza kutokea. Kufeli kwa figo kunaweza kusababisha [[homa ya mkojo wa damu]], ambapo hemoglobin kutoka katika chembechembe nyekundu za damu zilizosambaratika huvuja na kuingia katika mkojo. Malaria kali inaweza kuendelea kwa kasi na kusababisha kifo katika mudaa wa masaa kadhaa au masiku. <ref name="Trampuz"/> Katika hali mbaya zaidi ya ugonjwa huo viwango vya vifo vinaweza kuzidi 20%, hata kuwe na utunzi wa hali ya juu na matibabu. <ref>{{cite journal | author = Kain K, Harrington M, Tennyson S, Keystone J | title = Imported malaria: prospective analysis of problems in diagnosis and management | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_1998-07_27_1/page/142 | journal = Clin Infect Dis | volume = 27 | issue = 1 | pages = 142–9 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9675468 | doi = 10.1086/514616}}</ref> Katika maeneo ambapo ugonjwa huo umeenea, mara nyingi matibabu si ya kuridhisha na kiwango cha jumla cha vifo vinavyosababishwa na malaria huwa kimoja kati visa kumi. <ref>{{cite journal | author = Mockenhaupt F, Ehrhardt S, Burkhardt J, Bosomtwe S, Laryea S, Anemana S, Otchwemah R, Cramer J, Dietz E, Gellert S, Bienzle U | title = Manifestation and outcome of severe malaria in children in northern Ghana | journal = Am J Trop Med Hyg | volume = 71 | issue = 2 | pages = 167–72 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15306705}}</ref> Baada ya muda mrefu, matatizo ya kukua yamerekodiwa kwa watoto ambao wameugua malaria kali. <ref name="carter2005">{{cite journal | author=Carter JA, Ross AJ, Neville BG, Obiero E, Katana K, Mung'ala-Odera V, Lees JA, Newton CR | title=Developmental impairments following severe falciparum malaria in children | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_tropical-medicine-and-international-health_2005-01_10_1/page/n4 | journal=Trop Med Int Health | year=2005 | volume=10 | pages=3–10 | pmid=15655008 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01345.x | issue=1}}</ref> Malaria ya muda mrefu hutokana na ''P. vivax'' na ''P. ovale,'' lakini si katika ''P. falciparum.'' Hapa, ugonjwa huo unaweza kujitokeza tena miezi au miaka baada ya kuambukizwa kutokana na uwepo wa vimelea fiche katika [[ini]]. Kwa hivo, kueleza kuwa malaria imetibiwa kwa kutazama kutokuwepo kwa vimelea katika damu kunaweza kupotosha. Kipindi kirefu zaidi kati ya kuambukizwa vimelea na kujitokeza kwa dalili za ugonjwa kimeripotiwa kwa ''P. vivax'' kuwa miaka 30. <ref name="Trampuz"/> Inakadiriwa kuwa moja kati ya visa vitano vya malaria vinavyosababishwa na ''P. vivax'' katika maeneo ya [[hari]] huhusiana na [[kujihifadhi kwa vijimelea]] vya hipnoziti (yaani, dalili hujitokeza mwaka unaofuata kung'atwa na mbu). <ref>{{cite journal | author = Adak T, Sharma V, Orlov V | title = Studies on the Plasmodium vivax relapse pattern in Delhi, India | journal = Am J Trop Med Hyg | volume = 59 | issue = 1 | pages = 175–9 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9684649}}</ref> == Sababu == [[Picha:Malaria.jpg|thumb|Spora ya Plasmodium huzunguka sitoplazimu ya seli epitheliumu ya utumbo wa kati ya mbu katika rangi hii bandia ya mikrografia eltroniki.]] === Vimelea vya malaria === Vimelea vya malaria ni wa [[jenasi]] ya ''[[Plasmodium]]'' (Faila Apicomplexa). Katika binadamu malaria husababishwa na ''P. falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale, P. vivax'' na ''P. knowlesi.'' <ref>{{cite journal |author=Mueller I, Zimmerman PA, Reeder JC |title=Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale--the "bashful" malaria parasites |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-parasitology_2007-06_23_6/page/278 |journal=Trends Parasitol. |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=278–83 |year=2007 |month=Juni |pmid=17459775 |doi=10.1016/j.pt.2007.04.009}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal |author=Singh B, Kim Sung L, Matusop A, ''et al.'' |title=A large focus of naturally acquired Plasmodium knowlesi infections in human beings |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_2004-03-27_363_9414/page/n24 |journal=Lancet |volume=363 |issue=9414 |pages=1017–24 |year=2004 |month=Machi |pmid=15051281 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15836-4}}</ref> ''P. falciparum'' ndiyo iliyoenea zaidi na huchangia takriban 80% ya maambukizi yote ya malaria, na pia inahusishwa na karibu 90% ya vifo vinavyotokana na malaria. <ref>{{cite journal | author = Mendis K, Sina B, Marchesini P, Carter R | title = The neglected burden of Plasmodium vivax malaria | url = http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/reprint/64/1_suppl/97.pdf | journal = Am J Trop Med Hyg | volume = 64 | issue = 1-2 Suppl | pages = 97–106 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11425182 | format = PDF | access-date = 2009-11-19 | archive-date = 2009-03-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090326131917/http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/reprint/64/1_suppl/97.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Vimelea vya spishi ya ''Plasmodium'' huambukiza pia ndege, mitambaazi, nyani, sokwe na panya. <ref>{{cite journal | author = Escalante A, Ayala F | title = Phylogeny of the malarial genus Plasmodium, derived from rRNA gene sequences | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_1994-11-22_91_24/page/11373 | doi= 10.1073/pnas.91.24.11373 | journal = Proc Natl Acad Sci USA | volume = 91 | issue = 24 | pages = 11373–7 | year = 1994 | pmid = 7972067}}</ref> Kumedhibitishwa maambukizi kadhaa ya wanadamu na [[Wiktionary:simian|spishi zinazoambukiza nyani]] malaria, yaani ''P. knowlesi, P. inui, P. cynomolgi,'' <ref>{{cite book | last=Garnham | first=PCC | year=1966 | title=Malaria parasites and other haemosporidia | publisher=Blackwell Scientific Publications|location=Oxford }}</ref> ''P. simiovale, P. brazilianum, P. schwetzi'' na ''P. simium'', hata hivyo, isipokuwa kwa ''P. knowlesi,'' hizo nyingine hazina umuhimu kwa afya ya umma. <ref>{{cite journal|title=''Plasmodium knowlesi:'' Finally being recognized|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_2009-04-15_199_8/page/n12|journal=J Infect Dis|year=2009|volume=199|pages=1107–1108|doi=10.1086/597415|pmid=19284287|last1=Collins|first1=WE|last2=Barnwell|first2=JW|issue=8|author1=&Amp, Collins W.E.|author2=Barnwell, J.W.}}</ref> Ingawa [[malaria ya ndege]] inaweza kuua [[kuku]] na [[batamzinga]], ugonjwa huu hausababishi hasara kubwa kiuchumi kwa wafugaji wa kuku. <ref>Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. Taasisi ya Utafiti wa Mifugo ya kimataifa. Permin A. na Madsen M. (2001) [http://www.ilri.cgiar.org/InfoServ/Webpub/fulldocs/investinginanimal/Book1/media/PDF_Appendix/Appendix8.pdfLiterature Appendix 2: review on disease occurance and imparct (smallholder poultry).] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ilri.cgiar.org/InfoServ/Webpub/fulldocs/investinginanimal/Book1/media/PDF_Appendix/Appendix8.pdfLiterature |date=20110718022608 }} Ilitumika 29 Oktoba 2006</ref> Hata hivyo, tangu kuingizwa kiajali na binadamu imeeneza ugonjwa na kuua idadi kubwa ya ndege wa [[Hawaii]], ambao walikuwa wamekua katika mazingira bila kimelea hicho na kwa hivyo hawakuwa na kinga yoyote dhidi yake. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Atkinson CT, Woods KL, Dusek RJ, Sileo LS, Iko WM |title=Wildlife disease and conservation in Hawaii: pathogenicity of avian malaria (''Plasmodium relictum'') in experimentally infected iiwi (''Vestiaria coccinea'') |journal=Parasitology |volume=111 Suppl |issue= |pages=S59–69 |year=1995 |pmid=8632925 |doi=10.1017/S003118200007582X}}</ref> == Taratibu == === Mzunguko wa maisha ya ''Plasmodium'' na vekta wa mbu === Kimelewa cha msingi (mahsusi) cha kimelea hicho na [[njia ya uenezi]] na [[vekta]] zake ni [[mbu]] jike wa jenasi ya ''[[Anopheles]]'', binadamu na wanyama wengine wenye uti wa mgongo ni vimelewa wa ziada. Kwanza mbu wachanga humeza vimelea kwa kufyonza damu ya mwanadamu aliyeambukizwa kisha mbu huyo wa aina ya''Anopheles'' hubeba [[mbegu za vimelea]] za ''Plasmodium'' katika [[matezi ya mate]] yao. Mbu huambukizwa baada ya kufyonza damu kutoka kwa binadamu aliyeambukizwa. Baada ya kumezwa, [[gameti]] za vimelea viliyofyonzwa pamoja na damu hujigawanya kwa msingi wa [[mbegu]] za kiume au za kike na kisha kuungana katika utumbo wa mbu. Hii hubuni [[ukineti]] inayopenya wambo wa utumbo wa mbu na kuzalisha [[uusisi]] katika ukuta wa utumbo. Uusisi inapopasuka, inatoa spora(sporozoites)vinayohama katika mwili wa mbu kuelekea katika matezi ya mate ya mbu, ambapo huwa tayari kumwambukiza binadamu mwingine. Aina hii ya maambukizi wakati mwingine hujulikana kama uhamisho kituo wa kabla(anterior station transfer). Spora huingizwa ndani ya ngozi, pamoja na mate, wakati mbu anapofyonza mlo wake mwingine wa damu. Mbu jike tu ndio hufyonza damu, hivyo mbu wa kiume hawasambazi ugonjwa huo. Mbu jike wa jenasi ya ''Anopheles'' hupendelea kutafuta mlo usiku. Huanza kutafuta mlo [[giza]] linapoanza kuingia na kuendelea usiku kucha mpaka watakapopata mlo. Vimelea vya malaria pia vinaweza kuambukizwa kupitia kuongezwa damu, ingawa hii ni nadra. === Pathojenesisi === [[Picha:MalariacycleBig.jpg|thumb|right|Mzunguko wa maisha ya vimelea vya malaria katika mwili wa binadamu. Mbu anamwambukiza mtu kwa kufyonza mlo damu. Kwanza, spora huingia katika mfumo wa damu, na kuhamia ini. Huambukiza chembechembe za ini (hepatosaiti), ambapo huzaana kuwa merozoiti, kurarua chembe za ini, na kujipenyeza kurudi katika mfumo wa damu. Kisha, merozoiti huambukiza chembechembe nyekundu za damu, ambapo hukua katika umbo pete, kisha trofozoiti (awamu ya kula), kisha skizonti (awamu ya kula), kisha kurejea kuwa merozoitiVijiumbe vinayoitwa gameti pia huzalishwa, ambayo, kama ikivyonzwa na mbu, vitamwambukiza mdudu huyo na kuendelea na mzunguko wa uhai.]] Malaria katika binadamu hupevuka katika awamu mbili: awamu ya eksoirithasitika na erithrasiti. Awamu ya eksoirithasitika inahusisha maambukizi ya mfumo wa ini, huku awamu ya erithrasiti inahusisha maambukizo ya seli nyekundu za damu. Mbu aliyeambukizwa anapodunga ngozi ya binadamu kufyonza mlo wa damu, [[spora]] katika mate ya mbu huingia katika mfumo wa damu ya binadamu na kuhamia katika [[ini]]. Katika muda wa dakika 30 ya kuwa mwilini mwa binadamu, spora huambukiza [[seli za ini]], kujizidisha kwa uzazi nafsi na bila kusababisha dalili za ugonjwa kwa muda wa kati ya siku 6 na 15. Mara zinapoingia katika ini viumbe hivyo huzaana kwa maelfu ya [[merozoiti]], ambazo, baada ya kupasuka kwa seli ya kimelewa wao, hujipenyeza ndani ya damu na kuambukiza [[chembechembe nyekundu za damu]], na hivyo [[kuanza]] awamu ya erithrasiti katika mzunguko wa maisha. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090318200741/http://www.sma.org/pdfs/objecttypes/smj/91C48D32-BCD4-FF25-565C69314AF7EB48/1196.pdf Bledsoe, GH (]</ref> Vimelea hutoka katika ini bila kutambulika kwa kujizungusha kwenye kiwambo cha seli ya ini ya kimelewa aliyeambukizwa. <ref name="sturm2006">{{cite journal | author=Sturm A, Amino R, van de Sand C, Regen T, Retzlaff S, Rennenberg A, Krueger A, Pollok JM, Menard R, Heussler VT | title=Manipulation of host hepatocytes by the malaria parasite for delivery into liver sinusoids | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2006-09-01_313_5791/page/1286 | journal=Science | year=2006 | volume=313 | pages=1287–1490 | pmid=16888102 | doi = 10.1126/science.1129720 | issue=5791 }}</ref> Ndani ya chembechembe nyekundu za damu, vimelea huendelea kuongezeka, kwa uzazi nafsi, mara nyingine hujipenyeza nje ya chembe wenyeji na kuvamia chembechembe nyekundu zilizokuwa hazijaambukizwa. Mizunguko kadhaa kama hiyo ya kujiongezea nguvu hutokea. Kwa hivyo, maelezo yanayofahamika ya kukumbwa na homa ya ghafla hutokea wakati merozoiti wanapojipenyeza na kuambukiza chembechembe nyekundu za damu. Baadhi ya spora za ''P. vivax'' na ''P. ovale'' hazikui moja kwa moja kuwa merozoiti katika awamu ya eksoirithasitika, badala yake huzalisha hipnozoiti zinazobakia bwete kwa kipindi cha kati ya miezi kadhaa (aghalabu miezi 6-12) hadi urefu wa mpaka miaka mitatu. Baada ya kipindi cha kuwa bwete, vimelea hivyo hujiamilisha na kuzalisha merozoiti. Hipnozoiti zanahusika na kipindi kirefu cha kati ya kuambukizwa na cha maradhi, na kurejea tena kwa ugonjwa katika aina hizi mbili za malaria. Kimelea cha malaria kwa kiwango fulani hulindwa dhidi ya kushambuliwa na [[mfumo wa kinga mwili]] kwa sababu katika kipindi cha mzunguko wa maisha kinapoishi katika mwili wa mwanadamu, hukaa ndani ya ini na chembechembe nyekundu za damu na haionekani kwa urahisi kwa ufuatiliaji wa kinga mwili. Hata hivyo, chembechembe za damu zilizoambukizwa na zilizo katika mzunguko wa damu huharibiwa katika [[wengu]]. Ili kuepuka hali hii vimelea vya ''P. falciparum'' hutandaza [[protini]] inayonata juu ya chembechembe za damu zilizoambukizwa, hii husababisha chembechembe hizo kukwama kwenye kuta za mishipa ndogo ya damu, hivyo basi kutenga vimelea hivyo na mzunguko wa jumla na wengu. Hali hii ya "kunata" ni sababu kuu inayochangia matizo ya [[kutokwa damu]]wakati wa malaria. [[Vena ndogo za endotheliumu]] (matawi madogo kabisa katika mzunguko wa damu) zinaweza kuzibwa na mkusanyiko wa chembechembe hizo za damu zilizoambukizwa. Kuzibwa kwa mishipa hii husababisha dalili kama zinazohusishwa na malaria ya kondo ya nyuma na malaria ya ubongo. Katika malaria ya ubongo chembechembe nyekundu za damu zilizotengwa zinaweza kuvunja [[kizuizi cha damu na ubongo]] hali inayoweza kupelekea kukosa fahamu. <ref>{{cite journal | author = Adams S, Brown H, Turner G | title = Breaking down the blood-brain barrier: signaling a path to cerebral malaria? | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-parasitology_2002-08_18_8/page/360 | journal = Trends Parasitol | volume = 18 | issue = 8 | pages = 360–6 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12377286 | doi = 10.1016/S1471-4922(02)02353-X}}</ref> Ingawa protini gandishi ya uso wa chembechebe nyekundu za damu (iitwayo PfEMP1, yaani ''Plasmodium falciparum'' erythrocyte membrane protini 1) ziko wazi kwa mfumo wa kinga, hazisaidii kama kinga nzuri kwa minajili ya chanjo kwa sababu ya utofauti wao uliokithiri; kuna angalau aina 60 za protini ndani ya kimelea kimoja na ina tofauti zaidi katika jamii ya vimelea. <ref name="Chen"/> Kimelea hicho hujigeuza kati ya mchanganyiko mkubwa wa protini gandishi za uso PfEMP1, hivyo basi kuwa hatua moja mbele ya mfumo wa kinga unaoitafuta. Baadhi ya merozoiti hugeuka kuwa [[gameti]] za kiume au za kike. Mbu anapong'ata ngozi ya mtu aliyeambukizwa, mara moja huwa na uwezo kufyonza gameti zilizo damuni. Muunganiko wa mbegu za kiume na kike za vimelea hutokea katika utumbo wa mbu, na hivyo kumfanya mbu kuwa [[kimelea]] cha [[msingi]] wa ugonjwa huo. Spora mpya hukua na kusafiri kuelekekea katika tezi ya mate ya mbu, na hivyo kukamilisha mzunguko. [[Wanawake]] [[Ujauzito|wajawazito]] hasa huwa kivutio kwa mbu, <ref>{{cite journal | author = Lindsay S, Ansell J, Selman C, Cox V, Hamilton K, Walraven G | title = Effect of pregnancy on exposure to malaria mosquitoes | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_2000-06-03_355_9219/page/n54 | journal = Lancet | volume = 355 | issue = 9219 | pages = 1972 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10859048 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02334-5}}</ref> malaria kwa wanawake wajawazito ni kisababishi kikuu cha [[uzazimfu]], vifo vya watoto wachanga na uzaaji wa watoto wasio na uzito unaostahili, <ref>{{cite journal | author = van Geertruyden J, Thomas F, Erhart A, D'Alessandro U | title = The contribution of malaria in pregnancy to perinatal mortality | url = http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/full/71/2_suppl/35 | journal = Am J Trop Med Hyg | volume = 71 | issue = 2 Suppl | pages = 35–40 | date = 1 Agosti 2004 | pmid = 15331817 | month = Aug | day = 01 | access-date = 2009-11-19 | archive-date = 2010-04-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100403200936/http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/full/71/2_suppl/35 | dead-url = yes }}</ref> hasa katika maambukizi ya ''P. falciparum'', lakini pia kutokana na maambukizi ya spishi nyingine, kama vile ''P. vivax.'' <ref name="rodriguezmorales2006">{{cite journal | author=Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Sanchez E, Vargas M, Piccolo C, Colina R, Arria M, Franco-Paredes C | title=Pregnancy outcomes associated with Plasmodium vivax malaria in northeastern Venezuela | journal=Am J Trop Med Hyg | year=2006 | volume=74 | pages=755–757 | pmid = 16687675 | issue=5}}</ref> == Uaguzi == [[Picha:Plasmodium falciparum 02.jpg|thumb|Mpako wa damu kutoka P. falciparum iliyokuzwa (K1 Strain). Chembechembe kadhaa nyekundu za damu zilizo na awamu ya pete ndani yazo. Karibu katikati kuna schizont na kushoto kuna trofozoiti.]] Tangu Charles Laveran alipokiona kwa mara ya kwanza kimelea cha malaria katika damu mwaka wa 1880, <ref name="Sutherland2009">{{cite journal|author=Sutherland CJ, Hallett R|title=Detecting malaria parasites outside the blood|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_2009-06-01_199_11/page/n10|journal=J Infect Dis|year=2009|volume=199|issue=11|pages=1561–1563|doi=10.1086/598857|pmid=19432543|last1=Sutherland|first1=CJ|last2=Hallett|first2=R}}</ref> msingi wa uaguzi wa malaria umekuwa uchunguzi wa damu kwa hadubini. Homa na mshtuko wa mwili huchukuliwa kimakosa kama aina ya malaria kali sana barani Afrika kiasi cha kutoshughulikia magonjwa mengine hatari. Katika maeneo ambapo malaria imeenea [[uwepo wa vimelea]] damuni hakutoshi kutoa uaguzi wa malaria kali kwa sababu uwepo wa vimelea unaweza kusababishwa na maradhi mengine yanayolingana na malaria. Uchunguzi wa hivi karibuni unapendekeza kuwa [[upimaji mwanga katika retina]] ni njia bora ya kuagua malaria (uwezo wa kijumla wa kupitisha mwangaza wa 95% na uwezo wa bainifu wa 90%) zaidi ya mbinu za kutegemea dalili au maabara katika utofautishaji baina ya malaria na magonjwa mengine.{ {1/} Ingawa damu ni sampuli inayotumiwa mara nyingi kufanya uaguzi, mate na mkojo vimechunguzwa kama sampuli mbadala, inayoingiwa na vimelea chache. <ref name="Sutherland2009"/> === Uaguzi wa dalili === Maeneo yasiyoweza kumudu angaa vipimo sahili vya kimaabara aghalabu hutegemea historia ya dalili za homa ambazo mgonjwa ataeleza kuamua kutoa tiba ya malaria. Kwa kutumia damu iliyopakwa Gemsa kutoka kwa watoto nchini Malawi, utafiti ulionyesha kwamba wakati uaguzi wa dalili (joto la mjiko, weupe wa shina la ukucha, na kupanuka kwa wengu) zilipotumika kama ishara ya tiba, badala ya kutumia dalili anazoeleza mgonjwa,kiwango cha uaguzi sahihi kiliongezeka kutoka 21 % hadi 41% na kutoa matibabu ya malaria kusikohitajika kukapungua vikubwa. <ref name="Redd S, Kazembe P, Luby S, Nwanyanwu O, Hightower A, Ziba C, Wirima J, Chitsulo L, Franco C, Olivar M 2006 80"> {{cite journal |author=Redd S, Kazembe P, Luby S, Nwanyanwu O, Hightower A, Ziba C, Wirima J, Chitsulo L, Franco C, Olivar M |title=Clinical algorithm for treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children |journal=Lancet |volume=347 |issue=8996 | pages = 80 | year = 2006 |pmid=8551881 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)90404-3}}</ref> === Uchunguzi hadubini wa filmu za damu === {{Details3|[[Plasmodium falciparum|P. falciparum]], [[Plasmodium vivax|P. vivax]], [[Plasmodium ovale|P. ovale]], [[Plasmodium malariae|P. malariae]]|individual parasites}} Njia ya kiiktisadi zaidi, inayopendelewa, na ya kuaminika kwa uaguzi wa malaria ni uchunguzi hadubini wa [[filmu]] za [[damu]] kwa sababu kila moja ya spishi nne za vimelea huwa na sifa bainifu. Kwa kawaida, aina mbili za filmu ya damu hutumika. Filmu nyembamba ni sawa na filmu ya damu za kawaida na huruhusu utambulisho wa spishi kwa sababu mwonekano wa vimelea huhifadhiwa vyema katika maandalizi hayo. Filmu nzito humruhusu mhadubini kuchunguza kiasi kikubwa cha damu na ni karibu mara kumi na moja rahisi kuonekana kuliko filmu nyembamba, kwa hivyo kutambua viwango vya chini ya maambukizi ni rahisi kwa kutumia filmu nzito, lakini mwonekano wa vimelea huwa umepotoa zaidi na hivyo kutofautisha kati ya spishi mbalimbali kunaweza kuwa vigumu zaidi. Kwa kuzingatia faida na mapungufu ya filmu nzito na nyembamba, ni muhimu kutumia filmu hizi mbili wakati wa kutafuta uaguzi bainifu. <ref name="warhurst1996">{{cite journal | author=Warhurst DC, Williams JE | title=Laboratory diagnosis of malaria | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-pathology_1996-07_49_7/page/n6 | journal=J Clin Pathol | year=1996 | volume=49 | pages=533–38 |pmid=8813948 | doi = 10.1136/jcp.49.7.533 | issue=7}}</ref> Kutoka kwa filamu nzito, mhadubini anaweza kuchunguza viwango vya vimelea (au [[uwepo wa vimelea)]] hadi kiwango cha chini cha 0.0000001% cha chembechembe nyekundu za damu. Utambuzi wa spishi unaweza kuwa vigumu kwa sababu trofozoiti ("umbo pete") za mapema maishani mwa vimelea zote hufanana na kamwe haiwezekani kutambua spishi kwa msingi wa umbo pete moja; utambulisho wa spishi hutegemea trofozoiti kadhaa. === Uchunguzi nyanjani === Katika maeneo ambapo uchunguzi hadubini haupatikani, au ambapo wafanyakazi wa maabara hawana uzoefu katika uaguzi wa malaria, kuna [[vipimo antijeni]] ambavyo vinahitaji tone tu la damu. <ref>{{cite journal | author=Pattanasin S, Proux S, Chompasuk D, Luwiradaj K, Jacquier P, Looareesuwan S, Nosten F | title=Evaluation of a new Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase assay (OptiMAL-IT) for the detection of malaria | journal=Transact Royal Soc Trop Med | year=2003 | volume=97 | pages=672–4 | pmid=16117960 | doi=10.1016/S0035-9203(03)80100-1 | issue=6}}</ref> Vipimo vya imunokromatografia (pia huitwa: Uaguzi Haraka wa Malaria, Uchanganuzi wa Kukamata Antijeni au "Dipsticks") vimetengenezwa, kusambazwa na kujaribiwa nyanjani. Vipimo hivi hutumia damu inayotolewa kidoleni au damu ya vena, kipimo kamilufu huchukua jumla ya dakika 15-20, na maabara haihitajiki. Upeo chini wa vipimo vya uaguzi haraka upo katika vimelea 100 / μl ya damu ikilinganishwa na uchunguzi hadubini kutumia filmu nzito ambapo upeo huo ni 5. Vipimo vya uaguzi haraka vya kwanza vilitumia ''P. falciparum'' [[glutamate dehydrogenase]] kama antijeni. <ref>{{cite journal | author=Ling IT., Cooksley S., Bates PA., Hempelmann E., Wilson RJM. | title=Antibodies to the glutamate dehydrogenase of Plasmodium falciparum | journal=Parasitology | year=1986 | volume=92, | pages=313–24 | pmid=3086819 | doi=10.1017/S0031182000064088 }}</ref> Nafasi ya PGluDH ilichukuliwa na ''P.falciparum'' lactate dehydrogenase, aina moja ya 33 kDa [[oxidoreductase]] [EC 1.1.1.27]. Ndicho kimeng'enya cha mwisho katika njia ya [[glaikoliti]], na ni muhimu kwa uzalishaji [[ATP]] na pia ni mojawapo ya kimeng'enya kinachopatikana kwa wingi katika ''P.falciparum.'' PLDH haiendelei kuwa katika damu bali humalizika karibu wakati mmoja na vimelea kufuatia matibabu yaliyofanikiwa. Kutokuwepo kwa antijeni baada ya tiba hufanya upimaji wa pLDH muhimu katika kutabiri ikiwa matibabu hayakufaulu. Kwa jinsi hii, pLDH ni sawa na pGluDH. Uchanganuzi wa OptiMAL-IT unaweza kutofautisha kati ya ''P. falciparum'' na ''P. vivax'' kwa sababu ya tofauti ya kiantijeni kati ya kimeng'enya chao pLDH. === Mbinu za kimolekyuli === Mbinu za kimolekyuli hupatikana katika baadhi ya maabara za kimatibabu na asei za uchanganuzi wa papo kwa hapo (kwa mfano, [[QT-NASBA]] inayotumia mmenyuko endelevu wa polimeresi ) <ref>{{cite journal | title=Detection and identification of human Plasmodium species with real-time quantitative nucleic acid sequence-based amplification | author=Mens PF, Schoone GJ, Kager PA, Schallig HDFH. | journal=Malaria Journal | year=2006 | volume=5 | issue=80 | doi=10.1186/1475-2875-5-80 | pages=80 | pmid=17018138 | last1=Mens | first1=PF | last2=Schoone | first2=GJ | last3=Kager | first3=PA | last4=Schallig | first4=HD }}</ref>zinaendelea kuandaliwa kwa matumaini ya kuzisambaza katika maeneo ambapo ugonjwa huo umeenea. === Vipimo haraka vya antijeni === OptiMAL-IT inaweza kuchunguza kwa umadhubuti uwepo wa vimelea vya P. falciparum hadi chini ya 0.01% na vimelea visivyo falciparum hadi 0.1%. ''Para'' check-PF huweza kuchunguza vimelea chini ya 0.002% lakini haiwezi kutofautisha kati ya malaria inayoambukizwa na ''falciparum'' na isiyoambukizwa na ''falciparum''. Asidi za viiniseli vya vimelea hugunduliwa kutumia [[mmenyuko endelevu wa polimeresi]]. Mbinu hii ni sahihi zaidi kuliko uchunguzi hadubini. Hata hivyo, ni ghali, na inahitaji maabara maalumu. Pia, uwepo wa vimelea si lazima uwiane na kukua kwa ugonjwa, hasa wakati kimelea kinaweza kujigandisha katika kuta za mishipa ya damu. Kwa hivyo, vifaa zaidi vilivyo na uwezo wa kupima mabadiliko madogo na visivyohitaji teknolojia ya hali ya juu vinafaa kubuniwa ili kugundua uwepo wa vimelea vya viwango vya chini nyanjani. <ref> {{cite journal |author=Redd S, Kazembe P, Luby S, Nwanyanwu O, Hightower A, Ziba C, Wirima J, Chitsulo L, Franco C, Olivar M |title=Clinical algorithm for treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children |journal=Lancet |volume=347 |issue=8996 |pages=80 |year=2006 |pmid=8551881 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(96)90404-3}}</ref> == Kuzuia == [[Picha:Anopheles albimanus mosquito.jpg|thumb|Mbu aina ya Anopheles Albimanus afyonza mkono wa binadamu. Mbu huyu ni vekta wa malaria na udhibiti wa mbu ni njia madhubuti sana ya kupunguza matukio ya malaria.]] Mbinu zinazotumiwa kuzuia kuenea kwa ugonjwa, au kulinda watu katika maeneo ambapo malaria imeenea ni pamoja na madawa ya kuzuia ugonjwa, kutokomeza mbu, na uzuiaji kung'atwa na mbu. Kuendelea kuwepo kwa malaria katika eneo kunahitaji; mseto wa idadi kubwa ya binadamu, idadi kubwa ya mbu katika eneo moja, na viwango vya juu vya maambukizi kutoka kwa binadamu hadi kwa mbu na kutoka kwa mbu hadi kwa binadamu. Ikiwa hali hizi zote zitapunguzwa kwa viwango vya kutosha, bila shaka kimelea cha malaria kitatoweka kutoka katika eneo hilo, kama ilivyotokea [[Amerika ya Kaskazini, Ulaya]] sehemu kubwa ya [[Mashariki ya Kati]]. Hata hivyo, vimelea visipotokomezwa kutoka dunia nzima, vinaweza kujisitawisha tena ikiwa hali itarejea kuwa inayofaa kuzaana kwao. Nchi nyingi zinashuhudia ongezeko la idadi ya maambukizi ya malaria kutokana na usafiri na uhamaji mwingi. Kwa sasa, hakuna [[kinga]] inayozuia malaria lakini utafiti unaendelea. Watafiti wengi wanasema kuwa kinga ya malaria inaweza kuwa nafuu zaidi kuliko tiba ya ugonjwa huo kwa muda mrefu, lakini mtaji unaohitajika ni wa juu sana kwa watu wengi maskini duniani. Mshauri wa kiuchumi [[Jeffrey Sachs]] anakadiria kwamba malaria inaweza kudhibitiwa kwa msaada wa dola za Amerika bilioni 3 kila mwaka. Imesemekana kuwa, ili kufikia [[Malengo ya Maendeleo ya Milenia]], pesa lazima zielekezwe kutoka katika juhudi za kutibu [[VVU]] / [[UKIMWI]] na kuelekezwa kuzuia malaria, ambayo kwa kiasi sawa cha fedha kutakuwa na manufaa makubwa kwa chumi za Afrika. Usambazaji wa ufadhili inatofautiana miongoni mwa mataifa. Nchi zenye idadi kubwa ya watu hazipokei kiasi sawa cha msaada. Nchi 34 zilizopokea msaada wa chini ya $ 1 kwa kila mtu kila mwaka ni baadhi ya mataifa maskini zaidi barani Afrika. [[Brazili]], [[Eritrea]], [[India]] na [[Vietnam]], tofauti na nchi nyingine zinazoendelea, zimefanikiwa kupunguza tatizo la malaria. Sababu zilizopelekea mafanikio katika mataifa hayo ni pamoja na mazingira mazuri ya nchi, mpangilio mahususi wa kiufundi unaotumia zana faafu kuwafikia walengwa, kufanya uamuzi kwa misingi ya utafiti, uongozi tendaji katika ngazi zote za serikali, kushirikisha jamii, ugatuzi wa utekelezaji na udhibiti wa fedha, wafanyikazi wa kiufundi na wa usimamizi wenye ujuzi katika ngazi ya taifa na nyanjani, kujishughulisha moja kwa moja kiufundi na kivitendo kwa mashirika wafadhili na fedha za kutosha na zinazopatikana kwa urahisi. <ref>{{cite journal | author = Barat L | title = Four malaria success stories: how malaria burden was successfully reduced in Brazil, Eritrea, India, and Vietnam | journal = Am J Trop Med Hyg | volume = 74 | issue = 1 | pages = 12–6 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16407339}}</ref> === Udhibiti Vekta === Juhudi za kukomesha malaria na kutokomeza mbu zimefanikiwa katika baadhi ya maeneo. Kitambo malaria ilikuwa ugonjwa wa kawaida [[Amerika]] na [[Ulaya kusini]] lakini juhudi za kudhibiti vekta, pamoja na matibabu na ufuatiliaji wa binadamu walioambukizwa, ulikomesha ugonjwa huo katika maeneo hayo. Katika baadhi ya maeneo, kukomesha mitiririsho kwenye maeneo chepechepe ambapo mbu huzaliana na kuimarisha usafi kuliwezesha hali hiyo. Malaria ilitokomezwa kutoka kaskazini mwa Marekani mapema katika karne ya 20 kwa mbinu kama hizo, na matumizi ya [[kiuadudu]] cha [[DDT]] yaliutokomeza kutoka Kusini kufikia mwaka wa 1951. <ref name="CDChistory"> http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/history/eradication_us.htm Centers for Disease Control. ''Eradication of Malaria in the United States (1947-1951)'' 2004.</ref> Katika mwaka wa 2002, kuliripotiwa matukio 1059 ya malaria nchini Amerika, ikiwa ni pamoja na vifo vinane, lakini kati ya hayo yote, matukio matano tu ya ugonjwa huo yaliambukizwa ndani ya Amerika. Kabla ya kuvumbuliwa kwa kiuadudu cha DDT,maeneo kadhaa ya kitropiki pia yalitokomeza au kudhibiti malaria kwa kuondoa au kusumisha maeneo ya mbu kuzaliana au maji ambamo lava huishi, kwa mfano kwa kumwaga au kujaza mafuta mahali maji yamesimama. Mbinu hizi hazijatumika vilivyo barani Afrika kwa zaidi ya nusu karne. <ref>{{cite journal | author = Killeen G, Fillinger U, Kiche I, Gouagna L, Knols B | title = Eradication of Anopheles gambiae from Brazil: lessons for malaria control in Africa? | journal = Lancet Infect Dis | volume = 2 | issue = 10 | pages = e192 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12383612 | doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00397-3}}</ref> Katika [[miaka ya 1950]] na [[Miaka ya 1960|1960]] kulikuwa na juhudi kubwa za afya ya umma kutokomeza ugonjwa wa malaria duniani kwa kulenga maeneo ambako malaria ilikuwa imeenea. <ref>{{cite news | author=Gladwell, Malcolm.|date=2001-07-02 | title=The Mosquito Killer | url=http://www.gladwell.com/2001/2001_07_02_a_ddt.htm | publisher=The New Yorker}}</ref> Hata hivyo, juhudi hizi hazijafaulu kutokomeza malaria katika sehemu nyingi zinazoendelea duniani, tatizo hilo limeenea zaidi barani Afrika. [[Mbinu ya kutasisha mdudu]] inajitokeza kama mbinu ya kudhibiti mbu. Maendeleo kuelekea transijeni, au wadudu waliogeuzwa vinasaba, zinaonyesha kwamba mbu mwitu wanaweza kubadilishwa kuwa sugu kwa malaria. Watafiti katika [[Imperial College London]] walibuni mbu wa kwanza wa malaria ulimwenguni aliyegeuzwa vinasaba, <ref>Imperial College, London, [http://www.ic.ac.uk/templates/text_3.asp?P=1911 "Scientists create first transgenic malaria mosquito",] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ic.ac.uk/templates/text_3.asp?P=1911 |date=20060926003820 }} 2000/06/22.</ref> huku spishi wa kwanza sugu kwa Plasmodium akizinduliwa na watafiti kutoka [[Case Western Reserve University Ohio]] mwaka wa 2002. <ref name="ito2002">{{cite journal | author=Ito J, Ghosh A, Moreira LA, Wimmer EA, Jacobs-Lorena M | title=Transgenic anopheline mosquitoes impaired in transmission of a malaria parasite | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2002-05-23_417_6887/page/386 | journal=Nature | year=2002 | volume=417 | pages=387–8 | pmid=12024215 | doi = 10.1038/417452a | issue=6887}}</ref> Mafanikio ya kubadilisha kizazi cha sasa na kizazi kilicho na vinasaba vipya, yanategemea mfumo kadhaa, kama vile vipengele vinavyoweza kubadilishwa kuruhusu nadharia nyingine za [[jenetikia]] mbali na ya [[Mendel]]. Hata hivyo, mbinu hii ina matatizo mengi na mafanikio yako mbali mno. <ref> Knols et al., 2007</ref> Mbinu nyingine ya usoni zaidi ya kudhibiti vekta ni uwezekano wa kutumia [[mwanga]] wa [[leza]] kuua mbu wanaoruka. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123680870885500701.html |title=Rocket Scientists Shoot Down Mosquitoes With Lasers |publisher=WSJ.com |author=Robert Guth |accessdate=8 Julai 2009}}</ref>Pia inadaiwa kuwa harufu ya ndege wafugwao ikiwapo kuku huweza kuwafukuza wadudu warukao ikiwamo mbu wa malaria<ref>{{Citation|last=HANS|first=RAPHAEL|title=HARUFU YA KUKU HUFUKUZA MALARIA|url=https://afyazetu360.blogspot.com/2017/08/harufu-ya-kuku-hufukuza-malaria.html|work=A-Z 360|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-27|archive-date=2019-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714045326/http://afyazetu360.blogspot.com/2017/08/harufu-ya-kuku-hufukuza-malaria.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Madawa ya kuzuia === Madawa mengi ambayo hutumiwa kutibu malaria, yanaweza kutumika kuzuia. Kwa ujumla, dawa hizi hutumiwa kila siku au kila wiki, katika kipimo cha chini kuliko inavyofaa kutumiwa kutibabu mtu ambaye kweli ameambukizwa ugonjwa huo. Matumizi ya madawa ya kuzuia ni nadra kwa wakazi wa maeneo ambapo malaria imeenea, matumizi hayo kawaida huwa kwa wageni wa muda mfupi na wasafiri wanaotembelea maeneo ya malaria. Hii ni kutokana na gharama ya madawa hayo, [[athari]] mbaya kutokana na matumizi ya muda mrefu, na kwa sababu baadhi ya madawa madhubuti ya kupambana na malaria hayapatikani kwa rahisi nje ya mataifa tajiri. [[Kwinini]] ilianza kutumika kama dawa ya kuzuia malaria (profilaksis) katika karne ya 17. Kubuniwa kwa madawa mbadala fanisi zaidi kama vile [[kwinakrini]], [[klorokwini]] na [[primakwini]] katika [[karne ya 20]], kulipunguza kutegemewa kwa kwinini. Siku hizi, kwinini bado inatumiwa katika kutibu malaria sugu inayoambukizwa na ''Plasmodium falciparum'' pamoja na kutibu [[malaria ya ubongo]], lakini kwa kawaida haitumiki kama kizuia malaria. Madawa ya kisasa yanayotumiwa kuzuia ni pamoja na [[mefloqine]] ''(Lariam),'' [[doxycycline/0} (inapatikana kwa urahisi), na mchanganyiko wa atovaquone na proguanil hydrochloride ya {0{/0} (Malarone).|doxycycline/0} (inapatikana kwa urahisi), na mchanganyiko wa [[atovaquone]] na proguanil hydrochloride ya {0{/0} ''(Malarone).'' Chaguo la dawa gani litumike hutegemea vimelea vilivyo [[sugu]] katika eneo hilo, athari ya dawa hiyo na maswala mengine. Dawa ya prophylactic haianzi kufanya kazi mara moja baada ya kumezwa, kwa hivyo watu wanaopanga kutembelea maeneo ambapo malaria imeenea kawaida huanza kutumia dawa hiyo wiki moja au mbili kabla ya kutembelea sehemu hizo na ni lazima waendeleae kuzitumia kwa wiki 4 baada ya kuondoka (isipokuwa atovaquone proguanil inayohitaji kuanza kutumiwa siku 2 kabla ya kusafiri na kuendelea siku 7 baadaye ya kuondoka). Matumizi ya madawa ya kuzuia malaria katika maeneo ambapo mbu wanaoambukiza malaria wanapatikana yanaweza kufanya mwili kuwa sugu katika kupata malaria. <ref>[http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/361/5/468 Roestenberg M, et al.] {{Wayback|url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/361/5/468 |date=20090802093941 }}[http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/361/5/468 ''Protection against a Malaria Challenge by Sporozoite Inoculation.'' ] {{Wayback|url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/361/5/468 |date=20090802093941 }} New England J. Med. 361:468, 30 Julai 2009</ref> === Unyunyizaji majumbani === Unyunyizaji majumbani (IRS) ni hali ya kunyunyizia viuadudu kwenye kuta za ndani ya nyumba katika maeneo yaliyoathirika na malaria. Baada ya kufyonza, spishi nyingi za mbu hupumzika juu ya kitu kilicho karibu huku akimeng'enya mlo wake wa damu, kwa hivyo iwapo kuta za majumba zitanyunyuziwa viuadudu, mbu wanaopumzika huenda wakauawa kabla kumng'ata mhasiriwa mwingine, na kumhamishia vimelea vya malaria Kiuadudu cha kwanza kilichotumika katika unyunyizaji majumbani (IRS) kilikuwa [[DDT]]. <ref name="CDChistory"/> Ingawa awali kilitumika kupambana na malaria pekee, matumizi yake yalienea kwa haraka na kuingia katika [[kilimo]]. Baada ya muda, dawa ya DDT ilianza kutumika hasa kwa lengo la kudhibiti wadudu kuliko kama dawa ya kuzuia ugonjwa kuenea na kutokana na matumizi haya makubwa katika kilimo kulizuka mbu sugu katika maeneo mengi. Usugu wa mbu wa aina ya Anopheles dhidi ya DDT unaweza kufananishwa na usugu wa bakteria kwa viuavijasumu. Matumizi ya kupindukia ya sabuni za kuua bakteria na viuavijasumu dhidi ya bakteria yalisabisha usugu kwa bakteria kwa viuavijasumu, sawa na jinsi unyunyizaj wa DDT wa kupundukia kwa mimea ulipelekea usugu wa mbu wa Anopheles kwa DDT. Katika miaka ya 1960, uenezaji wa habari kuhusu madhara ya matumizi ya kiholela ya DDT uliongezeka, jambo ambalo lilipelekea matumizi ya DDT katika kilimo kupigwa marufuku katika nchi nyingi katika miaka ya 1970. Kwa kuwa matumizi ya DDT katika kilimo yamepungua au kupigwa marufuku kwa muda, DDT sasa inaweza kuwa njia ya kufaa kama hatua ya kudhibiti ugonjwa. Ingawa matumizi ya DDT kudhibiti malaria hayajawahi kupigwa marufuku na kwamba kuna viuadudu vingine vingi vinavyoweza kutumika kunyunyiza, baadhi ya wanaharakati wamedai kwamba marufuku haya yamesababisha vifo vya mamilioni ya watu katika nchi za kitropiki ambapo DDT iliwahi kuwa madhubuti katika kudhibiti malaria. Fauka ya hayo, matatizo mengi yanayokurubishwa na matumizi ya DDT yanatokana na matumizi yake kwa viwango pana katika kilimo, wala si matumizi yake katika [[afya ya umma]]. <ref name="pmid17111979">{{cite journal |author=Tia E, Akogbeto M, Koffi A, ''et al.'' |title=[Pyrethroid and DDT resistance of Anopheles gambiae s.s. (Diptera: Culicidae) in five agricultural ecosystems from Côte-d'Ivoire] |language=French |journal=Bulletin de la Société de pathologie exotique (1990) |volume=99 |issue=4 |pages=278–82 |year=2006 |pmid=17111979 |doi=}}</ref> [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] (WHO) kwa sasa linashauri matumizi ya aina 12 tofauti za viuadudu katika operesheni za kunyunyiza. Hizi ni pamoja na matumizi ya DDT na msururu wa vibadala (kama vile pyrethroids [[Permethrin]] na [[deltamethrin]]), ili kupambana na malaria katika maeneo ambapo mbu wamekuwa sugu kwa DDT ili kupunguza kasi ya mabadiliko kuelekea usugu. <ref>[http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2006/WHO_HTM_MAL_2006.1112_eng.pdf Indoor Residual Spraying: Use of Indoor Residual Spraying for Scaling Up Global Malaria Control and Elimination.] {{Wayback|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2006/WHO_HTM_MAL_2006.1112_eng.pdf |date=20160122134004 }} Shirika la Afya Duniani, 2006.</ref> Matumizi haya ya viwango vidogo vya DDT katika afya ya umma yanaruhusiwa chini ya [[Mkataba wa Stolckholm wa Usimamizi wa Taka za Kemikali Zinazodumu katika Mazingira kwa Muda Mrefu]] (POPs), ambao unapiga marufuku matumizi ya DDT katika kilimo. <ref>[http://www.who.int/malaria/docs/10thingsonDDT.pdf 10 Things You Need to Know about DDT Use under The Stockholm Convention]</ref> Hata hivyo, kwa sababu ya [[historia]] yake, nchi nyingi zilizoendelea zimewekea vikwazo matumizi ya DDT hata kwa viwango vidogo. <ref>[http://www.pops.int/ The Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants]</ref> <ref>{{cite news | last= Rosenberg | first= Tina |title= "What the world needs now is DDT" | publisher= New York Times |date= 2007-04-11 | url= http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9F0DEEDA1738F932A25757C0A9629C8B63 | accessdate= 2008-11-03}}</ref> Tatizo mojawapo la aina zote za unyunyizaji wa viuadudu majumbani ni [[usugu]] unaotokana na mabadiliko ya mbu. Kulingana na utafiti uliochapishwa kuhusu Mosquito Behavior and Vector Control, spishi wa mbu wanaoathiriwa na IRS ni wale wanaopumzika na kuishi majumbani (endophilic), kutokana na mwasho unasababishwa na dawa za kunyunyizia, vizazi vyao wanabadilika kuelekea spishi wanaopumzika na kuishi nje (exophilic), kumaanisha hawaathiriki - ikiwa wanaathirika kwa vyovyote - na IRS, na kufanya mbinu hii kuwa isiyofaa kwa kiasi fulani katika kujilinda. === Vyandarua vya mbu na matandiko === {{Main|Chandarua}} Vyandarua vya mbu husaidia kutenga watu na mbu na kupunguza maambukizi na usambazaji wa malaria kwa kiwango kikubwa. Vyandarua si vizuizi kamilifu na mara nyingi hutiwa kiuadudu kilichotengenezwa kuua mbu kabla apate muda wa kutafuta upenyu wa kuingia ndani ya chandarua. Vyandarua vilivyotiwa dawa (Insectcide-Treated-Neta;ITN) vinakadiriwa kuwa na ufanisi mara mbili zaidi ya vyandarua visivyotiwa dawa, <ref name="hull2006"/> na hutoa ulinzi zaidi ya 70% ikilinganishwa na kutotumia chandarua. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Bachou H, Tylleskär T, Kaddu-Mulindwa DH, Tumwine JK |title=Bacteraemia among severely malnourished children infected and uninfected with the human immunodeficiency virus-1 in Kampala, Uganda |journal=BMC Infect. Dis. |volume=6 |issue= |pages=160 |year=2006 |pmid=17090299 |pmc=1660577 |doi=10.1186/1471-2334-6-160 |url=}}</ref>. Ingawa vyandarua vilivyotiwa dawa, ITN vimedhibitishwa kuwa na ufanisi dhidi ya malaria, chini ya 2% ya watoto katika miji ya mataifa ya Afrika iliyo Kusini kwa Sahara wanalindwa na ITN. Kwa sababu mbu wa ''[[Anopheles]]'' hufyonza damu usiku, njia inayopendekezwa ni kuning'iniza neti katikati ya kitanda hivi kwamba inafunika kitanda chote. Usambazaji wa vyandarua vilivyotiwa viuadudu kama vile [[Pamethrin]] au deltamethrin umeonyesha kuwa ni mbinu madhubuti mno katika kuzuia malaria, na pia ni mojawapo ya mbinu yenye gharama nafuu zaidi. Vyandarua hivi vinaweza kupatikana kwa dola zipatazo 2,50-$ 3,50 (kati ya euro 2-3 ) kutoka kwa [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], Shirika la Afya Duniani (WHO) na mashirika mengine. Vyandarua vilivyotiwa dawa (ITN) vimedhibitishwa kuwa mbinu yenye gharama nafuu zaidi katika kuzuia malaria na ni sehemu ya Malengo ya Maendeleo ya Milenia (Millennium Development Goals;MDGs) za WHO. Kwa ufanisi zaidi, vyandarua lazima vitiwe viuadudu kila baada ya miezi sita. Mchakato huu hukumbwa na tatizo la ukosefu wa vifaa muhimu katika maeneo ya vijijini. Kuna teknolojia mpya kama Olyset au DawaPlus inayowezesha neti kudumu kwa muda mrefu(Long- Lasting Insecticide nets;LLIN),ambapo vyandarua hivyo hutoa viuadudu kwa takriban miaka 5, <ref>[http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2004-11/2004-11-23-voa30.cfm?CFID=15461499&amp;CFTOKEN=28007413 New Mosquito Nets Could Help Fight Malaria in Africa] {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> na hugharimu takribani US $ 5.50. Vyandarua hivi huwalinda wanaovotumia na kuua mbu wanaogusa chandarua hicho. Watu wanaolala katika chumba kimoja na hawajajifunika kwa chandarua pia hupata ulinzi wa kiasi fulani. Huku usambazaji wa vyandarua vya mbu ukiwa sehemu muhimu ya mbinu za kuzuia malaria, uelimishaji na uhamasishaji wa jamii kuhusu hatari za ugonjwa wa malaria huambatanishwa na kampeni za usambazaji ili kuhakikisha kuwa watu wanaopokea vyandarua wanajua jinsi ya kuvitumia. Kampeni za "Hang Up" kama zinazofanywa na wanaojitolea kuhudumu na shirika la [[Kimataifa]] la [[Red Cross]] na la [[Red Crescent Movement]] hushirikisha kutembelea miji ambayo ilipokea vyandarua ifikapo mwisho wa kampeni au kabla tu ya msimu wa mvua kuhakikisha kwamba chandarua kinatumika vizuri na kwamba watu walio hatarini zaidi ya kuambukizwa, kama watoto wachanga na wazee, wanalala chini neti. Utafiti uliofanywa na [[CDC]] nchini [[Sierra Leone]] ulionyesha ongezeko la asilimia 22 katika utumiaji wa chandarua kufuatia kutembelewa kibinafsi na mtu wa kujitolea anayeishi katika jamii hiyo. Utafiti nchini [[Togo]] ulionyesha hali bora sawa na hukSierra Leoneo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.ifrc.org/what/health/diseases/malaria/156800-Malaria-Report-EN-LR.pdf |title=International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (200) "The winning formula - World Malaria Day Report 2009" |accessdate=2009-11-19 |archivedate=2009-08-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090809050332/http://www.ifrc.org/what/health/diseases/malaria/156800-Malaria-Report-EN-LR.pdf }}</ref> Gharama ya kutibu malaria huwa juu ikilinganishwa na mapato ya mgonjwa,na basi ugonjwa huo husababisha hali ya mtu kupoteza riziki yake. Mara nyingi vyandarua huwa ghali kwa watu katika nchi zinazoendelea, hasa kwa wengi walio hatari ya kuambukizwa. Mtu 1 tu katiya watu 20 huwa na chandarua cha mbu barani Afrika. <ref name="hull2006"/> Vyandarua pia husambazwa wakati wa kampeni za kutoa chanjo kwa kutumia vocha za ruzuku, kama vile wakati wa kampeni za kuwachanja watoto dhidi ya [[surua]]. Utafiti uliofanywa miongoni mwa [[wakimbizi]] wa [[Afghanistani]] nchini [[Pakistan]] ulibainisha kuwa kutia dawa ya permethrin kwenye matandiko na [[buibui]] (pamoja na [[hijabu]]) huwa na athari sawa na hali ya kutumia chandarua kilichotiwa dawa, lakini bei yake ni nafuu. <ref>{{cite journal | author = Rowland M, Durrani N, Hewitt S, Mohammed N, Bouma M, Carneiro I, Rozendaal J, Schapira A | title = Permethrin-treated chaddars and top-sheets: appropriate technology for protection against malaria in Afghanistan and other complex emergencies | journal = Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg | volume = 93 | issue = 5 | pages = 465–72 | year = 1999| pmid = 10696399 | doi = 10.1016/S0035-9203(99)90341-3}}</ref> Mbinu nyingine mbadala hutumia spora za kuvu [[Beauveria bassiana]] kunyunyizia kuta na vyandarua ili kuua mbu. Japo baadhi ya mbu wamekua sugu kwa kemikali, haijapatikana kuwa wamekuwa sugu kwa maambukizi ya kuvu. <ref name="bbcfungus">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4074212.stm "Fungus 'may help malaria fight'",] ''BBC News,'' 2005/06/09</ref> === Chanjo === {{main|Chanjo ya Malaria}} Kingamaradhi (au, kwa usahihi zaidi, kuhimili malaria) hutokea kawaida, lakini baada ya maambukizi yaliyorudiwarudiwa na aina nyingi za malaria. <ref>{{cite journal|author=Färnert A, Williams TN, Mwangi TW, ''et al.''|title=Transmission‐dependent tolerance to multiclonal ''Plasmodium falciparum'' infection|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_2009-10-01_200_7/page/n167|journal=J Infect Dis|year=2009|volume=200|issue=7|pages=1166–1175|doi=10.1086/605652|pmid=19702508|last1=Färnert|first1=A|last2=Williams|first2=TN|last3=Mwangi|first3=TW|last4=Ehlin|first4=A|last5=Fegan|first5=G|last6=Macharia|first6=A|last7=Lowe|first7=BS|last8=Montgomery|first8=SM|last9=Marsh|first9=K}}</ref> [[Chanjo]] ya malaria inaendelea kufanyiwa utafiti na, hakuna chanjo madhubuti iliyopatikana hadi sasa. Ufafiti wa kwanza ulioonyesha uwezekano wa kupatikana kwa chanjo ya malaria ulifanyika mwaka wa 1967 kwa kumchanja panya na [[spora hai zilizodhoofishwa kwa mnunurisho]], na ilitoa kinga kwa takriban 60% ya panya baadaye walipodungwa kwa spora hai zinazoweza kuambukiza. <ref name="Nussenzweig1967">{{cite journal |author=Nussenzweig R, Vanderberg J, Most H, Orton C |title=Protective immunity produced by the injection of x-irradiated sporozoites of plasmodium berghei |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1967-10-14_216_5111/page/n78 |journal=Nature |volume=216 |issue=5111 |pages=160–2 |year=1967 | pmid = 6057225 | doi = 10.1038/216160a0}}</ref> Tangu 1970, kumekuwa na juhudi za kubuni chanjo kwa binadamu kutumia mikakati sawa na hiyo. Ilibainishwa kwamba mtu anaweza kupata kinga dhidi ya maambukizo ya ''P. falciparum'' ikiwa atang'atwa zaidi ya mara 1,000 na mbu walioambukizwa, ambao pia wamenunurishwa. <ref name="Hoffman2002">{{cite journal |author=Hoffman SL, Goh LM, Luke TC, ''et al.'' |title=Protection of humans against malaria by immunization with radiation-attenuated Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_2002-04-15_185_8/page/n164 |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=185 |issue=8 |pages=1155–64 |year=2002 |pmid=11930326| doi = 10.1086/339409 |last12=Stoute |first12=JA |last13=Church |first13=LW |last14=Sedegah |first14=M |last15=Heppner |first15=DG |last16=Ballou |first16=WR |last17=Richie |first17=TL}}</ref> Imekubaliwa kwa ujumla kwamba ni vigumu kutumia mkakati kama huo kutoa chanjo kwa watu walio hatarini kuambukizwa. Badala yake, kazi nyingi zimefanywa kujaribu kuelewa michakato ya [[kiimyunolojia]] inayotoa kinga baada ya kuchanjwa kwa spora iliyonunurishwa. Baada ya utafiti wa chanjo kwa panya mwaka wa 1967, <ref name="Nussenzweig1967"/> ilichukuliwa kinadharia kwamba spora zilizodungwa zilikuwa zikitambuliwa na mfumo wa kingamwili, ambao kwa upande wake ulikuwa ukiunda [[mazindikomwili]] (antibodies) dhidi ya vimelea. Ilidhibitishwa kwamba mfumo wa kingamwili ulikuwa ukibuni mazindikomwili dhidi ya protini ya [[circumsporozoite]] (CSP) iliyokuwa imeizunguka spora. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Zavala F, Cochrane A, Nardin E, Nussenzweig R, Nussenzweig V |title=Circumsporozoite proteins of malaria parasites contain a single immunodominant region with two or more identical epitopes |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-experimental-medicine_1983-06_157_6/page/1947 |journal=J Exp Med |volume=157 |issue=6 |pages=1947–57 |year=1983 | doi = 10.1084/jem.157.6.1947 |pmid=6189951 |unused_data=|i pmid = 6189951}}</ref> Aidha, mazindikomwili dhidi ya CSP yalizuia spora kuzivamia seli za ini (hepatocytes). <ref>{{cite journal |author=Hollingdale M, Nardin E, Tharavanij S, Schwartz A, Nussenzweig R |title=Inhibition of entry of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax sporozoites into cultured cells; an in vitro assay of protective antibodies |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-immunology_1984-02_132_2/page/909 |journal=J Immunol |volume=132 |issue=2 |pages=909–13 |year=1984 | pmid = 6317752}}</ref> Hivyo basi CSP ilichaguliwa kama protini iliyokuwa na uwezekano zaidi wa kubuni chanjo dhidi ya spora ya malaria. Ni kwa sababu hizi za kihistoria ambapo chanjo zilizo na msingi katika CSP ni nyingi miongoni mwa chanjo za malaria. Kwa sasa, kuna aina tofauti za chanjo zinazokaguliwa. Chanjo inayolenga vimelea kabla havijafikia damu (pre-erythrocytic), hasa chanjo ambazo misingi yake ni CSP, huchangia pakubwa la tafiti za chanjo ya malaria. Aina nyingine za tafiti za chanjo zinajumuisha: zile zinazotafuta kuweka kinga katika awamu ya kuambukizwa kwa damu; zinazotafuta kuepuka pathologia kali zaidi ya malaria kwa kuzuia kushikamana kwa vimelea katika [[mishipa]] ya damu au na [[chanjo dhidi ya uenezi]] utakaokomesha kukua kwa vimelea mwilini mwa mbu baada ya mbu kufyonza damu ya mtu aliyeambukizwa. <ref name="Matuschewski2006">{{cite journal |author=Matuschewski K |title=Vaccine development against malaria |journal=Curr Opin Immunol |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=449–57 |year=2006 | pmid = 16765576 | doi = 10.1016/j.coi.2006.05.004}}</ref> Inatarajiwa kwamba matokeo ya utafiti wa mpangilio wa [[jinomu]] ya ''P. falciparum'' uliomalizika mwaka wa 2002 <ref> http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v419/n6906/full/nature01097.html</ref>, yatatoa mwelekeo kuhusu dawa au chanjo mpya. <ref>{{cite journal | author = Gardner M, Hall N, Fung E, ''et al.'' | title = Genome sequence of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum | journal = Nature | volume = 370 | issue = 6906 | pages = 1543 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12368864 | doi = 10.1038/nature01097 | last12 = James | first12 = K | last13 = Eisen | first13 = JA | last14 = Rutherford | first14 = K | last15 = Salzberg | first15 = SL | last16 = Craig | first16 = A | last17 = Kyes | first17 = S | last18 = Chan | first18 = MS | last19 = Nene | first19 = V | last20 = Shallom | first20 = SJ | last21 = Suh | first21 = B | last22 = Peterson | first22 = J | last23 = Angiuoli | first23 = S | last24 = Pertea | first24 = M | last25 = Allen | first25 = J | last26 = Selengut | first26 = J | last27 = Haft | first27 = D | last28 = Mather | first28 = MW | last29 = Vaidya | first29 = AB | last30 = Martin | first30 = DM | last31 = Fairlamb | first31 = AH | last32 = Fraunholz | first32 = MJ | last33 = Roos | first33 = DS | last34 = Ralph | first34 = SA | last35 = Mcfadden | first35 = GI | last36 = Cummings | first36 = LM | last37 = Subramanian | first37 = GM | last38 = Mungall | first38 = C | last39 = Venter | first39 = JC | last40 = Carucci | first40 = DJ | last41 = Hoffman | first41 = SL | last42 = Newbold | first42 = C | last43 = Davis | first43 = RW | last44 = Fraser | first44 = CM | last45 = Barrell | first45 = B}}</ref> Chanjo ya kwanza ambayo imebuniwa na kufanyiwa majaribio nyanjani, ni SPf66, iliyoandaliwa na [[Manuel Elkin Patarroyo]] mwaka 1987. Inatoa mchanganyiko wa mazindikomwili chanjo kutoka kwa spora (kutumia marudio ya CS) na vimelea vya merozoiti. Katika awamu ya kwanza ya majaribio umadhubuti wa 75% ulipatikana na chanjo ikaonekana kuhimiliwa vizuri na watafitiwa na ilikuwa na uwezo wa kuanzisha kingamwili. Awamu za IIb na III ya majaribio haikuridhisha sana, umadhubuti ulishuka kwa kiwango cha kati ya 38.8% na 60.2%. Jaribio lilifanyika Tanzania mwaka wa 1993 na kuonyesha umadhubuti wa 31% baada ya kufuatilia wahusika kwa mwaka, hata hivyo hivi karibuni (ingawa kuna utata) utafiti uliofanywa nchini Gambia haukuonyesha madhara yoyote. Licha ya muda mrefu na tafiti nyingi zilizofanywa, bado haijulikani jinsi chanjo ya SPf66 hutoa kinga; kwa hivyo inawezekana isiwe ufumbuzi wa tatizo la malaria. CSP ndiyo chanjo nyingine iliyobuniwa na ilionekana kuwa ingepitia majaribio. Pia msingi wake ni protini inayozunguka spora (circumsporoziote), lakini zaidi ya hivyo imeunganika na protini (Asn-Ala-Pro15Asn-Val-ASP-Pro) 2-Leu-arg (R32LR) kwa kufungamanisha elekroni pamoja na ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]'' tovin(A9) iliyosafishwa. Hata hivyo katika hatua za awali ukosefu kamili wa kinga kwa waliochanjwa ulidhihirika miongoni mwa waliochanjwa. Kundi la watafitiwa lililopewa dawa ya majaribio nchini Kenya lilikuwa na kiwango cha matukio ya maambukizi cha 82% huku kundi ambalo halikupewa chanjo likiwa na kiwango cha maambukizi cha 89%. Chanjo hiyo ililenga kuongeza seli za limfosayti T kwa waliochanjwa, hali ambayo haikutokea. Umadhubuti wa chanjo ya Patarroyo umetiliwa shaka huku baadhi ya wanasayansi wa Marekani wakiandika katika [[The Lancet]] (1997) kwamba "chanjo hiyo si madhubuti na ni lazima itupiliwe mbali" huku raia huyo wa [[Kolombia]] akiwatuhumu kuwa na "kiburi" na kupuuzilia mbali madai yao na kuongeza kuwa wanafanya hivyo kwa sababu yeye anatoka katika taifa linaloendelea. RTS, S/AS02A ni chanjo ambayo imebuniwa kwa ubia kati ya Mchakato wa PATH wa kutafuta Chanjo ya Malaria (PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative) (unaofadhiliwa na Wakfu wa Gates, kampuni ya GlaxoSmithKline, na Walter Reed Army Institute of Research <ref>{{cite journal |author=Heppner DG, Kester KE, Ockenhouse CF, ''et al.'' |title=Towards an RTS,S-based, multi-stage, multi-antigen vaccine against falciparum malaria: progress at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research |journal=Vaccine |volume=23 |issue=17-18 |pages=2243–50 |year=2005 |pmid=15755604 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.01.142 |last12=Angov |first12=E |last13=Cummings |first13=JF |last14=Leach |first14=A |last15=Hall |first15=BT |last16=Dutta |first16=S |last17=Schwenk |first17=R |last18=Hillier |first18=C |last19=Barbosa |first19=A |last20=Ware |first20=LA |last21=Nair |first21=L |last22=Darko |first22=CA |last23=Withers |first23=MR |last24=Ogutu |first24=B |last25=Polhemus |first25=ME |last26=Fukuda |first26=M |last27=Pichyangkul |first27=S |last28=Gettyacamin |first28=M |last29=Diggs |first29=C |last30=Soisson |first30=L |last31=Milman |first31=J |last32=Dubois |first32=MC |last33=Garçon |first33=N |last34=Tucker |first34=K |last35=Wittes |first35=J |last36=Plowe |first36=CV |last37=Thera |first37=MA |last38=Duombo |first38=OK |last39=Pau |first39=MG |last40=Goudsmit |first40=J |last41=Ballou |first41=WR |last42=Cohen |first42=J}}</ref> Katika chanjo hiyo, sehemu ya CSP imeunganishwa na "S [[antigen]]" ya [[Virusi vya homa ya manjano B]]; {0 protini hii ya {0} mseto hudungwa pamoja na [[ajuvanti]] AS02A. <ref name="Matuschewski2006"/> Mnamo Oktoba 2004, watafiti wa RTS, S/AS02A walitangaza matokeo ya [[Awamu ya majaribio ya IIb]], iliyoonyesha chanjo hiyo ilipunguza hatari ya maambukizi kwa takribani 30% na ukali wa maambukizi kwa zaidi ya 50%. Utafiti huo uliwahusisha zaidi ya watoto 2,000 wa [[Msumbiji]]. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Alonso PL, Sacarlal J, Aponte JJ, ''et al.'' |title=Efficacy of the RTS,S/AS02A vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum infection and disease in young African children: randomised controlled trial |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_october-16-22-2004_364_9443/page/1411 |journal=Lancet |volume=364 |issue=9443 |pages=1411–20 |year=2004 |pmid=15488216 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17223-1 |last12=Aide |first12=P |last13=Ofori-Anyinam |first13=O |last14=Navia |first14=MM |last15=Corachan |first15=S |last16=Ceuppens |first16=M |last17=Dubois |first17=MC |last18=Demoitié |first18=MA |last19=Dubovsky |first19=F |last20=Menéndez |first20=C |last21=Tornieporth |first21=N |last22=Ballou |first22=WR |last23=Thompson |first23=R |last24=Cohen |first24=J}}</ref> Majaribio yaliyofuata ya chanjo ya RTS, S/AS02A yalilenga usalama na umadhubuti wa kutoa chanjo hiyo kwa watoto. Katika mwezi wa Oktoba 2007, watafiti walitangaza matokeo ya [[awamu ya majaribio ya I / IIb]] yaliofanywa kwa watoto 214 wa Msumbiji wa kati ya umri wa miezi 10 na miezi 18 ambao walipokea vipimo kamili vitatu vya chanjo iliyopunguza maambukizi kwa 62% bila madhara makubwa isipokuwa tu uchungu wa kudungwa sindano. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Aponte JJ, Aide P, Renom M, ''et al.'' |title=Safety of the RTS,S/AS02D candidate malaria vaccine in infants living in a highly endemic area of Mozambique: a double blind randomised controlled phase I/IIb trial |journal=Lancet |volume=370 |issue=9598 |pages=1543–51 |year=2007 |month=Novemba |pmid=17949807 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61542-6 |url= |last12=Vekemans |first12=J |last13=Sigauque |first13=B |last14=Dubois |first14=MC |last15=Demoitié |first15=MA |last16=Sillman |first16=M |last17=Savarese |first17=B |last18=Mcneil |first18=JG |last19=Macete |first19=E |last20=Ballou |first20=WR |last21=Cohen |first21=J |last22=Alonso |first22=PL}}</ref> === Njia nyinginezo === Elimu kuhusu utambuaji dalili za malaria umepunguza idadi ya maambukizi katika baadhi ya maeneo ya nchi zinazoendelea kwa hadi kiasi cha 20%. Kutambua ugonjwa huo katika hatua za mapema pia kunaweza kuondoa hatari ya ungonjwa huo. Elimu pia inaweza kuwafundisha watu kufunika maeneo ambapo maji yamesimama, kwa mfano tangi ya maji ambayo ni sehemu bora ya kuzaliana kwa vimelea na mbu, hivyo kupunguza hatari ya maambukizi kwa watu. Hii hasa hutekelezwa katika maeneo ya miji ambako kuna sehemu kubwa zilizo na idadi ya watu wengi wanaoishi pamoja, kuna uwezekano wa maambukizi kutokea katika maeneo hayo. [[Mradi]] wa [[Kudhibiti Malaria]] sasa unatumia muda ambapo watu hujitolea kote duniani wanapokuwa hawafanyi kazi (tazama [[Volunteer computing]] and [[BOINC]]) ili kujaribu modeli za madhara ya kiafya na mienendo ya maambukizi ili kupata njia bora au mchanganyiko wa mbinu kudhibiti malaria. Mbinu hii ya kuchanganua modeli hutegemea utumizi mpana wa kompyuta kwa sababu ya idadi kubwa ya watu kutoka sehemu mbalimbali walio na vigezo anuwai vya kibayolojia na sababu za kijamii zinazoathiri kuenea kwa ugonjwa. Inatarajiwa kuwa itachukua miezi michache kutumia nguvu za waliojitolea wanaotumia kompyuta ikilinganishwa na miaka 40 ambayo ingechukua kutumia rasilimali walizonazo sasa wanasayasi waliobuni mpango huo. <ref>{{cite web | title=What is Malariacontrol.net | publisher=AFRICA@home | url=http://africa-at-home.web.cern.ch/africa%2Dat%2Dhome/malariacontrol.html | accessdate=2007-03-11 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315221605/http://africa-at-home.web.cern.ch/africa-at-home/malariacontrol.html | archivedate=2007-03-15 }}</ref> Mfano wa umuhimu wa modeli za kompyuta katika kupangilia michakato ya [[kutokomeza]] ugonjwa wa malaria ni ulio katika chapisho la Aguas na wengine. Walibainisha kuwa kutokomeza malaria kunategemea sana kupata na kutibu idadi kubwa ya watu katika maeneo ambapo malaria imeenea na malaria isiyoonyesha dalili za ugonjwa (asymptomatic), ambayo huwa kama hifadhi ya maambukizi. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Águas R, White LJ, Snow RW, Gomes MG |title=Prospects for malaria eradication in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=e1767 |year=2008 |pmid=18335042 |pmc=2262141 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0001767 |url=}}</ref> Vimelea vya malaria haviathiri wanyama na hivyo kutokomeza ugonjwa huo kutoka kwa binadamu kunatarajiwa kufanikiwa . Hatua nyingine kwa ajili ya kudhibiti ugonjwa wa malaria ni pamoja na kutoa dawa kwa waathiriwa wengi na [[kinga]] ya muda. == Tiba == Maambukizi ya ''P. falciparum'' hai ni hali ya [[dharura]] ya kiafya inayomhitaji muathiriwa [[kulazwa hospitalini]]. Maambukizi ya ''P. vivax, P. ovale'' au ''P. malariae'' mara nyingi huweza kutibiwa huku mgonjwa akiruhusiwa kurudi nyumbani. Matibabu ya malaria hujumlisha utoaji wa huduma za kiusaidizi pamoja na madawa maalum ya malaria. Mgonjwa wa malaria akitibiwa vizuri, anaweza kupata afueni kamili. <ref>[156] ^ [http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/faq.htm#treatment If I get malaria, will I have it for the rest of my life?] uchapishaji la CDC, Ilitumika 14 Novemba 2006</ref> === Madawa ya malaria === {{main|Dawa za malaria}} Kuna aina kadhaa ya madawa yanayotumika kutibu malaria. {0Aina ya Chloroquine{/0} ina bei nafuu sana, hadi hivi majuzi, ilikuwa madhubuti sana, jambo lililoifanya kuwa dawa ya malaria iliyopendelewa na wengi kwa miaka mingi katika sehemu nyingi za dunia. Hata hivyo, usugu wa ''Plasmodium falciparum'' kwa dawa ya Chloroquine kumeenea hivi karibuni kutoka Asia hadi Afrika, na kuifanya isiweze kutibu aina nyingi za Plasmodium hatari katika maeneo mengi ya dunia yaliyoathirika. {1/ Katika maeneo ambapo klorokwini bado ni madhubuti kuponyesha inabakia kuwa chaguzi ya kwanza. Kwa bahati mbaya, usugu dhidi ya chloroquine unahusishwa na usugu kwa madawa mengine kama [[quinine]] na [[amodaquine.]] <ref>{{cite journal | author=Tinto H, Rwagacondo C, Karema C, ''et al.'' | title=In-vitro susceptibility of ''Plasmodium falciparum'' to monodesethylamodiaquine, dihydroartemsinin and quinine in an area of high chloroquine resistance in Rwanda | journal=Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg | volume=100 | issue=6 | pages=509–14 | doi=10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.09.018 | year=2006 | pmid=16337665 | last1=Tinto | first1=H | last2=Rwagacondo | first2=C | last3=Karema | first3=C | last4=Mupfasoni | first4=D | last5=Vandoren | first5=W | last6=Rusanganwa | first6=E | last7=Erhart | first7=A | last8=Van Overmeir | first8=C | last9=Van Marck | first9=E }}</ref> Kuna dutu nyingine kadhaa zinatumiwa kutibu, na kwa kiasi, kuzuia [[(Prophylaxis).]] Madawa mengi yanaweza kutumiwa kwa madhumuni hayo mawili; dozi kubwa hutumiwa kutibu malaria. Kutolewa kwao kunategemea sana marudio ya matukio ya vimelea kuwa sugu katika eneo ambapo dawa inatumika. Dawa moja inayochunguzwa kwa madhumuni ya kutumiwa kama dawa ya malaria, hasa kutibu vimelea sugu ni [[beta blocker propranolol]]. Propranolol imepatikana kuwa na uwezo wa kuzuia Plasmodium kuingia katika chembechembe nyekundu za damu na kuanzisha maambukizi, vilevile huzuia vimelea kuzaana. Utafiti wa Desemba 2006 uliofanywa na [[Chuo Kikuu cha Northwestern]] ulipendekeza kuwa propranolol inaweza kupunguza dozi za dawa zinazotumika sasa kuwa na udhibiti mkuu dhidi ya P. falciparum kwa kiwango cha 5 - hadi 10, na kupendekeza jukumu la dawa mchanganyiko. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Murphy S, Harrison T, Hamm H, Lomasney J, Mohandas N, Haldar K |title=Erythrocyte G protein as a novel target for malarial chemotherapy |journal=PLoS Med |volume=3 |issue=12 |pages=e528 |year=2006 | month=Desemba | pmid=17194200 | doi= 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030528}}</ref> Madawa ya malaria yanayopatikana kwa sasa ni pamoja na: <ref>[http://www.cdc.gov/travel/malariadrugs.htm Prescription drugs for malaria] Ilipatikana 27 Februari 2007.</ref> * [[Artemether]] - [[lumefantrine]] (Kutibu tu, majina ya kibiashara ni ''[[Coartem]]'' na ''Riamet)'' * [[Artesunate]] - [[amodiaquine]] (Kutibu tu) * [[Artesunate]] - [[mefloquine]] (Kutibu tu) * [[Artesunate]] - [[Sulfadoxine]] / [[pyrimethamine]] (Kutibu tu) * [[Atovaquone]] - [[proguanil]], jina la kibiashara [[Malarone]] (Kutibu na kuzuia) * [[Quinine]] (Kutibu tu) * [[Chloroquine]] (Kutibu na kukinga; manufaa sasa yamepunguzwa kutokana na usugu) * [[Cotrifazid]] (Kutibu na kuzuia) * [[Doxycycline]] (Kutibu na kuzuia) * [[Mefloquine]], jina la kibiashara Lariam (Kutibu na kuzuia) * [[Primaquine]] (Tiba kwa ''P. vivax'' na ''P. ovale'' tu, si ya kuzuia) * [[Proguanil]] (Kuzuia tu) * [[Sulfadoxine]] - [[pyrimethamine]] (Kutibu; hutumika kuzuia kwa wanawake wajawazito walio na nusu-kinga katika nchi ambazo ugonjwa umeenea huitwa "Intermittent Preventive Treatment" - IPT) * [[Hydroxychloroquine]], jina la kibiashara Plaquenil (Kutibu na kuzuia) Utengenezaji wa madawa uliwezeshwa na kufanikiwa kwa [[ukuzaji]] wa vimelea vya ''Plasmodium falciparum''. <ref name="Trager1976">{{cite journal | author= Trager W, Jensen JB | title=Human malaria parasites in continuous culture | url= https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1976-08-20_193_4254/page/n53 | journal=Science| year=1976| volume=193 |issue=4254| pages=673–5 | pmid=781840| doi=10.1126/science.781840}}</ref> Hii ilifanikisha kujaribiwa kwa madawa mapya maabarani. Dutu kutoka katika mmea ''[[Artemisia annua]],'' ulio na msombo wa [[artemisinin]] au vizalika sanisi vyake (dutu isiyohusiana na kwinini), hutoa umadhubuti wa zaidi ya 90%, lakini kutolewa kwao hakutimizi mahitaji. <ref>{{cite journal | author = Senior K | title = Shortfall in front-line antimalarial drug likely in 2005 | journal = Lancet Infect Dis | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 75 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15702504}}</ref> Utafiti mmoja nchini [[Rwanda]] ulionyesha kuwa watoto waliokuwa na maambukizi yasiyo kali ya P. falciparum walionyesha dalili na ishara chache za kuwa na vimelea katika siku ya 28 ya baada ya matibabu wakati walipopewa mchanganyiko wa amodiaquine na [[artesunate]], badala ya kutolewa pekee (AU = 0.34). Hata hivyo, kuongezeka kwa usugu dhidi ya amodiaquine katika kipindi hiki cha utafiti pia ulibainisha. <ref> {{cite journal |author=Rwagacondo C, Karema C, Mugisha V, Erhart A, Dujardin J, Van Overmeir C, Ringwald P, D'Alessandro U |title=Is amodiaquine failing in Rwanda? Efficacy of amodiaquine alone and combined with artesunate in children with uncomplicated malaria |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_tropical-medicine-and-international-health_2004-10_9_10/page/1091 |journal=Trop Med Int Health |volume=9 |issue=10 |pages=1091–8 |year=2004 |pmid=15482401 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01316.x}}</ref> Kuanzia mwaka wa 2001, [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] limependekeza kutumiwa kwa dawa mseto ya [[artemisinin]] combination therapy (ACT) kama tiba ya kwanza kwa malaria isiyo kali katika maeneo ambapo kuna usugu kwa madawa ya awali. Hivi karibuni WHO imetoa [http://www.who.int/malaria/docs/TreatmentGuidelines2006.pdf miongozo ya tiba ya malaria] inayopendekeza aina nne tofauti za ACT. Ijapokuwa nchi nyingi, zikiwa ni pamoja na mataifa mengi ya Afrika, zimejumuisha mabadiliko hayo katika sera zao rasmi kuhusu matibabu ya malaria, gharama kubwa bado ni kikwazo katika utekelezaji wa ACT. Kwa sababu ACT hugharamu hadi mara ishirini ya dawa za zamani, zimebakia ghali kwa nchi nyingi ambako maleria imeenea. Kuna utata kuhusu sehemu ambayo artemisisn hulenga, ingawa tafiti za hivi karibuni zinadokeza kwamba [[SERCA]], aina ya kalsiamu ambayo huelekezwa katika [[endoplasmic reticulum]] inaweza kuhusishwa na usugu wa artemisinin. <ref>{{cite journal | author = Eckstein-Ludwig U, Webb R, Van Goethem I, East J, Lee A, Kimura M, O'Neill P, Bray P, Ward S, Krishna S | title = Artemisinins target the SERCA of Plasmodium falciparum | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2003-08-21_424_6951/page/n115 | journal = Nature | volume = 424 | issue = 6951 | pages = 957–61 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12931192 | doi = 10.1038/nature01813}}</ref> Vimelea vya malaria vinaweza kuwa sugu dhidi ya artemisinin na usugu unaweza kuletwa na mgeuko palepale wa SERCA. <ref>{{cite journal | author = Uhlemann A, Cameron A, Eckstein-Ludwig U, Fischbarg J, Iserovich P, Zuniga F, East M, Lee A, Brady L, Haynes R, Krishna S | title = A single amino acid residue may determine the sensitivity of SER`CAs to artemisinins | journal = Nat Struct Mol Biol | volume = 12 | issue = 7 | pages = 628–9 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15937493 | doi = 10.1038/nsmb947}}</ref> Hata hivyo, tafiti nyingine zinadokeza kuwa mitokondria ndiyo inayolengwa sana na artemisinin na analogi zake. <ref>{{cite journal | author = Li W, Mo W, Shen D, Sun L, Wang J, Lu S, Gitschier J, Zhou B | title = Yeast model uncovers dual roles of mitochondria in action of artemisinin | journal = PLoS Genet | volume = 1 | issue = 3 | pages = e36 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16170412 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pgen.0010036}}</ref> Ingawa kuna dawa madhubuti za malaria, ugonjwa huo unaendelea kuwa tishio kwa watu wanaoishi katika maeneo ambapo umeenea na wasioweza kupata dawa hizo madhubuti vyema mapema. Upatikanaji wa madawa na vituo vya afya, pamoja na gharama ya madawa, ni pingamizi kubwa. [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] inakadiria kwamba gharama ya kutibu mtu aliyeambukizwa malaria katika nchi ambapo ugonjwa huo umeenea ilikuwa kati ya $ 0.25 na 2.40 $ kwa kila dozi katika mwaka 2002. Karibu watu milioni moja hufa kila mwaka kwa sababu ya kutoweza kununua dawa sahihi za malaria. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20091102/hl_nm/us_malaria_drugs_1 |title=Millions die because of high malaria drug prices - Yahoo! News |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> === Madawa ghushi === Madawa ghushi [[changamano]] yamepatikana katika nchi kadhaa za Asia kama vile [[Kambodia]], <ref>{{cite journal | author=Lon CT, Tsuyuoka R, Phanouvong S, ''et al.'' | title=Counterfeit and substandard antimalarial drugs in Cambodia | year=2006 | journal=Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg | volume=100 | issue=11 | pages=1019–24 | doi=10.1016/j.trstmh.2006.01.003 | pmid=16765399 }}</ref> [[Uchina]], <ref>{{cite web | author=U. S. Pharmacopeia | title=Fake antimalarials found in Yunan province, China | url=http://www.uspdqi.org/pubs/other/FakeAntimalarialsinChina.pdf | accessdate=2006-10-06 | year=2004 | format=PDF | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060909112739/http://www.uspdqi.org/pubs/other/FakeAntimalarialsinChina.pdf | archivedate=2006-09-09 }}</ref> [[Indonesia]], [[Laos]], [[Thailand]], [[Vietnam]] na yametuhumiwa kusababisha vifo vingi ambavyo vingeepukwa katika nchi hizo. {3/ [[WHO]] imesema kwamba tafiti zimeonyesha kuwa hadi 40% ya madawa ya malaria yaliyo na msingi wa [[artesunate]] ni bandia, hasa katika kanda ya Greater [[Mekong]] na kuanzisha mpango wa kutoa onyo haraka kupitia habari kuhusu madawa ghushi kuripotiwa kwa kasi kwa mamlaka husika katika nchi shiriki. <ref>{{cite web | author=Jane Parry | title=WHO combats counterfeit malaria drugs in Asia | url=http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/330/7499/1044-d | accessdate=2008-07-19 | year=2005}}</ref> Hakuna njia ya kuaminika kwa madaktari au watu wa kawaida kugundua dawa bandia bila msaada wa maabara. Makampuni yanajaribu kukabiliana na kuendelea kuwepo kwa dawa ghushi kwa kutumia teknolojia mpya kutoa usalama kutoka uzalishaji hadi usambazaji. == Uenezi == {{main|Maradhi ya ufukara|Maradhi ya tropiki}} [[File:Malaria world map-Deaths per million persons-WHO2012.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|left|Vifo kutokana na malaria mwaka 2012 (asilimilioni){{refbegin|3}}{{legend|#ffff20|0-0}}{{legend|#ffa020|1-2}}{{legend|#ff9a20|3-54}}{{legend|#f08015|55-325}}{{legend|#e06815|326-679}}{{legend|#d85010|680-949}}{{legend|#d02010|950-1,358}}{{refend}}]] Malaria husababisha karibu visa milioni 250 vya homa na takriban vifo nusu milioni kila mwaka. <ref name="wmr08"> WHO 2005 [http://www.who.int/malaria/mediacentre/wmr2008/ World Malaria Report 2008]</ref> Idadi kubwa ya visa hutokea kwa watoto chini ya umri wa miaka 5; <ref name="greenwood2005">{{cite journal | author=Greenwood BM, Bojang K, Whitty CJ, Targett GA | title=Malaria | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_april-23-29-2005_365_9469/page/1487 | journal=Lancet | year=2005 | volume=365 | pages=1487–1498 | pmid = 15850634 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66420-3 | issue=9469}}</ref> wanawake wajawazito hasa pia huwa hatarini. Licha ya jitihada za kupunguza maambukizi na kuongeza matibabu, kumekuwa na mabadiliko madogo katika maeneo ambapo hatari ya ungojwa huu upo tangu mwaka 1992. <ref>{{cite journal | author = Hay S, Guerra C, Tatem A, Noor A, Snow R | title = The global distribution and population at risk of malaria: past, present, and future | journal = Lancet Infect Dis | volume = 4 | issue = 6 | pages = 327–36 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15172341 | doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01043-6}}</ref> Kwa hakika, ikiwa maambukizi ya malaria yataendelea kuongezeka kama ilivyo sasa, kiwango cha vifo kinaweza kuongezeka mara mbili katika miaka ishirini ijayo. <ref name="Breman"/> Takwimu sahihi hazijulikani kwa sababu kesi nyingi hutokea katika maeneo ya vijijini ambako watu hawana huduma za hospitali au pesa za kuwawezesha kupata huduma za afya. Kwa sababu hiyo, visa vingi havijarekodiwa.. <ref name="Breman">{{cite journal | author = Breman J | title = The ears of the hippopotamus: manifestations, determinants, and estimates of the malaria burden | url = http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/64/1_suppl/1 | journal = Am J Trop Med Hyg | date = 1 Januari 2001 | volume = 64 | issue = 1-2 Suppl | pages = 1–11 | pmid = 11425172 | month = Jan | day = 01 | access-date = 2009-11-19 | archive-date = 2010-07-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100708013818/http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/64/1_suppl/1 | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Ingawa maambukizi ya pamoja ya VVU na malaria husababisha ongezeko la vifo, hili si tatizo kuu likilinganishwa na maambukizi ya pamoja ya VVU/[[kifua kikuu]], kwa sababu magonjwa hayo mawili huathiri rika mbili tofauti, huku malaria ikiwa imeenea miongoni mwa watoto ,kifua kikuu kimeenea miongoni mwa watu wazima. <ref>{{cite journal | author = Korenromp E, Williams B, de Vlas S, Gouws E, Gilks C, Ghys P, Nahlen B | title = Malaria attributable to the HIV-1 epidemic, sub-Saharan Africa | url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol11no09/05-0337.htm | journal = Emerg Infect Dis | volume = 11 | issue = 9 | pages = 1410–9 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16229771}}</ref> Ingawa maambukizi ya pamoja ya VVU/malaria huleta dalili zisizo kali zaidi zikilinganishwa na maambukizi ya pamoja ya VVU na TB, VVU na malaria huchangia kuenea kwa kila mmojawapo. Athari hii hutokana na malaria kuongeza [[wingi]] wa [[virusi]] mwilini huku VVU ikiongeza uwezekano wa mtu kuambukizwa malaria. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Abu-Raddad L, Patnaik P, Kublin J |title=Dual infection with HIV and malaria fuels the spread of both diseases in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2006-12-08_314_5805/page/1602 |journal=Science |volume=314 |issue=5805 |pages=1603–6 |year=2006 | pmid = 17158329 | doi = 10.1126/science.1132338}}</ref> Kwa sasa malaria imeenea katika ukanda wote wa [[ikweta]], katika maeneo ya [[Amerika]], sehemu nyingi za [[Asia]], na sehemu kubwa ya [[Afrika]], hata hivyo, ni katika mataifa ya Afrika kusini kwa Sahara ambapo 90% ya vifo vya malaria hutokea. <ref>{{cite web | author = Layne SP | title = Principles of Infectious Disease Epidemiology / | work = EPI 220 | publisher = UCLA Department of Epidemiology | url = http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/layne/Epidemiology+220/07.malaria.pdf | accessdate = 2007-06-15 | format = PDF | archivedate = 2006-02-20 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060220083223/http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/layne/Epidemiology+220/07.malaria.pdf }}</ref> Usambaaji kijiografia wa malaria ndani ya maeneo makubwa ni changamano, maeneo yaliyo na malaria na yasiyo na malaria aghalabu hupakana.<ref name="greenwood2002">{{cite journal | author=Greenwood B, Mutabingwa T | title=Malaria in 2002 | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2002-02-07_415_6872/page/n138 | journal=Nature | year=2002 | volume=415 | pages=670–2 | pmid = 11832954 | doi = 10.1038/415670a | issue=6872}}</ref> Katika maeneo kame, mikurupuko ya malaria inaweza kutabiriwa kwa kiasi cha usahihi kwa kutazama ramani ya mvua. <ref>{{cite journal | author = Grover-Kopec E, Kawano M, Klaver R, Blumenthal B, Ceccato P, Connor S | title = An online operational rainfall-monitoring resource for epidemic malaria early warning systems in Africa | url= | journal = Malar J | volume = 4 | issue = | pages = 6 | year = 2005 | pmc = 548290 | pmid = 15663795 | doi = 10.1186/1475-2875-4-6}}</ref> Malaria imeenea zaidi katika maeneo ya vijijini kuliko miji; hii ni tofauti na [[homa ya kidingapopo]] ambayo inaenea zaidi katika mijini.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Van Benthem B, Vanwambeke S, Khantikul N, Burghoorn-Maas C, Panart K, Oskam L, Lambin E, Somboon P |title=Spatial patterns of and risk factors for seropositivity for dengue infection | url=http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/full/72/2/201 |journal=Am J Trop Med Hyg |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=201–8 |date= 1 Februari 2005 | pmid = 15741558 |month=Feb |day=01 }}</ref> Kwa mfano, miji ya [[Vietnam, Laos]] na [[Kambodia]] kimsingi haina malaria, lakini ugonjwa huo upo katika maeneo mengi vijijini. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Trung H, Van Bortel W, Sochantha T, Keokenchanh K, Quang N, Cong L, Coosemans M |title=Malaria transmission and major malaria vectors in different geographical areas of Southeast Asia |journal=Trop Med Int Health |volume=9 |issue=2 | pages = e473 |year=2004 | pmid = 15040560 | doi = 10.1046/j.1365-3156.2003.01179.x}}</ref> Tofauti na hivyo,katika Afrika malaria ipo katika maeneo ya mijini na vijijini, ingawa hatari yake ni ndogo katika miji. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Keiser J, Utzinger J, Caldas de Castro M, Smith T, Tanner M, Singer B |title=Urbanization in sub-saharan Africa and implication for malaria control | url=http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/full/71/2_suppl/118 |journal=Am J Trop Med Hyg |volume=71 |issue=2 Suppl |pages=118–27 |date= 1 Agosti 2004 |pmid=15331827 |month=Aug |day=01 }}</ref> [[Uenezi]] wa malaria duniani haujakadiriwa tangu miaka ya 1960. Hata hivyo, wakfu wa [[Wellcome Trust]], ya Uingereza, umefadhili mradi wa[[Malaria Atlas Project]] <ref>{{cite journal | author = Hay SI, Snow RW | title = The Malaria Atlas Project: Developing Global Maps of Malaria Risk | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030473 | journal = PLoS Medicine | volume = 3 | issue = 12 | pages = e473 | year = 2006 |pmid=17147467 |pmc=1762059 }}</ref> kurekebisha hili, inatoa njia ya kisasa na imara zaidi ya kutathmini [[]]madhara/0} ya ugonjwa wa malaria sasa na baadaye . == Historia == {{main|Historia ya malaria}} Malaria imewaambukiza binadamu kwa zaidi ya miaka 50,000, na ''Plasmodium'' huenda imekuwa [[kijasumu]] kwa binadamu tangu spishi hiyo ilipoanza kuishi. <ref>{{cite journal | author = Joy D, Feng X, Mu J, ''et al.'' | title = Early origin and recent expansion of Plasmodium falciparum | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2003-04-11_300_5617/page/n126 | journal = Science | volume = 300 | issue = 5617 | pages = 318–21 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12690197 | doi = 10.1126/science.1081449 | last12 = Su | first12 = XZ}}</ref> Vimelea vinavyohusiana kwa karibu na vimelea vya malaria kwa binadamu vinapatikana miongoni mwa sokwe kwa wingi. <ref>{{cite journal | author = Escalante A, Freeland D, Collins W, Lal A | title = The evolution of primate malaria parasites based on the gene encoding cytochrome b from the linear mitochondrial genome | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_1998-07-07_95_14/page/8124 | doi= 10.1073/pnas.95.14.8124 | journal = Proc Natl Acad Sci USA | volume = 95 | issue = 14 | pages = 8124–9 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9653151}}</ref> Maelezo kuhusu homa za kipekee za malaria yamenakiliwa katika maandiko ya kihistoria, kuanzia mwaka 2700 KK huko Uchina. <ref>{{cite journal | author = Cox F | title = History of human parasitology | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-microbiology-reviews_2002-10_15_4/page/595| pmc = 126866 | journal = Clin Microbiol Rev | volume = 15 | issue = 4 | pages = 595–612 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12364371 | doi = 10.1128/CMR.15.4.595-612.2002}}</ref> Neno malaria lina usuli wake katika[[Kiitaliano cha enzi ya kati:]] ''mala aria'' - [["hewa mbaya";]] ugonjwa huo zamani uliitwa ''ague'' au ''Marsh fever'' kutokana na ukuruba wake na mabwawa na maeneo ya kinamasi. <ref>[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol6no1/reiter.htm From Shakespeare to Defoe: Malaria in England in the Little Ice Age.] Paul Reiter. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico.'' </ref> Kuna nyakati ambapo visa vya malaria vilikuwa vingi [[Ulaya]] na [[Amerika Kaskazini]], ambako sasa ugongwa huo [[haujaenea]] <ref>[http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780511254819&amp;ss=exc Vector- and Rodent-Borne Diseases in Europe and North America.] Norman G. Gratz. ''World Health Organisation, Geneva.'' </ref> ingawa unaweza kuletwa na mgeni aliyesafiri kutoka nchi nyingine . Tafiti za kisayansi kuhusu malaria zilipata mafanikio muhimu ya kwanza mwaka 1880, wakati daktari wa jeshi la Ufaransa [[Constantine Alphonse Laveran]] aliyekuwa akifanya kazi katika hospitali ya kijeshi nchini [[Algeria]] alipotambua kwa mara ya kwanza vimelea ndani ya [[chembechembe nyekundu za damu]] ya watu waliokuwa wakiugua malaria. Kwa hiyo, alipendekeza kwamba ugonjwa wa malaria unasababishwa na kiumbe huyo, mara ya kwanza kabisa ambapo kijiumbe mwenye seli moja (Protista) alitambuliwa kusababisha ugonjwa. <ref>{{cite web | title = Biography of Alphonse Laveran | publisher = The Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1907/laveran-bio.html | accessdate = 2007-06-15}} Nobel foundation. Ilitumika 25 Oktoba 2006</ref> Kwa sababu hii na vumbuzi nyingine za baadaye , alipokea [[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba]] mwaka 1907. Kimelea cha malaria kiliitwa ''Plasmodium'' na wanasayansi wa Kiitalia [[Ettore]] [[Marchiafava]] na [[Angelo Celli]]. <ref>{{cite web| title = Ettore Marchiafava| work = | url = http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/2478.html| accessdate = 2007-06-15| archive-date = 2019-03-28| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190328043634/http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/2478.html| url-status = dead}}</ref> Mwaka mmoja baadaye, [[Carlos Finlay]], daktari wa [[Kuba]] aliyekuwa akitibu wagonjwa wa [[homa ya manjano]] huko [[Havana]], alitoa ushahidi madhubuti kuwa mbu walihusika katika kusambaza ugonjwa huo miongoni mwa binadamu. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Tan SY, Sung H |title=Carlos Juan Finlay (1833–1915): of mosquitoes and yellow fever |journal=Singapore Med J |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=370–1 |year=2008 |month=Mei |pmid=18465043 |url=http://smj.sma.org.sg/4905/4905ms1.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref> Kazi hii ilifuata mapendekezo ya awali ya [[Yosia C. Nott]], <ref>{{cite journal |author=Chernin E |title=Josiah Clark Nott, insects, and yellow fever |journal=Bull N Y Acad Med |volume=59 |issue=9 |pages=790–802 |year=1983 |month=Novemba |pmid=6140039 |pmc=1911699 |url=}}</ref> na [[Patrick Manson]] kuhusu maambukizi ya [[homa ya mitoki]]. Hata hivyo, ilikuwa Mwingereza [[Sir Ronald Ross]] aliyekuwa akifanya kazi katika [[Presidency General Hospital]] [[Calcutta]], ambaye hatimaye katika mwaka wa 1898 alidhibitisha kuwa malaria inasambazwa na mbu. Alifanya hivyo kwa kuonyesha kwamba spishi fulani za mbu husambaza malaria kwa ndege na kuchuja vimelea vya malaria kutoka katika matezi ya mate ya mbu ambao walikuwa wamefyonza ndege waliokuwa wameambukizwa. <ref>{{cite web | title = Biography of Ronald Ross | publisher = The Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1902/ross-bio.html | accessdate = 2007-06-15}}</ref> Kwa kazi hii Ross alipokea Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba mwaka wa 1902. Baada ya kujiuzulu kutoka Indian Medical Service, Ross alifanya kazi katika chuo kilichokuwa kipya cha [[Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine]] na kuelekezwa juhudi za kudhibiti malaria katika nchi za [[Misri, Panama, Ugiriki]] na [[Morishash.]] <ref>{{cite web | title = Ross and the Discovery that Mosquitoes Transmit Malaria Parasites| work = CDC Malaria website | url = http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/history/ross.htm | accessdate = 2007-06-15}}</ref> Matokeo ya Ross na Finlay baadaye yalithibitishwa na bodi ya matibabu iliyoongozwa na [[Walter Reed]] mwaka 1900, na mapendekezo yake kutekelezwa na [[William C. Gorgas]] katika [[hatua za kiafya zilizorchukuliwaatibiwa]] wakati wa ujenzi wa [[Mfereji wa Panama.]] Kazi hii ya afya ya umma iliokoa maisha ya maelfu ya wafanyakazi na ikasaidia kubuni mbinu zilizotumika katika kampeni za afya ya umma dhidi ya ugonjwa huu baadaye . Tiba ya kwanza madhubuti dhidi ya malaria ilitoka katika gome ya [[mti]] wa [[mkwinini]] ambayo ina [[kwinini.]] Mti huu hukua kwenye miteremko ya [[Andes]], hasa [[Peru.]] Dawa iliyoundwa kutokana na bidhaa hii asili ilitumiwa na wenyeji wa [[Peru]] kudhibiti malaria, [[Wajesuti]] walieneza matumizi haya hadi Ulaya katika miaka ya 1640, ambapo ilikubalika kwa haraka. <ref>{{cite journal | author = Kaufman T, Rúveda E | title = The quest for quinine: those who won the battles and those who won the war | journal = Angew Chem Int Ed Engl | volume = 44 | issue = 6 | pages = 854–85 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15669029 | doi = 10.1002/anie.200400663}}</ref> Hata hivyo, ilikuwa hadi 1820 ambapo kiambato tendi, kwinini, ilipofyonzwa kutoka gome ya mti, kuchujwa na kupewa jina na wanakemia wa Kifaransa [[Pierre Joseph Pelletier]] na [[Joseph Bienaimé Caventou.]] <ref>{{cite journal |author=Kyle R, Shampe M |title=Discoverers of quinine |journal=JAMA |volume=229 |issue=4 | pages = e320 |year=1974 |pmid=4600403 | doi = 10.1001/jama.229.4.462}}</ref> Mapema katika karne ya 20, kabla [[viuavijasumu]] kuvumbuliwa, [[Julius Wagner-Jauregg]] aligundua kwamba wagonjwa wa [[kaswende]] wangeweza kutibiwa kwa kuambukizwa kimakusudi kwa vimelea vya malaria; homa iliyosababishwa iliua [[spirochete]] za malaria, hatimaye [[kwinini]] ingetolewa kudhibiti malaria. Ingawa baadhi ya wagonjwa walikufa kutokana na malaria, hii ilidhaniwa kuwa afadhali kuliko kifo ambacho hakinge epukika kutokana na kaswende. <ref>{{cite journal | author = Raju T | title = Hot brains: manipulating body heat to save the brain | doi= 10.1542/peds.2005-1934 | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 117 | issue = 2 | pages = e320–1 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16452338 |url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/117/2/e320}}</ref> Ingawa awamu ya maisha ya kimelea katika damu na katika mbu katika hatua ya mzunguko wa maisha ya kimelea cha malaria iligunduliwa karne ya 19 na mapema karne ya 20, ilikuwa katika miaka ya 1980 ambapo awamu fiche ya kimelea hicho katika ini ilipoonekana. <ref>{{cite journal | author = Krotoski W, Collins W, Bray R, ''et al.'' | title = Demonstration of hypnozoites in sporozoite-transmitted Plasmodium vivax infection | journal = Am J Trop Med Hyg | volume = 31 | issue = 6 | pages = 1291–3 | year = 1982 | pmid = 6816080}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal | author = Meis J, Verhave J, Jap P, Sinden R, Meuwissen J | title = Malaria parasites--discovery of the early liver form | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1983-03-31_302_5907/page/n73 | journal = Nature | volume = 302 | issue = 5907 | pages = 424–6 | year =1983 | pmid = 6339945 | doi = 10.1038/302424a0}}</ref> Ugunduzi huu wa awamu fiche ya kimelea hatimaye ulieleza kwa nini watu wangeweza kuonekana wamepona malaria lakini wakaugua tena miaka baada ya vimelea kutoweka katika mfumo wa damu. === Shinikizo la kubadilisha jeni za malaria === {{main|Mageuko ya spishi}} Malaria inakisiwa kuwa na[[shinikizo kubwa kwa jieni ya binadamu]] katika siku za hivi karibuni. <ref name="Kwiatkowski_2005">{{cite journal |author=Kwiatkowski DP |title=How malaria has affected the human genome and what human genetics can teach us about malaria |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-human-genetics_2005-08_77_2/page/171 |journal=Am J Hum Genet. |volume=77 |issue=2 |pages=171–92 |year=2005 |month=Agosti |pmid=16001361 |pmc=1224522 |doi=10.1086/432519 }}</ref> Hii ni kutokana na [[vifo vingi]] na [[maradhi]] yanayosababishwa na malaria, hasa spishi ya ''[[P. falciparum]]''. ==== Ugonjwa wa seli mundu ==== [[Picha:Paludisme - Frequence statistique.png|thumb|right|Matukio na vyanzo vya visa vya malaria mwaka 1996. <ref>Http://www3.chu-rouen.fr/Internet/services/sante_voyages/pathologies/paludisme/monde/frequence/ {{Wayback|url=http://www3.chu-rouen.fr/Internet/services/sante_voyages/pathologies/paludisme/monde/frequence/ |date=20100619103234 }} CHU Hôpitaux de Rouen. Fréquence et tillhörighet des cas de paludisme.</ref>]] Athari iliyotafitiwa sana ya vimelea vya malaria kwa jinomu ya binadamu ni ya ugonjwa wa damu wa kinasaba yaani [[ugonjwa wa seli mundu]]. Seli mundu husababisha ugonjwa, lakini hata walioathirika kwa kiwango kidogo kwa seli mundu huwa na kinga ya kutosha dhidi ya malaria. Katika maradhi ya seli mundu, kuna mabadiliko katika jeni ya ''HBB'', ambayo husimba viwango vidogo vya haemoglobin viitwavyo beta-globini. Aleli ya kawaida husimba [[glutamate]] katika sehemu ya sita ya protini ya beta-globini, ilihali aleli ya seli mundu husimba [[valine.]] Mabadiliko haya kutoka asidi amino inayoyeyuka majini hadi isiyoyeyuka majini husababisha kushikana kwa molekyuli za hemoglobini na upolimishaji wa hemoglobini ambao husababisha kuharibika kwa maumbo ya chembechembe nyekundu za damu kuwa katika umbo la "mundu". Chembe chembe kama hizo zilizoharibika umbo huondolewa haraka kutoka kwa damu, hasa katika wengu, ambapo huharibiwa na kuchakatwa tena. Katika hatua ya merozoiti kwenye mzunguko wa uhai wao, vimelea vya malaria huishi ndani ya chembechembe nyekundu za damu, na umetaboli wavyo hubadili kemia ya ndani ya chembe chembe nyekundu za damu. Seli zilizoambukizwa kwa kawaida huishi hadi vimelea vizaane, lakini, ikiwa chembechembe nyekundu zina mchanganyiko wa mundu na hemoglobini ya kawaida, kuna uwezekano wa seli hizo kuangamizwa kabla vimelea kuzaa. Hivyo basi, watu walio na maumbo ya aina mbili ya seli nyekundu lakini moja ndiyo [[inayotambaa]] yaani aleli iliyogeuka, ijulikanayo kama seli mundu, wanaweza kuwa na kiwango cha chini cha anemia kisicho na athari kubwa, lakini pia uwezekano wa wao kuambukizwa na malaria huwa umepunguzwa kwa kiwango kikubwa. Huu ni mfano wa kipekee wa faida inayotokana na hali ya kuwa na namna mbili za jeni moja ([[heterozygote]]). Watu walio na jeni ya aina moja ya damu iliyobadilika kabisa ([[Homozygous]]) huwa na ugonjwa kamili wa seli mundu ambao ni nadra kuishi zaidi ya umri wa kubaleghe. Hata hivyo, katika maeneo ambapo malaria [[imeenea]], [[maenezi]] ya jeni inayosababisha seli mundu ni takribani 10%. Uwepo wa jeni nne zinazotoshelezana kwa pamoja ([[haplotype]]) za hemoglobini mundu unaashiria kwamba kumekuwa na mabadiliko ya [[kujitegemea]] ya jeni angalau mara nne katika maeneo ambayo malaria imeenea, hii inaonyesha faida ya mabadiliko katika maeneo hayo yaliyoathiriwa. Aidha kuna mabadiliko mengine ya jeni ya HBB yanayosababisha molekyuli za hemoglobini zilizo na uwezo wa kutoa kinga sawa na hiyo dhidi ya maambukizi ya malaria. Mabadiliko hayo husababisha hemoglobini ya aina za HbE na HbC, ambazo kwa kawaida hupatikana [[Kusini Mashariki mwa Asia]] na [[Afrika Magharibi]], kwa usanjari huo. ==== Thalasemia ==== Mabadiliko mengine yaliyothibitishwa yanayopatikana katika jinomu ya binadamu yanayohusiana na ugonjwa wa malaria ni yanayohusika katika kusababisha matatizo ya damu yajulikanayo kama [[thalasemia.]] Utafiti uliofanywa [[Sardinia]] na [[Papua New Guinea]]umeonyesha kwamba [[ueneaji wa jeni]] ya [[β-thalasemia]] unahusiana na kiwango cha kuenea kwa malaria miongoni mwa watu wa eneo fulani. Utafiti uliofanyiwa watoto zaidi ya 500 nchini [[Liberia]] ulibainisha kwamba wale waliokuwa na β-thalasemia walikuwa kiwango cha 50% cha kinga dhidi ya dalili za malaria. Tafiti nyingine kama hizo zimegundua uhusiano baina ya maenezi ya jeni na ueneaji wa malaria katika aina ya α + ya α-thalasemia. Inakadiriwa kuwa jeni hizi pia [[zimechaguliwa]] katika mfululizo wa mabadiliko ya binadamu. ==== Antijeni za Duffy ==== [[Antijeni za Duffy]] ni [[antijeni]] zinazopatikana kwenye chembechembe nyekundu za damu na seli nyingine katika mwili na hufanya kazi kama kipokezi cha [[kemokini]]. Antijeni hiyo ya Duffy hudhihirika kwenye chembechembe za damu kwa kusimbwa na jeni za Fy (Fya, Fyb, Fyc nk). Kimelea cha malaria cha ''[[Plasmodium vivax]]'' hutumia antijeni za Duffy kuingia kwenye seli za damu. Hata hivyo, antijeni za Duffy zisidhihirike kwenye chembechembe nyekundu za damu (Fy-/Fy-). Aina hizi za [[muundojeni]] hutoa kinga kamili dhidi ya maambukizi ya kimelea cha ''P. vivax''. Muundojeni huu ni nadra sana miongoni mwa wakazi wa Ulaya, Asia na Marekani, lakini hupatikana katika takribani wakazi wote wa kiasili wa Afrika Magharibi na Kati. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Carter R, Mendis KN |title=Evolutionary and historical aspects of the burden of malaria |url=http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/content/full/15/4/564?view=long&pmid=12364370#RBC%20Duffy%20Negativity |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=564–94 |year=2002 |pmid=12364370 |doi=10.1128/CMR.15.4.564-594.2002 |access-date=2009-11-19 |archive-date=2009-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116020425/http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/content/full/15/4/564?view=long&pmid=12364370#RBC%20Duffy%20Negativity |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Hii inafikiriwa kusababishwa na kukumbana sana na vimelea vya ''P. vivax'' katika [[Afrika]] vikwi vichache vilivyopita. ==== G6PD ==== [[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase]] (G6PD) ni [[kimeng'enya]] ambacho huzuia athari za [[msongo]] unaotokana na [[uoksidishaji]] chembechembe nyekundu za damu. Hata hivyo, upungufu wa kimeng'enya hicho kwa sababu za kijenetiki huongeza kinga dhidi ya malaria kali. ==== HLA na interleukin-4 ==== [[HLA-B53]] inahusishwa na kupunguzwa kwa hatari ya malaria kali. Molekyuli ya [[MHC]] hii huwawasilisha hatua ya [[ini]] na [[antijeni za spora]] kwa [[seli za T]] Interleukin-4, inayosimbwa na IL4, huzalishwa na seli za T zinazochochewa na hukuza kuzaana na utofautishaji seli B ambazo huzalisha zindikomwili. Utafiti uliofanywa miongoni mwa jamii ya Fulani wa Burkina Faso, ambao huwa na visa vya maambukizi ya malaria vichache na viwango vya juu vya zindikomwili dhidi ya malaria kuliko jamii jirani, uligundua kuwa aleli ya IL4-524 T inahusishwa na viwango vya juu vya zindikomwili dhidi ya antijeni za malaria, hali ambayo inaongeza uwezakano hii inaweza kuwa sababu ongezeko la kinga dhidi ya malaria. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Verra F, Luoni G, Calissano C, Troye-Blomberg M, Perlmann P, Perlmann H, Arcà B, Sirima B, Konaté A, Coluzzi M, Kwiatkowski D, Modiano D |title=IL4-589C/T polymorphism and IgE levels in severe malaria |journal=Acta Trop. |volume=90 |issue=2 |pages=205–9 |year=2004 |pmid=15177147 | doi = 10.1016/j.actatropica.2003.11.014 |last12=Modiano |first12=D}}</ref> ==== Usugu Kusini mwa Asia ==== Vilima vya chini ya Mlima Himalaya na [[mabonde ya Terai ama ya Doon]] nchini [[Nepal]] na [[India]] huwa na visa vingi vya malaria kutokana na hali ya hewa ya joto na vinamasi vinavyohimiliwa wakati wa kiangazi na chemichemi inayotiririka kutoka vilima vya juu. Misitu iliyokuwa na malaria ilitunzwa kimakusudi na watawala wa Nepal kama mbinu ya kujihami. Binadamu waliojaribu kuishi katika eneo hili walikufa kwa wingi kuliko katika nyanda za juu zaidi au sehemu kame [[Tambarare za Ganges]], hata hivyo, [[wenyeji wa Tharu]] walikuwa wameishi katika eneo hili kwa muda mrefu kiasi cha kuwa na kinga kupitia kwa mabadiliko katika jeni nyingi. [[Ndoa]]za tabaka au kabila zilionekana kufungia hali hiyo mingoni mwa wenyeji wa Tharu. Vinginevyo jeni hizi pengine zingekuwa zimesambaa karibu kote Kusini mwa Asia na kwingineko kwa sababu ya thamani yao dhahiri na kutokuwa na madhara ikilinganishwa na Anemia ya Seli Mundu. == Jamii na utamaduni == [[File:Saving Lives with SMS for Life.jpg|thumb|right|Kliniki ya Malaria nchini Tanzania.]] Malaria si ungonjwa unaohusishwa tu na umaskini bali pia husababisha umaskini na ni kikwazo kikubwa kwa [[maendeleo ya kiuchumi.]] Maeneo ya hali ya joto yameathirika zaidi, hata hivyo kiwango cha athari kamili ya malaria hufika katika baadhi ya maeneo yenye joto la wastani na misimu isiyotabirika Ugonjwa huu umehusishwa na athari mbaya za kiuchumi katika maeneo ambayo umeenea sana. Mwishoni mwa karne ya 19 na mapema katika karne ya 20, ugonjwa huu ndio uliosababisha kudorora kwa uchumi kwa majimbo ya kusini mwa Marekani. <ref name="humphreys">{{cite book|last=Humphreys|first=M|title=Malaria: Poverty, Race, and Public Health in the United States|url=https://archive.org/details/malariapovertyra0000hump|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|date=2001|pages=[https://archive.org/details/malariapovertyra0000hump/page/n256 256]|isbn=0-8018-6637-5}}</ref>. Ulinganisho wa Pato wastani la Taifa kwa kila mtu mnamo mwaka 1995, iliyorekebishwa kuzingatia tofauti za [[uwezo wa kununua]], kati ya nchi zilizo na zisizo na malaria ulionyesha tofauti za aina tano($ 1.526 dola dhidi ya $ 8.268 USD). Katika nchi ambazo malaria inapatikana kwa wingi, Pato Wastani la Taifa kwa kila mtu limeongezeka (kati ya 1965 na 1990) kwa 0.4% tu kwa kila mwaka, ikilinganishwa na 2.4% kwa kila mwaka katika nchi nyingine. <ref name="sachs2002">{{cite journal | author=Sachs J, Malaney P | title=The economic and social burden of malaria | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2002-02-07_415_6872/page/n150 | journal=Nature | year=2002 | volume=415 | pages=680–5 | pmid = 11832956 | doi = 10.1038/415680a | issue=6872}}</ref> Umaskini ni kisababishi na athari, hata hivyo, kwa sababu maskini hawana uwezo wa kifedha kuzuia au kutibu ugonjwa huo. Watu wa pato la chini nchini Malawi katika mwaka wa (1994) walitumia 32% ya pato lao la kila mwaka katika kugharamia ugonjwa huu ikilinganishwa na 4% ya watu wa pato la chini. Kijumla, athari ya kiuchumi ya malaria kwa Afrika inakadiriwa kugharimu dola za kimarekani $ billion 12 kila mwaka. Athari za kiuchumi ni pamoja na gharama za huduma za afya, siku za kazi kupotea kutokana na ugonjwa huu, siku kupotezwa katika elimu, uzalishaji kupungua kutokana na uharibifu wa ubongo kufuatia malaria ya ubongo, na hasara ya uwekezaji na utalii. <ref name="greenwood2005"/> Katika baadhi ya nchi zilizo athiriwa sana na malaria, ugonjwa huu hugharimu hadi 40% ya fedha zilizotengwa kwa matumizi ya afya ya umma, kati ya 30-50% ya wagongwa waliolazwa, na hadi 50% ya wagonjwa wanaotibiwa na kuruhusiwa kurudi nyumbani. <ref>{{cite web| author=Roll Back Malaria WHO partnership| title=Economic costs of malaria| url=http://www.rollbackmalaria.org/cmc_upload/0/000/015/363/RBMInfosheet_10.pdf| publisher=[[World Health Organization|WHO]]| accessdate=2009-09-18| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229044311/http://www.rollbackmalaria.org/cmc_upload/0/000/015/363/RBMInfosheet_10.pdf| archivedate=2009-12-29}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.who.int/malaria/ WHO site on malaria] * [http://www.rollbackmalaria.org/gmap/ Global Malaria action plan] {{Wayback|url=http://www.rollbackmalaria.org/gmap/ |date=20100411074836 }} * [http://www.map.ox.ac.uk/ Malaria Atlas Project] {{Wayback|url=http://www.map.ox.ac.uk/ |date=20150330171641 }} * [http://www.mmv.org Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV)] * [http://www.rollbackmalaria.org/wmr2005/ World Malaria Report 2005] {{Wayback|url=http://www.rollbackmalaria.org/wmr2005/ |date=20120313215247 }} * [http://doctorswithoutborders.org/news/issue.cfm?id=2395 Madaktari Wasiokuwa na Mipaka / Doctors Without Borders - ''Malaria'' ] kurasa za habari * [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/malaria.html Medline Plus - ''Malaria'' ] [[Jamii:Malaria]] jwkif5btvfcllplbqg8f30qbdwij3q5 0 24859 1612647 1596557 2026-11-03T01:24:33Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612647 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Muğla Province montage555.png|thumbnail|right|200px|Mji wa Muğla]] {{Infobox Settlement |aina_ya_makazi = Wilaya |subdivision_type = [[Madola|Nchi]] |subdivision_name = {{TUR}} |jina_rasmi = Muğla |picha_ya_satelite = Muğla_Hisar_dağı_etekler.jpg |maelezo_ya_picha = Old Muğla on the slopes of the flat-topped Mount Hisar or Asar (''Dağı'') |subdivision_type1=[[Mikoa ya Uturuki|Mkoa]] |subdivision_name1 = Aegean |subdivision_type2=[[Majimbo ya Uturuki|Jimbo]] |subdivision_name2 = Muğla |wakazi_kwa_ujumla = 83511 |idadi_ya_wakazi_kwa_mwaka_wa =2000 |website = http://www.mugla.bel.tr |leader_name1 = |website = [http://www.mugla.gov.tr www.mugla.gov.tr] }} '''Muğla''' ni jina la mji uliopo nchini [[Uturuki]]. Huu ni mji mkuu wa [[Jimbo la Muğla]], ambayo imekuja hadi katika pwani ya [[Bahari ya Aegean]] upande wa kusini-magharibi mwa nchi. Mji upo m 660 kutoka [[juu ya usawa wa bahari]]. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} == Viungo vya Nje == * [http://www.mugla.gov.tr Governor's Office] * [http://www.mugla.bel.tr/ the Municipality] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mugla.bel.tr/ |date=20041030045106 }} * [http://www.yerelnet.org.tr/belediyeler/index.php?belediyeid=127556 local information] {{Wayback|url=http://www.yerelnet.org.tr/belediyeler/index.php?belediyeid=127556 |date=20100929045126 }} {{tr icon}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120208071554/http://www.turkey.vg/common/icerik.asp?profile=&konu=icerik_goster&icerik_id=282&baslik=Mugla%20-%20City%20Guide%20-%20TOURISM Mugla guide] * [http://www.e-turkey.net Photographs and information about Muğla, Turkey guide] {{Wayback|url=http://www.e-turkey.net/ |date=20200803095607 }} * [http://www.pbase.com/dosseman/mugla Pictures of the city] * [http://www.akyaka.com.tr Mugla- Akyaka beaches] {{Wayback|url=http://www.akyaka.com.tr/ |date=20200511164404 }} {{Miji ya Uturuki}} {{mbegu-jio-Uturuki}} [[Jamii:Miji ya Ugiriki ya Kale katika Uturuki]] kjibpc64uds4xmbgva9srwew4dpcubw 0 30587 1612640 1521433 2026-11-03T00:44:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612640 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>^{Kwa watu wengine wenye jina hili tazama [[Muhammad Ali (maana)]]}</small> {| class="infobox" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: left;" |- {{#if: | {{!}} colspan="2" style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" {{!}} [[Picha:|200px]]<br />{{{caption|}}}}} | Colspan="2" style="font-size: larger; text-align: center;" | '''Muhammad Ali''' <br /> [[Picha:Muhammad Ali NYWTS.jpg|180px]] |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#d0d0d0; text-align:center;" | Takwimu |- ! Jina | Muhammad Ali |- ! Jina la kuzaliwa | Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr. |- ! Jina la utani | The Greatest, The Champ,<br />The Louisville Lip |- ! Urefu | {{height|m=1.91}} |- ! Kufikia | 2 M |- ! Aina ya michezo | [[Mchezo wa ngumi]] |- ! Mgawanyiko wa uzito | Uzito mkubwa |- ! Utaifa | [[Marekani]] |- ! Tarehe ya kuzaliwa | {{birth date and age|1942|1|17|df=yes}} |- ! Mahala pa kuzaliwa | [[Louisville, Kentucky]], U.S. |- {{#if: | ! Death date {{!}} }} |- {{#if: | ! Death place {{!}} }} |- ! Msimamo | [[Orthodox stance|Orthodox]] |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#d0d0d0; text-align:center;" | Rekodi ya ndondi |- ! Jumla ya mapigano | 61 |- ! Ameshinda | 56 |- ! Alizoshinda kwa kuangusha | 37 |- ! Alizopteza | 5 |- ! Sare | 0 |- ! Pambano asiloshiriki | 0 |} '''Muhammad Ali''' (jina la awali: '''Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr.'''; mnamo [[17 Januari]] [[1942]] - [[3 Juni]] [[2016]]) alikuwa [[mwanamasumbwi]] kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Alipata kuwa [[bingwa]] wa [[uzito]] wa juu mara [[tatu]]. Katika [[mchezo wa ngumi]] anatazamwa kama mmoja wa wanamasumbwi bora wa uzito wa juu wa muda wote. Wakati akiwa mwanamasumbwi wa [[ndondi]] za ridhaa, alishinda [[medali ya dhahabu]] ya uzito wa chini kwenye mashindano ya [[Olimpiki]] ya mwaka wa [[1960]] yaliyofanyika mjini [[Roma]], [[Italia]]. Baada ya kuwa mwanamasumbwi wa kulipwa, alikwenda kuwa mwanandondi wa kwanza kushinda mara tatu daraja la lineal. Mnamo mwaka wa [[1999]], Ali alipewa taji la "Mwanamichezo wa Karne" na ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'' na "Mwanamichezo Mashuhuri wa Karne" na [[BBC]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ali crowned Sportsman of Century |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/561352.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=1999-12-13}}</ref> Anafahamika sana kwa staili ya upiganaji wake, ambapo aliielezea staili yake kuwa ni "napaa kama [[kipepeo]], nauma kama [[nyuki]]".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.quotedb.com/quotes/3980 |title=Float like a butterfly, sting like a bee. by Muhammad Ali |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701155119/http://www.quotedb.com/quotes/3980 |archivedate=2010-07-01 |accessdate=2009-10-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Awali alijulikana kama Cassius Clay, lakini alibadilisha [[jina]] lake baada ya kujiunga na jumuia ya [[Kiislamu]] ya [[Nation of Islam]] mnamo mwaka wa [[1964]]. Baadaye akabadilisha [[dini]] na kuwa Mwislamu kunako mwaka wa 1975. Mnamo mwaka wa [[1967]], Ali alikataa kuwekwa katika orodha ya majeshi ya Marekani kutokana na [[imani]] ya kidini na kupinga [[vita]] dhidi ya [[Vietnam]]. Alikamatwa na kupatikana na hatia juu ya rasimu ya ukwepaji mashtaka, wakamvua [[taji]] lake la uanamasumbwi, na [[leseni]] yake ya uanamasumbwi ikazuiliwa. Hakufungwa, lakini hakupambana kwa takriban miaka minne mpaka hapo [[rufaa]] yake ilipofanyiwa kazi na [[Mahakama Kuu]] ya Marekani, ambapo akaja kushinda. == Tanbihi == {{Marejeo}} == Marejeo == * {{Rejea kitabu | last=Hauser|first=Thomas | title=Muhammad Ali: His Life and Times | url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadalihisli0000haus_h4j0| publisher=[[Robson Books]] | year=2004 | isbn=1861057385 | oclc=56645513}} == Viungo vya Nje == {{Commons category}} * [http://www.ali.com/ www.ali.com Official website] * [http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/multimedia/photo_gallery/0701/gallery.box.ali.favorites/content.1.html Top Ali Fight Photos from Sports Illustrated] {{Wayback|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/multimedia/photo_gallery/0701/gallery.box.ali.favorites/content.1.html |date=20080511181244 }} * {{IMDb name|id=00000738}} * [http://www.maprc.com/ www.maprc.com Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center] (MAPC) * [http://ali.wlrn.org/ Muhammad Ali: Made in Miami] {{Wayback|url=http://ali.wlrn.org/ |date=20120118141247 }} {{Wikiquote}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1942]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2016]] [[Jamii:Mabondia wa Marekani]] jsevkq3gi2md1ad6l1sj5lsk1hrms2v 1612670 1612640 2026-11-03T04:43:59Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1612670 wikitext text/x-wiki <small>^{Kwa watu wengine wenye jina hili tazama [[Muhammad Ali (maana)]]}</small> {| class="infobox" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: left;" |- {{#if: | {{!}} colspan="2" style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" {{!}} [[Picha:|200px]]<br />{{{caption|}}}}} | Colspan="2" style="font-size: larger; text-align: center;" | '''Muhammad Ali''' <br /> [[Picha:Muhammad Ali NYWTS.jpg|180px]] |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#d0d0d0; text-align:center;" | Takwimu |- ! Jina | Muhammad Ali |- ! Jina la kuzaliwa | Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr. |- ! Jina la utani | The Greatest, The Champ,<br />The Louisville Lip |- ! Urefu | {{height|m=1.91}} |- ! Kufikia | 2 M |- ! Aina ya michezo | [[Mchezo wa ngumi]] |- ! Mgawanyiko wa uzito | Uzito mkubwa |- ! Utaifa | [[Marekani]] |- ! Tarehe ya kuzaliwa | {{birth date and age|1942|1|17|df=yes}} |- ! Mahala pa kuzaliwa | [[Louisville, Kentucky]], U.S. |- {{#if: | ! Death date {{!}} }} |- {{#if: | ! Death place {{!}} }} |- ! Msimamo | [[Orthodox stance|Orthodox]] |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#d0d0d0; text-align:center;" | Rekodi ya ndondi |- ! Jumla ya mapigano | 61 |- ! Ameshinda | 56 |- ! Alizoshinda kwa kuangusha | 37 |- ! Alizopteza | 5 |- ! Sare | 0 |- ! Pambano asiloshiriki | 0 |} '''Muhammad Ali''' (jina la awali: '''Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr.'''; mnamo [[17 Januari]] [[1942]] - [[3 Juni]] [[2016]]) alikuwa [[mwanamasumbwi]] kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Alipata kuwa [[bingwa]] wa [[uzito]] wa juu mara [[tatu]]. Katika [[mchezo wa ngumi]] anatazamwa kama mmoja wa wanamasumbwi bora wa uzito wa juu wa muda wote. Wakati akiwa mwanamasumbwi wa [[ndondi]] za ridhaa, alishinda [[medali ya dhahabu]] ya uzito wa chini kwenye mashindano ya [[Olimpiki]] ya mwaka wa [[1960]] yaliyofanyika mjini [[Roma]], [[Italia]]. Baada ya kuwa mwanamasumbwi wa kulipwa, alikwenda kuwa mwanandondi wa kwanza kushinda mara tatu daraja la lineal. Mnamo mwaka wa [[1999]], Ali alipewa taji la "Mwanamichezo wa Karne" na ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'' na "Mwanamichezo Mashuhuri wa Karne" na [[BBC]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ali crowned Sportsman of Century |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/561352.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=1999-12-13}}</ref> Anafahamika sana kwa staili ya upiganaji wake, ambapo aliielezea staili yake kuwa ni "napaa kama [[kipepeo]], nauma kama [[nyuki]]".<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.quotedb.com/quotes/3980 |title=Float like a butterfly, sting like a bee. by Muhammad Ali |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701155119/http://www.quotedb.com/quotes/3980 |archivedate=2010-07-01 |accessdate=2009-10-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Awali alijulikana kama Cassius Clay, lakini alibadilisha [[jina]] lake baada ya kujiunga na jumuia ya [[Kiislamu]] ya [[Nation of Islam]] mnamo mwaka wa [[1964]]. Baadaye akabadilisha [[dini]] na kuwa Mwislamu kunako mwaka wa 1975. Mnamo mwaka wa [[1967]], Ali alikataa kuwekwa katika orodha ya majeshi ya Marekani kutokana na [[imani]] ya kidini na kupinga [[vita]] dhidi ya [[Vietnam]]. Alikamatwa na kupatikana na hatia juu ya rasimu ya ukwepaji mashtaka, wakamvua [[taji]] lake la uanamasumbwi, na [[leseni]] yake ya uanamasumbwi ikazuiliwa. Hakufungwa, lakini hakupambana kwa takriban miaka minne mpaka hapo [[rufaa]] yake ilipofanyiwa kazi na [[Mahakama Kuu]] ya Marekani, ambapo akaja kushinda. == Tanbihi == {{Marejeo}} == Marejeo == * {{Rejea kitabu | last=Hauser|first=Thomas | title=Muhammad Ali: His Life and Times | url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadalihisli0000haus_h4j0| publisher=[[Robson Books]] | year=2004 | isbn=1861057385 | oclc=56645513}} == Viungo vya Nje == {{Commons category}} * [http://www.ali.com/ www.ali.com Official website] * [http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/multimedia/photo_gallery/0701/gallery.box.ali.favorites/content.1.html Top Ali Fight Photos from Sports Illustrated] {{Wayback|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/multimedia/photo_gallery/0701/gallery.box.ali.favorites/content.1.html |date=20080511181244 }} * {{IMDb name|id=00000738}} * [http://www.maprc.com/ www.maprc.com Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center] (MAPC) * [http://ali.wlrn.org/ Muhammad Ali: Made in Miami] {{Wayback|url=http://ali.wlrn.org/ |date=20120118141247 }} {{Wikiquote}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1942]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2016]] [[Jamii:Mabondia wa Marekani]] 6qajkjead089o849ldkkvups049u087 0 32086 1612685 1611279 2026-11-03T05:57:43Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612685 wikitext text/x-wiki Hii ni '''orodha ya vyuo vikuu katika nchi ya Malaysia.''' [[Vyuo vikuu]] hivyo ni vya aina mbili; yaani vyuo vya umma au serikali na vyuo vya binafsi. Vyuo vya binafsi vinajumuisha matawi ya vyuo vikuu vya [[Malaysia]] na kampasi za vyuo vya nchi za kigeni. Orodha inayofuata imeainishwa katika matawi mawili ambayo yanaambatanishwa na majimbo vinamopatikana. Kwa kusudi la orodha hii, taasisi za masomo ya juu zilizoidhinishwa kutoa shahada za digrii lakini ambazo si vyuo vikuu zimejumuishwa katika mgao wa vyuo ambatani (ikiwa ni pamoja na taasisi zisizokuwa za elimu chini ya sheria ya elimu 1996).<ref>Attorney General's Chambers: [http://www.agc.gov.my/agc/oth/Akta/Vol.%2011/Act%20550.pdf Elimu ya Sheria ya 1996] {{Wayback|url=http://www.agc.gov.my/agc/oth/Akta/Vol.%2011/Act%20550.pdf |date=20081029023543 }}</ref> Taasisi za masomo ya juu ambazo hazijaidhinishwa kuwapa shahada wanafunzi, zimeorodheswa katika orodha tofauti. Ikiwa taasisi fulani hazina tafsiri rasmi ya majina yake, hupewa tafsiri na Muungano wa Jumuiya ya Vyuo Vikuu<ref>Association of Commonwealth Universities: [http://www.acu.ac.uk/cgi-bin/frameset.pl?ml=membership&amp;sl=membership&amp;select=members Current members of the ACU] {{Wayback|url=http://www.acu.ac.uk/cgi-bin/frameset.pl?ml=membership&sl=membership&select=members |date=20090207045212 }}</ref>na kutumiwa. == Vyuo vikuu na vyuo vingine vya umma == Vyuo vya umma nchini Malaysia hupata fedha kutoka kwa serikali na kutawaliwa/simamiwa kama taasisi za binafsi. Kando na Chuo Kikuu cha Malaysia na Chuo Kikuu Teknolojia cha Mara vilivyoanzishwa na sheria mbili tofauti za Bunge<ref>Attorney General's Chambers: [http://www.agc.gov.my/agc/oth/Akta/Vol.%208/Act%20379.pdf Degrees na Diploma Matendo 1962] {{Wayback|url=http://www.agc.gov.my/agc/oth/Akta/Vol.%208/Act%20379.pdf |date=20081029023547 }}</ref><ref>ibid.: [http://www.agc.gov.my/agc/oth/Akta/Vol.%204/Act%20173.pdf Teknologi MARA Universiti Sheria ya 1976] {{Wayback|url=http://www.agc.gov.my/agc/oth/Akta/Vol.%204/Act%20173.pdf |date=20081029023540 }}</ref>, vyuo vingine vya umma nchini Malaysia viliundwa na halmashauri kuu kutokana na [http://www.agc.gov.my/agc/oth/Akta/Vol.%201/Act%2030.pdf sheria ya mwaka 1971 kuhusu vyuo vikuu na sehemu ya vyuo hivyo.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.agc.gov.my/agc/oth/Akta/Vol.%201/Act%2030.pdf |date=20080820083953 }} Hadi hivi karibuni, [[Wizara ya Elimu]] iliwajibika kwa taasisi saba zilizo sehemu ya vyuo vikuu. Taasisi hizi (matawi ya vyuo vikuu) zimepandishwa daraja na kuwa vyuo vikuu na kwa sasa hamna matawi ya vyuo vikuu. <div class="NavFrame"> <div class="NavHead" style="background-color:#ccccff;border:none;padding:0px 0px 0px 4px;font-size:100%;text-align:left;margin:0px;color:#330000">'''<font color="black" style="font-size:16px">Jimbo la Johor</font>''' </div> <div class="NavContent" style="text-align:left;margin:0px 1px;border:none"> {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" |- !Jina kwa Kiswahili !Jina kwa [[Kimalei]] !Akronimi !Kuanzishwa !Mahali ! class="unsortable"|Ushirikishi |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo Kikuu cha Teknolojia cha Malaysia]] | width="30%"|Universiti Teknologi Malaysia <ref>Originally haifahamiki kama Treacher Technical School [http://web.utm.my/aboututm/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=68&amp;Itemid=106 ] {{Wayback|url=http://web.utm.my/aboututm/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=68&Itemid=106 |date=20110722234443 }}</ref> | width="10%" align="center"|UTM | width="10%" align="center"|1904 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Skudai]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.utm.my ] |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo kikuu cha Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia]] | width="30%"|Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia <ref>Originally haifahamiki kama Pusat Latihan Staf Politeknik (Polytechnic Staff Training Centre) [http://www.uthm.edu.my/v2/content/view/55/63/lang,en/ ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.uthm.edu.my/v2/content/view/55/63/lang,en/ |date=20091105112343 }}</ref> | width="10%" align="center"|UTHM | width="10%" align="center"|1993 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Batu Pahat]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.uthm.edu.my ] |} </div> </div> <div class="NavFrame"> <div class="NavHead" style="background-color:#ccccff;border:none;padding:0px 0px 0px 4px;font-size:100%;text-align:left;margin:0px;color:#330000">'''<font color="black" style="font-size:16px">Jimbo la Kedah</font>''' </div> <div class="NavContent" style="text-align:left;margin:0px 1px;border:none"> {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" |- !Jina kwa Kiswahili !Jina kwa [[Kimalei]] !Akronimi !Kuanzishwa !Mahali ! class="unsortable"|Ushirikishi |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo Kikuu cha Kaskazini cha Malaysia]] | width="30%"|Universiti Utara Malaysia | width="10%" align="center"|UUM | width="10%" align="center"|1984 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Sintok]] | width="5%" align="center"|[https://web.archive.org/web/20210506092343/http://www.uum.edu.my/ ] |} </div> </div> <div class="NavFrame"> <div class="NavHead" style="background-color:#ccccff;border:none;padding:0px 0px 0px 4px;font-size:100%;text-align:left;margin:0px;color:#330000">'''<font color="black" style="font-size:16px">Jimbo la Kelantan</font>''' </div> <div class="NavContent" style="text-align:left;margin:0px 1px;border:none"> {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" |- !Jina kwa [[Kiswahili]] !Jina kwa [[Kimalei]] !Akronimi !Kuanzishwa !Mahali ! class="unsortable"|Ushirikishi |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo kikuu cha Malaysia, Kelantan]] | width="30%"|Universiti Malaysia Kelantan | width="10%" align="center"|UMK | width="10%" align="center"|2006 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Pengkalan Chepa]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.umk.edu.my ] |} </div> </div> <div class="NavFrame"> <div class="NavHead" style="background-color:#ccccff;border:none;padding:0px 0px 0px 4px;font-size:100%;text-align:left;margin:0px;color:#330000">'''<font color="black" style="font-size:16px">Jimbo la Kuala Lumpur</font>''' </div> <div class="NavContent" style="text-align:left;margin:0px 1px;border:none"> {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" |- !Jina kwa [[Kiswahili]] !Jina kwa [[Kimalei]] !Akronimi !Kuanzishwa !Mahali ! class="unsortable"|Ushirikishi |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo Kikuu cha cha Ulinzi cha Malaysia]] | width="30%"|Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia <ref>Originally haifahamiki kama Akademi Tentera Malaysia (Military Academy of Malaysia)</ref> | width="10%" align="center"|UPNM | width="10%" align="center"|1995 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Kuala Lumpur]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.upnm.edu.my/ ] |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo Kikuu cha Malaysia]] | width="30%"|Universiti Malaya <ref>Originally haifahamiki kama Federated Malay Weekend na Serikali ya Marekani Medical School [http://medic.usm.my/~telehealth/Articles2005/MalayDocs/Search%2051-100/SEARCH%2064.htm ] {{Wayback|url=http://medic.usm.my/~telehealth/Articles2005/MalayDocs/Search%2051-100/SEARCH%2064.htm |date=20100620054300 }} [http://www.annals.edu.sg/pdf/34VolNo6200506/V34N6p14C.pdf ]</ref> | width="10%" align="center"|Um | width="10%" align="center"|1905 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Kuala Lumpur]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.um.edu.my/ ] |} </div> </div> <div class="NavFrame"> <div class="NavHead" style="background-color:#ccccff;border:none;padding:0px 0px 0px 4px;font-size:100%;text-align:left;margin:0px;color:#330000">'''<font color="black" style="font-size:16px">jimbo la Malacca</font>''' </div> <div class="NavContent" style="text-align:left;margin:0px 1px;border:none"> {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" |- !Jina lake kwa [[Kiswahili]] !Jina kwa [[Kimalei]] !Akronimi !Kuanzishwa !Mahali ! class="unsortable"|Ushirikishi |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo Kikuu cha Teknolojia Malaysia, Melaka]] | width="30%"|Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka <ref>Originally haifahamiki kama Kolej Universiti Teknikal Kebangsaan Malaysia (National Technical University College of Malaysia) [http://www.utem.edu.my/page.php?link=u_glance.php&amp;&amp;link2=imageabout.php&amp;&amp;link3=menuabout.php ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.utem.edu.my/page.php?link=u_glance.php&&link2=imageabout.php&&link3=menuabout.php |date=20081222113735 }}</ref> | width="10%" align="center"|UTeM | width="10%" align="center"|2006 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Durian Tunggal]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.utem.edu.my ] |} </div> </div> <div class="NavFrame"> <div class="NavHead" style="background-color:#ccccff;border:none;padding:0px 0px 0px 4px;font-size:100%;text-align:left;margin:0px;color:#330000">'''<font color="black" style="font-size:16px">Jimbo la Negeri Sembilan</font>''' </div> <div class="NavContent" style="text-align:left;margin:0px 1px;border:none"> {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" |- !Jina kwa [[Kiswahili]] !Jina kwa [[Kimalei]] !Akronimi !Kuanzishwa !Mahali ! class="unsortable"|Ushirikishi |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo Kikuu cha Kiisilamu cha Malaysia]] | width="30%"|Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia [ <ref>Originally haifahamiki kama Kolej Universiti Uislamu Malaysia (Islamic University College, Malaysia) [http://www.usim.edu.my/ms/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=category&amp;sectionid=8&amp;id=103&amp;Itemid=528 ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.usim.edu.my/ms/index.php?option=com_content&task=category&sectionid=8&id=103&Itemid=528 |date=20080601130850 }} (katika Kimalei)</ref> | width="10%" align="center"|USIM | width="10%" align="center"|1998 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Nilai]] | width="5%" align="center"|[https://web.archive.org/web/20210522080049/http://www.usim.edu.my/ ] |} </div> </div> <div class="NavFrame"> <div class="NavHead" style="background-color:#ccccff;border:none;padding:0px 0px 0px 4px;font-size:100%;text-align:left;margin:0px;color:#330000">'''<font color="black" style="font-size:16px">Jimbo la Pahang</font>''' </div> <div class="NavContent" style="text-align:left;margin:0px 1px;border:none"> {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" |- !Jina kwa [[Kiswahili]] !Jina kwa [[Kimalei]] !Akronimi !Kuanzishwa !Mahali ! class="unsortable"|Ushirikishi |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo kikuu cha Malasisa, Pahang]] | width="30%"|Universiti Malaysia Pahang <ref>Originally haifahamiki kama Kolej Universiti Kejuruteraan dan Teknologi Malaysia (Uhandisi na Teknolojia University College of Malaysia) [http://www.ump.edu.my/ump/general2.html ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ump.edu.my/ump/general2.html |date=20090126223738 }} (katika Kimalei)</ref> | width="10%" align="center"|UMP | width="10%" align="center"|2002 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Kuantan]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.ump.edu.my ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ump.edu.my/ |date=20210516061214 }} |} </div> </div> <div class="NavFrame"> <div class="NavHead" style="background-color:#ccccff;border:none;padding:0px 0px 0px 4px;font-size:100%;text-align:left;margin:0px;color:#330000">'''<font color="black" style="font-size:16px">Jimbo la Penang </font>''' </div> <div class="NavContent" style="text-align:left;margin:0px 1px;border:none"> {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" |- !Jina kwa [[Kiswahili]] !Jina kwa [[Kimalei]] !Akronimi !Kuanzishwa !Mahali ! class="unsortable"|Ushirikishi |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo Kikuu cha Sayansi, Malaysia]] | width="30%"|Universiti Sains Malaysia <ref>Originally haifahamiki kama Chuo Kikuu cha Penang [http://www.usm.my/en/profil.asp ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.usm.my/en/profil.asp |date=20090607072902 }}</ref> | width="10%" align="center"|USM | width="10%" align="center"|1969 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Gelugor]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.usm.my ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.usm.my/ |date=20210525023545 }} |} </div> </div> <div class="NavFrame"> <div class="NavHead" style="background-color:#ccccff;border:none;padding:0px 0px 0px 4px;font-size:100%;text-align:left;margin:0px;color:#330000">'''<font color="black" style="font-size:16px">Jimbo la Perak</font>''' </div> <div class="NavContent" style="text-align:left;margin:0px 1px;border:none"> {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" |- !Jina kwa [[Kiswahili]] !Jina kwa [[Kimalei]] !Akronimi !Kuanzishwa !Mahali ! class="unsortable"|Ushirikishi |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo kikuu cha Elimu cha Sultan Idris]] | width="30%"|Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris <ref>Originally haifahamiki kama Sultani Idris Training College [http://web.upsi.edu.my/v1/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=51&amp;Itemid=30 ] {{Wayback|url=http://web.upsi.edu.my/v1/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=51&Itemid=30 |date=20080412213210 }}</ref> | width="10%" align="center"|UPSI | width="10%" align="center"|1922 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Tanjung Malim]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.upsi.edu.my ] |} </div> </div> <div class="NavFrame"> <div class="NavHead" style="background-color:#ccccff;border:none;padding:0px 0px 0px 4px;font-size:100%;text-align:left;margin:0px;color:#330000">'''<font color="black" style="font-size:16px">Jimbo la Perlis</font>''' </div> <div class="NavContent" style="text-align:left;margin:0px 1px;border:none"> {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" |- !Jina kwa [[Kiswahili]] !Jina kwa [[Kimalei]] !Akronimi !Kuanzishwa !Mahali ! class="unsortable"|Ushirikishi |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo Kikuu cha Malaysia, Perlis]] | width="30%"|Universiti Malaysia Perlis <ref>Originally haifahamiki kama Kolej Universiti Kejuruteraan Utara Malaysia (Malaysia Northern University College of Engineering) [http://www.unimap.edu.my/eng/template02.asp?tt=22 ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.unimap.edu.my/eng/template02.asp?tt=22 |date=20110722233047 }}</ref> | width="10%" align="center"|UniMAP | width="10%" align="center"|2001 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Arau]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.unimap.edu.my ] |} </div> </div> <div class="NavFrame"> <div class="NavHead" style="background-color:#ccccff;border:none;padding:0px 0px 0px 4px;font-size:100%;text-align:left;margin:0px;color:#330000">'''<font color="black" style="font-size:16px">Jimbo la Sabah</font>''' </div> <div class="NavContent" style="text-align:left;margin:0px 1px;border:none"> {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" |- !Jina kwa [[Kiswahili]] !Jina kwa [[Kimalei]] !Akronimi !Kuanzishwa !Mahali ! class="unsortable"|Ushirikishi |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo Kikuu cha Malaysia, Sabah]] | width="30%"|Universiti Malaysia Sabah | width="10%" align="center"|UMS | width="10%" align="center"|1994 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Kota Kinabalu]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.ums.edu.my ] |} </div> </div> <div class="NavFrame"> <div class="NavHead" style="background-color:#ccccff;border:none;padding:0px 0px 0px 4px;font-size:100%;text-align:left;margin:0px;color:#330000">'''<font color="black" style="font-size:16px">Jimbo la Sarawak</font>''' </div> <div class="NavContent" style="text-align:left;margin:0px 1px;border:none"> {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" |- !Jina kwa [[Kiswahili]] !Jina kwa [[Kimalei]] !Akronimi !Kuanzishwa !Mahali ! class="unsortable"|Ushirikishi |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo Kikuu cha Malaysia, Sarawak]] | width="30%"|Universiti Malaysia Sarawak | width="10%" align="center"|UNIMAS | width="10%" align="center"|1992 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Kota Samarahan]] | width="5%" align="center"|[https://web.archive.org/web/20210512182547/http://www.unimas.my/ ] |} </div> </div> <div class="NavFrame"> <div class="NavHead" style="background-color:#ccccff;border:none;padding:0px 0px 0px 4px;font-size:100%;text-align:left;margin:0px;color:#330000">'''<font color="black" style="font-size:16px">Jimbo la Selangor</font>''' </div> <div class="NavContent" style="text-align:left;margin:0px 1px;border:none"> {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" |- !Jina kwa [[Kiswahili]] !Jina kwa [[Kimalei]] !Akronimi !Kuanzishwa !Mahali ! class="unsortable"|Ushirikishi |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo Kikuu cha Kimataifa cha Kiisilamu cha Malaysia]] | width="30%"|Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Malaysia | width="10%" align="center"|IIUM | width="10%" align="center"|1983 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Gombak]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.iium.edu.my ] |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo Kikuu cha Kitaifa cha Malaysia]] | width="30%"|Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia | width="10%" align="center"|UKM | width="10%" align="center"|1970 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Bangi]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.ukm.my ] |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo Kikuu cha Teknolojia, MARA]] | width="30%"|Universiti Teknologi MARA <ref>Originally haifahamiki kama Dewan Latehan Rida (Rida Training Centre) [http://www.uitm.edu.my/uitm/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=70&amp;Itemid=143 ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.uitm.edu.my/uitm/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=70&Itemid=143 |date=20080924171655 }}</ref> | width="10%" align="center"|UiTM | width="10%" align="center"|1956 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Shah Alam]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.uitm.edu.my ] |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo Kikuu cha Putra, Malaysia]] | width="30%"|Universiti Putra Malaysia <ref> Originally kuanzisha Shule ya Kilimo [http://www.upm.edu.my/?aktvt=content&amp;kat=D&amp;kod=20060424114103210172165493 ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.upm.edu.my/?aktvt=content&kat=D&kod=20060424114103210172165493 |date=20240818111529 }}</ref> | width="10%" align="center"|UPM | width="10%" align="center"|1931 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Serdang]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.upm.edu.my ] |} </div> </div> <div class="NavFrame"> <div class="NavHead" style="background-color:#ccccff;border:none;padding:0px 0px 0px 4px;font-size:100%;text-align:left;margin:0px;color:#330000">'''<font color="black" style="font-size:16px">Jimbo la Terengganu</font>''' </div> <div class="NavContent" style="text-align:left;margin:0px 1px;border:none"> {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" |- !Jina kwa [[Kiswahili]] !Jina kwa [[Kimalei]] !Akronimi !Kuanzishwa !Mahali ! class="unsortable"|Ushirikish |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo Kikuu cha Darul Iman, Malaysia]] | width="30%"|Universiti Darul Iman Malaysia <ref>Originally haifahamiki kama Kolej Ugama Sultani Zainal Abidin (Sultani Zainal Abidin watawa College) [http://www.kusza.edu.my/modules.php?name=Content&amp;pa=showpage&amp;pid=1 ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kusza.edu.my/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=1 |date=20081221003854 }} (katika Kimalei)</ref> | width="10%" align="center"|UDM | width="10%" align="center"|1980 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Kuala Terengganu]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.udm.edu.my ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.udm.edu.my/ |date=20120223130506 }} |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo Kikuu cha Malaysia, Terengganu]] | width="30%"|Universiti Malaysia Terengganu <ref>Originally haifahamiki kama Uvuvi na Kituo cha Sayansi Marine Universiti Pertanian Malaysia [http://www.umt.edu.my/v7/history.php ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.umt.edu.my/v7/history.php |date=20090203061356 }}</ref> | width="10%" align="center"|UMT | width="10%" align="center"|1979 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Kuala Terengganu]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.umt.edu.my ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.umt.edu.my/ |date=20210525143025 }} |} </div> </div> == Vyuo vikuu na vyuo vingine vya binafsi == Kuanzishwa kwa vyuo vikuu vya binafsi na matawi ya vyuo vikuu kuliwezekana kutokana na [http://www.agc.gov.my/agc/oth/Akta/Vol.%2012/Act%20555.pdf sheria ya 1996 iliyoruhusu kuanzishwa kwa taasisi za elimu ya juu za kibinafsi.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.agc.gov.my/agc/oth/Akta/Vol.%2012/Act%20555.pdf |date=20081029023550 }} Hapo awali taasisi za elimu ya juu za kibinsfsi zilikuwepo lakini hazikuidhinishwa kutoa shahada zake za digrii. Badala yake, ziliwapa wanafunzi mafunzo na kuwapa shahada kutoka vyuo vingine. <div class="NavFrame"> <div class="NavHead" style="background-color:#ccccff;border:none;padding:0px 0px 0px 4px;font-size:100%;text-align:left;margin:0px;color:#330000">'''<font color="black" style="font-size:16px">Jimbo la Kedah</font>''' </div> <div class="NavContent" style="text-align:left;margin:0px 1px;border:none"> {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" |- !Jina kwa [[Kiswahili]] !Jina kwa [[Kimalei]] !Akronimi !Kuanzishwa !Mahali ! class="unsortable"|Ushirikishi |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo Kikuu cha AIMST]] | width="30%"|Universiti AIMST <ref>Originally haifahamiki kama Asia Taasisi ya Tiba, Sayansi na Teknolojia [http://www.aimst.edu.my/other_pages/introduction.htm ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.aimst.edu.my/other_pages/introduction.htm |date=20081219032326 }}</ref> | width="10%" align="center"|AIMST | width="10%" align="center"|2001 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Bedong]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.aimst.edu.my ] |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo cha Insaniah]] | width="30%"|Kolej Universiti Insaniah <ref>Originally haifahamiki kama Institut Agama Uislamu Negeri Kedah (Kedah State Islamic Institute) [http://alumni.kuin.edu.my/pengenalan.htm ] {{Wayback|url=http://alumni.kuin.edu.my/pengenalan.htm |date=20081220233840 }}</ref> | width="10%" align="center"|KUIN | width="10%" align="center"|1995 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Alor Setar]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.kuin.edu.my ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kuin.edu.my/ |date=20200906042923 }} |} </div> </div> <div class="NavFrame"> <div class="NavHead" style="background-color:#ccccff;border:none;padding:0px 0px 0px 4px;font-size:100%;text-align:left;margin:0px;color:#330000">'''<font color="black" style="font-size:16px">Jimbo la Kuala Lumpur</font>''' </div> <div class="NavContent" style="text-align:left;margin:0px 1px;border:none"> {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" |- !Jina kwa [[Kiswahili]] !Jina kwa [[Kimalei]] !Akronimi !Kuanzishwa !Mahali ! class="unsortable"|Ushirikishi |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo kikuu cha Mawasiliano]] | width="30%"|Multimedia University | width="10%" align="center"|MMU | width="10%" align="center"|1996 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Cyberjaya]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.mmu.edu.my/ ] |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo Kikuu cha Asia]] | width="30%" align="center"|'''--''' | width="10%" align="center"|AeU | width="10%" align="center"|2007 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Kuala Lumpur]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.aeu.edu.my/ ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.aeu.edu.my/ |date=20220711092408 }} |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo cha Asia Pasifiki cha Teknolojia na Uvumbuzi]] | width="30%" align="center" valign="top"|'''--''' | width="10%" align="center" valign="top"|UCTI | width="10%" align="center" valign="top"|2004 | width="15%" align="center" valign="top"|[[Kuala Lumpur]] | width="5%" align="center" valign="top"|[http://www.ucti.edu.my/ ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ucti.edu.my/ |date=20051030185446 }} |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo Cha HELP]] | width="30%" align="center"|'''--''' | width="10%" align="center"|HELP <ref>Originally haifahamiki kama HELP College [http://www.help.edu.my/abouthelp/index.php ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.help.edu.my/abouthelp/index.php |date=20080725131407 }}</ref> | width="10%" align="center"|1986 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Kuala Lumpur]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.help.edu.my/ ] |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo cha Kimataifa]] | width="30%" align="center"|'''--''' | width="10%" align="center"|INCEIF | width="10%" align="center"|2006 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Kuala Lumpur]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.inceif.org/ ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.inceif.org/ |date=20210524074626 }} |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo Kikuu cha Matitabu cha Kimataifa]] | width="30%"|Universiti Perubatan Antarabangsa <ref>Originally haifahamiki kama International Medical College [http://imu.edu.my/about_profile_history.html ] {{Wayback|url=http://imu.edu.my/about_profile_history.html |date=20081220081521 }}</ref> | width="10%" align="center"|IMU | width="10%" align="center"|1992 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Kuala Lumpur]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.imu.edu.my/ ] |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo cha Kimataifa cha Teknolojia, Twintech]] | width="30%" valign="top"|Kolej Universiti Teknologi Antarabangsa Twintech <ref> Originally haifahamiki kama L &amp; G Twintech Taasisi ya Teknolojia [http://www.studyonair.com/indonesia/profiles/profile_lg.shtml ] (katika Kiindonesia)</ref> | width="10%" align="center" valign="top"|IUCTT | width="10%" align="center" valign="top"|1994 | width="15%" align="center" valign="top"|[[Kuala Lumpur]] | width="5%" align="center" valign="top"|[http://www.iuctt.edu.my/ ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.iuctt.edu.my/ |date=20140413212747 }} |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo cha Mji Mkuu wa Kuala Lumpur]] | width="30%"|Kolej Universiti Metropolitan Kuala Lumpur | width="10%" align="center"|KLMUC | width="10%" align="center"|1991 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Kuala Lumpur]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.klmuc.edu.my ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.klmuc.edu.my/ |date=20220208172520 }} |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo Kikuu cha Umma cha Malaysia]] | width="30%"|Universiti Terbuka Malaysia | width="10%" align="center"|OUM | width="10%" align="center"|2000 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Kuala Lumpur]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.oum.edu.my ] |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo Kikuu cha Tunku Abdul Rahman]] | width="30%"|Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman <ref>Originally haifahamiki kama Kolej Tunku Abdul Rahman (Tunku Abdul Rahman College) [http://www.utar.edu.my/contentPage1.jsp?contentid=47&amp;catid=1 ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.utar.edu.my/contentPage1.jsp?contentid=47&catid=1 |date=20140716222319 }}</ref> | width="10%" align="center"|UTAR | width="10%" align="center"|1972 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Kuala Lumpur]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.utar.edu.my/ ] |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo Kikuu Cha UCSI]] | width="30%"|Universiti UCSI <ref>Originally Taasisi ya Canada Computer Studies [http://www.ucsi.edu.my/uni_history_ucsi.asp ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ucsi.edu.my/uni_history_ucsi.asp |date=20080612073919 }}</ref> | width="10%" align="center"|UCSI | width="10%" align="center"|1986 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Kuala Lumpur]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.utar.edu.my/ ] |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo Kikuu Cha Kuala Lumpur]] | width="30%"|Universiti Kuala Lumpur <ref> Constituent taasisi ya mwanzo ni Malaysia Taasisi ya Teknolojia ya Habari, kwanza kuanzishwa mwaka 1982 kama Institut Technoserve Mara (MARA Technoserve Institute) [http://www.unikl.edu.my/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=66&amp;Itemid=107 ]</ref> | width="10%" align="center"|UniKL | width="10%" align="center"|2002 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Kuala Lumpur]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.unikl.edu.my/ ] |} </div> </div> <div class="NavFrame"> <div class="NavHead" style="background-color:#ccccff;border:none;padding:0px 0px 0px 4px;font-size:100%;text-align:left;margin:0px;color:#330000">'''<font color="black" style="font-size:16px">Jimbo la Malacca</font>''' </div> <div class="NavContent" style="text-align:left;margin:0px 1px;border:none"> {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" |- !Jina kwa [[Kiswahili]] !Jina kwa [[Kimalei]] !Akronimi !Kuanzishwa !Mahali ! class="unsortable"|Ushirikishi |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo Kikuu cha Mawasiliano]] | width="30%"|Multimedia University | width="10%" align="center"|MMU | width="10%" align="center"|1996 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Melaka]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.mmu.edu.my/ ] |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo cha Mafunzo ya Matibabu cha Melaka Manipal]] | width="30%"|Kolej Perubatan Melaka Manipal | width="10%" align="center"|MMMC | width="10%" align="center"|1997 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Melaka]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.manipal.edu ] |} </div> </div> <div class="NavFrame"> <div class="NavHead" style="background-color:#ccccff;border:none;padding:0px 0px 0px 4px;font-size:100%;text-align:left;margin:0px;color:#330000">'''<font color="black" style="font-size:16px">Jimbo la Negeri Sembilan</font>''' </div> <div class="NavContent" style="text-align:left;margin:0px 1px;border:none"> {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" |- !Jina kwa [[Kiswahili]] !Jina kwa [[Kimalei]] !Akronimi !Kuanzishwa !Mahali ! class="unsortable"|Ushirikishi |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo cha INTI]] | width="30%"|Kolej Universiti INTI <ref>Originally INTI College Malaysia [http://www.intimal.edu.my/intinew/content-aboutus.aspx?LID=history ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.intimal.edu.my/intinew/content-aboutus.aspx?LID=history |date=20110722232516 }}</ref> | width="10%" align="center"|INTI-UC | width="10%" align="center"|1998 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Nilai]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.intimal.edu.my/ ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.intimal.edu.my/ |date=20081029212001 }} |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo cha Nilai]] | width="30%"|Kolej Universiti swali | width="10%" align="center"|NUC | width="10%" align="center"|1997 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Nilai]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.nilai.edu.my/ ] |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo cha Linton]] | width="30%"|Kolej Universiti Linton | width="10%" align="center"|UCL | width="10%" align="center"|1995 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Mantin]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.legendagroup.edu.my/ ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.legendagroup.edu.my/ |date=20100501003134 }} |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo cha Seminari cha Malaysia]] | width="30%"|Seminari Theoloji Malaysia | width="10%" align="center"|STM | width="10%" align="center"|1979 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Seremban]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.stm.edu.my/ ] |} </div> </div> <div class="NavFrame"> <div class="NavHead" style="background-color:#ccccff;border:none;padding:0px 0px 0px 4px;font-size:100%;text-align:left;margin:0px;color:#330000">'''<font color="black" style="font-size:16px">Jimbo la Penang</font>''' </div> <div class="NavContent" style="text-align:left;margin:0px 1px;border:none"> {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" |- !Jina kwa [[Kiswahili]] !Jina kwa [[Kimalei]] !Akronimi !Kuanzishwa !Mahali ! class="unsortable"|Ushirikishi |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo cha Matibabu cha Penang|RCSI & UCD Malaysia Campus]] | width="30%"|RCSI & UCD Malaysia Campus | width="10%" align="center"|RUMC | width="10%" align="center"|1996 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Penang]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.pmc.edu.my/ ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pmc.edu.my/ |date=20180829124605 }} |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo Kikuu cha Wawasan]] | width="30%"|Universiti Terbuka Wawasan | width="10%" align="center"|WOU | width="10%" align="center"|2006 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Penang]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.wou.edu.my/ ] |} </div> </div> <div class="NavFrame"> <div class="NavHead" style="background-color:#ccccff;border:none;padding:0px 0px 0px 4px;font-size:100%;text-align:left;margin:0px;color:#330000">'''<font color="black" style="font-size:16px">Jimbo la Perak</font>''' </div> <div class="NavContent" style="text-align:left;margin:0px 1px;border:none"> {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" |- !Jina kwa [[Kiswahili]] !Jina kwa [[Kimalei]] !Akronimi !Kuanzishwa !Mahali ! class="unsortable"|Ushirikishi |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo Kikuu Cha Teknolojia cha Petronas]] | width="30%"|Universiti Teknologi Petronas | width="10%" align="center"|UTP | width="10%" align="center"|1995 <ref>Originally haifahamiki kama Taasisi ya Teknolojia PETRONAS [http://www.utp.edu.my/theUniversity/ ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.utp.edu.my/theUniversity/ |date=20090919144314 }}</ref> | width="15%" align="center"|[[Tronoh]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.utp.edu.my/ ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.utp.edu.my/ |date=20181121195826 }} |} </div> </div> <div class="NavFrame"> <div class="NavHead" style="background-color:#ccccff;border:none;padding:0px 0px 0px 4px;font-size:100%;text-align:left;margin:0px;color:#330000">'''<font color="black" style="font-size:16px">Jimbo la Sarawak</font>''' </div> <div class="NavContent" style="text-align:left;margin:0px 1px;border:none"> {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" |- !Jina kwa [[Kiswahili]] !Jina kwa [[Kimalei]] !Akronimi !Kuanzishwa !Mahali ! class="unsortable"|Ushirikishi |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo Kikuu Cha Teknolojia, Curtin]] | width="30%" align="center"|'''--''' | width="10%" align="center"|Curtin | width="10%" align="center"|1999 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Miri]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.curtin.edu.my/ ] |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo Kikuu cha Teknolojia cha Swinburne]] | width="30%" align="center"|'''--''' | width="10%" align="center"|Swinburne | width="10%" align="center"|2000 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Kuching]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.swinburne.edu.my/ ] |} </div> </div> <div class="NavFrame"> <div class="NavHead" style="background-color:#ccccff;border:none;padding:0px 0px 0px 4px;font-size:100%;text-align:left;margin:0px;color:#330000">'''<font color="black" style="font-size:16px">Jimbo la Selangor</font>''' </div> <div class="NavContent" style="text-align:left;margin:0px 1px;border:none"> {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" |- !Jina kwa [[Kiswahili]] !Jina kwa [[Kimalei]] !Akronimi !Kuanzishwa !Mahali ! class="unsortable"|Ushirikishi |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo kikuu cha Kimataifa cha Al-Madinah]] | width="30%" align="center"|'''--''' | width="10%" align="center"|MEDIU | width="10%" align="center"|2006 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Shah Alam]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.mediu.edu.my/ ] |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo Jozi cha mafunzo ya Usimamizi na Uwekezaji]] <ref>Originally haifahamiki kama Oxford Learning Centre [http://www.binary.edu.my/wt-achivement.php ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.binary.edu.my/wt-achivement.php |date=20100108144209 }}</ref> | width="30%" align="center" valign="top"|'''--''' | width="10%" align="center" valign="top"|BUCME | width="10%" align="center" valign="top"|1984 | width="15%" align="center" valign="top"|[[Puchong]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.binary.edu.my/ ] |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo cha Sayansi ya Matibabu cha Cyberjaya]] | width="30%"|Kolej Universiti Sains Perubatan Cyberjaya | width="10%" align="center"|CUCMS | width="10%" align="center"|2005 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Cyberjaya]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.cybermed.edu.my/cucms-web/index.jsp ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cybermed.edu.my/cucms-web/index.jsp |date=20091118221900 }} |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo Kikuu cha Viwanda Cha Selangor]] | width="30%"|Universiti Industri Selangor | width="10%" align="center"|UNISEL | width="10%" align="center"|1999 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Bestari Jaya]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.unisel.edu.my/ ] |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo cha Miundomsingi cha Kuala Lumpur]] | width="30%"|Kolej Universiti Infrastruktur Kuala Lumpur <ref>Originally haifahamiki kama Idara Public Works Training Centre </ref> | width="10%" align="center"|KLIUC | width="10%" align="center"|1973 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Kajang]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.kliuc.edu.my/ ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kliuc.edu.my/ |date=20121207043349 }} |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo Kikuu cha Technolojia Bunifu cha Limkokwing]] | width="30%"|Universiti Teknologi Kreatif Limkokwing <ref> Originally haifahamiki kama Creative Limkokwing Taasisi ya Teknolojia [http://www.etawau.com/edu/KolejUniversiti/Private/Limkokwing.htm ]</ref> | width="10%" align="center"|LUCT | width="10%" align="center"|1992 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Cyberjaya]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.limkokwing.edu.my/ ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.limkokwing.edu.my/ |date=20200429182442 }} |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo Kikuu Cha Sayansi na Teknolojia cha Malaysia]] | width="30%"|Universiti Sains dan Teknologi Malaysia | width="10%" align="center"|MUST | width="10%" align="center"|2000 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Petaling Jaya]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.must.edu.my/ ] |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo Kikuu cha Usimamizi na Sayansi]] <ref> Originally Kolej Universiti haifahamiki kama Pengurusan dan Teknologi Malaysia (Chuo Kikuu cha Teknolojia na Management, Malaysia) [http://www.msu.edu.my/v6/university_msg.php ]</ref> | width="30%" align="center"|'''--''' | width="10%" align="center"|MSU | width="10%" align="center"|2002 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Shah Alam]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.msu.edu.my/v6/ ] |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo Kikuu Cha Monash]] | width="30%" align="center"|'''--''' | width="10%" align="center"|Monash | width="10%" align="center"|1998 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Subang Jaya]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.monash.edu.my/ ] |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo Kikuu cha Mawasiliano]] <ref>Originally haifahamiki kama Taasisi ya Teknolojia ya Habari Telecommunication na [http://www.mmu.edu.my/TheUniversity_brief_history_1996melaka.htm ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mmu.edu.my/TheUniversity_brief_history_1996melaka.htm |date=20090108083438 }}</ref> | width="30%" align="center"|Universiti Multimedia | width="10%" align="center"|MMU | width="10%" align="center"|1994 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Cyberjaya]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.mmu.edu.my/ ] |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo Kikuu Cha Nottingham]] | width="30%"|Universiti Nottingham Kampus Malaysia | width="10%" align="center"|UNiM | width="10%" align="center"|2000 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Semenyih]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.nottingham.edu.my/ ] |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo cha Kimataifa Cha Kiislamu]] | width="30%"|Kolej Universiti Uislamu Antarabangsa Selangor <ref>Originally Kolej Uislamu Selangor Darul Ehsan (Selangor Darul Ehsan Islamic College) </ref> | width="10%" align="center"|KUIS | width="10%" align="center"|1995 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Bandar Sri Putra Bangi]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.kuis.edu.my/ ] |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo Cha Sunway]] <ref>Originally haifahamiki kama Sunway College [http://www.sunway.edu.my/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=538&amp;Itemid=907 ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sunway.edu.my/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=538&Itemid=907 |date=20110722232855 }}</ref> | width="30%" align="center"|'''--''' | width="10%" align="center"|'''--''' | width="10%" align="center"|1987 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Subang Jaya]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.sunway.edu.my/ ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sunway.edu.my/ |date=20210516080038 }} |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo Cha Taylor]] | width="30%"|Kolej Universiti Taylor's <ref>Originally haifahamiki kama Taylor's College [http://www.taylors.edu.my/about/about_landing.php?id=61 ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.taylors.edu.my/about/about_landing.php?id=61 |date=20071229065112 }}</ref> | width="10%" align="center"|'''--''' | width="10%" align="center"|1969 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Subang Jaya]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.taylors.edu.my/ ] |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo Kikuu cha Kitaifa cha Tenaga]] | width="30%"|Universiti Tenaga Nasional <ref>Originally haifahamiki kama Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah (Sultan Ahmad Shah Training Institute) [http://www.uniten.edu.my/newhome/content_list.asp?ContentID=2482 ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.uniten.edu.my/newhome/content_list.asp?ContentID=2482 |date=20110722232900 }}</ref> | width="10%" align="center"|UNITEN | width="10%" align="center"|1976 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Putrajaya]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.uniten.edu.my/ ] |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo Kikuu cha Tun Abdul Razak]] | width="30%"|Universiti Tun Abdul Razak | width="10%" align="center"|UNITAR | width="10%" align="center"|1998 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Petaling Jaya]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.unitar.edu.my/ ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.unitar.edu.my/ |date=20160406170805 }} |} </div> </div> <div class="NavFrame"> <div class="NavHead" style="background-color:#ccccff;border:none;padding:0px 0px 0px 4px;font-size:100%;text-align:left;margin:0px;color:#330000">'''<font color="black" style="font-size:16px">Jimbo la Terengganu</font>''' </div> <div class="NavContent" style="text-align:left;margin:0px 1px;border:none"> {| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" |- !Jina kwa [[Kiswahili]] !Jina kwa [[Kimalei]] !Akronimi !Kuanzishwa !Mahali ! class="unsortable"|Ushirikishi |- | width="30%"|[[Chuo cha TATI]] | width="30%"|Kolej Universiti TATI <ref>Originally haifahamiki kama Terengganu Advanced Technical Institute [http://202.75.48.40/~username/tatiuc.net/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=blogsection&amp;id=4&amp;Itemid=58 ] {{Wayback|url=http://202.75.48.40/~username/tatiuc.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogsection&id=4&Itemid=58 |date=20090724042916 }}</ref> | width="10%" align="center"|TATiUC | width="10%" align="center"|1993 | width="15%" align="center"|[[Kemaman]] | width="5%" align="center"|[http://www.tatiuc.edu.my/ ] |} </div> </div> == Marejeo == {{reflist|3}} == Angalia pia == * [[Elimu ya Malaysia]] == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.mohe.gov.my/webkpt_v2/maklumat.info_kpt_senarai.php?m=3&amp;navcode=NAV004&amp;subcode=SUB001&amp;lang=ENG Directory of Malaysia Public Universities (MOHE)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mohe.gov.my/webkpt_v2/maklumat.info_kpt_senarai.php?m=3&navcode=NAV004&subcode=SUB001&lang=ENG |date=20090314102455 }} * [http://www.phed.gov.my/Services/IPTS_Directory.aspx?m=Semua&amp;c=Semua?m=3&amp;navcode=NAV004&amp;subcode=SUB002&amp;lang=ENG Directory of Malaysia Private Taasisi ya Elimu ya Juu (MOHE)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.phed.gov.my/Services/IPTS_Directory.aspx?m=Semua&c=Semua%3Fm%3D3&navcode=NAV004&subcode=SUB002&lang=ENG |date=20090801043612 }} {{Asia topic|List of universities in}} [[Jamii:Orodha ya vyuo vikuu|Malaysia]] [[Jamii:Vyuo vikuu nchi kwa nchi|Malaysia]] kdeifeompn58uwvh5j2e74bjqjn4r1j 0 33928 1612673 1601167 2026-11-03T04:48:12Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612673 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vyanzo}} '''Nywila''' au '''nenosiri''' ni [[neno]] au mfululizo wa maandishi ya siri ambayo hutumiwa kuthibitisha utambulisho au kumwezesha mtu kupata rasilimali fulani. Nywila lazima iwe [[siri]] kwa wale wasioruhusiwa kuingia. Matumizi ya nywila yanajulikana toka zamani. Mababu waliwadai waliotaka kuingia au kukaribia eneo lao kutoa nywila au ''msemo'' fulani. Mababu walimruhusu tu mtu au kikundi fulani kupita kama walijua nywila hiyo. Katika nyakati za sasa, [[majina ya utumiaji]] na nywila hutumiwa kwa kawaida na watu wakati wa [[udhibiti wa kuingia]] katika taratibu za kompyuta zilizolindwa, [[simu ya mkononi]], [[Televisheni za malipo]], [[mashine za ATM]], nk. [[Mtumiaji wa kompyuta]]anaweza kuhitaji nywila kwa sababu nyingi: kuingia katika akaunti za kompyuta, kufungua [[barua pepe]] kutoka kwa mtandao, kufikia programu, hifadhidata, mitandao, tovuti, na hata asubuhi kusoma gazeti kwenye mtandao. Si lazima nywila kuwa maneno halisi; hakika nywila ambazo si maneno haswa huwa ngumu zaidi kubahatisha, jambo ambalo ni zuri. Baadhi ya nywila huundwa kutoka maneno mengi na hivyo basi ukwa usahihi zaidi huitwa [[Nywilanahau]]. Jina '''nywilafumbo''' wakati mwingine hutumika wakati ujumbe wa siri ni Nambari tu, kama vile [[nambari binafsi ya utambulisho]] (PIN) kawaida hutumiwa kwa ATM. Nywila huwa ni fupi kuweza kukumbukwa kwa urahisi na na kubonyezwa chapa. Kwa minajili ya kuthibitisha zaidi utambulisho wa kifaa cha kompyuta kimoja na kingine, nywila zina walakini mkubwa (zinaweza kuibiwa, kunakiliwa, kusahaulika, nk) ikilinganishwa na mifumo ya kuthibitisha inayotegemea [[itifaki za Kriptografia]] ambazo ni vigumu zaidi kuvunja. == Rahisi kukumbuka, ngumu kubahatisha == Jinsi nywila ilivyo rahisi kwa mmiliki kuikumbuka ndivyo ilivyo rahisi kwa [[mfyonzi]] kuipata. Nywila zilizo ngumu kuzikumbuka hupunguza usalama wa taratibu kwa sababu (a) watumiaji watahitaji kuandika au kuzihifadhi nywila hizo kielektroniki, (b) watumiaji watahitaji kuzihariri nywila zao mara kwa mara na (c)uwezekano wa watumiaji kutumia nywila ile ile kuongezeka. Vilevile, jinsi inavyohitajika ugumu wa nywila kuwa, kwa mfano, "kuwa na mchanganyiko wa herufi kubwa na ndogo na tarakimu" au "kubadilishwa kila mwezi," ndivyo uwezekano wa watumiaji kuivunja taratibu unavyoongezeka. <ref>[http://all.net/journal/netsec/1997-09.html ] {{Wayback|url=http://all.net/journal/netsec/1997-09.html |date=20080302044633 }} Fred Kohen na Wenzake</ref> Katika makala ya<ref> [http://homepages.cs.ncl.ac.uk/jeff.yan/jyan_ieee_pwd.pdf The Memorability and Security of Passwords] {{Wayback|url=http://homepages.cs.ncl.ac.uk/jeff.yan/jyan_ieee_pwd.pdf |date=20120414222419 }}</ref> Jeff Yan et al. kuchunguza athari za ushauri waliopewa watumiaji kuhusu uchaguzi mzuri wa nywila. Waligindua kwamba nywila zinazoundwa kwa kufikiri nahau na kuchukua herufi ya kwanza ya kila neno, ni rahisi kukumbuka kama nywila zilizochaguliwa bila maarifa fulani, na ngumu kama zilizochaugliwa bila kutumia mfumo wowote. Kuchanganya ''maneno mawili yasiyohusiana'' ni njia nyingine nzuri. Njia nyingine ya kibinafsi ni kuwa na [[algorithimu]] ya kuzalisha nywila. Hata hivyo, kuwataka watumiaji kukumbuka nywila inayojumuisha "mchanganyiko wa herufi kubwa na ndogo" ni kama kuwauliza kukumbuka mfululizo wa bits: ngumu kukumbuka, na vigumu kidogo kuvunja (km ni mara 128 vigumu kuvunja nywila ya herufi 7, rahisi kidogo kama mtumiaji ametumia herufi kubwa katika herufi ya kwanza). Kuwataka watumiaji kutumia "herufi na tarakimu" mara nyingi hupelekea mabadilisho rahisi kuonekana kama vile 'E' -> '3 'na' I '-> '1', mabadilisho ambayo yanajulikana na wavunjaji. Vilevile kupiga chapa nywila kwenye kibodi mstari mmoja juu ni hila ya kawaida inayojulikana na wavunjaji. == Mambo ya kuzingatiwa katika usalama wa mfumo wa nywila == Usalama wa mfumo wowote iliyolindwa na nywila unategemea mambo kadhaa. Mfumo kwa jumla lazima, bila shaka, kuundwa kwa usalama dhabiti, pamoja na ulinzi dhidi ya [[virusi vya kompyuta]], [[mashambulio ya mtu-wa-katikati]]na kadhalika. Masuala ya usalama wa kimwili pia ni muhimu, ili kuzuia [[kurambaza kwa bega]]na vitisho zaidi kama vile kwa kutumia kamera za video na wanaonusa kibodi. Bila shaka, nywila zinapaswa kuchaguliwa ili kwamba ni vigumu kwa mshambulizi kubahatisha na vigumu kwake kuigundua kwa kutumia programu automatiska zozote (au zote) zinazopatikana. Angalia [[nguvu ya nywila, usalama wa kompyuta]], na [[ukosefu wa usalama wa kompyuta]]. Udhibiti madhubuti wa upatikanaji wa vifungu kwa wahalifu unaweza kuwafanya wachukue hatua dubwana wakitafuta kupata nywila au ishara za biometriska. <ref> [[news.bbc.co.uk:]] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4396831.stm Malaysia car thieves steal finger]</ref> Hapa ni baadhi ya masuala maalum ya usimamizi wa nywila ambayo lazima kuzingatiwa katika kufikiria, kuchagua, na utunzaji, wa nywila. === Kima cha idadi ambayo mshambulizi anaweza kujaribu kubahatisha nywila === Kima cha idadi ambayo mshambulizi anaweza kuwasilisha nywila ya kubahatisha ni kipengee muhimu katika kuamua usalama wa mfumo ulioko. Baadhi ya mifumo ya usalama humlazimisha mtumiaji muda wa sekunde kadhaa baada ya idadi ndogo (kwa mfano, tatu) ya majaribio kutofaulu. Bila ya kuwepo kwa hatari nyingine, mifumo hiyo inaweza kufanywa salama kwa urahisi, kama imechaguliwa vizuri na kuwa haiwezi kubahatishwa kwa urahisi.[6] Mifumo mingi huhifadhi au kuwasilisha [[heshi ya Kriptografia]]ya nywila katika hali ambayo huifanya thamani ya heshi kupatikana na mshambulizi. Wakati hili hufanywa, na ni kawaida sana, mshambulizi anaweza kufanya kazi nje ya mtandao, na kupima haraka nywila bandia dhidi ya thamani ya heshi ya kweli. Nywila zinazotumika kuzalisha funguo za kriptografia (kwa mfano, usalama kama vile [[disk encryption]] au [[Wi-Fi]]) pia zinaweza kubahatishwa kwa kiwango kikubwa. Orodha za nywila zinazotumika sana zinazopatikana kwa wingi na zinaweza kufanya mashambulizi ya nywila kufaulu kwa urahisi. (Tazama [[Kuvunja Nywila).]] Usalama katika hali kama hizo unategemea kutumia nywila au nywilanahau ngumu kiasi cha kufanya shambulio kutowezekana kimtambo. Baadhi ya mifumo, kama vile PGP na Wi-Fi WPA hutumia heshi ya nywila taraklishi ili kupunguza mashambulizi. === Namna ya kuhifadhi nywila === Baadhi ya mifumo ya kompyuta kuhifadhi nywila kama [[maandishi wazi]], ambayo hulinganisha na majaribio ya mtumiaji kuingia. Kama mshambulizi anaweza kupata hifadhi kama hiyo ya ndani ya nywila, nywila zote -na hivyo basi akaunti zote za watumiaji -zitaathiriwa. Kama baadhi ya watumiaji hutumia nywila sawa katika akaunti tofauti, zitaathiriwa vilevile. Mifumo salama zaidi kuhifadhi kila nywila katika mfumo unaolindwa kikriptografia, hivi kwamba kufikia nywila yenyew bado huwa vigumu kwa yeyote ambaye ameingia katika hifadhi hiyo, wakati udhibitishaji wa majaribio ya watumiaji unabaki ukiwezekana. Namna moja maarufu ni kutumia nywila iliyo "heshiwa". Mtumiaji anapoweka nywila katika mfumo huo, programu ya utunzaji nywila hupitia katika [[heshi ya kriptografia]], na kama thamani ya heshi iliyotokana na jaribio la mtumiaji inalingana na heshi iliyohifadhiwa katika hifadhidata ya nywila, mtumiaji anaruhusiwa kuingia. Thamani ya heshi huumbwa kwa kutumia tenzi ya heshi (kwa upinzani maradufu dhidi ya mashambulizi hii inapaswa kuwa [[tenzi ya heshi kriptografia)]] na kuitia katika mfululizo wa maandishi unaojumuisha nywila iliyowekwa na, kwa kawaida, thamani nyingine inayojulikana kama [[chumvi.]] Chumvi huzuia washambuliaji kutojenga orodha ya thamani za heshi za nywila zinazotumiwa sana kwa urahisi. [[MD5]] na [[SHA1]] hutumiwa mara nyingi kama tenzi za hehsi kriptografia. Namna moja ya [[DES]] algorithm iliyobadilishwa kiasi iliwahi kutumika katika [[Unix]]. Tenzi ya UNIX DES ilipaniwa kufanya tenzi ya heshi sawa kwenda polepole, ili kughathabisha zaidi majaribio ya washambulizi kubahatisha kiautomatiska, na ilitumia nywila mgombea kama ufunguo wa kutia fumbo kwa thamani ya kudumu, hivyo basi kuzuia shambulio jingine kwa mfumo wa kuficha nywila. Hivi karibuni, Unix na programu zingine kama Unix (km, [[Linux]] au [[BSD]] ) hutumia mifumo ambayo wengi wanaamini kuwa ina kinga madhubuti zaidi kwani ina msingi ya MD5, SHA1, Blowfish, Twofish, au algorithimu nyingine kadhaa za kuzuia au kughathabisha mashambulizi ya hifadhi za faili za nywila <ref>[7] ^ [http://www.usenix.org/publications/login/2004-06/pdfs/alexander.pdf Password Protection for Modern Operating Systems]</ref> Ikiwa tenzi ya heshi imeundwa vyema, itakuwa jambo lisilowezekana kitaraklishi kuigeuza moja kwa moja ili kupata [[maandishi wazi]] ya nywila. Hata hivyo, mifumo mingi hailindi heshi za nywila zao vya kutosha, na kama mshambulizi anaweza kupata kufikia nywila zilizowekwa heshi anaweza kutumia zana ambazo zinapatikana kwa wingi na kulinganisha matokeo ya kila neno lilotiwa fumbo kutoka kwa baadhi ya orodha, kama vile kamusi (nyingi zinapatikana kwenye mtandao wa Interneti). Orodha kubwa za nywila zinazowezekana katika lugha nyingi sana zinapatikana kwenye interneti, kama vile programu za kujaribu kubahatisha mifumo tofauti. Kuwepo kwa [[Vifaa vya Kamusi za mashambulio]] hizi hufanya idadi ya nywila zinazoweza kuepuka mashambulizi kuwa finyu; hazifai kupatikana katika orodha kama hizo. Ni wazi kuwa, maneno katika orodha hizo lazima yaepukwe kutumiwa kama nywila. Matumizi ya [[heshi ya kuvuta ufunguo kama vile PBKDF2]] inanuiwa kupunguza hatari hii. Tenzi ya heshi iliyoundwa visivyo inaweza kufanya mashambulizi kuwa yakinifu hata kama nywila zeny nguvu zimetumiwa. Tazama [[heshi ya LM]] inayotumiwa sana, na isiyo na salama wowote, mfano. [http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=KB;EN-US;q299656 ] === Mbinu za kusadikisha nywila katika mtandao === Mbinu mbalimbali zimetumika kudhibitisha nywila katika mandhari ya mtandao: ==== Kuwasilishwa kwa nywila ==== Nywila zinaweza kutekwa kwa urahisi (yaani, "snooping") wakati wa kuwasilishwa kwa mashine au mtu anayefanya udhibitishaji. Kama nywila inawasilishwa kama signali ya umeme katika nyaya zisizowekwa usalama kati ya upande wa mtumiaji na hifadhidata ya kudhibiti nywila, inaweza kutekwa kwa kutumia mbinu ya [[wiretapping]]. Kama inawasilishwa kama pakiti za data kwenye mtandao wa interneti, mtu yeyote anayeweza kuzitazama [[pakiti]] zenye ujumbe wa kuingia anaweza kuziteka bila ya kujulikana. Barua Pepe wakati mwingine hutumiwa kusambaza nywila. Kwa vile barua pepe mara mingi hutumwa kama [[maandishi wazi]], inaweza kupatikana bila juhudi wakati usafiri kwa 'mdukizaji' yoyote. Aidha, barua pepe itahifadhiwa angalau katika kompyuta mbili kama maandishi wazi- ile ya anayeituma na ya mpokeaji. Kama itapita katika kompyuta zingine hapo katikati wakati wa safari yake, kuna uwezekano itahifadhiwa pale pia, hata kama ni kwa muda tu. Majaribio ya kufuta barua pepe kutoka hatari hizi zote yaweza, au yasiweze kufanikiwa; [[Hifadhi]] au faili za historia au [[cache]] katika mojawapo ya kompyuta zaweza kuwa na barua pepe hiyo. Hakika kutambulisha tu kila moja ya kompyuta zile ni kazi ngumu. Kutuma nywila kwa barua pepe ni mbinu hatari ya usambazaji kwa ujumla. Mfano wa usambazaji wa nywila kwa kutumia [[maandishi wazi]] ni tovuti ya mwanzo ya [[Wikipedia]]. Watumiaji walipoingia ndani ya akaunti zao za Wikipedia, [[Jina la Mtumiaji]] na nywila yako zilitumwa kutoka kivinjari cha kompyuta yako kupitia interneti kama maandishi wazi. Kimsingi, mtu yeyote angeweza kuyasoma wakati wa kuwasilishwa na baadaye kuingia katika akaunti yako kama wewe; server za Wikipedia hazina namna ya kubainisha mshambulizi na mtumiaji wa kweli. Katika hali halisi, idadi kubwa isiyojulikana ingeweza kufanya hivyo (km, wafanyakazi katika kampuni inayokuletea huduma ya Interneti, wakati wowote katika njia ambayo trafiki inapita, nk). Hivi majuzi, Wikipedia imetowa mfumo wa kuingia wenye usalama zaidi, ambayo, kama tovuti nyingi za e-commerce, hutumia itifaki za kikriptografia ya [[SSL]] / [[(TLS)]] ili kuepuka uwasilishaji wa maandishi wazi. Lakini, kwa sababu mtu yeyote anaweza kupata Wikipedia (bila hata ya kuingia kwa akaunti), na kisha ahariri karibu makala yote, twaweza sema kwamba hakuna haja ya kutia fumbo uwasilishaji huu kwani hakuna mengi ya kulindwa. Tovuti nyingine (km, benki na taasisi za fedha) zina mahitaji tofauti kabisa ya usalama, na uwasilishaji wa aina yoyote katika maandishi wazi ni kukosa usalama kabisa. Kutumia mbinu ya kutia fumbo kwa upande wa mtumiaji kutalinda tu uwasilishaji kutoka kompyuta ya utunzaji hadi kwa kompyuta ya mteja. Uwasilishaji wa awali au baadaye wa barua pepe hiyo hautakuwa umelindwa na pengine barua pepe hiyo itahifadhiwa kwenye kompyuta kadhaa, kwa hakika katika kompyuta ilikotoka na kompyuta itakayoipokea, mara nyingi katika maandishi wazi. ==== Uwasilishaji kupitia mikondo iliyotiwa fumbo ==== Hatari ya kutekwa kwa nywila zilizotumwa kwa mtandao wa interneti inaweza kupunguzwa, kati ya mbinu nyingine, kwa kutumia mbinu ya [[Kriptografia]]. Inayotumika zaidi ni ile ya [[Transport Layer Security]] (TLS, iliyoitwa hapo awali [[SSL)]] iliyojumuishwa ndani ya [[vivinjari]] vingi vya sasa vya interneti. Vivinjari vingi humfahamisha mtumiaji wa mitambo iliyolindwa kwa TLS / SSL kwa kuonyesha alama, au baadhi ya ishara nyingine, wakati TLS ni kutumia. Kuna mbinu nyingine kadhaa katika matumizi; Tazama [[cryptography]]. ==== Mbinu za kutumia changamoto-mwitikio kwa misingi ya Heshi ==== Walakini, kuna mgogoro kati ya kuhifadhi nywila zilizoheshiwa na [[udhibitishaji kwa kutumia changamoto-mwitikio]]; ya pili inahitaji mteja kuthibitisha kwa server kwamba anajua [[siri jumuiya]] (yaani, nywila), na kufanya hivyo, lazima server iweze kupata siri jumuiya kutoka mfumo wake wa kuhifadhiwa. Katika mitambo mingi (pamoja na ile ya [[Unix]]) kufanya udhibitishaji kwa umbali, siri jumuiya kwa kawaida huheshiwa na ina upungufu wa kuwa inaweza kubahatishwa nje ya mtandao. Aidha, wakati heshi inatumika kama siri jumuiya, mshambulizi hahitaji nywila asili kujidhibitisha kwa umbali; anahitaji heshi tu. ==== Udhibitishaji wa Nywila wa Zero-knowledge ==== Badala kuwasilisha nywila, au heshi ya nywila, mitambo ya [[password-authenticated key agreement]] inaweza kufanya udhibitisha[[sifuri-maarifa password ushahidi]], ambayo inathibitisha maarifa ya siri bila kuwasababishia yake. Isitoshe, mifumo ya augmented [[password-authenticated makubaliano muhimu]] (kwa mfano, [[först, B-Speke, PAK-Z, SRP-6)]] wote kuepuka mgogoro na juu ya makao hash mbinu. Mfumo uliodhabitiwa unaruhusu mteja kuthibitisha kuwa anajua nywila kwa server, ambapo server inajua tu (na sio kikamilifu) heshi ya nywila, na ambapo nywila isiyokuwa na heshi inahitajika kuweza kuingia. === Taratibu za kubadilisha nywila === Kwa kawaida, mtambo wowote lazima utoe njia ya kubadili nywila, aidha kwa sababu mtumiaji anaamini (au kuna uwezekano kuwa) nywila yake imetekwa, au kama tendo la kutahadhari. Nywila mpya ikipitishwa kwenye mtambo b, usalama inaweza kuwa njia (eg, via wiretapping) hata kabla ya mwezi password wanaweza hata kuwa imewekwa katika password database. Na, bila shaka, kama nywila mpya itapewa kwa mfanyakazi asiyekuwa mwaminifu, hakuna. Baadhi ya tovuti hujumuisha nywila aliyoichagua mtumiaji katika barua pepe ya kudhibitisha katika mfumo usiokuwa na fumbo, na hapo basi pamoja na dhahiri iliongezeka mazingira magumu. [[Mitambo ya Usimamizi wa utambulisho]] inazidi kutumika katika kutoa nywila mbadala kwa zilizopotea, hulka iitwayo [[self service password reset.]] Utambulisho wa mtumiaji huthibitishwa kwa kuuliza maswali na kulinganisha na majibu yaliyohifadhiwa awali (yaani, wakati akaunti ikafunguliwa). Maswali yanayotumika sana ni kama: "Ulizaliwa wapi?," "Senema uipendayo zaidi ni ipi?" au "Jina la mnyama wako?" Mara nyingi majibu ya maswali haya yanaweza kubahatishwa kwa urahisi na mshambulizi, kudhamiriwa kwa juhudi Asili utafiti, au kupatikana kwa njia ya [[kijamii uhandisi]], na hivyo huu ni kidogo kuliko kikamilifu kuridhisha kama ukaguzi technique. Ingawa watumiaji wengi wamepata mafunzo kamwe kutotoa nywila zao, wachache kufikiria jina la yao favorite movie pet au kuhitaji huduma sawa. === Urefu wa maisha ya nywila=== "Kuzeeka kwa nywila" ni hulka ya baadhi ya mitambo ya taraklishi ambayo huwalazimisha watumiaji kubadilisha nywila zao mara kwa mara (mfano, kila robo mwaka, kila mwezi au hata mara nyingi zaidi), ili kuhakikisha kuwa nywila iliyoibiwa haitumiki wa muda mrefu. Sera kama hizi huibua malalamishi kutoka watumiaji mguu-dragging saa bora na uadui saa mbaya. Watumiaji wanaweza kuunda mifumo yenye tofauti rahisi ili kufanya nywila zao rahisi kukumbuka. Isitoshe, ara nyingi manufaa ya usalama ni machache, kwa sababu washambulizi hutumia nywila punde tu wanapoiteka, kwani muda kabla ya kubadilisha is required. Mara nyingi, hasa kwa akaunti za msimamzi au za "shina" , mara an attacker imepata upatikanaji, hawezi kufanya alterations [[mfumo wa uendeshaji]] ambayo itaruhusu baadaye naye kupata hata baada ya awali password alitumia muda wake. (se [[rootkit).]] Kutekeleza sera kama hii kunahitaji kutilia maanani kwa makini vipengele muhimu vya kibinadamu. === Idadi ya watumiaji kwa kila nywila === Wakati mwingine nywila moja hudhibiti upatikanaji wa kifaa fulani, kwa mfano, router ya mtandao, au simu ya mkononi inayolindwa kwa nywila. Hata hivyo, katika [[mtambo wa kompyuta]], nywila kwa kawaida huhifadhiwa kwa kila akaunti, hivyo basi kufanya uingiaji wote kufuatilika (ila, bila shaka, wakati watumiaji wa kugawana password). Mtu yeyote anayenuia kutumia mtambo wowote lazima aweke Jina la mtumizi na nywila vilevile, na mara kwa mara baadaye. Kama mtumiaji akitoa nywila inayolingana a password mmoja kuhifadhiwa kwa ajili ya kupatiwa username, yeye au yeye ni zaidi inaruhusiwa kuingia mfumo wa kompyuta. Hivi ndivyo ilivyo pia katika mashine za fedha, isipokuwa kwamba 'Jina la mtumiaji' kwa kawaida ni nambari ya akaunti iliyouhifadhiwa kwenye kadi ya benki ya mteja, na PIN ni kawaida kabisa fupi (4-6 digits). Kutoa nywila tofauti kwa kila mtumiaji wa mtambo ni bor zaidi kuliko kuwa na password moja hutumiwa na watumiaji wa halali wa mfumo, hakika kutoka synvinkel usalama. Hii ni kwa sababu watumiaji wako radhi zaidi kumwambia mtu mwingine (ambaye huenda hajaidhinishwa) nywila ya pamoja kuliko nywila yao ya kipekee. Nywila za pamoja pia si rahisi sana kubadilisha kwa sababu watu wengi wanahitaji kujulishwa wakati mmoja, na hufanya kuondolewa kwa mtumiaji fulani kuwa vigumu zaidi, kwa mfano baada ya mahafali au mtu kujiuzulu. Nywila kwa-kila-mtumiaji pia ni muhimu kama watumiaji watatakiwa kuwajibikia shughuli zao, kama vile maamuzi ya fedha ya matibabu transaktioner au viewing records. === Kuundwa kwa nywila iliyolindwa === Mbinu maarufu zinazotumika kuboresha mifumo ya usalama wa programu ya ulinzi wa nywila n: * Kutoonyesha nywila kwenye kiwambo wakati mtumiaji anapoitia au kuificha wakati wa kutiwa kwa kutumia asteriski (*) au risasi (•). * Kuruhusu nywila zenye urefu wa kutosha (baadhi ya mitambo ya uendeshaji, kama vile toleo za hapo awali za Unix mapema na Windows, mdogo password en 8 tabia upeo. * Kuwataka watumiaji kutia nywila zao tena baada ya muda fulani bila ya kutokuwa na shughuli (sera ya semi log-off). * Utekelezaji wa [[sera ya nywila]] kuongeza [[nguvu]] na usalama. ** Kuhitaji mabadiliko ya mara kwa mara ya nywila. ** Kupeana nywila ziliochaguliwa bila mapendeleo. ** Inayohitaji nywila zenye kuhitaji urefu wa chini au upeo. ** Baadhi ya mifumo huhitaji herufi kutoka madarasa ya herufi mbalimbali katika nywila -kwa mfano, "lazima angalau moja uppercase na angalau mmoja barua lowercase". Hata hivyo, nywila zenye herufi zote ndogo ni salama zaidi kuliko vikichanganywa keystroke per capitalization password <ref> [http://world.std.com/~reinhold/dicewarefaq.html#capitalize "To Capitalize or Not to Capitalize?"] </ref> ** Kutoa mbadala kwa kutiwa kwa kibodi (mfano, nywila za kusemwa na mdomo, au [[nywila biometriska]]). * Kutumia vichuguu vilivyotiwa fumbo au mfumo wa [[password-authenticated key agreement]] kuzuia upatikanaji wa zinaa kupitia mtandao password mashambulizi * Uzuiaji wa idadi ya majaribio yanayoshindwa ndani ya muda aliopewa (kuzuia unaorudiwa password guessing). Baada ya kikomo kufikiwa, jitihada zaidi hushindwa (z na jitihada password sahihi) mpaka mwanzo wa kipindi ijayo. Hata hivyo, hii ina hatari kutoka kwa aina ya [[kunyimwa huduma ya shambulio hilo.]] * Kucheleweshwa katika majaribio ya kutia nywila ili kupunguza kasi ya mipango automatiska ya kubahatisha nywila. Baadhi ya hatua za utekelezaji wa sera sugu zinaweza kuwatenga watumiaji, na uwezekano wa kupungua kwa usalama kama matokeo. == Kuvunja nywila == Kujaribu kuvunja nywila kwa kufanya majaribio menig iwezekanavyo kama utakavyowezesha na muda na pesa ni [[shambulio la nguvu]] Mbinu inayohusiana na hii, ambayo ina ufanisi zaidi katika kesi nyingi, ni shambulio kamusi. Katika shambulio kamusi, maneno yote katika kamusi moja au zaidi hujaribiwa. Orodha za nywila za kawaida pia hujaribiwa. [[Nguvu ya nywila]] ni uwezekano kwamba password haiwezi kubahatishwa au kugunduliwa kwa urahisi, na inatofautiana na shambulio algorithm kutumika. Nywila zinazogunduliwa kwa urahisi huitwa ''dhaifu'' au ''mazingira magumu;'' password au haiwezekani vigumu sana kugundua wanaochukuliwa ''nguvu.'' Kuna programu kadhaa zinazopatikana kuvunjia nywila (au hata ukaguzi na ahueni wafanyakazi wa mitambo) kama vile [[L0phtCrack, Yohana Ripper]], na [[Kaini;]] baadhi ambazo matumizi password design vulnerabilities (kama zinapatikana katika mfumo Microsoft LANManager) ili kuongeza ufanisi. Programu hizi wakati mwingine kutumiwa na wasimamizi wa mitambo kuchunguza nywila dhaifu ziliopendekezwa na watumiaji. Utafiti wa mifumo ya uzalishaji wa kompyuta imezidi kuonyesha kuwa sehemu kubwa ya nywila zote zilizochaguliwa na watumiaji hubahatishwa kiautomatiska. Kwa mfano, Chuo Kikuu cha Columbia kiliripoti kuwa asilimia 22 ya nywila za watumiaji zinaweza kupaitikana kwa juhudi kidogo tu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www1.cs.columbia.edu/~crf/howto/password-howto.html |title=Password |accessdate=2009-12-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609222522/http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~crf/howto/password-howto.html |archivedate=2007-06-09 }}</ref> Kulingana na [[Bruce Schneier]], akichunguza data kutoka shambilizi la [[phishing]] la 2006, asilimia 55 ya nywila za MySpace zingeweza kuvunjwa katika masaa 8 kwa kutumia kifaa kinachoauzwa cha Password Recovery Toolkit chenye uwezo wa kujaribu nywila 200,000 kila sekundu mnamo mwaka wa 2006. <ref>[12] ^ [http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/12/realworld_passw.html Schneier, Real-World Passwords]</ref> Pia aliripoti kuwa nywila maarufu zaidi ni ''password1,'' na kuthibitisha tena hali ya kutojua kwa ujumla wa namna ya kushughulikia nywila miongoni mwa watumiaji. (Hata hivyo alisisitiza kuwa, kwa kuzingatia takwimu hizi, ubora wa nywila umeboreshwa kwa jumla katika miaka ya hivi punde -kwa mfano, urefu wa wastani ulikuwa hadi herufi nane kutoka chini ya saba katika uchunguzi wa awali, na chini ya asilimia 4 yalikuwa maneno ya kamusi. <ref> {{Cite web |url=http://www.wired.com/politics/security/commentary/securitymatters/2006/12/72300 |title=MySpace Passwords Aren't So Dumb |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021234927/http://www.wired.com/politics/security/commentary/securitymatters/2006/12/72300 |archivedate=2010-10-21 |accessdate=2009-12-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==== Tukio la 1998 ==== Tarehe 16 Julai 1998, [[CERT]] ilitoa taarifa ya tukio <ref name="CERT IN-98.03">{{cite web | url=http://www.cert.org/incident_notes/IN-98.03.html | title=CERT IN-98.03 | accessdate=2009-09-09 | archive-date=2009-10-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016094832/http://www.cert.org/incident_notes/IN-98.03.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> ambapo mdukizaji mmoja alikusanya majina na akaunti 186,126 pamoja na nywila zao zilizotiwa fumbo. Wakati wa ugunduzi, mdukizaji alikuwa amebahatisha nywila 47,642 (nywila 25.6) akitumia kifaa cha kuvunjia nywila. Nywila hizo zilionekana kuwa zilikusanywa kutoka maeneo mengine kadhaa, baadhi yao ziligunduliwa lakini si zote. Hili bado ndilo tukio kubwa zaidi kuwahi kuripotiwa hadi sasa. == Mbinu Mbadala mbali na nywila za kudhibiti uingiaji == Njia mbalimbali ambazo nywila za kudumu au kudumu kwa muda zinavyoweza kuathirika zimechochea kubuniwa kwa mbinu nyingine. Walakini, baadhi yao ni duni kimatumizi, na hali halisi ni chache tu zinazopatikana kwa kote kwa watumiaji wanaotafuta njia mbadala salama zaidi. * [[Nywila za matumizi moja]] Kuwa na nywila ambayo ni halali mara moja tu inafanya uwezekano wa mashambulizi mengi kutowezekana. Watumiaji wengi huona kuwa nywila za matumizi moja ni hazifai mno. Hata hivyo, zimetumika sana katika kufanya shughuli za [[benki kwenye mtandao]], ambapo zinajulikana kama [[TANs]]. Kwa vile watumiaji wengi wa nyumbani hufanya idadi ndogo tu ya mashirikiano ya kila wiki, utoaji wa nywila za matumizi moja haujasababisha wateja kutoridhika pakubwa katika kesi hii. * [[Hundi za Usalama]] ni sawa katika njia kadhaa na nywila za matumizi moja, lakini thamani ya inayoweka huonyeshwa katika kifaa kidogo (kinachobebeka mfukoni) na hubadilika kila dakika moja hivi. * Udhibiti wa kuingia kwa msingi wa [[public key cryptography]] km [[SSH]]. Funguo muhimu kwa kawaida ni kubwa mno kukaririwa (lakini tazama pendekezo la [http://eprint.iacr.org/2005/434 Passmaze)] {{Wayback|url=http://eprint.iacr.org/2005/434 |date=20060614024642 }} na lazima zihifadhiwe kwenye kompyuta ya karibu, hundi ya Usalama au kifaa cha kumbukumbu, kama vile [[flash disk]] au [[floppy disk.]] * Mbinu za [[Biometrika]] hutoa uthibitishaji kwa misingi ya hulka za kibinafsi zisizoweza kubadilishwa, lakini kwa sasa (2008) zina kiwango kikubwa cha makosa na huhitaji vifaa zaidi vya ku, kwa mfano, [[Fingerprint]], [[iris]], nk Zimethibitika kuwa rahisi kuepukwa katika baadhi ya matukio maarufu ya kupima mitambo inayouzwa, kwa mfano, gummie Fingerprint spoof demonstration, <ref> T Matsumoto. H Matsumotot, K Yamada, na S Hoshino, Impact of artificial 'Gummy' Fingers on Fingerprint Systems. Proc SPIE, vol 4677, Optical Security and Counterfeit Deterrence Techniques IV or itu.int/itudoc/itu-t/workshop/security/resent/s5p4.pdf PG 356</ref> na, kwa sababu hizi ni hulka zisizoweza kubadilika, haziwezi zikabadilishwa hata ikiwa zimeathirika; hili ni jambo muhimu sana kuzingatiwa katika kudhibiti uingiaji kwa sababu hundi iliyoathirika sio salama. * Teknolojia ya [[Single si-on]] ni alidai kuondokana na haja ya kuwa na multiple password. Programu kama hizo hazimwepushi mtumiaji au msimamizi kutokana na kuchagua nywila kwa busara, wala waundaji wa mitambo au wasimamizi kutokana na kuhakikisha kuwa udhibiti wa kuingia katika mitambo ya kibinafsi na mifumo ya kuwezesha kupitishwa habari kati ya pande husika ni salama dhidi ya mashambulio. Kama sasa, bado hakuna mtindo wa kuridhisha umepata kuendelezwa. * [[Envaulting technology]] ni njia isiyohitaji nywila ya kusalimisha data kwa mfano katika vifaa vya kuhifahdi vya kutoa kama vile flash drive. Badala ya nywila ya mtumiaji, kudhibiti uingiaji hufanywa kwa kuzingatia uwezo wa mtumiaji kuingia katika mtandao wa rasilimali. * Nywila zisizotumia maandishi, kama [[nywila picha]] au nywila zinazotegemea mwendo wa kifaa cha puku. [http://waelchatila.com/2005/09/18/1127075317148.html ] {{Wayback|url=http://waelchatila.com/2005/09/18/1127075317148.html |date=20060616132332 }} Mfumo mwingine huwahitaji watumiaji kuchagua mfululizo wa [[nyuso]] kama nywila, kutumia uwezo wa [[ubongo]] wa [[binadamu]] kukumbuka [[nyuso]] kwa urahisi. [http://mcpmag.com/reviews/products/article.asp?EditorialsID=486 ] {{Wayback|url=http://mcpmag.com/reviews/products/article.asp?EditorialsID=486 |date=20060627235632 }}. Hadi sasa, njia hizi zinawezekana, lakini hazitumiki sana. * Nywila picha ni njia mbadala za [[kuthibitisha]] kuingia ambayo imekusudiwa kutumiwa mahali pa nywila za kawaida; hutumia [[picha, maumbo]] au [[rangi]] badala ya [[herufi, tarakimu]] au [[miundo maalumu.]] Katika baadhi ya mifumo mtumiaji anahitajika kuchagua kutoka katika msururu wa picha katika mfululizo sahihi ili kuweza kuingia, sid14_gci1001829, 00.html</ref> Ilhali wengi wanaamini kwamba nywila picha ni ngumu zaidi [[kuvunja]], wengine wanapendekeza kwamba watu wataweza kuchagua picha za kawaida au Msururu kama wanavyoweza kubaini nywila za kawaida. * [[2D Key]] (2-Dimensional Key) [http://www.xpreeli.com/doc/manual_2DKey_2.0.pdf ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.xpreeli.com/doc/manual_2DKey_2.0.pdf |date=20110718132313 }} ni ufunguo wa miraba miwili ambayo ni njia pembejeo muhimu ikiwa na ufunguo mitindo wa multiline Passphrase, crossword, ASCII / Unicode art, na textual semantic noises kwa hiari, ili kujenga nywila /ufunguo kubwa zaidi ya 128 bits kwa kutambua MePKC (Memorizable Public-Key Cryptography) kutumia funguo zinazoweza kukumbukwa kikamilifu katika teknolojia ya sasa ya private key management kama vile encrypted private key, split private key, na roaming private key. == Mitambo ya nywila tovuti == Nywila hutumiwa kwenye tovuti kuthibitisha watumiaji na kawaida huwekwa kwenye Web server, maana yake kuwa kivinjari kwenye mtambo hutumua nywila kwa server kwa umbali(na HTTP POST), server huikagua nywila na kurudisha ujumbe unaohitajika (au ujumbe wa kukana uingiaji). Utaratibu huu huondoa uwezekano wa local reverse engineering kwa vile kanuni zinazotumiwa kuthibitisha nywila hazipo kwenye mashine ya karibu. Uwasilishaji wa nywila, kupitia kivinjari, katika maandishi wazi inamaanisha kuwa inaweza kutekwa katika safari yake ya kwenda kwa server. Mifumo mingi ya uthibitishaji kwenye mtandao hutumia SSL kuendeleza kikao cha uwasilishaji kati ya kivinjari na server, na ndio kiini cha madai ya kuwa na "Tovuti salama". Hili hufanywa automatiski na kivinjari na huongeza uadilifu wa kikao, tukidhani hakuna pande yoyote iliyoathirika na kwamba mitambo ya [[SSL / TLS]] zinazotumiwa ni za hali ya juu. Mifumo inayojulikana kwa kufanya usimamizi wa nywila na uanachama mara nyingi huhusisha matumizi ya [[Java]] au [[JavaScript]] zilizopo kwenye [[HTML]] source code ya upande wa mteja (yaani kwenye kivinjari cha mtumiaji, kwa mfano, AuthPro). Ila za mifumo kama hii ni wepesi wa kuepuka ulinzi kwa kuzima JavaScript na Meta redirects katika kivinjari, na hivyo kupata kufikia kurasa za tovuti zinazolindwa. Zingine hujifaidi na lugha za scripting kwenye upande wa server kama vile [[ASP]] au [[PHP]] kuthibitisha watumiaji katika server kabla ya kutoa source code kwa kivinjari. Mifumo maarufu kama [http://www.Sentrylogin.com Sentry Login] na [http://www.monster-submit.com/sentry/ Password Sentry] {{Wayback|url=http://www.monster-submit.com/sentry/ |date=20091228023718 }} hufaidika na teknolojia ambapo kurasa za tovuti hulindwa kwa kutumia viambishi vya lugha ya scripting vinavyowekwa mbele ya HTML source code katika ukurasa wa tovuti kuhifadhiwa katika ugani sahihi katika server, kama vile .asp au .php. == Historia ya nywila == Nywila au '''misemo''' zimetumika tangu zamani. [[Polybius]] anaelezea mfumo wa usambazaji wa nywila katika [[Jeshi la Kirumi]] kama ifuatavyo: : Njia ambayo wao hutumia kupitisha msemo wa usiku ni kama ifuatavyo: kutoka [[maniple]] ya kumi ya kila darasa la infantry na cavalry, maniple ambayo imepiga kambi katika eneo la chini mwishoni wa mtaa, mtu huteuliwa na kupumzishwa kutoka wajibu wa kulinda, naye kila siku saa za machweo huhudhuria hema ya [[Tribune]], na kupokea kutoka kwake msemo - yaani ubao ambamo neno hilo limeandikwa - anaondoka, na anapokurudi katika maskani yake anapitisha msemo pamoja na ubao mbele ya mashahidi kwa kamanda wa maniple ijayo, ambao nao huipitisha kwa iliyo karibu nao. Wote hufanya hivyo mpaka inafikia maniple za kwanza, wale waliopiga kambi karibu na mahema ya tribune. Hawya wa mwisho wana wajibu wa kutoa ubao kwa tribunes kabla ya giza kuingia. Ili kwamba ikiwa zote zilizotolewa zimerudi, Tribune anajua kwamba maniples wote wamepewa msemo, na umewapiti wote katika njia yake kurudi kwake. Kama mojawapo haiko, hufanya uchunguzi mara moja, kwani anajua kwa alama ni kutoka maskani yapi ambapo ubao haukurudi, na aliyesababisha kusimishwa huko hukutana na adhabu inayomstahili. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://ancienthistory.about.com/library/bl/bl_text_polybius6.htm |title=Polybius on the Roman Military |accessdate=2009-12-23 |archivedate=2008-02-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207011711/http://ancienthistory.about.com/library/bl/bl_text_polybius6.htm }}</ref> Matumizi ya nywila katika kijeshi yaligeuka na kujumuisha sio nywila tu, lakini pia nywila kinyume; kwa mfano katika siku ya kwanza ya [[Mapigano ya Normandy]], wanajeshi wanaoruka kwa miamvuli kutoka 101 Airbourne Division ya Marekani walitumia nywila - "thunder" - ambayo iliwasilishwa kama changamoto, na kuitikiwa kwa jibu sahihi - "flash". Changamoto na mwitikio ziligeuzwa mara kwa mara. Wanajeshi wa Marekani wanaoruka kwa miamvuli pia walitumia kifaa maarufu kinachojulikana kama "cricket" wakati wa [[D-Day]] badala ya mfumo wa nywila kama njia ya kipekee kwa muda ya utambulisho; bofya moja yenye sauti ya chuma iliyotolewa na kifaa hicho kama nywila kulifaa kuitikiwa na bofya mbili. <ref>Bando, Mark ''Screaming Eagles: Tales of the 101st Airbourne Division in World War II'' </ref> Nywila zimetumika kwa kompyuta tangu siku za mwanzo za kompyuta. [[CTSS]], kutoka [[MIT]] mojawapo ya mifumo ya kwanza ya kugawana muda, ilianzishwa mwaka wa 1961. Ilikuwa na amri ya INGIA ambayo ilimwitisha mtumiaji nywila. "Baada ya kuwekaa NYWILA, mtambo ulifunga kifaa cha uchapishaji, kama ikiwezekana, ili mtumiaji kuweza kutia nywila yake kwa faragha." <ref> CTSS Programmers Guide, 2nd Ed., MIT Press, 1965</ref> [[Robert Morris]] alizindua wazo la kuhifadhi nywila katika mfumo wa heshi kama sehemu ya mfumo wa uendeshaji wa [[Unix.]] Algorithimu yake, ikijulikana kama [[crypt (3)]], alitumia [[chumvi]] ya bits 12 na kuita mfumo wa algorithm ya [[DES]] uliogeuzwa mara 25 na kupunguza hatari ya [[Pre-computed dictionary attacks.]] ==Angalia pia== * [[Access code]] * [[Uthibitishaji]] * [[CAPTCHA]] * [[Diceware]] * [[Keyfile]] * [[Passphrase]] * [[Password manager]] * [[Password policy]] * [[Password psychology]] * [[Password strength]] * [[Password length parameter]] * [[Password Cracking]] * [[Password fatigue]] * [[Password-authenticated key agreement]] * [[Password notification e-mail]] * [[Password synchronization]] * [[Pre-shared key]] * [[Random password generator]] * [[Rainbow table]] * [[Self-service password reset]] * [[Shibboleth]] == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.passwordresearch.com/stats/statindex.html Large collection of Statistics about passwords] * [http://www.acsac.org/2005/abstracts/89.html Graphical Passwords: A Survey] * [http://labs.mininova.org/passclicks/ PassClicks] {{Wayback|url=http://labs.mininova.org/passclicks/ |date=20070806010916 }} * [http://www.network-research-group.org/default.asp?page=publications PassImages] {{Wayback|url=http://www.network-research-group.org/default.asp?page=publications |date=20081202003003 }} * [http://www.jablon.org/passwordlinks.html Links for password-based cryptography] * [http://www.emiic.net/docs/PasswordGuide.pdf Procedural Advice for Organizations and Administrators] {{Wayback|url=http://www.emiic.net/docs/PasswordGuide.pdf |date=20110218140320 }} * [http://www.ftp.cl.cam.ac.uk/ftp/users/rja14/tr500.pdf Memorability and Security of Passwords] - Cambridge University Computer Laboratory study of password memorability vs security. [[Jamii:Kompyuta]] 6nlww94q8dlrtumtjqdlp8d6uj7fdh6 1612678 1612673 2026-11-03T05:01:42Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1612678 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vyanzo}} '''Nywila''' au '''nenosiri''' ni [[neno]] au mfululizo wa maandishi ya siri ambayo hutumiwa kuthibitisha utambulisho au kumwezesha mtu kupata rasilimali fulani. Nywila lazima iwe [[siri]] kwa wale wasioruhusiwa kuingia. Matumizi ya nywila yanajulikana toka zamani. Mababu waliwadai waliotaka kuingia au kukaribia eneo lao kutoa nywila au ''msemo'' fulani. Mababu walimruhusu tu mtu au kikundi fulani kupita kama walijua nywila hiyo. Katika nyakati za sasa, [[majina ya utumiaji]] na nywila hutumiwa kwa kawaida na watu wakati wa [[udhibiti wa kuingia]] katika taratibu za kompyuta zilizolindwa, [[simu ya mkononi]], [[Televisheni za malipo]], [[mashine za ATM]], nk. [[Mtumiaji wa kompyuta]]anaweza kuhitaji nywila kwa sababu nyingi: kuingia katika akaunti za kompyuta, kufungua [[barua pepe]] kutoka kwa mtandao, kufikia programu, hifadhidata, mitandao, tovuti, na hata asubuhi kusoma gazeti kwenye mtandao. Si lazima nywila kuwa maneno halisi; hakika nywila ambazo si maneno haswa huwa ngumu zaidi kubahatisha, jambo ambalo ni zuri. Baadhi ya nywila huundwa kutoka maneno mengi na hivyo basi ukwa usahihi zaidi huitwa [[Nywilanahau]]. Jina '''nywilafumbo''' wakati mwingine hutumika wakati ujumbe wa siri ni Nambari tu, kama vile [[nambari binafsi ya utambulisho]] (PIN) kawaida hutumiwa kwa ATM. Nywila huwa ni fupi kuweza kukumbukwa kwa urahisi na na kubonyezwa chapa. Kwa minajili ya kuthibitisha zaidi utambulisho wa kifaa cha kompyuta kimoja na kingine, nywila zina walakini mkubwa (zinaweza kuibiwa, kunakiliwa, kusahaulika, nk) ikilinganishwa na mifumo ya kuthibitisha inayotegemea [[itifaki za Kriptografia]] ambazo ni vigumu zaidi kuvunja. == Rahisi kukumbuka, ngumu kubahatisha == Jinsi nywila ilivyo rahisi kwa mmiliki kuikumbuka ndivyo ilivyo rahisi kwa [[mfyonzi]] kuipata. Nywila zilizo ngumu kuzikumbuka hupunguza usalama wa taratibu kwa sababu (a) watumiaji watahitaji kuandika au kuzihifadhi nywila hizo kielektroniki, (b) watumiaji watahitaji kuzihariri nywila zao mara kwa mara na (c)uwezekano wa watumiaji kutumia nywila ile ile kuongezeka. Vilevile, jinsi inavyohitajika ugumu wa nywila kuwa, kwa mfano, "kuwa na mchanganyiko wa herufi kubwa na ndogo na tarakimu" au "kubadilishwa kila mwezi," ndivyo uwezekano wa watumiaji kuivunja taratibu unavyoongezeka. <ref>[http://all.net/journal/netsec/1997-09.html ] {{Wayback|url=http://all.net/journal/netsec/1997-09.html |date=20080302044633 }} Fred Kohen na Wenzake</ref> Katika makala ya<ref> [http://homepages.cs.ncl.ac.uk/jeff.yan/jyan_ieee_pwd.pdf The Memorability and Security of Passwords] {{Wayback|url=http://homepages.cs.ncl.ac.uk/jeff.yan/jyan_ieee_pwd.pdf |date=20120414222419 }}</ref> Jeff Yan et al. kuchunguza athari za ushauri waliopewa watumiaji kuhusu uchaguzi mzuri wa nywila. Waligindua kwamba nywila zinazoundwa kwa kufikiri nahau na kuchukua herufi ya kwanza ya kila neno, ni rahisi kukumbuka kama nywila zilizochaguliwa bila maarifa fulani, na ngumu kama zilizochaugliwa bila kutumia mfumo wowote. Kuchanganya ''maneno mawili yasiyohusiana'' ni njia nyingine nzuri. Njia nyingine ya kibinafsi ni kuwa na [[algorithimu]] ya kuzalisha nywila. Hata hivyo, kuwataka watumiaji kukumbuka nywila inayojumuisha "mchanganyiko wa herufi kubwa na ndogo" ni kama kuwauliza kukumbuka mfululizo wa bits: ngumu kukumbuka, na vigumu kidogo kuvunja (km ni mara 128 vigumu kuvunja nywila ya herufi 7, rahisi kidogo kama mtumiaji ametumia herufi kubwa katika herufi ya kwanza). Kuwataka watumiaji kutumia "herufi na tarakimu" mara nyingi hupelekea mabadilisho rahisi kuonekana kama vile 'E' -> '3 'na' I '-> '1', mabadilisho ambayo yanajulikana na wavunjaji. Vilevile kupiga chapa nywila kwenye kibodi mstari mmoja juu ni hila ya kawaida inayojulikana na wavunjaji. == Mambo ya kuzingatiwa katika usalama wa mfumo wa nywila == Usalama wa mfumo wowote iliyolindwa na nywila unategemea mambo kadhaa. Mfumo kwa jumla lazima, bila shaka, kuundwa kwa usalama dhabiti, pamoja na ulinzi dhidi ya [[virusi vya kompyuta]], [[mashambulio ya mtu-wa-katikati]]na kadhalika. Masuala ya usalama wa kimwili pia ni muhimu, ili kuzuia [[kurambaza kwa bega]]na vitisho zaidi kama vile kwa kutumia kamera za video na wanaonusa kibodi. Bila shaka, nywila zinapaswa kuchaguliwa ili kwamba ni vigumu kwa mshambulizi kubahatisha na vigumu kwake kuigundua kwa kutumia programu automatiska zozote (au zote) zinazopatikana. Angalia [[nguvu ya nywila, usalama wa kompyuta]], na [[ukosefu wa usalama wa kompyuta]]. Udhibiti madhubuti wa upatikanaji wa vifungu kwa wahalifu unaweza kuwafanya wachukue hatua dubwana wakitafuta kupata nywila au ishara za biometriska. <ref> [[news.bbc.co.uk:]] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4396831.stm Malaysia car thieves steal finger]</ref> Hapa ni baadhi ya masuala maalum ya usimamizi wa nywila ambayo lazima kuzingatiwa katika kufikiria, kuchagua, na utunzaji, wa nywila. === Kima cha idadi ambayo mshambulizi anaweza kujaribu kubahatisha nywila === Kima cha idadi ambayo mshambulizi anaweza kuwasilisha nywila ya kubahatisha ni kipengee muhimu katika kuamua usalama wa mfumo ulioko. Baadhi ya mifumo ya usalama humlazimisha mtumiaji muda wa sekunde kadhaa baada ya idadi ndogo (kwa mfano, tatu) ya majaribio kutofaulu. Bila ya kuwepo kwa hatari nyingine, mifumo hiyo inaweza kufanywa salama kwa urahisi, kama imechaguliwa vizuri na kuwa haiwezi kubahatishwa kwa urahisi.[6] Mifumo mingi huhifadhi au kuwasilisha [[heshi ya Kriptografia]]ya nywila katika hali ambayo huifanya thamani ya heshi kupatikana na mshambulizi. Wakati hili hufanywa, na ni kawaida sana, mshambulizi anaweza kufanya kazi nje ya mtandao, na kupima haraka nywila bandia dhidi ya thamani ya heshi ya kweli. Nywila zinazotumika kuzalisha funguo za kriptografia (kwa mfano, usalama kama vile [[disk encryption]] au [[Wi-Fi]]) pia zinaweza kubahatishwa kwa kiwango kikubwa. Orodha za nywila zinazotumika sana zinazopatikana kwa wingi na zinaweza kufanya mashambulizi ya nywila kufaulu kwa urahisi. (Tazama [[Kuvunja Nywila).]] Usalama katika hali kama hizo unategemea kutumia nywila au nywilanahau ngumu kiasi cha kufanya shambulio kutowezekana kimtambo. Baadhi ya mifumo, kama vile PGP na Wi-Fi WPA hutumia heshi ya nywila taraklishi ili kupunguza mashambulizi. === Namna ya kuhifadhi nywila === Baadhi ya mifumo ya kompyuta kuhifadhi nywila kama [[maandishi wazi]], ambayo hulinganisha na majaribio ya mtumiaji kuingia. Kama mshambulizi anaweza kupata hifadhi kama hiyo ya ndani ya nywila, nywila zote -na hivyo basi akaunti zote za watumiaji -zitaathiriwa. Kama baadhi ya watumiaji hutumia nywila sawa katika akaunti tofauti, zitaathiriwa vilevile. Mifumo salama zaidi kuhifadhi kila nywila katika mfumo unaolindwa kikriptografia, hivi kwamba kufikia nywila yenyew bado huwa vigumu kwa yeyote ambaye ameingia katika hifadhi hiyo, wakati udhibitishaji wa majaribio ya watumiaji unabaki ukiwezekana. Namna moja maarufu ni kutumia nywila iliyo "heshiwa". Mtumiaji anapoweka nywila katika mfumo huo, programu ya utunzaji nywila hupitia katika [[heshi ya kriptografia]], na kama thamani ya heshi iliyotokana na jaribio la mtumiaji inalingana na heshi iliyohifadhiwa katika hifadhidata ya nywila, mtumiaji anaruhusiwa kuingia. Thamani ya heshi huumbwa kwa kutumia tenzi ya heshi (kwa upinzani maradufu dhidi ya mashambulizi hii inapaswa kuwa [[tenzi ya heshi kriptografia)]] na kuitia katika mfululizo wa maandishi unaojumuisha nywila iliyowekwa na, kwa kawaida, thamani nyingine inayojulikana kama [[chumvi.]] Chumvi huzuia washambuliaji kutojenga orodha ya thamani za heshi za nywila zinazotumiwa sana kwa urahisi. [[MD5]] na [[SHA1]] hutumiwa mara nyingi kama tenzi za hehsi kriptografia. Namna moja ya [[DES]] algorithm iliyobadilishwa kiasi iliwahi kutumika katika [[Unix]]. Tenzi ya UNIX DES ilipaniwa kufanya tenzi ya heshi sawa kwenda polepole, ili kughathabisha zaidi majaribio ya washambulizi kubahatisha kiautomatiska, na ilitumia nywila mgombea kama ufunguo wa kutia fumbo kwa thamani ya kudumu, hivyo basi kuzuia shambulio jingine kwa mfumo wa kuficha nywila. Hivi karibuni, Unix na programu zingine kama Unix (km, [[Linux]] au [[BSD]] ) hutumia mifumo ambayo wengi wanaamini kuwa ina kinga madhubuti zaidi kwani ina msingi ya MD5, SHA1, Blowfish, Twofish, au algorithimu nyingine kadhaa za kuzuia au kughathabisha mashambulizi ya hifadhi za faili za nywila <ref>[7] ^ [http://www.usenix.org/publications/login/2004-06/pdfs/alexander.pdf Password Protection for Modern Operating Systems]</ref> Ikiwa tenzi ya heshi imeundwa vyema, itakuwa jambo lisilowezekana kitaraklishi kuigeuza moja kwa moja ili kupata [[maandishi wazi]] ya nywila. Hata hivyo, mifumo mingi hailindi heshi za nywila zao vya kutosha, na kama mshambulizi anaweza kupata kufikia nywila zilizowekwa heshi anaweza kutumia zana ambazo zinapatikana kwa wingi na kulinganisha matokeo ya kila neno lilotiwa fumbo kutoka kwa baadhi ya orodha, kama vile kamusi (nyingi zinapatikana kwenye mtandao wa Interneti). Orodha kubwa za nywila zinazowezekana katika lugha nyingi sana zinapatikana kwenye interneti, kama vile programu za kujaribu kubahatisha mifumo tofauti. Kuwepo kwa [[Vifaa vya Kamusi za mashambulio]] hizi hufanya idadi ya nywila zinazoweza kuepuka mashambulizi kuwa finyu; hazifai kupatikana katika orodha kama hizo. Ni wazi kuwa, maneno katika orodha hizo lazima yaepukwe kutumiwa kama nywila. Matumizi ya [[heshi ya kuvuta ufunguo kama vile PBKDF2]] inanuiwa kupunguza hatari hii. Tenzi ya heshi iliyoundwa visivyo inaweza kufanya mashambulizi kuwa yakinifu hata kama nywila zeny nguvu zimetumiwa. Tazama [[heshi ya LM]] inayotumiwa sana, na isiyo na salama wowote, mfano. [http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=KB;EN-US;q299656 ] === Mbinu za kusadikisha nywila katika mtandao === Mbinu mbalimbali zimetumika kudhibitisha nywila katika mandhari ya mtandao: ==== Kuwasilishwa kwa nywila ==== Nywila zinaweza kutekwa kwa urahisi (yaani, "snooping") wakati wa kuwasilishwa kwa mashine au mtu anayefanya udhibitishaji. Kama nywila inawasilishwa kama signali ya umeme katika nyaya zisizowekwa usalama kati ya upande wa mtumiaji na hifadhidata ya kudhibiti nywila, inaweza kutekwa kwa kutumia mbinu ya [[wiretapping]]. Kama inawasilishwa kama pakiti za data kwenye mtandao wa interneti, mtu yeyote anayeweza kuzitazama [[pakiti]] zenye ujumbe wa kuingia anaweza kuziteka bila ya kujulikana. Barua Pepe wakati mwingine hutumiwa kusambaza nywila. Kwa vile barua pepe mara mingi hutumwa kama [[maandishi wazi]], inaweza kupatikana bila juhudi wakati usafiri kwa 'mdukizaji' yoyote. Aidha, barua pepe itahifadhiwa angalau katika kompyuta mbili kama maandishi wazi- ile ya anayeituma na ya mpokeaji. Kama itapita katika kompyuta zingine hapo katikati wakati wa safari yake, kuna uwezekano itahifadhiwa pale pia, hata kama ni kwa muda tu. Majaribio ya kufuta barua pepe kutoka hatari hizi zote yaweza, au yasiweze kufanikiwa; [[Hifadhi]] au faili za historia au [[cache]] katika mojawapo ya kompyuta zaweza kuwa na barua pepe hiyo. Hakika kutambulisha tu kila moja ya kompyuta zile ni kazi ngumu. Kutuma nywila kwa barua pepe ni mbinu hatari ya usambazaji kwa ujumla. Mfano wa usambazaji wa nywila kwa kutumia [[maandishi wazi]] ni tovuti ya mwanzo ya [[Wikipedia]]. Watumiaji walipoingia ndani ya akaunti zao za Wikipedia, [[Jina la Mtumiaji]] na nywila yako zilitumwa kutoka kivinjari cha kompyuta yako kupitia interneti kama maandishi wazi. Kimsingi, mtu yeyote angeweza kuyasoma wakati wa kuwasilishwa na baadaye kuingia katika akaunti yako kama wewe; server za Wikipedia hazina namna ya kubainisha mshambulizi na mtumiaji wa kweli. Katika hali halisi, idadi kubwa isiyojulikana ingeweza kufanya hivyo (km, wafanyakazi katika kampuni inayokuletea huduma ya Interneti, wakati wowote katika njia ambayo trafiki inapita, nk). Hivi majuzi, Wikipedia imetowa mfumo wa kuingia wenye usalama zaidi, ambayo, kama tovuti nyingi za e-commerce, hutumia itifaki za kikriptografia ya [[SSL]] / [[(TLS)]] ili kuepuka uwasilishaji wa maandishi wazi. Lakini, kwa sababu mtu yeyote anaweza kupata Wikipedia (bila hata ya kuingia kwa akaunti), na kisha ahariri karibu makala yote, twaweza sema kwamba hakuna haja ya kutia fumbo uwasilishaji huu kwani hakuna mengi ya kulindwa. Tovuti nyingine (km, benki na taasisi za fedha) zina mahitaji tofauti kabisa ya usalama, na uwasilishaji wa aina yoyote katika maandishi wazi ni kukosa usalama kabisa. Kutumia mbinu ya kutia fumbo kwa upande wa mtumiaji kutalinda tu uwasilishaji kutoka kompyuta ya utunzaji hadi kwa kompyuta ya mteja. Uwasilishaji wa awali au baadaye wa barua pepe hiyo hautakuwa umelindwa na pengine barua pepe hiyo itahifadhiwa kwenye kompyuta kadhaa, kwa hakika katika kompyuta ilikotoka na kompyuta itakayoipokea, mara nyingi katika maandishi wazi. ==== Uwasilishaji kupitia mikondo iliyotiwa fumbo ==== Hatari ya kutekwa kwa nywila zilizotumwa kwa mtandao wa interneti inaweza kupunguzwa, kati ya mbinu nyingine, kwa kutumia mbinu ya [[Kriptografia]]. Inayotumika zaidi ni ile ya [[Transport Layer Security]] (TLS, iliyoitwa hapo awali [[SSL)]] iliyojumuishwa ndani ya [[vivinjari]] vingi vya sasa vya interneti. Vivinjari vingi humfahamisha mtumiaji wa mitambo iliyolindwa kwa TLS / SSL kwa kuonyesha alama, au baadhi ya ishara nyingine, wakati TLS ni kutumia. Kuna mbinu nyingine kadhaa katika matumizi; Tazama [[cryptography]]. ==== Mbinu za kutumia changamoto-mwitikio kwa misingi ya Heshi ==== Walakini, kuna mgogoro kati ya kuhifadhi nywila zilizoheshiwa na [[udhibitishaji kwa kutumia changamoto-mwitikio]]; ya pili inahitaji mteja kuthibitisha kwa server kwamba anajua [[siri jumuiya]] (yaani, nywila), na kufanya hivyo, lazima server iweze kupata siri jumuiya kutoka mfumo wake wa kuhifadhiwa. Katika mitambo mingi (pamoja na ile ya [[Unix]]) kufanya udhibitishaji kwa umbali, siri jumuiya kwa kawaida huheshiwa na ina upungufu wa kuwa inaweza kubahatishwa nje ya mtandao. Aidha, wakati heshi inatumika kama siri jumuiya, mshambulizi hahitaji nywila asili kujidhibitisha kwa umbali; anahitaji heshi tu. ==== Udhibitishaji wa Nywila wa Zero-knowledge ==== Badala kuwasilisha nywila, au heshi ya nywila, mitambo ya [[password-authenticated key agreement]] inaweza kufanya udhibitisha[[sifuri-maarifa password ushahidi]], ambayo inathibitisha maarifa ya siri bila kuwasababishia yake. Isitoshe, mifumo ya augmented [[password-authenticated makubaliano muhimu]] (kwa mfano, [[först, B-Speke, PAK-Z, SRP-6)]] wote kuepuka mgogoro na juu ya makao hash mbinu. Mfumo uliodhabitiwa unaruhusu mteja kuthibitisha kuwa anajua nywila kwa server, ambapo server inajua tu (na sio kikamilifu) heshi ya nywila, na ambapo nywila isiyokuwa na heshi inahitajika kuweza kuingia. === Taratibu za kubadilisha nywila === Kwa kawaida, mtambo wowote lazima utoe njia ya kubadili nywila, aidha kwa sababu mtumiaji anaamini (au kuna uwezekano kuwa) nywila yake imetekwa, au kama tendo la kutahadhari. Nywila mpya ikipitishwa kwenye mtambo b, usalama inaweza kuwa njia (eg, via wiretapping) hata kabla ya mwezi password wanaweza hata kuwa imewekwa katika password database. Na, bila shaka, kama nywila mpya itapewa kwa mfanyakazi asiyekuwa mwaminifu, hakuna. Baadhi ya tovuti hujumuisha nywila aliyoichagua mtumiaji katika barua pepe ya kudhibitisha katika mfumo usiokuwa na fumbo, na hapo basi pamoja na dhahiri iliongezeka mazingira magumu. [[Mitambo ya Usimamizi wa utambulisho]] inazidi kutumika katika kutoa nywila mbadala kwa zilizopotea, hulka iitwayo [[self service password reset.]] Utambulisho wa mtumiaji huthibitishwa kwa kuuliza maswali na kulinganisha na majibu yaliyohifadhiwa awali (yaani, wakati akaunti ikafunguliwa). Maswali yanayotumika sana ni kama: "Ulizaliwa wapi?," "Senema uipendayo zaidi ni ipi?" au "Jina la mnyama wako?" Mara nyingi majibu ya maswali haya yanaweza kubahatishwa kwa urahisi na mshambulizi, kudhamiriwa kwa juhudi Asili utafiti, au kupatikana kwa njia ya [[kijamii uhandisi]], na hivyo huu ni kidogo kuliko kikamilifu kuridhisha kama ukaguzi technique. Ingawa watumiaji wengi wamepata mafunzo kamwe kutotoa nywila zao, wachache kufikiria jina la yao favorite movie pet au kuhitaji huduma sawa. === Urefu wa maisha ya nywila=== "Kuzeeka kwa nywila" ni hulka ya baadhi ya mitambo ya taraklishi ambayo huwalazimisha watumiaji kubadilisha nywila zao mara kwa mara (mfano, kila robo mwaka, kila mwezi au hata mara nyingi zaidi), ili kuhakikisha kuwa nywila iliyoibiwa haitumiki wa muda mrefu. Sera kama hizi huibua malalamishi kutoka watumiaji mguu-dragging saa bora na uadui saa mbaya. Watumiaji wanaweza kuunda mifumo yenye tofauti rahisi ili kufanya nywila zao rahisi kukumbuka. Isitoshe, ara nyingi manufaa ya usalama ni machache, kwa sababu washambulizi hutumia nywila punde tu wanapoiteka, kwani muda kabla ya kubadilisha is required. Mara nyingi, hasa kwa akaunti za msimamzi au za "shina" , mara an attacker imepata upatikanaji, hawezi kufanya alterations [[mfumo wa uendeshaji]] ambayo itaruhusu baadaye naye kupata hata baada ya awali password alitumia muda wake. (se [[rootkit).]] Kutekeleza sera kama hii kunahitaji kutilia maanani kwa makini vipengele muhimu vya kibinadamu. === Idadi ya watumiaji kwa kila nywila === Wakati mwingine nywila moja hudhibiti upatikanaji wa kifaa fulani, kwa mfano, router ya mtandao, au simu ya mkononi inayolindwa kwa nywila. Hata hivyo, katika [[mtambo wa kompyuta]], nywila kwa kawaida huhifadhiwa kwa kila akaunti, hivyo basi kufanya uingiaji wote kufuatilika (ila, bila shaka, wakati watumiaji wa kugawana password). Mtu yeyote anayenuia kutumia mtambo wowote lazima aweke Jina la mtumizi na nywila vilevile, na mara kwa mara baadaye. Kama mtumiaji akitoa nywila inayolingana a password mmoja kuhifadhiwa kwa ajili ya kupatiwa username, yeye au yeye ni zaidi inaruhusiwa kuingia mfumo wa kompyuta. Hivi ndivyo ilivyo pia katika mashine za fedha, isipokuwa kwamba 'Jina la mtumiaji' kwa kawaida ni nambari ya akaunti iliyouhifadhiwa kwenye kadi ya benki ya mteja, na PIN ni kawaida kabisa fupi (4-6 digits). Kutoa nywila tofauti kwa kila mtumiaji wa mtambo ni bor zaidi kuliko kuwa na password moja hutumiwa na watumiaji wa halali wa mfumo, hakika kutoka synvinkel usalama. Hii ni kwa sababu watumiaji wako radhi zaidi kumwambia mtu mwingine (ambaye huenda hajaidhinishwa) nywila ya pamoja kuliko nywila yao ya kipekee. Nywila za pamoja pia si rahisi sana kubadilisha kwa sababu watu wengi wanahitaji kujulishwa wakati mmoja, na hufanya kuondolewa kwa mtumiaji fulani kuwa vigumu zaidi, kwa mfano baada ya mahafali au mtu kujiuzulu. Nywila kwa-kila-mtumiaji pia ni muhimu kama watumiaji watatakiwa kuwajibikia shughuli zao, kama vile maamuzi ya fedha ya matibabu transaktioner au viewing records. === Kuundwa kwa nywila iliyolindwa === Mbinu maarufu zinazotumika kuboresha mifumo ya usalama wa programu ya ulinzi wa nywila n: * Kutoonyesha nywila kwenye kiwambo wakati mtumiaji anapoitia au kuificha wakati wa kutiwa kwa kutumia asteriski (*) au risasi (•). * Kuruhusu nywila zenye urefu wa kutosha (baadhi ya mitambo ya uendeshaji, kama vile toleo za hapo awali za Unix mapema na Windows, mdogo password en 8 tabia upeo. * Kuwataka watumiaji kutia nywila zao tena baada ya muda fulani bila ya kutokuwa na shughuli (sera ya semi log-off). * Utekelezaji wa [[sera ya nywila]] kuongeza [[nguvu]] na usalama. ** Kuhitaji mabadiliko ya mara kwa mara ya nywila. ** Kupeana nywila ziliochaguliwa bila mapendeleo. ** Inayohitaji nywila zenye kuhitaji urefu wa chini au upeo. ** Baadhi ya mifumo huhitaji herufi kutoka madarasa ya herufi mbalimbali katika nywila -kwa mfano, "lazima angalau moja uppercase na angalau mmoja barua lowercase". Hata hivyo, nywila zenye herufi zote ndogo ni salama zaidi kuliko vikichanganywa keystroke per capitalization password <ref> [http://world.std.com/~reinhold/dicewarefaq.html#capitalize "To Capitalize or Not to Capitalize?"] </ref> ** Kutoa mbadala kwa kutiwa kwa kibodi (mfano, nywila za kusemwa na mdomo, au [[nywila biometriska]]). * Kutumia vichuguu vilivyotiwa fumbo au mfumo wa [[password-authenticated key agreement]] kuzuia upatikanaji wa zinaa kupitia mtandao password mashambulizi * Uzuiaji wa idadi ya majaribio yanayoshindwa ndani ya muda aliopewa (kuzuia unaorudiwa password guessing). Baada ya kikomo kufikiwa, jitihada zaidi hushindwa (z na jitihada password sahihi) mpaka mwanzo wa kipindi ijayo. Hata hivyo, hii ina hatari kutoka kwa aina ya [[kunyimwa huduma ya shambulio hilo.]] * Kucheleweshwa katika majaribio ya kutia nywila ili kupunguza kasi ya mipango automatiska ya kubahatisha nywila. Baadhi ya hatua za utekelezaji wa sera sugu zinaweza kuwatenga watumiaji, na uwezekano wa kupungua kwa usalama kama matokeo. == Kuvunja nywila == Kujaribu kuvunja nywila kwa kufanya majaribio menig iwezekanavyo kama utakavyowezesha na muda na pesa ni [[shambulio la nguvu]] Mbinu inayohusiana na hii, ambayo ina ufanisi zaidi katika kesi nyingi, ni shambulio kamusi. Katika shambulio kamusi, maneno yote katika kamusi moja au zaidi hujaribiwa. Orodha za nywila za kawaida pia hujaribiwa. [[Nguvu ya nywila]] ni uwezekano kwamba password haiwezi kubahatishwa au kugunduliwa kwa urahisi, na inatofautiana na shambulio algorithm kutumika. Nywila zinazogunduliwa kwa urahisi huitwa ''dhaifu'' au ''mazingira magumu;'' password au haiwezekani vigumu sana kugundua wanaochukuliwa ''nguvu.'' Kuna programu kadhaa zinazopatikana kuvunjia nywila (au hata ukaguzi na ahueni wafanyakazi wa mitambo) kama vile [[L0phtCrack, Yohana Ripper]], na [[Kaini;]] baadhi ambazo matumizi password design vulnerabilities (kama zinapatikana katika mfumo Microsoft LANManager) ili kuongeza ufanisi. Programu hizi wakati mwingine kutumiwa na wasimamizi wa mitambo kuchunguza nywila dhaifu ziliopendekezwa na watumiaji. Utafiti wa mifumo ya uzalishaji wa kompyuta imezidi kuonyesha kuwa sehemu kubwa ya nywila zote zilizochaguliwa na watumiaji hubahatishwa kiautomatiska. Kwa mfano, Chuo Kikuu cha Columbia kiliripoti kuwa asilimia 22 ya nywila za watumiaji zinaweza kupaitikana kwa juhudi kidogo tu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www1.cs.columbia.edu/~crf/howto/password-howto.html |title=Password |accessdate=2009-12-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609222522/http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~crf/howto/password-howto.html |archivedate=2007-06-09 }}</ref> Kulingana na [[Bruce Schneier]], akichunguza data kutoka shambilizi la [[phishing]] la 2006, asilimia 55 ya nywila za MySpace zingeweza kuvunjwa katika masaa 8 kwa kutumia kifaa kinachoauzwa cha Password Recovery Toolkit chenye uwezo wa kujaribu nywila 200,000 kila sekundu mnamo mwaka wa 2006. <ref>[12] ^ [http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2006/12/realworld_passw.html Schneier, Real-World Passwords]</ref> Pia aliripoti kuwa nywila maarufu zaidi ni ''password1,'' na kuthibitisha tena hali ya kutojua kwa ujumla wa namna ya kushughulikia nywila miongoni mwa watumiaji. (Hata hivyo alisisitiza kuwa, kwa kuzingatia takwimu hizi, ubora wa nywila umeboreshwa kwa jumla katika miaka ya hivi punde -kwa mfano, urefu wa wastani ulikuwa hadi herufi nane kutoka chini ya saba katika uchunguzi wa awali, na chini ya asilimia 4 yalikuwa maneno ya kamusi. <ref> {{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.wired.com/politics/security/commentary/securitymatters/2006/12/72300 |title=MySpace Passwords Aren't So Dumb |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021234927/http://www.wired.com/politics/security/commentary/securitymatters/2006/12/72300 |archivedate=2010-10-21 |accessdate=2009-12-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==== Tukio la 1998 ==== Tarehe 16 Julai 1998, [[CERT]] ilitoa taarifa ya tukio <ref name="CERT IN-98.03">{{cite web | url=http://www.cert.org/incident_notes/IN-98.03.html | title=CERT IN-98.03 | accessdate=2009-09-09 | archive-date=2009-10-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016094832/http://www.cert.org/incident_notes/IN-98.03.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> ambapo mdukizaji mmoja alikusanya majina na akaunti 186,126 pamoja na nywila zao zilizotiwa fumbo. Wakati wa ugunduzi, mdukizaji alikuwa amebahatisha nywila 47,642 (nywila 25.6) akitumia kifaa cha kuvunjia nywila. Nywila hizo zilionekana kuwa zilikusanywa kutoka maeneo mengine kadhaa, baadhi yao ziligunduliwa lakini si zote. Hili bado ndilo tukio kubwa zaidi kuwahi kuripotiwa hadi sasa. == Mbinu Mbadala mbali na nywila za kudhibiti uingiaji == Njia mbalimbali ambazo nywila za kudumu au kudumu kwa muda zinavyoweza kuathirika zimechochea kubuniwa kwa mbinu nyingine. Walakini, baadhi yao ni duni kimatumizi, na hali halisi ni chache tu zinazopatikana kwa kote kwa watumiaji wanaotafuta njia mbadala salama zaidi. * [[Nywila za matumizi moja]] Kuwa na nywila ambayo ni halali mara moja tu inafanya uwezekano wa mashambulizi mengi kutowezekana. Watumiaji wengi huona kuwa nywila za matumizi moja ni hazifai mno. Hata hivyo, zimetumika sana katika kufanya shughuli za [[benki kwenye mtandao]], ambapo zinajulikana kama [[TANs]]. Kwa vile watumiaji wengi wa nyumbani hufanya idadi ndogo tu ya mashirikiano ya kila wiki, utoaji wa nywila za matumizi moja haujasababisha wateja kutoridhika pakubwa katika kesi hii. * [[Hundi za Usalama]] ni sawa katika njia kadhaa na nywila za matumizi moja, lakini thamani ya inayoweka huonyeshwa katika kifaa kidogo (kinachobebeka mfukoni) na hubadilika kila dakika moja hivi. * Udhibiti wa kuingia kwa msingi wa [[public key cryptography]] km [[SSH]]. Funguo muhimu kwa kawaida ni kubwa mno kukaririwa (lakini tazama pendekezo la [http://eprint.iacr.org/2005/434 Passmaze)] {{Wayback|url=http://eprint.iacr.org/2005/434 |date=20060614024642 }} na lazima zihifadhiwe kwenye kompyuta ya karibu, hundi ya Usalama au kifaa cha kumbukumbu, kama vile [[flash disk]] au [[floppy disk.]] * Mbinu za [[Biometrika]] hutoa uthibitishaji kwa misingi ya hulka za kibinafsi zisizoweza kubadilishwa, lakini kwa sasa (2008) zina kiwango kikubwa cha makosa na huhitaji vifaa zaidi vya ku, kwa mfano, [[Fingerprint]], [[iris]], nk Zimethibitika kuwa rahisi kuepukwa katika baadhi ya matukio maarufu ya kupima mitambo inayouzwa, kwa mfano, gummie Fingerprint spoof demonstration, <ref> T Matsumoto. H Matsumotot, K Yamada, na S Hoshino, Impact of artificial 'Gummy' Fingers on Fingerprint Systems. Proc SPIE, vol 4677, Optical Security and Counterfeit Deterrence Techniques IV or itu.int/itudoc/itu-t/workshop/security/resent/s5p4.pdf PG 356</ref> na, kwa sababu hizi ni hulka zisizoweza kubadilika, haziwezi zikabadilishwa hata ikiwa zimeathirika; hili ni jambo muhimu sana kuzingatiwa katika kudhibiti uingiaji kwa sababu hundi iliyoathirika sio salama. * Teknolojia ya [[Single si-on]] ni alidai kuondokana na haja ya kuwa na multiple password. Programu kama hizo hazimwepushi mtumiaji au msimamizi kutokana na kuchagua nywila kwa busara, wala waundaji wa mitambo au wasimamizi kutokana na kuhakikisha kuwa udhibiti wa kuingia katika mitambo ya kibinafsi na mifumo ya kuwezesha kupitishwa habari kati ya pande husika ni salama dhidi ya mashambulio. Kama sasa, bado hakuna mtindo wa kuridhisha umepata kuendelezwa. * [[Envaulting technology]] ni njia isiyohitaji nywila ya kusalimisha data kwa mfano katika vifaa vya kuhifahdi vya kutoa kama vile flash drive. Badala ya nywila ya mtumiaji, kudhibiti uingiaji hufanywa kwa kuzingatia uwezo wa mtumiaji kuingia katika mtandao wa rasilimali. * Nywila zisizotumia maandishi, kama [[nywila picha]] au nywila zinazotegemea mwendo wa kifaa cha puku. [http://waelchatila.com/2005/09/18/1127075317148.html ] {{Wayback|url=http://waelchatila.com/2005/09/18/1127075317148.html |date=20060616132332 }} Mfumo mwingine huwahitaji watumiaji kuchagua mfululizo wa [[nyuso]] kama nywila, kutumia uwezo wa [[ubongo]] wa [[binadamu]] kukumbuka [[nyuso]] kwa urahisi. [http://mcpmag.com/reviews/products/article.asp?EditorialsID=486 ] {{Wayback|url=http://mcpmag.com/reviews/products/article.asp?EditorialsID=486 |date=20060627235632 }}. Hadi sasa, njia hizi zinawezekana, lakini hazitumiki sana. * Nywila picha ni njia mbadala za [[kuthibitisha]] kuingia ambayo imekusudiwa kutumiwa mahali pa nywila za kawaida; hutumia [[picha, maumbo]] au [[rangi]] badala ya [[herufi, tarakimu]] au [[miundo maalumu.]] Katika baadhi ya mifumo mtumiaji anahitajika kuchagua kutoka katika msururu wa picha katika mfululizo sahihi ili kuweza kuingia, sid14_gci1001829, 00.html</ref> Ilhali wengi wanaamini kwamba nywila picha ni ngumu zaidi [[kuvunja]], wengine wanapendekeza kwamba watu wataweza kuchagua picha za kawaida au Msururu kama wanavyoweza kubaini nywila za kawaida. * [[2D Key]] (2-Dimensional Key) [http://www.xpreeli.com/doc/manual_2DKey_2.0.pdf ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.xpreeli.com/doc/manual_2DKey_2.0.pdf |date=20110718132313 }} ni ufunguo wa miraba miwili ambayo ni njia pembejeo muhimu ikiwa na ufunguo mitindo wa multiline Passphrase, crossword, ASCII / Unicode art, na textual semantic noises kwa hiari, ili kujenga nywila /ufunguo kubwa zaidi ya 128 bits kwa kutambua MePKC (Memorizable Public-Key Cryptography) kutumia funguo zinazoweza kukumbukwa kikamilifu katika teknolojia ya sasa ya private key management kama vile encrypted private key, split private key, na roaming private key. == Mitambo ya nywila tovuti == Nywila hutumiwa kwenye tovuti kuthibitisha watumiaji na kawaida huwekwa kwenye Web server, maana yake kuwa kivinjari kwenye mtambo hutumua nywila kwa server kwa umbali(na HTTP POST), server huikagua nywila na kurudisha ujumbe unaohitajika (au ujumbe wa kukana uingiaji). Utaratibu huu huondoa uwezekano wa local reverse engineering kwa vile kanuni zinazotumiwa kuthibitisha nywila hazipo kwenye mashine ya karibu. Uwasilishaji wa nywila, kupitia kivinjari, katika maandishi wazi inamaanisha kuwa inaweza kutekwa katika safari yake ya kwenda kwa server. Mifumo mingi ya uthibitishaji kwenye mtandao hutumia SSL kuendeleza kikao cha uwasilishaji kati ya kivinjari na server, na ndio kiini cha madai ya kuwa na "Tovuti salama". Hili hufanywa automatiski na kivinjari na huongeza uadilifu wa kikao, tukidhani hakuna pande yoyote iliyoathirika na kwamba mitambo ya [[SSL / TLS]] zinazotumiwa ni za hali ya juu. Mifumo inayojulikana kwa kufanya usimamizi wa nywila na uanachama mara nyingi huhusisha matumizi ya [[Java]] au [[JavaScript]] zilizopo kwenye [[HTML]] source code ya upande wa mteja (yaani kwenye kivinjari cha mtumiaji, kwa mfano, AuthPro). Ila za mifumo kama hii ni wepesi wa kuepuka ulinzi kwa kuzima JavaScript na Meta redirects katika kivinjari, na hivyo kupata kufikia kurasa za tovuti zinazolindwa. Zingine hujifaidi na lugha za scripting kwenye upande wa server kama vile [[ASP]] au [[PHP]] kuthibitisha watumiaji katika server kabla ya kutoa source code kwa kivinjari. Mifumo maarufu kama [http://www.Sentrylogin.com Sentry Login] na [http://www.monster-submit.com/sentry/ Password Sentry] {{Wayback|url=http://www.monster-submit.com/sentry/ |date=20091228023718 }} hufaidika na teknolojia ambapo kurasa za tovuti hulindwa kwa kutumia viambishi vya lugha ya scripting vinavyowekwa mbele ya HTML source code katika ukurasa wa tovuti kuhifadhiwa katika ugani sahihi katika server, kama vile .asp au .php. == Historia ya nywila == Nywila au '''misemo''' zimetumika tangu zamani. [[Polybius]] anaelezea mfumo wa usambazaji wa nywila katika [[Jeshi la Kirumi]] kama ifuatavyo: : Njia ambayo wao hutumia kupitisha msemo wa usiku ni kama ifuatavyo: kutoka [[maniple]] ya kumi ya kila darasa la infantry na cavalry, maniple ambayo imepiga kambi katika eneo la chini mwishoni wa mtaa, mtu huteuliwa na kupumzishwa kutoka wajibu wa kulinda, naye kila siku saa za machweo huhudhuria hema ya [[Tribune]], na kupokea kutoka kwake msemo - yaani ubao ambamo neno hilo limeandikwa - anaondoka, na anapokurudi katika maskani yake anapitisha msemo pamoja na ubao mbele ya mashahidi kwa kamanda wa maniple ijayo, ambao nao huipitisha kwa iliyo karibu nao. Wote hufanya hivyo mpaka inafikia maniple za kwanza, wale waliopiga kambi karibu na mahema ya tribune. Hawya wa mwisho wana wajibu wa kutoa ubao kwa tribunes kabla ya giza kuingia. Ili kwamba ikiwa zote zilizotolewa zimerudi, Tribune anajua kwamba maniples wote wamepewa msemo, na umewapiti wote katika njia yake kurudi kwake. Kama mojawapo haiko, hufanya uchunguzi mara moja, kwani anajua kwa alama ni kutoka maskani yapi ambapo ubao haukurudi, na aliyesababisha kusimishwa huko hukutana na adhabu inayomstahili. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://ancienthistory.about.com/library/bl/bl_text_polybius6.htm |title=Polybius on the Roman Military |accessdate=2009-12-23 |archivedate=2008-02-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207011711/http://ancienthistory.about.com/library/bl/bl_text_polybius6.htm }}</ref> Matumizi ya nywila katika kijeshi yaligeuka na kujumuisha sio nywila tu, lakini pia nywila kinyume; kwa mfano katika siku ya kwanza ya [[Mapigano ya Normandy]], wanajeshi wanaoruka kwa miamvuli kutoka 101 Airbourne Division ya Marekani walitumia nywila - "thunder" - ambayo iliwasilishwa kama changamoto, na kuitikiwa kwa jibu sahihi - "flash". Changamoto na mwitikio ziligeuzwa mara kwa mara. Wanajeshi wa Marekani wanaoruka kwa miamvuli pia walitumia kifaa maarufu kinachojulikana kama "cricket" wakati wa [[D-Day]] badala ya mfumo wa nywila kama njia ya kipekee kwa muda ya utambulisho; bofya moja yenye sauti ya chuma iliyotolewa na kifaa hicho kama nywila kulifaa kuitikiwa na bofya mbili. <ref>Bando, Mark ''Screaming Eagles: Tales of the 101st Airbourne Division in World War II'' </ref> Nywila zimetumika kwa kompyuta tangu siku za mwanzo za kompyuta. [[CTSS]], kutoka [[MIT]] mojawapo ya mifumo ya kwanza ya kugawana muda, ilianzishwa mwaka wa 1961. Ilikuwa na amri ya INGIA ambayo ilimwitisha mtumiaji nywila. "Baada ya kuwekaa NYWILA, mtambo ulifunga kifaa cha uchapishaji, kama ikiwezekana, ili mtumiaji kuweza kutia nywila yake kwa faragha." <ref> CTSS Programmers Guide, 2nd Ed., MIT Press, 1965</ref> [[Robert Morris]] alizindua wazo la kuhifadhi nywila katika mfumo wa heshi kama sehemu ya mfumo wa uendeshaji wa [[Unix.]] Algorithimu yake, ikijulikana kama [[crypt (3)]], alitumia [[chumvi]] ya bits 12 na kuita mfumo wa algorithm ya [[DES]] uliogeuzwa mara 25 na kupunguza hatari ya [[Pre-computed dictionary attacks.]] ==Angalia pia== * [[Access code]] * [[Uthibitishaji]] * [[CAPTCHA]] * [[Diceware]] * [[Keyfile]] * [[Passphrase]] * [[Password manager]] * [[Password policy]] * [[Password psychology]] * [[Password strength]] * [[Password length parameter]] * [[Password Cracking]] * [[Password fatigue]] * [[Password-authenticated key agreement]] * [[Password notification e-mail]] * [[Password synchronization]] * [[Pre-shared key]] * [[Random password generator]] * [[Rainbow table]] * [[Self-service password reset]] * [[Shibboleth]] == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.passwordresearch.com/stats/statindex.html Large collection of Statistics about passwords] * [http://www.acsac.org/2005/abstracts/89.html Graphical Passwords: A Survey] * [http://labs.mininova.org/passclicks/ PassClicks] {{Wayback|url=http://labs.mininova.org/passclicks/ |date=20070806010916 }} * [http://www.network-research-group.org/default.asp?page=publications PassImages] {{Wayback|url=http://www.network-research-group.org/default.asp?page=publications |date=20081202003003 }} * [http://www.jablon.org/passwordlinks.html Links for password-based cryptography] * [http://www.emiic.net/docs/PasswordGuide.pdf Procedural Advice for Organizations and Administrators] {{Wayback|url=http://www.emiic.net/docs/PasswordGuide.pdf |date=20110218140320 }} * [http://www.ftp.cl.cam.ac.uk/ftp/users/rja14/tr500.pdf Memorability and Security of Passwords] - Cambridge University Computer Laboratory study of password memorability vs security. [[Jamii:Kompyuta]] 9nuiz4gbpccwmpi9657d41nluezeajt 0 34318 1612606 1607859 2026-11-02T17:25:06Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612606 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Manga in Jp.svg|thumb|180px|Herufi ya lugha ya Kijapani kutoka kitabu ''Seasonal Passersby'' (''Shiki no Yukikai''), 1798, kilichotungwa na [[Santō Kyōden]] na [[Kitao Shigemasa]].]] '''Manga''' [[(ja:]] {{lang|ja|漫画}} [[kanji:]] {{lang|ja|まんが}} [[katakana:]] {{lang|ja|マンガ}} {{IPA-en|ˈmɑːŋɡə|lang}}) ni [[hadithi]] zinazotungwa kwa kutumia [[michoro]] (wakati mwingine pia hujulikana kama ''komikku'' katika lugha ya [[Kijapani]]). Hufuata jinsi ya kuchora ulioendelezwa [[Ujapani]] mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 20]]. Katika namna zake za kisasa, manga zilianza muda mfupi baada ya [[Vita vikuu vya pili]] <ref name="Kinsella">{{Harvnb|Kinsella|2000}}</ref>, lakini aina hii ya sanaa ina [[historia]] ndefu katika miaka awali ya [[sanaa]] ya Ujapani. Katika Ujapani, watu wa [[umri]] wote husoma manga. Manga ni aina ya sanaa inayojumuisha mapana ya mada kama vile: "action-adventure", mapenzi (kWa Kiingereza romance), michezo (sports and games), drama za kihistoria (historical dramas), vichekesho (comedy), bunilizi za kisayansi (science fiction), fumbo (mystery), hadithi ya kutisha (horror), ngono (sexuality), na biashara (business and commerce), miongoni mwa nyingine. <ref name="Gravett">{{Harvnb|Gravett|2004|p=8}}</ref> Tangu [[miaka ya 1950]], manga imekua na kujiendeleza; hadi sasa inawakilisha sehemu kubwa ya sekta ya kuchapisha humo Ujapani, ni sekta iliyowakilisha [[yen]] [[bilioni]] 406 katika [[soko]] nchini Japan mnamo mwaka 2007 (wastani wa [[dola]] bilioni 3.6). Manga imekuwa maarufu [[duniani]] kote pia. <ref name="Wong 2006"> {{Harvnb|Wong|2006}} {{Harvnb|Patten|2004}}</ref> Mwaka wa 2008, soko la manga katika nchi za [[Marekani]] na [[Kanada]] ilikuwa [[$]] [[milioni]] 175. Manga kwa kawaida huchapishwa bila [[rangi]], yaani huwa nyeusi-na-nyeupe, ingawa kuna baadhi ya manga zinazochapishwa kutumia rangi zote. Katika Ujapani, manga kawaida huchapishwa katika vitabu vyenye kurasa nyingi, huenda vitabu hivi huhusisha hadithi tofauti, na kila hadithi huendelezwa katika suala la kufuata. Mfululizo ukiwa na mafanikio, sura zilizokusanywa zinaweza kuchapishwa tena katika [[vitabu]] viitwayo ''[[tankōbon]].'' <ref name="GravettSchodt"> {{Harvnb|Gravett|2004|p=8}} {{Harvnb|Schodt|1986}}</ref> [[Msanii]] wa manga (''[[mangaka]]'' kwa Kijapani) kawaida hufanya kazi na wasaidizi wachache katika [[studio]] ndogo na pamoja na [[mhariri]] kutoka [[kampuni]] ya kuchapisha. <ref name="Kinsella"/> Manga ikiwa maarufu inaweza kubadilishwa kuwa kipindi kinachoweza kutazamwa katika [[runinga]] baada au hata wakati ambako inachapishwa, <ref>{{Harvnb|Kittelson|1998}}</ref> Wakati mwingine manga zinazohusisha filamu zilizopo awali hutunzwa (k.m. ''[[Star Wars]]''). Neno "Manga" hutumika nje ya Ujapani kumaanisha vitabu vya michoro viliyochapishwa nchini Ujapani. <ref name="Merriam-Webster">{{Harvnb|Merriam-Webster|2009}}</ref> Hata hivyo, vitabu vya michoro vilivyoshawishiwa kutoka manga vipo katika maeneo mengine ya [[dunia]], hasa katika [[Taiwan]] ([[manhua]]), [[Korea ya Kusini]] (manhwa) <ref>{{Harvnb|Webb|2006}}</ref> na Jamhuri ya Watu wa [[China]], hasa [[Hong Kong]] (manhua). <ref name="Wong 2002">{{Harvnb|Wong|2002}}</ref> Katika [[Ufaransa]], [[la Nouvelle manga]] ina maendeleo kama aina ya ''[[bande dessinée]]'' (yaani ''drawn strip)'' inayotolewa katika mitindo iliyoshawishiwa na manga kutoka Ujapani. Katika Marekani, watu hurejelea vitabu vinavyofanana na manga kama Amerimanga, manga ya dunia, au manga yenye asili ya lugha ya Kiingereza ("original english language manga" - OEL manga). == Asili ya jina == Neno la Kijapani ''manga,'' likitafsiriwa vizuri lina maana ya "whimsical pictures". Matumizi ya kawaida ya neno ya Kijapani '' Manga'' yalianza mwishoni mwa karne ya 18 wakati ambako kazi kama vile ''Shiji no yukikai'' iliyotunzwa na [[Santo Kyōden]] ilichapishwa mwaka [[1798]], na katika karne ya 19 wakati ambako kazi kama ''Manga Hyakujo'' (1814) iliyotunzwa na Aikawa Minwa ilichapishwa pamoja na manga iliyosifiwa jinale ''[[Hokusai Manga]]'' ikiwa na michoro kutoka msanii maarufu wa sanaa iitwayo ''ukiyo-e'' jinale Hokusai. <ref name="Hokusai">{{Harvnb|Bouquillard|Marquet|2007}}</ref>'' [[Rakuten Kitazawa]] (1876-1955) kwanza alitumia neno "manga" katika hali ya kisasa. <ref name="Manga no Jiten">{{Harvnb|Shimizu|1985|p=53–54, 102–103}}</ref> == Historia na sifa == Wanahistoria na waandishi wanaoelezea historia ya manga hutaja michakato mbili pana na nyongeza iliyochangia manga kisasa. Maoni yao yanatofautiana katika umuhimu wanayoipa nafasi ya matukio ya kiutamaduni na kihistoria zifuatazo Vita Kuu II dhidi ya jukumu la sanaa na utamaduni Kijapani zilizopo kabla ya Vita Kuu II [[Meiji]] na [[kabla ya Meiji]]. Oni moja inasisitiza matukio yanayotokea wakati wa na baada ya [[ukaazi wa Marekani katika Ujapani]] (1945-1952), na inasisitiza kuwa manga ilishawishiwa sana na utamaduni za Marekani, ikiwemo vitabu vya michoro kutoka Marekani (vilivyoletwa kwa Ujapani na wanajeshi) na picha na mandhari kutoka televisheni, filamu, na katuni (hasa [[Disney]]) kutoka Marekani <ref> {{Harvnb|Kinsella|2000}} {{Harvnb|Schodt|1986}}</ref> Aidha waandishi wengine kama [[Frederik Yale Schodt]], Kinko Ito, na Adam Yale Kern husisitiza mwendelezo wa utamaduni na mila estetika Kijapani kama kati ya historia ya manga. <ref> {{Harvnb|Schodt|1986}} {{Harvnb|Ito|2004}} {{Harvnb|Kern|2006}} {{Harvnb|Kern|2007}}</ref> Manga ya kisasa ina asili katika Ukaazi (1945-1952) na miaka baada ya Ukaazi wa Marekani(1952-miaka ya mapema ya 1960), wakati ambako Ujapani uliokuwa unautegemea sana utawala wa Jeshi na kusisitiza uaminifu kwa nchi hapo awali ulikuwa unajijenga upya katika miundombinu ya kisiasa na kiuchumi. Mlipuko wa ubunifu wa kisanaa ulitokea katika kipindi hiki, <ref> {{Harvnb|Schodt|1986}} {{Harvnb|Schodt|1996}} {{Harvnb|Schodt|2007}} {{Harvnb|Gravett|2004}}</ref> ulishirikisha wasanii wa manga kama vile [[Osamu Tezuka (Astro Boy)]] na [[Machiko Hasegawa (Sazae-san).]] [[Picha:Sazae-san kamishibai.jpg|thumb|left|Hadithi ya aina ya ''kami-shibai'' kutoka ''Sazae-san'' iliyotungwa na [[Machiko Hasegawa]]. Sazae anaonyeshwa akiwa amefunga nywele yake.]] ''Astro Boy'' ilipata (na inabakia kuwa na) umaarufu mkubwa katika Ujapani na mahali pengine, <ref> {{Harvnb|Kodansha|1999|pp=692–715}} {{Harvnb|Schodt|2007}}</ref> na marekebisho katika [[vibonzo]] viitwavyo [[anime]] ya ''Sazae-san'' inaendelea kuonyeshwa runingani mara huwa na watazamaji zaidi kuliko anime nyingine yoyote kwa televisheni Kijapani. Tezuka na Hasegawa wote walileta uvumbuzi katika ubunifu wa manga. Tezuka alitumia mbinu iitwalo "Cinematographic", ambako kila picha ilionyesha maelezo ya hatua kutoka mwendo wa polepole inayopakana na mwendo wa kasi na vilevile msongo kutoka picha inayonyesha umbali na karibu. Aina hii ya ubinifu ulifuatwa na wasanii wengine baadaye. <ref name="Schodt 1986">{{Harvnb|Schodt|1986}}</ref> Hasegawa ambaye alizingatia maisha ya kila siku na uzoefu wa wanawake pia alikuja baadaye kushawishi aina ya manga iitwalo ''[[shōjo manga]].'' <ref> {{Harvnb|Gravett|2004|p=8}} {{Harvnb|Lee|2000}} {{Harvnb|Sanchez|1997–2003}}</ref> Kati ya 1950 na 1969, mwongezeko mkubwa wa wasomaji wa manga ulijitokeza katika Ujapani baada ya uungano wa masoko kuu mawili ya wasomaji manga, yaani manga ya wasomaji kiume au ''[[shōnen]]'' manga na manga iliyokuwa na lengo ya wasomaji wasichana au ''shōjo'' manga. Katika mwaka wa 1969 kikundi cha wasanii wanawake wa manga (kiitwacho ''[[Year 24]]'' na kilichojulikana kama ''Magnificent 24s'' awali), walichapisha''shōjo'' manga yao ya kwanza ("mwaka 24" linatokana na jina Kijapani ya 1949, katika wasanii wengi hawa walizaliwa). <ref> {{Harvnb|Gravett|2004|pp=78–80}} {{Harvnb|Lent|2001|pp=9–10}}</ref> Kundi huu ulihusisha [[Hagio Moto]], [[Riyoko Ikeda]], [[Yumiko Oshima]], [[Keiko Takemiya]] na [[Ryoko Yamagishi]], waliokuwa wanawake wa kwanza kuingia dunia ya manga. <ref name="GravettSchodt"/> Baada ya hapo, hasa wasanii wanawake ndio waliochora ''shōjo'' manga kwa usomaji wa wasichana na wanawake vijana. <ref> {{Harvnb|Schodt|1986}} {{Harvnb|Toku|2006}} {{Harvnb|Thorn|2001}}</ref> Katika miongo zifuatazo (1975-hadi leo),''shōjo'' manga iliendelea kujiendeleza katika ubunifu na pia aina tofauti ya shojo manga zilijitokeza. Aina hizi ni kama vile hadithi vya mapenzi(romance), vya wanawake shujaa(suerheroines), na manga iiyolengwa kwa wanawake ((katika Kijapani, redisu, redikomi na josei). Romance ''shōjo'' manga kisasa huhusisha pendo kama mada kuu. Katika shojo manga inayohusu wanawake mashujaa, manga ya [[Naoko Takeuchi]] iitwalo ''[[Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon ilijitokeza]]'' ikawa maarufu kimataifa katika anime na manga. <ref> {{Harvnb|Allison|2000|pp=259–278}} {{Harvnb|Schodt|1996|p=92}}</ref> Makundi (au ''[[Sentai]])'' ya wasichana wanaofanya kazi pamoja pia yamekuwa maarufu ndani ya hii aina ya manga. <ref name="Poitras">{{Harvnb|Poitras|2001}}</ref> Manga kwa wasomaji wanaume ina mgawanyiko kulingana na umri wa wasomaji inayolengewa: wavulana hadi umri wa miaka 18 ''(shōnen'' manga) na wanaume vijana 18 - hadi umri wa miaka ''[[30-(seinen]]'' manga); <ref>{{Harvnb|Thompson|2007|pp=xxiii–xxiv}}</ref> pia manga hugawanyika kwa maudhui, kwa mfano manga yanayohusu "action-adventure" mara nyingi huwashirikisha wanaume mashujaa, ucheshi, mandhari ya heshima, na wakati mwingine kujamiiana. <ref name="Brenner">{{Harvnb|Brenner|2007|pp=31–34}}</ref> Kuna jinsi mbili ya kuandika neno seinen katika Kijapani- moja ambayo inayorejelea maana {{lang|ja|青年}} ya "vijana, kijana" na {{lang|ja|成年}} nyingine inayorejelea maana ya "watu wazima" - ya pili ikitumiwa kueleza manga zinazohusisha kujamiiana zilizolengwa kwa wanaume wazima wanaoitwa ''seijin''. ''Shōnen, seinen,'' na''seijin'' kwa kawaida yanashirikisha mada nyingi zinazofanana. Wavulana na wanaume vijana walikuwa baadhi ya wasomaji wa kwanza wa manga baada ya Vita Kuu II. Kuanzia miaka ya 1950, ''shōnen'' manga ililenga mada wasanii walidhani zingeridhisha wavulana kawaida kama vile hadithi kuhusu mashine (robots) na mashujaa<ref> {{Harvnb|Schodt|1986|pp=68–87}} {{Harvnb|Gravett|2004|p=52–73}}</ref> Mandhari maarufu ni [[sayansi]], teknolojia na michezo. Manga yaliyohusisha wahusika shujaa wasiojihusisha na shujaa wengie kama vile [[Superman]], [[Batman]], na [[Spider-Man]] hazikuwa maarufu hasa. <ref>{{Harvnb|Schodt|1986|pp=68–87}}</ref> Jukumu la wasichana na wanawake katika manga zinazolengwa kwa wasomaji wanaume imebadilika sana kuhusisha wasicha warembo''[[(bishōjo)]]'' <ref>{{Harvnb|Perper|Cornog|2002|pp=60–63}}</ref> kama vile [[Belldandy]] kutoka manga iitwayo'' [[Oh My goddess!]],'' hadithi ambapo wanawake na wasichana hawa warembo hujihusisha na mwanaume shujaa, kama katika ''[[Negima!: Magister Negi Magi|Negima]]'' na ''[[Hanaukyo Maid Team]],'' au makundi ya wanawake shujaa wanaobeba silaha ''(sento bishōjo)'' <ref>{{Harvnb|Gardner|2003}}</ref> Baada ya udhibiti katika Ujapani kupunguzwa katika miaka awali ya muongo wa 1990, aina mbalimbali za manga zilizohusisha mandhari ya ngono zilianza kuchapishwa, manga hizi zililengwa kwa wasomaji wanume, na kutafsiriwa katika Kiingereza. <ref name="PCmono">{{Harvnb|Perper|Cornog|2002}}</ref> Manga hizi zilihusu wahusika waliochorwa wakiwa katika hali ya kuwa na mavazi kidogo sana au uchi kabisa na wakiwa wanahusika katika ngono. Huenda mandhari kuhusu mazoezi mwiko ya ngono kama vile ubakaji, ngono baina ya watu wa familia moja na ngono baina ya binadamu na wanyama na kadhalika. Mtindo wa kuchora jinale ''[[Gekiga]]'' ni mtindo ambapo michoro hufanana sana na viumbe ambvyo vinachorwa. Manga zilizochorwa kufuata mtindo huu kwa kawaida hulenga maada kuhusu maisha ya kila siku <ref> {{Harvnb|Schodt|1986|p=68–73}} {{Harvnb|Gravett|2006}}</ref> ''Gekiga'' kama vile ''Chronicles of a Ninja's Military Accomplishments (Ninja Bugeichō)'' iliyolengwa na [[Sampei Shirato]] katika miaka ya 1959 hadi 1962, zilijitokeza mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1950 na 1960 kutoka wanafunzi na waliohusika katika uanaharakati wa kisiasa wa mrengo wa kushoto <ref name="SchodtG"> {{Harvnb|Schodt|1986|p=68–73}} {{Harvnb|Gravett|2004|pp=38–42}} {{Harvnb|Isao|2001}}</ref> na kiasi kidogo kutokana na kutoridhika kwa manga zilizopo na wasanii wa manga vijana kama [[Yoshihiro Tatsumi]] <ref> {{Harvnb|Isao|2001|pp=147–149}} {{Harvnb|Nunez|2006}}</ref> == Machapisho == Katika mwaka wa 2007 manga ilizalisha mapato ya dola mia nne na sita bilioni nchini Ujapani. Hivi karibuni, sekta ya manga imeenea kote duniani huku makampuni yakinunua leseni ya manga kutoka wachapishaji nchini Ujapani na kuzichapisha na kusambaza manga hizo katika lugha nyingine. Baada ya mfululizo wa manga moa kuchapishwa kwa muda, wachapishaji mara nyingi hukusanya hadithi zote za manga hiyo pamoja katika vitabu, viitwavyo ''tankōbon.'' Vitabu hivi vinafanana kiumbo na riwaya. Tankobon hutumia karatasi bora zaidi, na ni muhimu kwa wale ambao wanataka kufuata manga inayochapishwa magazetini ikiwa hawakusoma machapisho ya awali au kama wao hupata gharama ya manga inayochapishwa katika magazeti kila wiki au mwezi kuwa kizuizi. Hivi karibuni, tankobon ziitwazo "Deluxe" zimechapishwa na hulengwa wa wasomaji wazima. Manga kutoka miaka yaliyopita pia zimechapishwa kutumia karatasi ya kiwango ya chini na ambayo huuzwa kwa dola $1 ili kushindana na sekta ya uuzaji wa vitabu vilivyotumika. Kimsingi manga hutenganishwa kutegemea umri na jinsia ya wasomaji. <ref name="Schodt 1996">{{Harvnb|Schodt|1996}}</ref> Hasa, vitabu na majarida yaliolengwa kwa wavulana ''(shōnen)'' na wasichana ''(shōjo)'' huwekwa kwenye rafu tofauti katika maduka ya vitabu vingi. Wasomaji huenda husoma manga ambazo zinalengwa kwa wasomaji wa umri au jinsia nyingie kwa ajili hii mwitikio wa wanunuzi wa manga haudhibitishwi na umri au jinsia ya wasomaj. Kwa mfano, wasomaji wa kiume wakisoma shojo manga. Ujapani pia ina mikahawa iitwayo [[manga café]], au ''manga kissa'' (kifupisho cha ''[[kissaten]]). Katika ''manga kissa,'' watu hunywa [[kahawa]] na kusoma manga, na wakati mwingine hukaa huko usiku kucha. Kumekuwa na ongezeko katika kiasi cha [[webmanga]] au manga yanayochapishwa ili kusomwa katika mtandao. Huchorwa na mashabiki wa ngazi zote wa uzoefu. Inaweza kuamuriwa katika fomu ya riwaya. === Magazeti === [[Picha:Eshibun Nipponchi.jpg|thumb|250px|Eshinbun Nipponchi; Inayojulikana kama gazeti la manga la kwanza]] Magazeti ya manga kawaida huwa na mfululizo ya hadithi nyingi ambazo huchukua kurasa 20-40 zilizotengwa kwa kila hadithi kwa chapisho hilo. Magazeti mengine kama vile moja liitwalo ''[[Newtype]]'' huchapisha sura moja moja katika machapisho yao yanayosambazwa kila mwezi. Magazeti mengine kama ''[[Nakayoshi]]'' yanachapisha hadithi nyingi zilizoandikwa na wasanii mbalimbali, haya magazeti (au "anthology magazines" kama yanajulikana), kwa kawaida huchapishwa kwa kwa karatasi ya kiwango ya chini na yanaweza kuwa na kurasa 200 hadi hata 850. Magazeti haya pia yana hadithi ambazo hukamilika katika chapisho moja ([[one-shot]]) na aina mbalimbali ya hadithi ya michoro fupi mno ziitwazo ''[[yonkoma]]''. Manga huweza kuchapishwa kwa miaka mingi kama ina mafanikio. Wasanii wa manga huanza kwa kutenga manga michache ya aina ya "one-shot" ili kupata kutambuliwa katika sekta ya manga. Kama hadithi haya mifupi yana mafanikio na hupokea hakiki mema, yanaendelezwa katika magazeti. ==== Historia ==== Kanagaki Robun na Kawanabe Kyosai waliumba gazeti la manga la kwanza katika mwaka wa 1874 jinale ''Eshinbun Nipponchi.'' Mwingereza mmoja aitwaye Charles Wargman alianzisha ''Japan Punch,'' ambalo lilishawishi gazeti hilo. ''Eshinbun Nipponchi'' ulitumia mtindo wa kuchora ambao haukupendeza na haukuwa maarufu kwa watu wengi. ''Eshinbun Nipponchi'' ulikamilishwa baada ya masuala matatu tu. Gazeti liitwalo''Kisho Shimbun'' ulitokana na ''Eshinbun Nipponchi,'' mnamo mwaka wa 1875 ilifuatiliwa na ''Marumaru Chinbun'' katika mwaka wa 1877, na kisha ''Garakuta Chinpo'' katika mwaka wa 1879. <ref> [[Eshinbun Nipponchi]]</ref> ''[[Shōnen sekai]]'' lilikuwa gazeti la kwanza lililohusisha manga iliyolengwa kwa wasomaji wanaume na liliumbwa mwaka wa 1895 na Iwaya Sazanami, aliyekuwa mwandishi maarufu ya fasihi ya watoto Kijapani. ''Shōnen sekai'' ilizingatia mno vita baina ya Uchina na Ujapani kutoka mwaka wa 1894 hadi 1895 <ref name="JapanFocus">{{Harvnb|Griffiths|2007}}</ref> Mwaka wa 1905 uchapishaji wa magazeti ya manga ilienea mno kufuatilia [[Vita baina ya Urusi na Ujapani]], <ref name="Poten"> [[Poten]]</ref> ''Tokyo Pakku'' liliundwa na lkawa maarufu sana. <ref name="Pakku"> [[Shonen Pakku]]</ref> Baada ya ''Tokyo Pakku'' k katika mwaka wa 1905, toleo la ''Shōnen sekai'' lililolengwa kwa wanawake liitwalo ''[[Shōjo sekai/1} lilichapishwa na kufikiriwa kama gazeti la kwanza la shojo manga. |Shōjo sekai/1} lilichapishwa na kufikiriwa kama gazeti la kwanza la shojo manga. <ref name="Wartime Asia">{{Harvnb|Lone|2007|p=75}}</ref>]]'' ''Shōnen Pakku'' liliundwa na hadi sasa hufikiriwa kuwa gazeti la kwanza lililolengwa kwa watoto (''[[kodomo]]'' katika kijapanai). Aina ya manga iliyolengwa kwa ''kodomo'' ilikuwa katika hatua mapema ya maendeleo katika [[kipindi ya Meiji.]] Mwaka wa 1924, ''Kodomo Pakku'' ilizinduliwa kama gazeti la ''kodomo'' nyingine baada ya ''Shōnen Pakku.'' <ref name="Pakku"/> Katika kipindi hiki cha uchapishaji wa magazeti mengi ya manga, gazeti liitwalo ''Poten'' lililochapishwa katika mwaka wa 1908. Kurasa zote katika gazeti hili yalitiwa rangi kufuatilia mtindo wa magazeti ya ''Tokyo Pakku'' na ''Osaka Pakku.'' Haijulikani kama kuna masuala mengine yoyote zaidi kuliko ya kwanza. <ref name="Poten"/> ''Kodomo Pakku'' ilizinduliwa mwezi wa Mei mwaka wa 1924 na Tokyosha. Ilihusisha michoro ya kiwango cha juu kutoka wasanii wengi katika jamii la usaani wa Manga kama Takei Takeo, Takehisa Yumeji na Aso Yutaka. Majadiliano ya wahusika kwenye baadhi ya manga haya yalionyeshwa kwa njia ya viputo vya maneno na jinsi hii ya kuwakilisha hadithi ilitofautiana na Manga yaliyochorwa awali ambazo hazikutumia viputo na hasa zilikuwa "kimya". ''Manga no Kuni'', gazeti lililoanzia mwezi wa Mei katika mwaka wa 1935 hadi mwezi wa Januari mwaka wa 1941 lilihusisha habari kuhusu jinsi ya kuwa msaani wa Manga yaani [[mangaka]] na pia habari kuhusu viwanda vingine vya vibonzo duniani kote. ''Manga no Kuni'' lilipatia jina lake kwa gazeti jingine lililojulikana kama ''Sashie Manga Kenkyū'' mwezi Agosti mwaka wa 1940. <ref name="MangaKuni"> [[Manga no Kuni]]</ref> === ''Dōjinshi'' === ''Dōjinshi'' ni aina ya manga zilizotayarishwa na wachapishaji wasiostadi na ambazo hasa huanguka nje ya mkondo mkuu wa biashara ya uchapishaji wa manga. [[Comiket]], ni mkutano mkuu ya mashabiki wa manga (wasomaji na wasanii)ambao huvutia idadi ya watu inayopita 510,000 kila mwaka. Hasa mkutano huh hujishugulisha na ''dojinshi''. Mara nyingi hadithi zilizohusishwa katika dojinshi yana asili huru lakini kuna baadhi ya hadithi ambazo zimeshawishiwa na manga na anime zilizoimarishwa awali. Baadhi ya ''dōjinshi'' huendeleza hadithi fulani au huhusisha wahusika wa hadithi fulani katika tunzo nyingine na huwa kama [[fan fiction]] yaani hadithi iliyotunzwa na mashabiki. Mwaka wa 2007, ''dōjinshi'' ziliuzwa kwa bilioni za yen 27.73(milioni za dola 245). == Masoko ya kimataifa == Kutoka mwaka wa 2007 ushawishi wa manga katika sekta ya usanii wa komiki(kutoka Kiing. comic)duniani ulikuwa umezidi katika miongo miwili awali. <ref> {{Harvnb|Pink|2007}} {{Harvnb|Wong|2007}}</ref> Ushawishi inahusu jinsi manga zilivyoathiri masoko ya komiki nje ya Ujapani na pia jinsi zilivyoathiri [[estetika]] (kutoka Kiingereza aesthetic) ya wasanii kimataifa. [[Picha:Manga reading direction.svg|thumb|150px|Mwelekeo wa kusoma Manga]] Kijadi, mtiririko wa hadithi katika manga hutoka juu hadi chini na upande wa kulia hadi wa kushoto, kufuatia muundo wa jadi katika uandishi wa lugha ya Kijapani. Baadhi ya wachapishaji ya manga iliyotafsiriwa hubadilisha muundo ili mwelekeo wa kusoma ni wa kushoto kwenda kulia, ili kutochanganyisha wasomaji wageni. Mazoezi haya hujulikana kama "flipping". <ref name="Farago">{{Harvnb|Farago|2007}}</ref> Ukosoaji kuhusu ubadilishaji wa mwelekeo asili ya manga ni kama vile kuwa ubadilishaji huenda kinyume na matakwa ya mangaka kwa mfano: Ikiwa neno lilioandikwa kwa shati la mhusika lilikuwa "MEI", baada ya ubadilishaji huenda neno hilo hubadilika kuwa "IEM". Pia husababisha michanganyik kwa vitu, kama vile shati kuwa na vifungo kwa upande hazifai kuwa. === Marekani === Manga ilijiingiza polepole tu katika masoko ya Marekani, kwanza katika muungano na anime na kisha kujitegemea huru. <ref name="Patten">{{Harvnb|Patten|2004}}</ref> Baadhi ya [[mashabiki]] Marekani walikuwa na fahamu ya manga katika miaka ya 1970 na miaka ya 1980. Hata hivyo awali, anime ilipatikana zaidi kuliko manga katika mashabiki nchini Marekani, <ref> {{Harvnb|Napier|2000|pp=239–256}} {{Harvnb|Clements|McCarthy|2006|pp=475–476}}</ref> wengi ambao walikuwa na umri wa 18 hadi 22. Kupata, kutafsiri na kuonyesha kanda za anime kulikuwa rahisi kuliko kutafsiri, kutoa nakala na kusambaza ''tankōbon'' vya manga. Manga ya kwanza kutafsiriwa katika Kiingereza na kuuzwa katika Marekani ni '' [[Barefoot Gen]]'' kutoka msanii jinale [[Keiji Nakazawa]] ni ambalo lilikuwa hadithi tawasifu kuhusu Mlipuko wa mabomu chembe(yaani Atomic) katika Hiroshima, iliyotolewa na wachapishaji Leonard Rifas na Educomics (1980-1982). Manga nyingine zilizotafsiriwa kati ya katikati ya miaka ya 1980 na 1990 ni kama vile, ''[[Golgo 13]]'' (1986), ''[[Lone Wolf and Cub]]'' kutoka [[First Comics]] (1987). ''[[Kamui, Area 88]],'' na ''[[Mai the Psychic Girl]],'' yalichapishwa mwaka wa 1987 kutoka [[Viz Media-Eclipse Comics.]] <ref> {{Harvnb|Patten|2004|pp=37, 259–260}} {{Harvnb|Thompson|2007|p=xv}}</ref> Manga nyingine zilizofuata ni ''[[Akira]]'' kutoka [[Marvel Comics]] - [[Epic Comics]] na ''[[Appleseed]]'' kutoka Vibe Comics mwaka wa 1988, na baadaye ''Iczer-1'' [[kutoka Antarctic Press]] (1994) na baadaye ''F-111 Bandit'' iliyoandikwa na kuchorwa na [[Ippongi Bang]] iliyochapishawa na Antarctic Press (1995). Katika miaka ya 1980 hadi katikati ya miaka ya 1990, anime kama ''[[Akira, Dragon Ball, Neon Genesis Evangelion]],'' na ''[[Pokémon]],'' zilikuwa na athiri kubwa zaidi katika uzoefu wa mashabiki na katika soko kuliko manga. <ref> {{Harvnb|Leonard|2004}} {{Harvnb|Patten|2004|pp=52–73}} {{Harvnb|Farago|2007}}</ref> Masuala yalibadilika wakati mtafsiri na mjasiriamali Toren Smith alianzisha kampuni liitwalo Proteus Studio mwaka wa 1986. Smith na Studio Proteus walijifanya kama kikali na watafsiri wa manga nyingi, kama vile ''Appleseed'' kutoka [[Masamune Shirow]] na ''[[Oh My goddess!]]'' kutoka [[Kosuke Fujishima]] kwa niaba ya wachapishaji wa [[Dark Horse]] na [[Eros Comix]], ili kuondoa haja ya wachapishaji hawa kutafuta mawasiliano yao binafsi katika Ujapani. <ref> {{Harvnb|Schodt|1996|pp=318–321}} {{Harvnb|Dark Horse Comics|2004}}</ref> [[File:Young boy reading manga.jpg|thumb|left|Kijana akisoma manga jinalo ''Black Cat'' katika duka moja ya Barnes and Noble nchini Marekani.]] Soko la manga nchini Marekani lilipata usaidizi katikati ya miaka ya 1990 ambamo manga na anime ya Masamune Shirow jinale ''[[Ghost in the Shell]]'' (iliyotafsiriwa na [[Frederik Yale Schodt]] na [[Toren Smith)]] ilipata umaarufu sana miongoni mwa mashabiki Marekani. Manga nyingine iliyopata mafanikio katikati ya miaka ya 1990 ilikuwa ''[[Sailor Moon.]]'' <ref> {{Harvnb|Patten|2004|pp=50, 110, 124, 128, 135}} {{Harvnb|Arnold|2000}}</ref> Katika miaka ya 1995 hadi 1998, manga ya ''[[Sailor Moon]]'' iliuzwa katika nchi zaidi ya 23 kama vile Uchina, Urusi, Uitaliani na Amerika Kaskazini. <ref>{{Harvnb|Schodt|1996|p=95}}</ref> Mwaka wa 1997, jumba la uchapishaji jinale Mixx Entertainment ilianza kuchapisha, ''Sailor Moon,'' pamoja na manga kutoka jumba la uchapisaji nchini Ujapani [[CLAMP ]]iitwayo [[Magic Knight Rayearth, Parasyte iliyotunzwa na Hitoshi Iwaaki na Ice Blade iliyotunzwa na Tsutomu Takahashi, katika gazeti la manga lililotolewa kila mwezi jinalo MixxZine.|''Magic Knight Rayearth,'' ''[[Parasyte]]'' iliyotunzwa na [[Hitoshi Iwaaki]] na ''[[Ice Blade]]'' iliyotungwa na [[Tsutomu Takahashi]], katika gazeti la manga lililotolewa kila mwezi jinalo ''[[MixxZine.]]'' ]] Miaka miwili baadaye, ''MixxZine'' lilipewa jina ''Tokyopop'' kabla ya kukamilishwa mwaka wa 2000. Katika miaka iliyofuata, manga ilipata umaarufu, wachapishaji wapya waliingia soko. <ref>{{Harvnb|Schodt|1996|pp=308–319}}</ref> {{asof|2008}} Soko ya manga nchini Marekani na Kanada yalizoa mapato ya milioni ya dola 175 kwa mauzo ya mwaka. <ref>{{Harvnb|Reid|2009}}</ref> Sambamba, mkondo mkuu wa habari nchini Marekani ilianza kujadili manga, katika makala katika magazeti kama [[The New York Times, Time magazine, The Wall Street Journal,|''The New York Times, Time'' magazine, ''The Wall Street Journal,'']] na ''[[Wired]]'' magazine. <ref> {{Harvnb|Glazer|2005}} {{Harvnb|Masters|2006}} {{Harvnb|Bosker|2007}} {{Harvnb|Pink|2007}}</ref> === Uropa === Manga kilifunguliwa katika soko la Ulaya katika miaka ya 1970 ambako Italia na Ufaransa yalionyesha anime katika runinga. <ref name="Euromanga">{{Harvnb|Fishbein|2007}}</ref> Sanaa ya Kifaransa imekopa kutoka Ujapani tangu karne ya 19 ([[Japonisme]]), <ref name="Japonisme">{{Harvnb|Berger|1992}}</ref> Manga umeonyesha umaarufu sana kwa upana wa wasomaji, karibu asilimia 30% ya mauzo ya komiki nchini Ufaransa ni ya manga tangu mwaka wa 2004. <ref> {{Harvnb|Mahousu|2005}} {{Harvnb|ANN|2004}} {{Harvnb|Riciputi|2007}}</ref> Kulingana na Shirika la Biashara inyotendeka nje ya Ujapani, mauzo ya manga yalifika milioni za dola 212.6 ndani ya Ufaransa na Ujerumani pekee mwaka wa 2006. <ref name="Euromanga"/> Wachapishaji Ulaya pia hutafiri manga katika lugha nyingine kama vile Kijerumani, Kiitaliano, Kiholanzi, na kadhalika. Wachapishaji wa manga waptikanako nchini Uingereza ni Titan pamoja na [[Gollancz]] Books. Wachapishaji wa manga kutoka Marekani pia wana nguvu katika masoko ya Uingereza, kwa mfano, Tanoshimi kutoka jumba la uchapishaji jinalo Random House. == Tuzo == Kuna Tuzo za aina tofauti katika sekta la usanii wa Manga zinazotolewa kwa wasanii stadi kila mwaka. Mifano ya tuzo hizi ni kama vile: * [[Akatsuka]] tuzo inayotoewa kwa manga inayochekesha kuliko zote nyingine. * [[Dengeki Grand Prix Comic]] inyotolewa kwa manga ya aina ya "one-shot". * [[Kodansha]] (tuzo inayotolewa kwa manga inayohusisha maada ya aina tofauti) * [[Seiun]](Tuzo la manga inayohusu hadithi chuku za sayansi (Katika Kiing. "Science Fiction") * [[Shogakukan]] (inayotolewa kwa manga inayohusisha maada tofauti) * [[Tezuka]] (inayotolewa kwa manga bora inayochapishwa kwa mfululizo) * [[Tezuka Osamu]] [["Cultural Prize"]](inayotolewa kwa manga inayohusisha maada tofauti) Kutokea mwaka wa 2007, Wizara ya Masuala ya Kigeni hutoa tuzo iitwayo "International Manga Award". == Tazama pia == * [[Anime]] * [[Emakimono]] * [[Etoki]] * [[Utamaduni wa Japani]] * [[Lianhuanhua]] * [[Oekaki]] * [[Omake]] == Tanbihi== {{Reflist|3}} == Marejeo == * {{cite book | last = Allison | first = Anne | authorlink = Anne Allison | year = 2000 | contribution = Sailor Moon: Japanese superheroes for global girls | editor-last = Craig | editor-first = Timothy J. | title = Japan Pop! Inside the World of Japanese Popular Culture | url = https://archive.org/details/japanpopinsidew00crai | location = Armonk, New York | publisher = M.E. Sharpe | isbn = 978-0765605610}} * {{cite web | last = Arnold | first = Adam | year = 2000 | title = Full Circle: The Unofficial History of MixxZine | url = http://www.animefringe.com/magazine/00.06/feature/1/index.php3 | accessdate = 19 Desemba 2007}} * {{cite web | last = Bacon | first = Michelle | date = 14 Aprili 2005 | title = Tangerine Dreams: Guide to Shoujo Manga and Anime | url = http://tangerine.astraldream.net/tokyopop.html | accessdate = 1 Aprili 2008 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080304062655/http://tangerine.astraldream.net/tokyopop.html | archivedate = 2008-03-04 }} * {{cite book | last = Berger | first = Klaus | year = 1992 | title = Japonisme in Western Painting from Whistler to Matisse | url = https://archive.org/details/japonismeinweste0000berg | location = Cambridge | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 0521373212}} * {{cite book | last = Boilet | first = Frédéric | year = 2001 | title = Yukiko's Spinach | location = Castalla-Alicante, Spain | publisher = Ponent Mon | isbn = 8493309346}} * {{cite book | last = Boilet | first = Frédéric | last2 = Takahama | first2 = Kan | year = 2004 | title = Mariko Parade | location = Castalla-Alicante, Spain | publisher = Ponent Mon | isbn = 84-933409-1-X}} * {{cite news | last = Bosker | first = Bianca | date = 31 Agosti 2007 | title = Manga Mania | url = http://online.wsj.com/article/SB118851157811713921.html | newspaper = The Wall Street Journal | accessdate = 1 Aprili 2008}} * {{cite book | last = Bouquillard | first = Jocelyn | last2 = Marquet | first2 = Christophe | date = 1 Juni 2007 | title = Hokusai: First Manga Master | url = https://archive.org/details/hokusaifirstmang0000bouq | location = New York | publisher = Abrams | isbn = 0810993414}} * {{cite book | last = Brenner | first = Robin E. | year = 2007 | title = Understanding Manga and Anime | url = https://archive.org/details/understandingman0000bren | location = Westport, Connecticut | publisher = Libraries Unlimited/Greenwood | isbn = 978-1591583325}} * {{cite book | last = Clements | first = Jonathan | last2 = McCarthy | first2 = Helen | year = 2006 | title = The Anime Encyclopedia: A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917, Revised and Expanded Edition | url = https://archive.org/details/animeencyclopedi00clem_0 | location = Berkeley, California | publisher = Stone Bridge Press | isbn = 1933330104}} * {{cite web | last = Crandol | first = Mike | date = 14 Januari 2002 | title = The Dirty Pair: Run from the Future | url = http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/the-dirty-pair/run-from-the-future | work = Anime News Network | accessdate = 4 Machi 2008}} * {{cite web | last = Cube | date = 18 Desemba 2007 | title = 2007年のオタク市場規模は1866億円―メディアクリエイトが白書 | url = http://www.inside-games.jp/article/2007/12/18/25855.html | publisher = Inside for All Games | accessdate = 18 Desemba 2007 | language = Japanese}} * {{cite press release | publisher = Dark Horse Comics | date = 6 Februari 2004 | title = Dark Horse buys Studio Proteus | url = http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2004-02-06/dark-horse-buys-studio-proteus}} * {{cite book | last = Drazen | first = Patrick | year = 2003 | title = Anime Explosion! The What? Why? & Wow! of Japanese Animation | url = https://archive.org/details/animeexplosionwh00draz | location = Berkeley, California | publisher = Stone Bridge | isbn = 978-1880656723}} * {{cite web | last = Farago | first = Andrew | date = 30 Septemba 2007 | title = Interview: Jason Thompson | url = http://www.tcj.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=697&Itemid=70 | publisher = The Comics Journal | accessdate = 4 Machi 2008}} * {{cite journal | last = Fishbein | first = Jennifer | date = 26 Desemba 2007 | title = Europe's Manga Mania | url = http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/dec2007/gb20071226_346610.htm | journal = BusinessWeek | accessdate = 29 Desemba 2007 | archive-date = 2007-12-30 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071230113428/http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/dec2007/gb20071226_346610.htm | url-status = dead}} * {{cite journal | last = Gardner | first = William O. | year = 2003 | month = Novemba | title = Attack of the Phallic Girls | url = http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/review_essays/gardner88.htm | journal = Science Fiction Studies | issue = 88 | accessdate = 5 Aprili 2008 | archive-date = 2009-12-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091211183932/http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/review_essays/gardner88.htm | url-status = dead }} * {{cite news | last = Glazer | first = Sarah | date = 18 Septemba 2005 | title = Manga for Girls | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/18/books/review/18glazer.html | newspaper = The New York Times | accessdate = 4 Machi 2008}} * {{cite book | last = Gravett | first = Paul | year = 2004 | title = Manga: Sixty Years of Japanese Comics | url = https://archive.org/details/mangasixtyyearso0000grav | location = New York | publisher = Harper Design | isbn = 1856693910}} * {{cite web | last = Gravett | first = Paul | date = 15 Oktoba 2006 | title = Gekiga: The Flipside of Manga | url = http://www.paulgravett.com/index.php/articles/article/gekiga/ | accessdate = 4 Machi 2008}} * {{cite journal | last = Griffiths | first = Owen | date = 22 Septemba 2007 | title = Militarizing Japan: Patriotism, Profit, and Children's Print Media, 1894–1925 | url = http://www.japanfocus.org/-Owen-Griffiths/2528 | journal = Japan Focus | accessdate = 16 Desemba 2008}} * {{cite book | last = Isao | first = Shimizu | year = 2001 | contribution = Red Comic Books: The Origins of Modern Japanese Manga | editor-last = Lent | editor-first = John A. | title = Illustrating Asia: Comics, Humor Magazines, and Picture Books | url = https://archive.org/details/illustratingasia0000unse | location = Honolulu, Hawaii | publisher = University of Hawai'i Press | isbn = 978-0824824716}} * {{cite journal | last = Ito | first = Kinko | year = 2004 | title = Growing up Japanese reading manga | journal = International Journal of Comic Art | pages = 392–401 | issue = 6}} * {{cite journal | last = Ito | first = Kinko | year = 2005 | title = A history of manga in the context of Japanese culture and society | url = http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bpl/jpcu/2005/00000038/00000003/art00002 | journal = [[The Journal of Popular Culture]] | volume = 38 | issue = 3 | pages = 456–475 | accessdate = 5 Aprili 2008}} * {{cite web | last = Johnston-O'Neill | first = Tom | date = 3 Agosti 2007 | title = Finding the International in Comic Con International | url = http://parobs.org/index.php?module=article&view=279&lay_quiet=1&8dced886a4bd24eb30fc46843fb4287a=23679635f7832235dae9949749a76f35 | publisher = The San Diego Participant Observer | accessdate = 5 Aprili 2008 | archivedate = 2011-08-22 | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/617dUlIDW?url=http://parobs.org/index.php?module=article }} * {{cite book | last = Katzenstein | first = Peter J. | last2 = Shiraishi | first2 = Takashi | year = 1997 | title = Network Power: Japan in Asia | url = https://archive.org/details/networkpowerjapa0000unse | location = Ithaca, New York | publisher = Cornell University Press | isbn = 978-0801483738}} * {{cite book | last = Kern | first = Adam | year = 2006 | title = Manga from the Floating World: Comicbook Culture and the Kibyōshi of Edo Japan | location = Cambridge | publisher = Harvard University Press | isbn = 978-0674022669}} * {{cite journal | last = Kern | first = Adam | year = 2007 | title = Symposium: Kibyoshi: The World's First Comicbook? | journal = International Journal of Comic Art | issue = 9 | pages = 1–486}} * {{cite book | last = Kinsella | first = Sharon | year = 2000 | title = Adult Manga: Culture and Power in Contemporary Japanese Society | url = https://archive.org/details/adultmangacultur00kins | location = Honolulu, Hawaii | publisher = University of Hawai'i Press | isbn = 978-0824823184}} * {{cite book | last = Kittelson | first = Mary Lynn | year = 1998 | title = The Soul of Popular Culture: Looking at Contemporary Heroes, Myths, and Monsters | url = https://archive.org/details/soulofpopularcul0000unse | location = Chicago | publisher = Open Court | isbn = 978-0812693638}} * {{cite book | last = Lee | first = William | year = 2000 | contribution = From Sazae-san to Crayon Shin-Chan | editor-last = Craig | editor-first = Timothy J. | title = Japan Pop!: Inside the World of Japanese Popular Culture | url = https://archive.org/details/japanpopinsidew00crai | location = Armonk, New York | publisher = M.E. Sharpe | isbn = ISBN 978-0-7656-0561-0}} * {{cite book | last = Lent | first = John A. | year = 2001 | title = Illustrating Asia: Comics, Humor Magazines, and Picture Books | url = https://archive.org/details/illustratingasia0000unse | location = Honolulu, Hawaii | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | isbn = 0824824717}} * {{cite web | last = Leonard | first = Sean | date = 12 Septemba 2004 | title = Progress Against the Law: Fan Distribution, Copyright, and the Explosive Growth of Japanese Animation | url = http://web.mit.edu/seantek/www/papers/progress-columns.pdf | accessdate = 19 Desemba 2007}} * {{cite book | last = Lone | first = Stewart | year = 2007 | title = Daily Lives of Civilians in Wartime Asia: From the Taiping Rebellion to the Vietnam War | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=qmSnTIAPnoUC&pg=PA75&lpg=PA75&dq=shonen+sekai&source=web&ots=excXy5LAlj&sig=5bgeEzw1drhDAx_mSsngaRT5hgA&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=3&ct=result#PPA75,M1 | publisher = [[Greenwood Publishing Group]] | location = Westport, Connecticut | isbn = 0313336849}} * {{cite web | author = Mahousu | year = 2005 | month = Januari | title = Les editeurs des mangas | url = http://home.comcast.net/~mahousu/editeurs.html | publisher = self-published | accessdate = 19 Desemba 2007 | archivedate = 2013-06-21 | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/6HXJINPfd?url=http://home.comcast.net/~mahousu/editeurs.html }}{{Verify credibility|date=Septemba 2009}} * {{cite book | last = Massé | first = Rodolphe | year = 2006 | chapter = La musique dans Gunslinger Girl | title = Gunslinger Girl | volume = 7 | pages = 178–179 | location = Paris | publisher = Asuka Éditions}} * {{cite journal | last = Masters | first = Coco | date = 10 Agosti 2006 | title = America is Drawn to Manga | journal = Time Magazine}} * {{cite press release | publisher = Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan | date = 29 Juni 2007 | title = First International MANGA Award | url = http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2007/6/1174276_828.html}} * {{cite book | last = Napier | first = Susan J. |authorlink=Susan J. Napier | year = 2000 | title = [[Anime from Akira to Princess Mononoke: Experiencing Contemporary Japanese Animation|Anime: From ''Akira'' to ''Princess Mononoke'']] | location = New York | publisher = Palgrave | isbn = 0312238630}} * {{cite news | last = Nunez | first = Irma | date = 24 Septemba 2006 | title = Alternative Comics Heroes: Tracing the Genealogy of Gekiga | newspaper = The Japan Times | url = http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fb20060924a1.html | accessdate = 19 Desemba 2007 | archiveurl = https://archive.today/20121205044658/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/fb20060924a1.html | archivedate = 2012-12-05 }} * {{cite journal | last = Ōgi | first = Fusami | year = 2004 | title = Female subjectivity and ''shōjo'' (girls) manga (Japanese comics): ''shōjo'' in Ladies' Comics and Young Ladies' Comics | journal = The Journal of Popular Culture | volume = 36 | issue = 4 | pages = 780–803}} * {{cite book | last = Patten | first = Fred |authorlink=Fred Patten | year = 2004 | title = Watching Anime, Reading Manga: 25 Years of Essays and Reviews | url = https://archive.org/details/watchinganimerea0000patt | location = Berkeley, California | publisher = Stone Bridge Press | isbn = 978-1880656921}} * {{cite journal | last = Perper | first = Timothy | last2 = Cornog | first2 = Martha | year = 2002 | title = Eroticism for the masses: Japanese manga comics and their assimilation into the U.S. | journal = Sexuality & Culture | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 3–126}} * {{cite book | last = Perper | first = Timothy | last2 = Cornog | first2 = Martha | year = 2003 | contribution = Sex, love, and women in Japanese comics | editor-last = Francoeur | editor-first = Robert T. | editor2-last = Noonan | editor2-first = Raymond J. | title = The Comprehensive International Encyclopedia of Sexuality | url = https://archive.org/details/continuumcomplet0000unse | location = New York | publisher = Continuum | isbn = 978-0826414885}} * {{cite journal | last = Pink | first = Daniel H. | date = 22 Oktoba 2007 | title = Japan, Ink: Inside the Manga Industrial Complex | url = http://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/magazine/15-11/ff_manga | journal = Wired | volume = 15 | issue = 11 | accessdate = 19 Desemba 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130628210453/http://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/magazine/15-11/ff_manga | archive-date = 2013-06-28 | url-status = dead}} * {{cite book | last = Poitras | first = Gilles | authorlink = Gilles Poitras | year = 2001 | title = Anime Essentials: Every Thing a Fan Needs to Know | url = https://archive.org/details/animeessentialse0000poit | location = Berkeley, California | publisher = Stone Bridge | isbn = 978-1880656532}} * {{cite journal | last = Reid | first = Calvin | date = 28 Machi 2006 | title = HarperCollins, Tokyopop Ink Manga Deal | url = http://www.publishersweekly.com/article/CA6319467.html | journal = Publishers Weekly | accessdate = 4 Machi 2008}} * {{cite journal | last = Reid | first = Calvin | date = 6 Februari 2009 | title = 2008 Graphic Novel Sales Up 5%; Manga Off 17% | url = http://www.publishersweekly.com/article/CA6430330.html?nid=2789 | journal = Publishers Weekly | accessdate = 7 Septemba 2009}} * {{cite web | last = Riciputi | first = Marco | date = 25 Oktoba 2007 | title = Komikazen: European comics go independent | url = http://www.cafebabel.com/eng/article/22681/komikazen-european-comics-go-independent.html | publisher = Cafebabel.com | accessdate = 4 Machi 2008 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081011141705/http://www.cafebabel.com/eng/article/22681/komikazen-european-comics-go-independent.html | archivedate = 2008-10-11 }}{{Verify credibility|date=Septemba 2009}} * {{cite journal | last = Rifas | first = Leonard | year = 2004 | title = Globalizing Comic Books from Below: How Manga Came to America | journal = International Journal of Comic Art | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 138–171}} * {{cite web | last = Sanchez | first = Frank | year = 1997–2003 | title = Hist 102: History of Manga | url = http://www.animeinfo.org/animeu/hist102.html | publisher = AnimeInfo | accessdate = 11 Septemba 2007 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080205123443/http://www.animeinfo.org/animeu/hist102.html | archivedate = 2008-02-05 }} * {{cite book | last = Schodt | first = Frederik L. | year = 1986 | title = [[Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics]] | location = Tokyo | publisher = Kodansha | isbn = 978-0870117527}} * {{cite book | last = Schodt | first = Frederik L. | year = 1996 | title = [[Dreamland Japan: Writings on Modern Manga]] | location = Berkeley, California | publisher = Stone Bridge Press | isbn = 978-1880656235}} * {{cite book | last = Schodt | first = Frederik L. | year = 2007 | title = The Astro Boy Essays: Osamu Tezuka, Mighty Atom, and the Manga/Anime Revolution | location = Berkeley, California | publisher = Stone Bridge Press | isbn = 978-1933330549}} * {{cite book | last = Shimizu | first = Isao | year = 1985 | month = Juni | title = 日本漫画の事典 : 全国のマンガファンに贈る (Nihon Manga no Jiten - Dictionary of Japanese Manga) | publisher = Sun lexica | language = Japanese | isbn = 4385155860}} * {{cite journal | last = Stewart | first = Bhob | year = 1984 | month = Oktoba | title = Screaming Metal | journal = The Comics Journal | issue = 94}} * {{cite news | last = Tai | first = Elizabeth | date = 23 Septemba 2007 | title = Manga outside Japan | url = http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=/2007/9/23/lifebookshelf/18898783&sec=lifebookshelf | newspaper = Star Online | accessdate = 19 Desemba 2007 | archivedate = 2007-10-12 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071012143933/http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=%2F2007%2F9%2F23%2Flifebookshelf%2F18898783&sec=lifebookshelf }} * {{cite web | last = Tchiei | first = Go | year = 1998 | title = Characteristics of Japanese Manga | url = http://www.dnp.co.jp/museum/nmp/nmp_i/articles/manga/manga2.html | accessdate = 5 Aprili 2008 | archivedate = 2011-08-10 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110810150158/http://www.dnp.co.jp/museum/nmp/nmp_i/articles/manga/manga2.html }} * {{cite book | last = Thompson | first = Jason | year = 2007 | title = [[Manga: The Complete Guide]] | location = New York | publisher = Ballantine Books | isbn = 978-0345485908}} * {{cite journal | last = Thorn | first = Matt | authorlink = Matt Thorn | year = 2001 | month = Julai-Septemba | title = Shôjo Manga—Something for the Girls | url = http://matt-thorn.com/shoujo_manga/japan_quarterly/ | journal = The Japan Quarterly | volume = 48 | issue = 3 | accessdate = 5 Aprili 2008 | archive-date = 2011-06-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110606180532/http://www.matt-thorn.com/shoujo_manga/japan_quarterly/ | dead-url = yes }} * {{cite journal | last = Toku | first = Masami | year = 2006 | month = Spring | title = Shojo Manga: Girl Power! | url = http://www.csuchico.edu/pub/cs/spring_06/feature_03.html | publisher = California State University, Chico | journal = Chico Statements | isbn = 1886226105 | accessdate = 5 Aprili 2008 | archive-date = 2008-04-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080411053104/http://www.csuchico.edu/pub/cs/spring_06/feature_03.html | dead-url = yes }} * {{cite journal | last = Vollmar | first = Rob | date = 1 Machi 2007 | title = Frederic Boilet and the Nouvelle Manga revolution | url = http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-6318937/Frederic-Boilet-and-the-Nouvelle.html | journal = World Literature Today | accessdate = 14 Septemba 2007 | archive-date = 2011-06-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110615141406/http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-6318937/Frederic-Boilet-and-the-Nouvelle.html | dead-url = yes }} * {{cite news | last = Webb | first = Martin | date = 28 Mei 2006 | title = Manga by any other name is... | url = http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fl20060528x1.html | newspaper = [[The Japan Times]] | accessdate = 5 Aprili 2008 | archiveurl = https://archive.today/20120719202730/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/fl20060528x1.html%23.UAhtoago9Rw | archivedate = 2012-07-19 }} * {{cite book | last = Wong | first = Wendy Siuyi | year = 2002 | title = Hong Kong Comics: A History of Manhua | url = https://archive.org/details/hongkongcomicshi0000wong | location = New York | publisher = Princeton Architectural Press | isbn = 978-1568982694}} * {{cite news | last = Wong | first = Wendy Siuyi | year = 2006 | title = Globalizing manga: From Japan to Hong Kong and beyond | work = [[Mechademia|Mechademia: an Annual Forum for Anime, Manga, and the Fan Arts]] | pages = 23–45}} * {{cite journal | last = Wong | first = Wendy | year = 2007 | month = Septemba | title = The Presence of Manga in Europe and North America | url = http://www.rthk.org.hk/mediadigest/20070913_76_121564.html | journal = Media Digest | accessdate = 19 Desemba 2007 | archive-date = 2013-06-21 | archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/6HXJ51BC8?url=http://www.rthk.org.hk/mediadigest/20070913_76_121564.html | dead-url = yes }} * {{cite web | title = About Manga Museum: Current situation of manga culture | url = http://www.kyotomm.com/HP/international/english/about_genjo.html | publisher = Kyoto Manga Museum | accessdate = 6 Septemba 2009 | ref = CITEREFManga Museum2009 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090528115502/http://www.kyotomm.com/HP/international/english/about_genjo.html | archivedate = 2009-05-28 }} * {{cite web | title = Correction: World Manga | url = http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2006-05-10/correction-world-manga | work = Anime News Network | date = 10 Mei 2006 | accessdate = 19 Desemba 2007 | ref = CITEREFANN10 Mei 2006}} * {{cite web | title = I.C. promotes AmeriManga | url = http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2002-11-27/i.c-promotes-amerimanga | work = Anime News Network | date = 11 Novemba 2002 | accessdate = 4 Machi 2008 | ref = CITEREFANN2002}} * {{cite web | title = Interview with Tokyopop's Mike Kiley | url = http://www.icv2.com/articles/home/11249.html | work = ICv2 | date = 7 Septemba 2007 | accessdate = 19 Desemba 2007 | ref = CITEREFICv22007}} * {{cite book | title = Japan: Profile of a Nation, Revised Edition | url = https://archive.org/details/japanprofileofna0000unse_d3e2 | location = Tokyo | publisher = Kodansha International | year = 1999 | isbn = 4770023847 | ref = CITEREFKodansha1999}} * {{cite web | title = Japan's Foreign Minister Creates Foreign Manga Award | url = http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2007-05-22/international-manga-award | date = 22 Mei 2007 | work = Anime News Network | accessdate = 5 Oktoba 2009 | ref = CITEREFANN2007}} * {{cite web | title = manga | url = http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/manga | publisher = Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary | accessdate = 6 Septemba 2009 | ref = CITEREFMerriam-Webster2009}} * {{cite web | title = Manga-mania in France | url = http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2004-02-04/manga-mania-in-france | work = Anime News Network | date = 4 Februari 2004 | accessdate = 19 Desemba 2007 | ref = CITEREFANN2004}} * {{cite web | title = 'Manga no Kuni': A manga magazine from the Second Sino-Japanese War period | url = http://mmsearch.kyotomm.jp/infolib/search/CsvSearch.cgi?DEF_XSL=eng&GRP_ID=G0000002&DB_ID=G0000002GALLERY&IS_DB=G0000002GALLERY&IS_TYPE=csv&IS_STYLE=eng&SUM_KIND=CsvSummary&SUM_NUMBER=10&IS_SCH=CSV&META_KIND=NOFRAME&IS_KIND=CsvDetail&IS_NUMBER=1&SUM_TYPE=normal&IS_START=4&IS_KEY_A1=%22GALLERY%22&IS_TAG_A1=Cul11&IS_ADDSCH_CNT=1&VIEW_FLG=0 | publisher = Kyoto International Manga Museum | accessdate = 21 Desemba 2008 | ref = Manga no Kuni | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090409073253/http://mmsearch.kyotomm.jp/infolib/search/CsvSearch.cgi?DEF_XSL=eng&GRP_ID=G0000002&DB_ID=G0000002GALLERY&IS_DB=G0000002GALLERY&IS_TYPE=csv&IS_STYLE=eng&SUM_KIND=CsvSummary&SUM_NUMBER=10&IS_SCH=CSV&META_KIND=NOFRAME&IS_KIND=CsvDetail&IS_NUMBER=1&SUM_TYPE=normal&IS_START=4&IS_KEY_A1=%22GALLERY%22&IS_TAG_A1=Cul11&IS_ADDSCH_CNT=1&VIEW_FLG=0 | archivedate = 2009-04-09 }} * {{cite web | title = 'Poten': a manga magazine from Kyoto | url = http://mmsearch.kyotomm.jp/infolib/search/CsvSearch.cgi?DEF_XSL=eng&GRP_ID=G0000002&DB_ID=G0000002GALLERY&IS_DB=G0000002GALLERY&IS_TYPE=csv&IS_STYLE=eng&SUM_KIND=CsvSummary&SUM_NUMBER=10&IS_SCH=CSV&META_KIND=NOFRAME&IS_KIND=CsvDetail&IS_NUMBER=1&SUM_TYPE=normal&IS_START=3&IS_KEY_A1=%22GALLERY%22&IS_TAG_A1=Cul11&IS_ADDSCH_CNT=1&VIEW_FLG=0 | publisher = Kyoto International Manga Museum | accessdate = 21 Desemba 2008 | ref = Poten | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090410081554/http://mmsearch.kyotomm.jp/infolib/search/CsvSearch.cgi?DEF_XSL=eng&GRP_ID=G0000002&DB_ID=G0000002GALLERY&IS_DB=G0000002GALLERY&IS_TYPE=csv&IS_STYLE=eng&SUM_KIND=CsvSummary&SUM_NUMBER=10&IS_SCH=CSV&META_KIND=NOFRAME&IS_KIND=CsvDetail&IS_NUMBER=1&SUM_TYPE=normal&IS_START=3&IS_KEY_A1=%22GALLERY%22&IS_TAG_A1=Cul11&IS_ADDSCH_CNT=1&VIEW_FLG=0 | archivedate = 2009-04-10 }} * {{cite web | title = 'Shonen Pakku'; Japan's first children's manga magazine | url = http://mmsearch.kyotomm.jp/infolib/search/CsvSearch.cgi?DEF_XSL=eng&GRP_ID=G0000002&DB_ID=G0000002GALLERY&IS_DB=G0000002GALLERY&IS_TYPE=csv&IS_STYLE=eng&SUM_KIND=CsvSummary&SUM_NUMBER=10&IS_SCH=CSV&META_KIND=NOFRAME&IS_KIND=CsvDetail&IS_NUMBER=1&SUM_TYPE=normal&IS_START=2&IS_KEY_A1=%22GALLERY%22&IS_TAG_A1=Cul11&IS_ADDSCH_CNT=1&VIEW_FLG=0 | publisher = Kyoto International Manga Museum | accessdate = 21 Desemba 2008 | ref = Shonen Pakku | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090410081500/http://mmsearch.kyotomm.jp/infolib/search/CsvSearch.cgi?DEF_XSL=eng&GRP_ID=G0000002&DB_ID=G0000002GALLERY&IS_DB=G0000002GALLERY&IS_TYPE=csv&IS_STYLE=eng&SUM_KIND=CsvSummary&SUM_NUMBER=10&IS_SCH=CSV&META_KIND=NOFRAME&IS_KIND=CsvDetail&IS_NUMBER=1&SUM_TYPE=normal&IS_START=2&IS_KEY_A1=%22GALLERY%22&IS_TAG_A1=Cul11&IS_ADDSCH_CNT=1&VIEW_FLG=0 | archivedate = 2009-04-10 }} * {{cite web | title = The first Japanese manga magazine: Eshinbun Nipponchi | url = http://mmsearch.kyotomm.jp/infolib/search/CsvSearch.cgi?DEF_XSL=eng&GRP_ID=G0000002&DB_ID=G0000002GALLERY&IS_DB=G0000002GALLERY&IS_TYPE=csv&IS_STYLE=eng&SUM_KIND=CsvSummary&SUM_NUMBER=10&IS_SCH=CSV&META_KIND=NOFRAME&IS_KIND=CsvDetail&IS_NUMBER=1&SUM_TYPE=normal&IS_START=1&IS_KEY_A1=%22GALLERY%22&IS_TAG_A1=Cul11&IS_ADDSCH_CNT=1&VIEW_FLG=0 | publisher = Kyoto International Manga Museum | accessdate = 21 Desemba 2008 | ref = Eshinbun Nipponchi | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/617dlBFZi?url=http://mmsearch.kyotomm.jp/infolib/search/CsvSearch.cgi?DEF_XSL=eng | archivedate = 2011-08-22 }} * {{cite web | title = Tokyopop To Move Away from OEL and World Manga Labels | url = http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2006-05-05/tokyopop-to-move-away-from-oel-and-world-manga-labels | work = Anime News Network | date = 5 Mei 2006 | accessdate = 19 Desemba 2007 | ref = CITEREFANN5 Mei 2006}} == Marejeleo zaidi == * {{cite web | title = Japanese Manga Market Drops Below 500 Billion Yen | url = http://comipress.com/news/2007/03/10/1622 | publisher = ComiPress | date = 10 Machi 2007}} * {{cite web | title = Un poil de culture - Une introduction à l'animation japonaise | url = http://www.metalchroniques.fr/guppy/articles.php?lng=fr&pg=437 | date = 11 Julai 2007 | language = French | accessdate = 2010-01-03 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080108163613/http://www.metalchroniques.fr/guppy/articles.php?lng=fr&pg=437 | archivedate = 2008-01-08 }} == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons category}} <!--===========================({{NoMoreLinks}})===============================--> <!--| DO NOT ADD MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. WIKIPEDIA IS NOT A COLLECTION OF |--> <!--| LINKS. If you think that your link might be useful, do not add it here, |--> <!--| but put it on this article's discussion page first or submit your link |--> <!--| to the appropriate category at the Open Directory Project (www.dmoz.org)|--> <!--| and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. |--> <!--| |--> <!--| Links that have not been verified WILL BE DELETED. |--> <!--| See [[Wikipedia:External links]] and [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details |--> <!--===========================({{NoMoreLinks}})===============================--> <!-- See Discussion for more details: Do Not Add Links --> [[Jamii:Katuni]] [[Jamii:Utamaduni wa Japani]] g9il3addu5f9vdxwt2kdffc07nw4qax 0 35367 1612639 1521399 2026-11-03T00:34:40Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612639 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Quaggylevel.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Mto Quaggy]] {{Geobox|Mto <!-- *** Name section *** --> | name = Quaggy <!-- *** Map section *** --> | map = | map_size = | map_caption = <!-- *** Country etc. *** --> | other_name = Kyd Brook | other_name1 = Chin Brook | etymology = | country = England | country_flag = 1 | state = Greater London | state_type = County | region_type = [[London Borough]]s | region = [[London Borough of Bromley|Bromley]] | region1 = <br>[[London Borough of Lewisham|Lewisham]] | region2 = <br>[[London Borough of Greenwich|Greenwich]] | district_type = Places | district = Locksbottom | district1 = [[Farnborough, London|Farnborough]] | district2 = Keston | district3 = Petts Wood | district4 = Chislehurst | district5 = Bickley | district6 = [[Grove Park, Lewisham|Grove Park]] | district7 = Chinbrook | district8 = Mottingham | district9 = Horn Park | district10 = [[Middle Park, London|Middle Park]] | district11 = Eltham | district12 = Blackheath Park | district13 = Lee Green | district14 = Hither Green | district15 = Lewisham <!-- *** Geography *** --> | length = 17 | length_imperial = | watershed = | watershed_imperial = | discharge_location = | discharge_average = | discharge_average_imperial = | discharge_max_month = | discharge_max = | discharge_max_imperial = | discharge_min_month = | discharge_min = | discharge_min_imperial = | discharge1_location = | discharge1_average = | discharge1_average_imperial = | discharge2_location = | discharge2_average = | discharge2_average_imperial = | discharge3_location = | discharge3_average = | discharge3_average_imperial = | discharge4_location = | discharge4_average = | discharge4_average_imperial = <!-- *** Source *** --> | source_name = | source_location = [[Locksbottom]], [[Farnborough, London|Farnborough]] | source_region = | source_country = | source_country1 = | source_elevation = 122 | source_elevation_imperial = | source_lat_d = | source_lat_m = | source_lat_s = | source_lat_NS = | source_long_d = | source_long_m = | source_long_s = | source_long_EW = <!-- *** Mouth *** --> | mouth_name = | mouth_location = [[River Ravensbourne]], [[Lewisham station]], [[Lewisham]] | mouth_country = | mouth_country_flag = | mouth_region = | mouth_country1 = | mouth_elevation = 9 | mouth_elevation_imperial = | mouth_lat_d = | mouth_lat_m = | mouth_lat_s = | mouth_lat_NS = | mouth_long_d = | mouth_long_m = | mouth_long_s = | mouth_long_EW = <!-- *** Tributaries *** --> | tributary_left = | tributary_left1 = | tributary_right = | tributary_right1 = <!-- *** Image *** ---> | image = Quaggylevel.jpg | image_size = 260 px | image_caption = }} '''Mto Quaggy''' ni [[mto]] wa mijini, ulio na [[urefu]] wa [[kilomita]] 17, unapitia [[kusini]]-[[mashariki]] mwa [[London Borough]] ya [[Bromley, Greenwich]] na [[Lewisham]], unajulikana kama Kyd Brook, katika maeneo yake ya juu. Mto huu huanzia kutoka [[vyanzo]] viwili karibu na hospitali ya Farnborough katika [[Locksbottom]] na ni [[tawimto]] la [[Mto Ravensbourne]] ambao hutiririka ndani ya [[kituo cha Lewisham]] katika [[Lewisham.]] <ref name="Map">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.qwag.org.uk/quaggy/map.php |title=Ramani ya Mto Katika QWAG |accessdate=2010-01-19 |archivedate=2013-09-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918083011/http://www.qwag.org.uk/quaggy/map.php }}</ref> Mkondo mrefu wa Kyd Brook unaonekana katika Hawkwood, eneo la mashamba na katikaa Chislehurst na linamilikiwa na kusimamiwa na National Trust, lakini wazi kwa umma bila malipo. Kutoka huko mto huu unapita kaskazini kupitia Sundridge Park Golf Course kisha kuvuka ''[[Chinbrook ängar]]'' kati [[Chinbrook]] na [[Grove Park]], kisha kupitia sehemu za nje za [[Kati Mottingham Park]] ndani ya [[Sutcliffe Park]] na mwisho wa [[Eltham]]. Mto huu halafu huelekea magharibi kupitia kusini [[Blackheath]] kisha [[Kidbrooke]] na hatimaye kupitia [[Lee]] na hifadhi yake [[Bustani ya Manor]] ndani ya [[Lewisham]] ambapo unajiunga na [[Mto Ravensbourne]] karibu na kituo cha Lewisham . Kama sehemu ya vyanzo katika eneo la Ravensbourne, mto huadhimishwa daima chini ya ukaguzi na Shirika la Mazingira, ambalo hutoa maonyo ya mafuriko<ref> [http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/homeandleisure/floods/default.aspx Maonyo ya mafuriko ]</ref> wakati husika. ==Uhandisi wa Mto == Katika miaka ya 1960 Mto Quaggy ndani ya mkondo wa [[Chinbrook]] na mbuga nyingine iliundiwa mtaro wa simiti ulio laini ili kuzuia mafuriko. Katika mkondo wa Chinbrook mto huu ulifungwa kwa fensi za chuma .Hii iligawanyisha mbuga mara mbili ambapo eneo kubwa la mbuga hii iko mashariki ya mto. Katika mwanzoni wa miaka ya 2000mtaro huu wa simiti na vizuizi vilibomolewa na kupa mto huo umbo lake la asili; hii ilikuwa kuhamasisha mimea na wanyama pori kurudi katika eneo hili ili kupendeza zaidi na kuvutia umma. Kuna madaraja kadhaaa ya mguu yaliyojengwa kwa mbao juu ya mto huu, yaliyochukua nafasi ya simiti na vizuizi. Mabadiliko haya yalikamilika tarehe 1 Oktoba 2002 kwa gharama ya £ 1.1million.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.sd-commission.org.uk/communitiessummit/show_case_study.php/00183.html |title=Uboreshaji |accessdate=2010-01-19 |archivedate=2007-06-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610180302/http://www.sd-commission.org.uk/communitiessummit/show_case_study.php/00183.html }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.creativelewishamagency.org.uk/cl2/displayProject1.asp?ProjectID=29&from=listProjectsThe |title=Uboreshaji |accessdate=2021-01-20 |archivedate=2007-09-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929003528/http://www.creativelewishamagency.org.uk/cl2/displayProject1.asp?ProjectID=29&from=listProjectsThe }}</ref> Tangu marejesho mikunjo ya Chinbrook imeshinda [[Bendera ya kijani]] alikatika miaka miwili iliyofuatana.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.greenflagaward.org.uk/winners/GSP002281/ |title=Tuzo la bendera ya kijani |accessdate=2010-01-19 |archivedate=2008-06-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607025128/http://www.greenflagaward.org.uk/winners/GSP002281/ }}</ref> Muda mfupi baada ya mabadiliko kukamilika Quaggy ilipata mabadiliko sawa kuelekea chini ndani ya [[Mbuga wa Sutcliffe]], maili moja na nusu ya kaskazini.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.qwag.org.uk/quaggy/flood.php |title=Uboreshaji wa mbuga wa Sutcliffe |accessdate=2010-01-19 |archivedate=2008-02-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226064103/http://www.qwag.org.uk/quaggy/flood.php }}</ref><ref> {{Cite web |url=http://www.londongardenstrust.org/features/quaggy.htm |title=Uboreshaji wa mbuga wa Sutcliffe |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819204230/http://www.londongardenstrust.org/features/quaggy.htm |archivedate=2008-08-19 |accessdate=2010-01-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Jina== Jina hili limekuwepo kwa muda mrefu kabisa wakati; kumbukumbu inaweza kupatikana katika kazi mbalimbali [[mawazo]] ya Uingereza katika karne ya 19 na 20, kwa mfano katika [[Edith Nesbit]] ''The New Treasure Seekers.'' Pengine asili ya jina ni kutoka maneno kutoka [[quagmire]] na [http://www.bartleby.com/61/9/Q0010900.html quaggy;] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/9/Q0010900.html |date=20070316011201 }} lakini sasa limekuwa jina sahihi kinyume na [[kivumishi]] au [[nauni]] ya kawaida. ===Majina mengine=== Mto huu umeulikana kwa majina mengine. Leo hii Kyd Brook inaashiria mto huu katika maeneo yake ya juu katika Chislehurst na Farnborough. Mahali [[Kidbrooke]] ilichukuwa jina lake kutokana na mto lakini iko katika upande wa chini, lakini kuna matawimto mawili hapa yaitwayo Kati Kid Brook na chini Kid Brook. Mahali [[Chinbrook]] imetokana na ''"Chin Brook"'' ambalo lilikuwa jina lingine la mto Quaggy katika eneo hilo katika upindukaji hadi karne ya ishirini.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.lewisham.gov.uk/LeisureAndCulture/ParksAndRecreation/LocalParks/ChinbrookMeadows.htm |title=Jina Chinbrook |accessdate=2010-01-19 |archivedate=2007-03-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315081411/http://www3.lewisham.gov.uk/LeisureAndCulture/ParksAndRecreation/LocalParks/ChinbrookMeadows.htm }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www2.lewisham.gov.uk/nature_conservation/Chinbrook%20Site%20features.htm |title=Jina Chinbrook |accessdate=2010-01-19 |archivedate=2007-09-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928010305/http://www2.lewisham.gov.uk/nature_conservation/Chinbrook%20Site%20features.htm }}</ref> ==Matawimto== Mto Quaggy wenyewe ni [[tawimto]] la [[Mto Ravensbourne]] ambao huelekea hadi ndani ya [[mto Thames]]. Quaggy pia ina matawimto. Nayo ni:<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://wildlife1.wildlifeinformation.org/000ADOBES/OilSpill/D203_LBP22_rivers.pdf |title=Orodha ya tawimito katika habari za Wanyamapori |accessdate=2010-01-19 |archivedate=2011-07-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723234511/http://wildlife1.wildlifeinformation.org/000ADOBES/OilSpill/D203_LBP22_rivers.pdf }}</ref><ref name="Map" /> *'''Tawi Kuu''' (km 3,7) *'''Tawi la Mashariki''' (km 2.2) - matawi haya mawili huanzia katika Locksbottom, na kupitia kaskazini kuungana pamoja katika [[Petts Wood.]] *'''Mtaro wa Maziwa''' (km 0.38), huanzia karibu na una jina baada mtaa wa maziwa katika [[Sundridge]], kisha unaelekea mashariki na kujiunga na Quaggy katika Uwanja wa gofu wa Sundrige . *'''Grove Park Ditch''' (km 0.5), huanzia katika Nedre Marvels Machakani, Mottingham, unaelekea magharibi na kujiunga na Quaggy katika mikunjo ya Chinbrook . *'''Quaggy ndogo''' (km 0.7), huanzia katika Mottingham,hutiririka magharibi na kujiunga na Quaggy karibu na [[Horn Park]]. *'''Kid Brooke ya Chini''' (km 2.5), huanzia katika [[Well Hall]], Eltham na hutiririka kusini na kugawanyika katika matawimto mawili kabla na kujiunga na Quaggy kusini mwa [[Blackheath]]. *''' Kid Brooke ya Kati''' (km 1.9), huanzia katika [[Kidbrooke]] na kuelekea kusini mashariki na kugawanyika kabla ya kujiunga na Quaggy katika [[Lee]]. Matawimto hayo mawili huwa na jina Kidbrooke. *'''Quaggy huku Kijani''' (km 1), huanzia katika [[Hither Green]] na kuelekea kaskazini kujiunga na Quaggy kaskazini ya [[Kituo cha Relix cha Hither Green station]]. ==Angalia Pia== *[[Mito ya Uingereza]] ==Marejeo== {{reflist|3}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.qwag.org.uk/ Kundi la Njia za Maji Katika Quaggy ] * [http://www.qwag.org.uk/quaggy/map.php Ramani za Quaggy ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.qwag.org.uk/quaggy/map.php |date=20130918083011 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080819204230/http://www.londongardenstrust.org/features/quaggy.htm Kurejesha makala ya Quaggy,] [[Uaminifu wa Mbuga &amp; Bustani za]] {{coord|51|27|20|N|0|00|12|W|type:landmark_region:GB|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Quaggy, River}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Mto Thames]] k3nidg52jdq2vkctrsn2ef0csa8h2cr 1612669 1612639 2026-11-03T04:38:49Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1612669 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Quaggylevel.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Mto Quaggy]] {{Geobox|Mto <!-- *** Name section *** --> | name = Quaggy <!-- *** Map section *** --> | map = | map_size = | map_caption = <!-- *** Country etc. *** --> | other_name = Kyd Brook | other_name1 = Chin Brook | etymology = | country = England | country_flag = 1 | state = Greater London | state_type = County | region_type = [[London Borough]]s | region = [[London Borough of Bromley|Bromley]] | region1 = <br>[[London Borough of Lewisham|Lewisham]] | region2 = <br>[[London Borough of Greenwich|Greenwich]] | district_type = Places | district = Locksbottom | district1 = [[Farnborough, London|Farnborough]] | district2 = Keston | district3 = Petts Wood | district4 = Chislehurst | district5 = Bickley | district6 = [[Grove Park, Lewisham|Grove Park]] | district7 = Chinbrook | district8 = Mottingham | district9 = Horn Park | district10 = [[Middle Park, London|Middle Park]] | district11 = Eltham | district12 = Blackheath Park | district13 = Lee Green | district14 = Hither Green | district15 = Lewisham <!-- *** Geography *** --> | length = 17 | length_imperial = | watershed = | watershed_imperial = | discharge_location = | discharge_average = | discharge_average_imperial = | discharge_max_month = | discharge_max = | discharge_max_imperial = | discharge_min_month = | discharge_min = | discharge_min_imperial = | discharge1_location = | discharge1_average = | discharge1_average_imperial = | discharge2_location = | discharge2_average = | discharge2_average_imperial = | discharge3_location = | discharge3_average = | discharge3_average_imperial = | discharge4_location = | discharge4_average = | discharge4_average_imperial = <!-- *** Source *** --> | source_name = | source_location = [[Locksbottom]], [[Farnborough, London|Farnborough]] | source_region = | source_country = | source_country1 = | source_elevation = 122 | source_elevation_imperial = | source_lat_d = | source_lat_m = | source_lat_s = | source_lat_NS = | source_long_d = | source_long_m = | source_long_s = | source_long_EW = <!-- *** Mouth *** --> | mouth_name = | mouth_location = [[River Ravensbourne]], [[Lewisham station]], [[Lewisham]] | mouth_country = | mouth_country_flag = | mouth_region = | mouth_country1 = | mouth_elevation = 9 | mouth_elevation_imperial = | mouth_lat_d = | mouth_lat_m = | mouth_lat_s = | mouth_lat_NS = | mouth_long_d = | mouth_long_m = | mouth_long_s = | mouth_long_EW = <!-- *** Tributaries *** --> | tributary_left = | tributary_left1 = | tributary_right = | tributary_right1 = <!-- *** Image *** ---> | image = Quaggylevel.jpg | image_size = 260 px | image_caption = }} '''Mto Quaggy''' ni [[mto]] wa mijini, ulio na [[urefu]] wa [[kilomita]] 17, unapitia [[kusini]]-[[mashariki]] mwa [[London Borough]] ya [[Bromley, Greenwich]] na [[Lewisham]], unajulikana kama Kyd Brook, katika maeneo yake ya juu. Mto huu huanzia kutoka [[vyanzo]] viwili karibu na hospitali ya Farnborough katika [[Locksbottom]] na ni [[tawimto]] la [[Mto Ravensbourne]] ambao hutiririka ndani ya [[kituo cha Lewisham]] katika [[Lewisham.]] <ref name="Map">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.qwag.org.uk/quaggy/map.php |title=Ramani ya Mto Katika QWAG |accessdate=2010-01-19 |archivedate=2013-09-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918083011/http://www.qwag.org.uk/quaggy/map.php }}</ref> Mkondo mrefu wa Kyd Brook unaonekana katika Hawkwood, eneo la mashamba na katikaa Chislehurst na linamilikiwa na kusimamiwa na National Trust, lakini wazi kwa umma bila malipo. Kutoka huko mto huu unapita kaskazini kupitia Sundridge Park Golf Course kisha kuvuka ''[[Chinbrook ängar]]'' kati [[Chinbrook]] na [[Grove Park]], kisha kupitia sehemu za nje za [[Kati Mottingham Park]] ndani ya [[Sutcliffe Park]] na mwisho wa [[Eltham]]. Mto huu halafu huelekea magharibi kupitia kusini [[Blackheath]] kisha [[Kidbrooke]] na hatimaye kupitia [[Lee]] na hifadhi yake [[Bustani ya Manor]] ndani ya [[Lewisham]] ambapo unajiunga na [[Mto Ravensbourne]] karibu na kituo cha Lewisham . Kama sehemu ya vyanzo katika eneo la Ravensbourne, mto huadhimishwa daima chini ya ukaguzi na Shirika la Mazingira, ambalo hutoa maonyo ya mafuriko<ref> [http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/homeandleisure/floods/default.aspx Maonyo ya mafuriko ]</ref> wakati husika. ==Uhandisi wa Mto == Katika miaka ya 1960 Mto Quaggy ndani ya mkondo wa [[Chinbrook]] na mbuga nyingine iliundiwa mtaro wa simiti ulio laini ili kuzuia mafuriko. Katika mkondo wa Chinbrook mto huu ulifungwa kwa fensi za chuma .Hii iligawanyisha mbuga mara mbili ambapo eneo kubwa la mbuga hii iko mashariki ya mto. Katika mwanzoni wa miaka ya 2000mtaro huu wa simiti na vizuizi vilibomolewa na kupa mto huo umbo lake la asili; hii ilikuwa kuhamasisha mimea na wanyama pori kurudi katika eneo hili ili kupendeza zaidi na kuvutia umma. Kuna madaraja kadhaaa ya mguu yaliyojengwa kwa mbao juu ya mto huu, yaliyochukua nafasi ya simiti na vizuizi. Mabadiliko haya yalikamilika tarehe 1 Oktoba 2002 kwa gharama ya £ 1.1million.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.sd-commission.org.uk/communitiessummit/show_case_study.php/00183.html |title=Uboreshaji |accessdate=2010-01-19 |archivedate=2007-06-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610180302/http://www.sd-commission.org.uk/communitiessummit/show_case_study.php/00183.html }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.creativelewishamagency.org.uk/cl2/displayProject1.asp?ProjectID=29&from=listProjectsThe |title=Uboreshaji |accessdate=2021-01-20 |archivedate=2007-09-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929003528/http://www.creativelewishamagency.org.uk/cl2/displayProject1.asp?ProjectID=29&from=listProjectsThe }}</ref> Tangu marejesho mikunjo ya Chinbrook imeshinda [[Bendera ya kijani]] alikatika miaka miwili iliyofuatana.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.greenflagaward.org.uk/winners/GSP002281/ |title=Tuzo la bendera ya kijani |accessdate=2010-01-19 |archivedate=2008-06-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607025128/http://www.greenflagaward.org.uk/winners/GSP002281/ }}</ref> Muda mfupi baada ya mabadiliko kukamilika Quaggy ilipata mabadiliko sawa kuelekea chini ndani ya [[Mbuga wa Sutcliffe]], maili moja na nusu ya kaskazini.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.qwag.org.uk/quaggy/flood.php |title=Uboreshaji wa mbuga wa Sutcliffe |accessdate=2010-01-19 |archivedate=2008-02-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226064103/http://www.qwag.org.uk/quaggy/flood.php }}</ref><ref> {{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.londongardenstrust.org/features/quaggy.htm |title=Uboreshaji wa mbuga wa Sutcliffe |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819204230/http://www.londongardenstrust.org/features/quaggy.htm |archivedate=2008-08-19 |accessdate=2010-01-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Jina== Jina hili limekuwepo kwa muda mrefu kabisa wakati; kumbukumbu inaweza kupatikana katika kazi mbalimbali [[mawazo]] ya Uingereza katika karne ya 19 na 20, kwa mfano katika [[Edith Nesbit]] ''The New Treasure Seekers.'' Pengine asili ya jina ni kutoka maneno kutoka [[quagmire]] na [http://www.bartleby.com/61/9/Q0010900.html quaggy;] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/9/Q0010900.html |date=20070316011201 }} lakini sasa limekuwa jina sahihi kinyume na [[kivumishi]] au [[nauni]] ya kawaida. ===Majina mengine=== Mto huu umeulikana kwa majina mengine. Leo hii Kyd Brook inaashiria mto huu katika maeneo yake ya juu katika Chislehurst na Farnborough. Mahali [[Kidbrooke]] ilichukuwa jina lake kutokana na mto lakini iko katika upande wa chini, lakini kuna matawimto mawili hapa yaitwayo Kati Kid Brook na chini Kid Brook. Mahali [[Chinbrook]] imetokana na ''"Chin Brook"'' ambalo lilikuwa jina lingine la mto Quaggy katika eneo hilo katika upindukaji hadi karne ya ishirini.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.lewisham.gov.uk/LeisureAndCulture/ParksAndRecreation/LocalParks/ChinbrookMeadows.htm |title=Jina Chinbrook |accessdate=2010-01-19 |archivedate=2007-03-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315081411/http://www3.lewisham.gov.uk/LeisureAndCulture/ParksAndRecreation/LocalParks/ChinbrookMeadows.htm }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www2.lewisham.gov.uk/nature_conservation/Chinbrook%20Site%20features.htm |title=Jina Chinbrook |accessdate=2010-01-19 |archivedate=2007-09-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928010305/http://www2.lewisham.gov.uk/nature_conservation/Chinbrook%20Site%20features.htm }}</ref> ==Matawimto== Mto Quaggy wenyewe ni [[tawimto]] la [[Mto Ravensbourne]] ambao huelekea hadi ndani ya [[mto Thames]]. Quaggy pia ina matawimto. Nayo ni:<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://wildlife1.wildlifeinformation.org/000ADOBES/OilSpill/D203_LBP22_rivers.pdf |title=Orodha ya tawimito katika habari za Wanyamapori |accessdate=2010-01-19 |archivedate=2011-07-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723234511/http://wildlife1.wildlifeinformation.org/000ADOBES/OilSpill/D203_LBP22_rivers.pdf }}</ref><ref name="Map" /> *'''Tawi Kuu''' (km 3,7) *'''Tawi la Mashariki''' (km 2.2) - matawi haya mawili huanzia katika Locksbottom, na kupitia kaskazini kuungana pamoja katika [[Petts Wood.]] *'''Mtaro wa Maziwa''' (km 0.38), huanzia karibu na una jina baada mtaa wa maziwa katika [[Sundridge]], kisha unaelekea mashariki na kujiunga na Quaggy katika Uwanja wa gofu wa Sundrige . *'''Grove Park Ditch''' (km 0.5), huanzia katika Nedre Marvels Machakani, Mottingham, unaelekea magharibi na kujiunga na Quaggy katika mikunjo ya Chinbrook . *'''Quaggy ndogo''' (km 0.7), huanzia katika Mottingham,hutiririka magharibi na kujiunga na Quaggy karibu na [[Horn Park]]. *'''Kid Brooke ya Chini''' (km 2.5), huanzia katika [[Well Hall]], Eltham na hutiririka kusini na kugawanyika katika matawimto mawili kabla na kujiunga na Quaggy kusini mwa [[Blackheath]]. *''' Kid Brooke ya Kati''' (km 1.9), huanzia katika [[Kidbrooke]] na kuelekea kusini mashariki na kugawanyika kabla ya kujiunga na Quaggy katika [[Lee]]. Matawimto hayo mawili huwa na jina Kidbrooke. *'''Quaggy huku Kijani''' (km 1), huanzia katika [[Hither Green]] na kuelekea kaskazini kujiunga na Quaggy kaskazini ya [[Kituo cha Relix cha Hither Green station]]. ==Angalia Pia== *[[Mito ya Uingereza]] ==Marejeo== {{reflist|3}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.qwag.org.uk/ Kundi la Njia za Maji Katika Quaggy ] * [http://www.qwag.org.uk/quaggy/map.php Ramani za Quaggy ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.qwag.org.uk/quaggy/map.php |date=20130918083011 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080819204230/http://www.londongardenstrust.org/features/quaggy.htm Kurejesha makala ya Quaggy,] [[Uaminifu wa Mbuga &amp; Bustani za]] {{coord|51|27|20|N|0|00|12|W|type:landmark_region:GB|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Quaggy, River}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Mto Thames]] fq1jsbjb4oc3vtuj47akiatf4ruuhy1 0 35422 1612586 1244876 2026-11-02T15:34:23Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | <!-- Tazama Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | Jina = MURS | Img = 9th Wonder & Murs.jpg | Img_capt = Murs (kulia) na 9th Wonder wakitumbuiza katika Tamasha za ‘’Paid Dues hip hop’’ at the Ukumbi wa Nokia Jijini New York. | Background = Mwimbaji wa pekee | Jina la kuzaliwa = Nick Carter | Amezaliwa = | Died = | Origin = | Aina = [[Muziki wa Hip hop|Hip hop]] | Kazi yake = [[Rapping|Msanii wa Rap]] | Miaka ya kazi = 1996 – leo | Studio = [[Warner Bros. Records]]<br />[[Definitive Jux]]<br />[[Record Collection]] | Ameshirikiana na = [[Living Legends]], [[Felt (hip hop)|Felt]], [[9th Wonder]], [[3 Melancholy Gypsys]], The Invincibles | Tovuti = [http://www.mursmusic.com/ www.mursmusic.com/] | Notable_instruments = }} '''Nick Carter''' (ambaye anajulikana kwa jina la usanii kama '''MURS''') ni msanii wa [[Marekani]] wa muziki wa aina ya Rap. Jina lake la kisanii la MURS ambalo aliliunda mwenyewe linaweza kuwa na maana nyingi kama vile "''Making the Universe Recognize and Submit''" au "''Making Underground Raw Shit''"<ref>LAist; Oct 7, 2008. "LAist Interview: MURS." http://laist.com/2008/10/07/laist_interview.php {{Wayback|url=http://laist.com/2008/10/07/laist_interview.php |date=20081211032229 }}</ref> Alitia mkataba wa lebo ya kibinafsi ya [[Record Collection]] na ni mwanachama wa Makundi ya Muziki aina ya Hip Hop ya [[Living Legends]], [[Felt (hip hop)|Felt]] na [[3 Melancholy Gypsys]]. MURS pia ni mwanabendi wa bendi ya muziki wa aina ya ''Punk Fusion'' iitwayo The Invincibles pamoja na Jacksonville, ambaye hujiita ''Mkate wa Ngano'' (Whole Wheat Bread) kutoka [[Florida]], ambapo anaimba sauti ya Lead. == Kazi yake == MURs alitoa wimbo wake wa kwanza mnamo 1993, wimbo aliouchukua kutoka albamu iliyotoka peke yake ya kundi lake la kwanza la Melancholy Gypsies (pia hujulikana kama 3MG) ).<ref name="Torreano">Torreano, Bradley "[http://www.allmusic.com/artist/murs-p467324 MURS Biography]", ''[[Allmusic]]'', Macrovision Corporation</ref>. Kundi hili lilitengeneza urafiki na Mystik Journrymen na kujiunga nao katika Mkusanyiko wa ''The Living Legends'' wa 1996.<ref name="Torreano" /> MURS alijitokeza kama msanii wa Rap katika zaidi ya rekodi, EP na Singles ishirini katika kipindi cha miaka saba, zote zikitolewa na 3MG na ‘’Living Legends''<ref name="Torreano" />. Albamu yake ya kwanza ''The End of the Beginning'' (Mwisho wa Mwanzo), ilitoka mnamo 2003<ref name="Torreano" />. Pia alifanya kazi na [[Slug (rapper)|Slug]] akitumia jina la '''Felt''' <ref name="Torreano" />. Albamu ya pili ''Murs 3:16: The 9th Edition'' ilitolewa na [[9th Wonder]]. Huku akichukua mtazamo wa maana zaidi kuliko wansanii wa Rap ya Kijangili, MURS ameweza kugusia zaidi kuhusu upotovu unaoukumba utamaduni wa hip hop." Ngoma yake ''Walk Like a Man'' (Tembea kama mwanaume) kutoka albamu hiyo ilichochea filamu ya jina lilo hilo ambapo MURS anaigiza kama [[Damien wigfall]]. Baada ya albamu nyingine ya solo na [[9th Wonder]] iitwayo ‘’Murray’s Revenge’’ ya 2006, MURS alitia sahii mkataba na [[Kundi la Muziki la Warner|Warner Bros]], albamu yake ya kwanza kwa kundi hilo ikiwa ‘’Murs for President’’ (Murs kwa Urais).<ref name="Torreano" />. Hii ilitanguliwa na albamu ya ‘’Sweet Lord’’ ambayo ilipatiwa mashabiki bila malipo. .<ref>Martin, Andrew (2008) "[http://www.popmatters.com/pm/review/murs-murs-for-president Murs: Murs For President - Not a write-in candidate just yet]", ''[[PopMatters]]''</ref> == Muungano na Makundi == * [[3 Melancholy Gypsys]] ( 3MG )- iliundwa pamoja na wenziwe katika shule, Scarub na Elijah. WOte watatu walijiunga na kundi la ‘’Living Legends’’ baadaye."<ref name="autogenerated1">[http://my.opera.com/hiphopheadz/blog/show.dml/198648 Murs Interview] ''HipHopHeads'' 27 Machi 2006.</ref>. * [[Living Legends]] (LL)- Inajumuisha [[Sunspot Jonz]], [[Luckyiami]], [[the Grouch]], Scarub, [[Eligh]], Aesop, [[Bicasso]], [[Arata]] na MURS. Waliungana mnamo 1996 wakati wengi wa wanakundi wakiwa [[Oakland]]. * [[Felt (hip hop)|Felt]] – Kundi la Hip Hop la watu wawili lililoundwa na MURS pamoja na [[Slug (rapper)|Slug]]. Kama ‘’Felt’’, wametoa albamu tatu na wanaendelea kuzikuza. * [[The Netherworlds]] – Kundi la Hip Hop linalojumuisha MURS, Anacron na msanii wa Rap ‘’Himself’’. * [[The Righteous Brothers Project]] – Kundi la hip hop linalojumuisha MURS, Eligh, Scarub (3MG) na Basik MC. * [[The Underbosses]]- ni mradi ambao fununu zinasema kuwa unaendelea kuundwa ukishirikisha MURS na Luckyiam PSC. * [[The Invincible(s)]] – Kundi la Hip Hop na Rock lililoundwa na Murs na ‘’Whole Wheat Bread’’ mnamo 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.punknews.org/article/28924 |title=Punknews.org - Whole Wheat Bread and Murs form the Invincible(s) |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601222122/http://www.punknews.org/article/28924 |archivedate=2009-06-01 |accessdate=2010-01-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Mnamo 2007 MURS alishirikishwa katika kipindi cha [http://www.itshiphop.tv/shows/thebreakdown/2/6 "The Breakdown"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.itshiphop.tv/shows/thebreakdown/2/6 |date=20081002234647 }} ambapo alizungumzia LP yake na 9th Wonder, filamu mpya ya ‘’The start of Hip Hop Festival Tour’’ mwanzo wake katika muziki wa Hip Hop na mada zingine. Mnamo 2009 MURS aliungana na [[Tech N9ne]] katika ‘’Sickology 101 Tour’’. == Usanii wa Muziki == === Akiimba peke yake === * 1997 - ''[[F'Real]]'' * 1999 - ''[[Good Music (Murs album)|Good Music]]'' - Veritech * 2000 - ''[[Murs Rules the World]]'' - LLCrew * 2001 - ''Murs Is My Best Friend'' - LLCrew * 2003 - ''[[The End of the Beginning (MURS album)|The End of the Beginning (Mwisho wa Mwanzo)]]'' - [[Definitive Jux]] * 2007 - ''Murs 3:16 Akuletea... Murs and the Misadventures of the Nova Express'' * 2008 - ''[[Murs for President]] (Murs kwa Urais) - Warner Bros. === Albamu za Kolabo === * 2001 - ''Pals (w/ The Netherworlds)'' * 2002- ''Almost Famous (Pamoja na [[Living Legends]])'' * 2002 - ''[[Felt: A Tribute to Christina Ricci]]'' (kolabo na [[Slug (rapper)|Slug]]) * 2003 - ''Crappy Old Shit (Pamoja na [[Living Legends]])'' * 2004 - ''[[Murs 3:16: The 9th Edition]]'' (kolabo na [[9th Wonder]]) - Definitive Jux * 2004 - ''Creative Differences (kolabo na [[Living Legends]])'' * 2005 - ''[[Grand Caravan to the Rim of the World]]'' (pamoja na ‘’3 Melancholy Gypsys’’) * 2005 - ''[[Felt, Vol. 2: A Tribute to Lisa Bonet]]'' (Pamoja na [[Slug (rapper)|Slug]]) * 2005 - ''Classic (Pamoja na [[Living Legends]])'' * 2006 - ''[[Murray's Revenge]]'' (Pamoja na [[9th Wonder]]) – Mkusanyiko wa Rekodi * 2008 - ''[[Sweet Lord]] (pamoja na [[9th Wonder]]) * 2009 - ''[[Felt 3: A Tribute To Rosie Perez]]'' (Pamoja na [[Slug (rapper)|Slug]]) === EP === * 1996 - ''[[Bac for No Good Reason EP]]'' (with [[3 Melancholy Gypsys]]) * 1996 - ''[[Comurshul EP]]'' (with 3 Melancholy Gypsys) * 1999 - ''[[3:16 the EP]]'' - LLCrew * 1999 - "Good Music (remix)" - LLCrew * 2000 - "24 Hrs. w/a G/The Two Step" - LLCrew * 2000 - "Bac for No Good Reason" - LLCrew * 2000 - "The Netherworlds" - Murs, Anacron & Himself * 2000 - ''[[Do More + Yeah EP]]'' * 2002 - ''[[Varsity Blues EP]]'' * 2003 - "Def Cover" - Definitive Jux * 2003 - "Risky Business/Brotherly Love" - Definitive Jux * 2005 - "Hustle/Bartender" - N2O * 2007 - "Better Than the Best" - Warner Bros. === Single === * 2007 - "Better Than the Best" * 2008 - "Can It Be (Half a Million Dollars and 18 Months Later)" * 2009 - ''Murs & Far East Movement: Break Up [Remix] (The OJ Song) === Mikusanyiko === * 2005 - ''Walk Like a Man'' - [[Genaro Bautista Jr]] - Legendary Music * 2005 - ''The Genocide in Sudan'' - Various === DVD === * ''MC*TV *Mass Chaos'' (1998) LLCrew * ''Walk Like a Man'' (2005) Legendary Music * ''Murray's Revenge: DVD'' (2007) Record Collection === Ushirikishi katika michezo ya Video === ''Transitions az a Ryda'' inaonekana katika mchezo wa Tony Hawk wa ‘’Underground’’ * Wimbo wa "L.A." kutoka albamu yake ya ''[[Murray's Revenge]]'', ulitumika katika mchezo wa video wa [[NBA Live]] uliotungwa na [[Electronic Arts|E.A.]] .<ref>[http://www.gamespot.com/news/6157849.html EA unveils NBA Live 07 tracks - PlayStation 3 News at GameSpot<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> * wimbo wa ‘’Dreadlocks’’ umeshirikishwa katika mchezo wa “EA sports” wa soka uitwao [[Madden NFL 08]] * Wimbo wa ‘’Looking Fly’’ umetumiwa katika mchezo wa “Midnight Club LA” * ’’SWC’’ ni wimbo uliotumiwa katika mchezo wa [[WWE Smackdown vs. Raw 2009]]. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya Nje == * [http://www.mursmusic.com/ Official website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mursmusic.com/ |date=20100130204154 }} * {{myspace|murs}} * [http://www.justrhymes.com/Murs Murs's Official justRHYMES.com profile] {{Wayback|url=http://www.justrhymes.com/Murs |date=20100129161330 }} * [http://www.bakotopia.com/home/ViewPost/83671 MURS live experience - Videos & Photos] === Mahojiano === * [http://onloq.com/channels/the-breakdown/52/ ONLOQ.com Video Interview] {{Wayback|url=http://onloq.com/channels/the-breakdown/52/ |date=20081016110731 }} * [http://synthesisradio.net/2006/09/05/murs-september-2006/ MURS podcast interview] {{Wayback|url=http://synthesisradio.net/2006/09/05/murs-september-2006/ |date=20090722232359 }} from [[Synthesis (magazine)]] * Michael, John (2008) "[http://www.sixshot.com/interviews/13137/ Murs - Presidential View] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sixshot.com/interviews/13137/ |date=20100102033528 }}", ''Six Shot'' === Majadiliano === * Bush, John "[http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-end-of-the-beginning-r627147 ''The End of the Beginning'' Review]", ''[[Allmusic]]'', Macrovision Corporation * Bush, John "[http://www.allmusic.com/album/murs-316-the-9th-edition-r683729 ''Murs 3:16: The 9th Edition'' Review]", ''[[Allmusic]]'', Macrovision Corporation * Bush, John "[http://www.allmusic.com/album/walk-like-a-man-r779747 ''Walk Like a Man'' Review]", ''[[Allmusic]]'', Macrovision Corporation * Brown, Marisa "[http://www.allmusic.com/album/murrays-revenge-r821782 ''Murray's Revenge'' Review]", ''[[Allmusic]]'', Macrovision Corporation * Bush, John "[http://www.allmusic.com/album/murs-for-president-r1426760 ''Murs For President'' Review]", ''[[Allmusic]]'', Macrovision Corporation {{Justus League}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Murs}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Marapa wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Los Angeles, California]] [[Jamii:Kifupi]] khg72mul6syfqvxw8p8s01pmalkcl8a 1612615 1612586 2026-11-02T19:18:30Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1612615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | <!-- Tazama Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | Jina = MURS | Img = 9th Wonder & Murs.jpg | Img_capt = Murs (kulia) na 9th Wonder wakitumbuiza katika Tamasha za ‘’Paid Dues hip hop’’ at the Ukumbi wa Nokia Jijini New York. | Background = Mwimbaji wa pekee | Jina la kuzaliwa = Nick Carter | Amezaliwa = | Died = | Origin = | Aina = [[Muziki wa Hip hop|Hip hop]] | Kazi yake = [[Rapping|Msanii wa Rap]] | Miaka ya kazi = 1996 – leo | Studio = [[Warner Bros. Records]]<br />[[Definitive Jux]]<br />[[Record Collection]] | Ameshirikiana na = [[Living Legends]], [[Felt (hip hop)|Felt]], [[9th Wonder]], [[3 Melancholy Gypsys]], The Invincibles | Tovuti = [http://www.mursmusic.com/ www.mursmusic.com/] | Notable_instruments = }} '''Nick Carter''' (ambaye anajulikana kwa jina la usanii kama '''MURS''') ni msanii wa [[Marekani]] wa muziki wa aina ya Rap. Jina lake la kisanii la MURS ambalo aliliunda mwenyewe linaweza kuwa na maana nyingi kama vile "''Making the Universe Recognize and Submit''" au "''Making Underground Raw Shit''"<ref>LAist; Oct 7, 2008. "LAist Interview: MURS." http://laist.com/2008/10/07/laist_interview.php {{Wayback|url=http://laist.com/2008/10/07/laist_interview.php |date=20081211032229 }}</ref> Alitia mkataba wa lebo ya kibinafsi ya [[Record Collection]] na ni mwanachama wa Makundi ya Muziki aina ya Hip Hop ya [[Living Legends]], [[Felt (hip hop)|Felt]] na [[3 Melancholy Gypsys]]. MURS pia ni mwanabendi wa bendi ya muziki wa aina ya ''Punk Fusion'' iitwayo The Invincibles pamoja na Jacksonville, ambaye hujiita ''Mkate wa Ngano'' (Whole Wheat Bread) kutoka [[Florida]], ambapo anaimba sauti ya Lead. == Kazi yake == MURs alitoa wimbo wake wa kwanza mnamo 1993, wimbo aliouchukua kutoka albamu iliyotoka peke yake ya kundi lake la kwanza la Melancholy Gypsies (pia hujulikana kama 3MG) ).<ref name="Torreano">Torreano, Bradley "[http://www.allmusic.com/artist/murs-p467324 MURS Biography]", ''[[Allmusic]]'', Macrovision Corporation</ref>. Kundi hili lilitengeneza urafiki na Mystik Journrymen na kujiunga nao katika Mkusanyiko wa ''The Living Legends'' wa 1996.<ref name="Torreano" /> MURS alijitokeza kama msanii wa Rap katika zaidi ya rekodi, EP na Singles ishirini katika kipindi cha miaka saba, zote zikitolewa na 3MG na ‘’Living Legends''<ref name="Torreano" />. Albamu yake ya kwanza ''The End of the Beginning'' (Mwisho wa Mwanzo), ilitoka mnamo 2003<ref name="Torreano" />. Pia alifanya kazi na [[Slug (rapper)|Slug]] akitumia jina la '''Felt''' <ref name="Torreano" />. Albamu ya pili ''Murs 3:16: The 9th Edition'' ilitolewa na [[9th Wonder]]. Huku akichukua mtazamo wa maana zaidi kuliko wansanii wa Rap ya Kijangili, MURS ameweza kugusia zaidi kuhusu upotovu unaoukumba utamaduni wa hip hop." Ngoma yake ''Walk Like a Man'' (Tembea kama mwanaume) kutoka albamu hiyo ilichochea filamu ya jina lilo hilo ambapo MURS anaigiza kama [[Damien wigfall]]. Baada ya albamu nyingine ya solo na [[9th Wonder]] iitwayo ‘’Murray’s Revenge’’ ya 2006, MURS alitia sahii mkataba na [[Kundi la Muziki la Warner|Warner Bros]], albamu yake ya kwanza kwa kundi hilo ikiwa ‘’Murs for President’’ (Murs kwa Urais).<ref name="Torreano" />. Hii ilitanguliwa na albamu ya ‘’Sweet Lord’’ ambayo ilipatiwa mashabiki bila malipo. .<ref>Martin, Andrew (2008) "[http://www.popmatters.com/pm/review/murs-murs-for-president Murs: Murs For President - Not a write-in candidate just yet]", ''[[PopMatters]]''</ref> == Muungano na Makundi == * [[3 Melancholy Gypsys]] ( 3MG )- iliundwa pamoja na wenziwe katika shule, Scarub na Elijah. WOte watatu walijiunga na kundi la ‘’Living Legends’’ baadaye."<ref name="autogenerated1">[http://my.opera.com/hiphopheadz/blog/show.dml/198648 Murs Interview] ''HipHopHeads'' 27 Machi 2006.</ref>. * [[Living Legends]] (LL)- Inajumuisha [[Sunspot Jonz]], [[Luckyiami]], [[the Grouch]], Scarub, [[Eligh]], Aesop, [[Bicasso]], [[Arata]] na MURS. Waliungana mnamo 1996 wakati wengi wa wanakundi wakiwa [[Oakland]]. * [[Felt (hip hop)|Felt]] – Kundi la Hip Hop la watu wawili lililoundwa na MURS pamoja na [[Slug (rapper)|Slug]]. Kama ‘’Felt’’, wametoa albamu tatu na wanaendelea kuzikuza. * [[The Netherworlds]] – Kundi la Hip Hop linalojumuisha MURS, Anacron na msanii wa Rap ‘’Himself’’. * [[The Righteous Brothers Project]] – Kundi la hip hop linalojumuisha MURS, Eligh, Scarub (3MG) na Basik MC. * [[The Underbosses]]- ni mradi ambao fununu zinasema kuwa unaendelea kuundwa ukishirikisha MURS na Luckyiam PSC. * [[The Invincible(s)]] – Kundi la Hip Hop na Rock lililoundwa na Murs na ‘’Whole Wheat Bread’’ mnamo 2008.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.punknews.org/article/28924 |title=Punknews.org - Whole Wheat Bread and Murs form the Invincible(s) |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601222122/http://www.punknews.org/article/28924 |archivedate=2009-06-01 |accessdate=2010-01-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Mnamo 2007 MURS alishirikishwa katika kipindi cha [http://www.itshiphop.tv/shows/thebreakdown/2/6 "The Breakdown"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.itshiphop.tv/shows/thebreakdown/2/6 |date=20081002234647 }} ambapo alizungumzia LP yake na 9th Wonder, filamu mpya ya ‘’The start of Hip Hop Festival Tour’’ mwanzo wake katika muziki wa Hip Hop na mada zingine. Mnamo 2009 MURS aliungana na [[Tech N9ne]] katika ‘’Sickology 101 Tour’’. == Usanii wa Muziki == === Akiimba peke yake === * 1997 - ''[[F'Real]]'' * 1999 - ''[[Good Music (Murs album)|Good Music]]'' - Veritech * 2000 - ''[[Murs Rules the World]]'' - LLCrew * 2001 - ''Murs Is My Best Friend'' - LLCrew * 2003 - ''[[The End of the Beginning (MURS album)|The End of the Beginning (Mwisho wa Mwanzo)]]'' - [[Definitive Jux]] * 2007 - ''Murs 3:16 Akuletea... Murs and the Misadventures of the Nova Express'' * 2008 - ''[[Murs for President]] (Murs kwa Urais) - Warner Bros. === Albamu za Kolabo === * 2001 - ''Pals (w/ The Netherworlds)'' * 2002- ''Almost Famous (Pamoja na [[Living Legends]])'' * 2002 - ''[[Felt: A Tribute to Christina Ricci]]'' (kolabo na [[Slug (rapper)|Slug]]) * 2003 - ''Crappy Old Shit (Pamoja na [[Living Legends]])'' * 2004 - ''[[Murs 3:16: The 9th Edition]]'' (kolabo na [[9th Wonder]]) - Definitive Jux * 2004 - ''Creative Differences (kolabo na [[Living Legends]])'' * 2005 - ''[[Grand Caravan to the Rim of the World]]'' (pamoja na ‘’3 Melancholy Gypsys’’) * 2005 - ''[[Felt, Vol. 2: A Tribute to Lisa Bonet]]'' (Pamoja na [[Slug (rapper)|Slug]]) * 2005 - ''Classic (Pamoja na [[Living Legends]])'' * 2006 - ''[[Murray's Revenge]]'' (Pamoja na [[9th Wonder]]) – Mkusanyiko wa Rekodi * 2008 - ''[[Sweet Lord]] (pamoja na [[9th Wonder]]) * 2009 - ''[[Felt 3: A Tribute To Rosie Perez]]'' (Pamoja na [[Slug (rapper)|Slug]]) === EP === * 1996 - ''[[Bac for No Good Reason EP]]'' (with [[3 Melancholy Gypsys]]) * 1996 - ''[[Comurshul EP]]'' (with 3 Melancholy Gypsys) * 1999 - ''[[3:16 the EP]]'' - LLCrew * 1999 - "Good Music (remix)" - LLCrew * 2000 - "24 Hrs. w/a G/The Two Step" - LLCrew * 2000 - "Bac for No Good Reason" - LLCrew * 2000 - "The Netherworlds" - Murs, Anacron & Himself * 2000 - ''[[Do More + Yeah EP]]'' * 2002 - ''[[Varsity Blues EP]]'' * 2003 - "Def Cover" - Definitive Jux * 2003 - "Risky Business/Brotherly Love" - Definitive Jux * 2005 - "Hustle/Bartender" - N2O * 2007 - "Better Than the Best" - Warner Bros. === Single === * 2007 - "Better Than the Best" * 2008 - "Can It Be (Half a Million Dollars and 18 Months Later)" * 2009 - ''Murs & Far East Movement: Break Up [Remix] (The OJ Song) === Mikusanyiko === * 2005 - ''Walk Like a Man'' - [[Genaro Bautista Jr]] - Legendary Music * 2005 - ''The Genocide in Sudan'' - Various === DVD === * ''MC*TV *Mass Chaos'' (1998) LLCrew * ''Walk Like a Man'' (2005) Legendary Music * ''Murray's Revenge: DVD'' (2007) Record Collection === Ushirikishi katika michezo ya Video === ''Transitions az a Ryda'' inaonekana katika mchezo wa Tony Hawk wa ‘’Underground’’ * Wimbo wa "L.A." kutoka albamu yake ya ''[[Murray's Revenge]]'', ulitumika katika mchezo wa video wa [[NBA Live]] uliotungwa na [[Electronic Arts|E.A.]] .<ref>[http://www.gamespot.com/news/6157849.html EA unveils NBA Live 07 tracks - PlayStation 3 News at GameSpot<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> * wimbo wa ‘’Dreadlocks’’ umeshirikishwa katika mchezo wa “EA sports” wa soka uitwao [[Madden NFL 08]] * Wimbo wa ‘’Looking Fly’’ umetumiwa katika mchezo wa “Midnight Club LA” * ’’SWC’’ ni wimbo uliotumiwa katika mchezo wa [[WWE Smackdown vs. Raw 2009]]. == Marejeo == {{Marejeo}} == Viungo vya Nje == * [http://www.mursmusic.com/ Official website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mursmusic.com/ |date=20100130204154 }} * {{myspace|murs}} * [http://www.justrhymes.com/Murs Murs's Official justRHYMES.com profile] {{Wayback|url=http://www.justrhymes.com/Murs |date=20100129161330 }} * [http://www.bakotopia.com/home/ViewPost/83671 MURS live experience - Videos & Photos] === Mahojiano === * [http://onloq.com/channels/the-breakdown/52/ ONLOQ.com Video Interview] {{Wayback|url=http://onloq.com/channels/the-breakdown/52/ |date=20081016110731 }} * [http://synthesisradio.net/2006/09/05/murs-september-2006/ MURS podcast interview] {{Wayback|url=http://synthesisradio.net/2006/09/05/murs-september-2006/ |date=20090722232359 }} from [[Synthesis (magazine)]] * Michael, John (2008) "[http://www.sixshot.com/interviews/13137/ Murs - Presidential View] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sixshot.com/interviews/13137/ |date=20100102033528 }}", ''Six Shot'' === Majadiliano === * Bush, John "[http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-end-of-the-beginning-r627147 ''The End of the Beginning'' Review]", ''[[Allmusic]]'', Macrovision Corporation * Bush, John "[http://www.allmusic.com/album/murs-316-the-9th-edition-r683729 ''Murs 3:16: The 9th Edition'' Review]", ''[[Allmusic]]'', Macrovision Corporation * Bush, John "[http://www.allmusic.com/album/walk-like-a-man-r779747 ''Walk Like a Man'' Review]", ''[[Allmusic]]'', Macrovision Corporation * Brown, Marisa "[http://www.allmusic.com/album/murrays-revenge-r821782 ''Murray's Revenge'' Review]", ''[[Allmusic]]'', Macrovision Corporation * Bush, John "[http://www.allmusic.com/album/murs-for-president-r1426760 ''Murs For President'' Review]", ''[[Allmusic]]'', Macrovision Corporation {{Justus League}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Murs}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Marapa wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Los Angeles, California]] [[Jamii:Kifupi]] c4db0n3a4ryawobz1ie2ntpwgecus4l 0 35427 1612688 1547128 2026-11-03T06:11:53Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612688 wikitext text/x-wiki Ifuatayo ni orodha ya [[magazeti]] nchini [[Pakistan]]. Pamoja na [[Kiurdu]] kama [[lugha ya taifa]] na [[Kiingereza]] kama lugha ya ofisi, magazeti mengi huzingatia demografia hiyo. Hata hivyo, magazeti ya mikoa pia hudumisha mzunguko wa kutosha kwa lugha ya [[Kisindhi]]. Magazeti yafuatayo katika koze ndizo huwa na mzunguko mkubwa. == Magazeti ya lugha ya Kiingereza == {| class="wikitable" | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"|'''Gazeti''' | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"|'''Jiji/Vijiji''' | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"|'''Mwanzo''' | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"|'''Tovuti Rasmi''' | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"|'''Maelezo''' |- | '''[[Business Recorder]]''' | Karachi, Lahore na Islamabad | 1965 | [http://www.brecorder.com/ www.brecorder.com] | Gazeti ya kwanza iliyoongea kuhusu fedha |- | [[The Daily Mail]] | Islamabad | | [http://dailymailnews.com/ www.dailymailnews.com] {{Wayback|url=http://dailymailnews.com/ |date=20081217064153 }} |- | [[Daily News]] | Karachi | 1962 | [http://www.jang.com.pk/ www.jang.com.pk] | Kundi la jang's jioni kila siku |- | '''[[Daily Times]]''' | Lahore, Karachi na Islamabad | 2002 | [http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/ www.dailytimes.com.pk] |- | '''[[Alfajiri]]''' | Karachi, Lahore na Islamabad | 1947 | [http://www.dawn.com/ www.dawn.com] |- | [[Financial Daily]] | Karachi | | [https://web.archive.org/web/20071026014539/http://thefinancialdaily.com/ www.thefinancialdaily.com] |- | [[Friday Times]] | Lahore | 1989 | [http://www.thefridaytimes.com/ www.thefridaytimes.com] {{Wayback|url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/ |date=20210324064955 }} | Gazeti la kila wiki |- | [[The Frontier Post]] | Peshawar, Quetta na Lahore | 1985 | [http://www.frontierpost.com.pk/ www.frontierpost.com.pk] {{Wayback|url=http://www.frontierpost.com.pk/ |date=20210311071903 }} |- | '''[[The Nation (gazeti)|The Nation]]''' | Lahore, Karachi na Islamabad | 1986 | [http://www.nation.com.pk/ www.nation.com.pk] |- | [[National Herald Tribune]] | Rawalpindi na Lahore | 2005 | [http://www.dailynht.com/ www.dailynht.com] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dailynht.com/ |date=20100107065316 }} |- | '''[[The News International]]''' | Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad na London | 1991 | [http://thenews.com.pk/ www.thenews.com.pk] |- | [[Pakistan Observer]] | Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore,<br> Peshawar, Muzaffarabad na Quetta | 1988 | [http://www.pakobserver.net/ www.pakobserver.net] |- | [[The Post]] | Lahore, Islamabad na Karachi | 2005 | [http://www.post.com.pk/ www.post.com.pk] {{Wayback|url=http://www.post.com.pk/ |date=20170413072154 }} |- | [[Regional Times of Sindh]] | Karachi, Hyderabad | | [http://regionaltimes.com/ www.regionaltimes.com] {{Wayback|url=http://regionaltimes.com/ |date=20100410125942 }} |- | [[The Star]] | Karachi | 1951 | [http://www.dawn.com/ www.dawn.com] | Gazeti la Jioni la Dawn Group |- | [[The Statesman]] | Peshawar | 2002 | [http://www.statesman.com.pk/ www.statesman.com.pk] {{Wayback|url=http://www.statesman.com.pk/ |date=20070413014610 }} |- |} == Magazeti ya lugha ya Kiurdu == {| class="wikitable" | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"|'''Gazeti''' | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"|'''Jiji/Vijiji''' | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"|'''Mwanzo''' | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"|'''Tovuti Rasmi''' | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"|'''Maelezo''' |- | '''[[Aaj]] {{lang-ur|آج}}''' | Peshawar, Abbottabad na Islamabad | 1989 | [http://www.dailyaaj.com.pk/ www.dailyaaj.com.pk/] |- | [[Aaj Kal]] | Lahore, Karachi na Islamabad | 2008 | [http://www.aajkal.com.pk www.aajkal.com.pk] {{Wayback|url=http://www.aajkal.com.pk/ |date=20100117010858 }} |- | [[Al Akhbar]] {{lang-ur|الاخبار}} | Islamabad na Peshawar | | [http://www.alakhbar.com.pk/ www.alakhbar.com.pk/] {{Wayback|url=http://www.alakhbar.com.pk/ |date=20200424185258 }} |- | [[Asas]] {{lang-ur|اساس}} | Rawalpindi / Islamabad, Karachi, <br>Lahore, Faisalabad na Muzaffarabad | 1995 | [http://www.dailyasas.com.pk/ www.dailyasas.com.pk] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dailyasas.com.pk/ |date=20200529040644 }} |- | '''[[Ausaf]] {{lang-ur|اوصاف}}''' | Islamabad, Multan, Lahore, Muzaffarabad, <br>[[Frankfurt]] na [[London]] | 1997 | [http://www.dailyausaf.com/ www.dailyausaf.com/] |- | [[Awam]] {{lang-ur|عوام}} | Karachi | | [http://www.jang.com.pk/ www.jang.com.pk] | Gazeti jioni |- | [[Azkaar]] | Rawalpindi / Islamabad na Karachi | 2004 | [http://www.dailyazkaar.com.pk/ www.dailyazkaar.com.pk] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dailyazkaar.com.pk/ |date=20081006182105 }} |- | [[Din]] | Karachi, Lahore na Islamabad | 1997 | [http://dinnews.tv/dinnews/newsurdu.aspx www.dinnews.tv] {{Wayback|url=http://dinnews.tv/dinnews/newsurdu.aspx |date=20091221084536 }} |- | '''[[Express]] {{lang-ur|ایکسپریس}}''' | Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad, Peshawar, <br>Multan, Faisalabad, Gujranwala, Sargodha, <br>Junaid Yar Khan, Sukkur na Quetta | 1998 | [http://www.express.com.pk/ www.express.com.pk] |- | '''[[Bjang]] {{lang-ur|جنگ}}''' | Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi, <br>Multan, Quetta na London | 1937 | [http://www.jang.com.pk/ www.jang.com.pk] |- | [[Jasarat]] {{lang-ur|جسارت}} | Karachi | 1970 | [http://www.jasarat.com/ www.jasarat.com/] |- | [[Jinnah]] {{lang-ur|جناح}} | Islamabad / Rawalpindi na Lahore | 2002 | |- | [[Juraat]] {{lang-ur|جرات}} | Karachi | 1995 | [http://www.juraat.com/ www.juraat.com/] {{Wayback|url=http://www.juraat.com/ |date=20100110061310 }} |- | '''[[Khabrain]] {{lang-ur|خبریں}}''' | Lahore, Islamabad, Multan,<br>Karachi, Hyderabad,<br>Sukkur na Muzaffarabad | 1992 | [http://www.khabrain.com/ www.khabrain.com/] {{Wayback|url=http://www.khabrain.com/ |date=20160708115255 }} |- |- | [[Masafat]] {{lang-ur|مسافت}} | Lahore na Islamabad | | |- | [[Mashriq]] {{lang-ur|روزنامہ مشرق}} | Peshawar | 1995 | [http://dailymashriq.com.pk/mashriq.html dailymashriq.com.pk /] {{Wayback|url=http://dailymashriq.com.pk/mashriq.html |date=20100222083053 }} |- | [[Mashriq Jioni Maalum]]<br>{{lang-ur|مشرق ایوننگ اسپیشل}} | Karachi, Hyderabad na Quetta | 1983 | |- | [[Musawat]] | Lahore | 1970 | |- | '''[[Pakistan]] {{lang-ur|پاکستان}}''' | Lahore, Peshawar, Multan na Karachi | 1990 | [http://www.dailypak.com/ www.dailypak.com/] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dailypak.com/ |date=20100119043833 }} |- | '''[[Nawa-i-Waqt]] {{lang-ur|نواے وقت}}''' | Lahore, Karachi na Islamabad | 1940 | |- | [[Naya Akhbar]] | Lahore, Islamabad, Karachi, <br>Multan, Sukkur na Hyderabad | 2000 | [http://nayaakhbar.khabrain.com/ nayaakhbar.khabrain.com /] {{Wayback|url=http://nayaakhbar.khabrain.com/ |date=20090822072703 }} | Khabrain chini Group |- | [[Qaumi Akhbar]] | Karachi na Hyderabad | 1990 | |- | [[Riasat]] {{lang-ur|ریاست}} | Karachi | 1999 | |- | [[Sadaf-e-Waqt]] {{lang-ur|صداۓ وقت}} | Rawalpindi na Muzaffarabad | 2008 | [http://www.sadaewaqt.com/ www.sadaewaqt.com/] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sadaewaqt.com/ |date=20091209052030 }} | Fortnightly gazeti |- | [[Sahafat]] {{lang-ur|صحافت}} | Islamabad na Lahore | 1996 | |- | [[Taqat]] {{lang-ur|طاقت}} | Lahore, Islamabad / Rawalpindi, Karachi,<br> Quetta, Bahawalpur, Faisalabad,<br>Gujranwala na Sialkot | 2006 | [http://www.dailytaqat.com/ www.dailytaqat.com/] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dailytaqat.com/ |date=20100123225319 }} |- | [[Ummat]] {{lang-ur|امت}} | Karachi | 1996 | [http://www.ummat.com.pk/ www.ummat.com.pk/] |- | [[Waqt]] {{lang-ur|وقت}} | Lahore | | [http://www.dailywaqt.com/ www.dailywaqt.com/] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dailywaqt.com/ |date=20100123094608 }} |- |} == Magazeti ya lugha za kimkoa == === [[Kigujarati]] === {| class="wikitable" | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"|'''Gazeti''' | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"|'''Jiji/Vijiji''' | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"|'''Mwanzo''' | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"|'''Tovuti Rasmi''' |- | [[Millat (Kigujarati:]] મલ્લત) | Karachi | 1946 | [http://www.millatgujarati.com/ www.millatgujarati.com/] {{Wayback|url=http://www.millatgujarati.com/ |date=20100127030625 }} |- | [[Vatan (Kigujarati:]] વતન) | Karachi | 1947 | [http://www.dailyvatan.com/ www.dailyvatan.com/] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dailyvatan.com/ |date=20100107083103 }} |- |} === [[Pashto]] === {| class="wikitable" | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"|'''Gazeti''' | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"|'''Jiji/Vijiji''' | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"|'''Mwanzo''' | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"|'''Tovuti Rasmi''' |- | [[Wahdat]] {{lang-ps|وحدت}} | Peshawar | 1983 | [http://www.dailywahdat.com.pk/ www.dailywahdat.com.pk/] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dailywahdat.com.pk/ |date=20090901202156 }} |- |} === [[Kipunjabi]] === {| class="wikitable" | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"|'''Gazeti''' | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"|'''Jiji/Vijiji''' | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"|'''Mwanzo''' | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"|'''Tovuti Rasmi''' |- | [[Bhulekha (Kipunjabi:]] بھلےكھا) | Lahore | | |- | [[Khabraan (Kipunjabi:]] خبراں) | Lahore | 2004 | |- |} === [[Saraiki]] === {| class="wikitable" | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"|'''Gazeti''' | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"|'''Jiji/Vijiji''' | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"|'''Mwanzo''' | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"|'''Tovuti Rasmi''' |- | [[Kook (Saraiki:]] كوک) | Karachi | | |- |} === [[Msindhi]] === {| class="wikitable" | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"|'''Gazeti''' | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"|'''Jiji/Vijiji''' | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"|'''Mwanzo''' | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"|'''Tovuti Rasmi''' |- | [[Alakh]] {{lang-sd|اَلَکُ}} | Hyderabad | | |- | '''[[Awami Awaz]] {{lang-sd| عوامي آواز}}''' | Karachi | 1989 | [http://www.awamiawaz.com/ www.awamiawaz.com/] {{Wayback|url=http://www.awamiawaz.com/ |date=20220209120229 }} |- | [[Hilal-e-Pakistan]] {{lang-sd|هلال پاڪستان}} | Karachi | 1946 | |- | '''[[Ibrat]] {{lang-sd| عبرت}}''' | Hyderabad | 1958 | [http://www.dailyibrat.com/ www.dailyibrat.com/] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dailyibrat.com/ |date=20030723022205 }} |- | '''[[Kawish]] {{lang-sd| ڪاوش}}''' | Hyderabad | 1990 | [http://www.dailykawish.com/ www.dailykawish.com/] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dailykawish.com/ |date=20070602103450 }} |- | [[Khabroon]] {{lang-sd|خبرون}} | Karachi, Sukkur | 2003 | |- | [[Koshish]] {{lang-sd|ڪوشش}} | Hyderabad | 1998 | |- | [[Mehran]] {{lang-sd|مهراڻ}} | Hyderabad | 1957 | |- | [[Sach]] {{lang-sd|سچ}} | Karachi | | |- | [[Safeer]] {{lang-sd|سفیر}} | Hyderabad | | |- | [[Shaam]] {{lang-sd|شام}} | Hyderabad | 1999 | |- | [[Sindh]] {{lang-sd|سنڌ}} | Hyderabad | 1995 | [http://www.sindhhyd.com/sindh/ www.sindhhyd.com/] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sindhhyd.com/sindh/ |date=20100131073548 }} |- | [[Sindhu]] {{lang-sd|سنڌو}} | Hyderabad | 1989 | |- | [[Sobh]] {{lang-sd|سوڀ}} | Karachi | | [http://www.dailysobh.com/ www.dailysobh.com/] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dailysobh.com/ |date=20100106004048 }} |- | [[Tameer-e-Sindh]] {{lang-sd|تعمیرِ سنڌ}} | Karachi | | [http://www.dailytameer-e-sindh.com/ www.dailytameer-e-sindh.com/] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dailytameer-e-sindh.com/ |date=20090812042141 }} |- |} == Viungo vya nje == * [http://www.apns.com.pk/ All Pakistan Newspapers Society (APNS)] * [http://www.apns.com.pk/mpub.htm Orodha ya Pakistani newspapers at APNS] {{Wayback|url=http://www.apns.com.pk/mpub.htm |date=20100125135221 }} * [http://www.onlinenewspapers.com/pakistan.htm List of current Online Newspapers] * [http://mazhar.dk/pakistan/ Newspapers links from Pakistan] {{Wayback|url=http://mazhar.dk/pakistan/ |date=20170127162457 }} [[Jamii:Orodha]] [[Jamii:magazeti nchi kwa nchi|P]] [[Jamii:Pakistan]] 3zjtut80hu0u62fjskwf748q9nsan8n 0 56455 1612575 1611743 2026-11-02T14:59:01Z ~2026-58312-82 93654 copyright violation of contributors page should be moved not replaced-swapped 1612575 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Eire]] pu3m0l4dio8cs2vrk83gpywsxttnot0 1612579 1612575 2026-11-02T15:17:53Z ~2026-58447-53 93655 Removed redirect to [[Eire]] 1612579 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete|make way for move for [[Eire]] to [[Irelandi]] while preserving edit history - here occurred once wikicopyvio against all contributors in edit history}} q3k9fuu98n57m290q5ut5b007htnff5 1612592 1612579 2026-11-02T15:51:55Z NDG 79979 Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/~2026-58447-53|~2026-58447-53]] ([[User talk:~2026-58447-53|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:~2026-58312-82|~2026-58312-82]] 1612575 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Eire]] pu3m0l4dio8cs2vrk83gpywsxttnot0 1612594 1612592 2026-11-02T15:53:07Z NDG 79979 Undid 3 revisions from [[Special:Diff/1612575|1612575]] until [[Special:Diff/1612592|1612592]] Rv vandsalism 1612594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Jedwali la nchi | jina_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Éire | jina_asili = ''Éire'' ([[Kieire]]) </br> ''Ireland'' ([[Kiingereza]]) | bendera = Flag of Ireland.svg | nembo = Coat of arms of Ireland.svg | kaulimbiu = | wimbo = ''Amhrán na bhFiann''<br>"Wimbo wa Wanajeshi" | ramani = EU-Ireland (orthographic projection).svg | mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu = [[Dublin]] | majiranukta1 = 53°20′39″K | majiranukta2 = 6°16′03″M | lugha_rasmi = [[Kieire]]</br> [[Kiingereza]] | dini= {{Plainlist| *75.7% [[Ukristo]] *14.5% [[Wasio na dini]] *3.1% Nyingine * 6.7% Hawakueleza}} | kabila= {{plainlist| * 76.6% [[Mzungu|Wazungu wa Eire]] * 10.8% [[Mzungu|Wazungu]] wengine * 3.3% [[Asia|Waasia]] * 1.5% [[Watu weusi|Weusi]] * 1.7% Wengine * 6.2% Hawakusema}} | serikali = Jamhuri ya bunge ya muungano | vyeo_viongozi = {{*}}[[Rais]]<br>{{*}}Taoiseach<br>{{*}}Tánaiste | majina_viongozi = [[Michael D. Higgins]]<br>[[Micheál Martin]]<br>[[Simon Harris]] | eneo_jumla = 70,273 | cheo_eneo = 118 | maji = 2.0% | watu_kadirio = 5,458,600 | mwaka_kadirio = 2025 | msongamano = 76.6 | pato_ppp = {{increase}} $691.904 bilioni | pato_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $127,750 | plt = {{increase}} $560.566 bilioni | pato_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $103,500 | mwaka_pato = 2024 | maendeleo = {{increase}} 0.949 </br> {{juu sana}} | mwaka_maendeleo = 2023 | gini = 27.9 | mwaka_gini = 2022 | fedha = [[Euro]] (€) (EUR) | majira_saa = +1 (DST) | udereva = Kushoto | msimbo_simu = 353 | tld = .ie }} '''Irelandi''' (pia: '''Ayalandi'''; [[jina rasmi]]: '''Jamhuri ya Eire''') ni nchi katika [[Ulaya ya Magharibi]], inayochukua sehemu kubwa ya [[kisiwa]] cha Irelandi. Inapakana na [[Atlantiki|Bahari ya Atlantiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Eire]] mashariki, na [[Irelandi Kaskazini]], ambayo ni sehemu ya [[Ufalme wa Muungano]], kaskazini-mashariki. Ina [[idadi]] ya watu takriban [[milioni]] 5.45, ikiwa ya 119 [[dunia|duniani]]. [[Jiji]] lake kubwa zaidi na [[mji mkuu]] ni [[Dublin]]. Irelandi imegawanyika katika majimbo 4 na kaunti 26. Inajulikana kwa mandhari yake ya kijani kibichi, urithi wake tajiri wa [[Wakelti|Kiselti]], [[fasihi]] mashuhuri, na [[historia]] yake ya kupigania [[uhuru]] dhidi ya [[Uingereza]]. == Jiografia == Kijiografia Irelandi ni [[kisiwa]] kilichogawiwa kati ya Jamhuri ya Eire inayokalia sehemu kubwa ya kisiwa na [[Irelandi ya Kaskazini]] ambayo ni [[jimbo]] la [[Ufalme wa Maungano]]. Kisiwa chote kina eneo la [[km²]] 84,421 na 83% zake ni Jamhuri ya Irelandi. Upande wa [[magharibi]] kuna [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]], upande wa [[mashariki]] [[Bahari ya Eire]] inayokitenga na kisiwa cha [[Britannia]]. [[Kitovu]] cha kisiwa kuna [[tambarare]] inayozungukwa nje upande wa [[pwani]] na vilima. [[Mlima]] mrefu zaidi ni [[Carrauntoohil]] wenye [[kimo]] cha [[mita]] 1,038. [[Mto]] mkubwa ni [[Shannon]] ambao kutoka kaskazini unaelekea [[kusini]]. Kwenye [[tambarare]] ya katikati kuna ma[[ziwa]] kadhaa. [[Hali ya hewa]] inaathiriwa na Atlantiki: ni ya wastani, hakuna [[baridi]] kali wala [[joto]] kali. [[Bahari]] inaleta [[mvua]] nyingi na hivyo Eire huitwa "Kisiwa cha Kijani". [[Miji]] mikubwa ni [[Dublin]] (wakazi [[milioni]] 1), [[Cork]] (watu 190,000), [[Limerick]] (90,000), [[Galway]] (72,000) na [[Waterford]] (49,000). ==Historia== Kwa [[karne]] kadhaa Irelandi ilitawaliwa na [[Uingereza]]. [[Sheria]] ya mwaka [[1800]] iliunganisha Ufalme wa Britania Kuu na Ufalme wa Eire na hivyo kuunda [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] (United Kingdom of Great Britan and Ireland). Baada ya [[Vita vya uhuru vya Eire]] [[bunge]] la [[London]] kwa sheria ya mwaka [[1920]] (Government of Ireland Act 1920) liligawa Irelandi katika sehemu mbili za Northern Ireland na Southern Ireland. Wabunge waliochaguliwa katika Irelandi ya Kusini walijitangaza kuwa bunge la Irelandi na kwa mapatano ya mwaka [[1922]] [[uhuru]] wa Irelandi ulitambuliwa. Nchi mpya ilijiita tangu [[1937]] "Jamhuri ya Eire" na kuendelea kama nchi ya pekee. Baada ya [[uhuru]] wa sehemu kubwa ya [[kisiwa]] hicho, [[Irelandi ya Kaskazini|ile ya kaskazini-mashariki]] imebaki kama sehemu ya [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]. ==Watu== Wakazi walio wengi (76.6%) ni Waeire asili, [[Wazungu]] wengine ni 10.8%, [[Waasia]] 3.3%, [[Waafrika]] 1.5% n.k. Wengi kabisa hutumia [[lugha]] ya [[Kiingereza]] lakini [[Kieire]] ndiyo [[lugha ya taifa]] na [[lugha rasmi]] ya kwanza. Kinazungumzwa katika maeneo kadhaa ya [[Kijiji|vijijini]] na hufundishwa [[shule]]ni, lakini kutokana na [[uhamiaji]], [[Kipolandi]] kina wasemaji wengi zaidi kuliko Kieire. Upande wa [[dini]], 75.7% ni [[Wakristo]] (69.1% [[Wakatoliki]], 2.5% [[Waanglikana]] na 4.1% ni wa [[madhehebu]] mengine). Ushiriki wa [[ibada]] ni wa juu sana. [[Waislamu]] ni 1.3% na 14.5% hawana dini. == Tazama pia == * [[Wilaya za Eire]] * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] ==Marejeo== <!-- Please order books alphabetically by the author's last name --> {{Refbegin}} *{{Rejea kitabu |title=Ireland: Neutrality and the International Use of Force |last=Gilland|first=Karin|year=2001|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-21804-7|ref=harv}} *{{Rejea kitabu |title=Rough guide to Ireland|url=https://archive.org/details/ireland0000unse_g9o2|last=Greenwood|first=Margaret|year=2003|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=1-84353-059-7|ref=harv}} *{{Rejea kitabu |title=James Clarence Mangan – His Selected Poems|last=Mangan|first=James Clarence|year=2007|publisher=Read Books|isbn=1-4086-2700-0|ref=harv}} *{{Rejea kitabu |title=Two thousand years of Coptic Christianity|last=Meinardus|first=Otto Friedrich August|year=2002|publisher=American Univ in Cairo Press|isbn=977-424-757-4|ref=harv}} *{{Rejea kitabu |title=A New History of Ireland: Prehistoric and early Ireland|last=Moody|first=Theodore William|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-821737-4|ref=harv}} {{refend}} ===Marejeo mengine=== {{refbegin}} *''{{lang|ga|Bunreacht na hÉireann}}'' (the 1937 constitution) *''The Irish Free State Constitution Act, 1922'' *J. Anthony Foley and Stephen Lalor (ed), ''Gill & Macmillan Annotated Constitution of Ireland'' (Gill & Macmillan, 1995) (ISBN 0-7171-2276-X) *FSL Lyons, ''Ireland Since the Famine'' *Alan J. Ward, ''The Irish Constitutional Tradition: Responsible Government and Modern Ireland 1782–1992'' (Irish Academic Press, 1994) (ISBN 0-7165-2528-3) *Michael J. Geary, ''An Inconvenient Wait: Ireland's Quest for Membership of the EEC, 1957–73'' (Institute of Public Administration, 2009) (ISBN 978-1-904541-83-7) {{refend}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{commons|ireland}} ; Serikali *[http://www.gov.ie/ Irish State] – ''Official governmental portal'' *[http://www.president.ie/ {{lang|ga|Áras an Uachtaráin}}] – Official presidential site *[http://taoiseach.gov.ie/ Taoiseach] – Official prime ministerial site ; Taarifa za jumla *{{CIA World Factbook link|ei|Ireland}} *[http://www.state.gov/p/eur/ci/ei/ Ireland] information from the [[United States Department of State]] *[http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/ireland.htm Ireland] {{Wayback|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/ireland.htm |date=20080821132627}} at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' *{{dmoz|Regional/Europe/Ireland|Ireland}} *[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17473476 Ireland profile] from the [[BBC News]] *{{Wikiatlas|Ireland}} *[http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=IE Key Development Forecasts for Ireland] from [[International Futures]] {{Umoja wa Ulaya}} {{Ulaya}} {{mbegu-jio-Ireland}} [[Jamii:Ireland| ]] [[Jamii:Nchi za visiwa]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Ulaya]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Umoja wa Ulaya]] [[Jamii:Umoja wa Forodha wa Ulaya]] [[Jamii:Visiwa vya Atlantiki]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] d9cyo4xzwm04h6d98k7pimtu6l0b3s8 1612600 1612594 2026-11-02T16:01:05Z NDG 79979 Protected "[[Irelandi]]": Persistent vandalism ([[m:GS|global sysop]] action) ([Kuhariri=Zuia watumiaji wapya au wale ambao hawajajisajilisha] (itakwisha 16:01, 16 Novemba 2026 (UTC)) [Kuhamisha=Zuia watumiaji wapya au wale ambao hawajajisajilisha] (itakwisha 16:01, 16 Novemba 2026 (UTC))) 1612594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Jedwali la nchi | jina_rasmi = Jamhuri ya Éire | jina_asili = ''Éire'' ([[Kieire]]) </br> ''Ireland'' ([[Kiingereza]]) | bendera = Flag of Ireland.svg | nembo = Coat of arms of Ireland.svg | kaulimbiu = | wimbo = ''Amhrán na bhFiann''<br>"Wimbo wa Wanajeshi" | ramani = EU-Ireland (orthographic projection).svg | mji_mkubwa_na_mkuu = [[Dublin]] | majiranukta1 = 53°20′39″K | majiranukta2 = 6°16′03″M | lugha_rasmi = [[Kieire]]</br> [[Kiingereza]] | dini= {{Plainlist| *75.7% [[Ukristo]] *14.5% [[Wasio na dini]] *3.1% Nyingine * 6.7% Hawakueleza}} | kabila= {{plainlist| * 76.6% [[Mzungu|Wazungu wa Eire]] * 10.8% [[Mzungu|Wazungu]] wengine * 3.3% [[Asia|Waasia]] * 1.5% [[Watu weusi|Weusi]] * 1.7% Wengine * 6.2% Hawakusema}} | serikali = Jamhuri ya bunge ya muungano | vyeo_viongozi = {{*}}[[Rais]]<br>{{*}}Taoiseach<br>{{*}}Tánaiste | majina_viongozi = [[Michael D. Higgins]]<br>[[Micheál Martin]]<br>[[Simon Harris]] | eneo_jumla = 70,273 | cheo_eneo = 118 | maji = 2.0% | watu_kadirio = 5,458,600 | mwaka_kadirio = 2025 | msongamano = 76.6 | pato_ppp = {{increase}} $691.904 bilioni | pato_ppp_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $127,750 | plt = {{increase}} $560.566 bilioni | pato_kwa_mtu = {{increase}} $103,500 | mwaka_pato = 2024 | maendeleo = {{increase}} 0.949 </br> {{juu sana}} | mwaka_maendeleo = 2023 | gini = 27.9 | mwaka_gini = 2022 | fedha = [[Euro]] (€) (EUR) | majira_saa = +1 (DST) | udereva = Kushoto | msimbo_simu = 353 | tld = .ie }} '''Irelandi''' (pia: '''Ayalandi'''; [[jina rasmi]]: '''Jamhuri ya Eire''') ni nchi katika [[Ulaya ya Magharibi]], inayochukua sehemu kubwa ya [[kisiwa]] cha Irelandi. Inapakana na [[Atlantiki|Bahari ya Atlantiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Eire]] mashariki, na [[Irelandi Kaskazini]], ambayo ni sehemu ya [[Ufalme wa Muungano]], kaskazini-mashariki. Ina [[idadi]] ya watu takriban [[milioni]] 5.45, ikiwa ya 119 [[dunia|duniani]]. [[Jiji]] lake kubwa zaidi na [[mji mkuu]] ni [[Dublin]]. Irelandi imegawanyika katika majimbo 4 na kaunti 26. Inajulikana kwa mandhari yake ya kijani kibichi, urithi wake tajiri wa [[Wakelti|Kiselti]], [[fasihi]] mashuhuri, na [[historia]] yake ya kupigania [[uhuru]] dhidi ya [[Uingereza]]. == Jiografia == Kijiografia Irelandi ni [[kisiwa]] kilichogawiwa kati ya Jamhuri ya Eire inayokalia sehemu kubwa ya kisiwa na [[Irelandi ya Kaskazini]] ambayo ni [[jimbo]] la [[Ufalme wa Maungano]]. Kisiwa chote kina eneo la [[km²]] 84,421 na 83% zake ni Jamhuri ya Irelandi. Upande wa [[magharibi]] kuna [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]], upande wa [[mashariki]] [[Bahari ya Eire]] inayokitenga na kisiwa cha [[Britannia]]. [[Kitovu]] cha kisiwa kuna [[tambarare]] inayozungukwa nje upande wa [[pwani]] na vilima. [[Mlima]] mrefu zaidi ni [[Carrauntoohil]] wenye [[kimo]] cha [[mita]] 1,038. [[Mto]] mkubwa ni [[Shannon]] ambao kutoka kaskazini unaelekea [[kusini]]. Kwenye [[tambarare]] ya katikati kuna ma[[ziwa]] kadhaa. [[Hali ya hewa]] inaathiriwa na Atlantiki: ni ya wastani, hakuna [[baridi]] kali wala [[joto]] kali. [[Bahari]] inaleta [[mvua]] nyingi na hivyo Eire huitwa "Kisiwa cha Kijani". [[Miji]] mikubwa ni [[Dublin]] (wakazi [[milioni]] 1), [[Cork]] (watu 190,000), [[Limerick]] (90,000), [[Galway]] (72,000) na [[Waterford]] (49,000). ==Historia== Kwa [[karne]] kadhaa Irelandi ilitawaliwa na [[Uingereza]]. [[Sheria]] ya mwaka [[1800]] iliunganisha Ufalme wa Britania Kuu na Ufalme wa Eire na hivyo kuunda [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] (United Kingdom of Great Britan and Ireland). Baada ya [[Vita vya uhuru vya Eire]] [[bunge]] la [[London]] kwa sheria ya mwaka [[1920]] (Government of Ireland Act 1920) liligawa Irelandi katika sehemu mbili za Northern Ireland na Southern Ireland. Wabunge waliochaguliwa katika Irelandi ya Kusini walijitangaza kuwa bunge la Irelandi na kwa mapatano ya mwaka [[1922]] [[uhuru]] wa Irelandi ulitambuliwa. Nchi mpya ilijiita tangu [[1937]] "Jamhuri ya Eire" na kuendelea kama nchi ya pekee. Baada ya [[uhuru]] wa sehemu kubwa ya [[kisiwa]] hicho, [[Irelandi ya Kaskazini|ile ya kaskazini-mashariki]] imebaki kama sehemu ya [[Ufalme wa Muungano]]. ==Watu== Wakazi walio wengi (76.6%) ni Waeire asili, [[Wazungu]] wengine ni 10.8%, [[Waasia]] 3.3%, [[Waafrika]] 1.5% n.k. Wengi kabisa hutumia [[lugha]] ya [[Kiingereza]] lakini [[Kieire]] ndiyo [[lugha ya taifa]] na [[lugha rasmi]] ya kwanza. Kinazungumzwa katika maeneo kadhaa ya [[Kijiji|vijijini]] na hufundishwa [[shule]]ni, lakini kutokana na [[uhamiaji]], [[Kipolandi]] kina wasemaji wengi zaidi kuliko Kieire. Upande wa [[dini]], 75.7% ni [[Wakristo]] (69.1% [[Wakatoliki]], 2.5% [[Waanglikana]] na 4.1% ni wa [[madhehebu]] mengine). Ushiriki wa [[ibada]] ni wa juu sana. [[Waislamu]] ni 1.3% na 14.5% hawana dini. == Tazama pia == * [[Wilaya za Eire]] * [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]] ==Marejeo== <!-- Please order books alphabetically by the author's last name --> {{Refbegin}} *{{Rejea kitabu |title=Ireland: Neutrality and the International Use of Force |last=Gilland|first=Karin|year=2001|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-21804-7|ref=harv}} *{{Rejea kitabu |title=Rough guide to Ireland|url=https://archive.org/details/ireland0000unse_g9o2|last=Greenwood|first=Margaret|year=2003|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=1-84353-059-7|ref=harv}} *{{Rejea kitabu |title=James Clarence Mangan – His Selected Poems|last=Mangan|first=James Clarence|year=2007|publisher=Read Books|isbn=1-4086-2700-0|ref=harv}} *{{Rejea kitabu |title=Two thousand years of Coptic Christianity|last=Meinardus|first=Otto Friedrich August|year=2002|publisher=American Univ in Cairo Press|isbn=977-424-757-4|ref=harv}} *{{Rejea kitabu |title=A New History of Ireland: Prehistoric and early Ireland|last=Moody|first=Theodore William|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-821737-4|ref=harv}} {{refend}} ===Marejeo mengine=== {{refbegin}} *''{{lang|ga|Bunreacht na hÉireann}}'' (the 1937 constitution) *''The Irish Free State Constitution Act, 1922'' *J. Anthony Foley and Stephen Lalor (ed), ''Gill & Macmillan Annotated Constitution of Ireland'' (Gill & Macmillan, 1995) (ISBN 0-7171-2276-X) *FSL Lyons, ''Ireland Since the Famine'' *Alan J. Ward, ''The Irish Constitutional Tradition: Responsible Government and Modern Ireland 1782–1992'' (Irish Academic Press, 1994) (ISBN 0-7165-2528-3) *Michael J. Geary, ''An Inconvenient Wait: Ireland's Quest for Membership of the EEC, 1957–73'' (Institute of Public Administration, 2009) (ISBN 978-1-904541-83-7) {{refend}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{commons|ireland}} ; Serikali *[http://www.gov.ie/ Irish State] – ''Official governmental portal'' *[http://www.president.ie/ {{lang|ga|Áras an Uachtaráin}}] – Official presidential site *[http://taoiseach.gov.ie/ Taoiseach] – Official prime ministerial site ; Taarifa za jumla *{{CIA World Factbook link|ei|Ireland}} *[http://www.state.gov/p/eur/ci/ei/ Ireland] information from the [[United States Department of State]] *[http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/ireland.htm Ireland] {{Wayback|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/ireland.htm |date=20080821132627}} at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' *{{dmoz|Regional/Europe/Ireland|Ireland}} *[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17473476 Ireland profile] from the [[BBC News]] *{{Wikiatlas|Ireland}} *[http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=IE Key Development Forecasts for Ireland] from [[International Futures]] {{Umoja wa Ulaya}} {{Ulaya}} {{mbegu-jio-Ireland}} [[Jamii:Ireland| ]] [[Jamii:Nchi za visiwa]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Ulaya]] [[Jamii:Nchi za Umoja wa Ulaya]] [[Jamii:Umoja wa Forodha wa Ulaya]] [[Jamii:Visiwa vya Atlantiki]] [[Jamii:Nchi]] d9cyo4xzwm04h6d98k7pimtu6l0b3s8 0 76263 1612590 1584633 2026-11-02T15:46:38Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612590 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:April24Victims.jpg|thumb|Baadhi ya wasomi Waarmenia waliokamatwa wakauawa usiku wa tarehe 24 Aprili 1915.]] [[File:Morgenthau336.jpg|thumb|[[Balozi]] wa [[Marekani]] aliandika kuhusu picha hii, "Mambo kama haya yalikuwa ya kawaida katika wilaya za Kiarmenia katika miezi ya [[majira ya kuchipua]] na [[majira ya joto]] ya 1915... Sera ya Kituruki ilikuwa kuangamiza kwa kisingizio cha kuhamisha".]] '''Maangamizi ya Waarmenia''' (kwa [[Kiarmenia]] Հայոց Ցեղասպանություն, ''Hayots Tseghaspanutyun'') maarufu kwa [[Kiingereza]] kama '''Armenian Holocaust''',<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/fisk/robert-fisk-let-me-denounce-genocide-from-the-dock-420011.html Robert Fisk: Let me denounce genocide from the dock] {{Wayback|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/fisk/robert-fisk-let-me-denounce-genocide-from-the-dock-420011.html |date=20140124204800 }} The Independent, 14 October 2006</ref>, '''Armenian Massacres''' na kwa Kiarmenia Մեծ Եղեռն, Medz Yeghern, "Ovu kubwa")<ref>{{citation|publisher=The International Association of Genocide Scholars|type=affirmation|title=Armenian Genocide|quote=That this assembly of the Association of Genocide Scholars in its conference held in Montreal, June 11–3, 1997, reaffirms that the mass murder of Armenians in Turkey in 1915 is a case of genocide which conforms to the statutes of the United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide. It further condemns the denial of the Armenian Genocide by the Turkish government and its official and unofficial agents and supporters.}}</ref>,<ref>{{cite news|last=Matiossian|first=Vartan|title=The Self-Delusion of 'Great Calamity': What 'Medz Yeghern' Actually Means Today|url=http://www.armenianweekly.com/2013/01/12/the-self-delusion-of-great-calamity-what-medz-yeghern-actually-means-today/|newspaper=[[Armenian Weekly]]|date=12 January 2013|authorlink=Vartan Matiossian}}</ref> yalikuwa sera ya [[Dola la Osmani]] ya kukomesha [[Waarmenia]] wote walioishi ndani ya eneo la dola hilo (leo nchini [[Uturuki]]. Ma[[kadirio]] ya waliouawa ni kati ya watu [[milioni]] 1 na 1.5. [[Tarehe]] inayohesabiwa kuwa [[mwanzo]] wa hayo [[mauaji ya kimbari]] ni [[24 Aprili]] [[1915]], ambapo watawala Waturuki waliteka wasomi Waarmenian 250 [[mji]]ni [[Istanbul]]. Tarehe hiyohiyo miaka 100 baadaye yalifanyika maadhimisho makubwa katika nchi mbalimbalimbali, hasa huko [[Etchmiadzin]], makao makuu ya kiroho ya Waarmenia, ambapo [[Patriarki]] [[Katolikosi]] [[Karekin II]] aliwatangaza kwa jumla waliouawa kuwa [[watakatifu]] [[wafiadini]]. Maangamizi yalitekelezwa kwa awamu mbili: kwanza [[wanaume]] wazima waliuawa mara moja au kulazimishwa kufanya kazi za [[shokoa]], halafu [[wanawake]], [[watoto]], [[wazee]] na [[wagonjwa]] waliswagwa na [[wanajeshi]] hadi [[jangwa la Syria]] ili wafe njiani, baada ya kunyimwa [[chakula]], [[maji]], mbali ya kuibiwa, [[ubakaji|kubakwa]] na kuuawa.<ref>{{Citation|first1=Hans-Lukas|last1=Kieser|first2=Dominik J.|last2=Schaller|language=German|title=Der Völkermord an den Armeniern und die Shoah|trans_title=The Armenian genocide and the Shoah|publisher=Chronos|year=2002|isbn=3-0340-0561-X|page=114}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | title = Armenia: The Survival of A Nation | first = Christopher J. | last = Walker | publisher = Croom Helm | place = London | year = 1980 | pages = 200–3}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | title = The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, 1915–1916: Documents Presented to Viscount Grey of Falloden | first1 = Viscount James | last1 = Bryce | authorlink= James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce | first2 = Arnold | last2 = Toynbee | edition = uncensored | editor-first = Ara | editor-last = Sarafian | place = Princeton, [[New Jersey|NJ]] | publisher = Gomidas | year = 2000 | isbn = 0-9535191-5-5 | pages = 635–49}}</ref> Ma[[kabila]] mengine pia, hasa ya [[Ukristo|Kikristo]], kama vile [[Waashuru]] na [[Wagiriki]], waliangamizwa na Waturuki wakati huohuo. [[Mtawanyiko wa Waarmenia]] [[dunia]]ni unatokana kwa kiasi kikubwa na mauaji hayo. Vilevile ni kutokana nayo kwamba [[Raphael Lemkin]] alitunga neno ''[[wikt:genocide|genocide]]'' mwaka [[1943]] kama maangamizi ya halaiki ya mpango na kadiri ya sera.<ref>{{Rejea jarida | last= Hyde | first= Jennifer | title= Polish Jew gave his life defining, fighting genocide | url= http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/11/13/sbm.lemkin.profile/ | publisher= CNN | date= 2 December 2008 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081203090012/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/11/13/sbm.lemkin.profile/ | archivedate= 2008-12-03 | deadurl= no | journal= | access-date= 2015-04-18 }}</ref> Maangamizi hayo yanahesabiwa ya kwanza katika [[karne ya 20]]<ref name="24.04.1998">{{cite web | url = http://www.armenian-genocide.org/Affirmation.153/current_category.7/affirmation_detail.html |title= Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly Resolution |publisher=Armenian genocide}}</ref><ref name = "Ferguson">{{Rejea kitabu | authorlink = Niall Ferguson | last = Ferguson | first = Niall | title = The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West | url = https://archive.org/details/warworldtwentiet00ferg | place = New York | publisher = Penguin Press | year = 2006 | isbn = 1-59420-100-5 | page = [https://archive.org/details/warworldtwentiet00ferg/page/n274 177]}}</ref><ref name = "IAGS">{{Rejea jarida | publisher = Genocide Watch | url = http://www.genocidewatch.org/images/Turkey-_13Jun05ErdoganletterAmericanHistoricalAssociation.pdf | format = PDF | title = A Letter from The International Association of Genocide Scholars | date = 13 June 2005 | journal = | access-date = 2015-04-18 | archive-date = 2017-10-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171011090846/http://www.genocidewatch.org/images/Turkey-_13Jun05ErdoganletterAmericanHistoricalAssociation.pdf | dead-url = yes | = https://web.archive.org/web/20171011090846/http://www.genocidewatch.org/images/Turkey-_13Jun05ErdoganletterAmericanHistoricalAssociation.pdf }}</ref> yakifuatwa na yale makubwa zaidi ya [[maangamizi makuu dhidi ya Wayahudi wa Ulaya]] chini ya [[Adolf Hitler]].<ref name="nazi">{{Citation | last = Rummel | first = RJ | title = The Holocaust in Comparative and Historical Perspective | journal = The Journal of Social Issues | volume = 3 | number = 2 | date = 1 April 1998}}</ref> Uturuki, ulioshika nafasi ya Dola la Osmani, unazidi kukataa neno ''genocide'' kuhusiana na mauaji ya Waarmenia, ingawa wataalamu wengi wa historia wanaliona kuwa sahihi na nchi nyingi zaidi na zaidi zinaudai ukiri kosa na kupatana na Waarmenia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.am/news.php?cat_id=2&NewsID=7281&year=2015&month=03&day=11&lang=eng|title=National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia - Official Web Site - parliament.am|work=parliament.am}}</ref> == Picha == <gallery mode="packed" heights="150"> Picha:Armenians 1915 escaping from a railroad train.png|Waarmenia wakikimbia [[treni]]ni Picha:Armenian Genocide severed heads.jpg|Waarmenia waliokatwa [[kichwa|vichwa]] Picha:Armenian refugees at Van crowding around a public oven during 1915.png|[[Wakimbizi]] huko [[Van]], 1915 Picha:Near east relief bivouacking tents in Aleppo.png|Ma[[hema]] huko [[Aleppo]], Syria Picha:Armenian child refugees (Aleppo, Syria, 1915).jpg|Watoto wakimbizi huko Aleppo Picha:Iskrinewspapertortured.jpg|Mwarmenia mwanamke akiteswa karibu na mtoto aliyeuawa Picha:Armenian Skulls of Genocide.jpg|Askari wakicheza na ma[[fuvu]] ya vichwa vya Waarmenia Picha:Waitingformassacref.png|Umati wa Waarmenia walioagizwa kukusanyika halafu wakaangamizwa Picha:Armenianmothermourning.jpg|Mwanamke Mwarmenia akiwalilia watoto wake watano waliouawa Picha:Armenianbitlischurch.jpg|[[Monasteri]] ya [[Bitlis]] ikiwa na [[maiti]] na mafuvu ya vichwa Picha:Deportationsf.png|Uhamisho wa Waarmenia. Askari amewaibia. Picha:Armenian refugees LCCN2014707246 (restored).png|[[Kambi la wakimbizi]] huko Syria Picha:Armenianvictimsassault.jpg|Maiti za watoto Waarmenia Picha:Armenian refugee camp port said.png|[[Port Said]], [[Misri]] Picha:ArmenianGenocideFood.jpg|Wakimbizi Waarmenia huko Hauran, Syria, wakila [[mzoga]] wa [[farasi]] Picha:Harputroads.jpg|Watoto 5,000 kutoka [[Kharpert]] wakisafiri kwa [[punda]] au kwa [[miguu]] Picha:Armenians Corpses in Diyarbakir Genocide.jpg|Maiti huko Diyarbakir Picha:Armeniagen6a.jpg|Baada ya [[vita]] kusimama mwaka 1918, Waarmenia waliouawa huko Aleppo walilazwa mbele ya [[hospitali]] Picha:Armenians hung.jpg|Waarmenia wakinyongwa na Waturuki Picha:Column of deportees walking through Harput vilayet during the Armenian genocide.jpg|Uhamisho wa Waarmenia katika wilaya ya [[Mamuret Al-Aziz]] Picha:Kharput Greek-Orthodox refugees - C.D.Morris - National Geographic, Nov. 1925.jpg|Uhamisho wa Waarmenia Picha:Near east relief the armenian refugees in Bitlis-1916 lace.png|Near East Relief na wakimbizi Waarmenia huko Bitlis Picha:Armenian genocide survivors discovered in Salt and sent to Jerusalem in April 1918.png|Waarmenia walionusurika huko [[Salt]] na kutumwa [[Yerusalemu]] mnamo Aprili [[1918]]. Picha:Armenian Orphans, Merzifon, 1918.jpg|Ma[[yatima]] Waarmenia huko [[Merzifon]], 1918 Picha:Greek and Armenian refugee children near Athens, 1923.jpg|Watoto Waarmenia wakimbizi karibu na [[Athens]], [[Ugiriki]], [[1923]], baada ya mabadilishano ya raia katika ya Ugiriki na Uturuki Picha:Refugearmenian.PNG|Mwanamke Mwarmenia na mwanae Picha:Aleppo Jan 1920 Armenian refugees at the American relief eye hospital by University of Michigan Expedition, George R. Swain, Ann Arbor, Michigan.jpg|Waarmenia waliokimbilia hospitali ya American Relief eye Picha:Near east relief the armenian refugees in syria-2.png|Wakimbizi kwenye Near East relief Picha:Armenian refugee women and child getting food relief.png|Ugawaji wa chakula Picha:Near East relief armenian woman with baby in syria3.png|Mwanamke na mtoto Picha:Near East Relief Armenian orphans waiting to transport to Greece.png|Kwenda Ugiriki Picha:Nød i Armenia - fo30141712130022 302.jpg|Watoto kwenye Near East Relief Picha:Near East relief armenians bound for Greece .png|Kwenda Ugiriki Picha:Armenian refugees taken in the streets of Alexandropol.png|Waarmenia waliokamatwa kabla hawajaangamizwa </gallery> == Tanbihi == {{Reflist|30em}} == Marejeo == {{refbegin|30em}} === Historia === * [[Taner Akçam|Akçam, Taner]]. ''A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility''. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2007. * {{cite book|last1=Akçam|first1=Taner|title=The Young Turks' Crime Against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire|url=https://archive.org/details/youngturkscrimea0000akca|date=2012|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9780691153339|ref={{harvid|Akçam|2012}}}} * [[Peter Balakian|Balakian, Peter]]. ''The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response''. New York: HarperCollins, 2003. * [[Donald Bloxham|Bloxham, Donald]]. ''The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. * [[Vahakn Dadrian|Dadrian, Vahakn]]. ''The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus''. Oxford: Berghahn Books, 1995. * Dadrian, Vahakn. ''Warrant for Genocide: Key Elements of Turko-Armenian Conflict''. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 2003. * [[Raymond Kévorkian|Kévorkian, Raymond]]. ''The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History''. London: I.B. Tauris, 2011. * [[Ronald Grigor Suny|Suny, Ronald Grigor]]. ''"They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else": A History of the Armenian Genocide''. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015. === Masuala ya pekee na malinganisho === * Bobelian, Michael. '' Children of Armenia: A Forgotten Genocide and the Century-Long Struggle for Justice''. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2009. * {{cite book | last = Bonello | first = Giovanni | authorlink = Giovanni Bonello | title = Histories of Malta - Confessions and Transgressions, Vol.9 | publisher = Fondazzjoni Patrimonju Malti | year = 2008 | url = http://www.patrimonju.org/content.aspx?id=130889&subId=114434 | isbn = 978-99932-7-224-3 | ref = {{harvid|Bonello|2008}} | accessdate = 2015-04-18 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20180710011057/http://www.patrimonju.org/content.aspx?id=130889&subId=114434 | archivedate = 2018-07-10 }} * [[Vahakn Dadrian|Dadrian, Vahakn]]. "Genocide as a Problem of National and International Law: The World War I Armenian Case and its Contemporary Legal Ramifications", ''[[Yale Journal of International Law]]'', Volume 14, Number 2, 1989. * Dadrian, Vahakn. ''Key Elements in the Turkish Denial of the Armenian Genocide''. Toronto: Zoryan Institute, 1999. * Dadrian, Vahakn. "Patterns of Twentieth Century Genocides: the Armenian, Jewish, and Rwandan Cases". ''Journal of Genocide Research'', 2004, 6 (4), pp.&nbsp;487–522. * Göçek, Fatma Müge. ''Denial of Violence: Ottoman Past, Turkish Present, and Collective Violence against the Armenians, 1789-2009''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. * [[Richard G. Hovannisian|Hovannisian, Richard]] (ed.) ''The Armenian Genocide: History, Politics, Ethics''. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992. * Hovannisian, Richard. ''Remembrance and Denial: The Case of the Armenian Genocide''. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1998. * Hovannisian, Richard. ''The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies''. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 2007. * Hovannisian, Richard G. and Simon Payalsian (eds). ''Armenian Cilicia''. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers, 2008. * [[Michael Mann (sociologist)|Mann, Michael]]. ''The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing''. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge, UP, 2004. * [[Robert Melson|Melson, Robert]], ''Revolution and Genocide: On the Origins of the Armenian Genocide and the Holocaust''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. * [[Samantha Power|Power, Samantha.]] ''"[[A Problem from Hell]]": America and the Age of Genocide''. New York: Harper Perennial 2003. * {{Rejea jarida | doi = 10.1093/hgs/4.4.449 | last1 = Sanasarian | first1 = Eliz | year = 1989 | title = Gender Distinction in the Genocide Process: A Preliminary Study of the Armenian Case | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_holocaust-and-genocide-studies_1989_4_4/page/449 | journal = Holocaust and Genocide Studies | volume = 4 | issue = 4 | pages = 449–61 | pmid = 20684116 }} * {{citation|last=Üngör|first=Uğur Ümit|authorlink=Uğur Ümit Üngör|title=The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1950|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|postscript=}}. === Ushahidi wa walionusurika === * Balakian, Grigoris. ''Armenian Golgotha''. Translated by Peter Balakian with Aris Sevag. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009. * Bedoukian, Kerop. ''Some of Us Survived: The Story of an Armenian Boy''. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1978. * Hartunian, Abraham H. ''Neither to Laugh nor to Weep: A Memoir of the Armenian Genocide''. Translated by Vartan Hartunian. Cambridge, MA: Armenian Heritage Press, 1986. * Jacobsen, Maria. ''Diaries of a Danish missionary: Harpoot, 1907–1919''. Princeton: Gomidas Institute, 2001. * Lang, David Marshall. ''The Armenians: A People in Exile''. London: Allen & Unwin, 1981. * Miller, Donald E. and Lorna Touryan Miller. ''Survivors: An Oral History of the Armenian Genocide''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993. * Panian, Karnig. ''Goodbye, Antoura: A Memoir of the Armenian Genocide''. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2015. * Odian, Yervant. ''Accursed Years: My Exile and Return from Der Zor, 1914–1919''. Translated by Ara Stepan Melkonyan. London: Taderon Press, 2009. * Svazlyan, Verzhine. ''The Armenian Genocide and Historical Memory''. Translated by Tigran Tsulikian. Yerevan: Gitutiun Publishing House, 2004. === Jumuia za zamani za Waarmenia === *[[Richard Hovannisian|Hovannisian, Richard]]. ''Armenian Van/Vaspurakan''. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers, 2000. * Hovannisian, Richard. ''Armenian Baghesh/Bitlis and Taron/Mush''. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers, 2001. * Hovannisian, Richard. ''Armenian Karin/Erzerum''. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers, 2003. * Hovannisian, Richard. ''Armenian Sebastia/Sivas and Lesser Armenia''. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers, 2004. === Itikio la ulimwengu na ushahidi wa watu wa nje === * Anderson, Margaret Lavinia. "'Down in Turkey, far away': Human Rights, the Armenian Massacres, and Orientalism in Wilhelmine Germany", ''Journal of Modern History Volume'', 79, Number 1, March 2007, pp.&nbsp;80–111. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/517545 in JSTOR] * Barton, James L. ''Turkish Atrocities: Statements of American Missionaries on the Destruction of Christian Communities in Ottoman Turkey, 1915–1917''. Ann Arbor: Gomidas Institute, 1997. * [[James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce|Bryce, James]] and [[Arnold J. Toynbee|Arnold Toynbee]]. ''The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, 1915–1916: Documents Presented to Viscount Grey of Falloden, Uncensored ed''. Edited and with an introduction by Ara Sarafian. Princeton: Gomidas Institute, 2000. [http://books.google.com/books?id=7qafAAAAMAAJ complete text] * Dadrian, Vahakn N. ''Documentation of the Armenian Genocide in Turkish Sources''. Jerusalem: Institute on the Holocaust and Genocide, 1991. * Davis, Leslie A. ''The Slaughterhouse Province: An American Diplomat's Report on the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1917''. ew Rochelle, N.Y.: A.D. Caratzas, 1989. * Hovannisian, Richard G. "The Allies and Armenia, 1915–18". ''Journal of Contemporary History'' 1968 3(1): 145–168. ISSN: 0022-0094 Fulltext: [http://www.jstor.org/pss/259971 in Jstor] * Libaridian, Gerard. "The Ideology of the Young Turk Movement", pp.&nbsp;37–49. In Gerard Libaridian (Ed.) ''A Crime of Silence, The Armenian Genocide: Permanent Peoples' Tribunal.'' London: Zed Books, 1985. * {{Citation | last = Morgenthau | first = Henry | year = 1918 | title = Ambassador Morgenthau's Story | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=ENsLAAAAYAAJ | format = Google Books excerpt and text search }}. * {{Citation | last = Nassibian | first = Akaby | title = Britain and the Armenian Question: 1915–1923 | place = New York | publisher = St. Martin's Press | year = 1984}}. * {{Citation | last = Peterson | first = Merrill D | title = "Starving Armenians": America and the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1930 and After | place = Charlottesville | publisher = University of Virginia Press | year = 2004}}. * {{Citation | author-link = Samantha Power| last = Power | first = Samantha | title = "[[A Problem from Hell]]": America and the Age of Genocide | publisher = Harper | year = 2003}}. * {{Citation | last1 = Severance | first1 = Gordon | first2 = Diana | last2 = Severance | title = Against the Gates of Hell: The Life & Times of Henry Perry, a Christian Missionary in a Moslem World | year = 2003}}. * {{Citation | title = United States Official Documents on the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1917 | editor-first = Ara | editor-last = Safarian | place = Princeton, New Jersey | publisher = Gomidas | year = 2004}}. * {{Citation | editor-last = Winter | editor-first = Jay | title = America and the Armenian Genocide of 1915 | year = 2004 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=2hcw6_PMuh4C | format = Google Books excerpts and text search | isbn = 9781139450188 }}, 325 pp. === Kumbukumbu na vitabu === * {{Citation | last = Auron | first = Yair [Oron, Ya'ir] | title = The Banality of Denial: Israel and the Armenian Genocide | year = 2005 | origyear = 2003 | publisher = Transaction}}. * {{Citation | last = Bevan | first = Robert | contribution = Cultural Cleansing: Who Remembers the Armenians? | title = The Destruction of Memory: Architecture at War | year = 2006 | pages = 25–60 |isbn=1861893191}}. * {{Citation | last = Gunter | first = Michael M | title = Pursuing the Just Cause of Their People: A Study of Contemporary Armenian Terrorism | year = 1986 | publisher = Questia }} * {{Citation | editor-last = Hovannisian | editor-first = Richard G | title = Remembrance and Denial: The Case of the Armenian Genocide | year = 1999}}, 316 pp. * {{Citation | last = Melson | first = Robert | title = A Theoretical Inquiry into the Armenian Massacres of 1894–1896 | journal = Comparative Studies in Society and History | year = 1982 | volume = 24 | issue = 3 | pages = 481–509 | doi = 10.1017/S0010417500010100}}. * {{Citation | last = Melson | first = Robert | title = Revolutionary Genocide: On the causes of the Armenian genocide of 1915 and the Holocaust | journal = Holocaust and Genocide Studies | volume = 4 | issue = 2 | year = 1989 | pages = 161–74 | url = http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/hologen4&div=19&id=&page= | publisher = Hein online | author-mask = 3 | doi = 10.1093/hgs/4.2.161 }}. * {{Citation | last = Peroomian | first = Rubina | title = Literary Responses to Catastrophe: A Comparison of the Armenian and the Jewish Experience | year = 1993}}. {{refend}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{Commons|Armenian Genocide|s=Portal:Armenian Genocide}} * {{Citation | url = http://genocide-museum.am/eng/ | title = The Armenian Genocide Institute-Museum | place = Yerevan, [[Armenia|AM]]}}. * {{Citation | url = http://www.armenian-genocide.org/ | title = Armenian National Institute | place = Washington, D.C.}} (dedicated to the study, research, and affirmation of the Armenian Genocide). * {{Citation | url = http://www.armeniangenocidedebate.com/ | title = Armenian Genocide Debate | access-date = 2015-04-18 | archive-date = 2009-02-28 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090228020757/http://www.armeniangenocidedebate.com/ | url-status = dead }}. * {{Citation | url = http://www.theforgotten.org/ | title = The Forgotten | access-date = 2015-04-18 | archive-date = 2022-02-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220211192145/http://theforgotten.org/ | dead-url = yes }}, videos of interviews with survivors. * {{Citation | url = http://armenians-1915.blogspot.com/ | contribution = Armenians 1915 | title = Armenian Genocide Research Center | format = [[World Wide Web]] log | publisher = Google Bogger}}. * {{Citation | url = http://www.massviolence.org/+-Fall-of-the-Ottoman-Empire-+ | title = Online Encyclopedia of Mass violence | contribution = Fall of the Ottoman Empire | type = chronological index & articles | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110305051410/http://www.massviolence.org/%2B-Fall-of-the-Ottoman-Empire-%2B | access-date = 2015-04-18 | archive-date = 2011-03-05 | url-status = dead}}. * {{Citation | url = http://genocide.am/ | place = [[Armenia|AM]] | title = Genocide | access-date = 2015-04-18 | archive-date = 2020-12-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201205112253/http://genocide.am/ | dead-url = yes }}. * {{Citation | url = http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EpHkzwE4qzg | title = You tube | contribution = Screamers | type = documentary | format = video | publisher = Google}}, about genocide, featuring [[System of a Down]]. * {{Citation | url = http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/turkey/armenian_genocide/ | title = Armenian Genocide | type = collected news and coverage | newspaper = [[The New York Times]] | first=Sabrina | last=Tavernise}}. *[http://armenianweekly.com/2013/06/05/in-vatican-pope-francis-recognizes-armenian-genocide/ Pope John Paul II and Pope Francis on the Armenian Genocide] [[Category:Historia ya Armenia]] [[Category:Historia ya Uturuki]] [[Category:Mauaji ya kimbari]] [[Category:Wafiadini Wakristo]] [[Category:Dhuluma za dini]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Armenia]] [[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Uturuki]] at64jtya4i4xjblr6kq51ct2xyhzpwq 0 84167 1612667 978994 2026-11-03T04:05:02Z ~2026-58288-95 93674 /* Viungo vya nje */ 1612667 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kariakoo view1.png|300px|thumb|Soko la Kariakoo jinsi linavyoonekana kwa mbali juu ya ghorofa]] [[File:Kariakoo view2.png|300px|thumb|Kariakoo, Dar es Salaam katika miaka ya 1980/1970]] [[File:Kariakoo inside.png|300px|thumb|Ndani ya soko la Kariakoo]] [[File:Kariakoo outside.png|300px|thumb|Soko dogo (kulia) na Soko Kubwa katika miaka ya hivi karibuni, yaani, 2010 na kuendelea]] '''Soko la Kariakoo''' ni soko kuu jijini [[Dar es Salaam]] na [[Tanzania]] ambapo kunafanyika biashara za aina zote za mahitaji muhimu ya kila siku ya binadamu. Biashara zinafanyika kwa jumla na rejareja. Soko hili linajumuisha majengo mawili makuu (''soko kubwa'' na ''soko dogo'') pamoja na maeneo yanazunguka majengo hayo. Soko la Kariakoo lipo katikati ya jiji la Dar es Salaam na ndiyo chanzo cha eneo zima la [[Kariakoo]] kujulikana kwa jina hilo. Jengo la Soko Kuu la Kariakoo lipo katika kiwanja namba 32 mtaani Kariakoo, katikati ya makutano ya mtaa wa Mkunguni na mtaa wa Nyamwezi na limezungukwa na mitaa ya Nyamwezi, Mkunguni, Sikukuu na Tandamti. == Historia ya soko == Historia ya jina la Kariakoo na soko la Kariakoo inaanzia tangu enzi za [[ukoloni]] wa [[Ujerumani|Mjerumani]] wakati Tanzania Bara ikiitwa [[Tanganyika]]. Mahala lilipo soko hilo palijengwa jengo la utawala wa Wajerumani ambalo lilikusudiwa litumike kama ukumbi wa kuadhimisha sherehe za kutawazwa kwa [[Kaisari Wilhelm II|Mfalme Kaiser Wilheim]] wa Ujerumani kwa wakati huo. Hata hivyo baada ya jengo kukamilika halikutumika kama ilivyokusudiwa kuwa na badala yake lilitumika kama kambi ya kikosi cha wapagazi waliobeba mizigo ya vita kuu ya kwanza ya dunia waliojulikana kama Carrier Corps. Jina hilo la maaskari wabeba mizigo katika Kiswahili lilitamkwa ''karia- koo'' na liliendelea kutumika kama jina la eneo lote linalozunguka jengo hili la Soko la Kariakoo. Baada ya [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia|vita kuu ya kwanza ya dunia]] kuisha rasmi mwaka 1919 na nchi Tanganyika kuanza kutawaliwa na [[Waingereza|Uingereza]], jengo hilo lilianza kutumika kama soko na kuhudumia wakazi wa Dar es Salaam. Wakati huo wafanyabiashara walikuwa wakiuza bidhaa zao sakafuni kwa sababu hapakuwa na meza. Wafanyabiashara hao waliendelea kufanya biashara zao sakafuni hadi miaka ya 1960, meza za saruji zilipojengwa. Kwa kadiri jiji la Dar es Salaam lilivyokua na wakazi wake kuongezeka, ndivyo soko hilo lilielemewa kuhudumia wananchi. Hali hiyo iliwafanya viongozi wa halmashauri ya jiji kuona haja ya kuwa na soko kubwa na la kisasa kulingana na maendeleo ya jiji, na hivyo wakaanza kujadili uwezekano wa kujenga soko jipya kubwa na la kisasa. == Ujenzi wa soko == Uamuzi wa kujenga Soko Kuu la Kariakoo ulifanywa na serikali mwaka 1970 ambapo Halmashauri ya jiji la Dar es Salaam iliagizwa kujenga soko jipya la kisasa ambalo lingechukua nafasi ya soko la zamani. Matarajio ya serikali ya kujenga soko hilo yalikuwa ni kuwapatia wakazi wa jiji soko kubwa la chakula ambalo lingetosheleza mahitaji yao kwa muda wa miaka 50 hadi 70 Mipango ilikamilika na ujenzi ulianza rasmi Machi 1971. Ramani ya jengo la soko ilitayarishwa na mchoraji wa ramani za majengo Mtanzania Beda Amuli. Kwa mujibu ya machapisho yanayoelezea historia ya soko hilo, mkandarasi huyo alitakiwa kwenda kujifunza katika nchi za Accra – Ghana na Lusaka-Zambia, kuangalia masoko yaliyojengwa katika miji hiyo miwili, ndipo atengeneze ramani yake, ambalo ndiyo soko linaloonekana hivi sasa. Mkandarasi aliyechora jengo hili ameweka baadhi ya maumbo yanayofanana na majengo hayo aliyokwenda kuyatazama. Hii ndiyo sifa pekee inalolifanya soko hili la Kariakoo kuwa la tofauti na masoko mengine katika ukanda huu wa Afrika Mashariki na Kati. Ujenzi wa soko ulikamilika Novemba 1975 kwa gharama ya [[Shilingi ya Tanzania|shilingi]] milioni 22 na kufunguliwa rasmi Desemba mwaka huo huo ambapo Rais wa Kwanza wa Tanzania, [[Mwalimu Julius Nyerere]] alikuwa mgeni rasmi. == Jengo la soko == Soko hilo lina majengo mawili ambayo yameunganishwa katika Ghorofa ya chini ya ardhi. Jengo la kwanza linaweza kuitwa soko kubwa na jengo la pili soko dogo. Soko kubwa limegawanyika katika sehemu tatu ambayo ni ghorofa ya kwanza, sehemu ya katikati na ya chini maarufu kama shimoni. Eneo la Shimoni kuna mabucha 16 yanayouza nyama iliyokaguliwa kiafya toka mikoa ya [[Dodoma]], [[Mwanza]] na [[Shinyanga]], na samaki wabichi toka maziwa na mito ya Tanzania. Soko dogo ni la rejareja ambalo si tofauti na masoko mengine katika Jiji la Dar es Salaam. Ingawa eneo la Kariakoo limezungukwa na maduka yanayouza bidhaa mbalimbali, bado Soko la Kariakoo ndio soko kuu la mazao na bidhaa za kilimo nchini. Linauza mazao kwa bei ya jumla ya rejareja pamoja na vifaa vya kilimo. == Usimamizi wa soko == '''Shirika la Masoko ya Kariakoo (SMK)''' linasimamia uendeshaji wa biashara za Soko la Kariakoo, kuweka kipaumbele katika shughuli za biashara mbili: Shirika linakodisha ardhi ya biashara kwa wauzaji wa Rejareja. Pia eneo la soko hilo lina maduka 82 katika soko kuu, yanayokodishwa kwa SMK kwa wauzaji wa rejareja. Mbali na mazao ya kilimo, maduka mengi yanauza vifaa vya kilimo na elektroniki. Pia, soko linatoa baadhi ya maduka nje yanayouza mboga za majani za rejareja katika soko dogo la nje. Kuhusu uendeshaji wake shirika hilo linasimamia soko la jumla kwa mazao ya kilimo na jamii ya samaki wakavu linalofanyika eneo la soko. SMK inatoza asilimia ya faida ambayo si zaidi ya asilimia nane tu ya bei ya mauzo kwa biashara ya jumla. Vile vile shirika linawatoza wafanyabiashara wa jumla ada ya usajili. Kwa masoko ya jumla na rejareja, Shirika linaweka daraja kati ya wakulima na wateja, ili wateja waweze kupata mahitaji yao yote ya nyumbani katika sehemu moja kwa bei nafuu na kuleta uthabiti kwa sekta ya kilimo ya nchi. == Viungo vya nje == * [https://kariakoosokoni.com/] * [https://kariakoosokoni.com/sw/] [[Jamii:Dar es Salaam]] [[Jamii:Uchumi wa Tanzania]] eaantxwrsg1yis8mlfehkke2rmtk3i2 0 86384 1612704 1273976 2026-11-03T09:11:49Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612704 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:SS United States postcard.jpg|thumb|<small>Postikadi yenye picha ya [[meli]]</small>]] [[File:Postcard paplynsky.JPEG|thumb|<small>Upande wa nyuma wenye anwani, stempu ma ujumbe mfupi</small>]] '''Postikadi''' (kutoka [[ing.]] ''post card'') ni aina ya [[barua]] isiyo na [[bahasha]]. Kwa kawaida ni kipande cha [[kistatili]] cha [[karatasi]] ngumu chenye [[ujumbe]] mfupi unaotumwa kwa [[posta]]. Mara nyingi postikadi huwa na picha upande mmoja halafu anwani, stempu na ujumbe mfupi upande wa kinyume. Gharama ya postikadi ni kidogo chini ya gharama ya barua katika bahasha. Ilhali postikadi haina bahasha ujumbe wake unaweza kusomwa na kila mtu anayeishiska. Kadi hizi zilianza kutumiwa kuanzia miaka ya 1860. Tangu kuwa na bei ndogo kuliko barua idadi ya postikadi kati ya barua iliongezeka. Baada ya kupatikana kwa simu za mkononi, sms na barua pepe postikadi zimepungua sana. Bado zinatumiwa hasa na watu waliosafiri wakitaka kutuma picha ya mahali walipofika. Kadi za posta za kwanza zilipendekezwa na mkurugenzi wa posta ya [[Prussia]] Heinrich von Stefan mnamo 1865, lakini pendekezo lake lilikataliwa kwa sababu mamlaka iliona "umbo lisilofaa kwa kutuma ujumbe"<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pozdravlyalochka.ru/sozdat-otkrytku/ |title=Historia ya postikadi. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314231817/https://pozdravlyalochka.ru/sozdat-otkrytku/ |archivedate=2023-03-14 |accessdate=2023-03-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Lakini kwenye mwaka 1869 fomati hiyo ilikubaliwa na posta ya [[Austria-Hungaria]] ikafanyikiwa na kuenea.<ref>[https://www.latimes.com/opinion/la-xpm-2013-jun-22-la-oe-cure-postcards-twitter-20130623-story.html Tweeting by mail: The postcard’s stormy birth ], tovuti ya Los Angeles Times, June 22, 2013 </ref> == Tanbihi == <references /> == Viungo vya Nje == *[http://www.postcard.co.uk/ The Postcard Traders association]—Represents professionals within the UK postcard industry. *[http://www.playle.com/IFPD/ The International Federation of Postcard Dealers]—Represents professional postcard dealers worldwide. * [http://www.kinouya.com Japanese Postcard Collecting Research きのう屋日本の絵葉書コレクション] *[http://www.veselovsky.eu Postcards Collection - The collection of postcards from around the world] {{Wayback|url=http://www.veselovsky.eu/ |date=20170523055619 }} *[http://contentdm.lib.miamioh.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/postcards/ Bowden Postcard Collection Online] {{Wayback|url=http://contentdm.lib.miamioh.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/postcards/ |date=20160306173308 }}. Approximately 10,000 digitized postcards, maintained by the Walter Havighurst Special Collections in the Miami University Libraries. *[http://www.abadie.co.uk/postcards abadie.co.uk] {{Wayback|url=http://www.abadie.co.uk/postcards |date=20161023200142 }}, currently the only book of classic John Hinde postcards with the senders messages transcribed *[http://www.johnhindecollection.com johnhindecollection.com], a website dedicated to John Hinde Postcards *{{cite web|title=Plowman Family Postcard Collection|url=http://stmikes.utoronto.ca/kelly/john-m-kelly-library-archival-and-manuscript-collections-plowman-family-postcard-collection/|publisher=University of St. Michael's College, John M. Kelly Library|accessdate=15 October 2015|archivedate=2017-06-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630091604/http://stmikes.utoronto.ca/kelly/john-m-kelly-library-archival-and-manuscript-collections-plowman-family-postcard-collection/}} [[Category:Posta]] 4py6v8wwgn38ny9b5q6vq5owkjz51bk 0 90539 1612709 1495559 2026-11-03T09:42:40Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612709 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Uainishaji | rangi = #D3D3A4 | jina = Pweza | picha = Octopus macropus.jpg | upana_wa_picha = 250px | maelezo_ya_picha = Pweza madoa-meupe | domeni = | himaya = [[Mnyama|Animalia]] <small>(Wanyama)</small> | faila = [[Mollusca]] <small>(Wanyama bila mifupa wenye ulimi kama tupa)</small> | ngeli = [[Cephalopoda]] | oda_ya_juu = [[Octopodiformes]] | oda = [[Octopoda]] | subdivision = '''Nusuoda 2, familia za juu 2 na familia 12:'''<br> * [[Cirrina]] ** [[Cirroctopodidae]] ** [[Cirroteuthidae]] ** [[Opisthoteuthidae]] ** [[Stauroteuthidae]] * [[Incirrina]] ** [[Argonautoidea]] *** [[Alloposidae]] *** [[Argonautidae]] *** [[Ocythoidae]] *** [[Tremoctopodidae]] ** [[Octopodoidea]] *** [[Amphitretidae]] *** [[Bolitaenidae]] *** [[Octopodidae]] *** [[Vitreledonellidae]] }} '''Pweza''' ni [[mnyama|wanyama]] wa [[bahari]] wenye [[mnyiri|minyiri]] ([[mkono|mikono]]) minane inayobeba [[kikombe|vikombe]] vya kumung'unyia na inayotumika kwa kukamata wanyama wadogo. Wana [[mdomo|domo]] linalofanana na lile la [[kasuku]] ili kuseta [[gegereka]] na [[kome]]. [[Spishi]] nyingi huingiza [[sumu]] inayopooza mawino. Pweza hunaogelea kwa kuondoa [[maji]] kwa nguvu kupitia mrija ([[w:Siphon (mollusc)|siphon]]) wake. Wanaweza kubadilisha rangi yao na pengine umbo wao ili kufanana na kinyume na kujificha kwa mawindo na maadui. Wakivumbuliwa huruka wakitoa ghubari la [[kiwi (ute)|kiwi]] (maada kama [[wino]]) ili kukanganya adui. Pweza wanaweza kushambulia [[mtu|watu]] lakini hii ni adimu. Wakichochewa wanauma kwa domo lao na wanatoa [[sumu]], lakini spishi moja tu, [[pweza mizingo-buluu]], ana sumu inayoweza kuua watu ==Kama chakula== Kiumbe huyu huliwa sana na [[watu]] waishio pembezoni mwa bahari kwa sababu ana [[nyama]] nzuri tu, ila huwa na [[chumvi]] nyingi. ==Picha== <gallery> Oktopus.jpg|Minyiri Hapalochlaena lunulata.JPG|Pweza mizingo-buluu Pweza and Ugali.JPG|Chakula ambacho pengine hujawahi kula: [[ugali]] na pweza </gallery> ==Viungo vya nje== {{commons|Polyp (zoology)}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061208023823/http://etic.univ-reunion.fr/hydroids/ Hydroids from Reunion Island and Indian Ocean] * [http://www.ocean.si.edu/corals-and-coral-reefs Smithsonian Ocean Portal Corals and Coral Reefs] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ocean.si.edu/corals-and-coral-reefs |date=20170616090340 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170620112458/https://www.coris.noaa.gov/about/what_are/#Reference:%20Invertebrate%20Zoology National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Coral Reef Information System] * [http://www.coral.org/coral-reefs-101/coral-reef-ecology/ coral-polyps/ Coral Reef Alliance Coral Polyps] {{mbegu-mnyama}} [[Jamii:Pweza]] 6s4n00gm5skd5y9ky4qhry9rd1anhjo 0 103658 1612651 1521653 2026-11-03T01:42:38Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612651 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mwigizaji 2 | jina = Amri Athumani | jina la kuzaliwa = Amri Athuman | mahala pa kuzaliwa = [[Tanga]], [[Tanzania]] | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|1948|8|1|df=yes}} | tarehe ya kufa = {{Death date and age|2018|8|8|1948|1|8|mf=yes}} [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Tanzania]] | jina lingine = King Majuto | kazi yake = [[Muigizaji]], [[Mtunzi]], [[Mchekeshaji]], [[Muongozaji]] [[Mwandishi]] | miaka ya kazi = | ndoa = |picha = King Majuto portrait.jpg |maelezo picha = Mchoro wa Majuto kama alivyochorwa na "Kado Cool" wa Dar es Salaam. | rafiki = | watoto = | wazazi = | mahusiano = | tovuti = }} '''Alhaji Amri Athumani''' (alijulikana sana kwa [[jina]] la '''King Majuto''' na pia '''Mzee Majuto'''<ref> https://www.jamiiforums.com/threads/tanzia-amri-athuman-king-majuto-afariki-dunia-akiwa-hospitali-ya-taifa-muhimbili.1466078/page-7</ref>; [[Tanga]], [[1 Agosti]] [[1948]] - [[Dar es Salaam]], [[8 Agosti]] [[2018]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]], [[mwongozaji]], [[mwandishi]] wa muswada na [[mtayarishaji]] wa [[filamu]] kutoka nchini [[Tanzania]]. Ndiye mwigizaji wa kwanza kurekodi mikanda yake na kuiuza huku akifanya kazi na [[Shirika la Filamu Tanzania]] (Tanzania Film Company-TFC)<ref>https://www.voaswahili.com/a/nguli-wa-uchekeshaji-tanzania-afariki/4519224.html</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.bongocinema.com/casts/view/king-majuto |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2018-08-08 |archivedate=2019-07-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713073445/http://www.bongocinema.com/casts/view/king-majuto }}</ref>. ==Wasifu wake== Alisoma [[shule]] ya Msambwini iliyoko mkoani [[Tanga]]. Alianza kuigiza mnamo [[mwaka]] [[1958]] (akiwa na [[umri]] wa miaka 9 mpaka 10); wakati huo alikuwa akiigiza katika [[jukwaa|majukwaa]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.bongocinema.com/casts/view/king-majuto |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2018-08-08 |archivedate=2019-07-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713073445/http://www.bongocinema.com/casts/view/king-majuto }}</ref> ==Matibabu yake nchini India== Aprili 28, 2018 [[Waziri]] wa habari, sanaa na michezo, [[Harrison Mwakyembe]] alimtembelea Mzee Majuto katika [[hospitali ya Muhimbili]] alikokuwa akipatiwa [[matibabu]]. Katika siku hiyo Waziri Mwakyembe alitangaza nia ya [[serikali]] ya Tanzania kumpeleka Mzee Majuto nchini [[India]]. Awali King Majuto aliripotiwa kusumbuliwa na [[ugonjwa wa tezi dume]] ambapo alianza matibabu yake nchini [[Tanzania]]. Mnamo Mei 1 aliripotiwa kupelekwa nchini India kwa ajili ya matibabu zaidi<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eatv.tv/news/current-affairs/mzee-majuto-kupelekwa-india-leo |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211034351/https://www.eatv.tv/news/current-affairs/mzee-majuto-kupelekwa-india-leo |archivedate=2024-12-11 |accessdate=2018-08-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref> .<ref>https://www.jamiiforums.com/threads/tanzia-amri-athuman-king-majuto-afariki-dunia-akiwa-hospitali-ya-taifa-muhimbili.1466078/page-7</ref><ref>http://www.mwananchi.co.tz/habari/Mzee-Majuto-azidiwa--alazwa-ICU-Muhimbili/1597578-4695074-4elxk9/index.html</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://mwanahalisionline.com/mzee-majuto-alazwa-tena-muhimbili/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2018-08-08 |archive-date=2018-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805191002/http://mwanahalisionline.com/mzee-majuto-alazwa-tena-muhimbili/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Kuzidiwa na kifo chake== Alitibiwa India hadi hapo [[afya]] yake ilipoimarika na kurejea nchini Tanzania kuendelea na kliniki yake katika hospitali ya Muhimbili. Baadaye Mzee Majuto aliripotiwa kuzidiwa, hali iliyopelekea kulazwa tena hospitali ya taifa Muhimbili katika wodi ya wagonjwa mahututi ([[ICU]]) Alipatwa na [[mauti]] hapo 8 Agosti 2018 majira ya [[saa]] [[mbili]] kamili [[usiku]] katika [[wodi]] za mwaisera, katika hospitali ya taifa Muhimbili. ==Filamu alizoigiza== Zifuatazo ni filamu anazodaiwa kushiriki kuigiza enzi za uhai wake. *Lolita *Sio Sawa *Mama Ntilie *Nahama *Gumzo *Mrithi Wangu *Rent House *Ndoa ya Utata *Daladala *Nimekuchoka *Mbegu *Zebra *Shikamoo Mzee *Tabia *Utani *Tikisa *Trouble Maker *Gundu *Kizungunguzu *Shoe Shine *Street Girl *Faithful *Mtego wa Panya *Boss *Back with Tears *Sikukuu ya Wajinga *Nyumba Nne *Chips Kuku *Kitu Bomba *Ndoto ya Tamaa *Lakuchumpa *ATM *Bishoo *Tupo Wangapi *Moto Bati *Varangati *Out Side *Pusi na Paku *Juu kwa Juu *Swagger *Oh Mama *Jazba *Mke wa Mtu Sumu *Mbugila *Kidumu *Mkali Mo *Mpela Mpela *Utanibeba *Babatan *Mjomba *Msela wa Manzese *Karaha *Mpango Sio Matumizi *Mume Bwege *Shuga Mammy, *Embe Dodo *Nakwenda Kwa Mwanangu *Seaman *Naja Leo Naondoka Leo Tanga *Mgeni Njoo *Kuwadi *Kulipa Tabu *Uso wa Mbuzi *Machimbo *Fundi Feni *Mwizi wa Kuku *Mtu Mzima Hovyo *Wake Up *Vituko Show Vol. 10 *Bettery Low *Brothers *Alosto *Back from New York *Kipofu *Koziman Vol 21 *After Money *Talaka Yangu *Gereji *Welcome Back *Mshamba *Pedeshee *Waiter *Inye Plus *Inye Gwedegwede *Inye Vol.1 ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{BD|1948|2018|Majuto, Mzee}} [[Jamii:Watunzi wa filamu Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Waandaaji Filamu za Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Tanzania]] ossv98df40owx03qfnhwx765qm2uzg4 1612672 1612651 2026-11-03T04:48:10Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1612672 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mwigizaji 2 | jina = Amri Athumani | jina la kuzaliwa = Amri Athuman | mahala pa kuzaliwa = [[Tanga]], [[Tanzania]] | tarehe ya kuzaliwa = {{birth date and age|1948|8|1|df=yes}} | tarehe ya kufa = {{Death date and age|2018|8|8|1948|1|8|mf=yes}} [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Tanzania]] | jina lingine = King Majuto | kazi yake = [[Muigizaji]], [[Mtunzi]], [[Mchekeshaji]], [[Muongozaji]] [[Mwandishi]] | miaka ya kazi = | ndoa = |picha = King Majuto portrait.jpg |maelezo picha = Mchoro wa Majuto kama alivyochorwa na "Kado Cool" wa Dar es Salaam. | rafiki = | watoto = | wazazi = | mahusiano = | tovuti = }} '''Alhaji Amri Athumani''' (alijulikana sana kwa [[jina]] la '''King Majuto''' na pia '''Mzee Majuto'''<ref> https://www.jamiiforums.com/threads/tanzia-amri-athuman-king-majuto-afariki-dunia-akiwa-hospitali-ya-taifa-muhimbili.1466078/page-7</ref>; [[Tanga]], [[1 Agosti]] [[1948]] - [[Dar es Salaam]], [[8 Agosti]] [[2018]]) alikuwa [[mwigizaji]], [[mwongozaji]], [[mwandishi]] wa muswada na [[mtayarishaji]] wa [[filamu]] kutoka nchini [[Tanzania]]. Ndiye mwigizaji wa kwanza kurekodi mikanda yake na kuiuza huku akifanya kazi na [[Shirika la Filamu Tanzania]] (Tanzania Film Company-TFC)<ref>https://www.voaswahili.com/a/nguli-wa-uchekeshaji-tanzania-afariki/4519224.html</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.bongocinema.com/casts/view/king-majuto |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2018-08-08 |archivedate=2019-07-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713073445/http://www.bongocinema.com/casts/view/king-majuto }}</ref>. ==Wasifu wake== Alisoma [[shule]] ya Msambwini iliyoko mkoani [[Tanga]]. Alianza kuigiza mnamo [[mwaka]] [[1958]] (akiwa na [[umri]] wa miaka 9 mpaka 10); wakati huo alikuwa akiigiza katika [[jukwaa|majukwaa]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.bongocinema.com/casts/view/king-majuto |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2018-08-08 |archivedate=2019-07-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713073445/http://www.bongocinema.com/casts/view/king-majuto }}</ref> ==Matibabu yake nchini India== Aprili 28, 2018 [[Waziri]] wa habari, sanaa na michezo, [[Harrison Mwakyembe]] alimtembelea Mzee Majuto katika [[hospitali ya Muhimbili]] alikokuwa akipatiwa [[matibabu]]. Katika siku hiyo Waziri Mwakyembe alitangaza nia ya [[serikali]] ya Tanzania kumpeleka Mzee Majuto nchini [[India]]. Awali King Majuto aliripotiwa kusumbuliwa na [[ugonjwa wa tezi dume]] ambapo alianza matibabu yake nchini [[Tanzania]]. Mnamo Mei 1 aliripotiwa kupelekwa nchini India kwa ajili ya matibabu zaidi<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.eatv.tv/news/current-affairs/mzee-majuto-kupelekwa-india-leo |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211034351/https://www.eatv.tv/news/current-affairs/mzee-majuto-kupelekwa-india-leo |archivedate=2024-12-11 |accessdate=2018-08-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref> .<ref>https://www.jamiiforums.com/threads/tanzia-amri-athuman-king-majuto-afariki-dunia-akiwa-hospitali-ya-taifa-muhimbili.1466078/page-7</ref><ref>http://www.mwananchi.co.tz/habari/Mzee-Majuto-azidiwa--alazwa-ICU-Muhimbili/1597578-4695074-4elxk9/index.html</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://mwanahalisionline.com/mzee-majuto-alazwa-tena-muhimbili/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2018-08-08 |archive-date=2018-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805191002/http://mwanahalisionline.com/mzee-majuto-alazwa-tena-muhimbili/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Kuzidiwa na kifo chake== Alitibiwa India hadi hapo [[afya]] yake ilipoimarika na kurejea nchini Tanzania kuendelea na kliniki yake katika hospitali ya Muhimbili. Baadaye Mzee Majuto aliripotiwa kuzidiwa, hali iliyopelekea kulazwa tena hospitali ya taifa Muhimbili katika wodi ya wagonjwa mahututi ([[ICU]]) Alipatwa na [[mauti]] hapo 8 Agosti 2018 majira ya [[saa]] [[mbili]] kamili [[usiku]] katika [[wodi]] za mwaisera, katika hospitali ya taifa Muhimbili. ==Filamu alizoigiza== Zifuatazo ni filamu anazodaiwa kushiriki kuigiza enzi za uhai wake. *Lolita *Sio Sawa *Mama Ntilie *Nahama *Gumzo *Mrithi Wangu *Rent House *Ndoa ya Utata *Daladala *Nimekuchoka *Mbegu *Zebra *Shikamoo Mzee *Tabia *Utani *Tikisa *Trouble Maker *Gundu *Kizungunguzu *Shoe Shine *Street Girl *Faithful *Mtego wa Panya *Boss *Back with Tears *Sikukuu ya Wajinga *Nyumba Nne *Chips Kuku *Kitu Bomba *Ndoto ya Tamaa *Lakuchumpa *ATM *Bishoo *Tupo Wangapi *Moto Bati *Varangati *Out Side *Pusi na Paku *Juu kwa Juu *Swagger *Oh Mama *Jazba *Mke wa Mtu Sumu *Mbugila *Kidumu *Mkali Mo *Mpela Mpela *Utanibeba *Babatan *Mjomba *Msela wa Manzese *Karaha *Mpango Sio Matumizi *Mume Bwege *Shuga Mammy, *Embe Dodo *Nakwenda Kwa Mwanangu *Seaman *Naja Leo Naondoka Leo Tanga *Mgeni Njoo *Kuwadi *Kulipa Tabu *Uso wa Mbuzi *Machimbo *Fundi Feni *Mwizi wa Kuku *Mtu Mzima Hovyo *Wake Up *Vituko Show Vol. 10 *Bettery Low *Brothers *Alosto *Back from New York *Kipofu *Koziman Vol 21 *After Money *Talaka Yangu *Gereji *Welcome Back *Mshamba *Pedeshee *Waiter *Inye Plus *Inye Gwedegwede *Inye Vol.1 ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{BD|1948|2018|Majuto, Mzee}} [[Jamii:Watunzi wa filamu Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Waandaaji Filamu za Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Tanzania]] dhwl068boxxdj152ytvr7narimd0uib 0 112755 1612710 1535477 2026-11-03T09:47:19Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612710 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image:Quodvultdeus mosaic portrait, 5th century (San Gennaro catacombs, Naples).jpg|thumb|[[Mozaiki]] ya [[karne ya 5]] ya Quodvultdeus, [[Catacombs of San Gennaro]], [[Napoli]]<ref>Gillian MacKie, ''Early Christian Chapels in the West'' (University of Toronto Press, 2003), 31.</ref>.]] '''Quodvultdeus''' ([[jina]] la [[Kilatini]] lenye maana ya "Anachotaka Mungu"; alifariki [[Napoli]], [[Italia]], [[mwaka]] [[450]] hivi) alikuwa [[Waberberi|Mberberi]] aliyehudumia kama [[askofu]] wa [[Karthago]] (katika [[Tunisia]] ya leo) tangu mwaka [[435]] hadi [[439]] alipofukuzwa na [[mfalme]] [[Genseriki]] wa [[Wavandali]] [[ario|Waario]] alipoteka [[mji]] huo. Yeye na [[waklero]] wake walipandishwa juu ya [[meli]] chakavu zisizo na [[Tanga (chombo)|tanga]] wala [[kasia|makasia]], kumbe walifika salama nchini Italia alipohamia hadi [[kifo]] chake<ref>http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/41910</ref><ref name="saints.sqpn.com"/>. Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Wakatoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]]. [[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa [[tarehe]] [[19 Februari]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>; lakini pia [[8 Januari]], [[26 Oktoba]] au [[28 Novemba]]<ref>https://catholicsaints.info/saint-quodvultdeus/</ref>. ==Maisha== [[Mwaka]] [[407]] alikuwa akiishi Karthago akawa [[shemasi]] mwaka [[421]]. [[uongozi wa kiroho|Aliongozwa kiroho]] na [[Augustino wa Hippo]]<ref name="saints.sqpn.com">{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://saints.sqpn.com/saintq08.htm |title=Patron Saints Index: Saint Quodvultdeus<!-- Bot generated title --> |accessdate=2019-05-25 |archivedate=2008-04-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405174344/http://saints.sqpn.com/saintq08.htm }}</ref> ambaye alimtolea baadhi ya [[maandishi]] yake.<ref name="saints.sqpn.com"/> == Maandishi == [[File:BSB Clm 14098, f. 61v - Quodvultdeus opening page.jpg|thumb|upright|Ukurasa wa kwanza wa kitabu cha [[hotuba]] zake dhidi ya Wayahudi, Wapagani na Waario ambazo kwa muda mrefu zilidhaniwa kuwa za [[Augustino wa Hippo]] ([[Bavarian State Library]] Clm 14098, f. 61v)]] Baadhi ya maandishi yake mwenyewe yametufikia, zikiwemo [[hotuba]] 12, kati yake 3 juu ya [[Kanuni ya Imani]] (kilichotafsiriwa katika [[Kiingereza]] kama ''The Creedal Homilies: conversion in fifth-century North Africa'', Thomas Macy Finn (translation and commentary), New York : Newman Press, 2004, p. 137. ==Tazama pia== * [[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Mabradha wa Shule za Kikristo]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waaugustino]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabazili]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wabenedikto]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wadominiko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wajesuiti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakarmeli]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakolumbani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wamersedari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waoratori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapasionisti]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wapremontree]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waredentori]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wasalesiani]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Waskolopi]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wateatini]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watrinitari]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Watumishi wa Maria]] * [[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wavinsenti]] *[[Mababu wa Kanisa]] == Tanbihi == {{Reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== *[http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/30_10_0350-0450-_Quodvultdeus.html Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Latina with analytical indexes] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20190525095406/http://openn.library.upenn.edu/Data/0023/html/lewis_e_020.html Lewis E 20 De quattuor virtutibus caritatis (On the four virtues of charity) at OPenn] {{mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Category:Waliozaliwa karne ya 4]] [[Category:Waliofariki 450]] [[Category:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]] [[Category:Mababu wa Kanisa]] [[Category:Watakatifu wa Tunisia]] t1u6kvxnkgie36k3iml1gzpfah3m3c8 0 127491 1612585 1201362 2026-11-02T15:32:39Z CommonsDelinker 234 Removing [[:c:File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F078072-0004,_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg|Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F078072-0004,_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Reinhard Kraasch|Reinhard Kraasch]] because: Copyright violation; see [ 1612585 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Konrad Hermann Joseph Adenauer''' ([[5 Januari]] [[1876]] - [[19 Aprili]] [[1967]]) alikuwa [[mwanajeshi]] wa [[Ujerumani]] ambaye alitumika kama [[Machansela wa Ujerumani|chansela]] wa kwanza wa [[Shirikisho]] la [[Ujerumani]] ([[Ujerumani Magharibi]]) kutoka [[mwaka]] [[1949]] hadi [[1963]]. Alikuwa [[mwanzilishi]] mwenza na [[kiongozi]] wa kwanza wa [[Christian Democratic Union]] (CDU) (hadi [[1966]]), [[Chama cha kisiasa|chama]] ambacho chini ya [[uongozi]] wake kikawa moja ya vyama vyenye ushawishi mkubwa nchini. Katika miaka ya mapema ya [[Jamhuri]] ya Shirikisho alibadilisha mwelekeo kutoka kujiondoa hadi kupona na kuiongoza nchi yake kutoka [[magofu]] ya [[Vita vikuu vya pili]] na kuwa [[taifa]] lenye tija na lenye kufanikiwa ambalo liliunda uhusiano wa karibu na [[Ufaransa]], [[Uingereza]] na [[Marekani]]. Wakati wa miaka yake madarakani, Ujerumani Magharibi ilipata [[demokrasia]], utulivu, [[heshima]] ya kimataifa na [[ustawi]] wa kiuchumi ("''[[Wirtschaftswunder]]''", [[Kijerumani]] kwa "muujiza wa kiuchumi"). Adenauer alionyesha kujitolea dhabiti kwa maono mapana ya [[demokrasia]] ya [[soko huria]] tofauti na [[ukomunisti]]. [[Mwanasiasa]] mwenye [[busara]], Adenauer alijitolea sana kwa sera ya kigeni iliyoelekezwa Magharibi na kurudisha msimamo wa Ujerumani Magharibi kwenye hatua ya ulimwengu. Alifanya kazi ya kurejesha uchumi wa Ujerumani Magharibi kutoka kwa uharibifu wa Vita vya Kidunia vya pili hadi katika msimamo wa kati [[Ulaya]], akisimamia Miradi ya Uchumi ya Ujerumani pamoja na Waziri wake wa Uchumi, [[Ludwig Erhard]]. Alikuwa nguvu inayoongoza katika kuunda tena vikosi vya jeshi la kitaifa (''[[Bundeswehr]]'') huko Ujerumani Magharibi tangu 1955. Adenauer alipinga mpinzani [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kijerumani|Ujerumani Mashariki]] na kufanya taifa lake kuwa mwanachama wa [[NATO]] na mshirika wa Ushirikiano wa Magharibi. Adenauer, aliyekuwa Chansela hadi [[umri]] wa miaka 87, aliitwa "Der Alte" ("mzee"). Mwanasiasa na [[mwanahistoria]] wa Uingereza [[Roy Jenkins]] anasema alikuwa "mtu mkongwe kabisa aliyewahi kufanya kazi katika ofisi iliyochaguliwa." Yeye bado ndiye kiongozi mkuu wa serikali kwa nchi kubwa. Akiwa [[Mkatoliki]] aliyejitolea na mshiriki wa Chama cha Katoliki Center, alikuwa mwanasiasa anayeongoza katika [[Jamhuri ya Weimar]], akihudumu kama [[Meya]] wa [[Cologne]] (1917-1933) na kama rais wa Baraza la Jimbo la Prussia (1922-1919). == Viungo vya nje == {{Commons}} {{Kanzler}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1876]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1967]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa CDU]] [[Jamii:Machansela wa Ujerumani]] 3nw5rghacqw117f8vuhcysptjxtjmkg 0 132709 1612626 1271197 2026-11-02T20:35:49Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612626 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Artus2.jpg|thumb| Sanamu ya Mfalme Arthur kwenye kanisa la Hofkirche, Innsbruck, iliyoundwa na [[Albrecht Dürer]] na kukalibiwa na Peter Vischer Mzee, mnamo miaka ya 1520]] '''Mfalme Arthur''' ni [[mhusika]] mashuhuri katika masimulizi ya [[Elimu ya visasili|mitholojia]] ya [[Britania]]. Anakumbukwa kama [[mfalme]] aliyeishi katika kasri yake ya Camelot akiwa na [[upanga]] wake unaojulikana kama Excalibur, aliopewa na Bibi wa Ziwa (the Lady of the Lake). Katika [[kumbukumbu]] hiyo Arthur alikuwa [[kiongozi]] au [[mtawala]] wa Britania katika kipindi ambako [[Waroma]] walikuwa wameondoka tayari na [[Waanglia-Saksoni]] walivamia kisiwa na kuenea humo. Kufuatana na masimulizi hayo Arthur alifaulu kuwashinda mara kadhaa. [[Hadithi]] moja maarufu ya Mfalme Arthur ni ile ambapo anatoa upanga kutoka kwa [[jiwe]], tendo linalomfanya kuwa Mfalme wa Wabritania. Hakuna uhakika kama Arthur aliishi kweli; labda masimulizi juu yake ni kumbukumbu ya kiongozi fulani wa Britania aliyeitwa jina tofauti<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/King-Arthur</ref>. == Camelot == Kuna kasri mbalimbali zinazodaiwa kuwa ni Camelot ya Arthur, lakini ile inayokubaliwa na wengi zaidi ni kasri ya [[Tintagel]], [[Cornwall]] (ingawa hakuna ushahidi). Huko Camelot Artur alikaa kwenye [[meza]] ya [[mviringo]] (the round table), pamoja na [[malkia]] wake Guinevere, Merlin, Morgan le Fay, Sir Lancelot, Sir Gawain, Percival na [[Shujaa|mashujaa]] wengine. Arthur na mashujaa wake waliondoka huko kwenda [[safari]] kama ile ya kutafuta [[Kikombe]] cha [[Kristo]] (Holy Grail). == Kifo == Baada ya vituko vingi [[mtoto]] wake, Mordred, alinyakua ufalme wake pamoja na malkia. Hivyo alimlazimisha Arthur kupigana naye. Walipigana kwa muda mrefu na Mordred alimpiga King Arthur katika sehemu nyingi, lakini mwishowe ni Arthur aliyemuua Mordred. Baada ya [[ushindi]] huo, Mfalme Arthur alikuwa dhaifu akafa kutokana na kupoteza [[damu]] kutoka kwa [[majeraha]] yaliyopatikana katika mapigano. Wakati mashujaa wake walipokuwa wakirudi Camelot, walitupa upanga Excalibur ndani ya [[ziwa]] ili uweze kurudi ulikotokea. <ref>"King Arthur." World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 27 Feb. 2013.</ref> Hadithi moja ni kwamba Arthur hakuwahi kufa lakini atarudi wakati Waingereza watakuwa wanamhitaji. == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya Nje == {{sisterlinks|d=Q45792|s=Category:Arthurian legend|n=no|c=category:King Arthur|v=no|voy=no|wikt=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no|b=no}} * [http://www.internationalarthuriansociety.com/ International Arthurian Society] {{Wayback|url=http://www.internationalarthuriansociety.com/ |date=20210127152954 }} * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/King-Arthur King Arthur], tovuti ya [[Encyclopedia Britannica]] * {{cite web|url=http://www.blaenau-gwent.gov.uk/8035.asp|title=Arthurian Gwent|publisher=Blaenau Gwent Borough County Council|access-date=22 May 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512153652/http://www.blaenau-gwent.gov.uk/8035.asp|archive-date=12 May 2008|accessdate=2021-02-05|archivedate=2008-05-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512153652/http://www.blaenau-gwent.gov.uk/8035.asp}}. An excellent site detailing Welsh Arthurian folklore. * {{cite web|url=http://www.arthuriana.co.uk|title=Arthuriana: Studies in Early Medieval History and Legend|first=Caitlin|last=Green}}. A detailed and comprehensive academic site, which includes numerous scholarly articles. * [http://www.arthuriana.org/ Arthuriana: The Journal of Arthurian Studies, published by Scriptorium Press for Purdue University, US]. The only academic journal solely concerned with the Arthurian Legend; a good selection of resources and links. * {{cite web|url=http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/index_welsh.html|title=Celtic Literature Collective}}. Provides texts and translations (of varying quality) of Welsh medieval sources, many of which mention Arthur. * {{cite journal|last=Green|first=Thomas|date=October 2012|title=John Dee, King Arthur, and the Conquest of the Arctic|url=http://www.heroicage.org/issues/15/green.php|journal=The Heroic Age|number=15}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. * [http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/cphome.stm The Camelot Project, The University of Rochester]. Provides valuable bibliographies and freely downloadable versions of Arthurian texts. * [http://www.heroicage.org/ The Heroic Age: A Journal of Early Medieval Northwestern Europe]. An online peer-reviewed journal that includes regular Arthurian articles; see especially the first issue. {{mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:Fasihi ya Kiingereza]] hdmhvlrm6xplcy2p37x2r8zgmba94j8 0 138537 1612620 1473839 2026-11-02T20:00:11Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612620 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Max Ray Vision''' (zamani '''Max Ray Butler''', jina la '''Iceman'''; alizaliwa [[10 Julai]] [[1972]]) ni mshauri wa zamani wa [[Usalama wa mtandao|usalama]] wa [[kompyuta]] na tapeli ambaye alitumikia kifungo cha miaka 13 gerezani, hukumu ndefu zaidi kuwahi kutolewa wakati huo kwa mashtaka ya udukuzi nchini [[Marekani]]. Alihukumiwa kwa makosa mawili ya utapeli wa waya, ikiwa ni pamoja na kuiba karibu nambari milioni mbili za [[Kadi karadha|kadi ya mkopo]] na kukimbia karibu [[Dola ya Marekani|dola]] milioni 86 kwa mashtaka ya ulaghai.<ref name="FBIButler">FBI Archives (5 Machi 2008). "Hacker Sentenced to 13 Years in Prison". https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/news/stories/2008/march/butler_030508</ref><ref name="WiredIceman">Greenberg, Andy (21 Septemba 2007). "Iceman: The Rise and Fall of a Hacker". *Wired Magazine*. https://www.wired.com/2007/09/ff-iceman/ {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="ShadowCrew">Bradley, Tony (2007). *The Hacker Diaries: Confessions of Teenage Hackers*. Wiley. ISBN 978-0471745561. (Inachunguza Max Butler na ShadowCrew.)</ref> == Historia == Butler alikulia Meridian, Idaho; wazazi wake waliachana akiwa na miaka 14. Baba yake alikuwa mkongwe wa Vita vya [[Vietnam]] na mmiliki wa duka la [[Tarakilishi|kompyuta]] aliyeoa binti ya wahamiaji kutoka Ukraini. ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanasayansi}} [[Jamii:Wahalifu]] [[Jamii:mabingwa wa kompyuta wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Editathon 2021-06 Morogor]] ecf5m202vzcr8o2252qfmma5f9pidx1 0 140882 1612587 1518678 2026-11-02T15:37:42Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612587 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ma3looma''' ni tovuti ya [[Misri]] inayolenga kukuza uelewa juu ya masuala ya [[ngono]] na [[uzazi]] kwa [[vijana]] wa [[Misri]]. Tovuti hiyo inashughulikia changamoto ya sasa kwamba vijana na wanafunzi wa Misri hawana uelewa wa kutosha juu ya masuala hayo kwa sababu ya jamaa / walimu wao kuwa na aibu au kutokuwa tayari kuyajadili kwa sababu ya kitamaduni na [[miiko]].<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.prb.org/egypt-adolescents-schools-sexual-education/|title=Quality Sexual Education Needed for Adolescents in Egyptian Schools – Population Reference Bureau|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-16|accessdate=2021-08-12|archivedate=2019-10-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016180620/https://www.prb.org/egypt-adolescents-schools-sexual-education/}}</ref> Ma3looma hutumia majukwaa mbalimbali kama [[mitandao ya kijamii]] na vilevile tovuti ili kufichua idadi ya watu walio katika hatari inayohusu afya zao na haki zao kwa kutumia huduma ya maswali na majibu ya OneWorld, ambayo inasimamiwa na kuhudumiwa na washauri waliofunzwa kutoka Huduma ya Afya ya Familia ya Misri (EFHS).”<ref name=":1">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://oneworld.org/2013/09/19/ma3looma|title=Ma3looma Egypt|website=oneworld.org|language=en|access-date=2019-10-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215090158/http://oneworld.org/2013/09/19/ma3looma|archivedate=2019-02-15|url-status=dead}}</ref>. Ma3looma inafanya kazi kupitia Facebook, Twitter, na YouTube. Ma3looma inafadhiliwa na [[Ford Foundation]] na ni mradi ndani ya [[One World's Mobile4Good]].<ref name=":1" /> == Muktadha wa kihistoria == Kuna hatari ya kutozingatia [[VVU]] / [[UKIMWI]] ambayo inajificha ndani ya nchi za [[Mashariki ya Kati]] na [[Afrika Kaskazini]], haswa [[Misri]], ambayo inaweza kusababisha kurudia kwa hali iliyoonekana katika [[Indonesia]], [[Afrika]] au [[China]] ambapo mwanzoni ilipuuzwa au kuchelewesha majibu ya kuongezeka kwa idadi kubwa ya watoto yatima, upungufu wa wafanyakazi na matumizi makubwa ya afya ya kutunza wagonjwa wa VVU / UKIMWI.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://merip.org/2004/12/hivaids-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa/|title=HIV/AIDS in the Middle East and North Africa {{!}} MERIP|website=merip.org|access-date=2019-10-16}}</ref> Vijana ulimwenguni kote wanachukuliwa kama idadi ya watu walio katika "hatari" kwa sababu ya kushiriki katika tabia hatarishi kama vile kutumia dawa za kulevya, kujaribu ngono, na kutotumia kondomu. == Msaada == Msaada wa wavuti hiyo unatoka kwa mtandao wa kushirikiana na watendaji, ikiwa ni pamoja na OneWorld UK, Kituo cha Huduma za Maendeleo cha Misri (CDS), ambacho kinahusika na usimamizi wa kifedha wa mradi huo, Jumuiya ya Afya ya Familia ya Misri (EFHS), ambayo inasimamia huduma ya ujumbe wa simu ya rununu, na pia Mtandao wa Vijana wa UNFPA (Y-PEER), Marafiki wa Maisha (FoL), Mpango wa Haki za Kibinadamu (EIPR), na Qabila TV."<ref name=":1" /> == Viungo vya nje == * [https://www.facebook.com/ma3looma.net Official Ma3looma Facebook Page] * [https://twitter.com/ma3loomaegypt Ma3looma on Twitter] * [https://www.youtube.com/user/Ma3looma Ma3looma YouTube Channel] ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Ukimwi]] [[Jamii:Misri]] [[Jamii:USLWA]] rlmoj0pjn8bzttlt7tikbqrcil7qnll 0 146882 1612684 1508894 2026-11-03T05:54:39Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612684 wikitext text/x-wiki Orodha hii inaonyesha baadhi ya shule zilizopo nchini [[Kenya]]. ==[[Kiambu]]== * [[The Green Garden Schools]] * [[Kiambu High School]] * [[Kiambu township primary]] * [[Ack St. James academy]] * [[Kamonjoni Primary]] * [[Kanjeru Primary]] * [[Wangige Primary]] ==[[Migori]]== * [[St. Joseph's Rapogi Secondary School]] * [[kadika primary school]] ==[[Mombasa]]== * [[Mombasa Academy]] * [[Oshwal Academy]] * [[Swaminarayan Academy]] * [[Greenwood Groove Academy]] * [[Aga Khan Academy]] ==[[Murang'a]]== * [[Murang'a High School]] ==[[Nairobi]]== * Holmeside School, Karen * [[The Green Garden Schools]], [[Rongai]] * [[Humble Hearts School]] * [[Malezi School]] * [[Olympic Primary School]], [[Kibera]] * [[Rosslyn Academy]], [[Nairobi]] * [[Serare School]] * [[Strathmore School]], [[Lavington, Nairobi|Lavington]]<ref>http://www.strathmore.ac.ke/</ref> ==[[Nakuru]]== * [[Mountain Park Academy]] ==[[Siaya]]== * [[Gongo Primary School]], Central Gem ward ==[[Makueni]]== * [[Kari mwailu Day and boarding primary school]] * [[Ngukuni primary school]] * [[Kinyambu primary school]] * [[Kibwezi township primary school]] * [[Mumbe schools]] * [[Smart future academy]] * [[Yikitaa primary school]] * [[Kisingo primary school]] * [[Kiambani primary school]] * [[Enguli primary school]] * [[lumu primary school]] * [[Kandolo primary school]] * [[mbiini primary school]] * [[Kilungu primary school]] * [[Kambu primary school]] * [[Ave Maria academy]] * [[kalulini primary school]] * [[usalama primary school]] * [[muusini primary school]] * [[muthungue primary school]] * [[isunguluni primary school]] * [[utithi primary school]] * [[musaani primary school]] * [[Three bells primary school]] * [[Kiambani primary school]] * [[St. Peter's Day and boarding primary school]] * [[Aic kathonzweni primary school]] * [[ngololani primary school]] * [[Thange primary school]] * [[Nzavoni primary school]] ==Sekondari na vyuo vya juu== {| class="sortable wikitable" |- !School !City !County |- | [https://www.agakhanacademies.org/mombasa Aga Khan Academy, Mombasa] | [[Mombasa]] | [[Mombasa County]] |- | [[Aga Khan Academy, Nairobi]] | Parklands | [[Nairobi County]] |- | [[Agoro Sare High School]] (Est. 1958) | [[Oyugis]] | [[Homa Bay County]] |- | [[Alliance High School (Kenya)|Alliance High School]] (established 1926) | [[Kikuyu, Kenya|Kikuyu]] | [[Kiambu County]] |- | [[Bishop Gatimu Ngandu Girls High School]] | [[Nyeri]] | [[Nyeri County]] |- | [[Bukhakunga Secondary School]] | [[Kakamega]] | [[Kakamega County]] |- | [[Chania High School]]<br />(split in 2000 into [[Chania Boys High School]] and [[Chania Girls High School]]) | [[Thika]] | [[Kiambu County]] |- | [[City High School, Nairobi]] (established 1952; closed 1995) | [[Nairobi]] | [[Nairobi County]] |- | [[Dago Thim Mixed Secondary School]] | [[Nyahera]], [[Kisumu Town West Constituency|Kisumu Town West]] | [[Kisumu County]] |- | [[Dagoretti High School]] | [[Nairobi]] | [[Nairobi County]] |- | [[Daraja Academy]] | [[Nanyuki]] | [[Laikipia County]] |- | [[The Highway Secondary School]] | South B | [[Nairobi County]] |- | [[Jomo Kenyatta High School]] | | [[Nakuru County]] |- | [[Kabaa High School]] | [[Machakos]] | [[Machakos County]] |- | [[Kagumo High School]] | [[Kagumo]] | [[Nyeri County]] |- | [[Kakamega School]] | [[Kakamega]] | [[Kakamega County]] |- | | [[Kibwezi]] | [[Makueni County]] |- | [[Kapsabet High School]] | Nandi North | [[Nandi County]] |- | [[Kenya High School]] | [[Nairobi]] | [[Nairobi County]] |- | [[Kianda School]] (established 1977) | [[Nairobi]] | [[Nairobi County]] |- | [[Kiereni Secondary School]] | [[Chuka, Kenya|Chuka]] | [[Tharaka Nithi County]] | |- | [[Kisii School]] | [[Kisii]] | [[Kisii County]] |- | Kitengela Mixed Secondary School | [[Milimani]] |- | [[Lenana School]] | [[Nairobi]] | [[Nairobi County]] |- | [[Mang'u High School]] (established 1925) | [[Thika]] | [[Kiambu County]] |- | Maraba Secondary School | | [[Nandi County]] |- | [[Maranda High School]] | [[Bondo, Kenya|Bondo]] | [[Siaya County]] |- | [[Maseno School]] (established 1906) | [[Maseno]] | [[Kisumu County]] |- | [http://844.lightacademy.ac.ke/ Light Academy Secondary School Mombasa ] {{Wayback|url=http://844.lightacademy.ac.ke/ |date=20191228042210 }} | [[Nyali]] | [[Mombasa County]] |- | [[Mosocho Academy]] | [[Kisii, Kenya|Kisii]] | [[Kisii County]] | |- | [[Mumbuni High School]] | [[Machakos]] | [[Machakos County]] |- | [[Nairobi School]] (established 1929) | [[Nairobi]] | [[Nairobi County]] |- | [[Nakuru Boys High School]] | [[Nakuru]] | [[Nakuru County]] |- | Namachanja High School | | [[Bungoma County]] |- | [[Ngara Girls' High School]] | [[Nairobi]] | [[Nairobi County]] |- | [[Ng'iya Girls High School]] | [[Ngiya]] | [[Siaya County]] |- | [[Nyandarua High School]] | [[Ol Kalou]] | [[Nyandarua County]] |- | [[Nyang'ori High School]] | [[Vihiga]] | [[Vihiga County]] |- | [[Nyeri High School]] | [[Nyeri]] | [[Nyeri County]] |- | [[Ondati Girls Secondary School]] | [[Ondati]] | |- | [[Oshwal High School]] | [[Nairobi]] | [[Nairobi County]] |- | [[PCEA Silanga High School]] | [[Kibera]] | [[Nairobi County]] |- | [[St. Joseph's Rapogi Secondary School]] | [[Migori]] | [[Migori County]] |- | [[Sawagongo High School]] | | [[Siaya County]] |- | SDA School | [[Watamu]] | [[Kilifi County]] |- | Senior Chief Koinange High School | [[Kiambaa]] | [[Kiambu County]] |- | [[Serare School]] | [[Nairobi]] | [[Nairobi County]] |- | [[Strathmore School]] | [[Lavington, Nairobi|Lavington]] | [[Nairobi County]] |} ==Shule za kimataifa nchini Kenya== * [https://www.bandaschool.com Banda School], Nairobi * [[Brookhouse School]], Nairobi * [[Greensteds School]], [[Nakuru]] * [[Hillcrest School (Nairobi, Kenya)|Hillcrest School]], Nairobi * [[International School of Kenya]], Nairobi * [[Nairobi Academy]] * [[Nairobi Japanese School]] * [[Rift Valley Academy]], [[Kijabe]] * [[Rosslyn Academy]], [[Nairobi]] * [[St. Andrews School, Turi]], near [[Nakuru]] * [https://sabisrunda.sabis.net/ SABIS International School, Runda], Kenya * [https://www.crawfordinternationalschool.com/ Crawford International School], Kenya * Kitengela International Schools - KISC * [http://www.lis.sc.ke/ Light International School], Kenya * [https://www.zuwenainternationalschool.com/contact-us-i/ Zuwena International School], Kenya * [https://jawabuschool.com/ Jawabu School] {{Wayback|url=https://jawabuschool.com/ |date=20220228094610 }}, Nairobi * [https://brookhurstschool.or.ke/ Brookhurst International School], Nairobi * [https://braeside.braeburn.com/ Braeside School] {{Wayback|url=https://braeside.braeburn.com/ |date=20220630141557 }}, Nairobi * [https://mihs.ac.ke/ Mahanaim International High School], Nairobi * [http://www.kintlsch.org/ Kilimani international School] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kintlsch.org/ |date=20220331193136 }}, Nairobi * [https://eis.sc.ke/ Emerald International School], Nairobi * [https://www.peponischool.org/ Peponi School], Nairobi * [https://www.kivukoni.co.ke/ Kivukoni School], Kilifi [https://www.kilifi.go.ke/ County] * [[St.Josephs Girls secondary school]], * [[St.Marys Girls secondary school]], * [[Moi Girls secondary]], * [[Makueni Boys secondary school]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} ==Viungo vya nje== * [http://www.studentsarena.com/ Directory of Schools in Kenya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.studentsarena.com/ |date=20220909171943 }} - Over 33,000 school listings (nursery, primary, secondary, colleges, universities, local and international schools in Kenya) * [http://kenyaschoolsdirectory.co.ke/ Kenya Schools Directory - The most comprehensive listing of all schools in Kenya] {{Wayback|url=http://kenyaschoolsdirectory.co.ke/ |date=20220223083459 }} * [http://www.graduates.com/Schools/Kenya Complete Kenya School Directory] (11,183 schools listed) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090628095446/http://www.educate-kenya.com/ Kenyan Education Websites] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070107020526/http://www.expressmediakenya.com/education.htm Kenya Education Directory] * [http://www.kenyaplex.com/ Top Schools in Kenya] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090123181856/http://shule101.com/ Kenya Education magazine with directory of schools] * [http://www.schoolskenya.net/ Information on Education and Schools in Kenya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.schoolskenya.net/ |date=20090406091103 }} * [http://www.frenchinkenya.com/ Directory of the Teaching of French in Kenya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.frenchinkenya.com/ |date=20210413074544 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220228094605/http://www.katf.org/ Kenya Association of Teachers of French] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100512195731/http://kenyaeducationguide.com/ Kenya Education Guide] *[https://www.internationalschoolsearch.com/international-schools-in-kenya international Schools in Kenya] *[https://shulezote.co.ke/place/county/makueni/ Makueni County schools] *[https://shulezote.co.ke/place/county/machakos/ Machakos County schools] [[Jamii:WikiVibrance Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Elimu ya Kenya]] h5lj1ojtv1fxr4aszvak3n5r4tlan6e 0 150192 1612699 1592803 2026-11-03T08:00:36Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612699 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Peace Efih |picha = |maelezo_ya_picha = |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = 15 Agosti 2000 |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = |kazi_yake = Mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu |nchi = Nigeria }} '''Peace Ewomazino Efih''' (alizaliwa [[5 Agosti]] [[2000]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa nchini [[Nigeria]] ambaye anacheza kama [[Kiungo (michezo)|kiungo]] wa klabu ya Ligat Nashim FC Kiryat Gat na [[timu ya taifa]] ya Nigeria. Mwanzoni alicheza timu ya Edo Queens na Rivers Angels katika [[Ligi Kuu]] ya [[Wanawake]] ya Nigeria. Wakati wa Kombe la Wanawake la WAPU B mwaka [[2018]] Efih alifunga bao la pekee katika mchezo wa kwanza wa timu Nigeria.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.eurosport.com/football/peace-efih_prs458501/person.shtml |title=Peace Efih |website=EuroSports}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.brila.net/wafu-womens-cup-efih-grabs-match-winner-against-mali/ |title=WAFU Women's Cup: Efih Grabs Match-winner Against Mali |date=2018-02-16 |website=Brila |access-date=2019-07-21 |archive-date=2018-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423094758/http://www.brila.net/wafu-womens-cup-efih-grabs-match-winner-against-mali/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.pulse.ng/sports/football/wafu-womens-cup-5-things-you-need-to-know-about-the-ongoing-football-tournament/2k6s6h1 |title=5 things you need to know about the ongoing football tournament |website=Pulse |access-date=2019-07-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721220057/https://www.pulse.ng/sports/football/wafu-womens-cup-5-things-you-need-to-know-about-the-ongoing-football-tournament/2k6s6h1 |archivedate=2019-07-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mnamo Julai [[2019]] Efih alijiunga na Sporting de Huelva kwa [[mkataba]] wa mwaka mmoja. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/nigeria-midfielder-peace-efih-joins-sporting-de-huelva-from/1u5udinam03up1qy5yiq30roey |title=Nigeria midfielder Peace Efih joins Sporting de Huelva from Rivers Angels |last=Ahmadu |first=Samuel |website=Goal.com |access-date=2019-07-21}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2000]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa kike]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Nigeria]] beved3hnorbiok2omh5ojfux5bimx9i 0 151296 1612705 1523789 2026-11-03T09:16:41Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612705 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pratham''' ni mojawapo ya mashirika makubwa zaidi [[Shirika Lisilo la Kiserikali|yasiyo ya kiserikali]] nchini India. <ref name="Murthy">{{Rejea habari}}</ref> Ilianzishwa na Madhav Chavan na [http://www.wise-qatar.org/farida-lambay Farida Lambay] . Inafanya kazi katika utoaji wa elimu bora kwa watoto wasiojiweza nchini [[Uhindi|India]] . Ilianzishwa mjini [[Mumbai]] mwaka wa 1994 ili kutoa elimu ya shule ya awali kwa watoto katika vitongoji duni, Pratham leo ina afua zilizoenea katika majimbo 23 na maeneo ya muungano ya India <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Kravis Prize Awardee|publisher=[[Claremont McKenna College]]|url=http://www.cmc.edu/kravisprize/awardee_pratham.html|accessdate=2022-05-31|archivedate=2012-11-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103111415/http://www.cmc.edu/kravisprize/awardee_pratham.html}}</ref> na ina sura zinazounga mkono [[Marekani]], [[Ufalme wa Muungano|Uingereza]], [[Ujerumani]], [http://www.prathamsweden.org/ Uswidi], na [https://www.pratham.org.au/ Australia] . Mwanzilishi wa Pratham na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji Mkuu, Madhav Chavan, alikuwa mpokeaji wa [[Tuzo ya Nobel|Tuzo]] la Skoll la [[Ujasiriamali]] wa Kijamii 2011. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Skoll award for Madhav Chavan and Pratham|publisher=[[India Post]]|url=http://www.indiapost.com/skoll-award-for-madhav-chavan-and-pratham/|accessdate=20 September 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220063748/http://www.indiapost.com/skoll-award-for-madhav-chavan-and-pratham/|archivedate=20 December 2014}}</ref> Kwa kuongezea, Pratham alipokea Tuzo la 2013 la BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge katika Ushirikiano wa Maendeleo, kama matokeo ya kuhudumia kwa ufanisi mahitaji ya kujifunza ya makumi ya mamilioni ya watoto wasio na uwezo kwa zaidi ya miaka ishirini. Katika kufanya hivyo, imebuni na kutekeleza mbinu mpya zinazoharakisha upataji wa kusoma, kwa kutumia mkabala wa ngazi ya chini ambapo wanafunzi huwekwa katika makundi kulingana na viwango na mahitaji halisi badala ya umri, huku ikitoa mafunzo mahususi kwa [[walimu]] na watu wa kujitolea walioajiriwa kwa programu zake. Mnamo 2018, Pratham alitunukiwa [[Tuzo ya Nobel|Tuzo]] ya Lui Che Woo, tuzo ya uvumbuzi wa sekta mtambuka ambayo inatambua michango bora inayofaidi ubinadamu. Pratham ilichaguliwa kwa kauli moja katika kitengo cha Nishati Chanya, ambayo mwaka huu ililenga katika kukomesha kutojua kusoma na kuandika. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Pratham Education Foundation|url=http://www.luiprize.org/en/laureates/profile/pratham-education-foundation|accessdate=2021-03-17|work=www.luiprize.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402000100/http://luiprize.org/en/laureates/profile/pratham-education-foundation|archivedate=2023-04-02|url-status=dead}}</ref>aM == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Haki za watoto]] [[Jamii:Haki za binadamu]] [[Jamii:WikiForHumanRights 2022 Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Elimu]] 2c77t8zdepz0i7pd0wqx47wgybv918j 0 152027 1612589 1384599 2026-11-02T15:43:16Z CommonsDelinker 234 Removing [[:c:File:Mawazine_Logo.png|Mawazine_Logo.png]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Taivo|Taivo]] because: [[:c:COM:FU|Fair use]] material is not permitted on Wikimedia Commons ([[:c:COM:CSD#F2|F2]]): [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/Fil 1612589 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mawazine''' ({{lang-ar|موازين|mawāzīn}}) ni tamasha la kimataifa la Morocco inayofanyika kila mwaka huko [[Rabat]], [[Morocco]], ikiwashirikisha wasanii wengi wa muziki wa kimataifa na wazawa. Tamasha hili inaongozwa na ''Mounir Majidi'', katibu wa mfalme wa Morocco, '''Mohammed VI''' na mwanzilishi na raisi wa utamaduni wa ''Maroc'', taasisi inayoratibu Mawazine na tamasha zingine.<ref name="variety.com">{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2014/music/news/justin-timberlake-to-open-moroccos-mawazine-music-fest-1201112457/|title=Justin Timberlake to Open Morocco's Mawazine Music Fest|first=Nick|last=Vivarelli|work=Variety|date=19 February 2014}}</ref> Watu takribani milioni 2.5 walihudhuria tamasha la Mawazine mwaka 2013 na kuifanya kuwa tamasha kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya ''Donauinselfest'' huko Viena.<ref name="The 10 biggest Music Festivals in the World">{{cite news|url=http://www.mtviggy.com/lists/the-10-biggest-music-festivals-in-the-world-2/|title=The 10 biggest music festivals in the world|date=2013-05-24|access-date=2015-06-21|publisher=MTVIGGY}}</ref> <ref name="Deadly stampede at Rabat festival">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8065651.stm|title=Deadly stampede at Rabat festival|date=2009-05-24|access-date=2009-05-25|work=BBC News}}</ref> Wasanii kama [[Whitney Houston]], [[Mariah Carey]], [[Rod Stewart]], [[Charles Aznavour]], [[Stevie Wonder]], [[Alicia Keys]], [[Shakira]], [[Rihanna]], [[Justin Timberlake]], [[Jennifer Lopez]], [[Enrique Iglesias]], [[Demi Lovato]], [[Christina Aguilera]], [[Ricky Martin]], [[Pharrell Williams]], [[Iggy Azalea]], [[Bruno Mars]], [[Wiz Khalifa]], [[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]], [[Kanye West]], [[Scorpions (band)|Scorpions]], [[La Fouine]], [[Maître Gims]], [[Damso]], [[Booba]], [[French Montana]], [[Usher (singer)|Usher]], [[Avicii]], [[Akon]], [[David Guetta]], [[DJ Snake]], [[Hardwell]], [[Placebo (band)|Placebo]], [[The Chainsmokers]], [[Maroon 5]], [[The Jacksons]], [[Sugababes]], [[Chic (band)|Chic]], [[Evanescence]], [[Chris Brown]], [[Luis Fonsi]], [[Nick Jonas]], [[Stromae]], [[Jason Derulo]], [[Juanes]], [[Lenny Kravitz]], [[The Weeknd]], [[Kylie Minogue]], [[Ellie Goulding]], [[Sting (musician)|Sting]], [[Julio Iglesias]], [[Ennio Morricone]], [[Robert Plant]], [[Cat Stevens]], [[B.B. King]], [[Susana Baca]], [[Carlos Santana]], [[Elton John]], [[Deep Purple]] and [[Travis Scott]] wamekwisha tumbuiza katika tamasha la Mawazine. ==Marejeo== [[Jamii:Africa Wiki Challenge Arusha 2022]] [[Jamii:Utalii wa Moroko]] [[Jamii:Rabat]] bg5ni5938wa9saslpyjqxr27mpakq1o 0 161394 1612608 1612514 2026-11-02T18:22:37Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1612608 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Msanii muziki | rangi = Khaki | jina = Kenny Thomas | picha = | maelezo_ya_picha = | jina la kiraia = Kenny Thomas | jina la kisanii = Kenny Thomas | jina kamili = Kenny Thomas | alizaliwa = [[12 Septemba]] [[1968]] | alikufa = | nchi = [[Uingereza]] | aina ya muziki = [[Soul]], [[R&B]] | kazi yake = Mwanamuziki | miaka ya kazi = 1988 - hadi leo | ameshirikiana na = | ala = | kampuni = }} '''Kenny Thomas''' (alizaliwa [[Islington]], [[London]], [[12 Septemba]] [[1968]]) ni [[mwimbaji]] kutoka [[Uingereza]] ambaye alikuwa na [[kazi]] nzuri katika [[miaka ya 1990]], akiingiza [[Wimbo|nyimbo]] nane kwenye chati za [[UK top 40]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title= Gig review: Kenny Thomas at O2 Academy Sheffield |url= https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/gig-review-kenny-thomas-at-o2-academy-sheffield-3670207 |work= Yorkshire Post | accessdate=2022-07-04|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.crossrhythms.co.uk/articles/music/Kenny_Thomas_Soul_Singer_In_A_Crazy_World/23202/p1/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930004518/http://www.crossrhythms.co.uk/articles/music/Kenny_Thomas_Soul_Singer_In_A_Crazy_World/23202/p1/ |archivedate=2018-09-30 |accessdate=2022-11-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Maisha binafsi== Thomas alikulia Hillside Estate, Stamford Hill na alihudhuria [[shule]] ya ''Kardinali Pole Roman Catholic'' huko Hackney. Aliwahi kuwa [[bondia]] na [[fundi]] kwenye [[kampuni]] ya ''BT technician'' kabla ya kuanza [[kazi]] kama [[mwimbaji]]. Sasa anaishi [[Costessey]] karibu na [[Norwich]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title= 1990s hitmaker on the road again after Covid battle |url=https://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/news/health/22334313.1990s-hitmaker-road-covid-battle/|work= Evening News24| accessdate=2021-12-15|language=en}}</ref> ==Kazi== Mafanikio ya Thomas yalikuja mnamo [[1991]] alipotoa [[wimbo]] wa kwanza ''Outstanding'', ambao ulifika mpaka namba 12 kwenye [[UK Singles Chart]]; wimbo ambao toleo la kwanza ulitolewa na [[Gap Band]]. Mwaka huo huo alifanikiwa kuingiza nyimbo nyingine tatu kwenye [[chati]] za [[UK]] ikiwemo uliyovuma zaidi ''Thinking About Your Love'' ambao ulifika namba 4 kwenye chati hizo na kukaa kwa wiki 13 na wimbo wa ''Best of You'' ambao ulifika namba 11 naulidumu kwenye chati kwa wiki [[saba]]. [[Albamu]] ya kwanza ya Thomas ''Voices'' ([[1991]]) ilifikia nambari tatu kwenye [[chati]] ya albamu za [[Uingereza]], ikiuza zaidi ya nakala 300,000. ==Tuzo== Mnamo [[1992]] Thomas aliteuliwa kwenye [[tuzo]] za kila mwaka za [[BRIT Awards]] katika kategoria mbili, [[mwimbaji]] bora wa kiume wa [[Uingereza]] na [[mwimbaji]] chipukizi wa [[Uingereza]]. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Thomas, Kenny}} [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1968]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] jn8pdiac0z5rm9titewafswr6f89epf 0 166682 1612557 1552002 2026-11-02T12:15:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612557 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mto Lahn''' ni [[tawimto]] la [[Rhine]] nchini [[Ujerumani]]. Una [[urefu]] wa [[kilomita]] 245 ukipita kwenye [[Majimbo ya Ujerumani|majimbo ya shirikisho]] ya [[Rhine Kaskazini-Westfalia]] (km 23.0&nbsp;), [[Hesse]] (km 165.6), na [[Rhine-Palatino]] (km 57.0). [[Chanzo (mto)|Chanzo]] chake kiko kwenye [[Milima ya Rothaargebirge|milima ya Rothaargebirge]] ukiishia kwenye mto Rhine huko [[Lahnstein]], karibu na [[Koblenz]]. [[Mji|Miji]] muhimu kando ya Lahn ni pamoja na [[Marburg]], [[Gießen]], [[Wetzlar]], [[Limburg an der Lahn]], [[Weilburg]], [[Nassau (Lahn)|Nassau]] na [[Bad Ems]]. == Picha == <gallery mode="packed" heights="150"> Faili:Lahn bei Buchenau 1.jpg|Sehemu ya juu ya Lahn huko Buchenau Faili:2005 - Lahn Gießen - Wetzlar mit Schwänen.jpg|[[Bata-maji]] kwenye Lahn kati ya Gießen na Wetzlar Faili:Marburg Lahn 05.jpg|Mto Lahn huko [[Marburg]] Faili:Runkel Lahn 02.jpg|Lahn ikipita [[Runkel]] Faili:Lahn limburg.jpg|Lahn huko Limburg Faili:Diez Lahn.jpg|Mto Lahn mjini [[Diez]] </gallery> == Viungo vya nje == * [http://en-gb.daslahntal.de/en/ Lahn Valley Tourist Association] {{Wayback|url=http://en-gb.daslahntal.de/en/ |date=20150411151229 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927122934/http://www.rhein-lahn-info.de/lahnfuehrer/ Lahn guide for canoeing] * [http://www.bcl-lahn.de/lahn.htm Information for boat captains] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bcl-lahn.de/lahn.htm |date=20230325211328 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20020501233846/http://www.hlug.de/medien/wasser/pegel/pg_lahn.htm Stream gauges of the Lahn Valley] * [http://www.xn--lahnhhenweg-vfb.de/ Lahnhöhenweg and Limesweg hiking trails] {{Wayback|url=http://www.xn--lahnhhenweg-vfb.de/ |date=20060621142440 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080516004301/http://www.deutschland-tourismus.de/radfahren/route_lahntalradweg_12229.htm Lahntalradweg bicycle route] {{mbegu-jio-Ujerumani}} [[Jamii:Mito ya Ujerumani]] [[Jamii:Coordinates on Wikidata]] 2n8q15vak9nezl6xc782x0r7hm7pvzn 0 176837 1612668 1571920 2026-11-03T04:34:41Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612668 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:AGCT RNA mini.png|thumb|nucleobase]] '''Nucleobase''' ni sehemu ya muundo wa asidi ya nucleic, ambayo ni molekuli inayopatikana ndani ya [[DNA]] na [[RNA]]. Kuna aina nne za nucleobases katika DNA: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), na guanine (G). Katika RNA, badala ya thymine, kuna uracil (U)<ref>[http://www.biogeo.uw.edu.pl/research/grupaC_en.html "Role of 5' mRNA and 5' U snRNA cap structures in regulation of gene expression"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.biogeo.uw.edu.pl/research/grupaC_en.html |date=20170912234650 }} – Research – Retrieved 13 December 2010.</ref>. Nucleobases hufanya kazi kama "herufi" au "codes" katika lugha ya maagizo ya kibiolojia. Kwa mfano, katika [[DNA]], adenine mara nyingi hupatana na [[thymine]], na [[cytosine]] hupatana na [[guanine]], hivyo kuunda msingi wa jinsi habari za maumbile zinavyohifadhiwa na kurithishwa. Kuelewa nucleobases ni muhimu katika kuelewa jinsi maisha na mabadiliko ya maumbile yanavyofanyika katika ngazi ya kibaolojia<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stavely |first1=Brian E. |title=BIOL2060: Translation |url=https://www.mun.ca/biology/desmid/brian/BIOL2060/BIOL2060-22/CB22.html |website=www.mun.ca |access-date=17 August 2020}}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-sayansi}} [[Jamii:Sayansi]] 6ne5ulwrcvnw7lp8bboxs0lqzsmd4jx 0 180657 1612732 1523940 2026-11-03T09:53:18Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612732 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:Rachael Laws 2013 (cropped).jpg|thumb|337x337px|Laws akiwa na Liverpool mnamo [[2013]]]] '''Rachael Laws''' (alizaliwa [[5 Novemba]] [[1990]])<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Rachael Laws - Liverpool FC|url=https://www.liverpoolfc.com/team/womens/player/rachael-laws|work=www.liverpoolfc.com|date=2024-03-22|accessdate=2024-04-21|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.gateshead.ac.uk/academy-for-sport/womens-football-academy/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2024-04-21 |archive-date=2019-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531092627/http://www.gateshead.ac.uk/academy-for-sport/womens-football-academy/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ni [[Mpira wa miguu|mchezaji]] wa mpira wa miguu kutoka [[Uingereza]] ambaye anacheza kama kipa klabu ya [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] katika Ligi Kuu ya Wanawake (WSL).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Liverpool FC Women complete Rachael Laws signing|url=https://legacy.liverpoolfc.com/news/women/401099-liverpool-fc-women-complete-rachael-laws-signing|work=Liverpool FC|date=2020-07-07|accessdate=2024-04-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421085734/https://legacy.liverpoolfc.com/news/women/401099-liverpool-fc-women-complete-rachael-laws-signing|archivedate=2024-04-21|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uingereza]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1990]] ohoajfjlhyoipe5yena5t9ic3xio8qn 0 180843 1612571 1518472 2026-11-02T14:44:14Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612571 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lucy Hope''' (alizaliwa [[10 Oktoba]] [[1996]] <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Everton's Lucy Graham Is Now Lucy Hope!|url=https://www.evertonfc.com/news/3015710/evertons-lucy-graham-is-now-lucy-hope|work=www.evertonfc.com|accessdate=2024-04-26|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303051714/https://www.evertonfc.com/news/3015710/evertons-lucy-graham-is-now-lucy-hope|archivedate=2023-03-03|url-status=dead}}</ref>) ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Uskoti]] ambaye anacheza kama [[kiungo]] wa kati katika klabu ya [[Everton F.C.|Everton]] inayoshiriki katika Ligi kuu ya Wanawake (WSL) na [[timu ya taifa]] ya Uskoti.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Ladies Sign Scotland Midfielder Graham|url=https://www.evertonfc.com/news/1264049/ladies-sign-scotland-midfielder-graham|work=www.evertonfc.com|accessdate=2024-04-26|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028225138/https://www.evertonfc.com/news/1264049/ladies-sign-scotland-midfielder-graham|archivedate=2023-10-28|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uskoti]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa kike]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uskoti]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1996]] svi71em19gn78g95cs4qssflj4gx7rd 0 180868 1612736 1524404 2026-11-03T11:11:05Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612736 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Picha:NC Courage v San Diego Wave (Oct 2023) 190 (cropped).jpg|thumb|337x337px|Madsen akiwa na North Carolina Courage mnamo [[2023]]]] '''Rikke Marie Madsen''' (alizaliwa [[9 Agosti]] [[1997]])ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] kutoka [[Udeni]] ambaye anacheza kama [[mshambuliaji]] wa klabu ya Everton inayoshiriki Ligi Kuu ya Wanawake (WSL)<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Everton Sign Madsen|url=https://www.evertonfc.com/news/3855616/everton-sign-madsen|work=www.evertonfc.com|accessdate=2024-04-26|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113105348/https://www.evertonfc.com/news/3855616/everton-sign-madsen|archivedate=2024-01-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> na [[timu ya taifa]] ya Denmark.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Courage Sign Danish Forward Rikke Madsen|url=https://www.nccourage.com/news/courage-sign-danish-forward-rikke-madsen/|work=NC Courage|accessdate=2024-04-26|language=en-US}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Denmark]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa kike]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Denmark]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1997]] ry8lvsl5asnxu28crp84zzvwufoziaz 0 180912 1612602 1332761 2026-11-02T16:11:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612602 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madoka Haji''' (alizaliwa [[8 Julai]] [[1988]]) ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] nchini [[Japani]] ambae anacheza kama [[mshambuliaji]] wa klabu ya Suwon UDC pamoja na [[timu ya taifa]] ya [[wanawake]] ya [[Japani]].<ref>[https://www.igafc.jp/?p=1715 Iga FC Kunoichi]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vegalta.co.jp/news/press_release/2017/12/post-5508.html |title=Mynavi Vegalta Sendai |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304220626/http://www.vegalta.co.jp/news/press_release/2017/12/post-5508.html |archivedate=2018-03-04 |accessdate=2024-04-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1988]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Japani]] [[Jamii:wanawake wa Japani]] mr16wj6zo7zk67ufix500q0gv8u1ra0 1612616 1612602 2026-11-02T19:20:04Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1612616 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madoka Haji''' (alizaliwa [[8 Julai]] [[1988]]) ni mchezaji wa [[mpira wa miguu]] nchini [[Japani]] ambae anacheza kama [[mshambuliaji]] wa klabu ya Suwon UDC pamoja na [[timu ya taifa]] ya [[wanawake]] ya [[Japani]].<ref>[https://www.igafc.jp/?p=1715 Iga FC Kunoichi]</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.vegalta.co.jp/news/press_release/2017/12/post-5508.html |title=Mynavi Vegalta Sendai |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304220626/http://www.vegalta.co.jp/news/press_release/2017/12/post-5508.html |archivedate=2018-03-04 |accessdate=2024-04-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1988]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Japani]] [[Jamii:wanawake wa Japani]] 3zgjoumx6v7pxe7heeqeh6g4y14dcqt 0 180935 1612654 1332798 2026-11-03T02:23:53Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612654 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nana Ichise''' (alizaliwa [[4 Agosti]] [[1997]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa [[mpira wa miguu]] nchini [[Japani]] ambae anacheza kama [[beki]] wa timu ya taifa ya Japani na klabu ya [[wanawake]] ya Mynavi Sendai. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vegalta.co.jp/news/press_release/2015/12/post-3131.html |title=Mynavi Vegalta Sendai |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206002559/http://www.vegalta.co.jp/news/press_release/2015/12/post-3131.html |archivedate=2018-02-06 |accessdate=2024-04-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1997]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Japani]] [[Jamii:wanawake wa Japani]] mlt8b4ueihc5wq9yk7fpp6xuoyh5cno 1612675 1612654 2026-11-03T04:50:27Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1612675 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nana Ichise''' (alizaliwa [[4 Agosti]] [[1997]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa [[mpira wa miguu]] nchini [[Japani]] ambae anacheza kama [[beki]] wa timu ya taifa ya Japani na klabu ya [[wanawake]] ya Mynavi Sendai. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.vegalta.co.jp/news/press_release/2015/12/post-3131.html |title=Mynavi Vegalta Sendai |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206002559/http://www.vegalta.co.jp/news/press_release/2015/12/post-3131.html |archivedate=2018-02-06 |accessdate=2024-04-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1997]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Japani]] [[Jamii:wanawake wa Japani]] dr39evt8pkdxejrgzb3n1hw5w249rzv 0 183141 1612687 1592280 2026-11-03T06:08:16Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612687 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Stateofthecommons2017-o.svg|thumb|301x301px|Idadi ya kazi zilizoidhinishwa na Creative Commons kufikia 2017, kwa ''[https://stateof.creativecommons.org/ State of the Commons]'' taharifa]] Hii ni orodha ya kazi mashuhuri zinazopatikana chini ya leseni ya Creative Commons. Kazi zinazopatikana chini ya leseni ya Creative Commons zinazidi kuongezeka. Kumbuka kuwa kuna leseni nyingi za Creative Commons zenye tofauti muhimu. == Idadi ya kazi za Creative Commons == Uchambuzi uliofanywa mwezi Novemba 2014 ulibaini kuwa idadi ya kazi zilizo chini ya leseni ya Creative Commons (CC) katika hifadhidata kubwa na zinazoweza kutafutwa kupitia Google ilifikia kazi milioni 882. Zaidi ya hayo, kulikuwa na kurasa milioni tisa za wavuti zilizounganisha na mojawapo ya leseni za CC.<ref>[https://github.com/creativecommons/stateofthe/blob/master/data/notes.md State of the Commons: Notes and additional resources - Number of Creative Commons--licensed works] on [[github.com]] (November 2014)</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" !Jina la jukwaa !Idadi ya kazi (zilizopunguzwa kwa mamilioni, Novemba 2014) !Chanzo |- |[[Flickr]] |307 million |https://www.flickr.com/creativecommons/ |- |Wikipedia (all pages in all languages) |111 million |[[meta:List of Wikipedias]] |- |[[MusicBrainz]] |39 million |https://musicbrainz.org/statistics https://musicbrainz.org/doc/About/Data_License |- |[[Freebase (database)|Freebase]] |39 million |https://developers.google.com/freebase/faq#how_big_is_freebase {{Wayback|url=https://developers.google.com/freebase/faq#how_big_is_freebase |date=20160428084544 }} |- |[[DeviantArt]] |15 million |https://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/35540 |- |[[Geonames]] |10 million |http://www.geonames.org/about.html |- |[[YouTube]] |10 million |Source at YouTube |- |[[Google Search]] |301 million |[https://github.com/creativecommons/stateofthe/blob/master/data/google-currenttools.csv google-currenttools.csv], [https://github.com/creativecommons/stateofthe/blob/master/data/google-retiredtools.csv google-retiredtools.csv] |} Creative Commons pia inatoa injini ya utafutaji kwa hifadhidata kuu kama vile: Europeana, Open Clip Art Library, Pixabay, ccMixter na nyinginezo.<ref>[https://search.creativecommons.org/ CC search] on creativecommons.org</ref> == Serikali na mashirika baina ya serikali == Kufikia Januari 2016, serikali 31 na mashirika 7 ya kimataifa yalikuwa yameweka taarifa zao kupatikana kwa mujibu wa Creative Commons (CC) kulingana na creativecommons.org.<ref>[[creativecommonswiki:wiki/Government_use_of_Creative_Commons|Government use of Creative Commons]] on creativecommons.org (January 2016)</ref> Vilevile, mashirika kadhaa kutoka sekta ya GLAM (Maktaba, Majumba ya kumbukumbu, Kumbukumbu, na Majumba ya sanaa) yamefanya hivyo pia.<ref>[[creativecommonswiki:wiki/GLAM|GLAM]] on creativevommons.org (January 2016)</ref> == vitabu == Creative Commons hudumisha a[[creativecommonswiki:wiki/Category:Book|book list themselves]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" !Jina !Toleo la asili !Kutolewa kwa CC !Maelezo !Leseni !Marejeleo |- |''[[The Art of Unix Programming]]'' |2003 |2005<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.faqs.org/docs/artu/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050317014053/http://www.faqs.org/docs/artu/|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 March 2005|title=The Art of Unix Programming|date=17 March 2005|publisher=|accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref> |book about the history and culture of [[Unix]] [[Computer programming|programming]] by [[Eric S. Raymond]] (with added proviso) |CC BY-ND 1.0 |<ref name="UnixProgramming">{{cite web|url=http://www.faqs.org/docs/artu/|title=The Art of Unix Programming|accessdate=12 October 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050317014053/http://www.faqs.org/docs/artu/|archivedate=17 March 2005}}</ref> |- |''[[A Briefer History of Time (Schulman book)|A Briefer History of Time]]'' |1999 |2004<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20041130085714/http://members.bellatlantic.net/~vze3fs8i/bhtes/ A Briefer History of Time] "CC BY-ND-NC 1.0" (archived 2004)</ref> |science humor book by [[Eric Schulman]] |CC BY-ND-NC 1.0 | |- |[[Archimedes Palimpsest]] |3rd century BC |2008 |reconstructed and released by [[University of Pennsylvania Libraries|OPenn]] as [[Free Cultural Works]] |[[CC BY]] |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://openn.library.upenn.edu/Data/0014/ArchimedesPalimpsest/|title=The Archimedes Palimpsest|date=|accessdate=2016-08-01|quote="All materials on OPenn are in the [[public domain]] or released under [[Creative Commons license]]s as [[Free Cultural Works]]"|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Libraries]]}}</ref><ref name="rbtl">{{cite web|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/archimedes.html|title=Reading Between the Lines, ''Smithsonian Magazine''|accessdate=2009-03-31|archive-date=2008-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119024939/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/archimedes.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="palimpsestproject">{{cite web|title=archimedespalimpsest|url=http://www.archimedespalimpsest.org/digitalproduct1.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221153000/http://www.archimedespalimpsest.org/digitalproduct1.html|archivedate=21 February 2009|url-status=dead|quote="This data is released for use under a Creative Commons license, with attribution"}}</ref> |- |''[[Free Culture (book)|Free Culture]]'' |2004 | |by [[Lawrence Lessig]] (the first CC licensed book released by a major mainstream publisher, [[Penguin Group|Penguin Books]]) |CC BY-NC 1.0<ref name="now free">[http://www.lessig.org/2008/01/the-future-of-ideas-is-now-fre-1/ the-future-of-ideas-is-now-fre-1] on lessig.org</ref> | |- |''[[Freesouls]]'' |2008 |2010 (digital ebook) |book with essays and photos of key people of the free movement by [[Joi Ito]] |CC BY<ref name="freesouls">[http://freesouls.cc/ Free souls captured and released] "This is an celebration of all people who are willing to share" on freesouls.org</ref> | |- |''[[The Future of Ideas]]'' |2001 |2001 |by [[Lawrence Lessig]] (originally published by [[Random House]]) |CC BY-NC<ref name="now free" /> | |- |''[[The Future Of The Internet]]'' |2008 | |book by [[Jonathan Zittrain]] which discusses several legal issues regarding the [[Internet]] |CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 | |- |''[[The Honour of the Knights]]'' |2009 |2009 |A [[science fiction]] novel by [[Stephen J Sweeney]] |CC BY-NC-SA | |- |''[[Meat Atlas]]'' |2014 |2014 |A collection of graphs and 27 essays on meat consumption and production by [[Friends of the Earth]] and [[Heinrich Böll Foundation]] |CC BY-SA |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foeeurope.org/meat-atlas|title=Meat Atlas: facts and figures about the animals we eat|website=Friends of the Earth Europe|accessdate=7 July 2018|archive-date=2018-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422045513/http://www.foeeurope.org/meat-atlas|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[Move Under Ground]]'' |2004 | |A [[horror novel]] [[wikt:mashup|mashup]] by [[Nick Mamatas]] |CC BY-NC-ND |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://manybooks.net/titles/mamatasnother07mug.html|title=Move Under Ground by Nick Mamatas|publisher=|accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref> |- |''[[Jargon file|The New Hacker's Dictionary]]'' |2003 (v4.4.7 by ESR) |2005 |by [[Eric S. Raymond]] (with added proviso) | | |- |''[[Warbreaker]]'' |2004 |2004 |by [[Brandon Sanderson]] |[[CC BY-NC-ND]] |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://brandonsanderson.com/books/warbreaker/warbreaker/warbreaker-rights-and-downloads/|title=Warbreaker Rights and Downloads - Brandon Sanderson|website=brandonsanderson.com|accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref> |- |''[[Little Brother (Doctorow novel)|Little Brother]]'' |2008 |2008 |by [[Cory Doctorow]] |CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://craphound.com/littlebrother/download/|title=Download Little Brother For Free - Cory Doctorow's craphound.com|website=craphound.com|accessdate=7 July 2018|archive-date=2008-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724100611/http://craphound.com/littlebrother/download|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[Peter Suber#Selected publications|Open Access]]'' |2012 |2012 |by [[Peter Suber]] (published by [[MIT Press]]) |CC BY | |- |''[[Blindsight (Watts novel)|Blindsight]]'' |2006 | |by [[Peter Watts (author)|Peter Watts]] |CC BY-NC-SA 2.5 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rifters.com/real/Blindsight.htm#CC|title=Blindsight by Peter Watts|first=Peter|last=Watts|website=www.rifters.com|accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref> |- |''[[Code: Version 2.0]]'' |2006 | |by [[Lawrence Lessig]] dedicated to [[Wikipedia]]: "''the one surprise that teaches us more than everything here.''"<ref>[[Code Version 2.0]], at http://codev2.cc/download+remix/Lessig-Codev2.pdf "''the one surprise that teaches us more than everything here.''"</ref> |[[CC BY-SA]] 2.5 |<ref>[[Code Version 2.0]], at http://codev2.cc/download+remix/Lessig-Codev2.pdf</ref> |- |''[[Remix: Making Art and Commerce Thrive in the Hybrid Economy]]'' |2008 | |by [[Lawrence Lessig]] in describing the [[remix culture]] |[[CC BY-NC]] |<ref>[http://remix.lessig.org/remix.php Remix] on lessig.org</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/47089238/Remix|title=Remix|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402060619/https://www.scribd.com/doc/47089238/Remix|archive-date=2016-04-02|accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref> |- |''[[The Wealth of Networks]]'' |2006 |2006 |by [[Yochai Benkler]] |CC BY-NC-SA |<ref>[http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/wealth_of_networks/Main_Page Wealth of Networks wiki]. [[Berkman Center for Internet & Society]] at [[Harvard University]]. Last accessed 16 Feb 2012.</ref> |- |''[[Stranger Things Happen]]'' |2001 |2005 |short horror stories by [[Kelly Link]], [[Salon.com|Salon]] Book of the Year |CC BY-NC-SA |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://creativecommons.org/2008/11/10/kelly-link-on-creative-commons/|title=Kelly Link on Creative Commons|date=10 November 2008|accessdate=20 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2011/07/14/135703690/tales-that-cast-spells-stranger-things-happen?t=1534791663766|title=Stranger Things Happen|website=[[NPR]]|accessdate=20 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-931520-00-3|title=Fiction Book Review: STRANGER THINGS HAPPEN|accessdate=20 August 2018}}</ref> |} == Vichekesho == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" ! style="width:20%" |Jina ! style="width:50%" |Maelezo ! style="width:25%" |Leseni ! style="width:5%" |Marejeo |- |[[Bunny (webcomic)|Bunny]] |by Huw Davies |CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 | |- |[[Diesel Sweeties]] |by Richard Stevens III |CC BY-NC 2.5 | |- |[[Erfworld]] | |CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 | |- |[[Sandra and Woo#Gaia|Gaia]] |by Oliver Knörzer and Puri Andini |CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandraandwoo.com/gaia/about/#legal-stuff|title=Gaia » About / FAQ|access-date=15 February 2023}}</ref> |- |[[Jesus and Mo]] |religious satire webcomic by Mohammed Jones |CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 | |- |[[Johnny Wander]] |(the book publication form) | |<ref>{{cite web|last=Kale|first=Arun|title=Of Fretting Cats and Wandering Rooks|url=http://helterskelter.in/2010/10/of-fretting-cats-and-wandering-rooks/|work=Helter Skelter|publisher=Square One Media|access-date=15 December 2010|date=21 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228225403/http://helterskelter.in/2010/10/of-fretting-cats-and-wandering-rooks/|archive-date=28 December 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |[[Mimi & Eunice]] |by [[Nina Paley]] |CC BY-SA 3.0 | |- |[[Overcompensating (webcomic)|Overcompensating]] | |CC BY-NC 3.0 | |- |[[Pepper & Carrot]] |by David Revoy |CC BY 4.0 | |- |[[Sandra and Woo]] |by Oliver Knörzer and Puri Andini |CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandraandwoo.com/about/#legal-stuff|title=Sandra and Woo » About / FAQ|access-date=15 February 2023}}</ref> |- |[[Seedfeeder]]'s works for Wikipedia |by [[Seedfeeder]] |CC BY-SA 3.0, public domain | |- |[[xkcd]] |by [[Randall Munroe]] |CC BY-NC 2.5 |<ref>https://xkcd.com/license.html</ref> |- |[[Homem-Grilo]] |by [[Cadu Simões]] ([[:pt:Cadu Simões|pt]]) |CC BY-SA-4.0 |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.visaooeste.com.br/homem-grilo-super-heroi-de-osasco-celebra-20-anos/|title=Homem-Grilo, super-herói de Osasco, celebra 20 anos|language=pt-br|date=2020-10-14|access-date=2021-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018184038/https://www.visaooeste.com.br/homem-grilo-super-heroi-de-osasco-celebra-20-anos/|archive-date=2020-10-18|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://homemgrilo.com/comemorando-os-20-anos-do-homem-grilo-com-o-copyleft-e-a-cultura-livre/|title=Comemorando os 20 anos do Homem-Grilo com o Copyleft e a Cultura Livre|language=pt-br|date=2020-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930084500/https://homemgrilo.com/comemorando-os-20-anos-do-homem-grilo-com-o-copyleft-e-a-cultura-livre/|archive-date=2020-09-30|url-status=live}}</ref> |} == Rasilimali za elimu == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" ! style="width:20%" |Jina ! style="width:50%" |Maelezo ! style="width:25%" |Leseni ! style="width:5%" |Marejeo |- |[[OpenStax CNX|Connexions]] |academic course modules, hosted by [[Rice University]] |CC BY | |- |[[Khan Academy]] | |CC BY-NC-SA | |- |[[OpenLearn]] |Short articles, videos and extracts of courses maintained by [[The Open University]] |CC BY-NC-SA | |- |[[Open Courseware]] | |CC BY-NC-SA | |- |[[The Saylor Foundation]] |Peer-reviewed college courses and textbooks |CC BY | |- |[[WikiEducator]] | |CC BY-SA (default), CC BY, and CC0 | |- |[[Project Euler]] |Site hosting [[computer programming]] problems |CC BY-NC-SA | |} == Michezo == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" ! style="width:20%" |Jina ! style="width:50%" |Maelezo ! style="width:25%" |Leseni ! style="width:5%" |Marejeo |- |[[Cards Against Humanity]] |An adult [[party game]] using custom-printed cards |CC BY-NC-SA |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cardsagainsthumanity.com/|title=Cards Against Humanity|website=Cards Against Humanity|accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref> |- |[[Dungeons & Dragons]] System Reference Document 5.1 |The core rules of a popular fantasy role-playing game |CC BY 4.0 |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Systems Reference Document (SRD)|url=https://dnd.wizards.com/resources/systems-reference-document|access-date=2023-03-05|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-01-07|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230107005402/https://dnd.wizards.com/resources/systems-reference-document|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |[[Eclipse Phase (role-playing game)|Eclipse Phase]] |A [[transhuman]] [[science fiction]] role-playing game |CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Creative Commons License – Eclipse Phase|url=https://eclipsephase.com/cclicense/|access-date=2022-08-23|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |{{interlanguage link|Tagmar|pt}} |The first [[Brazil|Brazilian]] fantasy role-playing game fully developed in Brazil |CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 Brasil |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Tagmar - Licenciamento|url=https://www.tagmar.com.br/LicenciamentoUsado.aspx|access-date=2022-08-23|website=www.tagmar.com.br}}</ref> |- |[[Violence (role-playing game)|Violence]] |A heavily satirical role-playing game inspired by excessive violence in other role-playing games and video games | | |- |[[Secret Hitler]] |A [[Social deduction game|social deduction]] [[party game]] set in the [[Weimar Republic]] |CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | |} == Michezo ya video == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" ! style="width:20%" |Jina ! style="width:50%" |Maelezo ! style="width:25%" |Leseni ! style="width:5%" |Marejeo |- |[[Cataclysm: Dark Days Ahead]] |ASCII graphic rogue like |Artwork and code under CC BY-SA | |- |[[Castle Crashers]] |One of the soundtracks of a proprietary game released under Creative Commons |CC BY-NC-SA |<ref>[https://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/9632 Castle Crashers Soundtrack Released Under CC License] (2008)</ref> |- |[[Glest]] / [[MegaGlest]] |A [[real-time strategy]] computer game in a fantasy setup. |Artwork under CC BY-SA | |- |[[Glitch (video game)|Glitch]] |[[Massively multiplayer online game|MMO]]. In 2013, most of the artwork and parts of the code were released under a creative commons license. |[[CC0]] |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glitchthegame.com/public-domain-game-art/|title=Glitch is Dead, Long Live Glitch! - Art & Code from the Game Released into Public Domain|quote=''The entire library of art assets from the game, has been made freely available, dedicated to the public domain. Code from the game client is included to help developers work with the assets. All of it can be downloaded and used by anyone, for any purpose.''|author=tinyspeck|date=2013-11-18|accessdate=2013-12-11|publisher=glitchthegame.com|archive-date=2013-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213073818/http://www.glitchthegame.com/public-domain-game-art/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2064273/afterlife-of-an-mmo-glitchs-offbeat-art-enters-public-domain.html|title=Afterlife of an MMO: Glitch's offbeat art enters public domain|first=Laura|last=Blackwell|date=2013-11-18|accessdate=2013-12-11|publisher=pcworld.com}}</ref> |- |[[Mari0]] |[[Super Mario (series)|Super Mario]] [[Video game clone|clone]] [[wikt:mashup|mashup]] with [[Portal (video game)|Portal]] |CC BY-NC-SA | |- |[[Clonk#OpenClonk|OpenClonk]] (former [[Clonk]]) |A computer game originally developed by RedWolf Design, later opened to the community. |Artwork under CC BY / CC BY-NC | |- |[[Ryzom]] |Ryzom is a [[FOSS|free and open source software]] [[Personal computer|PC]] [[Massively multiplayer online role-playing game|MMORPG]]. Originally developed and released 2004 by [[Nevrax]], since 2010 the [[source code]] is under the [[GNU Affero General Public License|AGPL]]<ref name="ryzom2010">{{cite web|url=http://dev.ryzom.com/news/13|title=Breakthrough for Free Software Gaming--Ryzom Announces Full Release of Source Code and Artwork, and a Partnership with the Free Software Foundation to Host a Repository of the Game's Artistic Assets|publisher=ryzom.com|date=|accessdate=2010-05-06}}</ref> and the artistic work is under CC BY-SA.<ref name="cc-ryzom">[https://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/21906 Massively Multiplayer Game Ryzom Released as Free Culture and Free Software] on creativecommons.org (2010)</ref> |Artwork under CC BY-SA. |<ref name="cc-ryzom" /> |- |[[Sintel The Game]] |A game based on the [[Blender (software)|Blender]] Foundation movie, [[Sintel]]. |CC BY | |- |[[The Adventures of Fatman]] |point and click adventure game |CC-SA-NC-ND | |- |[[Tyrian (video game)|Tyrian]] (now OpenTyrian) |[[Scrolling shooter]] |graphic assets under [[CC BY|CC BY 3.0 US]]<ref>[http://www.lostgarden.com/2007/04/free-game-graphics-tyrian-ships-and.html Free game graphics: Tyrian ships and tiles] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lostgarden.com/2007/04/free-game-graphics-tyrian-ships-and.html |date=20130927044331 }} on lostgarden.com by Daniel Cook (2007-04-04)</ref><ref>[http://www.lostgarden.com/2007/03/lost-garden-license.html Lost garden license] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lostgarden.com/2007/03/lost-garden-license.html |date=20121228011908 }} on lostgarden.com ''"All licensed items use the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License"'' (2007)</ref> | |- |''[[Ur-Quan Masters|The Ur-Quan Masters]]'' (former [[Star Control II]]) |[[Action role-playing game|Action RPG]] |Artwork [[Cc-by-nc-sa]] |<ref name="uqm_license">{{cite web|url=http://wiki.uqm.stack.nl/The_Ur-Quan_Masters_Project_FAQ#Under_what_license_is_the_game_released.3F|title=The Ur-Quan Masters Project FAQ - Ultronomicon|website=wiki.uqm.stack.nl|accessdate=7 July 2018|archive-date=2024-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914175938/https://wiki.uqm.stack.nl/The_Ur-Quan_Masters_Project_FAQ#Under_what_license_is_the_game_released.3F|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |[[Yo Frankie!]] |A game resulting from a cooperation between the [[Blender (software)|Blender]] Foundation and the [[Crystal Space]] community |Creative Commons 3.0 Attribution |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yofrankie.org/about-apricot/|title=Yo Frankie! license page|accessdate=2010-01-26|archive-date=2011-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106021453/http://www.yofrankie.org/about-apricot/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |} == Picha == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" ! style="width:20%" |Jina ! style="width:50%" |Maelezo ! style="width:25%" |Leseni ! style="width:5%" |Marejeo |- |[[deviantART]] |image artwork sharing website |various (15 million CC licensed) |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blog.creativecommons.org/2012/12/07/cc10-featured-platform-deviantart/|title=#cc10 Featured Platform: deviantART - Creative Commons|date=7 December 2012|publisher=|accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref> |- |[[Flickr]] |user photo uploading and sharing service |various CC licenses (350 million CC images of 6+ billion images<ref>[https://www.flickr.com/creativecommons creativecommons] on flickr.com</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.softpedia.com/news/Flickr-Boasts-6-Billion-Photo-Uploads-215380.shtml|title=Flickr Boasts 6 Billion Photo Uploads|publisher=Softpedia|date=2011-08-05|accessdate=2012-03-01|first=Lucian|last=Parfeni}}</ref>) | |- |[[Mapillary]] |Over 30 million free photos |CC BY-SA | |- |[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |paintings and artworks |CC0 (375.000) |<ref>[http://metmuseum.org/blogs/digital-underground/2017/open-access-at-the-met open-access-at-the-met] on metmuseum.org</ref> |- |[[Mushroom Observer]] |collaborative amateur mycology database with approx. 600,000 observational photos<ref name="Statistics2016">{{cite web|title=Site Statistics|url=https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/show_site_stats|work=Mushroom Observer|accessdate=26 March 2016|quote=''Images 599669, Observations 208462, Listed Taxa 51072, Observed Taxa 13184, Authored Name Descriptions 4312, Defined Locations 12812, Authored Location Descriptions 847, Species Lists 685, Species List Entries 89263, Proposed IDs 299937, Comments 113454, Votes 418612, Members 6558''}}</ref><ref name="Wood">{{cite journal|last=Wood|first=Michael|date=Summer 2008|title=WebWatch: Observing Mushrooms|url=http://www.mykoweb.com/articles/Web%20Watch--Mushroom%20Observer.pdf|journal=Fungi Magazine|volume=1|issue=2|accessdate=8 October 2010}} Reproduced on the [http://www.mykoweb.com/blog/2009/webwatch-observing-mushrooms/ MykoWeb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810135000/http://www.mykoweb.com/blog/2009/webwatch-observing-mushrooms/|date=2011-08-10}} website.</ref> |CC BY-SA or CC BY-NC-SA <ref name="Introduction">{{cite web|title=Introduction|url=https://mushroomobserver.org/observer/intro|work=Mushroom Observer|accessdate=8 October 2010}}</ref> | |- |[[Open Game Art]] |Media repository for software / game projects |CC BY, CC BY-SA, CC0, others |<ref name="Felgo">{{cite web|title=16 Sites Featuring Free Game Graphics for Game Developers|url=https://felgo.com/game-resources/16-sites-featuring-free-game-graphics#_OpenGameArt.org|work=Felgo|accessdate=22 February 2019}}</ref> |- |[[Panoramio]] |Over 100 million photos |Various |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archiveteam.org/index.php?title=Panoramio&oldid=23723|title=Panoramio - Archiveteam|website=archiveteam.org|accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref> |- |[[Fortepan]] |archival photographs, and family snapshots of everyday life |CC BY-SA (100.000 images) | |- |[[Unsplash]] |user photo uploading and sharing service |CC0 prior to 5 June 2017 |<ref>{{cite web|title=Unsplash is a site full of free images for your next splash page|url=https://thenextweb.com/entrepreneur/2013/08/14/unsplash-is-a-site-full-of-images-you-can-use-freely-for-your-next-startups-splash-page/|website=The Next Web|date=14 August 2013|accessdate=2015-11-13|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://unsplash.com/license|title=License {{!}} Unsplash|last=Crew|website=unsplash.com|access-date=2017-02-20|archive-date=2015-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015514/https://unsplash.com/license|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |[[Wikimedia Commons]] |free image and data repository, stores Wikipedia images |various free CC licenses (40+ million images in 2018) | |- |} == Muziki == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" ! style="width:20%" |jina ! style="width:50%" |Maelezo ! style="width:25%" |Leseni ! style="width:5%" |Marejeo |- |Airports for Music |By SheedyJaye |CC BY 3.0 |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Airports for Music, by SheedyJaye|url=https://moderatepotatoe.bandcamp.com/album/airports-for-music|access-date=2020-10-22|website=Moderate Potatoe Multimedia|archive-date=2020-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222233757/https://moderatepotatoe.bandcamp.com/album/airports-for-music|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |[[ccMixter]] |Community music website |mostly CC BY-NC | |- |[[Free Music Archive]] | |Various | |- |[[The Freesound Project]] | |CC0, CC BY, CC BY-NC and Sampling Plus | |- |''[[Ghosts I–IV]]'' |By [[Nine Inch Nails]] |CC BY-NC-SA |<ref name="nin-commons">{{cite web|url=https://creativecommons.org/2008/05/05/another-nine-inch-nails-album-out-under-a-creative-commons-license/|publisher=creativecommons.org|title=Nine Inch Nails' "The Slip" out under a Creative Commons license|date=May 5, 2008|first=Eric|last=Steuer|access-date=February 21, 2020}}</ref> |- |#hot111 Charts |By starfrosch |CC BY CC BY-SA |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://starfrosch.com/hot-100/|publisher=starfrosch|title=#hot11 charts|accessdate=2024-06-22|archive-date=2018-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213005238/https://starfrosch.com/hot-100/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |[[Jamendo]] | |Various | |- |[[NINJAM]] |Music files/archive |CC BY-SA | |- |''[[Palm Mall]]'' |By [[Cat System Corp.]] |CC BY 3.0 |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://catsystemcorp.bandcamp.com/album/palm-mall|title=''Palm Mall''|date=2 October 2014|access-date=14 April 2022|last=猫 シ Corp.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230121234/https://catsystemcorp.bandcamp.com/album/palm-mall|archive-date=30 December 2014|url-status=live|via=[[Bandcamp]]}}</ref> |- |''[[Pulse of the Earth]]'' |By [[Hungry Lucy]] |CC BY-SA |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://music.hungrylucy.com/album/pulse-of-the-earth|publisher=Hungry Lucy|title=Pulse of the Earth}}</ref> |- |''[[The Slip (album)|The Slip]]'' |By Nine Inch Nails |CC BY-NC-SA |<ref name="LA Weekly">{{cite web|url=http://www.laweekly.com/music/music/nine-inch-nails-radiohead-free-music-and-creative-competition/18995/|title=Nine Inch Nails, Radiohead, Free Music and Creative Competition – Page 1 – Music – Los Angeles – ''LA Weekly''|last=Carr|first=Daphne|date=May 28, 2008|website=[[LA Weekly]]|accessdate=July 21, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226212248/http://www.laweekly.com/2008-05-29/music/trade-your-heroes-for-ghosts/|archivedate=2008-12-26}}</ref><ref name="nin-commons" /> |- |''[[Jonathan Coulton]]'' |Jonathon Coulton's Works |CC BY-NC 3.0 |<ref name="FAQ - Jonathan Coulton">{{cite web|url=https://www.jonathancoulton.com/faq/#can-i-use-a-song-in-my-student-filmpodcastawesome-dance-remix|title=Can I use a song in my student film/podcast/awesome dance remix?|accessdate=December 9, 2017}}</ref> |- |''[[Paul and Storm]]'' |Paul and Storm's Works |CC 2.5 By Attribution NonCommercial and ShareAlike | |- |''[[Open Goldberg Variations]]'' | |CC0<ref>[http://heise.de/-1585806 "Goldberg Variationen: Johann Sebastian Bach als 'Creative Commons Zero'"], [[Heise Online]], 29 May 2012</ref> | |- |[[Cloudkicker]] |By Ben Sharp |CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 | |} == Habari == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" ! style="width:20%" |Jina ! style="width:50%" |Maelezo ! style="width:25%" |Leseni ! style="width:5%" |Marejeo |- |[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]'s broadcasting footage |On January 13, 2009, some broadcasting content from Al Jazeera on the [[2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict]] was released. |CC BY 3.0 |<ref name="AlJazeera1">{{cite web|url=https://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/12049|title=Al Jazeera Launches Creative Commons Repository|last=Benenson|first=Fred|date=2009-01-13|publisher=creativecommons.org|accessdate=2009-01-19}}</ref><ref name="AlJazeera2">{{cite web|url=https://creativecommons.org/press-releases/entry/12166|title=Al Jazeera Announces Launch of Free Footage Under Creative Commons License|last=Steuer|first=Eric|date=2009-01-13|publisher=creativecommons.org|accessdate=2009-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118071005/http://creativecommons.org/press-releases/entry/12166|archive-date=2009-01-18|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="AlJazeera3">{{cite web|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2009/01/11/technology/jazeera.php|title=Al Jazeera provides an inside look at Gaza conflict|last=Cohen|first=Noam|date=2009-01-11|publisher=[[International Herald Tribune]]|accessdate=2009-01-19}}</ref><ref name="AlJazeera4">{{cite web|url=http://cc.aljazeera.net/content/launch-press-release|title=Al Jazeera Announces Launch of Free Footage under Creative Commons License|publisher=Al Jazeera Creative Commons Repository|accessdate=2009-01-19|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090121191159/http://cc.aljazeera.net/content/launch-press-release|archivedate=2009-01-21}}</ref><ref name="AlJazeera5">{{cite web|url=http://www.paidcontent.co.uk/entry/419-al-jazeera-offers-creative-commons-video-lessig-lends-backing/|title=Al Jazeera Offers Creative Commons Video, Lessig Lends Backing|last=Andrews|first=Robert|date=2009-11-14|publisher=paidcontent.co.uk|accessdate=2009-01-19|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627070307/http://paidcontent.co.uk/article/419-al-jazeera-offers-creative-commons-video-lessig-lends-backing/|archivedate=2009-06-27}}</ref><ref name="AlJazeera6">{{cite web|url=http://joi.ito.com/weblog/2009/01/14/al-jazeera-laun.html|title=Al Jazeera Launches Creative Commons Repository|last=Ito|first=Joi|date=2009-01-14|publisher=joi.ito.com|accessdate=2009-01-19}}</ref> |- |[[Agência Pública]] |Online Investigative Journalism outlet with texts in [[Brazilian Portuguese|Portuguese]], [[English language|English]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]]. |CC BY-ND 4.0 |<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://apublica.org/about-us/|title=About us - Agência Pública|accessdate=2021-04-02|archive-date=2021-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210402190413/https://apublica.org/about-us/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://br.creativecommons.net/2014/02/07/jornalismo-de-interesse-publico-e-licenciamento-aberto/|title=Jornalismo de interesse público e licenciamento aberto|language=pt-br|date=2014-02-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210402201514/https://br.creativecommons.net/2014/02/07/jornalismo-de-interesse-publico-e-licenciamento-aberto/|archivedate=2021-04-02|accessdate=2021-04-02|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |[[Corbeau News Centrafrique]] |French-language news site from the Central African Republic |CC BY-SA 4.0 |<ref>[https://corbeaunews-centrafrique.org/qui-sommes-nous/ QUI SOMMES-NOUS?]</ref> |- |[[Democracy Now!]] |Internationally syndicated radio and TV news program. All transcripts from broadcasts are republished online and released under a Creative Commons license. |[[CC BY-NC-ND]] 4.0 US |<ref name="theconversation.com">{{cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/global/republishing-guidelines|title=Republishing guidelines — The Conversation|website=theconversation.com|accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref> |- |[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |Online news outlet written by academics and researchers. Localised editions exist for Australia, Africa, Canada, France, Indonesia, the UK and the US. |[[CC BY-ND]] 4.0 |<ref name="theconversation.com" /> |- |[[Deshabhimani]] |[[Malayalam]] language newspaper |[[CC BY]] 4.0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/termsofuse|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602201832/https://www.deshabhimani.com/termsofuse|archivedate=2 June 2021|accessdate=2 June 2021|title=Terms of Use}}</ref> |- |[[Global Voices (NGO)|Global Voices]] |International journalism organisation publishing in over 40 languages. |[[CC BY]] 3.0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://globalvoices.org/about/global-voices-attribution-policy/|title=Global Voices · Republishing Guidelines|publisher=|accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref> |- |[[Haitian Times]] |Online newspaper for the Haitian diaspora in the United States. |[[CC BY-ND]] 4.0 | |- |[[La Stampa]] |3rd biggest newspaper of Italy. |[[CC BY-NC-ND]] 3.0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lastampa.it/2015/12/19/cultura/opinioni/editoriali/condividere-gli-articoli-de-la-stampa-s-ecco-come-gmS0fZpMCDcyjd21c2jT6J/pagina.html|title=La Stampa adotta la licenza Creative Commons per la condivisione degli articoli|date=19 December 2015|publisher=|accessdate=7 July 2018|archive-date=2017-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203232728/http://www.lastampa.it/2015/12/19/cultura/opinioni/editoriali/condividere-gli-articoli-de-la-stampa-s-ecco-come-gmS0fZpMCDcyjd21c2jT6J/pagina.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |[[OpenDemocracy]] |International online news website. Specific articles are released under a Creative Commons license. |[[CC BY-NC]] 4.0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/about/syndication|title=Licensing|website=openDemocracy|accessdate=7 July 2018|archive-date=2019-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226222046/https://www.opendemocracy.net/about/syndication|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |[[ProPublica]] |US news website. |[[CC BY-NC-ND]] 3.0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.propublica.org/steal-our-stories/|title=Steal Our Stories — ProPublica|website=ProPublica|accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref> |- |[[Tasnim News Agency]] |Iranian news agency publishing in [[Persian language|Persian]], [[English language|English]], [[Arabic]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] and [[Urdu]]. |[[CC BY]] 4.0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tasnimnews.com/en/about|title=Tasnim News Agency - Tasnim News Agency|publisher=|accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref> |- |[[TorrentFreak]] |News blog. Text licensed under a Creative Commons license. |[[CC BY-NC]] 3.0 |<ref>{{cite web|title=Copyright|url=https://torrentfreak.com/copyright/|website=TorrentFreak|accessdate=27 October 2018}}</ref> |- |[[WikiTribune]] |News website with crowdsourced fact-checking, proofreading and editing. Published in [[English language|English]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]]. |[[CC BY]] or [[CC BY-SA]] 4.0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wikitribune.com/project/copyright/|title=Copyright|website=WikiTribune|accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref> |} == Maarifa, utafiti na sayansi == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" ! style="width:20%" |Jina ! style="width:50%" |Maelezo ! style="width:25%" |Leseni ! style="width:5%" |Marejeo |- |[[OpenSeaMap]] | |CC SA-BY 2.0 / [[Open Data Commons Open Database License|ODbL]] |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://openseamap.org/index.php?id=faq&L=1|title=OpenSeaMap: Frequently Asked Questions|publisher=[[OpenSeaMap]].org|accessdate=April 28, 2012}}</ref> |- |[[OpenStreetMap]] |Until September 2012; switched to [[Open Database License|ODbL]] |CC BY-SA 2.0 for certain content |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright|title=OpenStreetMap: Copyright and License|publisher=[[Openstreetmap.org]]|accessdate=April 28, 2012}}</ref><ref>[[OpenStreetMap#Licensing terms]]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Legal_FAQ|title=Legal FAQ - OpenStreetMap Wiki|website=wiki.openstreetmap.org|accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref> |- |[[SNPedia]] |Database of [[single nucleotide polymorphisms]] |CC BY-NC-SA |<ref>{{cite web|title=SNPedia:Copyrights|url=http://www.snpedia.com/index.php/SNPedia:Copyrights|work=SNPedia|accessdate=November 15, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622070957/https://www.snpedia.com/index.php/SNPedia:Copyrights|archivedate=2024-06-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> |} == Hifadhidata na data == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" ! style="width:20%" |Jina ! style="width:50%" |Maelezo ! style="width:25%" |Leseni ! style="width:5%" |Marejeoi |- |[[OpenSeaMap]] | |CC SA-BY 2.0 / [[Open Data Commons Open Database License|ODbL]] |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://openseamap.org/index.php?id=faq&L=1|title=OpenSeaMap: Frequently Asked Questions|publisher=[[OpenSeaMap]].org|accessdate=April 28, 2012}}</ref> |- |[[OpenStreetMap]] |Until September 2012; switched to [[Open Database License|ODbL]] |CC BY-SA 2.0 for certain content |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright|title=OpenStreetMap: Copyright and License|publisher=[[Openstreetmap.org]]|accessdate=April 28, 2012}}</ref><ref>[[OpenStreetMap#Licensing terms]]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Legal_FAQ|title=Legal FAQ - OpenStreetMap Wiki|website=wiki.openstreetmap.org|accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref> |- |[[SNPedia]] |Database of [[single nucleotide polymorphisms]] |CC BY-NC-SA |<ref>{{cite web|title=SNPedia:Copyrights|url=http://www.snpedia.com/index.php/SNPedia:Copyrights|work=SNPedia|accessdate=November 15, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622070957/https://www.snpedia.com/index.php/SNPedia:Copyrights|archivedate=2024-06-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> |} == Teknolojia, ramani na mapishi == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" ! style="width:20%" |jina ! style="width:50%" |Maelezo ! style="width:25%" |Leseni ! style="width:5%" |Maelezo |- |[[Arduino]] | |CC BY-SA | |- |[[Dragonbox Pyra]] |pre-release [[schematics]] released in November 2016 |[[CC BY-NC-SA]] |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pyra-handheld.com/boards/threads/power-memory-and-schematics.78631/|title=Power, Memory and Schematics|publisher=pyra-handheld.com by|author=Michael Mrozek|quote=As promised, the Pyra will be more open than the Pandora and Nikolaus had some time to clean up the schematics! Attached to this post are the schematics for the current revision (5.1.3) of the Pyra. Unless a bug is found, these won't change anymore.[...] License is CC BY-NC-SA|date=2016-11-20}}</ref> |- |[[Free Beer]] |In December 2004 [[Cooking recipe|brewing recipe]], brand and label artwork released under CC by [[Superflex]] and students of the [[IT University of Copenhagen]] |CC BY-SA |<ref>[http://freebeer.org/blog/faq How can a beer be "free"?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150802003325/http://freebeer.org/blog/faq|date=2015-08-02}} on freebeer.org "The recipe and the FREE BEER brand is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license, which basically means that anyone can use our recipe to brew the beer or to create a derivative of our recipe."</ref> |- |[[OpenMoko]] [[Neo Freerunner]] |CAD, [[schematics]] etc. files in 2008 |CC BY-SA 3.0 |<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080312054147/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080304.WBcyberia20080304133308/WBStory/WBcyberia/ Linux goes walkabout] by Jack Kapic on theglobeandmail.com (March 4, 2008)</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150905183025/http://downloads.openmoko.org/developer/schematics/ schematics] on openmoko.com</ref> |} == Video na filamu == Creative Commons kudumisha a [[creativecommonswiki:wiki/Category:Film|film list themselves]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" ! style="width:20%" |Jina ! style="width:50%" |Maelezo ! style="width:25%" |Leseni ! style="width:5%" |Marejeo |- |''[[Big Buck Bunny]]'' |Product of the second [[Blender (software)|Blender]] Foundation Open Movie Project, released in 2008. |BY |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bigbuckbunny.org/index.php/about/|title=Big Buck Bunny about page|accessdate=2010-01-26|archive-date=2013-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411012325/http://www.bigbuckbunny.org/index.php/about/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[Code Rush]]'' |2000 documentary of Netscape's last year as an independent company, focusing on the rush to make Mozilla's [[source code]] ready for its release deadline.<ref>{{cite web|author=Project Code Rush|url=http://clickmovement.org/coderush|title=Project Code Rush|publisher=clickmovement.org|date=|accessdate=2012-08-17}}</ref> |BY-NC-SA 3.0 US |<ref>{{cite web|author=Code Rush in the Creative Commons|url=http://waxy.org/2009/07/code_rush_in_the_creative_commons/|title=Code Rush in the Creative Commons|publisher=Waxy.org|date=31 July 2009|accessdate=2010-02-02}}</ref> |- |''[[The Yes Men Fix the World]]'' |English language documentary film about the culture jamming exploits of The Yes Men. |CC BY-NC-ND |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theyesmen.org/|title=The Yes Men|accessdate=2020-11-30}}</ref> |- |''[[Decay (2012 film)|Decay]]'' |Zombie film made at [[CERN]] |CC BY-NC |<ref name="Wired">{{cite magazine|last=Wattercutter|first=Angela|title=Physics Students Make Zombie Movie Decay Deep Within the Bowels of CERN|url=https://www.wired.com/underwire/2012/10/cern-zombie-movie-decay/|magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|date=31 October 2012|accessdate=22 November 2012|archive-date=2012-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114064608/http://www.wired.com/underwire/2012/10/cern-zombie-movie-decay/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[Elephants Dream]]'' |Product of the first [[Blender (software)|Blender]] Foundation Open Movie Project, released in 2006 |CC BY |<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://orange.blender.org/blog/creative-commons-license-2/|title=Elephants Dream license page|accessdate=2010-01-26}}</ref> |- |''[[Lavorare con lentezza]]'' |2004 Italian drama directed by [[Guido Chiesa]]. |CC BY-NC-SA | |- |[[Life Wasted]] |by [[Pearl Jam]] in 2006, first [[music video]] from a [[major record label]] to be CC licensed |CC BY-NC-ND 2.5 |<ref>[https://www.cnet.com/news/pearl-jam-releases-video-under-creative-commons-license/ pearl-jam-releases-video-under-creative-commons-license] on cnet.com (2006)</ref> |- |''[[Nasty Old People]]'' |A 2009 film in Swedish by Hanna Sköld |CC BY-NC-SA | |- |''[[RiP!: A Remix Manifesto]]'' |a 2008 [[Open-source film|open-source]] documentary film about "the changing concept of [[copyright]]" and the [[remix culture]]<ref>Kirsner, Scott. [http://cinematech.blogspot.com/2007/10/cinematech-filmmaker-q-brett-gaylor-of.html "CinemaTech Filmmaker Q&A: Brett Gaylor of Open Source Cinema".]</ref><ref>Sinnott, Shane. "[http://www.montrealmirror.com/2007/032907/load.html The Load-Down] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630225243/http://www.montrealmirror.com/2007/032907/load.html|date=2007-06-30}}", ''[[Montreal Mirror]]'', 2007-03-29. Accessed 2008-06-30</ref> directed by [[Brett Gaylor]] |CC BY-NC-SA 3.0<ref>[[creativecommonswiki:wiki/Case_Studies/RIP:_A_Remix_Manifesto|IP:_A_Remix_Manifesto]] on creativecommons.org</ref> | |- |''[[Sita Sings the Blues]]'' |feature-length animated film by [[Free culture movement|free culture]] activist [[Nina Paley]] |CC0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.ninapaley.com/2013/01/18/ahimsa-sita-sings-the-blues-now-cc-0-public-domain/|title=Ahimsa: Sita Sings the Blues now CC-0 "Public Domain" « Nina Paley's Blog|website=blog.ninapaley.com|date=18 January 2013|accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref> |- |''[[Sanctuary (short film)|Sanctuary]]'' |A re-mixable Science fiction film | | |- |''[[Sintel]]'' |Product of the third [[Blender (software)|Blender]] Foundation Open Movie Project, released in 2010 | | |- |''[[Star Wreck]]'' |Amateur movie parodies of ''Star Trek'' and ''Babylon 5'' (in Finnish) | | |- |''[[Tears of Steel]]'' |The fourth [[Blender (software)|Blender]] Foundation Open Movie Project, released in September 2012. |CC BY | |- |''[[Where are the Joneses]]'' |online sitcom (series) |CC BY-SA | |} == Tovuti == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" ! style="width:20%" |Jinba ! style="width:50%" |Maelezo ! style="width:25%" |Leseni !Alexa Ranking <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Alexa - Competitive Analysis, Marketing Mix, and Website Traffic|url=https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo|access-date=2022-01-01|website=www.alexa.com|archive-date=2007-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071110021954/http://www.alexa.com/data/details/traffic_details?&range=5y&size=large&y=t&url=wikipedia.org|url-status=dead}}</ref> ! style="width:5%" |Marejeo |- |[[Anatomography]] | |CC BY-SA | | |- |[[Association for Progressive Communications]] | |CC BY-SA | | |- |[[BdFISH]] | |CC BY-NC-ND | |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bdfish.org|title=BdFISH - Bangladesh Fisheries Information Share Home|website=www.bdfish.org|accessdate=7 July 2018}}</ref> |- |[[Boing Boing]] |Popular blog |CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (most) | | |- |Devopedia |An open community platform for developers by developers to explain technology in a simple, clear and unopinionated way. |CC BY-SA 4.0 (non-code content) | |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://devopedia.org/site-map/about-devopedia|title=About Devopedia|website=www.devopedia.org|accessdate=3 September 2018}}</ref> |- |[[Fandom (website)|Fandom]] |Since June 2009 |CC BY-SA | | |- |[[Identi.ca]] | |CC BY | | |- |[[Internet Archive]] | |Various |170 | |- |[[gnu.org]] | |Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License | | |- |[[Mozilla Foundation|Mozilla website]] |Home of the Mozilla Project |CC BY-SA |166 | |- |[[RationalWiki]] | |CC BY-SA | |<ref>{{cite web|title=RationalWiki:Copyrights|url=https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/RationalWiki:Copyrights|website=RationalWiki|accessdate=5 November 2018|archive-date=2018-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105231933/https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/RationalWiki:Copyrights|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |[[SCP Foundation]] |The SCP Wiki is a collaborative [[urban fantasy]] writing website about the fictional SCP Foundation, a secretive organization that contains anomalous or supernatural items and entities away from the eyes of the public.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=The SCP Foundation|url=https://scp-wiki.wikidot.com/about-the-scp-foundation|access-date=2021-09-03|website=The SCP Foundation|language=en}}</ref> |CC BY-SA | |<ref name=":0" /> |- |[[Stack Overflow]] | |CC BY-SA |57 | |- |[[The Public Domain Review]] |Online journal showcasing public domain works. |CC BY-SA (unquoted text in collection posts and articles only) | |<ref>{{cite web|title=Using Material from Our Site|url=https://publicdomainreview.org/legal/|website=The Public Domain Review|accessdate=4 November 2018}}</ref> |- |[[Uncyclopedia]] |Satirical online encyclopedia. |CC BY-NC-SA | |<ref>[[uncyclopedia:Uncyclopedia:Copyrights|Uncyclopedia:Copyrights]]. ''Uncyclopedia''. Retrieved 16 March 2021.</ref> |- |[[Wikimedia projects]] including [[Wikipedia]] |Since June 2009; over 80 million items |Text CC BY-SA (plus GFDL in most cases); some in CC BY and CC-0; hosted content also in [[public domain]] and various licenses. | | |- |[[Wikitravel]] | |CC BY-SA | | |} == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Reflist|30em}} [[Jamii:Kazi zenye leseni za Creative Commons]] go2ounosuy3p1pzn29nssy7qc7uja8k 0 183155 1612573 1575844 2026-11-02T14:51:08Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612573 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Creative Commons Rights Expression Language''' (ccREL) ni lugha iliyopendekezwa ya Maelezo ya Haki (REL) kwa metadata ya maelezo ya kuongezwa kwenye vyombo vya habari ambavyo vimepewa leseni chini ya mojawapo ya leseni za Creative Commons. Kulingana na rasimu iliyowasilishwa kwa W3C, inatarajiwa kuja katika fomu za RDFa kwa kurasa za (x)HTML na XMP kwa vyombo vya habari vya pekee. == Viungo vya nje == * {{cite web|title=Describing Copyright in RDF|url=https://creativecommons.org/ns|publisher=[[Creative Commons]]}} * {{cite web|title=ccREL in RDF Schema|url=https://creativecommons.org/schema.rdf|publisher=[[Creative Commons]]|format=RDF Schema}} * {{cite web|title=ccREL (project homepage)|url=http://wiki.creativecommons.org/ccREL|publisher=[[Creative Commons]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426160357/https://wiki.creativecommons.org/CcREL|archivedate=2015-04-26|accessdate=2024-06-22|url-status=dead}} * {{cite web|title=ccREL: The Creative Commons Rights Expression Language|url=http://wiki.creativecommons.org/images/d/d6/Ccrel-1.0.pdf|publisher=[[Creative Commons]]|date=3 March 2008}} === Uwasilishaji wa W3C === * [http://www.w3.org/Submission/2008/SUBM-ccREL-20080501/ ccREL: The Creative Commons Rights Expression Language] - W3C Member Submission 1 May 2008 === FSF na GNU GPL === * {{cite web|title=FSF introduces RDF for GNU licenses|url=https://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/15406|publisher=[[Creative Commons]]|date=June 22, 2009}} * {{cite web|title=GNU GPL 3.0 in ccREL|url=https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.rdf|publisher=[[Free Software Foundation]]|format=ccREL|accessdate=2024-06-22|archive-date=2016-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726190356/http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.rdf|url-status=dead}} heefs7qywkanez2bmd86eppgiplo48i 0 185629 1612682 1522984 2026-11-03T05:52:39Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612682 wikitext text/x-wiki [[picha:Oroblanco (sweetie) fruits.jpg|thumb| Oroblanco]] '''Oroblanco''', au '''''oro blanco''''' (dhahabu nyeupe), au ''sweetie'' ([[Israeli]]))<ref>{{cite web|url=https://goodfruitguide.co.uk/product/sweetie/|title=Sweetie {{pipe}} Good Fruit Guide|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110213201/https://goodfruitguide.co.uk/product/sweetie/|archivedate=2018-11-10|accessdate=2026-11-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> (''Citrus maxima Merr. × C. paradisi Macfad.'') ni [[tunda]] tamu lisilo na [[mbegu]] la jamii ya machungwa ambalo ni mseto unaofanana na balungi. Mara nyingi huitwa ''oroblanco grapefruit''. == Maendeleo == Oroblanco ilitengenezwa kwa kuchanganya ''pomelo'' isiyo na [[asidi]] (diploid) na ''grapefruit'' yenye mbegu nyeupe (tetraploid), na kuzaa tunda la ''triploid'' lisilo na mbegu ambalo lina asidi kidogo na uchungu kidogo kuliko ''grapefruit''.<ref name="75th">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RgectgAACAAJ|title=Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside 1907-1982|publisher=[[University of California, Riverside]]|year=1982|page=15|oclc=39677416}}</ref> Oroblanco ilipatiwa hati miliki na Chuo Kikuu cha California mwaka 1981 baada ya kuendelezwa na [[Robert Soost]] na James W. Cameron<ref>Soost R K, Cameron J W. “Oroblanco'. a triploid pummelo-grapefruit hybrid. Hort Sci. 1980.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Soost|first1=Robert K.|last2=Cameron|first2=James W.|date=1980|title=Oroblanco: A new grapefruit hybrid|url=http://calag.ucanr.edu/archive/?article=ca.v034n11p16|journal=California Agriculture|volume=34|issue=11|pages=16–17|access-date=2024-09-05|archive-date=2023-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027183236/https://calag.ucanr.edu/Archive/?article=ca.v034n11p16|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Soost R K, Cameron J W. “Melogold'. a triploid pummelo-grapefruit hybrid. Hort Sci. 1985.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsroom.ucr.edu/2042|title=UCR Newsroom|work=ucr.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/melogold.html|title=melogold|work=ucr.edu|accessdate=2024-09-05|archive-date=2019-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701105845/https://citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/melogold.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> katika kituo cha majaribio ya machungwa cha chuo hicho huko Riverside, [[California]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect2=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&RefSrch=yes&Query=PN/PP4645|title=United States Patent: PP04645|publisher=[[United States Patent and Trademark Office]]|date=1981-02-10|access-date=2014-07-30|archive-date=2017-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226182350/http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect2=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&RefSrch=yes&Query=PN/PP4645|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mradi huo wa miaka tisa ulianza mwaka 1958 na ulisababisha upandaji wa majaribio kadhaa kabla ya kupata toleo lenye mafanikio. == Maelezo == [[Faili:Citrus_paradisi_'Oroblanco'_-_Grapefruit.jpg|thumb|Mti wa vijana wa "Oroblanco" katika bustani ya Botanical ya Missouri.]] Oroblanco ni tunda lenye umbo la duara au mviringo, na lina ganda nene zaidi kuliko ''grapefruit''. Linapoliwa, oroblanco halina uchungu unaohusishwa na ''grapefruit'', bali ni tamu, hata wakati ganda la nje bado lina rangi ya kijani. Hata hivyo, utando mweupe unaotenganisha sehemu za nyama za tunda huwa na uchungu na mara nyingi hutupwa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.specialtyproduce.com/produce/Oro_Blanco_Grapefruit_60.php|title=Oro Blanco Grapefruit|work=specialtyproduce.com}}</ref> [[Faili:Sweetie_fruit1.jpg|thumb|Sweetie]] Oroblanco hupatikana kuanzia Septemba hadi Desemba. Linaweza kumenywa na kuliwa kama chungwa — kwa kuligawanya katika vipande — na mara nyingi huliwa wakati wa kifungua kinywa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fruitsinfo.com/oroblanco-hybrid-fruits.php|title=oroblanco fruit, internal & external quality, oroblanco salad recipe, juice, origin|work=fruitsinfo.com}}</ref> Tunda linalofanana nalo limekuwa likilimwa sana nchini Israeli tangu mwaka 1984, ambako jina "Sweetie" lilianzia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jaffa.co.il/category.asp?id=61|archive-url=https://archive.today/20111002180224/http://www.jaffa.co.il/category.asp?id=61|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 October 2011|access-date=13 November 2010|title=ג'אפה המותג הישראלי}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://users.kymp.net/citruspages/jaffacitrus.html#sweetie|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328142407/http://users.kymp.net/citruspages/jaffacitrus.html|archive-date=2010-03-28|title=Jaffa citrus fruit|work=Citrus Pages|access-date=13 November 2010}}</ref> Pia hujulikana kama "pomelit.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|last=Paz-Frankel|first=Einat|date=23 February 2015|title=Quest For The Perfect Veggie: Israelis Create Enhanced Strains Of Fruits And Vegetables|url=https://nocamels.com/2015/02/novel-israeli-produce-varieties-hybrids/|url-status=live|access-date=5 September 2024|website=NoCamels}}</ref> == picha == <gallery> File:Oroblanco.jpg|Oroblanco File:Longwood 2011 09 02 0358 (6160276207).jpg|Mfano wa bapa uliokithiri wa Oroblanco </gallery> ==Marejeo== <references />{{Mbegu-mmea}} [[Jamii:Matunda]] mopg1dotb9xy2gufiws3h3q6n119vmb 0 194930 1612656 1375249 2026-11-03T02:32:52Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612656 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Naoki Ishihara''' (石原 直樹, Ishihara Naoki, alizaliwa [[14 Agosti]] [[1984]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa soka wa kulipwa kutoka [[Japani]] aliyekuwa akicheza kama mshambuliaji. Alianza taaluma yake ya soka katika klabu ya Shonan Bellmare, kabla ya kuchezea klabu nyingine kama Omiya Ardija, Sanfrecce Hiroshima, Urawa Red Diamonds, na Vegalta Sendai. Ishihara alitangaza kustaafu kwake mnamo Machi 2022, baada ya kucheza zaidi ya mechi 500 katika ngazi ya klabu nchini Japan.<ref>{{cite web|title=石原直樹選手 現役引退及び「ベルマーレアンバサダー」就任のお知らせ|url=https://www.bellmare.co.jp/280924|website=湘南ベルマーレ公式サイト|access-date=28 June 2022|language=ja|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213190723/https://www.bellmare.co.jp/280924|archivedate=2024-12-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1984]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Japani]] iu1opqio11wzjdzdpqqfvyel9a9w93t 0 201129 1612658 1579719 2026-11-03T02:44:01Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612658 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |jina = Natacha Aguilar de Soto |picha = Natacha Aguilar de Soto SCQ+2021.jpg |maelezo_ya_picha = Aguilar de Soto in 2021 |tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = |mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = |tarehe_ya_kufariki = |mahala_alipofia = |majina_mengine = |anafahamika kwa = [[Utafiti]] wa [[Pomboo]] na [[Nyangumi]] |kazi_yake = |nchi = }} '''Natacha Aguilar de Soto''' ni [[mtaalamu]] wa [[biolojia]] ya baharini kutoka [[Uhispania]], anayefanya kazi katika [[Chuo Kikuu]] cha La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife, Visiwa vya Canary. Yeye ni mtafiti na [[Mnadhiri|mhadhiri]] wa mpango wa Ramón y Cajal katika Chuo Kikuu cha La Laguna (ULL) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=La ULL, foco internacional del estudio de cetáceos|url=https://www.ull.es/portal/noticias/2017/natacha-aguilar-cetaceos/|work=ULL - Noticias|date=2017-07-24|accessdate=2025-02-11|author=prensa2|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123113945/https://www.ull.es/portal/noticias/2017/natacha-aguilar-cetaceos/|archivedate=2025-01-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Awards {{!}}|url=https://www.ull.es/institutos/university-institute-women-studies/awards/|accessdate=2025-02-11|archive-date=2025-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216054040/https://www.ull.es/institutos/university-institute-women-studies/awards/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Spain’s Canary Islands Declared a Hope Spot Amid Global Climate Change Discussion at CoP25|url=https://mission-blue.org/2019/12/spains-canary-islands-declared-a-hope-spot-amid-global-climate-change-discussion-at-cop25/|work=Mission Blue|date=2019-12-11|accessdate=2025-02-11|language=en-US|author=Eric Valinsky}}</ref>na amewahi kuwa mtafiti wa Marie Skłodowska-Curie katika Chuo Kikuu cha La Laguna (ULL) na Kituo cha Utafiti wa Uundaji wa Miundo ya Kiekolojia (CREEM) cha Chuo Kikuu cha St. Andrews (SMRU).Yeye ni mkurugenzi wa [[utafiti]] wa pomboo na nyangumi katika '''BIOECOMAC''' (Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Ecología Marina y Conservación) cha Chuo Kikuu cha La Laguna (ULL).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=NATACHA AGUILAR|url=https://rtvc.es/natacha-aguilar/|work=Radio Televisión Canaria|date=2022-05-31|accessdate=2025-02-11|language=es|author=RTVC}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasayansi}} [[Jamii:wanawake wa Hispania]] [[Jamii:wanabiolojia wa Hispania]] 0vhsg52gw13e9bl9ejtcfqu1r8o1n02 0 203193 1612662 1521966 2026-11-03T02:54:41Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612662 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:FCC 15 - Nazmi Albadawi (46530049875) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Albadawi mwaka 2019]] '''Nazmi Nidal Nazmi Albadawi''' (Alizaliwa Agosti 24, [[1991]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[soka]] wa kitaaluma wa [[Palestina]] ambaye hivi karibuni alicheza kama kiungo wa timu ya North Carolina FC na timu ya taifa ya Palestina.<ref name="College">{{cite web |url=https://gopack.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=1253 |title=2013 Men's Soccer Roster |website=NC State Wolfpack |access-date=August 27, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.northcarolinafc.com/news_article/show/1024860 |title=Former Fan-Favorite Captain and Homegrown Nazmi Albadawi Returns to NCFC |date=May 30, 2019 |access-date=November 21, 2019 |website=North Carolina FC |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530141132/https://www.northcarolinafc.com/news_article/show/1024860 |archivedate=2019-05-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.northcarolinafc.com/news_article/show/1066427|title=Club Great Nazmi Albadawi Signs Contract With North Carolina FC to Return for 2020 Season|date=November 21, 2019|website=North Carolina FC}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-cheza-mpira}} {{BD|1991|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Palestina]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Marekani]] nsfs7fz3cbo8hbwpbkk2doc1okypdhq 0 203371 1612734 1409197 2026-11-03T09:56:40Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612734 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rachel Wammack''' ni [[mwimbaji]] na [[mtunzi wa nyimbo]] wa muziki wa [[country]] aliyesainiwa na RCA Records kutoka Muscle Shoals, [[Alabama]].<ref name="megacountry">{{cite web |title=New Artist Spotlight: Rachel Wammack |url=http://www.megacountry.com/news/13998-new-artist-spotlight-rachel-wammack-891 |website=MegaCountry |accessdate=20 July 2018 |date=11 April 2018 |archive-date=2020-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223125239/http://www.megacountry.com/news/13998-new-artist-spotlight-rachel-wammack-891 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |last1=Edwards |first1=Jennifer |title=Wammack ready for her year as Miss UNA |url=http://www.timesdaily.com/news/wammack-ready-for-her-year-as-miss-una/article_c7d18d8e-a5dc-11e4-b9d0-6be7b23660b4.html |website=Times Daily |accessdate=20 July 2018 |date=26 January 2015}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://wbkr.com/meet-sony-music-nashville-recording-artist-rachel-wammack-video/|title=Meet Sony Music Nashville Recording Artist Rachel Wammack [Video]|website=WBKR|last=Benefield|first=Chadwick|date=29 May 2018}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}} {{BD|1994|}} [[Jamii:Waimbaji wa Marekani]] ofa9rgry6u4moqya9pbarrzfck9araa 0 204650 1612735 1524399 2026-11-03T11:07:23Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612735 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} [[Picha:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]] '''Rigoberta Menchú Tum''' (Kihispania: [riɣoˈβeɾta menˈtʃu]; alizaliwa [[9 Januari]] [[1959]]) ni mwanaharakati wa haki za binadamu wa K'iche' wa [[Guatemala]], mwanafeministi, na mshindi wa Tuzo ya Amani ya Nobel. Menchú amejitolea maisha yake kutangaza haki za watu wa asili wa Guatemala wakati na baada ya Vita vya Wenyewe kwa Wenyewe vya Guatemala ([[1960]]–[[1996]]), na kukuza haki za watu wa asili kimataifa.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2020/01/09/UPI-Almanac-for-Thursday-Jan-9-2020/6871578415895/|title= UPI Almanac |work= [[United Press International]] | date= 9 January 2020|access-date=15 January 2020 |archive-date= 15 January 2020|archive-url= https://archive.today/20200115192229/https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2020/01/09/UPI-Almanac-for-Thursday-Jan-9-2020/6871578415895/|url-status=live|quote=… Guatemalan activist/Nobel Peace Prize laureate Rigoberta Menchu in 1959 (age 61)}}</ref> Mnamo [[1992]] alipokea Tuzo ya Amani ya Nobel, akawa Balozi wa Nia Njema wa [[UNESCO]], na akapokea Tuzo ya Prince of Asturias mnamo [[1998]]. Menchú pia ni mhusika wa tawasifu ya ushuhuda "''I, Rigoberta Menchú''" ([[1983]]), [[mwandishi]] wa kazi ya tawasifu "''Crossing Borders''" ([[1998]]), na ni mada ya maslahi miongoni mwa kazi zingine. Menchú alianzisha chama cha kwanza cha kisiasa cha watu wa asili nchini humo, Winaq, na aligombea urais wa Guatemala mnamo [[2007]] na [[2011]] kama mgombea wake.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|title=Indigenous Feminist Narratives|year = 2015|doi=10.1057/9781137531315|last1 = Dulfan |first1 = Isabel|isbn = 978-1-349-50686-6}}</ref> Rigoberta Menchú alizaliwa katika familia masikini ya asili ya K'iche' Maya huko Laj Chimel, eneo la vijijini katika mkoa wa kaskazini-magharibi wa Guatemala wa El Quiché. Familia yake ilikuwa moja ya familia nyingi za asili ambazo hazikuweza kujikimu kwa vipande vidogo vya ardhi waliobaki nayo baada ya ushindi wa Wahispania wa [[Guatemala]]. Mama yake alianza kazi yake kama mkunga akiwa na umri wa miaka kumi na sita na aliendelea kutumia mimea ya kitamaduni ya dawa hadi alipouawa akiwa na umri wa miaka 43. Baba yake alikuwa mwanaharakati mashuhuri wa haki za wakulima wa asili huko Guatemala. Wazazi wake wote wawili walihudhuria kanisa la Kikatoliki mara kwa mara, lakini mama yake alibaki akiwa na uhusiano na hali yake ya kiroho ya Maya na utambulisho wake. Anaamini katika mafundisho mengi ya Kanisa Katoliki, lakini ushawishi wa mama yake wa Maya pia ulimfundisha Menchú umuhimu wa kuishi kwa upatano na asili na kuhifadhi utamaduni wake wa Maya. Menchú anajiona kuwa mchanganyiko kamili wa wazazi wake wote wawili.<ref name=":25">{{cite web|title="Rigoberta Menchú." ''Encyclopedia of World Biography Online'', Gale, 1998. ''Gale in Context: Biography''| url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1631004473/BIC?u=unlv_main&sid=BIC&xid=13ab26e5|url-access=limited|access-date=27 September 2019}}</ref> Mnamo 1979–80, kaka yake Menchú, Patrocinio na mama yake, Juana Tum Kótoja, walitekwa nyara, kuteswa kikatili na kuuawa na Jeshi la Guatemala. Baba yake, Vicente Menchú Perez, alikufa katika Uchomaji wa Balozi wa Uhispania wa 1980, ambao ulitokea baada ya wapiganaji wa mijini kuchukua mateka na kushambuliwa na vikosi vya usalama vya serikali. Mnamo Januari 2015, Pedro García Arredondo, kamanda wa zamani wa polisi wa Jeshi la Guatemala ambaye baadaye alihudumu kama mkuu wa Polisi wa Kitaifa ambayo sasa imekufa (Policía Nacional, PN), alihukumiwa kwa jaribio la mauaji na uhalifu dhidi ya ubinadamu kwa jukumu lake katika shambulio la balozi; Arrendondo pia alikuwa amehukumiwa hapo awali mnamo 2012 kwa kuamuru kutoweka kwa nguvu kwa mwanafunzi wa agronomia Édgar Enrique Sáenz Calito wakati wa mzozo wa muda mrefu wa ndani wa kijeshi wa nchi hiyo.<ref name="nobelwomensinitiative.org">{{Rejea tovuti |title=Meet Nobel Peace laureate Rigoberta Menchú Tum, Nobel Women's Initiative |url=https://nobelwomensinitiative.org/laureate/rigoberta-menchu-tum/ |access-date=2019-11-21 |website=Nobel Women's Initiative |language=en-US}}</ref> Mnamo 1984, kaka mwingine wa Menchú, Victor, aliuawa kwa risasi baada ya kujisalimisha kwa Jeshi la Guatemala, kutishiwa na wanajeshi, na kujaribu kutoroka. Mnamo 1995, Menchú alimuoa Ángel Canil, Mguatemala katika sherehe ya Maya. Walikuwa na harusi ya Kikatoliki mnamo Januari 1998; wakati huo pia walimzika mtoto wao wa kiume Tz'unun ("hummingbird" kwa K’iche’ Maya), ambaye alikuwa amekufa baada ya kuzaliwa kabla ya wakati wake mnamo Desemba. Walimudu asili mtoto wa kiume, Mash Nahual Ja' ("Roho ya Maji"). Menchú aliangaziwa sana katika filamu ya dokumentari ya [[1983]] "''When the Mountains Tremble''," iliyoongozwa na Newton Thomas Sigel na Pamela Yates.<ref name=nobel>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1992/tum-bio.html|title=Rigoberta Menchú Tum – Biographical|publisher=Nobelprize.org|year=2013|access-date=16 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829175739/http://nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1992/tum-bio.html|archive-date=29 August 2008}}</ref> Anaishi na familia yake katika manispaa ya San Pedro Jocopilas, Idara ya Quiché, kaskazini-magharibi mwa Jiji la Guatemala, katika moyo wa watu wa Kʼicheʼ. Kufuatia mapinduzi ya kijeshi yaliyoanza na kuondolewa kwa Rais Jacobo Arbenz huko Guatemala mnamo [[1954]] kwa mpango wa CIA, mapinduzi ya [[Kuba|Cuba]] ya [[1959]], na kujitolea kwa [[Che Guevara]] kuunda Vietnam nyingi kadri awezavyo, Marekani ilihamia kuruhusu na mara nyingi kuunga mkono utawala wa kimabavu kwa jina la usalama wa kitaifa. Vita vya Wenyewe kwa Wenyewe vya Guatemala vilidumu kutoka [[1962]] hadi 1996 na vilichochewa na ukosefu wa usawa wa kijamii, kiuchumi, na kisiasa. Inakadiriwa watu 250,000 waliuawa, wakiwemo desaparecidos 50,000, na mamia ya maelfu ya watu waliokimbia makazi yao, iwe kwa mikono ya vikosi vya jeshi au raia waliopewa silaha wanaojulikana kama Patrullas de Autodefensa Civil (Doria za Ulinzi wa Kiraia).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/pedro-garcia-arredondo/|title=Pedro García Arredondo|website=TrialInternational.org|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-21|archive-date=2019-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031031126/https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/pedro-garcia-arredondo/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hili liliwafanya watu wawe na woga kwani kuwaweka silaha raia, achilia mbali Wahindi, haikuwa jambo la kawaida sana huko [[Guatemala]] na, kwa kweli, ilikuwa haramu kulingana na katiba ya nchi hiyo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://ualberta.kanopy.com/product/rigoberta-menchu|title=Rigoberta Menchu {{!}} Kanopy|website=ualberta.kanopy.com|access-date=2019-11-21}}</ref><ref name=":28">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://ezpa.library.ualberta.ca/ezpAuthen.cgi?url=https://fod.infobase.com/p_ViewVideo.aspx?xtid=29180|title=University of Alberta Libraries|website=ezpa.library.ualberta.ca|access-date=2019-12-07}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{cite news|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/rigoberta-menchu-vindicated/|title=Rigoberta Menchú Vindicated|last=Grandin|first=Greg|work=The Nation|access-date=27 November 2017|archive-date=2019-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409230850/https://www.thenation.com/article/rigoberta-menchu-vindicated/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=expolicechiefconvicted>{{cite news|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2012/08/guatemala-former-police-chief-convicted-1980s-disappearance-case/|title=Guatemala: Former police chief convicted in 1980s disappearance case|publisher=Amnesty Intertional|date=2012-08-22|access-date=2022-01-18}}</ref><ref name=":26">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://multimedia.europarl.europa.eu/en/-iwd2019-rigoberta-menchu-tum_11110_pk|title=#IWD2019 –Rigoberta Menchú Tum|website=Multimedia Centre|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-10-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009221407/https://multimedia.europarl.europa.eu/en/-iwd2019-rigoberta-menchu-tum_11110_pk|archivedate=2019-10-09|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references />{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1959]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Guatemala]] [[Jamii:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Amani]] [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2025 in Tanzania]] c0mqc5sdx8mwxqqw6q2xer7gy2hq0o1 0 205068 1612560 1517865 2026-11-02T12:33:42Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Laura Mulvey''' (alizaliwa [[15 Agosti]] [[1941]]) ni mwananadharia wa filamu wa kifeministi wa Uingereza na mtengenezaji wa [[filamu]]. Alisoma katika Chuo cha St Hilda, Oxford. Kwa sasa ni profesa wa masomo ya filamu na vyombo vya habari katika Birkbeck, Chuo Kikuu cha [[London]]. Hapo awali alifundisha katika Chuo cha Bulmershe, Chuo cha Uchapishaji cha London, Chuo Kikuu cha East Anglia, na Taasisi ya Filamu ya [[Uingereza]].<ref>{{Rejea kitabu |last=Murphy |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kgn8DwAAQBAJ&dq=Laura+mulvey+august+1941&pg=PT1090 |title=Directors in British and Irish Cinema: A Reference Companion |date=2019-07-25 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-83871-532-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Staff for 2008–09: Laura Mulvey | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081230234736/http://www.wellesley.edu/NCH/personnel.html | archive-date = 30 December 2008 | url = http://www.wellesley.edu/NCH/personnel.html | website = wellesley.edu | publisher = Newhouse Center for the Humanities, [[Wellesley College]] }}</ref><ref name=Kolker-2004>{{cite book |url=http://www.digitalhumanities.org/companion/view?docId=blackwell/9781405103213/9781405103213.xml&chunk.id=ss1-4-7&toc.depth=1&toc.id=ss1-4-7&brand=default |last=Kolker |first=Robert |title=A Companion to Digital Humanities |chapter=Digital Media and the Analysis of Film |editor-last1=Schreibman |editor-first1=Susan |editor-last2=Siemens |editor-first2=Ray |editor-last3=Unsworth |editor-first3=John |date=2004 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |access-date=May 7, 2022 }}</ref><ref>Elsaesser, T., Hagener, M. (2010). Film Theory: An Introduction Through the Senses. New York: Routledge.</ref> Wakati wa mwaka wa masomo wa [[2008]]–09, Mulvey alikuwa Profesa wa Kutembelea wa Mary Cornille katika Sayansi za Kibinadamu katika Chuo cha Wellesley. Mulvey amepokea digrii tatu za heshima: mnamo 2006 Daktari wa Barua kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha East Anglia; mnamo [[2009]] Daktari wa Sheria kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Concordia; na mnamo [[2012]] Daktari wa Fasihi wa Bloomsday kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha [[Dublin]]. Mulvey anajulikana zaidi kwa insha yake, "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema," iliyoandikwa mnamo [[1973]] na kuchapishwa mnamo [[1975]] katika jarida la nadharia ya filamu la Uingereza lenye ushawishi "Screen." Baadaye ilionekana katika mkusanyiko wa insha zake zilizoitwa "Visual and Other Pleasures," pamoja na katika antholojia nyingine nyingi. Makala yake, ambayo iliathiriwa na nadharia za Sigmund Freud na Jacques Lacan, ni moja ya insha za kwanza za kimkakati ambazo zilisaidia kubadilisha mwelekeo wa nadharia ya [[filamu]] kuelekea mfumo wa uchanganuzi wa kisaikolojia. Kulingana na msomi wa filamu Robert Kolker, inabaki kuwa "jiwe la kugusa sio tu kwa masomo ya filamu, bali pia kwa uchambuzi wa sanaa na fasihi."<ref>Hines, S. (2018). Is Gender Fluid?: A Primer for the 21st Century. Thames & Hudson.</ref><ref>{{citation| last = Mulvey | first = Laura | contribution = Preface | editor-last = Mulvey | editor-first = Laura | title=Death 24 x a second: stillness and the moving image | page = 7 | publisher=Reaktion Books | location = London| year=2005 | isbn=9781861892638 | postscript = .}}</ref> Kabla ya Mulvey, wananadharia wa filamu kama Jean-Louis Baudry na Christian Metz walitumia mawazo ya uchanganuzi wa kisaikolojia katika akaunti zao za kinadharia za sinema. Hata hivyo, mchango wa Mulvey ulianzisha makutano ya nadharia ya filamu, uchanganuzi wa kisaikolojia na ufeministi. "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema" ilisaidia kuleta neno "male gaze" katika ukosoaji wa filamu na hatimaye katika lugha ya kawaida. Ilitumiwa kwanza na mkosoaji wa sanaa wa Kiingereza John Berger katika "Ways of Seeing," mfululizo wa filamu za [[BBC]] zilizorushwa hewani Januari [[1972]], na baadaye kitabu, kama sehemu ya uchambuzi wake wa [[matibabu]] ya uchi katika uchoraji wa Ulaya. Mulvey anasema kwamba ana nia ya kutumia dhana za Freud na Lacan kama "silaha ya kisiasa." Anatumia baadhi ya dhana zao kusema kwamba vifaa vya sinema vya sinema ya classical ya Hollywood bila shaka viliweka mtazamaji katika nafasi ya mhusika wa kiume, na sura ya mwanamke kwenye skrini kama kitu cha tamaa na "male gaze." Katika enzi ya sinema ya classical ya Hollywood, watazamaji walihimizwa kujihusisha na wahusika wakuu, ambao walikuwa na bado wengi wao ni wanaume. Wakati huo huo, wahusika wa wanawake wa Hollywood wa miaka ya 1950 na [[1960]] walikuwa, kulingana na Mulvey, wameandikwa na "to-be-looked-at-ness" wakati nafasi ya kamera na mtazamaji wa kiume walijumuisha "mchukuzi wa mtazamo." Mulvey anapendekeza njia mbili tofauti za mtazamo wa kiume wa enzi hii: "voyeuristic" (yaani, kumudu ona [[mwanamke]] kama picha "ya kutazamwa") na "fetishistic" (yaani, kumudu ona mwanamke kama mbadala wa "ukosefu," hofu ya kisaikolojia ya msingi ya kuhasiwa).<ref name="Possessive">{{citation| last = Mulvey | first = Laura | contribution = The possessive spectator | editor-last = Mulvey | editor-first = Laura | title=Death 24 x a second: stillness and the moving image | page = 161 | publisher=Reaktion Books | location = London| year=2005 | isbn=9781861892638 | postscript = .}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Rejea kitabu|title=Women Writing and Writing about Women|last=Jacobus|first=Mary|year=1978}}</ref> Ili kuelezea kuvutiwa kwa sinema ya Hollywood, Mulvey anatumia dhana ya scopophilia. Dhana hii ilianzishwa kwanza na Sigmund Freud katika "''Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality''" ([[1905]]) na inarejelea raha inayopatikana kutokana na kutazama pamoja na raha inayopatikana kutokana na kutazamwa, silika mbili za msingi za kibinadamu katika mtazamo wa Freud. Asili yake ni ya kijinsia, dhana ya scopophilia ina sauti za voyeuristic, exhibitionistic na narcissistic na ndiyo inayoweka umakini wa watazamaji wa kiume kwenye skrini. Kulingana na Anneke Smelik, Profesa wa Idara ya Lugha za Kisasa na Tamaduni katika Chuo Kikuu cha Radboud, sinema ya kitamaduni inahimiza tamaa ya kina ya kutazama kupitia kujumuishwa kwa miundo ya voyeurism na narcissism katika simulizi na picha ya filamu. Kuhusu sauti ya narcissistic ya scopophilia, raha ya kuona ya narcissistic inaweza kutokea kutokana na kujitambua na picha. Katika mtazamo wa Mulvey, [[Watazamaji (filamu)|watazamaji]] wa kiume hupitisha mtazamo wao, na hivyo wao wenyewe, kwenye wahusika wakuu wa kiume. Kwa njia hii, watazamaji wa kiume wanakuja kumiliki mwanamke kwenye skrini kwa njia isiyo ya moja kwa moja pia. Zaidi ya hayo, Mulvey anachunguza dhana ya scopophilia kuhusiana na mhimili mbili: moja ya shughuli na moja ya kutokuwa na shughuli. "Tofauti hii ya binari ina jinsia." Wahusika wa kiume wanaonekana kama wenye shughuli na nguvu: wamepewa uwezo wa kumudu fanya na simulizi linazunguka karibu nao. Kwa upande mwingine, [[wanawake]] wanawasilishwa kama wasio na shughuli na wasio na nguvu: wao ni vitu vya tamaa vinavyokuwepo tu kwa raha ya wanaume, na hivyo wanawake wanawekwa katika jukumu la maonyesho. Mtazamo huu unaendelezwa zaidi katika jamii ya kifalme isiyo na fahamu.<ref name="visual">{{cite journal | last = Mulvey | first = Laura | title = Visual pleasure and narrative cinema | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_screen_autumn-1975_16_3/page/6 | journal = [[Screen (journal)|Screen]] | volume = 16 | issue = 3 | pages = 6–18 | doi = 10.1093/screen/16.3.6 | date = Autumn 1975 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Rejea kitabu|title=The British Avant-Garde Film, 1926–1995: An Anthology of Writings|last=O'Pray|first=Michael|publisher=University of Luton Press|year=1996|isbn=978-1860200045|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/britishavantgard0000unse}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/566978/|title=BFI Screenonline: Mulvey, Laura (1941–) Biography|website=screenonline.org.uk|access-date=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830195043/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/566978/|archivedate=2017-08-30|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1941]] [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2025 in Tanzania]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Uingereza]] b3i8uaf0m9y8i30eex08yn5gv9k2c1l 0 205158 1612597 1518719 2026-11-02T15:59:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612597 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tafsiri kompyuta}} '''Maboula Soumahoro''' (alizaliwa [[1976]]) ni mwanazuoni wa [[Ufaransa]] na [[mwanafeministi]] wa Kiafrika ambaye wazazi wake walikuja Ufaransa kutoka [[Ivory Coast]] mwishoni mwa miaka ya [[1960]]. Profesa mshiriki katika idara ya Kiingereza ya Chuo Kikuu cha Tours, yeye ni mtaalamu wa masomo ya diaspora ya Afro-American na amechapisha karatasi kuhusu Rastafari. Mchangiaji katika kamati ya Ufaransa kuhusu historia ya utumwa ''(Comité national pour la mémoire et l'histoire de l'esclavage)'', Soumahoro alizindua toleo la Kifaransa la Mwezi wa Historia ya Watu Weusi mnamo 2011. Mnamo 2020, alichapisha ''Le triangle et l'hexagone'' akichochewa na uzoefu wake mwenyewe kama Mfaransa Mweusi].<ref name=nr>{{cite web|url=https://www.lanouvellerepublique.fr/actu/maboula-soumahoro-un-melting-pot-a-elle-toute-seule|title=Maboula Soumahoro : un melting-pot à elle toute seule|author=Barnéoud, Brigitte|publisher=la Nouvelle République|date=27 April 2017|accessdate=8 February 2022|language=fr|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107015005/https://www.lanouvellerepublique.fr/actu/maboula-soumahoro-un-melting-pot-a-elle-toute-seule|archivedate=2017-11-07|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=cf>{{cite web|url=https://camargofoundation.org/apply/selection-committees/2020/maboula-soumahoro/|title=Maboula Soumahoro|publisher=Camargo Foundation|accessdate=8 February 2022 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://recreetoi.com/le-triangle-et-lhexagone|title=" Le Triangle et l’Hexagone – Réflexions sur une identité noire "|author=Léglise, Amandine|publisher=recreetoi.com|date=27 July 2021|accessdate=8 February 2022 |language=fr}}</ref> == Wasifu == Alizaliwa tarehe 3 Februari 1976 huko Paris, Maboula Soumahoro alikuwa mtoto wa sita kati ya watoto saba wa familia hiyo. Mwislamu mwenye asili ya Ivory Coast, baada ya kukaa utotoni huko Ivory Coast, alihamia Ufaransa ambapo yeye na ndugu zake walilelewa katika wilaya ya wafanyikazi wa Le Kremlin-Bicêtre.<ref name=nr/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cases-rebelles.org/etre-noire-ca-peut-etre-aussi-vaste-que-le-monde/|title=" Être noir.e ça peut être aussi vaste que le monde " avec Maboula SOUMAHORO|publisher=Cases Rebelles|date=October 2015|accessdate=9 February 2022 |language=fr}}</ref> Baada ya kufanya vyema shuleni, alisoma Kiingereza katika Chuo Kikuu cha Paris-East Créteil ambako aliendelea kupata shahada ya uzamili mwaka wa [[1999]] kwa tasnifu ya ''The Creation of the State of Liberia''. <ref name=cdd>{{cite web|url=http://www.applis.univ-tours.fr/theses/2008/maboula.soumahoro_2088.pdf|title=La Couleur de Dieu? Regards croisés sur la Nation d'Islam et le rastafarisme 1930–1950|author=Soumahoro, Maboula|publisher=Université François - Rabelais de Tours|accessdate=9 February 2022 |language=fr}}</ref> Akiwa katika Chuo Kikuu cha Pierre na [[Marie Curie]], alipata ufadhili wa kusoma kwa mwaka mmoja katika Chuo Kikuu cha Columbia, New York, ambako baadaye alirudi kufundisha. Mnamo 2008, alipata udaktari kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Tours na thesis yenye jina ''La Couleur de Dieu? Regards croisés sur la Nation d'Islam et le rastafarisme'' [[1930]]-[[1950]] (Rangi ya Mungu? Mielekeo inayoingiliana juu ya Taifa la [[Uislamu]] na Urastafarini: 1930-1950). Kwa miaka mingi, Soumahoro amebobea katika Masomo ya Kiafrika na Diaspora, akifanya utafiti na kazi za kufundisha katika vyuo vikuu nchini Marekani na Ufaransa, vikiwemo Chuo cha Bennington, Chuo cha Barnard, Chuo Kikuu cha Stanford (Paris) na Sayansi Po. Amekuwa mwanachama hai wa kamati ya Ufaransa kuhusu historia ya utumwa na mwaka wa 2011 alianzisha toleo la Kifaransa la Mwezi wa Historia ya Weusi ambalo anaongoza. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dapper.fr/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/308.pdf|title=Black History Month: Journées Africana |publisher=Association Black History Month|date=2016|accessdate=9 February 2022 |language=fr}}</ref> Mnamo [[2020]], alichapisha Le triangle et l'hexagone akichochewa na uzoefu wake kama Muislamu Mweusi Mfaransa mwenye kupinga ubaguzi wa rangi. Imetafsiriwa kwa Kiingereza kama ''Black Is the Journey, Africana the Name''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20210222-defining-and-celebrating-blackness-in-the-face-of-french-universalism|title=Defining and celebrating blackness in the face of French universalism|author=Elzas, Sarah|publisher=rfi|date=22 February 2021|accessdate=9 February 2022 |language=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.powells.com/book/black-is-the-journey-africana-the-name-9781509548323|title=Black Is the Journey, Africana the Name|publisher=Polity Press|date=2 February 2022|accessdate=9 February 2022|isbn=9781509548323 |language=}}</ref> == Kazi == * Msomi na mwandishi wa Ufaransa<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Maboula Soumahoro {{!}} Bennington College |url=https://www.bennington.edu/academics/faculty/maboula-soumahoro |access-date=2023-02-15 |website=www.bennington.edu}}</ref> * Profesa Mshiriki katika Idara ya Kiingereza ya Chuo Kikuu cha Tours<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Maboula Soumahoro {{!}} Villa Albertine |url=https://villa-albertine.org/residents/maboula-soumahoro |access-date=2023-02-15 |website=villa-albertine.org |language=en}}</ref> * Mwenyekiti na mwanzilishi mwenza wa Muungano wa Mwezi wa Historia Weusi mwaka wa [[2013]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Maboula Soumahoro {{!}} Villa Albertine |url=https://villa-albertine.org/residents/maboula-soumahoro |access-date=2023-02-15 |website=villa-albertine.org |language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanafeministi]] [[Jamii:Feminism and Folklore 2025 in Tanzania]] auc0s8l2re42dynqrs0hnfe3fhedam5 4 208508 1612577 1612500 2026-11-02T15:12:28Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1612577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-11-02) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 65 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 70 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-11-02)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 385 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 567 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2371 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 551 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 334 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 322 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 149 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 164 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 279 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.37 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 328 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 165 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 181 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 6.52 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 294 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 130 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 6.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 323 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Norwei]] | 5.77 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 130 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.53 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 517 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 204 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 244 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 196 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 228 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 248 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 178 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 263 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.07 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 236 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Udeni]] | 4.00 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.85 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 169 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.81 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 210 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 3.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Nepal]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 240 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.21 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 286 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 169 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Bhutan]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Nchi iliyoendelea]] | 2.27 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 179 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 174 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34954 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 19348 || ↓ -19.2% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 200.9 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 111.2 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2371 || ↓ -26.2% |- | 2 || [[Kenya]] || 567 || ↓ -16.9% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 551 || ↓ -19.3% |- | 4 || [[Korea Kusini]] || 517 || ↑ +18.6% |- | 5 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 385 || ↓ -21.1% |- | 6 || [[Burundi]] || 328 || ↓ -21.3% |- | 7 || [[Uingereza]] || 323 || ↓ -15.9% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 322 || ↓ -21.7% |- | 9 || [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] || 294 || ↓ -6.4% |- | 10 || [[Komori]] || 286 || ↓ -18.8% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 489 || 38.9% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 362 || 28.8% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 168 || 13.4% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 96 || 7.6% |- | 5 || [[User:Iepsep43|Iepsep43]] || 12 || 1.0% |- | 6 || [[User:Pristome|Pristome]] || 10 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 9 || 0.7% |- | 8 || [[User:Score Beethoven|Score Beethoven]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 9 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 10 || [[User:Àncilu|Àncilu]] || 7 || 0.6% |- |} o6tjsce10hfh48cej350cq2luocakd3 1612581 1612577 2026-11-02T15:22:07Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1612581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-11-02) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 65 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 70 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-11-02)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 385 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 567 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2371 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 551 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 334 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 322 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 149 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 164 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 279 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.37 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 328 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 163 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 165 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 181 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 6.52 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 294 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 130 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 6.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 323 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Norwei]] | 5.77 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 130 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.53 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 517 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 204 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 85 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 244 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 196 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 228 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 248 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 154 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 178 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 263 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 70 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 102 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 137 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 139 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.07 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 236 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Udeni]] | 4.00 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.85 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 118 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 169 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.81 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 116 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 210 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 3.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Nepal]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 82 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 240 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 79 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 105 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 115 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 64 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 140 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.21 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 286 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 104 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 107 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 169 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Eire]] | 2.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 26 |- | [[Bhutan]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 129 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 39 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 56 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 156 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Nchi iliyoendelea]] | 2.27 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 75 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 179 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 37 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 83 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 28 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 174 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 35117 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 19407 || ↓ -19.1% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 201.8 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 111.5 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2371 || ↓ -26.2% |- | 2 || [[Kenya]] || 567 || ↓ -16.9% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 551 || ↓ -19.3% |- | 4 || [[Korea Kusini]] || 517 || ↑ +18.6% |- | 5 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 385 || ↓ -21.1% |- | 6 || [[Burundi]] || 328 || ↓ -21.3% |- | 7 || [[Uingereza]] || 323 || ↓ -15.9% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 322 || ↓ -21.7% |- | 9 || [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] || 294 || ↓ -6.4% |- | 10 || [[Komori]] || 286 || ↓ -18.8% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 489 || 38.8% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 364 || 28.9% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 168 || 13.3% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 97 || 7.7% |- | 5 || [[User:Iepsep43|Iepsep43]] || 12 || 1.0% |- | 6 || [[User:Pristome|Pristome]] || 10 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 9 || 0.7% |- | 8 || [[User:Score Beethoven|Score Beethoven]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 9 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 10 || [[User:Àncilu|Àncilu]] || 7 || 0.6% |- |} tvpnplrnoj51oly10fb1yehtb3m4qb4 1612641 1612581 2026-11-03T00:48:05Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 CAQI Bot updated with page views column 1612641 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-11-03) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 65 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 70 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-11-03)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 363 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 538 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2316 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 535 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 323 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 316 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 265 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.37 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 328 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 159 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 171 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 6.52 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 272 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 6.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 312 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Norwei]] | 5.77 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.53 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 466 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 200 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 234 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 190 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 224 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 244 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 165 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 250 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 130 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 132 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.07 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 223 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Udeni]] | 4.00 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.85 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 166 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.81 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 3.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Nepal]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 227 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.21 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 262 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 166 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Irelandi]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Bhutan]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Nchi iliyoendelea]] | 2.27 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 179 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 174 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 35117 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 19407 || ↓ -19.1% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 201.8 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 111.5 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2371 || ↓ -26.2% |- | 2 || [[Kenya]] || 567 || ↓ -16.9% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 551 || ↓ -19.3% |- | 4 || [[Korea Kusini]] || 517 || ↑ +18.6% |- | 5 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 385 || ↓ -21.1% |- | 6 || [[Burundi]] || 328 || ↓ -21.3% |- | 7 || [[Uingereza]] || 323 || ↓ -15.9% |- | 8 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 322 || ↓ -21.7% |- | 9 || [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] || 294 || ↓ -6.4% |- | 10 || [[Komori]] || 286 || ↓ -18.8% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 489 || 38.8% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 364 || 28.9% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 168 || 13.3% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 97 || 7.7% |- | 5 || [[User:Iepsep43|Iepsep43]] || 12 || 1.0% |- | 6 || [[User:Pristome|Pristome]] || 10 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 9 || 0.7% |- | 8 || [[User:Score Beethoven|Score Beethoven]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 9 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 10 || [[User:Àncilu|Àncilu]] || 7 || 0.6% |- |} qfzz1fxolbrxax89354qh753033iv6h 1612642 1612641 2026-11-03T00:49:46Z Gayle-Bot 78697 Sasisha Takwimu za mradi 1612642 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|WP:Mradi/Nchi|maelezo kuhusu nchi|nchi}} {{Kigezo:Mradi/Nchi}} == Yaliyomo == <div style="margin: 1em 0; background-color:#E0F8E0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 2px; border-left: 5px solid #a2a9b1; line-height: 1.6;"> Kuna mradi mpya wa kujadili majina ya makala za nchi katika Kiswahili. Ili kushiriki, angalia [[WP:Mradi wa Nchi/Majina ya Nchi]]. [[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|<div style="display: inline; font-family: 'Georgia', serif; color: #4A90E2;">'''<i>Gayle157^2.0</i>'''</div>]] ([[Mtumiaji:Gayle157|Mtumiaji]]) 13:46, 14 Mei 2026 (UTC) </div> == Mwongozo == ===Sanduku/Jedwali la taarifa=== '''Sanduku la taarifa''' kwa kawaida huonekana kando ya makala katika mwonekano wa [[kompyuta]], ilhali katika mwonekano wa simu huenda likaonekana baada ya aya ya kwanza ya utangulizi. Hutoa muhtasari mfupi wa mambo muhimu kuhusu nchi na husaidia wasomaji kuelewa kwa haraka taarifa muhimu zaidi. Katika [[Wikipedia ya Kiswahili]], sanduku la taarifa la kawaida linalotumiwa kwa makala za nchi ni '''<nowiki>{{Jedwali la nchi}}</nowiki>'''. Ni muhimu kujumuisha [[tarehe]] na marejeo kwa data zote za kihalisi ili masasisho yaweze kufanywa kwa urahisi na kwa usahihi. Sanduku la taarifa linapaswa kuwa na angalau vigezo 20 pale inapowezekana. ===Utangulizi=== {{Main|Wikipedia:Sehemu ya Utangulizi}} Sehemu hii hutoa muhtasari wa jumla wa nchi na kufupisha mambo makuu yanayoshughulikiwa katika makala. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu zifuatazo: ====Aya ya Utangulizi==== Hii ndiyo aya ya kwanza ya makala. Inapaswa kuwa na maelezo muhimu zaidi, kama vile [[jina rasmi]], nchi jirani, idadi ya watu, ukubwa wa eneo la [[jiografia|kijiografia]], jiji kubwa zaidi, [[mji mkuu]], na [[lugha rasmi]]. Huenda pia ikajumuisha maelezo mafupi kuhusu kile ambacho nchi hiyo inajulikana nacho. Aya ya mwanzo inapaswa kuwa wazi, rahisi, na iliyoandikwa vizuri, na kwa kawaida inapaswa kuwa na ukubwa wa takribani baiti 500 hadi 800. Mfano: </br> {{Blockquote| '''Kanada''', ni [[nchi]] iliyoko katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]]. Inapakana na [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] mashariki, [[Bahari ya Pasifiki]] magharibi, [[Bahari ya Aktiki]] kaskazini, na [[Marekani]] bara kusini. Kanada ina idadi ya wakazi takriban milioni 41 mwaka 2025 na kuwa ya 37 duniani kwa idadi ya watu, huku ikiwa na eneo la pili kubwa zaidi duniani baada ya [[Urusi]]. Mji mkuu ni [[Ottawa]], na jiji kubwa zaidi ni [[Toronto]], likifuatiwa na [[Montreal]] na [[Vancouver]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kiingereza]] na [[Kifaransa]], na Kanada inajulikana kwa msitu na maziwa yake mengi, mfumo wa [[siasa|kisiasa]] wa [[demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] wa kifederali, utofauti wa [[Utamaduni|kitamaduni]], viwango vya juu vya maisha, na kuwa miongoni mwa mataifa tajiri na yenye ushawishi mkubwa duniani.}} ====Aya zinazofuata==== Aya hizi zinapaswa kuendelea kufupisha nchi kwa kuzungumzia kwa ufupi mada kama [[historia]], [[jiografia]], [[uchumi]], [[siasa]], na maendeleo ya sasa. Zinapaswa kubaki fupi na zenye taarifa muhimu, bila kuwa ndefu kupita kiasi. Kwa hakika, kunapaswa kuwa na angalau aya mbili na zisizozidi nne katika sehemu ya utangulizi ili kudumisha usomaji rahisi na kuboresha urambazaji. Hakuna picha zinazopaswa kuwekwa katika sehemu hii. ===Mwili=== Hii ndiyo sehemu kuu ya makala na ina taarifa za kina kuhusu nchi. Kwa kawaida hugawanywa katika sehemu kuu zilizopangwa kwa mpangilio wa kimantiki. Mwili unapaswa kuwa na maudhui ya kutosha ili kuwa na manufaa, lakini haupaswi kuwa mrefu kupita kiasi au kumchosha msomaji. Picha zinazohusiana zinaweza kuongezwa katika kila sehemu ili kuboresha uwazi na uwasilishaji. ====Asili ya jina==== Sehemu hii inaeleza chanzo na maana ya jina la nchi. ====Historia==== Hii kwa kawaida ndiyo sehemu kuu ya kwanza ya mwili na inashughulikia matukio makuu ya kihistoria ya nchi. Inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu ndogo kama vile historia ya awali, historia ya mwanzo, kipindi cha ukoloni, uhuru, na kuundwa kwa taifa la kisasa. ====Jiografia==== Sehemu hii ina taarifa kuhusu sifa za kijiografia za nchi, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[topografia]], [[hali ya hewa]], mifumo ya maji, maeneo asilia, na sifa nyingine za kijiografia. Husaidia wasomaji kuelewa mahali nchi ilipo na mazingira yake ya asili. ====Demografia==== Sehemu hii inawasilisha taarifa za kitakwimu kuhusu idadi ya watu. Huenda ikajumuisha [[Kabila]], [[dini]], [[lugha]], usambazaji wa watu, miji, na data nyingine zinazohusiana. ====Uchumi==== Sehemu hii inaeleza hali ya kiuchumi ya nchi, katika historia na wakati wa sasa. Huenda ikahusu [[Pato la taifa]] (GDP), ukuaji wa uchumi, ajira, [[umaskini]], [[viwanda]], [[biashara]], na vyanzo vikuu vya mapato. ====Serikali na siasa==== Sehemu hii inaeleza mfumo wa sasa wa kisiasa na muundo wa serikali ya nchi. Huenda pia ikajadili aina za awali za serikali, historia ya kisiasa, na changamoto kuu za kisiasa. ====Utamaduni==== Sehemu hii inashughulikia maisha ya kitamaduni ya nchi, ikijumuisha [[mila]], [[chakula|vyakula]], [[muziki]], [[fasihi]], [[sanaa]], [[dini]], na alama za kitaifa. ====Tazama pia==== Sehemu hii ina viungo vya makala zinazohusiana na mada husika. ====Marejeo==== Sehemu hii inaorodhesha vyanzo vilivyotumiwa katika makala. Huenda ikajumuisha nukuu za marejeo, bibliografia, na usomaji zaidi inapofaa. ====Viungo vya nje==== Sehemu hii hutoa viungo vya tovuti rasmi na nyenzo nyingine za nje zilizoaminika zinazohusiana na nchi hiyo. == Makala == {{Chati ya duara | caption= CAQI (2026-11-03) | label1 = Makala Bora | value1 = 7 | color1= green | label2 = Makala Nzuri | value2 = 9 | color2= yellow | label3 = Makala Msingi | value3 = 65 | color3= orange | label4 = Makala ya Chini | value4 = 70 | color4= lightblue | label5 = Mbegu | value5 = 26 | color5= red }} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nchi ! CAQI (2026-11-03)<br /> ! Mitazamo (siku 30)<br /> |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:green" | Makala Bora |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] | 9.56 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 363 |- | [[Kenya]] | 9.44 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 538 |- | [[Tanzania]] | 9.17 | style="background-color:#006400; color:white" | 2316 |- | [[Ghana]] | 8.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Marekani]] | 8.76 | style="background-color:#3CB371; color:white" | 535 |- | [[Jumuiya ya Afrika Mashariki|EAC]] | 8.25 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 323 |- | [[Afrika Kusini]] | 8.10 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 316 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:yellow" | Makala Nzuri |- | [[Hispania]] | 7.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 144 |- | [[Ethiopia]] | 7.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 238 |- | [[Irani]] | 7.62 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 161 |- | [[Urusi]] | 7.54 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 265 |- | [[Burundi]] | 7.37 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 328 |- | [[Sudan Kusini]] | 7.28 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 158 |- | [[Nigeria]] | 7.26 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 159 |- | [[Australia]] | 7.15 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 123 |- | [[Somalia]] | 7.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 93 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:orange" | Makala Msingi |- | [[Senegal]] | 6.90 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Ufaransa]] | 6.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 171 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] | 6.52 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 272 |- | [[Italia]] | 6.23 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 119 |- | [[Uingereza]] | 6.15 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 312 |- | [[Falme za Kiarabu]] | 6.08 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 135 |- | [[Laos]] | 5.96 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Norwei]] | 5.77 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 125 |- | [[Korea Kusini]] | 5.53 | style="background-color:#90EE90; color:black" | 466 |- | [[Rwanda]] | 5.49 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 200 |- | [[Korea Kaskazini]] | 5.44 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 87 |- | [[Mali]] | 5.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 81 |- | [[Ufini]] | 5.20 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 69 |- | [[Uswisi]] | 5.17 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Israeli]] | 5.15 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 234 |- | [[Ufalme wa Muungano]] | 5.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Cabo Verde]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Zambia]] | 4.89 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 101 |- | [[Ujerumani]] | 4.83 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 190 |- | [[Niger]] | 4.79 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Misri]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 224 |- | [[Uganda]] | 4.78 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 244 |- | [[Afghanistan]] | 4.70 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Shelisheli]] | 4.68 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 152 |- | [[Japani]] | 4.66 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 165 |- | [[San Marino]] | 4.63 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Chad]] | 4.59 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Austria]] | 4.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Kamerun]] | 4.48 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 61 |- | [[Uturuki]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 250 |- | [[Vatikani]] | 4.42 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Gine Bisau]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Ukraini]] | 4.41 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Sudan]] | 4.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Uswidi]] | 4.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Uholanzi]] | 4.26 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Kanada]] | 4.17 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 130 |- | [[Kamboja]] | 4.14 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Moroko]] | 4.13 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 132 |- | [[Uhindi]] | 4.07 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 223 |- | [[Malawi]] | 4.05 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Udeni]] | 4.00 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Pakistani]] | 3.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 43 |- | [[Ubelgiji]] | 3.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Burkina Faso]] | 3.85 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Madagaska]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 166 |- | [[Ugiriki]] | 3.84 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 108 |- | [[Bulgaria]] | 3.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 74 |- | [[Vietnam]] | 3.81 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Ureno]] | 3.79 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 112 |- | [[Isilandi]] | 3.77 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Msumbiji]] | 3.76 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 203 |- | [[Aljeria]] | 3.73 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 51 |- | [[Vanuatu]] | 3.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Kazakhstan]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 91 |- | [[Malta]] | 3.65 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 32 |- | [[Indonesia]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 98 |- | [[Nepal]] | 3.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Singapuri]] | 3.63 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Sierra Leone]] | 3.62 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 227 |- | [[Papua Guinea Mpya]] | 3.61 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Eritrea]] | 3.60 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 100 |- | [[Uthai]] | 3.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Angola]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 113 |- | [[Hong Kong]] | 3.52 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 57 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:lightblue" | Makala ya Chini |- | [[Fiji]] | 3.46 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Ufalme wa Udeni]] | 3.44 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Palestina]] | 3.43 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 136 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]] | 3.38 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Syria]] | 3.35 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 63 |- | [[Latvia]] | 3.30 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Myanmar]] | 3.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Botswana]] | 3.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 86 |- | [[Komori]] | 3.21 | style="background-color:#C8E6C9; color:black" | 262 |- | [[Liberia]] | 3.16 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Eswatini]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 89 |- | [[Morisi]] | 3.11 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 103 |- | [[Jibuti]] | 3.09 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 77 |- | [[Omani]] | 3.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Polandi]] | 3.03 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Zimbabwe]] | 3.02 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 96 |- | [[Kosovo]] | 2.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Benin]] | 2.93 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Brunei]] | 2.92 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 143 |- | [[Qatar]] | 2.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Saudia]] | 2.90 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 166 |- | [[Gine ya Ikweta]] | 2.89 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 73 |- | [[Lesotho]] | 2.88 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 92 |- | [[Nyuzilandi]] | 2.86 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 41 |- | [[Hungaria]] | 2.84 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 35 |- | [[Irelandi]] | 2.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 9 |- | [[Liechtenstein]] | 2.78 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Bhutan]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Gabon]] | 2.74 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 78 |- | [[Azerbaijan]] | 2.69 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 66 |- | [[Kroatia]] | 2.68 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Slovenia]] | 2.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Namibia]] | 2.65 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 126 |- | [[Tunisia]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 53 |- | [[Ufilipino]] | 2.64 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 94 |- | [[Kodivaa]] | 2.60 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 38 |- | [[Jamhuri ya China]] | 2.54 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Moldova]] | 2.52 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 20 |- | [[Bahrain]] | 2.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 48 |- | [[Luxemburg]] | 2.49 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 33 |- | [[Masedonia Kaskazini]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Yordani]] | 2.48 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 109 |- | [[Mongolia]] | 2.42 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Belarus]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 42 |- | [[Serbia]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Turkmenistan]] | 2.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Gambia]] | 2.39 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 59 |- | [[Iraki]] | 2.37 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 68 |- | [[Timor ya Mashariki]] | 2.34 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 21 |- | [[Tuvalu]] | 2.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | [[Sri Lanka]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Yemen]] | 2.32 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 153 |- | [[Andorra]] | 2.30 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 17 |- | [[Nchi iliyoendelea]] | 2.27 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 6 |- | [[Kirgizia]] | 2.26 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Romania]] | 2.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Sao Tome na Principe]] | 2.23 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 34 |- | [[Bangladesh]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 76 |- | [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 65 |- | [[Libya]] | 2.22 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 72 |- | [[Armenia]] | 2.19 | style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black" | 179 |- | [[Welisi]] | 2.14 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Ucheki]] | 2.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 36 |- | [[Sahara ya Magharibi]] | 2.10 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Uzbekistan]] | 2.09 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Kuwait]] | 2.07 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 47 |- | [[Malaysia]] | 2.06 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 80 |- | [[Kupro]] | 2.04 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 71 |- | [[Maldivi]] | 2.02 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 27 |- | colspan="3" style="background-color:red" | Mbegu |- | [[Visiwa vya Cook]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Montenegro]] | 1.99 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 54 |- | [[Nauru]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 52 |- | [[Ossetia Kusini]] | 1.98 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Togo]] | 1.95 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 55 |- | [[Albania]] | 1.92 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 44 |- | [[Mauritania]] | 1.91 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 58 |- | [[Samoa]] | 1.82 | style="background-color:#FF4444; color:white" | 67 |- | [[Jiko la ardhini]] | 1.80 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 8 |- | [[Georgia]] | 1.72 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 49 |- | [[Polynesia ya Kifaransa]] | 1.71 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 13 |- | [[Lituanya]] | 1.69 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 30 |- | [[Gine]] | 1.67 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 40 |- | [[Niue]] | 1.66 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 45 |- | [[Abkhazia]] | 1.58 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 12 |- | [[Tajikistan]] | 1.55 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 46 |- | [[Palau]] | 1.53 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 10 |- | [[Visiwa vya Solomon]] | 1.51 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 25 |- | [[Gibraltar]] | 1.41 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Estonia]] | 1.40 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 23 |- | [[Kiribati]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 24 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana ya Kaskazini]] | 1.38 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 15 |- | [[Samoa ya Marekani]] | 1.36 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 19 |- | [[Slovakia]] | 1.33 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |- | [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] | 1.25 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 7 |- | [[Tonga]] | 1.11 | style="background-color:#8B0000; color:white" | 22 |} ==Takwimu== ===Takwimu za Jumla=== {| class="wikitable" ! Vipimo !! Jumla !! Mabadiliko |- | Jumla ya Makala || 174 || — |- | Jumla ya Hariri (siku zote) || 34959 || — |- | Jumla ya Mitazamo (siku 30) || 18584 || ↓ -21.8% |- | Wastani wa Hariri kwa Makala || 200.9 || — |- | Wastani wa Mitazamo kwa Makala || 106.8 || — |} ===Makala 10 Zilizotazamwa Zaidi (siku 30)=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Nafasi !! Makala !! Mitazamo !! Mabadiliko |- | 1 || [[Tanzania]] || 2316 || ↓ -27.7% |- | 2 || [[Kenya]] || 538 || ↓ -22.0% |- | 3 || [[Marekani]] || 535 || ↓ -18.6% |- | 4 || [[Korea Kusini]] || 466 || ↓ -3.5% |- | 5 || [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] || 363 || ↓ -25.9% |- | 6 || [[Burundi]] || 328 || ↓ -20.6% |- | 7 || [[Afrika Kusini]] || 316 || ↓ -23.3% |- | 8 || [[Uingereza]] || 312 || ↓ -17.9% |- | 9 || [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] || 272 || ↓ -12.8% |- | 10 || [[Urusi]] || 265 || ↓ -31.5% |- |} ====Wahariri==== Wahariri kuu wa Mradi wa Nchi wa Wikipedia (siku 365) {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Namba !! Jina !! Hariri !! Asilimia |- | 1 || [[User:Gayle157|Gayle157]] || 489 || 38.7% |- | 2 || [[User:Gayle-Bot|Gayle-Bot]] || 362 || 28.7% |- | 3 || [[User:InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] || 168 || 13.3% |- | 4 || [[User:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] || 96 || 7.6% |- | 5 || [[User:Iepsep43|Iepsep43]] || 12 || 1.0% |- | 6 || [[User:Pristome|Pristome]] || 10 || 0.8% |- | 7 || [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] || 9 || 0.7% |- | 8 || [[User:Score Beethoven|Score Beethoven]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 9 || [[User:That Js Not Dead|That Js Not Dead]] || 8 || 0.6% |- | 10 || [[User:Àncilu|Àncilu]] || 7 || 0.6% |- |} etp0hd9tl1pzlqux8ocett6pap8fo4n 0 216981 1612582 1518658 2026-11-02T15:25:22Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612582 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Léonie Claudine Lougué Sorgho''' alikuwa Waziri wa Afya wa [[Burkina Faso]] kutoka 2019 hadi 2021.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/team/leonie-claudine-lougue-sorgho|title=Leonie Claudine Lougué Sorgho &#124; Minister of Health, Burkina Faso; GFF Investors Group Co-chair|website=blogs.worldbank.org|accessdate=2025-11-07|archive-date=2023-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211162915/https://blogs.worldbank.org/team/leonie-claudine-lougue-sorgho|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.globalfinancingfacility.org/global-financing-facility-welcomes-new-co-chairs-investors-group|title=The Global Financing Facility Welcomes New Co-Chairs to Investors Group &#124; Global Financing Facility|website=www.globalfinancingfacility.org}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://afrique.latribune.fr/politique/2019-01-24/burkina-faso-le-nouveau-premier-ministre-a-forme-son-gouvernement-liste-805066.html|title=Burkina Faso : le nouveau Premier ministre a formé son gouvernement [Liste]|website=La Tribune}}</ref> Lougué Sorgho ana shahada ya [[Daktari]] wa Tiba kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Cheikh Anta Diop huko [[Dakar]] na Cheti cha Masomo Maalum katika Radiolojia na Upigaji Picha wa Tiba kutoka Kituo cha Kimataifa cha Mafunzo ya Waradiolojia katika [[Afrika]] Nyeusi ya Kifaransa (CIFRAF) kilichoko Chuo Kikuu cha Taifa cha [[Ivory Coast]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sante.gov.bf/ministere/ministre | title=Le Ministre | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251117192544/https://www.sante.gov.bf/ministere/ministre | archivedate=2025-11-17 | accessdate=2025-11-07 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.sante.gov.bf/ministere/ministre|title=La Ministre|website=Ministère de la santé|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251117192544/https://www.sante.gov.bf/ministere/ministre|archivedate=2025-11-17|accessdate=2025-11-07|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD||}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Burkina Faso]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Burkina Faso]] nqqbvoa5bkzmivmwnnc6to38k3qpnrj 0 218256 1612603 1519017 2026-11-02T17:00:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612603 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:KOS San Giovanni Rotondo.jpg|thumb|Hospitali iliyojengwa na Padre Pio, "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", yaani "Nyumba ya Kutuliza Maumivu".]] '''Makundi ya Sala''' ni mikusanyiko ya [[Kanisa Katoliki|Wakatoliki]] waliovutiwa na [[Upadri|padre]] [[Pio wa Pietrelcina]], [[Wakapuchini|O.F.M.Cap.]], na [[utume]] wake kwa ajili ya [[Binadamu|watu]] wenye [[maumivu]] kupitia [[hospitali]] ya kisasa aliyoianzisha huko [[San Giovanni Rotondo]], [[Foggia]], [[Italia Kusini]]<ref name=groups>{{Rejea jarida|url=https://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI10288915/|title=Prayer In Context: A Micro Sociological Analysis of Religious Practice|author=Christopher Stawski|website=University of Pennsylvania|pages=98–111|year=2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323190839/https://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI10288915/|archive-date=2023-03-23|access-date=2025-12-13|url-status=dead}}</ref>. [[Katiba]] ya makundi hayo ilitolewa [[mwaka]] [[1951]] ikabadilishwa mwaka [[1986]]. Kufikia mwaka [[2018]] makundi hayo yalikuwa 3,341 nchini [[Italia]] na 727 katika nchi nyingine 58, hasa [[Ufaransa]], [[Eire]] na [[Marekani]]. ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} ==Vyanzo== * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Allegri |first=Renzo |url=https://archive.org/details/padrepiomanofhop0000alle|title=Padre Pio: a man of hope|date=2000|publisher=Ann Arbor|isbn=9781569551387|oclc=1342142594}} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Carty |first=Charles Mortimer |title=Padre Pio: the stigmatist |date=1994 |isbn=1-61890-263-6 |location=Charlotte, North Carolina |oclc=956998113}} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Castelli |first=Francesco |title=Padre Pio under investigation: the secret Vatican files |url=https://archive.org/details/padrepiounderinv00cast |date=2011 |publisher=[[Ignatius Press]] |others=Vittorio Messori, Lee Bockhorn, Giulietta Bockhorn |isbn=978-1-58617-405-7 |location=San Francisco |oclc=671704344}} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Ceci |first=Lucia |title=The Vatican and Mussolini's Italy. |date=2016 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |doi=10.1163/9789004328792 |isbn=978-90-04-32879-2 |location=Boston |oclc=960759128}} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Cruz |first=Joan Carroll |title=Mysteries, marvels, miracles in the lives of saints |url=https://archive.org/details/mysteriesmarvels0000cruz |date=1997 |publisher=Tan Books and Publishers |isbn=0-89555-541-7 |location=Rockford, Ill. |oclc=39777980}} * {{Rejea kitabu |last = Kalvelage| first = Bro. Francis Mary |title=Padre Pio: the wonder worker. |date=1999 |publisher=Franciscan Friars of the Immaculate |isbn=0-89870-770-6 |location=New Bedford, MA |oclc=48964995}} * {{cite book |last1=Luzzatto |first1=Sergio |title=Padre Pio: Miracles and politics in a secular age |url=https://archive.org/details/padrepiomiracles0000luzz |date=2011 |publisher=[[Picador (imprint)|Picador]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0312611668 |edition=1st}} * {{Rejea jarida |last=Margry |first=Peter Jan |date=2008 |title=Il marketing di Padre Pio: strategie cappuccine e vaticane e la coscienza religiosa collettiva |url=https://doi.org/10.1400/118295 |pages=141–167 |journal=Sanctorum: Rivista dell'Associazione Italiana per lo studio della santità, dei culti e dell'agiografia |issue=5 |doi=10.1400/118295}} * {{Rejea tovuti |last=Pelletier |first=Joseph A |title=Padre Pio, Mary, and the Rosary |website=Garabandal |url=http://www.garabandal.us/padre-pio-mary-and-the-rosary-rev-joseph-pelletier-aa |access-date=2008-01-19 |ref={{SfnRef|Pelletier|2008}} |archive-date=2014-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020003450/http://www.garabandal.us/padre-pio-mary-and-the-rosary-rev-joseph-pelletier-aa/ |url-status=dead }} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Ruffin |first=C. Bernard |title=Padre Pio, the true story |date=1991 |orig-date=1982 |publisher=Our Sunday Visitor |isbn=0-87973-673-9 |location=Huntington, Ind. |oclc=8381955}} * {{Rejea kitabu |last=Schug |first=John A. |title=Padre Pio |date=1987 |orig-date=1976 |publisher=Our Sunday Visitor |isbn=0-87973-856-1 |location=Huntington, Ind. |oclc=2618900}} * {{cite book|first=Frank|last=Rega|year=2005|title=Padre Pio and America|url=https://archive.org/details/padrepioamerica0000rega|publisher=Rockford|isbn=9780895558206|oclc=1285743511}} ==Viungo vya nje== {{commons category|Padre Pio}} * [http://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_20020616_index_padre-pio_en.html "Padre Pio de Pietrelcina" in Vatican News Service] * [https://www.padrepio.it/ Padre Pio of Pietrelcina – Official website] {{in lang|it|en}} * [https://www.vocedipadrepio.com/en/ Magazine ''The Voice of Padre Pio'' – Official website] {{in lang|it|en}} * [https://www.conventosantuariopadrepio.it/ Sanctuary of Saint Pio of Pietrelcina – Official Website] {{in lang|it|en}} * [https://www.padrepio.tv/ Padre Pio of Pietrelcina – Official TV and radio channels] {{in lang|it}} * [http://www.edizionipadrepio.it/ Padre Pio of Pietrelcina – Books and religious gifts] {{in lang|it|en}} * [http://www.padrepio.com/ Padre Pio Foundation of America] * [http://www.padrepio.catholicwebservices.com/ENGLISH/ENGLISH_index.htm All about Padre Pio] {{Wayback|url=http://www.padrepio.catholicwebservices.com/ENGLISH/ENGLISH_index.htm |date=20170609121117 }} * [http://www.ewtn.com/padrepio/ Catholic television network EWTN biography.] {{mbegu-katoliki}} [[Jamii:Kanisa Katoliki]] 7fu64ssc5afdn0jcatf8umv60xgp594 0 219389 1612707 1523819 2026-11-03T09:22:41Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612707 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Prince Kuleape Boamah''' (alijulikana kitaalamu kama Kulaperry) <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti |last=Britton |first=George Mensah |date=2018-09-04 |title=Kulaperrys' "Fear No Man" Brand Valued At A Quarter Of A Million Dollars. |url=https://gbafrica.net/kulaperrys-fear-no-man-brand-valued-at-a-quarter-of-a-million-dollars/ |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=GBAfrica |language=en-US |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323202107/https://gbafrica.net/kulaperrys-fear-no-man-brand-valued-at-a-quarter-of-a-million-dollars/ |archivedate=2024-03-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ni mbunifu wa mitindo wa [[Ghana]] na [[mwanamitindo]] wa WARDROBE. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2016-01-14 |title=All you need to know about celebrity fashion stylist Kulaperryoutlook |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/All-you-need-to-know-about-celebrity-fashion-stylist-Kulaperryoutlook-407675 |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en}}</ref> Alijulikana kama muundaji wa "Kulaperryoutlook" na mistari ya mavazi ya "FearNoMan". <ref>[https://kuulpeeps.com/2020/11/20/fear-no-man-clothing-and-its-pivotal-role-in-revolutionizing-fashion-in-ghana/hustle-hacks/features FearNoMan Revolutionising Fashion in Ghana. |Kuulpeeps.com]</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa mwaka usiojulikana]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamitindo wa Ghana]] p5kwnfv94m6qh6jphujz7492atw51q9 3 219950 1612566 1479855 2026-11-02T14:10:28Z AccountVanishRequests 68776 AccountVanishRequests moved page [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Kintsugi137]] to [[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Renamed user 4a1f3e907427440d63025f56cb93061e]] without leaving a redirect: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Kintsugi137|Kintsugi137]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Renamed user 4a1f3e907427440d63025f56cb93061e|Renamed user 4a1f3e907427440d63025f56cb93061e]]" 1479855 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 7 Januari 2026 (UTC) mpbe04sh0po2g45qeitwsesn9htgcx4 0 220857 1612700 1523479 2026-11-03T08:13:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612700 wikitext text/x-wiki Pema Choden (aliyezaliwa mwaka [[1965]]) ni [[mwanadiplomasia]] kutoka [[Bhutan]].<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Press Release|url=https://www.mfa.gov.bt/?p=10256|access-date=21 May 2021|website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Royal Government of Bhutan|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521093328/https://www.mfa.gov.bt/?p=10256|archivedate=2021-05-21|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2016-08-01|title=Bhutanese ambassador Pema Choden accredited|url=https://diplomatmagazine.eu/2016/08/01/bhutanese-ambassador-pema-choden-accredited/|access-date=2021-05-21|website=Diplomat magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> == Wasifu == Choden alisoma Kifaransa na uhusiano wa kimataifa chuoni, ikiwa ni pamoja na katika École nationale d'administration nchini Ufaransa. Alijiunga na Wizara ya Mambo ya Nje ya Bhutan mwaka 1989 na pia amehudumu kama Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Bhutan Broadcasting Service. Kutoka 2014 hadi 2016, Choden alikuwa Balozi wa Bhutan aliye na makazi katika Bangladesh na Maldives, Pakistan, Korea Kusini na Sri Lanka.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2 December 2016|title=Press Release|url=https://www.mfa.gov.bt/?p=4291|access-date=21 May 2021|website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Royal Government of Bhutan|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521093333/https://www.mfa.gov.bt/?p=4291|archivedate=2021-05-21|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Bhutan gets two female ambassadors including its 1st|url=https://thebhutanese.bt/bhutan-gets-two-female-ambassadors-including-its-1st/|access-date=2021-05-21|website=The Bhutanese|language=en-US}}</ref>Pia amehudumu kama Balozi wa Bhutan aliye na makazi katika Ubelgiji, Umoja wa Ulaya, Uswidi, Uholanzi, Denmark, Finland na Hispania. == Marejeo == {{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1965]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] keen0xl6d8ubh972ffxn8uupg48u45x 0 221040 1612643 1521449 2026-11-03T00:51:41Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612643 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mukarama Abdulai''' (alizaliwa tarehe [[16 Oktoba]] [[2002]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa [[wanawake]] wa kitaalamu kutoka nchini [[Ghana]] anayecheza kama [[mshambuliaji]] katika klabu ya mpira ya ''Hasaacas Ladies F.C'', timu ya vijana ya Black Maidens, pamoja na [[timu ya taifa]] ya [[wanawake]] ya [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |title=Hasaacas Ladies complete the signing of Mukarama Abdulai |url=https://www.hasaacasladiesfc.com/hasaacas-ladies-complete-the-signing-of-mukarama-abdulai |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260311105027/https://www.hasaacasladiesfc.com/hasaacas-ladies-complete-the-signing-of-mukarama-abdulai |archivedate=2026-03-11 |accessdate=2026-01-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kazi == Mwishoni mwa mwaka wa [[2018]], Abdulai alipata udahili katika Chuo Kikuu cha Mafunzo ya Maendeleo (UDS) na kujiunga na timu ya mpira wa miguu ya shule hiyo. Wakati wa toleo la 8 la michezo midogo ya Chama cha Michezo cha Chuo Kikuu cha Ghana (GUSA) mwaka wa 2019, aliongoza timu hiyo kushinda mashindano ya mpira wa miguu ya wanawake, akifunga mabao matatu na kushinda mfungaji bora na mchezaji bora wa mashindano hayo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2019-01-05|title=UDS tops GUSA games|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/UDS-tops-GUSA-games-713006|accessdate=2021-07-16|work=GhanaWeb|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2019-01-06|title=UDS whips UCC, UG in soccer|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/UDS-whips-UCC-UG-in-soccer-713175|accessdate=2021-07-16|work=GhanaWeb|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Duah|first=George|date=2019-01-07|title=Abdulai Mukarama leads UDS to 2019 GUSA Mini Trophy at Cape Coast Stadium|url=https://www.kyfilla.com/01/abdulai-mukarama-leads-uds-to-2019-gusa-mini-trophy-at-cape-coast-stadium/|accessdate=2021-07-16|work=kyfilla.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Mnamo Agosti 2019, alipata ufadhili wa masomo katika Chuo cha Tyler Junior huko Texas, Marekani, huku akiendelea na taaluma yake ya mpira wa miguu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2019-08-19|title=Mukarama Abdulai gets US university scholarship|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Mukarama-Abdulai-gets-US-university-scholarship-773171|accessdate=2021-07-16|work=GhanaWeb|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2019-08-17|title=Maidens star Mukarama Abdulai gets scholarship to study in the United States|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Maidens-star-Mukarama-Abdulai-gets-scholarship-to-study-in-the-United-States-772876|accessdate=2021-07-16|work=GhanaWeb|language=en}}</ref>. Abdulai alijiunga na timu ya Ligi Kuu ya Ghana Northern Ladies FC mwaka wa 2011 akiwa na umri wa miaka 9. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2020-05-13|title=Fruit of Defiance: The rise of Mukarama Abdulai|url=https://citisportsonline.com/2020/05/13/fruit-of-defiance-the-rise-of-mukarama-abdulai/|accessdate=2021-07-16|work=Citi Sports Online|language=en-US}}</ref> Wakati wa msimu wa 2020-21, siku ya mechi ya kwanza, alifunga hat-trick katika ushindi wao wa 3-1 dhidi ya Ashtown Ladies mnamo Januari 17, 2021. Alifunga mabao mawili katika kipindi cha kwanza na moja katika kipindi cha pili na kuihakikishia ushindi wa kwanza kwa klabu hiyo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2021-01-17|title=Women's Premier League: Mukarama Abdulai bags hat-trick as Northern Ladies make flying start|url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/womens-premier-league-mukarama-abdulai-bags-hat-trick-as-northern-ladies-make-flying-start|accessdate=2021-07-16|work=GhanaSoccernet|language=en}}</ref> Mnamo tarehe 16 Julai 2021, Alavés, walitangaza kwamba walikuwa wamemsajili Abdulai kwa mkataba wa miaka miwili na alikuwa amepangwa kubaki na klabu hiyo hadi 2023. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Las Gloriosas se refuerzan con Abdulai Mukarama {{!}} Alavés - Web Oficial|url=https://www.deportivoalaves.com/noticia/las-gloriosas-se-refuerzan-con-abdulai-mukarama|accessdate=2021-07-16|work=Las Gloriosas se refuerzan con Abdulai Mukarama {{!}} Alavés - Web Oficial|language=es}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Osman|first=Abdul Wadudu|date=2021-07-16|title=OFFICIAL : Deportivo Alaves announce the signing of Mukarama Abdulai|url=https://footballmadeinghana.com/2021/07/16/official-deportivo-alaves-announce-the-signing-of-mukarama-abdulai/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716204843/https://footballmadeinghana.com/2021/07/16/official-deportivo-alaves-announce-the-signing-of-mukarama-abdulai/|archivedate=16 July 2021|accessdate=2021-07-16|work=Football Made In Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref> Mnamo Januari 2023, Abdulai na Alavés walitangaza kwamba alikuwa amesitisha mkataba wake na klabu hiyo. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.deportivoalaves.com/noticia/acuerdo-para-la-rescision-del-contrato-de-abdulai-mukarama|title=Acuerdo para la rescisión del contrato de Abdulai Mukarama|language=es|publisher=[[Deportivo Alavés|Alavés]]|date=31 January 2023}}</ref> Mnamo Septemba 2023, klabu ya Ghana, Hasaacas Ladies, ilitangaza kumsajili Abdulai kwa mkataba wa miaka miwili. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Hasaacas Ladies complete the signing of Mukarama Abdulai|url=https://www.hasaacasladiesfc.com/hasaacas-ladies-complete-the-signing-of-mukarama-abdulai|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260311105027/https://www.hasaacasladiesfc.com/hasaacas-ladies-complete-the-signing-of-mukarama-abdulai|archivedate=2026-03-11|accessdate=2026-01-24|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kazi ya kimataifa == Alikuwa nahodha wa kikosi cha Ghana wakati wa Kombe la Dunia la Wanawake wa FIFA U-17 la 2018 nchini [[Uruguay]], ambapo alishinda Kiatu cha Dhahabu kwa mabao yake saba bora ya mashindano na pasi mbili za mabao. Alifunga hat-trick katika mechi ya kwanza dhidi ya nchi mwenyeji. Zaidi ya hayo, alishinda Mpira wa Shaba. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Ghana Football Association|title=Black Maidens Captain Mukarama Abdulai wins Golden Boot at FIFA U17 WWC|url=https://www.ghanafa.org/black-maidens-captain-mukarama-abdulai-wins-golden-boot-at-fifa-u17-wwc|work=Ghana football association}}</ref> Baada ya uchezaji wake na timu, aliteuliwa kuwa mchezaji bora wa soka wa Wanawake wa Mwaka wa 2018 na SWAG, akiwashinda [[Grace Asantewaa]] na [[Faustina Ampah]] katika tuzo hiyo. <ref name=":4">{{Rejea tovuti|title=SWAG AWARDS: Mukarama Abdulai Adjudged Women Footballer Of The Year|url=https://www.modernghana.com/sports/931874/swag-awards-mukarama-abdulai-adjudged-women-footb.html|accessdate=2021-07-16|work=Modern Ghana|language=en}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ghana]] e6ig10kytev32hgvj8hqgvu1whshsk2 0 221306 1612663 1500940 2026-11-03T03:05:23Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612663 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ndèye Awa Casset''' (alizaliwa [[12 Novemba]] [[2003]]) ni mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka Senegal anayecheza kama mshambuliaji kwa klabu ya Aigles de la Médina inayoshiriki Ligi ya Wanawake ya Senegal, pamoja na timu ya taifa ya [[Senegal]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Diakhaté|first=Khadim|date=14 May 2024|title=PORTRAIT : Ndèye Awa Casset, une prodige du ballon rond|language=fr|url=https://dsports.sn/portrait-ndeye-awa-casset-une-prodige-du-ballon-rond/|website=dsports.sn|access-date=25 May 2025}}</ref> == Maisha ya utotoni == Casset alikulia katika kitongoji cha kawaida cha [[Mbour]], ambapo mapenzi yake kwa mpira wa miguu yaliibuka mapema. Licha ya kukabiliwa na upinzani wa kijamii na hata [[Ukatili dhidi ya wanawake|unyanyasaji wa kimwili]] mara kwa mara kutoka kwa majirani kutokana na mielekeo potofu ya kijinsia, aliendelea kufuatilia mchezo huo. Safari yake ya mpira wa miguu ilianza rasmi katika shule ya mtaa iliyoongozwa na Cheikh Thiaw.<ref>{{cite web|last=Diakhaté|first=Khadim|date=14 Mei 2024|title=PORTRAIT: Ndèye Awa Casset, mpiga mpira wa miguu maarufu|language=fr|url=https://dsports.sn/portrait-ndeye-awa-casset-une-prodige-du-ballon-rond/|website=dsports.sn|access-date=25 Mei 2025}}</ref> == Kazi ya klabu == Casset alianza kazi yake na ASC Dorades Mbour, klabu ambayo mama yake, Anna Diop, aliwahi kucheza.<ref>{{cite web|last=Seydi|first=Chérif Aidara|date=27 Machi 2025|title=Ndèye Awa Casset: “Niliishi katika siku za giza, miezi ya giza” Baada ya miaka mitatu, yeye alijiunga na Aigles de la Médina mnamo Julai 2022, akifunga mabao 10 katika mechi 11 na kumaliza kama mfungaji bora wa ligi. injured|language=fr|url=https://wiwsport.com/2024/04/22/d1-feminine-16eme-journee-les-aigles-soiseaunt-sans-ndeye-awa-casset-blessee/|website=wiwsport.com|access-date=25 Mei 2025}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Kazi ya kimataifa == Casset alianza kazi yake ya kimataifa na Timu ya taifa ya Senegal chini ya miaka 20, akishiriki katika kufuzu Kombe la Dunia la Wanawake wa Afrika chini ya miaka 20 na Michezo ya Afrika ya 2023. Alipokea wito wake wa kwanza timu ya taifa ya wakubwa mnamo Mei 2025 kwa ajili ya Ukanda wa WAFU wa 2025 A Kombe la Wanawake lafanyika Mauritania.<ref>{{cite web|date=9 Mei 2025|title=UFOA-A Wanawake: Orodha ya Simba 21 waliochaguliwa kwa ajili ya Mauritania yafichuliwa|url=https://www.exclusif.net/UFOA-A-Feminine-la-liste-des-21-Lionnes-retenues-pour-la-Mauritanie-devoilee_a56027.html|website=exclusif.net|access-date=26 Mei 2025}}</ref> Alifungua akaunti yake ya kimataifa ya mabao kwa mabao mawili katika ushindi wa 6-0 dhidi ya Gambia kwenye mashindano hayo. === Mabao ya kimataifa === : ''Mabao na orodha ya matokeo yanaorodhesha idadi ya mabao ya Senegal kwanza, safu wima ya alama inaonyesha alama baada ya kila bao la Kaseti.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" ! scope="col" |Namba. ! scope="col" |Tarehe ! scope="col" |Ukumbi ! scope="col" |Mpinzani ! scope="col" |Alama ! scope="col" |Matokeo ! scope="col" |Mashindano |- | align="center" |1 | rowspan="2" |24 Mei 2025 | rowspan="2" |Uwanja wa Cheikha Ould Boïdiya, [[Nouakchott]], Mauritania | rowspan="2" |[[Gambia]] | align="center" |'''3'''–0 | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" |6–0 | rowspan="2" |Kombe la Wanawake la WAFU Eneo la A la 2025 |- | align="center" |2 | align="center" |'''4'''–0 |- | align="center" |3 |1 Julai 2025 |Uwanja wa Mustapha Tchaker, [[Blida]], Algeria |[[Algeria]] | align="center" |'''3'''–0 | align="center" |3–0 |Kirafiki |} : == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2003]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Senegal]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Senegal]] 0c2q2ybio3hoirs4gv5lvioyfvlzrb2 0 221816 1612696 1486082 2026-11-03T07:42:06Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612696 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Paul Milford Abels''' ([[1937]] – [[1992]]) alikuwa Mmethodisti ambaye alikuwa mchungaji wa kwanza hadharani kuwa na mwelekeo wa jinsia moja akiwa na kanisa ndani ya dini kubwa ya Kikristo nchini [[Marekani]]. Alihudumu kama mchungaji wa kanisa la Washington Square Methodist Episcopal Church katika eneo la Greenwich Village mjini New York kati ya mwaka [[1973]] hadi [[1984]].<ref name="LGBT-RAN profile">{{cite web |title=Rev. Paul Abels |url=https://www.lgbtran.org/Profile.aspx?ID=2 |publisher=LGBT Religious Archives Network |access-date=June 25, 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704063559/https://www.lgbtran.org/Profile.aspx?ID=2 |archivedate=2018-07-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-Mkristo}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1937]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1992]] [[Jamii:watu wa Marekani]] 30sv2lo5xr0pic8unjt2k10o8kfl6so 0 222645 1612591 1595185 2026-11-02T15:48:33Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | jina = Maaza Mengiste | picha = Maaza Mengiste at BookExpo (05586) (cropped).jpg | maelezo = Mengiste, BookExpo 2019 | tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa = {{birth year and age|1974}} | mahali_pa_kuzaliwa = [[Addis Ababa]], [[Ethiopia]] | utaifa = Methiopia | elimu = New York University (MFA - Shahada ya Uzamili ya Sanaa ya Uandishi) | kazi = {{flatlist| * Mwandishi wa riwaya * Profesa}} | anajulikana_kwa = {{flatlist| * ''[[Beneath the Lion's Gaze]]'' (2010) * ''[[The Shadow King (novel)|The Shadow King]]'' (2019)}} | tovuti = {{URL|maazamengiste.com}} }} '''Maaza Mengiste''' (alizaliwa [[1974]]) ni [[mwandishi]] wa vitabu mwenye asili ya Ethiopia na uraia wa Marekani. Riwaya zake ni pamoja na ''Beneath the Lion’s Gaze'' (2010) na ''The Shadow King'' (2019), ambayo iliorodheshwa katika orodha fupi ya Tuzo ya Booker mwaka 2020.<ref name =":0">{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/new-daughters-of-africa-review-vast-and-nuanced-collection-1.3817638|title=New Daughters of Africa review: vast and nuanced collection|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|first=Sally|last=Hayden|author-link=Sally Hayden|date=March 16, 2019}}</ref> ==Maisha ya awali== Alizaliwa [[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia, Mengiste aliacha nchi hiyo akiwa na umri wa miaka minne wakati familia yake ilipokimbia Mapinduzi ya Ethiopia. Alitumia sehemu iliyobaki ya utoto wake katika [[Nigeria]], [[Kenya]], na [[Marekani]].<ref>Musiitwa, Daniel, [https://www.africabookclub.com/?p=5926 "Maaza Mengiste Talks About Her Writing and the Power of Individual Stories"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211105030/https://www.africabookclub.com/?p=5926 |date=2017-12-11}}, AfricaBookClub.com, November 1, 2011.</ref> Baadaye alisoma nchini Italia kama msomi wa Fulbright na alipata shahada ya uzamili ya sanaa (MFA) katika uandishi wa ubunifu kutoka New York University. ==Kazi== Mengiste amechapisha kazi za kubuni na zisizo za kubuni zinazohusu uhamiaji, mapinduzi ya Ethiopia, na changamoto za wahamiaji kutoka Afrika Kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara wanaofika Ulaya. Kazi zake zimechapishwa katika ''[[The New York Times]]'', ''The New Yorker'', ''Granta'', ''Lettre Internationale'', ''Enkare Review'', ''Callaloo'', ''The Granta Anthology of the African Short Story'' (imehaririwa na Helon Habila), na ''New Daughters of Africa'' (imehaririwa na [[Margaret Busby]]),<ref name=":0"/> na pia zimetangazwa kupitia BBC Radio 4. Riwaya yake ya kwanza ya mwaka 2010, ''Beneath the Lion's Gaze'' – inayosimulia hadithi ya familia inayopambana kuishi katika miaka ya vurugu ya Mapinduzi ya Ethiopia – ilitajwa kuwa miongoni mwa vitabu 10 bora vya kisasa vya Afrika na ''The Guardian'' na imetafsiriwa katika Kifaransa, Kihispania,<ref>''Bajo La Mirada del Leon'', La Mirada Salvaje. Trans. Anna Styczńiska, 2015.</ref> Kireno,<ref>''Sob o Olhar do Leão'', Editora Record. Trans. Flávia Rössler, 2011.</ref> Kijerumani, Kiitaliano, Kiholanzi na Kiswidi.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/gallery/2012/aug/26/africa |title=The 10 best contemporary African books |last=Allfrey |first=Ellah Wakatama |date=2012-08-25 |website=The Guardian |access-date=2017-02-03}}</ref> Alishika nafasi ya pili katika tuzo ya Dayton Literary Peace Prize ya mwaka 2011,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.daytonliterarypeaceprize.org/2011-finalists.htm |title=Dayton Literary Peace Prize - 2011 Award Finalists |website=www.daytonliterarypeaceprize.org |access-date=2017-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315095008/http://www.daytonliterarypeaceprize.org/2011-finalists.htm |archive-date=2019-03-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref> na pia alikuwa fainali wa tuzo ya Flaherty-Dunnan First Novel Prize,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://centerforfiction.org/awards/the-flaherty-dunnan-first-novel-prize/flaherty-dunnan-2010/ |title=2010 Flaherty-Dunnan First Novel Prize |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831060219/http://centerforfiction.org/awards/the-flaherty-dunnan-first-novel-prize/flaherty-dunnan-2010/ |archive-date=2013-08-31 |access-date=2019-06-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[NAACP Image Awards]], na Indies Choice Book Awards. Mwaka 2013 alikuwa mshirika wa Puterbaugh wa ''World Literature Today''. Miongoni mwa waandishi waliomshawishi ni E. L. Doctorow, [[Toni Morrison]], James Baldwin na [[Edith Wharton]].<ref>Bady, Aaron, [http://post45.research.yale.edu/2014/10/interview-maaza-mengiste/ "Interview: Maaza Mengiste"], ''Post45'', October 17, 2014.</ref> Riwaya yake ya pili, ''The Shadow King'' (2019), imewekwa katika kipindi cha uvamizi wa Ethiopia wa mwaka 1935 na [[Benito Mussolini]] wakati wa Second Italo-Ethiopian War, na inaangazia mchango wa wanawake wanajeshi ambao mara nyingi hupuuzwa katika historia ya Afrika.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://canongate.co.uk/books/3325-the-shadow-king/ |title=The Shadow King |publisher=Canongate}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |first=Juliana Rose |last=Pignataro |date=2019-10-03 |url=https://www.newsweek.com/2019/10/18/fall-recommended-books-reading-list-1462735.html |title=21 Books to Curl Up With This Fall |magazine=[[Newsweek]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Maaza |last=Mengiste |date=2023-10-29 |url=https://www.mimesisedizioni.it/libro/9788857591810 |title=Reclaiming stories across cultures: history and memory}}</ref> Mengiste pia amejihusisha na kazi za haki za binadamu. Yupo katika bodi ya ushauri ya ''Warscapes'', jarida huru la mtandaoni linaloangazia migogoro ya dunia, na anahusishwa na kituo cha Young Center for Immigrant Children's Rights.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://warscapes.com/advisory-board |title=Advisory Board |website=Warscapes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260418023217/https://www.warscapes.com/advisory-board |archivedate=2026-04-18 |accessdate=2026-03-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Pia ni mjumbe wa bodi ya wakurugenzi ya Words Without Borders.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wordswithoutborders.org/about/board-of-directors/ |title=Board of Directors |website=Words without Borders |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228052603/https://www.wordswithoutborders.org/about/board-of-directors/ |archive-date=2021-12-28 |access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref> Pamoja na Edwidge Danticat na [[Mona Eltahawy]], alichangia sehemu katika filamu ya kumbukumbu ya mwaka 2013 ''Girl Rising'' iliyoongozwa na Richard E. Robbins, kuhusu elimu ya wasichana duniani, ikiwa na usimulizi kutoka kwa [[Meryl Streep]], Anne Hathaway, [[Alicia Keys]] na [[Cate Blanchett]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://girlrising.org/meet-the-girls |title=Meet The Girls |website=Girl Rising |access-date=2020-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021093250/https://girlrising.org/meet-the-girls |archive-date=2021-10-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kwa sasa, Mengiste ni profesa wa Kiingereza katika [[Wesleyan University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wesleyan.edu/academics/faculty/mmengiste/profile.html |title=Faculty | Maaza Mengiste |publisher=Wesleyan University |access-date=2022-06-11}}</ref> Hapo awali alifundisha katika programu ya MFA ya uandishi wa ubunifu katika Queens College, City University of New York,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.qc.cuny.edu/Academics/Degrees/DAH/English/Programs/MFA/Pages/Faculty.aspx |title=Home |website=www.qc.cuny.edu |access-date=2017-02-03 |archive-date=2015-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103143657/http://www.qc.cuny.edu/Academics/Degrees/DAH/English/Programs/MFA/Pages/Faculty.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> na pia katika [[Princeton University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.princeton.edu/arts/arts_at_princeton/creative_writing/professor_bios/mengiste/index.xml |title=Maaza Mengiste |website=Lewis Center for the Arts |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130409235129/http://www.princeton.edu/arts/arts_at_princeton/creative_writing/professor_bios/mengiste/index.xml |archive-date=2013-04-09 |access-date=2019-06-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kuanzia Januari hadi Juni 2020, alikuwa mwandishi mkazi katika Literaturhaus Zurich na Stiftung PWG huko [[Zurich]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.writers-in-residence.ch/author/maaza_mengiste/ |title=Writers in Residence Zurich Switzerland |website=Writers in Residence |access-date=2022-11-12}}</ref> Riwaya yake ''The Shadow King'' iliorodheshwa katika orodha fupi ya Booker Prize mwaka 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-africa-54690828 |title=Booker Prize: Ethiopian writer Maaza Mengiste on The Shadow King |website=BBC News |date=2020-10-26 |access-date=2022-06-11}}</ref> Mnamo Januari 2021, Otosirieze Obi-Young alimwandikia wasifu katika ''Open Country Magazine'' katika makala ya jalada yenye kichwa “Maaza Mengiste is Reframing Ethiopian History”.<ref>{{cite web |last=Otosirieze Obi-Young |date=2021-01-16 |title=Maaza Mengiste's Chronicles of Ethiopia |url=https://opencountrymag.com/with-novels-images-maaza-mengiste-is-reframing-ethiopian-history/ |website=Open Country Mag |language=en-US |access-date=2022-11-12}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwandishi}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1974]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Ethiopia]] [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]] l8lhdoe588worox7qb7o2wrzqxdjmvz 0 224275 1612718 1608949 2026-11-03T09:49:26Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612718 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ralph Ignatius Thomas Alles''' ([[3 Oktoba]] [[1932]] – [[28 Novemba]] [[2013]]) alikuwa mtaalamu wa elimu wa [[Sri Lanka]]. Alihudumu kama Katibu wa Jimbo katika Wizara ya Elimu kuanzia mwaka 1989 hadi 1993, pia alikuwa mwalimu mkuu mwanzilishi wa Chuo cha D. S. Senanayake mjini Colombo 07, na alikuwa mwanzilishi wa [[kikundi|kundi]] Gateway ambapo alihudumu kama mwenyekiti wake hadi kifo chake. <ref>[http://newsfirst.lk/english/2013/11/president-rajapaksa-pays-last-respects-r-t-alles/6486 President Rajapaksa pays his last respects to R.I.T. Alles] {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[jamii:waliozaliwa 1932]] [[jamii:waliofariki 2013]] [[jamii:watu wa Sri Lanka]] frd694kej9ro1jcvfdifhk29gvamsuy 0 227096 1612681 1601056 2026-11-03T05:40:55Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612681 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Omowunmi "Wunmi" A. Sadik''' (alizaliwa 19 Juni 1964) ni [[profesa]], mwanakemia, na mvumbuzi kutoka nchini Nigeria anafanya kazi katika Taasisi ya Teknolojia ya New Jersey. Ametengeneza vihisi bioelektrodi kwa ajili ya kugundua dawa za kulevya na vilipuzi na anafanya kazi katika maendeleo ya teknolojia za kuchakata ioni za chuma kutoka kwa taka, kwa matumizi ya mazingira na viwanda. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=How Omowunmi Sadik Keeps Breaking New Grounds In Scientific Research|url=http://woman.ng/2018/07/how-omowunmi-sadik-keeps-breaking-new-grounds-in-scientific-research/|author=Woman.NG|date=2018-07-07|work=Woman.NG|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-26|archivedate=2019-09-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910114953/http://woman.ng/2018/07/how-omowunmi-sadik-keeps-breaking-new-grounds-in-scientific-research}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2012, Sadik alianzisha Shirika lisilo la faida la Nanoteknolojia Endelevu. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sadik bio|url=https://sites.nationalacademies.org/PGA/Jefferson/PGA_176873|work=sites.nationalacademies.org|accessdate=2020-05-26}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Sadik alizaliwa mwaka wa 1964 huko jijini Lagos, nchini Nigeria. Familia yake ilijumuisha wanasayansi kadhaa, waliounga mkono katika mambo aliyopenda katika fizikia, kemia, na biolojia. Alisoma shahada yake katika ya kwanza katika kemia kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Lagos mwaka wa 1985, na akaendelea kupata shahada yake ya uzamili katika kemia mwaka wa 1987. Kisha Sadik alihudhuria Chuo Kikuu cha Wollongong nchini Australia. Mnamo mwaka wa 1994, alipata shahada yake ya Uzamivu katika kemia kutoka Wollongong. <ref name="HistoryMakers">{{Rejea tovuti|title=ScienceMakers : Omowunmi Sadik|url=http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/omowunmi-sadik|work=The History Makers|accessdate=13 November 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Omowunmi Sadik {{!}} People|url=https://people.njit.edu/faculty/sadik|accessdate=2023-06-04|work=people.njit.edu|language=en}}</ref> == Kazi == Udhamini wa baada ya udaktari kutoka Baraza la Kitaifa la Utafiti ulimuunga mkono kama mtafiti katika Shirika la Ulinzi wa Mazingira la Marekani kuanzia mwaka wa1994 hadi mwaka 1996. <ref name="HistoryMakers"/> Kisha akakubali nafasi kama profesa msaidizi wa kemia katika Chuo Kikuu cha Binghamton huko [[Binghamton, New York]]. Alipandishwa cheo na kuwa profesa msaidizi kuanzia mwaka wa 2002, na profesa kamili mnamo mwaka wa 2005. Wakati huo, pia akawa mkurugenzi wa Kituo cha Vihisi vya Juu na Mifumo ya Mazingira (CASE) huko Binghamton. kuanzia mwaka wa 2019, Dkt. Sadik alihamia Taasisi ya Teknolojia ya New Jersey (NJIT), kama mwenyekiti wa Idara ya Kemia na Sayansi ya Mazingira na mkurugenzi wa Vifaa vya Vihisi vya BioSensors vya NJIT kwa Utafiti na Teknolojia ya Juu (Kituo cha BioSMART). <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Omowunmi Sadik {{!}} People|url=https://people.njit.edu/faculty/sadik|accessdate=2025-01-08|work=people.njit.edu|language=en}}</ref> Pia amefanya kazi kama mshiriki wa kitivo mgeni katika Maabara ya Utafiti wa Jeshi la Wanamaji, Chuo Kikuu cha Cornell, na [[Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Omowunmi Sadik's Biography|url=https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/omowunmi-sadik|accessdate=2025-01-08|work=The HistoryMakers|language=en}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2024, aliteuliwa na kuwa Makamu Mkuu wa Masuala ya Kitivo katika NJIT. Sadik anasoma kemia ya eneo, akisisitiza hasa maendeleo katika vitambuzi vya kibiolojia kwa ajili ya matumizi katika kemia ya mazingira. <ref name="HistoryMakers"/> Amegundua kuwa kufanya polima kunaahidi sana kutumika katika matumizi ya kuhisi. <ref name="Bioaffinity">{{Rejea jarida |last=Sadik |first=Omowunmi A. |date=August 1999 |title=Bioaffinity Sensors Based on Conducting Polymers: A Short Review |journal=Electroanalysis |volume=11 |issue=12 |pages=839–844 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1521-4109(199908)11:12<839::AID-ELAN839>3.0.CO;2-1}}</ref> <ref name="polymers">{{Rejea jarida |last=Sadik |first=Omowunmi A. |last2=Brenda |first2=Sharin |last3=Joasil |first3=Patrick |last4=Lord |first4=John |date=July 1999 |title=Electropolymerized Conducting Polymers as Glucose Sensors |journal=Journal of Chemical Education |volume=76 |issue=7 |pages=967 |bibcode=1999JChEd..76..967S |doi=10.1021/ed076p967}}</ref> Ametengeneza vitambuzi vya kibiolojia vya elektrodi ndogo nyeti kwa kiasi kidogo cha vifaa vya kikaboni, <ref name="Spotlight">{{Rejea jarida |last=Sadik |first=Omowunmi A. |date=2009 |title=JEM Spotlight: Applications of advanced nanomaterials for environmental monitoring |journal=Journal of Environmental Monitoring |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=25–26 |doi=10.1039/B820365M |pmid=19137135}}</ref> teknolojia ambayo inaweza kutumika kwa kugundua dawa na mabomu. <ref name="Discover-e">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Sadik invited to give talk at NSF biochemical terrorism workshop|url=https://discovere.binghamton.edu/news/sadik-invited-to-give-talk-at-nsf-biochemical-terrorism-workshop-438.html|work=Discover-e|date=December 7, 2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829175555/https://discovere.binghamton.edu/news/sadik-invited-to-give-talk-at-nsf-biochemical-terrorism-workshop-438.html|archivedate=2018-08-29|accessdate=2026-04-07|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Bomb">{{Rejea jarida |last=Sadik |first=O. A. |last2=Zhou |first2=A. L. |last3=Kikandi |first3=S. |last4=Du |first4=N. |last5=Wang |first5=Q. |last6=Varner |first6=K. |date=2009 |title=Sensors as tools for quantitation, nanotoxicity and nanomonitoring assessment of engineered nanomaterials |journal=Journal of Environmental Monitoring |volume=11 |issue=10 |pages=1782–800 |doi=10.1039/b912860c |pmid=19809701}}</ref> Pia alisomea mifumo ya kuondoa sumu mwilini taka kama vile misombo ya organochlorine katika mazingira, kwa lengo la kutengeneza teknolojia za kuchakata ioni za chuma kutoka katika taka za viwandani na mazingira. <ref name="Binghamton">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Faculty Spotlight: OMOWUNMI SADIK, Ph.D. ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, ANALYTICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY|url=http://research.binghamton.edu/faculty/SADIK/sadik.htm|work=Binghamton University|accessdate=13 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118180948/http://research.binghamton.edu/faculty/SADIK/sadik.htm|archivedate=2018-11-18|url-status=dead}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://research.binghamton.edu/faculty/SADIK/sadik.htm "Faculty Spotlight: OMOWUNMI SADIK, Ph.D. ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, ANALYTICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY"] {{Wayback|url=http://research.binghamton.edu/faculty/SADIK/sadik.htm |date=20181118180948 }}. ''Binghamton University''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Katika mradi mmoja, vimeng'enya vya vijidudu viliongeza na ubadilishaji wa chromium yenye sumu kali (VI) hadi chromium isiyo na sumu (III) kutoka 40% hadi 98%. <ref name="Farrington">{{Rejea jarida |last=Farrington |first=Keith |date=4 March 2010 |title=Interview: Monitoring the environment |url=http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/ChemTech/Volume/2010/03/omowunmi_sadik_interview.asp |journal=Highlights in Chemical Technology |volume=Royal Society of Chemistry |access-date=21 November 2015}}</ref> Sadik anasifiwa kwa zaidi ya karatasi 135 za utafiti zilizopitiwa na wenzake na maombi ya hataza. Ana hati miliki za nchini Marekani kwa aina fulani za sakafu mbili. <ref name="HistoryMakers" /> kuanzia mwaka wa 2011, alikuwa mwenyekiti wa Mkutano wa kwanza wa Gordon kuhusu Nanoteknolojia ya Mazingira. <ref name="Nano.gov">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Omowunmi Sadik, SUNY-Binghamton : Nano|url=http://www.nano.gov/Sadik|work=National Nanotechnology Initiative|accessdate=13 November 2015|archivedate=30 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830005148/https://www.nano.gov/Sadik}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 2012, Sadik na Barbara Karn walianzisha Shirika la Nanoteknolojia Endelevu, katika jumuiya ya kitaaluma ya kimataifa isiyo ya faida kwa ajili ya matumizi ya nanoteknolojia kwa ajili ya uwajibikaji duniani kote. <ref name="SNO">{{Rejea tovuti|author=SNO Sustainable Nanotechnology Organization|title=First Sustainable Nanotechnology Organization Conference Program|url=http://www.susnano.org/images/SNO_Program2012.pdf|work=SNO Sustainable Nanotechnology Organization|date=November 6, 2012}}</ref> Sadik ni mshiriki aliyechaguliwa wa Jumuiya ya Kifalme ya Kemia (ya mwaka wa 2010), Taasisi ya Marekani ya Uhandisi wa Kimatibabu na Biolojia (ya mwaka wa 2012), Jumuiya ya Kemikali ya Marekani (ya mwaka wa 2023), na Chuo cha Kitaifa cha Wavumbuzi (ya mwaka wa 2024). Anahusika na Wakala wa Ulinzi wa Mazingira na Wakfu wa Kitaifa wa Sayansi, na alikuwa sehemu ya Jopo la Utafiti la Taasisi za Kitaifa za Afya kuhusu Uundaji wa Vifaa na Maendeleo ya Mifumo. <ref name="HistoryMakers"/> Anahusika katika ushirikiano wa kimataifa na Kituo cha Kimataifa [[UNESCO|cha UNESCO]] cha Biodynamics huko [[Bukarest|Bucharest]], Romania, Chuo Kikuu cha Ege nchini [[Uturuki]], na Chuo Kikuu cha Fukui nchini Japani. <ref name="Binghamton"/> == Tuzo == * 2000, Baraza la Kitaifa la Utafiti (NRC) ushirika wa COBASE <ref name="SUNYBio">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Omowunmi "Wunmi" Sadik|url=http://chemiris.chem.binghamton.edu/SADIK/sadik.htm|work=Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton|accessdate=13 November 2015|archivedate=23 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123114712/http://chemiris.chem.binghamton.edu/SADIK/sadik.htm}}</ref> * 2001, Tuzo ya Chancellor ya Utafiti katika Sayansi na Tiba, SUNY <ref name="Binghamton"/> * 2002, Tuzo ya Chancellor kwa Wavumbuzi Wakuu, SUNY <ref name="Binghamton" /> * 2003–2004, Ushirika Maarufu wa Radcliffe kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard <ref name="Radcliffe">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Fellow: Omowunmi A.Sadik|url=https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/people/omowunmi-sadik|work=Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study Harvard University|accessdate=13 November 2015|archivedate=7 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707172334/https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/people/omowunmi-sadik}}</ref> * 2005–2006, Ushirika wa Wazee wa NSF Discovery Corps <ref name="NSF2005">{{Rejea tovuti|title=NSF Announces New Discovery Corps Fellows|url=https://www.nsf.gov/mobile/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=104365&org=MPS|work=National Science Foundation|accessdate=13 November 2015|archivedate=5 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305133341/http://www.nsf.gov/mobile/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=104365&org=MPS}}</ref> * 2016, Tuzo ya Kitaifa ya Sifa ya Nigeria (NNOM) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.binghamton.edu/inside/index.php/inside/story/16999/sadik-honored-with-nigerian-national-order-of-merit/|title=Sadik honored with Nigerian National Order of Merit Kudu|author=Katie Ellis|date=17 January 2017|accessdate=29 July 2017|publisher=Binghamton University, State University of New York}}</ref> * 2017, Mwanasayansi wa Jefferson <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://sites.nationalacademies.org/PGA/Jefferson/PGA_046613|title=2017 Jefferson Science Fellow|date=2017|accessdate=29 July 2017|publisher=The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine}}</ref> * Tuzo ya Sifa ya Australia <ref name="HistoryMakers"/> * 2023, Mshirika wa Jumuiya ya Kemikali ya Marekani * 2024, Ushirika wa Chuo cha Kitaifa cha Wavumbuzi (NAI) <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Omowunmi Sadik – NAI Fellow|url=https://academyofinventors.org/fellow/omowunmi-sadik/|accessdate=2025-01-08}}</ref> * 2024, Tuzo ya Wallace H. Coulter kwa Mafanikio ya Maisha Yote, Pittcon <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=NJIT Chemist Wins Wallace H. Coulter Award for Career Achievements|url=https://news.njit.edu/njit-chemist-wins-wallace-h-coulter-award-career-achievements|accessdate=2025-01-08}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:wanakemia wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1964]] sf0jr8d0n5mu97vkv1zi4kmx64bfqti 0 228204 1612588 1505311 2026-11-02T15:42:59Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612588 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maakgalake Beneilwe Pholwane''' ni mwanasiasa wa [[Afrika Kusini]] ambaye ni Mbunge (MP) wa Bunge la Taifa kupitia chama cha African National Congress (ANC), akitokea katika orodha ya kikanda ya Limpopo. Kabla ya kuchaguliwa kuingia Bungeni, aliwahi kuwa Spika wa Baraza la Madiwani wa Halmashauri ya Fetakgomo Tubatse Local Municipality.<ref>{{cite web|title=FTLM News 2nd Edition|url=https://www.ftlm.gov.za/sstaff/pages/sites/fgtm/documents/newsletters/Fetakgomo%20News%20V3%202022%20(4).pdf|access-date=14 August 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251008014440/https://www.ftlm.gov.za/sstaff/pages/sites/fgtm/documents/newsletters/Fetakgomo%20News%20V3%202022%20(4).pdf|archivedate=2025-10-08|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] 4srgs5b1qzzjsb2y7jgsviobdew7z9f 0 228268 1612680 1600773 2026-11-03T05:20:01Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612680 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Olufunmilayo I. Olopade''' <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Olufunmilayo I. Olopade, M.D., F.A.C.P., O.O.N. {{!}} Office of Research|url=https://www.vumc.org/oor/person/olufunmilayo-i-olopade-md-facp-oon|accessdate=2022-05-25|work=www.vumc.org}}</ref> (alizaliwa 1957) ni mtaalamu wa saratani ya damu nchini Nigeria, Mkuu Msaidizi wa Afya ya Dunia na Walter L. Palmer, Profesa Mtaalamu wa Huduma katika [[Tiba]] na Jenetiki ya Binadamu katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Chicago]]. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.uchospitals.edu/physicians/olufunmilayo-olopade.html|title=Olufunmilayo I. Olopade, MD, FACP|publisher=The University of Chicago Medicine|accessdate=July 26, 2013|archivedate=October 23, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023091654/http://www.uchospitals.edu/physicians/olufunmilayo-olopade.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.genes.uchicago.edu/olopade.html|title=Olufunmilayo Olopade, Ph.D. Research & Selected Publications|publisher=The University of Chicago Biological Sciences; Department of Human Genetics|accessdate=July 27, 2013|archivedate=September 27, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100927110550/http://www.genes.uchicago.edu/olopade.html}}</ref> Pia anafanya kazi kama mkurugenzi wa Kliniki ya Hatari ya Saratani ya Hospitali ya Chuo Kikuu cha Chicago . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|date=2019-06-25|title=Dr. Olufunmilayo Olopade: Closing Disparities Through Genetic Testing {{!}} Leading Discoveries Magazine|url=https://leadingdiscoveries.aacr.org/dr-olufunmilayo-olopade-closing-disparities-through-genetic-testing/|accessdate=2022-08-10|language=en-US}}</ref> == Maisha == Olufunmilayo Olopade alizaliwa nchini Nigeria mnamo mwaka wa 1957 na alikuwa mtoto wa tano kati ya sita waliozaliwa na mwanamuziki [[Waanglikana|wa Anglikana]] . Alisoma Shule ya St Anne huko [[Ibadan]] kwa ajili ya kupata elimu yake ya shule ya Sekondari. Olopade alionyesha nia yake ya kuwa daktari akiwa na umri mdogo kwa sababu vijiji vya Nigeria vilikuwa na uhaba wa madaktari na rasilimali za matibabu ambazo zote zilikuwa na mahitaji makubwa. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Olopade, Olufunmilayo Falusi {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/olopade-olufunmilayo-falusi|work=www.encyclopedia.com|accessdate=2020-05-29}}</ref> Alimaliza masomo yake kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan|katika Chuo Kikuu cha Ibadan]] cha nchini Nigeria na alipata shahada yake ya MBBS mnamo mwaka wa 1980. <ref name="cancerbio.uchicago.edu">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Olufunmilayo Olopade {{!}} Committee on Cancer Biology|url=https://cancerbio.uchicago.edu/program/faculty/olufunmilayo-olopade|work=cancerbio.uchicago.edu|accessdate=2020-05-29}}</ref> Alikuwa akifanya kazi kwa karibu na Wakfu wa Utafiti wa Saratani ya Matiti <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.bcrfcure.org/action_meetres_funmi.html|title=Olufunmilayo Olopade, MD, FACP :: Profile|publisher=The Breast Cancer Research Foundation|accessdate=July 26, 2013|archivedate=October 2, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002075700/http://www.bcrfcure.org/action_meetres_funmi.html}}</ref> na alifanya kazi kubwa ya kliniki inayozunguka ilikuwa ni jukumu la jeni za ''BRCA1'' na ''BRCA2'' katika matukio ya saratani ya matiti kwa wanawake wenye asili ya Kiafrika. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.asco.org/about-asco/dr-olufunmilayo-olopade-receives-asco-acs-award-pioneering-research-breast-cancer|title=Dr. Olufunmilayo Olopade Receives ASCO ACS Award for Pioneering Research in Breast Cancer Genetics|publisher=American Society of Clinical Oncology|accessdate=June 26, 2013|archivedate=July 5, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705102631/http://www.asco.org/about-asco/dr-olufunmilayo-olopade-receives-asco-acs-award-pioneering-research-breast-cancer}}</ref> Yeye ni mwanachama wa Chama cha Marekani cha Utafiti wa Saratani, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.aacr.org/home/scientists/aacr-academy/inaugural-class/olufunmilayo-olopade.aspx|title=Olufunmilayo I. Olopade|publisher=American Association for Cancer Research|year=2001|work=AACR|accessdate=June 6, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929235550/http://www.aacr.org/home/scientists/aacr-academy/inaugural-class/olufunmilayo-olopade.aspx|archivedate=September 29, 2013}}</ref> Chuo cha Madaktari cha Marekani, Chama cha Madaktari cha Nigeria, Chama cha Falsafa cha Marekani, <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Olufunmilayo+Olopade&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|accessdate=2021-04-02|work=search.amphilsoc.org|archivedate=2021-05-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522194658/https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Olufunmilayo+Olopade&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced}}</ref> na Taasisi ya Tiba . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.iom.edu/Global/Directory/Detail.aspx?id=0020018661|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120802223645/http://www.iom.edu/Global/Directory/Detail.aspx?id=0020018661|archivedate=August 2, 2012|title=Directory: IOM Member - Olufunmilayo F. Olopade, M.D., FACP, OON|publisher=Institute of Medicine|accessdate=June 28, 2013}}</ref> == Kazi ya awali == Olufunmilayo alianza kazi yake mwaka wa 1980 kama afisa wa matibabu katika Hospitali ya Jeshi la Wanamaji la Nigeria . Alihamia Nchini Marekani mwaka wa 1983 na kufanya kazi katika Hospitali ya Kaunti ya Cook huko jijini [[Chicago]] mpaka mwaka wa 1987. <ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/books/culture-magazines/olopade-olufunmilayo|title=Olopade, Olufunmilayo {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|work=www.encyclopedia.com|accessdate=2020-03-31}}</ref> Mnamo mwaka wa 1991, Olufunmilayo alijiunga katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha Chicago]] kama profesa msaidizi katika hematolojia na oncology, Mkuu wa Afya ya Kimataifa, na Mkurugenzi wa Kituo cha Jenetiki ya Saratani ya Kliniki katika Chuo Kikuu cha Chicago. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|author=Ojigbo|first=Solomon|date=2017-07-04|title=Prof. Olufunmilayo Olopade: Pacesetter and Game-changer In Breast Cancer Treatment|url=https://www.pharmanewsonline.com/prof-olufunmilayo-olopade-pacesetter-and-game-changer-in-breast-cancer-treatment/|accessdate=2020-06-11|work=Pharmanewsonline|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name="cancerbio.uchicago.edu"/> == Tuzo == * 1975: Tuzo ya Sifa ya Serikali ya Shirikisho la Nigeria <ref name=":0"/> * 1978: Tuzo la Chama cha Madaktari cha Nigeria kwa Ubora katika Madaktari wa Watoto <ref name="Admin">{{Rejea tovuti|author=Admin|date=2019-02-21|title=OLOPEDE, Prof (Mrs) Olufunmilayo|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/olopede-prof-mrs-olufunmilayo/|accessdate=2022-05-25|work=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation|language=en-US|archive-date=2026-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260520231243/https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/olopede-prof-mrs-olufunmilayo/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * 1980: Tuzo la Chama cha Madaktari cha Nigeria kwa Ubora katika Tiba <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Olufunmilayo I. Olopade, MD|url=https://www.aacr.org/professionals/membership/aacr-academy/fellows/olufunmilayo-i-olopade-md/|accessdate=2022-08-10|work=American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)|language=en}}</ref> * 1990: Ushirika wa Ellen Ruth Lebow <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Dr. Olufunmilayo I. Olopade – H3Africa|url=https://h3africa.org/index.php/about/founding-working-group/dr-olufunmilayo-i-olopade/|accessdate=2022-05-25|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260416134126/https://h3africa.org/index.php/about/founding-working-group/dr-olufunmilayo-i-olopade/|archivedate=2026-04-16|url-status=dead}}</ref> * 1991: Tuzo la Mchunguzi Mdogo wa Jumuiya ya Marekani ya Oncology ya Kliniki <ref name="Admin" /> * 1992: Tuzo ya Wasomi ya Wakfu wa James S. McDonnell <ref name="Admin" /> * 2000: Tuzo ya Mwanasayansi Mtaalamu wa Kliniki ya Doris Duke <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Dr. Olufunmilayo I. Olopade – H3Africa|url=https://h3africa.org/index.php/about/founding-working-group/dr-olufunmilayo-i-olopade/|accessdate=2022-05-25|work=h3africa.org|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260416134126/https://h3africa.org/index.php/about/founding-working-group/dr-olufunmilayo-i-olopade/|archivedate=2026-04-16|url-status=dead}}</ref> * 2003: Tuzo la Mwanamke wa Ajabu kwa kazi ndani ya Jumuiya ya Wamarekani Weusi <ref name="Admin" /> * 2005: Tuzo ya Mashujaa wa Mtandao wa Jumuiya ya Ufikiaji katika Huduma ya Afya <ref name="Admin" /> * Programu ya Washirika wa MacArthur ya 2005 <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.macfound.org/fellows/769/|publisher=MacArthur foundation|title=MacArthur Fellows Program:Olufunmilayo Olopade|accessdate=July 27, 2013|date=September 1, 2005}}</ref> * 2015: Tuzo ya Uhuru Nne * 2017: Nishani ya Mendel ya Chuo Kikuu cha Villanova * Siku ya Jumamosi, Mei 18, 2019, Chuo cha Lincoln cha Illinois kilimpa Olopade tuzo ya Order of Lincoln, heshima ya juu zaidi iliyotolewa na [[Illinois|Jimbo la Illinois]] . <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://thelincolnacademyofillinois.org/2019-laureates-announced-gov-rauner/|title=2019 Laureates Announced by Gov. Rauner|work=The Lincoln Academy of Illinois|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-08-27|archivedate=2019-08-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827194444/https://thelincolnacademyofillinois.org/2019-laureates-announced-gov-rauner/}}</ref> * 2021: Mwanachama wa Chuo cha Kitaifa cha Sayansi cha Marekani. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/2021-nas-election.html|title=News from the National Academy of Sciences|date=April 26, 2021|accessdate=July 5, 2021|quote=Newly elected members and their affiliations at the time of election are: ... Olopade, Olufunmilayo F.; Walter L. Palmer Distinguished Service Professor of Medicine and Human Genetics, department of medicine, and director, Center for Clinical Genetics and Global Health, University of Chicago, Chicago|archive-date=2024-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613132749/https://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/2021-nas-election.html|url-status=dead}}, entry in member directory:{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/20018661.html|title=Member Directory|accessdate=July 5, 2021|publisher=National Academy of Sciences|archive-date=2021-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182713/http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/20018661.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tangu mwaka wa 1983, aliolewa na Christopher Sola Olopade ambaye pia ni [[Tabibu|daktari]] katika Chuo Kikuu cha Chicago. Wana watoto wawili wa kike, na mmoja wa kiume akiwemo [[Mwanahabari|mwandishi wa habari]] Dayo Olopade, na mtoto mmoja wa kiume. <ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=http://www.notablebiographies.com/newsmakers2/2006-Le-Ra/Olopade-Olufunmilayo.html|publisher=Encyclopedia of World Biography|title=Olufunmilayo Olopade:Physician, oncologist and geneticist|accessdate=July 27, 2013}}</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1957]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Wanabiolojia wa Nigeria]] [[Jamii:Pages with unreviewed translations]] mqk46tdak2epyxtf05598b944gv6vj5 0 228826 1612572 1518473 2026-11-02T14:44:36Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612572 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lucy Katherine (Kathleen) Armitage Chippindall''' (pia akijulikana kama '''Chipps''' na baadaye kama '''Bi. Albert Oliff Crook'''; 15 Februari 1913, Pretoria – 4 Aprili 1992) alikuwa mtaalamu wa mimea kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]] na mtaalamu wa sayansi ya nyasi agrostolojia.<ref>{{Rejea kitabu|last1=Clifford|first1=Harold T.|url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=FQRHAAAAQBAJ|title=Etymological](https://books.google.com/books?id=FQRHAAAAQBAJ|title=Etymological) Dictionary of Grasses|last2=Bostock|first2=Peter D.|date=2007-05-16|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-38434-2|pages=69|language=en}}</ref> == Maisha == Lucy Katherine Armitage Chippindall alizaliwa tarehe 15 Februari 1913 mjini Pretoria.<ref name=":0">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Flora of Mozambique: Person details: Chippindall, LKA|url=[https://www.mozambiqueflora.com/speciesdata/person-display.php?person_id=254|access-date=2021-01-08|website=www.mozambiqueflora.com}}](https://www.mozambiqueflora.com/speciesdata/person-display.php?person_id=254|access-date=2021-01-08|website=www.mozambiqueflora.com}})</ref> Alisoma katika St. Mary's Diocesan School for Girls, Pretoria|St. Mary's Diocesan School huko Pretoria kuanzia mwaka 1919 hadi 1929, kisha akaendelea na masomo katika [[University of the Witwatersrand|Chuo Kikuu cha Witwatersrand]], ambako alihitimu shahada ya Sayansi (BSc) mwaka 1948.<ref name=":1">{{Rejea kitabu|last=Gunn, Mary.|title=Botanical exploration of southern Africa : an illustrated history of early botanical literature on the Cape flora : biographical accounts of the leading plant collectors and their activities in southern Africa from the days of the East India Company until modern times|url=https://archive.org/details/botanicalexplora0000gunn|date=1981|publisher=Published for the Botanical Research Institute by A.A. Balkema|others=Codd, L. E. W.|isbn=0-86961-129-1|location=Cape Town|oclc=8591273}}</ref> Akiwa kijana, Chippindall alifanya kazi katika idara ya bidhaa ndogondogo (haberdashery) katika duka moja huko Pretoria, na baadaye katika Taasisi ya Utafiti wa Mimea. Kuanzia mwaka 1931 hadi 1945 alikuwa Msaidizi wa Kiufundi katika Idara ya Botania mjini Pretoria.<ref name=":2">{{Rejea tovuti|title=Plant Names C-F|url=[http://www.calflora.net/southafrica/1C-F.html|access-date=2021-01-08|website=www.calflora.net}}](http://www.calflora.net/southafrica/1C-F.html|access-date=2021-01-08|website=www.calflora.net}})</ref> Alijikita katika taaluma ya taksonomia ya familia ya nyasi ''[[Poaceae|Gramineae]]''.<ref name=":1" /> Pia anahesabiwa kuwa mwandishi maalum katika kundi la mimea yenye mbegu spermatophyte.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries|url=&#91;https://kiki.huh.harvard.edu/databases/botanist_search.php?mode=details&id=75099|access-date=2021-01-08|website=kiki.huh.harvard.edu|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222183837/https://kiki.huh.harvard.edu/databases/botanist_search.php?mode=details&id=75099|archivedate=2025-02-22|url-status=dead}}](https://kiki.huh.harvard.edu/databases/botanist_search.php?mode=details&id=75099|access-date=2021-01-08|website=kiki.huh.harvard.edu|language=en}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }})</ref> == Kazi == Baada ya kuolewa na Albert Oliff Crook, Chippindall alihamia [[Rhodesia]] (sasa Zimbabwe) na kuanza kufanya kazi katika sehemu ya botania ya kitabu kilichochapishwa mwaka 1955 kiitwacho ''The grasses and pastures of South Africa''.<ref name=":0" /> Akiwa Rhodesia, alifanya kazi kwa muda katika Herbariamu ya Serikali mjini Salisbury.<ref name=":1" /> Alikuwa na mtoto mmoja wa kiume.<ref name=":0" /> Baada ya kustaafu kutoka Idara ya Uhifadhi nchini Rhodesia, yeye pamoja na mumewe waliendelea kukusanya na kutambua aina mbalimbali za nyasi hasa katika eneo la Umtali, na kuchapisha kazi yao ''240 Grasses of Southern Africa'' mwaka 1976.<ref name=":0" /> Katika miaka ya 1980, Chippindall na mumewe walihamia Cape Town ambako walishirikiana na Bolus Herbarium na kuendelea na tafiti zao hadi mwisho wa maisha yao.<ref name=":0" /> Pia alishirikiana na Herbariamu ya Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Chippindall, Lucy Katherine Armitage on JSTOR|url=[https://plants.jstor.org/stable/history/10.5555/al.ap.person.k6139|access-date=2021-01-08|website=plants.jstor.org}}](https://plants.jstor.org/stable/history/10.5555/al.ap.person.k6139|access-date=2021-01-08|website=plants.jstor.org}})</ref> Lucy Katherine Armitage Chippindall alifariki tarehe 4 Aprili 1992.<ref name=":2" /> Mmea wa Afrika Kusini uitwao ''chippindalliae'' ulipewa jina lake kwa heshima yake.<ref name=":2" /> == Majina ya mimea yaliyochapishwa na Chippindall == * ''[[Alloeochaete namuliensis]]'' Chippind., <small>J. S. African Bot. xi. 101 (1945)</small> * ''[[Craspedorhachis uniflora]]'' (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Chippind., <small>Meredith, Grasses & Pastures S. Afr. 205 (1955)</small> * ''[[Danthoniopsis acutigluma]]'' Chippind., <small>Blumea, Suppl. 3: 27 (1946)</small> * ''[[Hylebates]]'' Chippind., <small>J. S. African Bot. xi. 127 (1945)</small> ** ''[[Hylebates cordatus]]'' Chippind., <small>J. S. African Bot. xi. 128 (1945)</small> * ''[[Loudetia pedicellata]]'' (Stent) Chippind., <small>Meredith, Grasses & Pastures S. Afr. 280 (1955)</small> * ''[[Tetrapogon mossambicensis]]'' (K.Schum.) Chippind., <small>Meredith, Grasses & Pastures S. Afr. 198 (1955)</small> * ''[[Urelytrum henrardii]]'' Chippind., <small>Blumea, Suppl. 3: 25 (1946)</small> * ''[[Urochloa stolonifera]]'' (Goossens) Chippind., <small>Meredith, Grasses & Pastures S. Afr. 381 (1955)</small><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Chippindall, Lucy Katherine Armitage {{!}} International Plant Names Index|url=[https://www.ipni.org/a/1602-1|access-date=2021-01-08|website=www.ipni.org}}](https://www.ipni.org/a/1602-1|access-date=2021-01-08|website=www.ipni.org}})</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mwanasayansi}} {{BD|1913|1992}} [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wanabiolojia wa Afrika Kusini]] pim45665hixahs8yd8qdwycylktxvs3 0 229794 1612679 1522639 2026-11-03T05:04:06Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612679 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Olamide Brown''' (aliyezaliwa Orekunrin mwaka [[1986]]) ni [[daktari]] mwenye uraia wa [[Uingereza]] na [[Nigeria]], mjasiriamali wa sekta ya afya, na mtaalamu wa uwekezaji katika huduma za matibabu. Anajulikana zaidi kama mwanzilishi wa Flying Doctors Healthcare Investment Group, kampuni inayojikita katika kuboresha huduma za dharura za afya na usafiri wa wagonjwa kupitia ndege katika maeneo yenye changamoto za upatikanaji wa huduma za matibabu. Pia, Olamide Brown ni Mkurugenzi wa Greentree Investment Company, ambapo anashiriki katika usimamizi wa uwekezaji unaolenga kukuza ubunifu na maendeleo katika sekta ya afya na [[biashara]]. Kupitia kazi yake, amechangia kwa kiasi kikubwa katika kuimarisha mifumo ya huduma za afya [[Afrika|barani Afrika]], hususan katika kuongeza upatikanaji wa huduma za dharura na kuimarisha ubora wa huduma za kitabibu.<ref name="guard">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/sep/12/nigeria-air-ambulance-firm-healthcare|website=The Guardian|title=Nigeria's air ambulance firm is a leap forward for healthcare|location=United Kingdom|author=Renni Edo-Lodge|date=September 12, 2014|access-date=2 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lionessesofafrica.com/lioness-ola-orekunrin|title=DR. OLA OREKUNRIN Africa's high-flying doctor|website=Lionesses of Africa|date=19 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=http://www.greentreeinvestmentcompany.com/#team|title=Our Team|website=Greentree Investment Company}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://nairametrics.com/2018/07/16/greentree-investment-company-is-set-to-fund-promising-nigerian-startups/|title=VC Firm, GreenTree holds Pitch Day for over 20 promising Startups|website=Nairametrics|date=16 July 2018}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Olamide Brown, aliyezaliwa [[London]], Uingereza, ni daktari na mjasiriamali wa afya mwenye mchango mkubwa katika huduma za dharura barani Afrika, pamoja na taaluma ya afya na sera za [[uchumi]]. Alisomea udaktari katika Shule ya Tiba ya Hull York, mpango wa pamoja kati ya University of Hull na [[Chuo Kikuu cha York|University of York]]. Baada ya kuhitimu, alifanya kazi katika huduma za udaktari wa dharura nchini Uingereza kabla ya kupata udhamini wa MEXT Scholarship Program wa [[Japani]], uliomuwezesha kuendelea na utafiti [[Tokyo]], hususan katika teknolojia ya seli shina (pluripotent stem cells). Aidha, Olamide Brown alisomea Shahada ya Uzamili katika Fedha na Sera za Kiuchumi katika [[University of London]], na pia alipata cheti cha uundaji sera za kiuchumi kutoka IE Business School nchini Uhispania. Vilevile, ana cheti katika uhasibu wa kufanya maamuzi kutoka University of Michigan nchini [[Marekani]]. == Kazi ya Matibabu == Baada ya kuhitimu, alifanya kazi kwa muda mfupi ndani ya National Health Service (NHS) ya Uingereza. Baada ya kupata mafunzo katika udaktari wa anga na huduma za dharura, aliteuliwa kuwa Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa Flying Doctors Nigeria Ltd, huduma ya kwanza ya matibabu ya dharura inayotumia usafiri wa anga nchini Nigeria na eneo la [[Afrika Magharibi]]. Kupitia nafasi hiyo, amechangia kwa kiasi kikubwa kuboresha upatikanaji wa huduma za matibabu ya dharura, hasa katika maeneo yasiyofikika kirahisi.<ref>{{Rejea habari|url=https://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/flying-doctors-boss-writes-book-on-fixing-healthcare-in-nigeria/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|title=Flying doctors boss writes book on fixing healthcare in Nigeria|date=22 December 2018}}</ref> Olamide Brown pia ni mwanachama wa American College of Emergency Physicians, na mwaka [[2013]] aliorodheshwa miongoni mwa viongozi vijana wa kimataifa na World Economic Forum, jambo lililoonyesha kutambuliwa kwake kimataifa katika sekta ya afya na uongozi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.younggloballeaders.org/community|website=World Economic Forum|title=Ola Orekunrin;Managing Director:The Flying Doctors|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260430085327/https://www.younggloballeaders.org/community|archivedate=2026-04-30|accessdate=2026-04-21|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea habari|url=http://www.punchng.com/spice/personalities/how-i-became-a-doctor-at-21-ola-orekunrin/|title=How I became a doctor at 21-Ola Orekunrin|access-date=10 May 2014|archive-date=4 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804191903/http://www.punchng.com/spice/personalities/how-i-became-a-doctor-at-21-ola-orekunrin/|url-status=dead|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> ==Tanbihi== {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii: Waliozaliwa 1986]] [[Jamii: Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii: Wanawake wa Nigeria]] pfnz17p6n6vstqubycopbm6nikpi7ux 0 235154 1612561 1543647 2026-11-02T12:57:12Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612561 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Leighton John Baines''' (amezaliwa 11 Desemba 1984) ni kocha wa kitaalamu wa mpira wa miguu kutoka [[Uingereza]] na mchezaji wa zamani wa mpira wa miguu aliyekuwa akicheza kama beki wa kushoto. Kwa sasa ni kocha msaidizi wa klabu ya Premier League Everton. Baines alianza maisha yake ya soka akiwa na Wigan Athletic, na alikuwa sehemu ya timu iliyoshinda Second Division katika msimu wa 2002–03, pamoja na kuwa mshindi wa pili katika 2004–05 Championship na fainali ya Kombe la Ligi mwaka 2006. Alijiunga na Everton mwaka 2007 na kusaidia timu hiyo kufika fainali ya FA Cup mwaka 2009. Aliichezea England katika timu ya vijana ya chini ya miaka 21 (under-21) na timu ya wakubwa. Baines alijumuishwa katika vikosi vya England vya UEFA Euro 2012 na 2014 FIFA World Cup. Alistaafu kucheza mpira mwezi Julai 2020 na baadaye kuingia katika ukocha.<ref name=everton-coach>{{Rejea tovuti|date=11 Septemba 2020|title=Unsworth And Baines Take On Exciting New Everton Roles|url=[https://www.evertonfc.com/news/1822724/unsworth-and-baines-take-on-exciting-new-everton-roles|access-date=2020-09-15|website=Everton](https://www.evertonfc.com/news/1822724/unsworth-and-baines-take-on-exciting-new-everton-roles|access-date=2020-09-15|website=Everton) Football Club|language=en}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1984|}} [[Jamii:Watu wa Uingereza]] mvr40p70885jdsh4y5vmo1cgbcaj67j 0 235297 1612584 1543496 2026-11-02T15:28:26Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612584 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ana Lígia Costa Feliciano''' (alizaliwa 21 Aprili 1957) ni daktari, mfanyabiashara, na mwanasiasa wa [[Brazil]] aliyekuwa Makamu wa Gavana wa jimbo la [[Paraíba]] kuanzia mwaka 2015 hadi 2023. Alifanya kazi katika nafasi hiyo chini ya magavana [[Ricardo Coutinho]] na [[João Azevêdo]]. Kwa sasa ni mwanachama wa chama cha [[Democratic Labour Party (Brazil)|Democratic Labour Party]] (PDT). == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya Nje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20260515073833/https://paraiba.pb.gov.br/ Wasifu katika tovuti rasmi ya Serikali ya Paraíba] {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1957||Feliciano, Ligia}} [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Brazil]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Brazil]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] qrtcj37br54090fzs6rok1o8x6evk47 0 235914 1612645 1544991 2026-11-03T01:03:53Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612645 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mustafa Miftah Bel'id al-Dersi''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa Libya aliyewahi kuhudumu kama [[Katibu]] wa Kamati Kuu ya Watu ya [[Libya]] inayoshughulikia Vijana na Michezo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=اللجنة الشعبية العامة- الصفحة الرئيسية|url=http://gpco.gov.ly/home.php|work=gpco.gov.ly|accessdate=2026-05-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914003540/http://gpco.gov.ly/home.php|archivedate=2007-09-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Libya]] rnxce4mquj9ibk3e94anakkxzsle9d5 0 236001 1612652 1544993 2026-11-03T01:58:16Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612652 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nadia Boubeghla''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Aljeria|Algeria]] aliyezaliwa Algiers. Yeye ni mwanachama wa Chama cha Wafanyakazi (Workers’ Party).<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=BOUBEGHLA NEE CHOUITEM NADIA|url=http://www.apn.dz/fr/les-membres/deputes-national/161-boubeghla-nee-chouitem-nadia|work=www.apn.dz|accessdate=2026-05-17|language=fr-fr|author=APNDZ|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172748/http://www.apn.dz/fr/les-membres/deputes-national/161-boubeghla-nee-chouitem-nadia|archivedate=2015-09-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 39l3qqbtzs4d488ttrz8cew04kufv9b 0 236363 1612559 1545813 2026-11-02T12:18:05Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612559 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Laid Rebiga''' (amezaliwa 28 Desemba 1973) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa [[Algeria]] ambaye anahudumu kama Waziri wa Mashujaa wa Vita na Wenye Haki (War Veterans and Rights Holders). Aliteuliwa kuwa waziri tarehe 30 Juni 2021.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Rebiga Welcomed in Windhoek by Namibia’s President – AL24 News|url=https://al24news.dz/en/rebiga-welcomed-in-windhoek-by-namibias-president/|accessdate=2026-05-18|language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1973]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] j6axadnuwnxekx3qwyjotwes5rgr6mw 0 240707 1612569 1570759 2026-11-02T14:30:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612569 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lourens Cornelius Adriaanse''' (amezaliwa 5 Februari 1988) ni mchezaji wa muungano wa raga kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]] anayechukua nafasi ya propu wa kulia (tighthead prop) katika timu ya Sharks (Currie Cup) inayoshiriki mashindano ya Currie Cup nchini Afrika Kusini. == Maisha ya mchezo == Adriaanse alizaliwa mjini [[Cape Town]] na alicheza katika timu za vijana za Western Province. Aliiwakilisha Maties katika mashindano ya Varsity Cup mwaka 2009 na 2010 kabla ya kuhamia Griquas kwa msimu wa mwaka 2011. Uchezaji wake mzuri katika mashindano ya ndani ulimwezesha kupandishwa haraka katika kikosi cha Cheetahs cha Super Rugby, ambapo alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza dhidi ya Reds mjini Brisbane. Adriaanse alijiunga na Sharks mwanzoni mwa msimu wa 2014.<ref name="Stut-skok vir GW, Cheetahs">{{cite web | url=http://www.beeld.com/sport/2013-08-15-stut-skok-vir-gw-cheetahs | title=Stut-skok vir GW, Cheetahs | publisher=Beeld | work=Media24 | date=15 August 2013 | accessdate=16 August 2013 | language=Afrikaans}}</ref> Alijumuishwa katika kikosi chao cha 2014 Super Rugby season<ref name="Sharks 2014 squad">{{cite press release|url=http://www.sharksrugby.co.za/index.php/component/articles/?view=article&id=2310854 |title=Sharks 2014 squad |publisher=Sharks |date=11 February 2014 |accessdate=11 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606082653/http://www.sharksrugby.co.za/index.php/component/articles/?view=article&id=2310854 |archivedate=6 June 2015 }}</ref> na akacheza mechi yake ya kwanza kwa Sharks katika ushindi wa 31–16 dhidi ya Bulls mjini [[Durban]].<ref name="Match Centre: Sharks v Bulls">{{cite web | url=http://www.sanzarrugby.com/superrugby/match-centre/?season=2014&competition=205&match=514012 | title=Match Centre: Sharks v Bulls | publisher=SANZAR | date=15 February 2014 | accessdate=15 February 2014}}</ref> Kabla ya msimu wa 2017–18, Adriaanse alijiunga na klabu ya Pau nchini Ufaransa kwa mkataba wa miaka mitatu.<ref name="Le pilier droit international Sud-Africain Lourens Adriaanse s’engage !">{{cite press release|url=http://www.section-paloise.com/actualites/news/970-le-pilier-droit-international-sud-africain-lourens-adriaanse-s-engage |title=Le pilier droit international Sud-Africain Lourens Adriaanse s'engage ! |publisher=Section Paloise |date=18 April 2017 |accessdate=18 April 2017 |language=French |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418174858/http://www.section-paloise.com/actualites/news/970-le-pilier-droit-international-sud-africain-lourens-adriaanse-s-engage |archivedate=18 April 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Kazi ya kimataifa == Adriaanse aliitwa katika kikosi cha Afrika Kusini kwa ajili ya mechi za kimataifa za katikati ya mwaka 2013 dhidi ya Italia, Scotland na Samoa, lakini hakupata nafasi ya kucheza katika mechi hizo. Hatimaye alicheza mechi yake ya kwanza kwa timu ya taifa ya Springboks dhidi ya Ufaransa tarehe 23 Novemba 2013 mjini [[Paris]]. == Maisha binafsi == Adriaanse ni mdogo wake mchezaji wa propu [[Jacobie Adriaanse]].<ref name="Jake White lok nóg ’n SA speler">{{cite web | url=http://www.netwerk24.com/sport/2015-05-13-jake-white-lok-ng-n-sa-speler | title=Jake White lok nóg 'n SA speler | work=Netwerk24 | date=13 May 2015 | accessdate=21 December 2015 | language=Afrikaans}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240803012714/http://www.genslin.us/bokke/PlayerData.aspx?PlayerID=926 Wasifu wa Adriaanse katika genslin.us] {{Mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1988|}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Afrika Kusini]] rogazjqea7e0bm9gssmkiy3nl6ndti8 0 241234 1612607 1575170 2026-11-02T17:44:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612607 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mto|jina=Maporomoko ya Kapachira|picha=Kapachira Falls.jpg|nchi=Malawi|mkondo=Mto Shire}} '''Maporomoko ya Kapachira''' ni maporomoko ya maji yaliyopo nchini [[Malawi]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Guide 2 Malawi|url=http://www.guide2malawi.com/mountain.asp|work=www.guide2malawi.com|accessdate=2026-06-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106064734/http://www.guide2malawi.com/mountain.asp|archivedate=2013-11-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yapo kwenye sehemu ya chini ya [[Mto]] Shire karibu na mji wa Chikwawa na Hifadhi ya Wanyamapori ya Majete. Kituo cha Kuzalisha [[Umeme]] wa Maji cha Kapachira (Kapichira Hydroelectric Power Station) kilijengwa juu ya maporomoko hayo kwa ajili ya kuzalisha umeme wa maji. Wakati wa safari yake ya Zambezi mwaka 1859, mpelelezi na mmisionari [[David Livingstone]] aliyapa maporomoko hayo jina la Murchison Cataracts kwa heshima ya Roderick Murchison, mwanajiolojia mashuhuri. [[Meli]] yake ya mtoni iliyoitwa ''Ma Robert'' haikuweza kuvuka maporomoko hayo ili kuendelea juu ya Mto Shire. Wakati wa msafara huo, baadhi ya wanakikosi chake walifariki kutokana na magonjwa na walizikwa katika eneo hilo. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-jio-Malawi}} [[Jamii:AWC 2026]] [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Malawi]] [[Jamii:Maporomoko ya Afrika]] hv1kl1y5koli87k32m699tfwtsba911 0 244743 1612623 1587029 2026-11-02T20:22:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612623 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Melanie Merkosky''' (amezaliwa [[7 Aprili]], [[1980]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] wa [[Kanada]]. Alicheza nafasi ya Jennie katika mfululizo wa intaneti ''lonelygirl15''.<ref name=AccHoll>{{cite news |url= http://www.accesshollywood.com/cbs/cbs-harpers-island-offers-online-companion_article_16534 |title= CBS' 'Harper's Island' Offers Online Companion |date= April 9, 2009 |access-date= 2009-09-21 |work= Access Hollywood}}</ref> ==Kazi== Merkosky alicheza nafasi katika ''Runaway (2006 TV series)|Runaway'', ''Slings and Arrows'', na ''American Pie Presents The Naked Mile''.<ref name="comp2">Hart, Hugh (9 April 2009). [https://www.wired.com/underwire/2009/04/webisodes-prime/ Webisodes Prime Pump for CBS’ Bloody Harper’s Island] {{Wayback|url=https://www.wired.com/underwire/2009/04/webisodes-prime/ |date=20110219080704 }}, ''Wired''</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-igiza-filamu}} {{BD|1980|}} [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] h1nsg2knzloj31xrfv0hq77xecaabpd 0 245130 1612609 1600527 2026-11-02T18:37:15Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612609 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marie E. Redd''' ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa Marekani kutoka [[jimbo]] la West Virginia. Alikuwa mwanachama wa Chama cha Democratic katika Seneti ya Jimbo la West Virginia, akiwakilisha wilaya ya 5, ambayo inajumuisha Kaunti ya Cabell na sehemu ndogo ya Kaunti ya Wayne. Mwaka 1998, Redd alimshinda Thomas F. Scott, aliyekuwa seneta wa Chama cha Republican, katika [[uchaguzi]] mkuu. Kwa ushindi huo, akawa seneta wa kwanza Mwafrika-Mmarekani katika historia ya West Virginia. Redd alishindwa na Evan Jenkins katika uchaguzi wa mchujo wa Chama cha Democratic mwaka 2002, na alishindwa tena naye katika uchaguzi wa mchujo wa mwaka 2006.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Candidate profile: Marie Redd|url=https://www.herald-dispatch.com/candidate-profile-marie-redd/article_c21cc107-e5eb-51ff-9321-a35faba0ffe1.html|work=The Herald-Dispatch|date=2014-10-06|accessdate=2026-08-14|language=en|author=The Herald-Dispatch / 2015Herald-Dispatch.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260814032117/https://www.herald-dispatch.com/candidate-profile-marie-redd/article_c21cc107-e5eb-51ff-9321-a35faba0ffe1.html|archivedate=2026-08-14|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Cartmill has a big lead for Cabell County Commission|url=https://www.herald-dispatch.com/elections/cartmill-has-a-big-lead-for-cabell-county-commission/article_11e76166-35f8-5970-b399-cfba7342acf8.html|work=The Herald-Dispatch|date=2014-11-05|accessdate=2026-08-14|language=en|author=CURTIS JOHNSONHerald-Dispatch.com|archive-date=2026-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260814035736/https://www.herald-dispatch.com/elections/cartmill-has-a-big-lead-for-cabell-county-commission/article_11e76166-35f8-5970-b399-cfba7342acf8.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Marekani]] eup88wrdhslacfota8yi3et4irduau5 0 245999 1612655 1589420 2026-11-03T02:29:31Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612655 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nandi Olive Leslie''' ni [[mwanahisabati]] wa matumizi na [[mhandisi]] mwandamizi katika kampuni ya Raytheon Technologies. == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Leslie alikulia Evanston, Illinois, ambako baba yake, Joshua Leslie, alikuwa profesa wa hisabati katika Chuo Kikuu cha Northwestern. Alijiunga na programu za hisabati katika Chuo Kikuu cha Northwestern na mara kwa mara aliambatana na baba yake katika mikutano na mihadhara mbalimbali ya hisabati iliyofanyika maeneo tofauti nchini Marekani.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Home|url=https://www.rtx.com/raytheon|work=RAY|accessdate=2026-08-19|language=en}}</ref> Leslie alihitimu magna cum laude akiwa na [[shahada]] ya Sayansi katika Hisabati kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Howard. Baadaye alipata shahada ya uzamili na shahada ya uzamivu (PhD) katika Hisabati ya Matumizi na Hisabati ya Kikokotozi, pamoja na Ikolojia na Biolojia ya Mageuzi, kutoka [[Chuo]] Kikuu cha Princeton. Tasnifu yake ya uzamivu katika Chuo Kikuu cha Princeton ilikuwa kuhusu mifano ya kihisabati ya uwezekano ya kijiografia kwa uharibifu wa misitu na ukataji wa misitu nchini Bolivia na Brazil.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Nandi Leslie - The Mathematics Genealogy Project|url=https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=76372|work=mathgenealogy.org|accessdate=2026-08-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617235010/https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=76372|archivedate=2025-06-17|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wanahisabati wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wahandisi wa Marekani]] 1p131majez37mmw2fwgtqccsq5n3df3 0 248059 1612630 1593416 2026-11-02T21:24:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612630 wikitext text/x-wiki Miloud Rebiaï (kwa Kiarabu: ميلود ربيعي; alizaliwa 12 Desemba 1993) ni [[mchezaji]] wa kulipwa wa mpira wa miguu kutoka Algeria anayekipiga katika klabu ya CS Constantine. Anajulikana kwa uzoefu wake katika soka la [[Algeria]], ambapo amewahi kuchezea vilabu kadhaa vya ligi ya ndani. == Maisha ya soka == Rebiaï alianza maisha yake ya soka katika mfumo wa soka la Algeria, akijenga uwezo wake kabla ya kupata nafasi ya kucheza katika kikosi cha wakubwa cha WA Tlemcen. Alifanya mchezo wake wa kwanza wa kulipwa tarehe 24 Machi 2012, akiwa bado kijana. Katika mchezo huo wa ligi dhidi ya MC Saïda, aliingia uwanjani kama mchezaji wa akiba. Mchezo huo ulikuwa mwanzo wa [[safari]] yake katika soka la ngazi ya juu nchini Algeria. Baada ya kuanza kucheza kwa WA Tlemcen, Rebiaï aliendelea kupata uzoefu katika mashindano ya ndani na kuimarisha uwezo wake kama mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu. Kipindi chake katika klabu hiyo kilimsaidia kujenga msingi wa maisha yake ya baadaye katika soka la kulipwa. Katika miaka iliyofuata, Rebiaï aliendelea kucheza katika soka la Algeria na kuvutia vilabu vikubwa zaidi. Mwaka 2019, alisaini mkataba na MC Alger, moja ya vilabu maarufu nchini Algeria. Kuhamia MC Alger kulikuwa hatua muhimu katika maisha yake ya soka, kwani kulimpa nafasi ya kucheza katika mazingira yenye ushindani mkubwa zaidi na kukutana na baadhi ya wachezaji bora wa soka la ndani. Akiwa MC Alger, Rebiaï aliendelea kuongeza uzoefu wake na kushiriki katika [[mashindano]] mbalimbali ya soka nchini Algeria. Uzoefu alioupata katika klabu hiyo ulimsaidia kujiimarisha zaidi kama mchezaji mwenye uwezo wa kushindana katika kiwango cha juu. === CR Belouizdad === Mwaka 2022, Rebiaï alihamia CR Belouizdad. Klabu hiyo ni miongoni mwa vilabu vikubwa na vyenye mafanikio nchini Algeria. Uhamisho huo ulimpa nafasi ya kuendelea na taaluma yake katika klabu yenye historia kubwa katika soka la Algeria. Katika kipindi chake na CR Belouizdad, aliendelea kupata uzoefu wa kucheza katika mashindano ya ndani. Pia alifanya kazi katika mazingira ya ushindani yaliyomsaidia kuendeleza uwezo na uzoefu wake kama mchezaji wa kulipwa.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=CR Belouizdad : Miloud Rebiaï s'engage pour deux saisons|url=https://www.dzfoot.com/football-en-algerie/cr-belouizdad-miloud-rebiai-sengage-pour-deux-saisons-229434.html|work=Football Algérien - DZFOOT.COM|date=2022-08-04|accessdate=2026-08-30|language=fr-FR|author=Said}}</ref> === CS Constantine === Mwaka 2023, Rebiaï alijiunga na CS Constantine. Kujiunga kwake na klabu hiyo kuliongeza sura nyingine katika maisha yake ya soka, baada ya awali kuchezea WA Tlemcen, MC Alger na CR Belouizdad. Akiwa CS Constantine, Rebiaï anaendelea kushiriki katika soka la Algeria na kutumia uzoefu wake wa miaka kadhaa katika ligi ya ndani. Uzoefu wake katika vilabu mbalimbali umemfanya kuwa mchezaji mwenye [[historia]] pana katika soka la kulipwa nchini Algeria. Kwa ujumla, maisha ya soka ya Miloud Rebiaï yanaonyesha safari ya mchezaji aliyeanza kucheza soka la kulipwa akiwa kijana na baadaye akapata nafasi ya kujiunga na baadhi ya vilabu maarufu nchini Algeria.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Compte suspendu|url=https://www.mediafootdz.dz/cgi-sys/suspendedpage.cgi|work=www.mediafootdz.dz|accessdate=2026-08-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260830082026/https://www.mediafootdz.dz/cgi-sys/suspendedpage.cgi|archivedate=2026-08-30|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tangu kuanza kwake na WA Tlemcen mwaka 2012, ameendelea kujenga taaluma yake kupitia MC Alger, CR Belouizdad na CS Constantine. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1993]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Algeria]] prq5x0rxlqr79c12vr1tltakzpzfb7y 0 248815 1612605 1595230 2026-11-02T17:05:01Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612605 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Malcolm Clemons''' (alizaliwa 8 Machi 2002) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa [[Marekani]] anayeshiriki katika kuruka kwa urefu. Aliiwakilisha Marekani katika Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Paris 2024 na mwaka 2025 alishinda Mashindano ya Kitaifa ya Vyuo Vikuu ya Marekani ya nje akiwa anaiwakilisha Chuo Kikuu cha Florida.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=Malcolm CLEMONS {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/united-states/malcolm-clemons-14787637|work=worldathletics.org|accessdate=2026-09-07}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na binafsi == Clemons anatoka East Oakland, California. Alianza kushiriki katika riadha akiwa na umri wa miaka mitano kupitia programu ya Ligi ya Shughuli za Polisi ya Oakland. Alihudhuria Ecole Bilingue de Berkeley huko Berkeley, California, ambako alijifunza na kuwa mfasaha katika lugha ya Kifaransa. Mwaka 2017, Clemons alihamia Richmond, California, na kujiunga na Saint Mary's College High School huko Berkeley. Baadaye alihamia IMG Academy huko Bradenton, Florida, ambako alimaliza elimu yake ya sekondari mwaka 2020. Mwaka huo huo, alijiunga na Chuo Kikuu cha Florida baada ya kuajiriwa na [[chuo]] hicho kwa ajili ya timu yake ya riadha. Alifundishwa na kocha Nic Petersen. Clemons alihitimu mwaka 2024 akiwa na shahada ya Sayansi katika Masomo ya Kimataifa.<ref>{{Citation|last=Parenti|first=Jeffrey|title=Former CIF Long Jump Champ Clemons Headed to Florida Academy|url=https://ca.milesplit.com/articles/265922/former-cif-long-jump-champ-clemons-headed-to-florida-academy|work=California MileSplit|language=en|access-date=2026-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260908093118/https://ca.milesplit.com/articles/265922/former-cif-long-jump-champ-clemons-headed-to-florida-academy|archive-date=2026-09-08|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kazi ya riadha == Clemons alianza kupata mafanikio katika mashindano ya shule za sekondari. Mwaka 2018, alimaliza katika nafasi ya pili katika mashindano ya kuruka kwa urefu kwenye Mashindano ya New Balance ya Nje. Baadaye mwaka huo, akiwa mwanafunzi wa Saint Mary's College High School, alishinda Mashindano ya Jimbo la CIF ya Shule za Sekondari katika kuruka kwa urefu. Mwaka 2019, alishiriki katika Mashindano ya USATF ya Mkoa wa 16 na Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Kitaifa ya Vijana, ambapo alimaliza katika nafasi ya tatu katika kuruka kwa urefu. Mnamo Julai 2023, Clemons aliiwakilisha Marekani katika Mashindano ya NACAC kwa Wanariadha walio chini ya miaka 23 yaliyofanyika San José, Costa Rica. Alishinda medali ya dhahabu katika kuruka kwa urefu. Mnamo Machi 2024, alimaliza katika nafasi ya tatu katika [[Mashindano]] ya Ndani ya Vyuo Vikuu ya Marekani yaliyofanyika Boston, Massachusetts. Mwezi Juni mwaka huo, alimaliza tena katika nafasi ya tatu katika Mashindano ya Nje ya Vyuo Vikuu yaliyofanyika Eugene, Oregon. Baadaye mwezi huo, Clemons alishiriki katika Mashindano ya Uteuzi wa Timu ya Marekani kwa Michezo ya Olimpiki ya 2024. Alimaliza katika nafasi ya pili katika kuruka kwa urefu baada ya kuruka mita 8.18, na hivyo kupata nafasi ya kuiwakilisha Marekani katika Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Paris 2024. Katika mashindano ya Olimpiki, alishiriki katika kuruka kwa urefu lakini hakufuzu kwa fainali. Mnamo Juni 2025, akiwa anaiwakilisha Chuo Kikuu cha Florida, Clemons alishinda taji la Mashindano ya Nje ya Vyuo Vikuu ya Marekani yaliyofanyika Eugene. Alishinda kwa kuruka mita 8.04, na kupata ubingwa wa kitaifa wa vyuo vikuu. Mwaka 2026, Clemons alishiriki katika Mashindano ya Ndani ya Riadha ya Marekani yaliyofanyika New York na kumaliza katika nafasi ya nne kwa jumla. Tarehe 23 Julai 2026, alishiriki katika Mashindano ya Nje ya Riadha ya Marekani huko New York. Aliruka mita 8.07 na kumaliza katika nafasi ya pili, nyuma ya Isaac Grimes, ambaye alitetea taji lake la kitaifa. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2002]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Marekani]] m6t7av5s93diwenk00qvo87dig2c3da 0 252421 1612562 1603660 2026-11-02T13:09:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612562 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Leslie Spalding''' (alizaliwa [[22 Februari]], [[1969]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Gofu (mchezo)|gofu]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Marekani]]. Alishinda taji 1 la Futures Tour. Alijiunga na LPGA Tour mwaka [[1992]].<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2018-08-30 |title=Caddying for a pro: Remembering Billings native Leslie Spalding’s British Open tourney |url=https://www.ktvq.com/news/local-news/2018/08/29/caddying-for-a-pro-remembering-billings-native-leslie-spaldings-british-open-tourney/ |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=Q2 News (KTVQ)}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |date=2019-05-16 |title=Billings native Leslie Spalding playing at the U.S. Senior Women's Open |url=https://406mtsports.com/golf/billings-native-leslie-spalding-playing-at-the-u-s-senior-womens-open/article_fab0757e-843a-5ec3-ae72-403b7db6d7ac.html |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=406 MT Sports |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251008124739/https://406mtsports.com/golf/billings-native-leslie-spalding-playing-at-the-u-s-senior-womens-open/article_fab0757e-843a-5ec3-ae72-403b7db6d7ac.html |archivedate=2025-10-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1969]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa gofu wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 7dizlw9in73qglun01yt5jt1h32e1tp 0 252794 1612657 1604314 2026-11-03T02:38:34Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612657 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Naresh Joshi''' ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa kimataifa wa mpira wa miguu kutoka Nepal. Anashikilia rekodi ya kufunga mabao matatu katika mchezo mmoja (hat trick) kwa [[timu]] ya taifa ya Nepal, na ndiye mchezaji pekee wa Nepal aliyewahi kufanya hivyo katika Mashindano ya SAFF. Naresh Joshi alifunga mabao matatu katika [[ushindi]] wa Nepal wa mabao 3–2 dhidi ya Sri Lanka, jambo lililoisaidia Nepal kufuzu kwa hatua ya nusu fainali katika Mashindano ya SAFF ya 1999 nchini India. Alitumikia timu ya taifa ya Nepal kwa miaka mitatu. Katika maisha yake ya klabu, aliwahi kuchezea klabu kama Three Star Club, Friends Club na RCT (Ranipokhari Corner Team).<ref>[https://www.goalnepal.com/index.php "GoalNepal.com - A Complete Nepali Football website".] GoalNepal.</ref><ref>[http://givemegoal.com/np/2013/08/12/naresh-joshi-shares-his-hat-trick-moment-in-saff/ "Naresh Joshi Shares his Hat Trick Moment in SAFF".] {{Wayback|url=http://givemegoal.com/np/2013/08/12/naresh-joshi-shares-his-hat-trick-moment-in-saff/ |date=20190417184716 }} 12 August 2013.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-cheza-mpira}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamichezo]] tkz9j97eelsvfdpsgiy1n7xezvyifjj 0 253406 1612601 1611169 2026-11-02T16:05:40Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612601 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Madeleine Dansereau''' ([[1922]] – [[20 Machi]], [[1991]]) alikuwa [[msanii]] na mwelimishaji wa [[Kanada]]. Alikuwa [[mwanamke]] wa kwanza mfundi wa [[vito]] huko [[Quebec]]. Pia alijulikana kama '''Madeleine Maranda-Dansereau'''.<ref name=essay>{{cite journal|url=https://www.galerienoelguyomarch.com/2016/06/19/barbara-stutman-parcours-magazine-n88-avril-mai-2016/|title=Barbara Stutman|first=Noel|last=Guyomarc'h|journal=Parcours Magazine|issue=88, Avril-Mai 2016|access-date=February 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217112111/https://www.galerienoelguyomarch.com/2016/06/19/barbara-stutman-parcours-magazine-n88-avril-mai-2016/|archive-date=2020-02-17|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ejm>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecoledejoaillerie.com/2016/10/12/madeleine-dansereau-joailliere-orfevre-cofondatrice-de-lecole-de-joaillerie-de-montreal/ |title=Madeleine Dansereau, joaillière, orfèvre et cofondatrice de l'École de joaillerie de Montréal |publisher=École de joaillerie de Montréal |date=October 12, 2016 |language=fr |access-date=February 17, 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217110609/http://www.ecoledejoaillerie.com/2016/10/12/madeleine-dansereau-joailliere-orfevre-cofondatrice-de-lecole-de-joaillerie-de-montreal/ |archivedate=2020-02-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1922|1991}} [[Jamii:Wasanii wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Kanada]] gttfbfksz76l3fd7df582x844p3wuec 0 254999 1612638 1609031 2026-11-02T22:30:50Z Solidest 47376 1612638 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Db-meta|Self-promotion}} {{Infobox music genre | name = Mizikale | asili_ya_mtindo = Muziki wa asili wa Tanzania, Dansi, Ngoma, Afro 70s | asili_ya_utamaduni= 2025, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania | ala = Gitaa, Ngoma za asili, Besi, Sauti | mwanzilishi = Melody Felician Mbassa (Toto Scala) | alama_ya_biashara = MIZIKALE™ Musical Planet | usajili = BRELA Na. 607626 (11 Juni 2025) | kauli_mbiu = "Mziki Haufi, Safari Inaendelea" }} '''Mizikale''' (inayojulikana kama '''MIZIKALE™ Musical Planet''') ni aina mpya ya muziki na lugha ya muziki kutoka [[Tanzania]] iliyoanzishwa na msanii wa Kitanzania '''Melody Felician Mbassa''' anayejulikana kama '''Toto Scala'''. Ilisajiliwa rasmi kama jina la biashara ''Mizikale Music Planet'' na Wakala wa Usajili wa Biashara na Leseni Tanzania (BRELA) kwa namba ya usajili 607626 tarehe 11 Juni 2025 jijini Dar es Salaam. Mizikale inaelezewa kama harakati ya muziki inayochanganya mapigo ya dansi za zamani za Kitanzania, muziki wa asili, gitaa la akustika na miondoko ya kisasa. == Historia == Mizikale ilibuniwa na Melody Mbassa, msanii aliyezaliwa Dar es Salaam. Alianza muziki akiwa na miaka 10 kupitia kundi la Dynamic Family Chini ya Meneja wake WAkati huu baba yake mzazi Felician Mbassa na Wimbo Maarufu Toto Party na wimbo Nikukoleze. Alipata umaarufu kitaifa kwenye Tuzo za Muziki Tanzania 2022 (TMA 22) aliposhinda tuzo mbili: Msanii Bora wa Kiume wa Dansi na Mtunzi Bora wa Dansi. Akiwa na ushawishi wa enzi ya Afro 70s na akiwa na walimu kama Patrick Balisidya na mwalimu wake wa gitaa George Barnabas Choka (Chuchu Sound, Bambino Sound, Sanaa Band), Mbassa alitaka kutengeneza sauti ya Kitanzania yenye mizizi ya asili. Tarehe 11 Juni 2025, alisajili harakati hiyo kama Mizikale Music Planet chini ya BRELA, kundi la shughuli 9000 - Creative, arts and entertainment. Mwaka rasmi wa kuanzishwa ni EST. 2025. == Maana ya Jina na Dhana == Jina Mizikale linatokana na maneno "Miziki" na "Kale" (ya zamani). Kauli mbiu yake ni "Old Roots. New Vision. One Journey." na kwa Kiswahili "Mziki Haufi, Safari Inaendelea". Mizikale haiwasilishwi kama aina ya muziki tu bali kama "Sayari ya Muziki" (Musical Planet) - jukwaa la kitamaduni lililopo Dar es Salaam. == Sifa za Muziki == Kwa mujibu wa mwanzilishi wake, Mizikale inajumuisha: * Midundo ya ngoma za asili za Tanzania * Mitindo ya gitaa ya dansi na muziki wa dansi * Usimulizi wa hadithi kwa gitaa la akustika * Utayarishaji wa kisasa wa fusion == Mwanzilishi == Melody Felician Mbassa ni mmiliki wa Mizikale Music Planet (BRELA 607626) na mwanzilishi wa chapa ya MIZIKALE™. Ameorodheshwa kwenye Music In Africa kama mwanzilishi wa Mizikale. == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-muziki}} [[Jamii:Muziki wa Tanzania]] lij5kqve266ammkfas9qo50hxj5ms4p 0 255440 1612664 1610265 2026-11-03T03:30:50Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612664 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:GothsColumn2.JPG|thumb|Maandishi yaliyochongwa kwenye msingi wa nguzo hiyo kwa sasa karibu hayasomeki kabisa.]] '''Nguzo ya Wagothi''' (kwa Kituruki: Gotlar Sütunu) ni [[nguzo]] ya ushindi ya [[Kirumi]] inayokadiriwa kuwa ya karne ya 3 au ya 4 BK. Nguzo hiyo ipo katika eneo ambalo kwa sasa ni Bustani ya Gülhane, jijini [[Istanbul]], [[Uturuki]]. == Historia == Nguzo hiyo ya marumaru ya Prokonnesos ina urefu wa mita 18.5 na imesimama bila kutegemezwa na jengo jingine. Juu yake kuna sehemu ya mapambo ya usanifu wa mtindo wa Korintho, inayoitwa Corinthian capital. Jina la nguzo hiyo linatokana na maandishi ya Kilatini yaliyochongwa kwenye msingi wake. Maandishi hayo yanaadhimisha ushindi wa Warumi dhidi ya Wagothi waliovamia eneo hilo. Yanasomeka: FORTVNAE REDVCI OB DEVICTOS GOTHOS Maana yake ni: “Kwa Fortuna, anayerudi kutokana na ushindi dhidi ya Wagothi.” Fortuna alikuwa mungu wa kike wa Kirumi aliyehusishwa na bahati na majaliwa. Uchunguzi unaonyesha kuwa maandishi hayo yalichukua nafasi ya maandishi mengine ya awali ya Kilatini. Hata hivyo, tarehe kamili ya kujengwa kwa nguzo hiyo na madhumuni yake ya awali hayajulikani kwa uhakika. Inaaminika kuwa nguzo hiyo ilijengwa kuadhimisha ushindi wa mmoja kati ya watawala wawili wa Kirumi: Claudius II Gothicus, aliyetawala kuanzia mwaka 268 hadi 270 BK, au Konstantino Mkuu, aliyetawala kuanzia mwaka 306 hadi 337 BK. Watawala hao wote wanajulikana kwa kupata ushindi dhidi ya Wagothi. Kwa mujibu wa mwanahistoria wa Bizanti Nicephorus Gregoras (takribani mwaka 1295–1360), wakati mmoja nguzo hiyo ilikuwa na sanamu ya Byzas wa Megara juu yake. Byzas alikuwa mwanzilishi wa Bizanti, kwa mujibu wa mapokeo ya kale, ingawa simulizi zinazomhusu zina sehemu za kihistoria na za kimapokeo. Taarifa nyingine kuhusu eneo hilo inasema kwamba mwanahistoria wa karne ya sita, Ioannes wa Lidia, alitaja kuwa sehemu ya juu ya nguzo hiyo ilikuwa na sanamu ya Tyche, mungu wa kike wa Kigiriki aliyehusishwa na bahati na ustawi wa miji. Taarifa hiyo inapendekeza kwamba sanamu hiyo huenda iliondolewa baada ya Ukristo kukubaliwa kuwa dini rasmi ya Dola ya Kirumi. Hata hivyo, maelezo hayo hayathibitishi kwa uhakika ni sanamu gani iliyowekwa juu ya nguzo hiyo katika vipindi tofauti. Vyovyote vile, nguzo hiyo inachukuliwa kuwa mnara wa zamani zaidi wa kipindi cha Warumi ambao bado upo katika mji wa Istanbul. Inawezekana kwamba historia yake inaanzia wakati mji huo ulipojulikana kama Bizanti, kabla ya kuanzishwa upya na kuitwa Konstantinopoli<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://english.istanbul.gov.tr/Default.aspx?pid=309 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704092518/http://english.istanbul.gov.tr/Default.aspx?pid=309 |archivedate=2015-07-04 |accessdate=2026-10-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-historia}} [[Jamii:Istanbul]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Uturuki]] 7oavbq9cjehrn7f687mxt6xmjjefbc4 1612677 1612664 2026-11-03T04:55:27Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1612677 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:GothsColumn2.JPG|thumb|Maandishi yaliyochongwa kwenye msingi wa nguzo hiyo kwa sasa karibu hayasomeki kabisa.]] '''Nguzo ya Wagothi''' (kwa Kituruki: Gotlar Sütunu) ni [[nguzo]] ya ushindi ya [[Kirumi]] inayokadiriwa kuwa ya karne ya 3 au ya 4 BK. Nguzo hiyo ipo katika eneo ambalo kwa sasa ni Bustani ya Gülhane, jijini [[Istanbul]], [[Uturuki]]. == Historia == Nguzo hiyo ya marumaru ya Prokonnesos ina urefu wa mita 18.5 na imesimama bila kutegemezwa na jengo jingine. Juu yake kuna sehemu ya mapambo ya usanifu wa mtindo wa Korintho, inayoitwa Corinthian capital. Jina la nguzo hiyo linatokana na maandishi ya Kilatini yaliyochongwa kwenye msingi wake. Maandishi hayo yanaadhimisha ushindi wa Warumi dhidi ya Wagothi waliovamia eneo hilo. Yanasomeka: FORTVNAE REDVCI OB DEVICTOS GOTHOS Maana yake ni: “Kwa Fortuna, anayerudi kutokana na ushindi dhidi ya Wagothi.” Fortuna alikuwa mungu wa kike wa Kirumi aliyehusishwa na bahati na majaliwa. Uchunguzi unaonyesha kuwa maandishi hayo yalichukua nafasi ya maandishi mengine ya awali ya Kilatini. Hata hivyo, tarehe kamili ya kujengwa kwa nguzo hiyo na madhumuni yake ya awali hayajulikani kwa uhakika. Inaaminika kuwa nguzo hiyo ilijengwa kuadhimisha ushindi wa mmoja kati ya watawala wawili wa Kirumi: Claudius II Gothicus, aliyetawala kuanzia mwaka 268 hadi 270 BK, au Konstantino Mkuu, aliyetawala kuanzia mwaka 306 hadi 337 BK. Watawala hao wote wanajulikana kwa kupata ushindi dhidi ya Wagothi. Kwa mujibu wa mwanahistoria wa Bizanti Nicephorus Gregoras (takribani mwaka 1295–1360), wakati mmoja nguzo hiyo ilikuwa na sanamu ya Byzas wa Megara juu yake. Byzas alikuwa mwanzilishi wa Bizanti, kwa mujibu wa mapokeo ya kale, ingawa simulizi zinazomhusu zina sehemu za kihistoria na za kimapokeo. Taarifa nyingine kuhusu eneo hilo inasema kwamba mwanahistoria wa karne ya sita, Ioannes wa Lidia, alitaja kuwa sehemu ya juu ya nguzo hiyo ilikuwa na sanamu ya Tyche, mungu wa kike wa Kigiriki aliyehusishwa na bahati na ustawi wa miji. Taarifa hiyo inapendekeza kwamba sanamu hiyo huenda iliondolewa baada ya Ukristo kukubaliwa kuwa dini rasmi ya Dola ya Kirumi. Hata hivyo, maelezo hayo hayathibitishi kwa uhakika ni sanamu gani iliyowekwa juu ya nguzo hiyo katika vipindi tofauti. Vyovyote vile, nguzo hiyo inachukuliwa kuwa mnara wa zamani zaidi wa kipindi cha Warumi ambao bado upo katika mji wa Istanbul. Inawezekana kwamba historia yake inaanzia wakati mji huo ulipojulikana kama Bizanti, kabla ya kuanzishwa upya na kuitwa Konstantinopoli<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://english.istanbul.gov.tr/Default.aspx?pid=309 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704092518/http://english.istanbul.gov.tr/Default.aspx?pid=309 |archivedate=2015-07-04 |accessdate=2026-10-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-historia}} [[Jamii:Istanbul]] [[Jamii:Historia ya Uturuki]] 51rzug52l5252ursulkemktmylmfrj8 0 255448 1612635 1610270 2026-11-02T21:47:55Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612635 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Istanbul, Turkey (November 2023) - 613.jpg|thumb|Sanamu iliyokuwa nje ya jumba la makumbusho la Istanbul Modern mwaka 2013.]] '''Mkimbiaji''' ni [[sanamu]] iliyotengenezwa kwa nyuzinyuzi za kioo (fiberglass), iliyoundwa mwaka [[2017]] na [[msanii]] Tony Cragg, mwenye asili ya [[Uingereza]] na [[Ujerumani]]. Sanamu hiyo iliwekwa nje ya [[Jumba la Makumbusho|jumba la makumbusho]] la [[Istanbul]] Modern nchini [[Uturuki]]. Kazi hiyo ya sanaa ina urefu wa mita 6 na ina rangi nyeupe. Msanii aliikopesha makumbusho hiyo kwa matumizi ya muda mrefu. Katika kuunda Runner, msanii alilenga “kuonyesha uhai wa ndani ulio chini ya uso mgumu, ili kufanya nishati na mwendo huo uweze kutambuliwa.”<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.istanbulmodern.org/en/press/press-releases/tony-craggs-runner-sculpture-takes-its-place-at-the-entrance-of-istanbul-moderns-new-museum-building_3191.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511233752/https://www.istanbulmodern.org/en/press/press-releases/tony-craggs-runner-sculpture-takes-its-place-at-the-entrance-of-istanbul-moderns-new-museum-building_3191.html |archivedate=2023-05-11 |accessdate=2026-10-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Oya Eczacıbaşı, mwenyekiti wa bodi ya makumbusho ya Istanbul Modern, alisema: “Tunajivunia kupokea sanamu hii kama mkopo wa muda mrefu kabla ya kufunguliwa kwa jengo jipya la makumbusho yetu. Ninaamini kuwa sanamu hii ya Cragg, ambaye kazi zake huvutia udadisi na shauku ya watu wa vizazi vyote, itakuwa mojawapo ya alama zinazotambulisha jengo jipya la Istanbul Modern.”<ref>https://www.dailysabah.com/arts/tony-craggs-boundless-sculpture-placed-in-front-of-istanbul-modern/news</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Istanbul]] nx9gxav8qnnvqpvhhndpxtsqur3bli2 1612666 1612635 2026-11-03T04:01:32Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1612666 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Istanbul, Turkey (November 2023) - 613.jpg|thumb|Sanamu iliyokuwa nje ya jumba la makumbusho la Istanbul Modern mwaka 2013.]] '''Mkimbiaji''' ni [[sanamu]] iliyotengenezwa kwa nyuzinyuzi za kioo (fiberglass), iliyoundwa mwaka [[2017]] na [[msanii]] Tony Cragg, mwenye asili ya [[Uingereza]] na [[Ujerumani]]. Sanamu hiyo iliwekwa nje ya [[Jumba la Makumbusho|jumba la makumbusho]] la [[Istanbul]] Modern nchini [[Uturuki]]. Kazi hiyo ya sanaa ina urefu wa mita 6 na ina rangi nyeupe. Msanii aliikopesha makumbusho hiyo kwa matumizi ya muda mrefu. Katika kuunda Runner, msanii alilenga “kuonyesha uhai wa ndani ulio chini ya uso mgumu, ili kufanya nishati na mwendo huo uweze kutambuliwa.”<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.istanbulmodern.org/en/press/press-releases/tony-craggs-runner-sculpture-takes-its-place-at-the-entrance-of-istanbul-moderns-new-museum-building_3191.html |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511233752/https://www.istanbulmodern.org/en/press/press-releases/tony-craggs-runner-sculpture-takes-its-place-at-the-entrance-of-istanbul-moderns-new-museum-building_3191.html |archivedate=2023-05-11 |accessdate=2026-10-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Oya Eczacıbaşı, mwenyekiti wa bodi ya makumbusho ya Istanbul Modern, alisema: “Tunajivunia kupokea sanamu hii kama mkopo wa muda mrefu kabla ya kufunguliwa kwa jengo jipya la makumbusho yetu. Ninaamini kuwa sanamu hii ya Cragg, ambaye kazi zake huvutia udadisi na shauku ya watu wa vizazi vyote, itakuwa mojawapo ya alama zinazotambulisha jengo jipya la Istanbul Modern.”<ref>https://www.dailysabah.com/arts/tony-craggs-boundless-sculpture-placed-in-front-of-istanbul-modern/news</ref> == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Istanbul]] oegkqvmz89vdtybt3tzeldykxt3uqdl 0 255450 1612648 1610272 2026-11-03T01:33:42Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612648 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:The Feeler Statue Photo.jpg|thumb|Picha ya sanamu iliyoagizwa kutengenezwa mwaka 2011, mbele ya Kampasi Kuu ya Chuo Kikuu cha Üsküdar, ikiwa na jina lake la awali]] '''The Feeler''' (kwa Kituruki: Hisseden İnsan, ambayo hapo awali iliitwa Hisseden Adam) ni [[sanamu]] ya nje iliyopo katika kampasi ya Chuo Kikuu cha Üsküdar, katika eneo la Üsküdar, [[Istanbul]], [[Uturuki]]. Sanamu hiyo iliwekwa mbele ya Kampasi Kuu ya Altunizade na iliagizwa kutengenezwa mwaka 2011. Chuo kikuu hicho hutoa sanamu ndogo zinazofanana na hiyo kama tuzo. == Maana == The Feeler ni ishara inayowakilisha uelewa wa [[mwanadamu]]. Kwa sasa, inakubalika kuwa hisia kama hasira, chuki, uhasama na upendo zina uhusiano na michakato ya kibiokemia katika ubongo. Sanamu hii, ambayo ni ishara ya Chuo Kikuu cha Üsküdar, inawakilisha umuhimu wa kuchochea hisia nzuri na kuzidumisha badala ya kukuza hisia mbaya. Watu wanaoweza kujitambua na kuelewa hisia zao ni wenye bahati, kwa sababu wanaweza kuhisi na kuthamini maisha kama inavyowakilishwa na The Feeler. Sanamu hii inawakilisha tunu za kibinadamu zinazokumbusha umuhimu wa kuwajali wengine, kuwasaidia, kupokea msaada kutoka kwa wengine na kushirikishana hisia ili kupata furaha. == Tuzo == Sanamu ndogo ya The Feeler iliyotolewa kwa Andy Mabbett kwa kutambua mchango wake kupitia mhadhara ulioadhimisha miaka sita tangu kuanzishwa kwa Wikidata, tarehe [[31 Oktoba]] [[2018]]. Chuo Kikuu cha Üsküdar huwatuza watu wanaotambuliwa kwa mafanikio na utaalamu wao katika nyanja mbalimbali kwa kuwapa sanamu ndogo za The Feeler<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nevzattarhan.com/uploads/hissedenadam-en.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125034540/https://www.nevzattarhan.com/uploads/hissedenadam-en.pdf |archivedate=2025-01-25 |accessdate=2026-10-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Istanbul]] [[Jamii:Uchongaji]] 4ljz4tvl04c8dqzp7lx8lp1dadlyodr 1612671 1612648 2026-11-03T04:47:27Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1612671 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:The Feeler Statue Photo.jpg|thumb|Picha ya sanamu iliyoagizwa kutengenezwa mwaka 2011, mbele ya Kampasi Kuu ya Chuo Kikuu cha Üsküdar, ikiwa na jina lake la awali]] '''The Feeler''' (kwa Kituruki: Hisseden İnsan, ambayo hapo awali iliitwa Hisseden Adam) ni [[sanamu]] ya nje iliyopo katika kampasi ya Chuo Kikuu cha Üsküdar, katika eneo la Üsküdar, [[Istanbul]], [[Uturuki]]. Sanamu hiyo iliwekwa mbele ya Kampasi Kuu ya Altunizade na iliagizwa kutengenezwa mwaka 2011. Chuo kikuu hicho hutoa sanamu ndogo zinazofanana na hiyo kama tuzo. == Maana == The Feeler ni ishara inayowakilisha uelewa wa [[mwanadamu]]. Kwa sasa, inakubalika kuwa hisia kama hasira, chuki, uhasama na upendo zina uhusiano na michakato ya kibiokemia katika ubongo. Sanamu hii, ambayo ni ishara ya Chuo Kikuu cha Üsküdar, inawakilisha umuhimu wa kuchochea hisia nzuri na kuzidumisha badala ya kukuza hisia mbaya. Watu wanaoweza kujitambua na kuelewa hisia zao ni wenye bahati, kwa sababu wanaweza kuhisi na kuthamini maisha kama inavyowakilishwa na The Feeler. Sanamu hii inawakilisha tunu za kibinadamu zinazokumbusha umuhimu wa kuwajali wengine, kuwasaidia, kupokea msaada kutoka kwa wengine na kushirikishana hisia ili kupata furaha. == Tuzo == Sanamu ndogo ya The Feeler iliyotolewa kwa Andy Mabbett kwa kutambua mchango wake kupitia mhadhara ulioadhimisha miaka sita tangu kuanzishwa kwa Wikidata, tarehe [[31 Oktoba]] [[2018]]. Chuo Kikuu cha Üsküdar huwatuza watu wanaotambuliwa kwa mafanikio na utaalamu wao katika nyanja mbalimbali kwa kuwapa sanamu ndogo za The Feeler<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.nevzattarhan.com/uploads/hissedenadam-en.pdf |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125034540/https://www.nevzattarhan.com/uploads/hissedenadam-en.pdf |archivedate=2025-01-25 |accessdate=2026-10-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. == Marejeo == {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu}} [[Jamii:Istanbul]] [[Jamii:Uchongaji]] 0992ain01o5bbp70qbzu3tio618u0y2 0 255528 1612578 1610179 2026-11-02T15:15:49Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612578 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lwi Zar''', anayejulikana pia kama Kalaw Myahar (Kiburma: လွီးဇာ; alizaliwa 2 Februari 1976), ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa Myanmar anayehudumu kama mbunge wa Bunge la Juu la Myanmar, akiwakilisha Jimbo Bunge la Namba 6 katika Jimbo la Kayah.<ref>[https://pyidaungsu.hluttaw.mm/members/56c445f43f609e401d8b458a "Mp Profile".] Pyidaungsu Hluttaw (in Burmese). Retrieved 22 September 2018.</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Lwi Zar alizaliwa tarehe 2 Februari 1976 katika [[Mji]] wa Demoso, Jimbo la Kayah, nchini Burma, ambayo sasa inajulikana kama Myanmar. == Kazi ya kisiasa == Lwi Zar ni mwanachama wa Chama cha [[Ligi]] ya Kitaifa ya Demokrasia. Katika [[uchaguzi]] mkuu wa Myanmar wa mwaka 2015, alichaguliwa kuwa mbunge wa Bunge la Juu la Myanmar, akiwakilisha Jimbo [[Bunge]] la Namba 6 katika Jimbo la Kayah. Alishinda kwa tofauti ya kura 2,576. Pia ni mjumbe wa Kamati ya Afya, Michezo na Utamaduni ya Bunge la Juu la Myanmar.<ref>[http://openhluttaw.info/my_MM/2017/01/13/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BE%E1%80%BE%E1%80%90%E1%80%BB%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BB-%E1%80%80%E1%80%94%E1%80%BC%E1%80%BB "အမျိုးသားလွှတ်တော် ကျန်းမာရေး၊ အားကစားနှင့် ယဉ်ကျေးမှုဆိုင်ရာကော်မတီ"] {{Wayback|url=http://openhluttaw.info/my_MM/2017/01/13/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BE%E1%80%BE%E1%80%90%E1%80%BB%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BB-%E1%80%80%E1%80%94%E1%80%BC%E1%80%BB |date=20190916083640 }} (in Burmese). Retrieved 22 September 2018.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Myanmar]] b086zyqk54bb9jesc80v3cokhf2g0qv 0 255595 1612568 1610306 2026-11-02T14:28:28Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612568 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Louise Prinsloo''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe [[4 Julai]], [[1946]]) ni [[mwandishi]] na mtunzi wa maandishi ya vipindi vya redio kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]]. ==Elimu== Louise Prinsloo alizaliwa tarehe 4 Julai 1946, mjini [[Johannesburg]], na alihitimu elimu ya sekondari mwaka 1964 katika shule ya wasichana ya Helpmekaar Hoër Meisieskool.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.louiseprinsloo.co.za |title=Official website |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310192809/https://louiseprinsloo.co.za/ |archivedate=2022-03-10 |accessdate=2026-10-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.storiewerf.co.za/cv's/cvlouiseprinsloo.htm |title=Storiewerf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119094906/https://storiewerf.co.za/cv%27s/cvlouiseprinsloo.htm |archivedate=2025-01-19 |accessdate=2026-10-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1946|}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] 4e9k0llz2ap6ulh4il177cj2pgotbb3 1612614 1612568 2026-11-02T19:13:41Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1612614 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Louise Prinsloo''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe [[4 Julai]], [[1946]]) ni [[mwandishi]] na mtunzi wa maandishi ya vipindi vya redio kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]]. ==Elimu== Louise Prinsloo alizaliwa tarehe 4 Julai 1946, mjini [[Johannesburg]], na alihitimu elimu ya sekondari mwaka 1964 katika shule ya wasichana ya Helpmekaar Hoër Meisieskool.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.louiseprinsloo.co.za |title=Official website |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310192809/https://louiseprinsloo.co.za/ |archivedate=2022-03-10 |accessdate=2026-10-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.storiewerf.co.za/cv's/cvlouiseprinsloo.htm |title=Storiewerf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119094906/https://storiewerf.co.za/cv%27s/cvlouiseprinsloo.htm |archivedate=2025-01-19 |accessdate=2026-10-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== <references /> {{mbegu-mtu}} {{BD|1946|}} [[Jamii:Waandishi wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]] s1n4i31rl5t9bicoc1zo7e6pbily4ys 0 255601 1612627 1610322 2026-11-02T20:44:32Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612627 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mhine Ohn Khaing''' (Kiburma: မိုင်းအုဏ်းခိုင်; alizaliwa 1 Januari 1961) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa Myanmar anayehudumu kama mbunge wa [[Bunge]] la Juu la Myanmar, akiwakilisha jimbo bunge namba 11 la Jimbo la Shan.<ref>[https://pyidaungsu.hluttaw.mm/members/56c575803f609e7c1f8b4591 "Mp Profile".] Pyidaungsu Hluttaw (in Burmese). Retrieved 21 September 2018.</ref><ref>[http://www.amyotha.hluttaw.mm/members/%E1%80%A6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AF%E1%80%8F%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA "Amyotha Hluttaw"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.amyotha.hluttaw.mm/members/%E1%80%A6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AF%E1%80%8F%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA |date=20230406155410 }} (in Burmese). Retrieved 21 September 2018.</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Alizaliwa tarehe 1 Januari 1961 katika Jimbo la Shan, Burma, ambayo sasa inajulikana kama Myanmar. Alihitimu [[diploma]] ya kilimo (Dip.Ag.), shahada ya Sayansi (B.Sc.) na cheti cha H.G.P. katika Chuo Kikuu cha Lashio na Chuo Kikuu cha Mandalay. == Kazi ya kisiasa == Mhine Ohn Khaing ni mwanachama wa Chama cha Kitaifa cha Ta'ang. Katika [[uchaguzi]] mkuu wa Myanmar wa mwaka 2015, alichaguliwa kuwa mbunge wa Bunge la Juu la Myanmar baada ya kupata kura 37,545, ambazo zilimpa ushindi katika jimbo bunge namba 11 la Jimbo la Shan. Pia anahudumu kama mjumbe wa Kamati ya Afya, Michezo na Utamaduni ya Bunge la Juu la Myanmar. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1961]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Myanmar]] m1266fph7mk2n2p4ld3gn14hj75s7k7 0 255603 1612631 1610324 2026-11-02T21:26:37Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612631 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Min Htin Aung Han''' (Kiburma: မင်းထင်အောင်ဟန်) ni mwanasiasa wa Myanmar anayehudumu kama mbunge wa [[Bunge]] la Jimbo la Mon, akiwakilisha jimbo bunge namba 1 la Mji wa Mawlamyaing. Min alihudumu kama waziri wa Umeme, Nishati na Viwanda katika [[Serikali]] ya Jimbo la Mon kuanzia Aprili 2016 hadi tarehe 29 Mei 2018. Yeye ni mwanachama wa Chama cha Ligi ya Kitaifa ya Demokrasia.<ref>[https://burma.irrawaddy.com/news/2018/05/31/159938.html "ႏုတ္ထြက္ မြန္ဝန္ႀကီး ပါတီမွာ ဆက္လက္ တာဝန္ယူမည္".] 31 May 2018.</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Min Htin Aung Han alizaliwa tarehe 28 Januari 1967 katika Mji wa Mawlamyaing, Jimbo la Mon, Myanmar. Alihitimu [[shahada]] ya Uhandisi katika Uhandisi wa Umeme (B.E. Electrical Power). == Kazi ya kisiasa == Katika uchaguzi mkuu wa Myanmar wa mwaka 2015, alichaguliwa kuwa mbunge wa Bunge la [[Jimbo]] la Mon, akiwakilisha jimbo bunge namba 1 la Mji wa Mawlamyaing.<ref>[https://www.monhluttaw.com/representatives/%E1%80%A6%E1%80%B8%E1%81%80%E1%80%84%E1%80%B9%E1%80%B8%E1%80%B1%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B9%E1%80%A6%E1%80%B8/ "မင္းထင္ေအာင္ဟန္".] {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Mon State Hluttaw (in Burmese).</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1967]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Myanmar]] 1zd8g6ft6uty7sdfjjob8qiav3oz7ke 0 255606 1612632 1610327 2026-11-02T21:27:28Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612632 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Min Naing''' (Kiburma: မင်းနိုင်; alizaliwa 5 Desemba 1963) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa Myanmar anayehudumu kama mbunge wa [[Bunge]] la Juu la Myanmar (Amyotha Hluttaw), akiwakilisha jimbo bunge namba 12 katika Mkoa wa Sagaing. Yeye ni mwanachama wa Chama cha Ligi ya Kitaifa ya Demokrasia.<ref>[https://pyidaungsu.hluttaw.mm/members/56c5536f3f609e7c1f8b4580 "Mp Profile".] Pyidaungsu Hluttaw (in Burmese). Retrieved 26 August 2018.</ref><ref>[http://www.amyotha.hluttaw.mm/?q=members/%E1%80%A6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA "Mp Profile".] {{Wayback|url=http://www.amyotha.hluttaw.mm/?q=members/%E1%80%A6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA |date=20190824051308 }} Amyotha Hluttaw (in Burmese). Retrieved 26 August 2018.</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Min Naing alizaliwa tarehe 5 [[Desemba]] 1936 katika Mji wa Leshi, Myanmar. Yeye ni wa kabila la Naga. == Kazi ya kisiasa == Min Naing ni mwanachama wa Chama cha Ligi ya Kitaifa ya Demokrasia. Katika [[uchaguzi]] mkuu wa Myanmar wa mwaka 2015, alichaguliwa kuwa mbunge wa Bunge la Juu la Myanmar, akiwakilisha jimbo [[bunge]] namba 11 katika Mkoa wa Sagaing. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1963]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Myanmar]] qiiqmkvbna5vmx5exuhsh08i80qnmb8 0 255608 1612633 1610329 2026-11-02T21:27:45Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612633 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Min Swe Naing''' (Kiburma: မင်းဆွေနိုင်; alizaliwa 29 Januari 1970) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa Myanmar anayehudumu kama mbunge wa Bunge la Juu la Myanmar, akiwakilisha jimbo bunge namba 6 la Jimbo la Kachin. Yeye ni mwanachama wa Chama cha Ligi ya Kitaifa ya Demokrasia.<ref>[http://www.thithtoolwin.mmbloggers.com/Home/Detail/?path=/2015/11/blog-post_80.html Thit Htoo Lwin (Daily News)] {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Min Swe Naing alizaliwa katika [[Kijiji]] cha Nang Kham, Mji wa Mohnyin, Jimbo la Kachin, tarehe 12 Januari 1970. Yeye ni wa [[kabila]] la Shan. Mwaka 1993, alihitimu shahada ya Sayansi katika Zoolojia katika Chuo cha Myintkyina. == Kazi ya kisiasa == Min Swe Naing ni mwanachama wa Chama cha [[Ligi]] ya Kitaifa ya Demokrasia. Alichaguliwa kuwa mbunge wa Bunge la Wawakilishi (Pyithu Hluttaw) baada ya kupata kura nyingi 15,367, akiwakilisha jimbo bunge namba 6 la Jimbo la Kachin.<ref>[https://www.pyidaungsu.hluttaw.mm/members/56c42d9d3f609eb6128b457b "MP profile".] Pyidaungsu Hluttaw (in Burmese). Retrieved 25 February 2018.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1970]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Myanmar]] j077twlhxokgy4ps21l017rg6a4j7uc 0 255610 1612634 1611210 2026-11-02T21:29:23Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612634 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Min Zayar Oo''' (alizaliwa 1 Novemba 1976) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa Myanmar anayehudumu kama Naibu [[Waziri]] wa Mipango, Fedha na Uwekezaji katika Serikali ya Umoja wa Kitaifa ya Myanmar (NUG). Min Zayar Oo aliteuliwa na Kamati Inayowakilisha [[Bunge]] la Muungano wa Myanmar kuwa Naibu Waziri wa Mipango, Fedha na Uwekezaji katika Serikali ya Umoja wa Kitaifa ya Myanmar tarehe 16 Aprili 2021.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://crphmyanmar.org/who-we-are/ |title="Who are We". |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815091254/https://www.crphmyanmar.org/who-we-are/ |archivedate=2022-08-15 |accessdate=2026-10-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Alizaliwa tarehe 1 Novemba 1976 katika Mji wa Mudon, Jimbo la Mon, Myanmar. Alihitimu shahada yake ya kwanza katika [[Chuo]] Kikuu cha Yangon mwaka 2002. Pia alipata diploma ya juu ya usimamizi wa biashara kwa watendaji, cheti cha kitaaluma cha usimamizi wa masoko, cheti cha usimamizi wa rasilimali watu, cheti cha mawasiliano yenye ufanisi, na cheti cha uongozi na maendeleo ya mashirika.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mopfi.nugmyanmar.org/deputy-minister/ |title="Deputy Minister". |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260127182516/https://mopfi.nugmyanmar.org/deputy-minister/ |archivedate=2026-01-27 |accessdate=2026-10-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Myanmar]] jcajeciyzl98hwpti5aj3b0ko7i5y4x 1612665 1612634 2026-11-03T03:59:30Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1612665 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Min Zayar Oo''' (alizaliwa 1 Novemba 1976) ni [[mwanasiasa]] wa Myanmar anayehudumu kama Naibu [[Waziri]] wa Mipango, Fedha na Uwekezaji katika Serikali ya Umoja wa Kitaifa ya Myanmar (NUG). Min Zayar Oo aliteuliwa na Kamati Inayowakilisha [[Bunge]] la Muungano wa Myanmar kuwa Naibu Waziri wa Mipango, Fedha na Uwekezaji katika Serikali ya Umoja wa Kitaifa ya Myanmar tarehe 16 Aprili 2021.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://crphmyanmar.org/who-we-are/ |title="Who are We". |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815091254/https://www.crphmyanmar.org/who-we-are/ |archivedate=2022-08-15 |accessdate=2026-10-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Alizaliwa tarehe 1 Novemba 1976 katika Mji wa Mudon, Jimbo la Mon, Myanmar. Alihitimu shahada yake ya kwanza katika [[Chuo]] Kikuu cha Yangon mwaka 2002. Pia alipata diploma ya juu ya usimamizi wa biashara kwa watendaji, cheti cha kitaaluma cha usimamizi wa masoko, cheti cha usimamizi wa rasilimali watu, cheti cha mawasiliano yenye ufanisi, na cheti cha uongozi na maendeleo ya mashirika.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://mopfi.nugmyanmar.org/deputy-minister/ |title="Deputy Minister". |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260127182516/https://mopfi.nugmyanmar.org/deputy-minister/ |archivedate=2026-01-27 |accessdate=2026-10-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Myanmar]] hghqqsnazbsnqz6kdz5323hcus6q7jq 0 255615 1612649 1610354 2026-11-03T01:35:02Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612649 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Myat Thidar Tun''' (Kiburma: မြတ်သီတာထွန်း; alizaliwa 7 Oktoba 1981) ni [[mwanasiasa]] na [[mwanasheria]] kutoka Myanmar anayehudumu kama mbunge wa Bunge la Juu la Myanmar (Amyotha Hluttaw), akiwakilisha jimbo bunge namba 5 la Jimbo la Mon. Yeye ni mwanachama wa Chama cha Ligi ya Kitaifa ya Demokrasia.<ref>[http://www.amyotha.hluttaw.mm/members/%E1%80%92%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%91%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8 "Mp Profile".] {{Wayback|url=http://www.amyotha.hluttaw.mm/members/%E1%80%92%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%91%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8 |date=20190824054112 }} Amyotha Hluttaw (in Burmese).</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Myat Thidar Tun alizaliwa tarehe 7 Oktoba 1981 katika Jiji la Mandalay, Myanmar. Alihitimu cheti cha A.G.T.I. katika fani ya teknolojia ya mitambo (MT) katika Taasisi ya Ufundi ya Serikali ya Mawlamyine, na shahada ya [[Sheria]] (LL.B.) katika Chuo Kikuu cha Mawlamyaing. Pia ni mwanasheria. == Kazi ya kisiasa == Myat Thidar Tun ni mwanachama wa Chama cha Ligi ya Kitaifa ya Demokrasia. Katika [[uchaguzi]] mkuu wa Myanmar wa mwaka 2015, alichaguliwa kuwa mbunge wa Bunge la Juu la Myanmar baada ya kupata kura 24,375, na kuwa mwakilishi wa jimbo bunge namba 5 la Jimbo la Mon.<ref>[http://www.myanmar1329.rssing.com/chan-69067934/all_p1.html "Elections Results – Global New Light Of Myanmar".] Myanmar1329.rssing.com.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1981]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Myanmar]] qfajxmx7wuq1zypkz05qdi15010czon 0 255622 1612650 1610361 2026-11-03T01:37:38Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612650 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Myint Thein''' (Kiburma: မြင့်သိန်း) ni [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka Myanmar anayehudumu kama mjumbe wa [[Bunge]] la Wawakilishi (''Pyithu Hluttaw''), akiwakilisha Mji wa Wetlet.<ref>[https://pyithu.hluttaw.mm/node/3633 "ဦးမြင့်သိန်း(ဝက်လက်မဲဆန္ဒနယ်)".] {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[https://pyithuhluttaw.gov.mm/node/1221 "တောင်သူလယ်သမားနှင့် အလုပ်သမားရေးရာ ကော်မတီ".] {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Kazi ya kisiasa == Myint Thein ni mwanachama wa Chama cha [[Ligi Kuu Tanzania Bara|Ligi]] ya Kitaifa ya Demokrasia (''National League for Democracy''). Katika uchaguzi mkuu wa Myanmar wa mwaka 2015 na ule wa mwaka 2020, alichaguliwa kuwa mjumbe wa Bunge la Wawakilishi, akiwakilisha jimbo bunge la Mji wa Wetlet. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1960]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Myanmar]] fmhf87i0bzi6soocv6iq0woamu2k8p9 0 255793 1612563 1610587 2026-11-02T13:34:53Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612563 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lilian Patel''' (aliyezaliwa tarehe [[21]] [[Februari]] [[1951]])ni [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[Malawi]]. Amewakilisha jimbo la [[Mangochi]] [[Kusini]] katika Bunge la Malawi kupitia Chama cha United Democratic Front (UDF) tangu [[mwaka]] [[2014]]. == Maisha ya awali == Alijiunga na Chama cha Kitaifa cha Wanawake [[Wafanyabiashara]] (National Association of Business Women), kilichoanzishwa [[mwaka]] [[1990]] na Joyce Banda. Wanachama wengine wa chama hicho walikuwa Alice Sumani na Mary Kaphwereza Banda. Baadaye, Patel na Banda, pamoja na wanachama wengine, waliteuliwa kuwa mawaziri serikali <ref>{{Citation|title=EveryPolitician: Malawi - National Assembly - 2014–|url=https://www.everypolitician.org/malawi/assembly/term-table/2014.html|work=EveryPolitician|access-date=2026-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126200957/https://everypolitician.org/malawi/assembly/term-table/2014.html|archive-date=2024-11-26|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1951]] f3z8zu4p4506tcu7i67hitwf1n0w306 0 255936 1612646 1610802 2026-11-03T01:12:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612646 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mutnedjmet''', ambaye pia huandikwa '''Mutnodjmet''', '''Mutnedjemet''', na kwa namna nyinginezo, (kutoka lugha ya Kale ya Misri: mw.t-nḏm.t), alikuwa [[malkia]] wa [[Misri ya Kale]] na mke Mkuu wa Kifalme wa Horemheb, mtawala wa mwisho wa nasaba ya 18. Jina Mutnedjmet linatafsiriwa kama “Mut mtamu” au “Mut ni mtamu.” Mut alikuwa mungu wa kike katika [[dini]] ya Misri ya Kale. Alikuwa mke wa pili wa Horemheb, baada ya Amenia, aliyefariki kabla ya Horemheb kuwa [[farao]].<ref>https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/en-GB/objects/4086 {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://ia601402.us.archive.org/26/items/in.gov.ignca.40594/40594.pdf</ref> == Vyeti == Vyeo vya Mutnedjmet vilijumuisha: # Binti wa Kifalme wa Urithi (jryt-pʿt) # Mke Mkuu wa Mfalme (ḥmt-nswt-wrt) # Mwenye Sifa Nyingi (wrt-ḥswt) # Bibi Mwenye Haiba (nbt-jmʒt) # Mwenye Utamu wa Mapenzi (bnrt-mrwt) # Bibi wa Misri ya Juu na ya Chini (ḥnwt-šmʿw-mḥw) # Mwimbaji wa Hathor (ḥsyt-nt-ḥwt-ḥrw) # Mwimbaji wa Amun (smʿyt-nt-jmnw)<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram_Grajetzki</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Wanawake wa Misri]] [[Jamii:Wafalme na malkia nchi kwa nchi]] [[Jamii:Mbegu za watu]] rzgccxra1l2rrjpncqt8z49yudncew9 0 256049 1612653 1611179 2026-11-03T02:13:23Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612653 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Naing Ko Ko''' (Kiburma: နိုင်ကိုကို; alizaliwa tarehe 5 Julai 1980) ni [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka Myanmar anayehudumu kama mjumbe wa [[Bunge]] la Juu la Myanmar (''Amyotha Hluttaw''), akiwakilisha jimbo bunge namba 12 la Jimbo la Kachin. Ni mwanachama wa Chama cha Ligi ya Kitaifa ya Demokrasia (''National League for Democracy''). == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Naing Ko Ko alizaliwa katika Mji wa Shwegu, Jimbo la Kachin, tarehe 5 Julai 1980. Alihitimu shahada ya uzamili ya kitaaluma (M.P.) katika Taasisi ya Ufundi ya [[Serikali]] ya Monywa na shahada ya Sayansi katika Kemia katika Chuo Kikuu cha Shwebo. Kabla ya kuingia katika siasa, alifanya kazi katika sekta ya maji.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.amyotha.hluttaw.mm/?q=my/members/%E1%80%A6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF |title=,Amyotha Hluttaw |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227161935/http://www.amyotha.hluttaw.mm/?q=my/members/%E1%80%A6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF |archivedate=2018-02-27 |accessdate=2026-10-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kazi ya kisiasa == Naing Ko Ko ni mwanachama wa Chama cha [[Ligi]] ya Kitaifa ya Demokrasia. Alichaguliwa kuwa mjumbe wa [[Bunge]] la Juu la Myanmar (''Amyotha Hluttaw'') baada ya kupata kura nyingi 31,058, akiwakilisha jimbo bunge namba 12 la Jimbo la Kachin.<ref>[https://www.pyidaungsu.hluttaw.mm/members/56c43b453f609eb6128b4587 "MP profile".] Pyidaungsu Hluttaw (in Burmese). Retrieved 27 February 2018.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1980]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Myanmar]] iq9zklfzxjpze6ice78qmb2pvg3oa9c 1612674 1612653 2026-11-03T04:49:40Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1612674 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Naing Ko Ko''' (Kiburma: နိုင်ကိုကို; alizaliwa tarehe 5 Julai 1980) ni [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka Myanmar anayehudumu kama mjumbe wa [[Bunge]] la Juu la Myanmar (''Amyotha Hluttaw''), akiwakilisha jimbo bunge namba 12 la Jimbo la Kachin. Ni mwanachama wa Chama cha Ligi ya Kitaifa ya Demokrasia (''National League for Democracy''). == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Naing Ko Ko alizaliwa katika Mji wa Shwegu, Jimbo la Kachin, tarehe 5 Julai 1980. Alihitimu shahada ya uzamili ya kitaaluma (M.P.) katika Taasisi ya Ufundi ya [[Serikali]] ya Monywa na shahada ya Sayansi katika Kemia katika Chuo Kikuu cha Shwebo. Kabla ya kuingia katika siasa, alifanya kazi katika sekta ya maji.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.amyotha.hluttaw.mm/?q=my/members/%E1%80%A6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF |title=,Amyotha Hluttaw |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227161935/http://www.amyotha.hluttaw.mm/?q=my/members/%E1%80%A6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF |archivedate=2018-02-27 |accessdate=2026-10-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kazi ya kisiasa == Naing Ko Ko ni mwanachama wa Chama cha [[Ligi]] ya Kitaifa ya Demokrasia. Alichaguliwa kuwa mjumbe wa [[Bunge]] la Juu la Myanmar (''Amyotha Hluttaw'') baada ya kupata kura nyingi 31,058, akiwakilisha jimbo bunge namba 12 la Jimbo la Kachin.<ref>[https://www.pyidaungsu.hluttaw.mm/members/56c43b453f609eb6128b4587 "MP profile".] Pyidaungsu Hluttaw (in Burmese). Retrieved 27 February 2018.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1980]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Myanmar]] fx12ecuf5qk4v5mveyih4atz9j5hjwa 0 256107 1612737 1612120 2026-11-03T11:18:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612737 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robin John Heming''' ([[11 Desemba]] [[1932]] – [[7 Januari]] [[2023]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa rugby union wa Lock/No.8 kutoka [[Australia]] ambaye alicheza mechi 21 za majaribio kwa ajili ya timu ya taifa ya Australia kati ya 1961 na 1967.<ref>Pollard, J.,''Australian Rugby: The Game and the Players'', Ironbark, 1994</ref> Alizaliwa huko Namatanai iliyopo New Ireland nje ya eneo la ardhi ya zamani ya New Guinea ya Australia (sasa [[Papua New Guinea]]). Alisoma katika shule ya North Sydney Boys High School<ref>NSBHS Leaving Certificate 1950</ref> na kufuzu kama mtaalamu wa [[optometria]] katika chuo ambacho sasa ni The University of New South Wales. Alifanya kazi hiyo kwa miaka mingi huko The Corso iliyopo Manly.<ref>{{cite news |title='Incredible Wallaby': Manly rugby great dies aged 90 |url=https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/subscribe/news/1/?sourceCode=DTWEB_WRE170_a_GGL&dest=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailytelegraph.com.au%2Fnewslocal%2Fmanly-daily%2Frob-heming-manly-marlins-and-wallabies-rugby-great-dies-aged-90%2Fnews-story%2F6c26e8bdd532c189ab532168c0b453bb&memtype=anonymous&mode=premium&v21=dynamic-high-control-score&V21spcbehaviour=append |access-date=9 January 2023 |publisher=Manly Daily |date=9 January 2023}}</ref> == Kazi ya rugby == Baada ya kukosa sifa chache za kushiriki Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Melbourne kama mwogeleaji mnamo 1956, Heming alijiunga na klabu ya rugby ya Manly Marlins, na kuingia katika kikosi cha daraja la kwanza katika msimu wake wa kwanza, akicheza katika nafasi ya No.8.<ref>[https://www.smh.com.au/national/wallaby-was-head-and-shoulders-above-everyone-in-lineout-20230125-p5cfaw.html Wallaby was head and shoulders above everybody else in lineout], Theo Clark, ''Sydney Morning Herald'', 25 January 2023</ref> Aliendelea kucheza michezo 132 ya daraja la kwanza kwa ajili ya Manly kati ya 1956 na 1969. Alichaguliwa kwa ajili ya majaribio ya Wallaby ya 1957-58, na akaanza kuchezea timu ya NSW Waratahs mnamo 1957. Kuanzisha biashara yake ya optometria mwaka huo kulimfanya asiweze kupatikana kwa ajili ya ziara ya New Zealand ya 1958.<ref>[https://www.smh.com.au/national/wallaby-was-head-and-shoulders-above-everyone-in-lineout-20230125-p5cfaw.html Wallaby was head and shoulders above everybody else in lineout], Theo Clark, ''Sydney Morning Herald'', 25 January 2023</ref> Heming alianza kuchezea Australia dhidi ya Fiji katika majaribio ya pili huko Sydney mnamo 1961, na akaenda kwenye ziara fupi ya Afrika Kusini baadaye mwaka huo, na akacheza dhidi ya timu ya kwanza ya wageni ya Ufaransa nchini Australia mwishoni mwa msimu huo. Alicheza katika majaribio ya Sydney dhidi ya All Blacks mnamo 1962, na akafanya ziara nchini New Zealand mwaka huo na 1964.<ref>[https://www.smh.com.au/national/wallaby-was-head-and-shoulders-above-everyone-in-lineout-20230125-p5cfaw.html Wallaby was head and shoulders above everybody else in lineout], Theo Clark, ''Sydney Morning Herald'', 25 January 2023</ref> Alienda tena Afrika Kusini mnamo 1963, na akashiriki katika ziara ya tano ya Wallaby ya Visiwa vya Uingereza, Ufaransa na Kanada mnamo 1966/7. Pia alicheza katika mfululizo wa kihistoria wa nyumbani wa mwaka 1965 dhidi ya Springboks (ushindi wa kwanza wa mfululizo kwa Australia dhidi ya Afrika Kusini), na dhidi ya timu iliyotembelea ya British Lions mnamo 1966. Alistaafu kucheza rugby ya kimataifa baada ya majaribio ya Ufaransa ya 1967 huko Paris kwenye ziara ya 1966-7.<ref>[https://www.classicwallabies.com.au/players/robin-john-heming Robin John Heming Biography] {{Wayback|url=https://www.classicwallabies.com.au/players/robin-john-heming |date=20260610123336 }}; classicwallabies.com.au</ref><ref>[https://www.smh.com.au/national/wallaby-was-head-and-shoulders-above-everyone-in-lineout-20230125-p5cfaw.html Wallaby was head and shoulders above everybody else in lineout], Theo Clark, ''Sydney Morning Herald'', 25 January 2023</ref> Heming mara nyingi huchukuliwa kuwa mrukaji bora zaidi wa lineout katika enzi ya wachezaji wa kujitolea (amateur era).<ref>''Sometimes the Best Ever: The Story of the 1966/7 Wallabies''; documentary by Theo Clark Media, 2017.</ref> Kapteni wa Wallaby John Thornett alimwona kama sehemu ya msingi wenye vipaji vya "wachezaji bora duniani katika nafasi zao" ambao walisaidia timu yake kupata mafanikio ya kihistoria katika miaka ya 1960. Mchezaji mwenzake na mkurugenzi wa ukocha wa taifa wa muda mrefu Dick Marks alimwona kuwa "mrukaji binafsi" bora zaidi kuwahi kuonekana.<ref>[https://www.smh.com.au/national/wallaby-was-head-and-shoulders-above-everyone-in-lineout-20230125-p5cfaw.html Wallaby was head and shoulders above everybody else in lineout], Theo Clark, ''Sydney Morning Herald'', 25 January 2023</ref> Heming alifariki dunia mnamo [[7 Januari]] [[2023]], akiwa na umri wa miaka 90.<ref>{{cite news |title='Incredible Wallaby': Manly rugby great dies aged 90 |url=https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/subscribe/news/1/?sourceCode=DTWEB_WRE170_a_GGL&dest=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailytelegraph.com.au%2Fnewslocal%2Fmanly-daily%2Frob-heming-manly-marlins-and-wallabies-rugby-great-dies-aged-90%2Fnews-story%2F6c26e8bdd532c189ab532168c0b453bb&memtype=anonymous&mode=premium&v21=dynamic-high-control-score&V21spcbehaviour=append |access-date=9 January 2023 |publisher=Manly Daily |date=9 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://tributes.smh.com.au/obituaries/468522/rob-heming/?r=https://tributes.smh.com.au/obituaries/smh-au/ |title=Rob Heming |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111221617/https://tributes.smh.com.au/obituaries/468522/rob-heming/?r=https://tributes.smh.com.au/obituaries/smh-au/ |archivedate=2023-01-11 |accessdate=2026-10-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Marejeo== {{marejeo}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1932]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2023]] [[Jamii:wachezaji wa Australia]] rf5hh4t6oalwnp1hvb6tmdwpsrd7q2q 0 256160 1612659 1611456 2026-11-03T02:52:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612659 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Naw Christ Tun''' (Kiburma: နော်ခရစ္စထွန်း; anayejulikana pia kama Arkar Moe; alizaliwa tarehe 8 Desemba 1963) ni [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka Myanmar anayehudumu kama mjumbe wa Bunge la Juu la Myanmar (''Amyotha Hluttaw''), akiwakilisha jimbo [[bunge]] namba 7 la Jimbo la Kayin. Ni mwanachama wa Chama cha Ligi ya Kitaifa ya Demokrasia (''National League for Democracy'').<ref>[https://pyidaungsu.hluttaw.mm/members/56c53cc73f609ee91e8b4578 "Mp Profile".] Pyidaungsu Hluttaw (in Burmese). Retrieved 8 September 2018.</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Naw Christ Tun alizaliwa tarehe 8 Desemba 1963 katika Mji wa Thandaunggyi, Jimbo la Kayin, Myanmar. Anatoka katika [[jamii]] ya Karen. Alihitimu shahada ya Tiba ya Mifugo (B.V.S.). == Kazi ya kisiasa == Aliwahi kuwa mwenyekiti wa Chama cha [[Ligi]] ya Kitaifa ya Demokrasia katika Mji wa Thandaunggyi. Katika uchaguzi mkuu wa Myanmar wa mwaka 2015, alichaguliwa kuwa mjumbe wa Bunge la Juu la Myanmar (''Amyotha Hluttaw''), akiwakilisha jimbo bunge namba 7 la Jimbo la Kayin baada ya kupata kura nyingi 14,617. Pia ni mjumbe wa Kamati ya Haki za [[Bunge]] ya Bunge la Juu la Myanmar.<ref>[http://openhluttaw.info/my_MM/category/committees/page/3/ "ကော်မတီများ"] {{Wayback|url=http://openhluttaw.info/my_MM/category/committees/page/3/ |date=20200225202456 }} (in Burmese). Retrieved 8 September 2018.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1963]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Myanmar]] iv8hs9p52fdjtq6cag7qllyz7h6m1o0 0 256161 1612660 1611457 2026-11-03T02:52:12Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612660 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Naw Sar Muu Htoo''' (Kiburma: နော်ဆာမူထူး; alizaliwa tarehe 11 Novemba 1953) ni [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka Myanmar anayehudumu kama mjumbe wa Bunge la Juu la Myanmar (''Amyotha Hluttaw''), akiwakilisha jimbo [[bunge]] namba 11 la Jimbo la Kayin. Ni mwanachama wa Chama cha Ligi ya Kitaifa ya Demokrasia (''National League for Democracy'').<ref>[http://www.amyotha.hluttaw.mm/members/%E1%80%92%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%B0%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8 "Amyotha Hluttaw"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.amyotha.hluttaw.mm/members/%E1%80%92%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%B0%E1%80%91%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8 |date=20190824043613 }} (in Burmese). Retrieved 8 September 2018.</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Naw Sar Muu Htoo alizaliwa tarehe 11 Novemba 1953 katika mji wa Kyainseikgyi, [[Jimbo]] la Kayin, nchini Burma, ambayo sasa inajulikana kama Myanmar. Anatoka katika jamii ya Karen. == Kazi ya kisiasa == Naw Sar Muu Htoo ni mwanachama wa Chama cha [[Ligi]] ya Kitaifa ya Demokrasia. Katika uchaguzi mkuu wa Myanmar wa mwaka 2015, alichaguliwa kuwa mjumbe wa Bunge la Juu la Myanmar (''Amyotha Hluttaw''), akiwakilisha jimbo bunge namba 11 la Jimbo la Kayin. Pia ni mjumbe wa Kamati ya Masuala ya Wakulima ya Bunge la Juu la Myanmar.<ref>[http://www.myanmar1329.rssing.com/chan-69067934/all_p1.html "Elections Results – Global New Light Of Myanmar".] Myanmar1329.rssing.com. Retrieved 2018-08-22.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1953]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Myanmar]] 2svznk7mzgpzlqrzvqv890sqfdlwhbq 0 256162 1612661 1611458 2026-11-03T02:52:27Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612661 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nay Lin Aung''' (Kiburma: နေလင်းအောင်) ni [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka Myanmar anayehudumu kama mjumbe wa [[Bunge]] la Wawakilishi (''Pyithu Hluttaw''), akiwakilisha Mji wa Mindat.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pyithuhluttaw.gov.mm/node/752 |title="Names of Pyithu Hluttaw representatives announced". |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015104938/https://pyithuhluttaw.gov.mm/node/752 |archivedate=2019-10-15 |accessdate=2026-10-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.7daydaily.com/story/133598 |title="တောင်ကျရေကြောင့်လူသေဆုံးမှုများရှိနေ၍ မုန်းချောင်းတံတားကိုအခိုင်အမာဆောက်ပေးရန် မင်းတပ်အမတ်တောင်းဆို". |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214174700/http://www.7daydaily.com/story/133598 |archivedate=2019-02-14 |accessdate=2026-10-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Nay Lin Aung alizaliwa tarehe 27 Novemba 1976 katika mji wa Mindat, Myanmar. Alihitimu [[shahada]] ya Sanaa katika Historia katika Chuo Kikuu cha Monywa. == Kazi ya kisiasa == Nay Lin Aung ni mwanachama wa Chama cha [[Ligi]] ya Kitaifa ya Demokrasia (''National League for Democracy''). Katika uchaguzi mkuu wa Myanmar wa mwaka 2015, alichaguliwa kuwa mjumbe wa Bunge la Wawakilishi baada ya kupata kura nyingi 8,216, akiwakilisha jimbo bunge la Mji wa Mindat. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Myanmar]] e5lsmxxkyjh5xcrfxvgryguce6wz750 1612676 1612661 2026-11-03T04:52:25Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 2 template(s) replaced. 1612676 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nay Lin Aung''' (Kiburma: နေလင်းအောင်) ni [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka Myanmar anayehudumu kama mjumbe wa [[Bunge]] la Wawakilishi (''Pyithu Hluttaw''), akiwakilisha Mji wa Mindat.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=https://www.pyithuhluttaw.gov.mm/node/752 |title="Names of Pyithu Hluttaw representatives announced". |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015104938/https://pyithuhluttaw.gov.mm/node/752 |archivedate=2019-10-15 |accessdate=2026-10-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |url=http://www.7daydaily.com/story/133598 |title="တောင်ကျရေကြောင့်လူသေဆုံးမှုများရှိနေ၍ မုန်းချောင်းတံတားကိုအခိုင်အမာဆောက်ပေးရန် မင်းတပ်အမတ်တောင်းဆို". |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214174700/http://www.7daydaily.com/story/133598 |archivedate=2019-02-14 |accessdate=2026-10-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Maisha ya awali == Nay Lin Aung alizaliwa tarehe 27 Novemba 1976 katika mji wa Mindat, Myanmar. Alihitimu [[shahada]] ya Sanaa katika Historia katika Chuo Kikuu cha Monywa. == Kazi ya kisiasa == Nay Lin Aung ni mwanachama wa Chama cha [[Ligi]] ya Kitaifa ya Demokrasia (''National League for Democracy''). Katika uchaguzi mkuu wa Myanmar wa mwaka 2015, alichaguliwa kuwa mjumbe wa Bunge la Wawakilishi baada ya kupata kura nyingi 8,216, akiwakilisha jimbo bunge la Mji wa Mindat. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Myanmar]] emog4xvqs0zu6fbqueikwm19favw124 0 256172 1612698 1611471 2026-11-03T07:58:23Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612698 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pe Tin''' (Kiburma: ဖေတင်; pia huandikwa Phay Tin; alizaliwa tarehe 16 Septemba 1947) ni [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka Myanmar na mfungwa wa zamani wa kisiasa. Alihudumu kama mbunge wa Bunge la Juu la Myanmar (Amyotha Hluttaw), akiwakilisha jimbo bunge namba 6 la Jimbo la Mon kuanzia mwaka 2016 hadi 2021. Yeye ni mwanachama wa Chama cha Ligi ya Kitaifa ya Demokrasia (NLD).<ref>[http://www.amyotha.hluttaw.mm/members/%E1%80%A6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%96%E1%80%B1%E1%80%90%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA "MP profile".] {{Wayback|url=http://www.amyotha.hluttaw.mm/members/%E1%80%A6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%96%E1%80%B1%E1%80%90%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA |date=20190824045839 }} Amyotha Hluttaw (in Burmese). Retrieved 16 August 2018.</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Pe Tin alizaliwa tarehe 16 Septemba 1947 huko Mudon, Jimbo la Mon, Myanmar. Mwaka 1980, alifaulu mtihani wa kuwa wakili mwandamizi. Tangu mwaka 1988, amekuwa [[mwenyekiti]] wa Chama cha [[Ligi]] ya Kitaifa ya Demokrasia katika Mji wa Mudon. Julai 1997, chini ya Kifungu cha 8, alifungwa jela kwa muda wa miezi sita pamoja na wajumbe wengine sita wa kamati ya utendaji.<ref>[https://pyidaungsu.hluttaw.mm/members/56c586c33f609e7c1f8b459a "MP profile".] Pyidaungsu Hluttaw (in Burmese). Retrieved 16 August 2018.</ref> == Kazi ya kisiasa == Pe Tin ni mwanachama wa Chama cha Ligi ya Kitaifa ya Demokrasia. Katika [[uchaguzi]] mkuu wa Myanmar wa mwaka 2015, alichaguliwa kuwa mwakilishi wa Bunge la Juu la Myanmar (Amyotha Hluttaw), akiwakilisha jimbo bunge namba 6 la Jimbo la Mon. == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1947]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Myanmar]] r11ltnntbrabhhtm9ns8hv84i8llhnw 0 256173 1612702 1611473 2026-11-03T08:40:17Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612702 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Phyay Rei''' (Kiburma: ဖြေရယ်ခ; pia anajulikana kama Myint Than Tun; alizaliwa tarehe 9 Januari 1976) ni [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka Myanmar anayehudumu kama mbunge wa Bunge la Juu la Myanmar (Amyotha Hluttaw), akiwakilisha jimbo bunge namba 1 la Jimbo la Kayah.<ref>[https://pyidaungsu.hluttaw.mm/members/56c43dd23f609eb6128b458a "Mp Profile".] Pyidaungsu Hluttaw (in Burmese). Retrieved 21 September 2018.</ref> == Maisha ya awali na elimu == Phyay Rei alizaliwa tarehe 9 Januari 1976 huko Loikaw, [[Jimbo]] la Kayah, nchini Burma, ambayo sasa inajulikana kama Myanmar. Alipata stashahada ya Taasisi ya Ufundi ya Serikali (G.T.I.) katika Uhandisi wa Ujenzi kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha [[Teknolojia]] cha Loikaw, na shahada ya Sanaa katika Historia kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Loikaw. == Kazi ya kisiasa == Phyay Rei ni mwanachama wa Chama cha Ligi ya Kitaifa ya [[Demokrasia]] (NLD). Katika uchaguzi mkuu wa Myanmar wa mwaka 2015, alichaguliwa kuwa mbunge wa Bunge la Juu la Myanmar (Amyotha Hluttaw), baada ya kupata kura 15,763 katika jimbo bunge namba 1 la Jimbo la Kayah. Pia amewahi kuwa mjumbe wa Kamati ya Bunge la Juu la Myanmar ya Kuchunguza Dhamana, Ahadi na Majukumu ya Serikali.<ref>[http://openhluttaw.info/en_US/2017/01/10/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BE%E1%80%BE%E1%80%90%E1%80%BB%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BB-%E1%80%A1%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF/ "Amyotha Hluttaw Government's Guarantees, Pledges and Undertakings Vetting Committee".] {{Wayback|url=http://openhluttaw.info/en_US/2017/01/10/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BE%E1%80%BE%E1%80%90%E1%80%BB%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BB-%E1%80%A1%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF/ |date=20200221065342 }} Retrieved 22 September 2018.</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> {{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Myanmar]] nm673vhmu8ve88xuawhnpxq5n1wten9 0 256531 1612697 1612418 2026-11-03T07:48:18Z InternetArchiveBot 41439 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 4 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1612697 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Paul Mbiya Kabenga''' (alizaliwa 11 Aprili 2005) ni mchezaji wa mpira wa kikapu kutoka [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Anacheza katika nafasi ya 'center' (mchezaji wa kati) kwenye timu ya Kansas Jayhawks katika NCAA Division I nchini [[Marekani]]<ref name="ADAM&WINEUR-001">{{fr}} ; ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20240528114111/https://www.lnb.fr/elite/joueur/?id=9914, Paul Mbiya Kabenga], sur web.archive.org, consulté le 21 octobre 2026</ref>. == Maisha == === Maisha ya Awali na Mafunzo === Paul Mbiya Kabenga alizaliwa na Yacine Fylla, mwanzilishi wa Ballers Academy jijini Kinshasa, ambapo alijifunza mchezo wa mpira wa kikapu<ref name="ADAM&WINEUR-002">{{en}} ; ''[https://pmk34.com/, who is PMK ? : "Paul Mbiya Kabenga"], sur pmk34.com, consulté le 21 octobre 2026</ref>. Kisha alijiunga na NBA Academy Africa nchini Senegal na kuchaguliwa kuwa mmoja wa wachezaji nyota (All-Star) katika kambi ya "Basketball Without Borders" ya mwaka 2022<ref name="ADAM&WINEUR-003">{{en}} ; [https://kuathletics.com/news/2025/6/25/mens-basketball-center-paul-mbiya-signs-with-kansas, Center Paul Mbiya Signs with Kansas] {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, sur kuathletics.com, 25 juin 2025, consulté le 21 octobre 2026</ref>. PMK34, 34, ni heshima kwa Giánnis Antetokoúnmpo, ambaye bidii yake ya kazi inamtia moyo<ref name="ADAM&WINEUR-002" />. === Kufanya kazi nchini Ufaransa === Ili kupata uzoefu, alisafiri hadi Ufaransa na kujiunga na ASVEL Lyon-Villeurbanne<ref name="ADAM&WINEUR-004">{{en}} ; ''Riley Hibdon : [https://throughthephog.com/kansas-basketball-2025-26-player-profile-paul-mbiya, Kansas Basketball 2025–26 Player Profile: Paul Mbiya : "He's one of the two Congolese big men on the roster this season"] {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, sur throughthephog.com, 03 novembre 2025 à 08:26' PM (EST), consulté le 21 octobre 2026</ref>. * Msimu wa 2023–2024: Akiichezea timu ya vijana ya ASVEL (Espoirs) katika ligi ya ''LNB Hopes'', alikuwa na wastani wa pointi 15.5, mipira 11.6 iliyonaswa kutoka kwenye ubao (rebounds), na vizuizi 3.1 kwa kila mchezo. Pia alishiriki katika michezo 10 akiwa na timu ya kulipwa katika ligi kuu ya Ufaransa (''Pro A'') pamoja na michuano ya EuroLeague<ref name="ADAM&WINEUR-003" />. * Msimu wa 2024 – 2025: Akiwa na wastani wa pointi 15.3 kwa usahihi wa asilimia 70 katika kurusha mpira, mipira 11.7 iliyodakwa (rebounds), mipira 1.0 iliyoibwa, na mipira 3.0 iliyozuiwa (blocks) ndani ya dakika 32.5 kwa kila mchezo. Aliwahi kucheza katika timu moja na Victor Wembanyama mnamo mwaka 2021<ref name="ADAM&WINEUR-003" />{{,}}<ref name="ADAM&WINEUR-004" />. === Usajili wa Chuo === Mnamo Mei 2025, awali alitoa ahadi ya kujiunga na NC State chini ya Will Wade, kabla ya kufungua tena mchakato wa usajili wake katikati ya Juni 2025<ref name="ADAM&WINEUR-004" />. Mnamo tarehe 25 Juni 2025, alitia saini mkataba wa kifedha na Chuo Kikuu cha Kansas. Kocha Bill Self alisema: "Paul ni mkubwa. Ana urefu halisi wa futi 6 na inchi 11, na urefu wa mikono iliyotanuliwa wa futi 7 na inchi 8. Anaendana vyema na mtindo wetu wa mchezo. Ni mchezaji ambaye atakuwa na kasi"<ref name="ADAM&WINEUR-003" />{{,}}<ref name="ADAM&WINEUR-005">{{en}} ; ''Michael Swain : ''[https://247sports.com/college/kansas/article/bill-self-kansas-basketball-paul-mbiya-addition-251255677/, Bill Self says Paul Mbiya will fit in 'very well' at KU : "The KU head coach gave his take on what the Jayhawks are getting in the big man"], sur 247sports.com, 25 juin 2025 à 09:03' PM, consulté le 21 octobre 2026</ref>. Anashika nafasi ya sita katika kundi la wachezaji la mwaka 2025–2026 na anaungana na mchezaji mwingine kutoka Kongo, Flory Bidunga. Alisema: ''Nilijiunga na Kansas kwa ajili ya fursa hiyo, kucheza katika timu ya kiwango cha juu, na kucheza pamoja na Mkongomani mwenzangu''<ref name="ADAM&WINEUR-006">{{en}} ; ''Henry Greenstein : [https://www2.kusports.com/sports/college/basketball-men/2025/jun/25/ku-adds-international-big-man-mbiya-per-reports/, KU adds international big man Mbiya], sur www2.kusports.com, 25 juin 2025, consulté le 21 octobre 2026</ref>. === Kazi ya ziada === Akiwa mchezaji wa mwaka wa kwanza katika msimu wa mpira wa kikapu wa NCAA wa 2025–2026 akiwa na timu ya Kansas Jayhawks, anapanga kuwa msaidizi wa Flory Bidunga<ref name="ADAM&WINEUR-004" />. == Jina la utani == Wenzake wa timu walimpa jina la utani ''« Mobutu »'', wakimrejelea Mobutu Sese Seko; yeye alieleza: ''« Baadhi ya watu wanasema alikuwa dikteta, na kwa kuwa mimi hupenda kudhibiti taswira yangu na kuwa na nguvu, walinipa jina hili la utani »''<ref name="ADAM&WINEUR-007">{{en}} ; ''[https://kuathletics.com/sports/mens-basketball/roster/paul-mbiya/17955, 2026-27 Men's Basketball Roster] {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, sur kuathletics.com, consulté le 21 octobre 2026</ref>. == Nambari == === Nchini Ufaransa === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;" |+ Takwimu za klabu ya Paul Mbiya ! Msimu !! Badilisha!! Ligi !! MJ !! Min !! %Tir !! %3pts !! %LF !! Reb !! Ctr !! Pts !! Éval !! Chanzo |- | 2023-2024 || Espoirs ASVEL || LNB Espoirs || 27 || 19,0 || 67,6% || 0% || 58,2% || 8,9 || 1,3 || 10,9 || 17,4 || <ref name="ADAM&WINEUR-004" /> |- | 2023-2024 || ASVEL || Betclic Élite / Euroligue || 10 || 5,2 || 60,0% || - || 50,0% || 1,4 || 0,4 || 1,8 || 2,1 || <ref name="ADAM&WINEUR-003" /> |- | 2024-2025 || Espoirs ASVEL || LNB Espoirs || 24 || 32,5 || 69,8% || 0% || 61,4% || 11,7 || 3,0 || 15,3 || 24,5 || <ref name="ADAM&WINEUR-004" /> |} === Na NCAA === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;" |+ Takwimu za NCAA ! Msimu !! Mabadiliko !! MJ !! Min !! %Tir !! Reb !! Ctr !! Pts |- | 2025-2026 || Kansas Jayhawks || 20 || 13,0 || 66,7% || 9,2* || 1,5* || 8,4* || <ref>Proballers - Kansas Jayhawks 2025-26</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" colspan="12" | *Asilimia ikilinganishwa na Proballers. Ya msimu huu |} == Tazama pia == * [[Samuel Mbingazo]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://kuathletics.com/sports/mens-basketball/roster/paul-mbiya/8159 Profil officiel - Kansas Jayhawks (KU Athletics)] * [https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/player/_/id/5289814/paul-mbiya Profil ESPN - Paul Mbiya] * [https://www.proballers.com/basketball/player/276938/paul-mbiya Statistiques détaillées - Proballers] {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [https://basketball.realgm.com/player/Paul-Mbiya/Summary/213195 Fiche RealGM - Paul Mbiya] * [https://247sports.com/player/paul-mbiya-46150912/ Recrutement - 247Sports] * [https://www.on3.com/db/paul-mbiya-175579/ Profil On3] * [https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/paul-mbiya-1.html College Stats - Sports Reference (à venir 2025-26)] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tSH62q897HQ Highlights ASVEL / Kansas - YouTube] [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Kinshasa]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2005]] [[Jamii:mpira wa kikapu]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Wakongo wanaoishi Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanariadha kutoka DRC waliohamia Marekani]] g3tro0ddndskb7u6wepkwaxemfki3c7 0 256580 1612564 2026-11-02T13:46:34Z Ladygoody 92634 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Rasi ya Venezia''' (kwa Kiingereza: ''Venetian Lagoon'', pia huitwa ''Venice Lagoon'' au ''Lagoon of Venice'') ni [[ghuba]] ya [[maji]] ya [[chumvi]] iliyozungukwa kwa kiasi kikubwa na [[nchi]] kavu, iliyoko katika [[Bahari]] ya Adriatiki, [[kaskazini]] mwa [[Italia]]. Mji wa [[Venezia]] unapatikana ndani ya [[rasi]] hii. Jina lake linatokana na neno la lugha ya Kiveneti lililohusishwa na neno la Kilatini ''lacus'', lenye maana ya [[ziwa]]. Baadaye, nen...' 1612564 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rasi ya Venezia''' (kwa Kiingereza: ''Venetian Lagoon'', pia huitwa ''Venice Lagoon'' au ''Lagoon of Venice'') ni [[ghuba]] ya [[maji]] ya [[chumvi]] iliyozungukwa kwa kiasi kikubwa na [[nchi]] kavu, iliyoko katika [[Bahari]] ya Adriatiki, [[kaskazini]] mwa [[Italia]]. Mji wa [[Venezia]] unapatikana ndani ya [[rasi]] hii. Jina lake linatokana na neno la lugha ya Kiveneti lililohusishwa na neno la Kilatini ''lacus'', lenye maana ya [[ziwa]]. Baadaye, neno hilo lilianza kutumiwa kwa jumla katika Kiingereza kuelezea ghuba yoyote ya maji ya chumvi yenye kina kifupi iliyozungukwa na nchi kavu, yaani rasi ya bahari. == Mahali ilipo == [[Faili:Chioggia_aerial.jpg|thumb|Muonekano wa angani wa Chioggia na visiwa vya kizuizi katika Rasi ya Venezia]] Rasi ya Venezia inaanzia [[Mto]] Sile upande wa kaskazini hadi Mto Brenta upande wa kusini, ikiwa na eneo la takribani kilomita za mraba 550. Takribani asilimia 8 ya eneo lake ni nchi kavu, ikijumuisha mji wa Venezia na visiwa vingine vingi vidogo. Takribani asilimia 11 ya eneo hilo hufunikwa daima na maji ya wazi au mifereji ya maji, ambayo huundwa na njia za maji zilizochimbwa. Asilimia 80 iliyobaki inajumuisha maeneo ya tope tambarare, maeneo ya maji ya kina kifupi yanayoathiriwa na kupwa na kujaa kwa maji ya bahari, pamoja na mabwawa ya maji ya chumvi. Rasi hii ndiyo eneo oevu kubwa zaidi katika Bonde la Bahari ya Mediterania.<ref name="wetland">[Chanzo cha marejeo kinahitajika kuhusu ukubwa na sifa za eneo oevu.]</ref> Rasi hii imeunganishwa na Bahari ya Adriatiki kupitia njia tatu za kuingilia maji ya bahari, ambazo ni Lido, Malamocco na Chioggia. Kwa kuwa iko katika sehemu ya mwisho ya bahari iliyozungukwa kwa kiasi kikubwa na nchi kavu, rasi hii hupata mabadiliko makubwa ya kiwango cha maji. Mabadiliko makubwa zaidi hutokea wakati wa maji kujaa kwa kiwango cha juu kutokana na mvutano wa mwezi na jua. Hali hiyo hujulikana kwa Kiitaliano kama ''acqua alta'', yaani maji mengi au maji kupanda juu. Hali hii husababisha sehemu kubwa ya mji wa Venezia kufunikwa na maji mara kwa mara. Karibu na rasi hii kuna Rasi ya Marano-Grado, yenye eneo la takribani kilomita za mraba 160. Ni rasi iliyoko kaskazini kabisa mwa Bahari ya Adriatiki na wakati mwingine huitwa "dada pacha wa Rasi ya Venezia". == Uundwaji na maendeleo == Rasi ya Venezia ndiyo sehemu muhimu zaidi iliyosalia kati ya mfumo wa rasi za maeneo ya mito inayomwaga maji baharini, ambazo wakati wa Dola ya Roma zilienea kutoka Ravenna upande wa kusini hadi Trieste upande wa kaskazini. Katika karne ya tano na ya sita, rasi hii iliwapa usalama watu waliokuwa wameathiriwa na uvamizi wa makabila mbalimbali, hasa Wahuni na Walombadi. Baadaye, mazingira yake ya asili yaliyolindwa na maji yalichangia kukua kwa Jamhuri ya Venezia na himaya yake ya baharini. Hadi leo, rasi hii inaendelea kuwa muhimu kwa shughuli za bandari, hasa Bandari ya Venezia, pamoja na shughuli za kijeshi na kihistoria zinazohusiana na Ghala la Silaha la Venezia (Venetian Arsenal). Pia hutumika kwa shughuli za uvuvi, uwindaji kwa kiwango kidogo na ufugaji wa samaki. Rasi hii iliundwa takribani miaka 6,000 hadi 7,000 iliyopita, wakati maji ya bahari yalipopanda baada ya kipindi cha mwisho cha barafu na kufunika sehemu za uwanda wa pwani ya juu ya Bahari ya Adriatiki. Mkusanyiko wa mashapo yaliyobebwa na mito ulisaidia kufidia kuzama kwa uwanda huo wa pwani. Wakati huohuo, mikondo ya maji iliyosafirisha mchanga kutoka eneo la mdomo wa Mto Po kuelekea pwani iliunda kingo za mchanga zilizofunga baadhi ya njia za maji ya bahari kuingia na kutoka. [[Faili:2001-NASA-Satellitenaufnahme_Venedig.jpg|thumb|Muonekano wa Rasi ya Venezia kutoka angani]] Muonekano wa sasa wa rasi hii umetokana kwa kiasi kikubwa na shughuli za binadamu. Katika karne ya kumi na tano na ya kumi na sita, wahandisi wa maji wa Venezia walitekeleza miradi ya kudhibiti mikondo ya maji ili kuzuia rasi hiyo isigeuke kuwa eneo kubwa la kinamasi. Miradi hiyo ilibadilisha mwelekeo wa maendeleo yake ya asili. Tangu karne ya kumi na tisa, uchotaji wa maji kutoka kwenye tabaka za maji ya chini ya ardhi umeongeza tatizo la ardhi kuzama taratibu. Awali, visiwa vingi vya rasi hii vilikuwa maeneo ya kinamasi, lakini hatua za kuyakausha maji kwa utaratibu ziliyafanya yafae kwa makazi ya watu. Baadhi ya visiwa vidogo viliundwa kabisa na binadamu. Aidha, baadhi ya maeneo yanayozunguka bandari ya Mestre ni ardhi iliyopatikana kwa kujaza na kurejesha maeneo yaliyokuwa yamefunikwa na maji. Visiwa vilivyosalia, vikiwemo vile vilivyo katika ukanda wa pwani kama Lido, Pellestrina na Treporti, kwa kiasi kikubwa ni matuta ya mchanga yaliyoundwa na upepo na mawimbi ya bahari.Rasi ya Venezia imekuwa na wakazi tangu nyakati za kale sana. Hata hivyo, ilikuwa hasa wakati wa kuanguka kwa Dola ya Roma ya Magharibi na baada ya tukio hilo ambapo watu kutoka maeneo ya bara ya Veneto walianza kuhamia humo kwa wingi wa kutosha kuanzisha makazi yaliyokuja kuwa mji wa Venezia. Kwa sasa, miji mikuu iliyoko ndani ya rasi hii ni Venezia, iliyopo katikati yake, na Chioggia, iliyoko karibu na njia ya kuingilia maji upande wa kusini. Lido di Venezia na Pellestrina pia zina wakazi, ingawa huhesabiwa kuwa sehemu ya mji wa Venezia. Hata hivyo, wakazi wengi wa Venezia, pamoja na sehemu kubwa ya shughuli zake za kiuchumi, ikiwemo uwanja wa ndege na bandari, hupatikana katika mpaka wa magharibi wa rasi hii, karibu na maeneo ya zamani ya Mestre na Marghera. Pia kuna miji miwili upande wa kaskazini wa rasi hii. Miji hiyo ni Jesolo, ambayo ni maarufu kama eneo la mapumziko ya pwani, na Cavallino-Treporti. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Italia]] [[Jamii:Rasi]] [[Jamii:Bahari]] i5mnvln0xvk9gw1m8ti7gebpt20ebcm 1612565 1612564 2026-11-02T13:53:12Z Ladygoody 92634 1612565 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rasi ya Venezia''' (kwa Kiingereza: ''Venetian Lagoon'', pia huitwa ''Venice Lagoon'' au ''Lagoon of Venice'') ni [[ghuba]] ya [[maji]] ya [[chumvi]] iliyozungukwa kwa kiasi kikubwa na [[nchi]] kavu, iliyoko katika [[Bahari]] ya Adriatiki, [[kaskazini]] mwa [[Italia]]. Mji wa [[Venezia]] unapatikana ndani ya [[rasi]] hii. Jina lake linatokana na neno la lugha ya Kiveneti lililohusishwa na neno la Kilatini ''lacus'', lenye maana ya [[ziwa]]. Baadaye, neno hilo lilianza kutumiwa kwa jumla katika Kiingereza kuelezea ghuba yoyote ya maji ya chumvi yenye kina kifupi iliyozungukwa na nchi kavu, yaani rasi ya bahari. == Mahali ilipo == [[Faili:Chioggia_aerial.jpg|thumb|Muonekano wa angani wa Chioggia na visiwa vya kizuizi katika Rasi ya Venezia]] Rasi ya Venezia inaanzia [[Mto]] Sile upande wa kaskazini hadi Mto Brenta upande wa kusini, ikiwa na eneo la takribani kilomita za mraba 550. Takribani asilimia 8 ya eneo lake ni nchi kavu, ikijumuisha mji wa Venezia na visiwa vingine vingi vidogo. Takribani asilimia 11 ya eneo hilo hufunikwa daima na maji ya wazi au mifereji ya maji, ambayo huundwa na njia za maji zilizochimbwa. Asilimia 80 iliyobaki inajumuisha maeneo ya tope tambarare, maeneo ya maji ya kina kifupi yanayoathiriwa na kupwa na kujaa kwa maji ya bahari, pamoja na mabwawa ya maji ya chumvi. Rasi hii ndiyo eneo oevu kubwa zaidi katika Bonde la Bahari ya Mediterania. Rasi hii imeunganishwa na Bahari ya Adriatiki kupitia njia tatu za kuingilia maji ya bahari, ambazo ni Lido, Malamocco na Chioggia. Kwa kuwa iko katika sehemu ya mwisho ya bahari iliyozungukwa kwa kiasi kikubwa na nchi kavu, rasi hii hupata mabadiliko makubwa ya kiwango cha maji. Mabadiliko makubwa zaidi hutokea wakati wa maji kujaa kwa kiwango cha juu kutokana na mvutano wa mwezi na jua. Hali hiyo hujulikana kwa Kiitaliano kama ''acqua alta'', yaani maji mengi au maji kupanda juu. Hali hii husababisha sehemu kubwa ya mji wa Venezia kufunikwa na maji mara kwa mara. Karibu na rasi hii kuna Rasi ya Marano-Grado, yenye eneo la takribani kilomita za mraba 160. Ni rasi iliyoko kaskazini kabisa mwa Bahari ya Adriatiki na wakati mwingine huitwa "dada pacha wa Rasi ya Venezia". == Uundwaji na maendeleo == Rasi ya Venezia ndiyo sehemu muhimu zaidi iliyosalia kati ya mfumo wa rasi za maeneo ya mito inayomwaga maji baharini, ambazo wakati wa Dola ya Roma zilienea kutoka Ravenna upande wa kusini hadi Trieste upande wa kaskazini. Katika karne ya tano na ya sita, rasi hii iliwapa usalama watu waliokuwa wameathiriwa na uvamizi wa makabila mbalimbali, hasa Wahuni na Walombadi. Baadaye, mazingira yake ya asili yaliyolindwa na maji yalichangia kukua kwa Jamhuri ya Venezia na himaya yake ya baharini. Hadi leo, rasi hii inaendelea kuwa muhimu kwa shughuli za bandari, hasa Bandari ya Venezia, pamoja na shughuli za kijeshi na kihistoria zinazohusiana na Ghala la Silaha la Venezia (Venetian Arsenal). Pia hutumika kwa shughuli za uvuvi, uwindaji kwa kiwango kidogo na ufugaji wa samaki. Rasi hii iliundwa takribani miaka 6,000 hadi 7,000 iliyopita, wakati maji ya bahari yalipopanda baada ya kipindi cha mwisho cha barafu na kufunika sehemu za uwanda wa pwani ya juu ya Bahari ya Adriatiki. Mkusanyiko wa mashapo yaliyobebwa na mito ulisaidia kufidia kuzama kwa uwanda huo wa pwani. Wakati huohuo, mikondo ya maji iliyosafirisha mchanga kutoka eneo la mdomo wa Mto Po kuelekea pwani iliunda kingo za mchanga zilizofunga baadhi ya njia za maji ya bahari kuingia na kutoka. [[Faili:2001-NASA-Satellitenaufnahme_Venedig.jpg|thumb|Muonekano wa Rasi ya Venezia kutoka angani]] Muonekano wa sasa wa rasi hii umetokana kwa kiasi kikubwa na shughuli za binadamu. Katika karne ya kumi na tano na ya kumi na sita, wahandisi wa maji wa Venezia walitekeleza miradi ya kudhibiti mikondo ya maji ili kuzuia rasi hiyo isigeuke kuwa eneo kubwa la kinamasi. Miradi hiyo ilibadilisha mwelekeo wa maendeleo yake ya asili. Tangu karne ya kumi na tisa, uchotaji wa maji kutoka kwenye tabaka za maji ya chini ya ardhi umeongeza tatizo la ardhi kuzama taratibu. Awali, visiwa vingi vya rasi hii vilikuwa maeneo ya kinamasi, lakini hatua za kuyakausha maji kwa utaratibu ziliyafanya yafae kwa makazi ya watu. Baadhi ya visiwa vidogo viliundwa kabisa na binadamu. Aidha, baadhi ya maeneo yanayozunguka bandari ya Mestre ni ardhi iliyopatikana kwa kujaza na kurejesha maeneo yaliyokuwa yamefunikwa na maji. Visiwa vilivyosalia, vikiwemo vile vilivyo katika ukanda wa pwani kama Lido, Pellestrina na Treporti, kwa kiasi kikubwa ni matuta ya mchanga yaliyoundwa na upepo na mawimbi ya bahari.Rasi ya Venezia imekuwa na wakazi tangu nyakati za kale sana. Hata hivyo, ilikuwa hasa wakati wa kuanguka kwa Dola ya Roma ya Magharibi na baada ya tukio hilo ambapo watu kutoka maeneo ya bara ya Veneto walianza kuhamia humo kwa wingi wa kutosha kuanzisha makazi yaliyokuja kuwa mji wa Venezia<ref>https://ejatlas.org/conflict/cruise-ships-in-venetian-lagoon</ref><ref>https://iris.unive.it/bitstream/10278/3661477/3/Biological%20Invasions.pdf</ref>. Kwa sasa, miji mikuu iliyoko ndani ya rasi hii ni Venezia, iliyopo katikati yake, na Chioggia, iliyoko karibu na njia ya kuingilia maji upande wa kusini. Lido di Venezia na Pellestrina pia zina wakazi, ingawa huhesabiwa kuwa sehemu ya mji wa Venezia. Hata hivyo, wakazi wengi wa Venezia, pamoja na sehemu kubwa ya shughuli zake za kiuchumi, ikiwemo uwanja wa ndege na bandari, hupatikana katika mpaka wa magharibi wa rasi hii, karibu na maeneo ya zamani ya Mestre na Marghera. Pia kuna miji miwili upande wa kaskazini wa rasi hii. Miji hiyo ni Jesolo, ambayo ni maarufu kama eneo la mapumziko ya pwani, na Cavallino-Treporti. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:Jiografia ya Italia]] [[Jamii:Rasi]] [[Jamii:Bahari]] jr59dryejzjrgg5a62plhja8jvtjnpe 0 256581 1612567 2026-11-02T14:12:06Z Ladygoody 92634 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Constanța Casino''' (kwa Kiromania: ''Cazinoul din Constanța'') ni jengo la kasino lililopo katika mji wa Constanța, nchini [[Romania]]. Jengo hili limetambuliwa na [[Wizara]] ya [[Utamaduni]] na [[Urithi]] wa Kitaifa ya [[Romania]] kama [[mnara]] wa kihistoria. Liko kando ya ufukwe wa Bahari Nyeusi, katika eneo la kihistoria la Peninsulă, mjini Constanța.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://heritageconstanta.com/en/listings/casino-constanta/|title=Casino C...' 1612567 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Constanța Casino''' (kwa Kiromania: ''Cazinoul din Constanța'') ni jengo la kasino lililopo katika mji wa Constanța, nchini [[Romania]]. Jengo hili limetambuliwa na [[Wizara]] ya [[Utamaduni]] na [[Urithi]] wa Kitaifa ya [[Romania]] kama [[mnara]] wa kihistoria. Liko kando ya ufukwe wa Bahari Nyeusi, katika eneo la kihistoria la Peninsulă, mjini Constanța.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://heritageconstanta.com/en/listings/casino-constanta/|title=Casino Constanta|website=Heritage Constanța|access-date=2 Novemba 2026}}</ref> Katika eneo hilo, majengo matatu tofauti yaliwahi kujengwa kwa madhumuni ya kutumika kama kasino. Jengo la kwanza lilijengwa kwa mbao mwaka 1880. Jengo la sasa, ambalo linachukuliwa kuwa mojawapo ya alama zinazoutambulisha mji wa Constanța, lilijengwa kwa mtindo wa usanifu wa Art Nouveau. Lilibuniwa na kujengwa kwa kufuata michoro ya Daniel Renard na kuzinduliwa rasmi mwezi Agosti 1910.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://agerpres.ro/documentare/2022/05/25/construc-ii-celebre-cazinoul-din-constanta--924597|title=Construcții celebre: Cazinoul din Constanța|website=AGERPRES|language=}}</ref> Jengo hilo lilitumika kwa shughuli za kamari kwa jumla ya miaka 38, ingawa shughuli hizo zilikatizwa mara kadhaa kutokana na vita viwili vya dunia. Wakati wa [[Vita vya Kwanza vya Dunia]], lilishambuliwa na vikosi vya Bulgaria na Ujerumani. Katika kipindi cha [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]], liliharibiwa na pia lilitumika kwa muda kama hospitali ya dharura ya kijeshi. Mwaka 1948, jengo hilo lilibadilishwa na kuwa kituo cha shughuli za kijamii. Mwaka 1960, lilikabidhiwa kwa Ofisi ya Kitaifa ya Utalii, ambayo ililibadilisha kuwa mgahawa. Matengenezo makubwa ya mwisho kabla ya kipindi kirefu cha kufungwa yalifanyika kati ya mwaka 1986 na 1988. Baada ya hapo, jengo hilo liliachwa bila kutumika hadi mwaka 2019. Kufuatia miaka mitano ya kazi za ukarabati, kasino hiyo ilifunguliwa tena kwa wageni tarehe 21 Mei 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://agerpres.ro/english/2025/05/21/constanta-casino-living-space-ready-to-host-cultural-events-says-culture-minister-intotero--1451783|title=Constanta Casino, living space, ready to host cultural events|website=AGERPRES|date=|language=}}</ref> == Historia == === Kasino ya Cazin Kursaal (1880–1891) === [[Faili:Primul_Cazino.jpg|thumb|Kasino ya kwanza ya Constanța, ikiwa pamoja na Mnara wa Taa wa Genoa]] Toleo la kwanza la Kasino ya Constanța lilijengwa kwa kutumia fremu ya mbao mwaka 1880. Jengo hilo lilipewa jina la ''Cazin'' au ''Kursaal'', neno la Kijerumani lenye maana ya ukumbi wa mapumziko ya tiba au burudani.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://agerpres.ro/documentare/2022/05/27/constructii-celebre-cazinoul-din-constanta--924597|title=Construcții celebre: Cazinoul din Constanța|website=AGERPRES|language=}}</ref> Jengo hilo lilikuwa la kwanza kujengwa na Romania katika ufukwe wa Bahari Nyeusi, muda mfupi baada ya eneo la Dobruja ya Kaskazini kuwekwa chini ya utawala wa Romania kufuatia Vita vya Urusi na Uturuki vya mwaka 1877–1878 na Vita vya Uhuru wa Romania. Muundo wa jengo hilo ulitumia miteremko ya ardhi kutengeneza matuta mawili ya mviringo yaliyopishana. Lengo lilikuwa kuwawezesha wageni kupata mandhari pana ya mwamba wa pwani, bahari na bandari ya Constanța kutoka pembe mbalimbali. Jengo hilo lilikuwa karibu na Mnara wa Taa wa Genoa. Ndani ya jengo hilo kulikuwa na ukumbi wa dansi, kumbi mbili za michezo na kumbi mbili za kusomea. Katika kumbi za kusomea, wageni waliweza kusoma magazeti ya eneo hilo, ya kitaifa na ya kimataifa. Mwanzoni, Halmashauri ya Jiji la Constanța ilikodisha jengo hilo na eneo lake kwa wafanyabiashara waliotaka kuendesha shughuli za biashara. Mmoja wa wafanyabiashara hao alikuwa Kapteni Constantin Creangă, mwana wa mwandishi Ion Creangă na baba wa Horia Creangă, ambaye baadaye alikuja kuwa mmoja wa wasanifu majengo mashuhuri wa Romania katika kipindi cha kati ya vita viwili vya dunia. Baadaye, jengo hilo lilikabidhiwa kwa usimamizi wa Baraza la Kaunti, ambalo lililifungua kwa matumizi ya umma. Hata hivyo, ilibainika kuwa mapato yake yalitosha tu kulipia gharama za matengenezo. Kutokana na hali hiyo, jengo hilo lilikodishwa tena kwa wafanyabiashara matajiri. Mwaka 1891, jengo la mbao la ''Cazinoul din Constanța'' liliharibiwa kwa kiasi kikubwa na dhoruba. Tarehe 29 Januari 1892, uamuzi wa kulibomoa jengo hilo uliidhinishwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://agerpres.ro/documentare/2022/05/27/constructii-celebre-cazinoul-din-constanta--924597|title=Construcții celebre: Cazinoul din Constanța|website=AGERPRES|language=}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:Utamaduni]] [[Jamii:Romania]] [[Jamii:Vita Vikuu vya Pili]] [[Jamii:Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia]] rrtxnn0120c3rqk9vnbwrhmuklgfvig 0 256582 1612570 2026-11-02T14:36:32Z Ladygoody 92634 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Faili:Prinkipo Greek Orthodox Orphanage building from under the hill, 2024.jpg|thumb|Prinkipo Greek Orphanage in 2024]] '''Prinkipo Greek Orthodox Orphanage''' (kwa Kituruki: ''Prinkipo Rum Yetimhanesi''), pia yanajulikana kama Kasri la Prinkipo au [[Makazi]] ya Watoto [[Yatima]] ya Kigiriki ya Büyükada, ni [[jengo]] la kihistoria la mbao lenye eneo la takribani mita za mraba 20,000. Jengo hili liko katika Kisiwa cha Büyükada , kimojawapo kati ya Vis...' 1612570 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Prinkipo Greek Orthodox Orphanage building from under the hill, 2024.jpg|thumb|Prinkipo Greek Orphanage in 2024]] '''Prinkipo Greek Orthodox Orphanage''' (kwa Kituruki: ''Prinkipo Rum Yetimhanesi''), pia yanajulikana kama Kasri la Prinkipo au [[Makazi]] ya Watoto [[Yatima]] ya Kigiriki ya Büyükada, ni [[jengo]] la kihistoria la mbao lenye eneo la takribani mita za mraba 20,000. Jengo hili liko katika Kisiwa cha Büyükada , kimojawapo kati ya Visiwa tisa vya Wakuu vilivyo karibu na pwani ya [[Istanbul]], nchini [[Uturuki]], katika [[Bahari]] ya Marmara<ref>https://greekreporter.com/2010/10/14/orthodox-orphanage-in-turkey-to-be-reopened/</ref>. Jengo hili linachukuliwa kuwa jengo kubwa zaidi la mbao barani Ulaya na la pili kwa ukubwa duniani. Kuanzia mwaka 1903 hadi 1964, lilitumika kama makazi ya kulelea watoto yatima. == Historia == Jengo hili lilibuniwa na kujengwa mwaka 1898 na Alexander Vallaury, mbunifu wa majengo mwenye asili ya Ufaransa na Dola ya Ottoman. Awali, lilikusudiwa kuwa hoteli ya kifahari na kasino, na lilipewa jina la Kasri la Prinkipo. Lilijengwa kwa ajili ya Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits, kampuni ya Ulaya iliyokuwa ikiendesha huduma za treni za abiria, ikiwemo treni maarufu ya Orient Express. Hata hivyo, hoteli hiyo haikuwahi kufunguliwa. Mwaka 1903, baada ya Sultani Abdul Hamid II kukataa kutoa kibali cha kuendesha hoteli hiyo, jengo liliuzwa kwa Eleni Zarifi, mke wa mfanyabiashara maarufu wa benki mwenye asili ya Kigiriki. Eleni alilitoa jengo hilo kama mchango kwa Patriaki ya Kiorthodoksi ya Mashariki ya Constantinople, ambayo ililitumia kama makazi ya kulelea watoto yatima. Tarehe 21 Aprili 1964, wakati kukiwa na mvutano mkubwa kuhusu suala la Saiprasi na mateso dhidi ya jamii ya Wagiriki waliokuwa wakiishi Istanbul kutoka kwa mamlaka za serikali, makazi hayo yalifungwa kwa nguvu na Kurugenzi Kuu ya Wakfu (kwa Kituruki: ''Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü''). Mwaka 1997, mali hiyo ilichukuliwa na serikali ya Uturuki. Katika kipindi chote cha matumizi yake kama makazi ya watoto yatima, inakadiriwa kuwa ilihudumia jumla ya watoto yatima 5,800. == Jengo == Jengo hili linachukuliwa kuwa jengo kubwa zaidi la mbao barani [[Ulaya]] na la pili kwa ukubwa duniani, likitanguliwa na Hekalu la Kibudha la Tōdai-ji nchini [[Japani]]. Makazi hayo yana vyumba 206, jiko, maktaba, shule ya msingi na karakana za mafunzo ya ufundi. Yamejengwa juu ya Mlima Isa Tepesi, wenye urefu wa mita 206, katika Kisiwa cha Büyükada. == Kuharibika na ukarabati == Tangu kufungwa kwake zaidi ya nusu karne iliyopita, jengo hilo lililoachwa bila matengenezo limeendelea kuharibika kwa kiwango kikubwa. Mwaka 1980, lilipata uharibifu mkubwa kutokana na moto. Eneo hilo lilijumuishwa katika orodha ya World Monuments Watch ya mwaka 2012. Kwa sasa, mtandao wa Global Heritage Network unaliainisha kuwa ni eneo linalohitaji uokoaji na hatua za haraka za kulihifadhi. Mwaka 2012, mamlaka za Uturuki zilirudisha makazi hayo kwa jamii ya Wagiriki. Hata hivyo, jamii hiyo ililalamika kuwa serikali haikurudisha jengo hilo katika hali ileile iliyokuwa nayo kabla ya kuchukuliwa. Uchunguzi uliofanywa wakati huo ulionyesha kuwa kiasi kikubwa cha fedha, kinachokadiriwa kuwa mamilioni ya euro, kingehitajika kwa ajili ya ukarabati wake. Ilielezwa kuwa jamii ya Wagiriki nchini Uturuki, iliyokuwa na takribani watu 2,000, haikuwa na uwezo wa kugharamia ukarabati huo. Kwa mujibu wa taarifa zilizotolewa, takribani euro milioni 65 zingehitajika ili kulirejesha jengo hilo katika hali nzuri<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180708044809/https://eurasianet.org/s/orthodox-patriarchate-in-turkey-wins-one-battle-still-faces-struggle-for-survival</ref>. Mwaka 2018, shirika la Europa Nostra na Benki ya Uwekezaji ya Ulaya yalijumuisha makazi hayo katika orodha ya maeneo 12 ya urithi wa kiutamaduni yaliyopendekezwa kuingia katika orodha ya maeneo saba ya urithi wa kiutamaduni yaliyo hatarini zaidi kutoweka. Katika mwaka huohuo, Patriaki wa Kiorthodoksi wa Mashariki wa Constantinople, Bartholomew I, aliiomba serikali ya Uturuki kusaidia kulinda jengo hilo. Ombi hilo lilitolewa wakati ambapo mvutano mpya ulikuwa umejitokeza kati ya Ugiriki na Uturuki kuhusu masuala mbalimbali, yakiwemo uhifadhi wa urithi wa Byzantine na urithi wa Kigiriki mjini Istanbul. Zabuni ya kutafuta mkandarasi wa kufanya ukarabati wa jengo hilo ilipangwa kufanyika mwezi Mei 2023. Mwezi Juni 2026, makubaliano yalisainiwa kwa ajili ya kuanza kwa ukarabati wa jengo hilo kupitia ushirikiano kati ya Patriaki ya Kiorthodoksi ya Kigiriki, ambayo inamiliki mali hiyo, kampuni ya Bilgili Holding ya Uturuki na kampuni ya utalii endelevu na mali isiyohamishika yenye makao yake nchini Ugiriki. == Mgogoro wa umiliki == Jamii ya Wagiriki nchini Uturuki ilidai kuwa makazi hayo yalikuwa mali ya Patriaki ya Kiorthodoksi ya Mashariki. Dai hilo lilitokana na amri za utawala wa Dola ya Ottoman zilizokuwa zimeipa Patriaki hati za umiliki wa jengo hilo, ambazo baadaye zilitambuliwa chini ya Jamhuri ya Uturuki. Kwa upande mwingine, serikali ya Uturuki iliamini kuwa mali hiyo haikuwa ya Patriaki ya Kiorthodoksi ya Mashariki<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20061121044503/http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/archives/pdf/key_documents/2004/rr_tr_2004_en.pdf</ref>. Mwaka 2003, Patriaki iliwasilisha nyaraka zote zilizohitajika katika Mahakama Kuu ya Utawala ya Uturuki ili kuthibitisha umiliki wake wa jengo hilo. Hata hivyo, mahakama hiyo ilikataa madai hayo kwa hoja kwamba wakfu uliokuwa ukisimamia makazi hayo ulikuwa umepoteza kazi yake ya awali ya kulelea watoto yatima, hivyo mali hiyo ilikuwa imegeuka kuwa mali iliyochukuliwa na serikali (kwa Kituruki: ''mazbut vakıf''). Msimamo huo ulitokana na sheria za Uturuki, ambazo zinaruhusu Baraza la Kurugenzi ya Wakfu kuchukua mali ya wakfu endapo mali hiyo haitakuwa imetumika kwa madhumuni yake kwa kipindi kinachozidi miaka kumi. Mwaka 2004, Umoja wa Ulaya uliibua suala hilo katika ripoti yake kuhusu maendeleo ya Uturuki kuelekea kujiunga na Umoja wa Ulaya. == Marejeo == {{Mbegu-utamaduni}} [[Jamii:Historia ya Uturuki]] [[Jamii:Utamaduni]] [[Jamii:Uturuki]] poa0ctxli4mw0r5hj8ojbur2485ar16 0 256585 1612610 2026-11-02T18:38:16Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Faili:BernieSTL.png|thumb|Bernie Federko Hockey Hall of Fame, 2002]] '''Bernard Allan Federko''' (alizaliwa [[12 Mei]] [[1956]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa kati wa [[Hoki|mpira wa magongo]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Kanada]]. Alicheza misimu 14 katika National Hockey League (NHL) kuanzia 1976 hadi 1990, akichezea St. Louis Blues na Detroit Red Wings. Alijiunga na Hockey Hall of Fame mwaka [[2002]].<ref name="EP">{{cite web |title=Bernie Federko |url=https://...' 1612610 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:BernieSTL.png|thumb|Bernie Federko Hockey Hall of Fame, 2002]] '''Bernard Allan Federko''' (alizaliwa [[12 Mei]] [[1956]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa kati wa [[Hoki|mpira wa magongo]] wa kulipwa nchini [[Kanada]]. Alicheza misimu 14 katika National Hockey League (NHL) kuanzia 1976 hadi 1990, akichezea St. Louis Blues na Detroit Red Wings. Alijiunga na Hockey Hall of Fame mwaka [[2002]].<ref name="EP">{{cite web |title=Bernie Federko |url=https://www.eliteprospects.com/player/31970/bernie-federko |publisher=Elite Prospects |access-date=August 2, 2025}}</ref><ref name="altar">{{cite news |title=One-time Altar Boy, Now Hockey Pro, Meets His Former Pastor |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/svoboda-one-time-altar-boy-now-hockey-p/178190081/ |access-date=August 4, 2025 |publisher=Svoboda |date=December 4, 1977|via=newspapers.com}}</ref><ref name="y">{{cite news |title=Federko |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/st-louis-post-dispatch-federko/178033674/ |access-date=August 2, 2025 |publisher=St. Louis Post-Dispatch |date=March 17, 1991|via=newspapers.com}}</ref> == Klabu Alizocheza == Federko alikulia Foam Lake, [[Saskatchewan]] na alicheza mpira wa magongo wa vijana akiwa na Saskatoon Blades wa WHL. Ambapo aliweka rekodi ya timu kwa assisti. Alichaguliwa na St. Louis Blues katika nafasi ya 7 kwa ujumla katika NHL Amateur Draft ya [[1976]]. Akiwa na Blues, alifikia pointi 100 katika msimu mara nne, na alikuwa mchezaji wa kwanza katika historia ya NHL kupata assists 50 au zaidi kwa misimu 10 mfululizo. Mnamo [[Machi 19]], [[1988]], alikua mchezaji wa 22 wa NHL kufikia pointi 1000 za kazi. Baada ya msimu mbaya wa 1988-89, alihamishwa kwenda Detroit Red Wings, ambapo alicheza nyuma ya Steve Yzerman na hakuweza kupata muda wa kucheza alioutaka na alistaafu baada ya msimu wa 1989-90 akiwa amecheza mechi 1000 kamili za NHL.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mueller |first1=Gary |title=Blues Pick Federko, High-Scoring Center |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/st-louis-post-dispatch-blues-pick-feder/178038993/ |access-date=August 2, 2025 |publisher=St. Louis Post Dispatch |date=May 27, 1976|via=newspapers.com}}</ref> == Baada ya Kustaafu == Blues walistaafisha nambari yake ya 24 mnamo Machi 16, 1992. Alijiunga na Hockey Hall of Fame mwaka 2002. Kwa sasa ni mchambuzi wa rangi wa televisheni kwa Fox Sports Midwest wakati wa matangazo ya Blues .<ref>{{cite news |title=Federko sets playoff mark |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-leader-post-federko-sets-playoff-mar/178039124/ |access-date=August 2, 2025 |publisher=Regina Leader-Post |date=May 4, 1976|via=newspapers.com}}</ref> == Tuzo Za Heshima == - WCHL All-Star Team (1976) - WCHL MVP (1976) - CHL Second All-Star Team (1977) - Ken McKenzie Trophy (1977) - NHL All-Star Game (1980, 1981) - Hockey Hall of Fame (2002) <ref>{{cite news |last1=Cherneski |first1=John |title=Another award for Federko |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/star-phoenix-another-award-for-federko/178032527/ |access-date=August 2, 2025 |publisher=Saskatoon Star-Phoenix |date=April 13, 1976|via=newspapers.com}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Kanada]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1956]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] i8xal2r894rrjzxgyms0vg6d4o4zk0y 0 256586 1612611 2026-11-02T18:58:45Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Robert Montgomery Knight''' ([[25 Oktoba]] [[1940]] – [[1 Novemba]] [[2023]]) alikuwa kocha wa na mchezaji wa zamani wa [[mpira wa kikapu]] wa chuo kikuu wa [[Marekani]]. Alifundisha timu za Chuo Kikuu cha Army, Chuo Kikuu cha Indiana na Chuo Kikuu cha Texas Tech. Alijulikana zaidi kwa kipindi chake cha miaka 29 akiwa kocha mkuu wa Indiana Hoosiers, ambapo alishinda mataji matatu ya NCAA ([[1976]], [[1981]], [[1987]]) na aliongozwa na nidhamu kali na...' 1612611 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert Montgomery Knight''' ([[25 Oktoba]] [[1940]] – [[1 Novemba]] [[2023]]) alikuwa kocha wa na mchezaji wa zamani wa [[mpira wa kikapu]] wa chuo kikuu wa [[Marekani]]. Alifundisha timu za Chuo Kikuu cha Army, Chuo Kikuu cha Indiana na Chuo Kikuu cha Texas Tech. Alijulikana zaidi kwa kipindi chake cha miaka 29 akiwa kocha mkuu wa Indiana Hoosiers, ambapo alishinda mataji matatu ya NCAA ([[1976]], [[1981]], [[1987]]) na aliongozwa na nidhamu kali na mtindo wa kucheza "man-to-man". Alijiunga na Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame mwaka 1991.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilco |first=Daniel |date=July 26, 2023 |title=Men's DI college basketball coaches with the most wins |url=https://www.ncaa.com/news/basketball-men/article/2023-07-26/mens-di-college-basketball-coaches-most-wins |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=NCAA.com |language=en}}</ref> == Kazi == Knight alizaliwa Massillon, [[Ohio]]. Alihitimu kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Ohio State mwaka [[1962]], ambapo alicheza mpira wa kikapu chini ya kocha Fred Taylor. Alianza kazi yake ya ukocha akiwa msaidizi katika Chuo Kikuu cha Army kabla ya kuwa kocha mkuu mwaka 1965. Mwaka 1971 alihamia Indiana, ambapo alijenga moja ya programu bora zaidi katika historia ya mpira wa kikapu wa chuo. Timu yake ya 1976 ilishinda ubingwa wa NCAA bila kushindwa hata mchezo mmoja, jambo ambalo halijatokea tena. Alistaafu ukocha mwaka 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://lubbockonline.com/stories/020408/loc_243647726.shtml|title=Exclusive: Knight speaks about retirement decision|newspaper=[[Lubbock Avalanche-Journal]]|access-date=February 4, 2008|date=February 4, 2008|last=Walker|first=Jeff|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207230157/http://lubbockonline.com/stories/020408/loc_243647726.shtml|archive-date=February 7, 2008|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="darkside">{{cite news |date=September 10, 2000 |title=A dark side of Knight |newspaper=Sports Illustrated |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/thenetwork/news/2000/03/14/knight_indiana/ |url-status=dead |access-date=April 26, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730011234/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/thenetwork/news/2000/03/14/knight_indiana/ |archive-date=July 30, 2012}}</ref> == Tuzo == - Mataji matatu ya NCAA (1976, 1981, 1987) - Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame (1991) == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1940]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2023]] 2zc2mlwr5n97xww8ky29ze95kxq6dff 0 256587 1612612 2026-11-02T19:00:56Z AdamLynnMcGill007 72462 #100WikiDaysChallengeRDC2026 " Création en Traduction Article | Samy Badibanga " 1612612 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image:Samy Badibanga 2016 (cropped).jpg|thumb|''Samy Badibanga]] '''Samy Badibanga''', Alizaliwa tarehe (12 Septemba 1962), jijini [[Kinshasa]], ni mwanasiasa na kiongozi kutoka [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Mshauri maalum wa Étienne Tshisekedi kuanzia mwaka 2009 hadi 2011<ref>{{fr}} ; ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20180810045305/https://actualite.cd/2016/11/17/samy-badibanga-nomme-1er-ministre-joseph-kabila/, Qui est Samy Badibanga le nouveau premier ministre? biographie], sur actualite.cd via Internet Archive, 17 novembre 2016, consulté le 24 avril 2017, archive-10 août 2018</ref>, Amekuwa mbunge wa kitaifa aliyechaguliwa kwa ajili ya jimbo la Mont-Amba mjini Kinshasa tangu mwaka 2011<ref>{{fr}} ; ''mediacongo.net : [http://www.mediacongo.net/article-actualite-22118.html, Mediacongo.net - Actualités - Nomination de l’honorable Samy Badibanga : halte aux attaques ignobles !], sur mediacongo.net, 21-11-2016, consulté le=2017-04-24</ref>, katika Bunge la Kitaifa, ambapo alihudumu katika Tume ya Maliasili. Aliteuliwa kuwa Waziri Mkuu mnamo tarehe 17 Novemba 2016, na akaondoka madarakani tarehe 7 Aprili 2017, akifuatwa na [[Bruno Tshibala]]. == Wasifu == Alihitimu kwanza kutoka Taasisi ya Juu ya Sayansi ya Binadamu (Higher Institute of Human Sciences) mjini Geneva mnamo mwaka 1986, na baadaye kutoka Baraza la Juu la Almasi (Diamond High Council - ''Hoge Raad voor Diamant'') pamoja na Taasisi ya Kimataifa ya Gemolojia (International Gemological Institute), zote zikiwa jijini Antwerp. Alianza taaluma yake mwaka 1986 akiwa mkurugenzi mkuu wa kampuni ya Sodocam, na mnamo mwaka 1995 akawa mkurugenzi na meneja mkuu wa kampuni ya Samex Trading. Kampuni hii ilikuwa na leseni kadhaa za utafiti wa madini katika [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] ([[DRC]]) na ilikuwa mshirika wa kibiashara na kampuni ya BHP Billiton. Kuanzia mwaka 2005 hadi 2010, alihudumu kama mshauri wa kampuni ya madini ya BHP Billiton, akisaidia kuwezesha kampuni hiyo kuingia nchini DRC, hasa kupitia ushirikiano na mashirika ya umma. Katika nafasi hiyo, alishiriki katika majadiliano mbalimbali na Wizara ya Madini kuhusu marekebisho ya mikataba ya madini, pamoja na Wizara ya Uchumi na Wizara ya Nishati kuhusu ujenzi na usambazaji wa nishati kwa ajili ya bwawa la Inga III. Mnamo mwaka 2006, alianzisha Shirikisho la Watafiti na Wachimbaji (Federation of Explorers and Extractors - FEE) nchini Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo (DRC) kwa lengo la kukuza utawala bora katika usimamizi wa maliasili<ref>http://www.cairn.info/zen.php?ID_ARTICLE=AFCO_227_0053</ref>. Alihudumu kama mzungumzaji katika mikutano ya IPAD (Mpango wa Kukuza Majadiliano na Maendeleo) iliyohusu sekta ya madini nchini DRC kuanzia mwaka 2005 hadi 2009. == Maisha ya kisiasa == Samy Badibanga alikuwa mwanachama wa heshima wa chama cha Union for Democracy and Social Progress (UDPS) kuanzia mwaka 1994 hadi 2011<ref>{{fr}} ; ''RFI : [http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20161117-nomination-samy-badibanga-nouveau-premier-ministre-rdc-contre, Nomination du nouveau Premier ministre en RDC : les pour et les contre], sur rfi.fr, 17-11-2016, consulté le 20-10-2020</ref>. Na alichaguliwa kuwa mbunge mnamo mwaka 2011. Katika ujana wake jijini Kinshasa, alikutana na wanasiasa Étienne Tshisekedi na Frederick Kibasa; kukutana kwao kulichagiza mwelekeo wake wa kisiasa unaozingatia demokrasia na ujamaa, pamoja na msimamo wake wa kupinga mapambano ya silaha na kusisitiza umuhimu wa utawala wa sheria. Kuanzia mwaka 2009 hadi 2011, alihudumu kama mshauri maalum wa Étienne Tshisekedi. Katika nafasi hiyo, alisimamia mkakati wa kidiplomasia wa Tshisekedi, ambao ulijumuisha mawasiliano, usimamizi wa taswira, pamoja na uandaaji na uongozi wa kampeni yake ya uchaguzi wa urais wa mwaka 2011 katika [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]. Uchaguzi huo ulikabiliwa na ukosoaji mkali, na matokeo yake yalipingwa vikali na chama cha Union for Democracy and Social Progress (UDPS), ambacho kilidai kuwa upande pinzani ulihusika na vitendo vya udanganyifu, ukamataji holela, ujanja wa kupindisha mambo, na hata vurugu za ukandamizaji. Baada ya kutangazwa kwa matokeo hayo, Étienne Tshisekedi aliwekwa chini ya kifungo cha nyumbani<ref>{{fr}} ; ''[http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/ARTJAWEB20120123091410/, RDC : la police empêche Étienne Tshisekedi de quitter son domicile], périodique : Jeune Afrique, 23-01-2012, consulté le 20-10-2020</ref>. Baada ya kujikita imara, mtu huyo ametangaza kuwa yeye ndiye Rais aliyechaguliwa wa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] ([[DRC]])<ref>{{fr}} ; ''Agence France-Presse (AFP) : [http://www.lalibre.be/actu/international/rdcongo-presidentielle-kabila-vainqueur-officiel-tshisekedi-president-elu-51b8e0ffe4b0de6db9c48ed9, RDCongo/ présidentielle : Kabila vainqueur officiel, Tshisekedi "président élu"], sur La Libre Belgique, 10-12-2011, consulté le 2015-09-15</ref>. Ingawa wagombea wengi wa UDPS walikuwa wamechaguliwa kuwa wabunge wa kitaifa katika uchaguzi wa wabunge uliofanyika sambamba na uchaguzi mwingine, Rais Tshisekedi alitangaza kufutwa kwa uchaguzi huo. Licha ya maelekezo kutoka kwa kiongozi wa UDPS<ref>{{en}} ; '[https://web.archive.org/web/20191210075809/http://afrique.kongotimes.info/rdc/parlement/3754-congo-udps-siegera-assemblee-nationale-opposition-tentation-nihiliste.html, RDC : UDPS siégera ou ne siégera pas à l'Assemblée nationale ?], sur kongotimes.info via Internet Archive, archive 10 décembre 2019</ref>, Wajumbe arobaini na wawili waliochaguliwa kutoka katika chama hicho, akiwemo Samy Badibanga, walichukua nafasi zao bungeni, wakiona uchaguzi wao kuwa wa kuaminika na wakitaka kuwaheshimu wananchi wa Kongo waliowachagua ili kuwatumikia kama wawakilishi wao. Licha ya utata uliojitokeza ndani ya chama chao wenyewe kutokana na hatua hiyo, wajumbe hao 42 waliochaguliwa wanaendelea hadi leo kuunda na kuongoza upinzani bungeni dhidi ya utawala wa Joseph Kabila. Inafaa kuzingatia, jambo ambalo linaonekana kuwa la kushangaza, kwamba Samy Badibanga hapati tena uungwaji mkono kwa shughuli zake za upinzani bungeni, kwani alijitenga na chama chake cha kisiasa, UDPS, mnamo mwaka 2011<ref name="rfi 20161117">{{fr}} ; ''RFI : [http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20161117-nomination-samy-badibanga-nouveau-premier-ministre-rdc-contre, RDC : exclus de l'UPDS], sur Radio France internationale (RFI), 17-11-2016, consulté le 2016-11-19</ref>, kisha akaondolewa katika wadhifa wake kama rais wa kundi la wabunge wa UDPS na washirika wake<ref name="radiookapi.net/2016/10/11">{{fr}} ; ''[http://www.radiookapi.net/2016/10/11/actualite/politique/rdc-le-groupe-parlementaire-udps-et-allies-destitue-son-president, RDC : le groupe parlementaire UDPS et Alliés destitue son président Samy Badibanga], sur Radio Okapi, 2016-10-11, consulté le 2016-11-19</ref>. Mnamo Oktoba 2016. Baadaye, chama cha UDPS kilimfukuza kutoka safu zake.<ref>{{fr}} ; ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20170821093331/http://afrique.lepoint.fr/actualites/rd-congo-samy-badibanga-premier-ministre-le-dernier-tour-de-kabila-20-11-2016-2084351_2365.php, RD Congo - Samy Badibanga Premier ministre : le dernier tour de Kabila], sur lepoint.fr via Internet Archive, consulté le 10 avril 2017, archive-date 21 août 2017</ref>. Alikuwa mwanachama mwanzilishi wa IPDD (Mpango wa Pan-Afrika wa Kulinda Demokrasia) na washirika wake katika Bunge la Kitaifa la DRC, hadi alipoteuliwa kuwa Waziri Mkuu wa DRC na Joseph Kabila mnamo tarehe 17 Novemba 2016<ref name="ll16">{{fr}} ; ''[http://www.radiookapi.net/2016/11/18/actualite/politique/rdc-les-eveques-poursuivent-leur-mission-des-bons-offices-aupres-des, RDC : non-événement pour l'opposition], sur radiookapi.net, 17 novembre 2016, consulté le 17 novembre 2016</ref>. Ndani ya upinzani, uteuzi wake unapuuzwa na kuchukuliwa kuwa jambo lisilo na umuhimu wowote<ref name="ll16"/>. Alijiuzulu mnamo Aprili 6, 2017<ref>{{fr}} ; ''[http://www.radiookapi.net/2017/04/06/actualite/politique/rdc-demission-du-premier-ministre-badibanga, « RDC: démission du Premier ministre Badibanga »], sur radiookapi.net, 6 avril 2017</ref>. Mnamo tarehe 5 Machi 2021, alijiuzulu wadhifa wake kama Makamu wa Kwanza wa Rais wa Seneti<ref>{{fr}} ; ''[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1133411/politique/rdc-les-vraies-raisons-de-la-demission-de-samy-badibanga-premier-vice-president-du-senat/, POLITIQUERDC : les vraies raisons de la démission de Samy Badibanga, premier vice-président du Sénat], sur jeuneafrique.com, consulté le 2021-03-09</ref>. == Vitendo na Msimamo wa Kisiasa == === Upinzani Bungeni === Kufuatia uchaguzi wa wabunge wa mwaka 2011, Samy Badibanga—akiwa amechaguliwa kuwa mbunge wa kitaifa—aliunda na kuongoza kundi la wabunge wa chama cha Union for Democracy and Social Progress (UDPS) na washirika wake, wakiwa upinzani dhidi ya kundi kubwa la wafuasi wa rais bungeni. Mnamo mwaka 2011, alijiondoa yeye mwenyewe katika chama chake cha kisiasa, Union for Democracy and Social Progress (UDPS), kwa kushindwa kutii kanuni iliyowekwa na rais wa chama hicho, Étienne Tshisekedi<ref name="rfi 20161117" />. Mnamo tarehe 10 Oktoba 2016, aliondolewa katika wadhifa wake kama rais wa kundi la bunge la Muungano kwa ajili ya Demokrasia na Maendeleo ya Kijamii (UDPS) na washirika wake, kwa kushiriki katika mazungumzo ya kisiasa yaliyoitishwa na Rais Joseph Kabila—hatua ambayo ilikiuka agizo rasmi la kundi hilo la bunge<ref name="radiookapi.net/2016/10/11" />. Kwa kufuata mfano wa Baraza la Mawaziri Kivuli la Uingereza, Samy Badibanga aliandaa mfululizo wa mapendekezo ya mageuzi ya kiuchumi na kifedha mapema mwaka wa 2014, ambayo yaliripotiwa na jarida la ''Jeune Afrique''<ref>{{fr}} ; ''[http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/ARTJAWEB20140128082425/developpement-fiscalite-rdc-udpsrdc-les-trois-reformes-de-l-opposition-pour-changer-le-quotidien.html, RDC : les trois réformes de l’opposition pour changer le quotidien], périodique : Jeune Afrique, 28-01-2014, consulté le 20-10-2020</ref>. === Mapendekezo Makuu ya Sera === Wakati bajeti ya taifa ya mwaka 2014 ikiwasilishwa bungeni ili kupitishwa, Samy Badibanga alikosoa vikali ukosefu wa uwazi katika usimamizi wa masuala ya umma na mapato yanayotokana na unyonyaji wa maliasili. Alielezea udhaifu na kupungua kwa mapato ya kodi ya serikali, pamoja na ufadhili mdogo uliotengwa kwa ajili ya huduma za afya na elimu kwa ajili ya wananchi wenzake. Mnamo mwaka 2014, alikosoa bajeti hiyo, yenye jumla ya faranga za Kongo bilioni 7,664, akibainisha kuwa kiasi hicho ni takriban dola 100 kwa kila mtu, au dola 0.27 kwa kila mtu kwa siku<ref>{{en}} ; ''[http://www.lepotentielonline.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5131:samy-badibanga-la-modicite-du-budget-de-la-rdc-est-le-resultat-de-l-echec-des-reformes-dans-les-finances-, Potent Online Pokies Australia], sur Le Potentiel, consulté le 28-05-2023</ref>. Akiunganisha mapendekezo na ukosoaji wake, Samy Badibanga anawasilisha “mageuzi matatu ya kubadilisha maisha ya kila siku”<ref>{{fr}} ; ''Rédaction (Online) : [http://www.lepotentielonline.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5131:samy-badibanga-la-modicite-du-budget-de-la-rdc-est-le-resultat-de-l-echec-des-reformes-dans-les-finances-, Le Potentiel Online], sur lepotentielonline.com, consulté le 2015-09-15</ref> watu wa Kongo : * Bunge linazingatia mageuzi mapya ya kodi yaliyoongozwa na mfumo wa "kodi tambarare", mfumo unaotegemea kiwango kimoja cha kodi kinachofanana. Kiwango cha kodi kisichobadilika hakitatoa nafasi ya mzozo kuhusu kiasi cha kodi kinachodaiwa. Zaidi ya kurahisisha usimamizi wa utawala kwa biashara na uwasilishaji wa kodi kwa watu binafsi, Samy Badibanga anaamini kwamba kodi tambarare itahimiza uwekezaji na uundaji wa ajira, kusaidia kuondoa biashara katika sekta isiyo rasmi, na—muhimu zaidi—kuongeza mapato ya serikali (kwa 80% hadi 150% kwa miaka mitatu). Hii, kwa upande wake, itaongeza bajeti ya taifa, ikiruhusu uwekezaji mkubwa katika mahitaji ya kijamii, huduma za afya, na elimu ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] ([[DRC]])<ref>{{fr}} ; ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305060327/http://laprosperiteonline.net/affi_article.php?id=1610, Journal La Prospérité], sur La Prospérité via Internet Archive, archive-date 5 mars 2016}</ref>. * Utafiti kuhusu uwezekano wa kuunganisha mamlaka za kodi, kwa kuzingatia mfano wa mageuzi yaliyotekelezwa nchini Ghana, Mauritius, na nchi nyingine zinazopakana na [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] ([[DRC]]). Utafiti huo unaangazia matokeo makubwa yaliyopatikana katika kuongeza mapato ya kodi. * Kuanzishwa kwa mfuko wa maendeleo wa kitaifa, unaofadhiliwa na mapato yanayotokana na unyonyaji wa maliasili. Katika makala ya maoni iliyochapishwa kwenye jarida la *Jeune Afrique* mnamo Januari 2014, anaelezea kwa kina faida za mfuko wa aina hiyo—ambao kimsingi ni mfuko wa utajiri wa taifa, ulioiga mifano ya mifuko iliyopo nchini Norway, Qatar, au Timor ya Mashariki<ref>{{en}} ; ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120426162744/http://www.swfinstitute.org:80/swfs/timor-leste-petroleum-fund/, List of 593,403 Sovereign Wealth Funds, Investment Firms, Hedge Funds, Banks…...], sur swfinstitute.org via Internet Archive, consulté le 28-05-2023, archive-date 26 avril 2012</ref>{{,}}<ref>http://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/8337.pdf</ref> ambayo imekusanya takriban dola bilioni 15 katika akiba tangu kuanzishwa kwake mwaka 2005, kwa msaada wa shirika la ushirikiano la Norway<ref>{{en}} ; ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120819050344/http://www.norad.no:80/en/front-page, Front page - norad.no], sur norad.no via Internet Archive, consulté le archive-date 19 août 2012</ref>. Aina hii mpya ya mfuko wa utajiri wa taifa inaendana na dhana ya "uwekezaji wenye matokeo chanya"<ref>{{en}} ; ''[http://www.investingforthepoor.org/, Home - Vatican Impact Investing Conference], sur Vatican Impact Investing Conference, consulté le 28-05-2023</ref> iliyopendekezwa na Papa Fransisko mnamo Julai 2014<ref>{{en}} ; ''Rahim Kanani : [https://www.forbes.com/sites/rahimkanani/2014/07/11/usaid-pope-francis-and-impact-investing, USAID, Pope Francis, And Impact Investing], sur forbes.com, 11-07-2014, consulté le 20-10-2020</ref>. Mfuko huu ungetimiza lengo la kiuchumi na kifedha, ukifadhiliwa na sehemu ya mapato yanayotokana na uchimbaji wa maliasili, pamoja na uwekezaji kutoka kwa taasisi za kimataifa na wawekezaji binafsi. Kwa kuundwa kwa namna inayojitegemea kutoka kwa Serikali, mfuko huo ungejumuisha katika chombo chake cha usimamizi wawakilishi kutoka kwa washirika wa kimataifa wa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] ([[DRC]]), asasi za kiraia, na mifuko mbalimbali ya utajiri wa taifa duniani, hatua inayohakikisha utawala bora. Mapato na riba zinazotokana na mfuko huu wa maendeleo zingetumika kufadhili maendeleo ya kijamii nchini [[DRC]], kwa kuzingatia kanuni kwamba watu wa [[Kongo]], wa sasa na vizazi vijavyo, wana haki ya kutarajia kuwa uchimbaji wa maliasili nyingi za [[DRC]] utagharimia huduma za afya, elimu, hifadhi ya jamii, pamoja na mahitaji mengine muhimu ya kijamii na huduma za umma<ref>http://www.africaprogresspanel.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/2013_PRESS_RELEASE_Equite%CC%81_et_Industries_Extractives_en_Afrique_FR.pdf</ref>. Nchi iliyo katika nafasi ya chini kabisa kwenye Kiashirio cha Maendeleo ya Binadamu mwaka 2013<ref>{{fr}} ; ''Le Monde avec AFP : [https://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2013/03/15/la-rdc-au-dernier-rang-de-l-indice-de-developpement-humain-du-pnud_1849284_3244.html, La RDC au dernier rang de l'indice de développement humain du PNUD], périodique : Le Monde, 15-03-2013</ref>{{,}}<ref>HDR, 2013, passage=159</ref>na ya 179 kati ya 191 mwaka 2021<ref>HDR, 2022</ref>, Kwa hakika, asilimia 80 ya raia milioni 70 wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo wanaishi chini ya mstari wa umaskini<ref>{{fr}} ; ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150627071252/http://www.afriqueexpansion.com/rd-congo-/9993-rd-du-congo--quand-richesse-rime-avec-pauvrete.html, RD du Congo : Quand richesse rime avec pauvreté], sur afriqueexpansion.com via Internet Archive, connsulté le archive-date 27 juin 2015</ref> kwa kiwango cha ukosefu wa ajira kinachozidi 80%<ref>{{fr}} ; ''[http://www.libreafrique.org/Kodila_RDC_chomage_140611, RDC : Comment vaincre le fléau du chômage ?], sur Libre Afrique, consulté le 20-10-2020</ref>. Licha ya kiwango rasmi cha ukuaji wa uchumi cha 9.5%<ref>{{fr}} ; ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160306074816/http://7sur7.cd/index.php/8-infos/3642-pendant-que-la-rdc-projette-son-taux-de-croissance-economique-a-9-5-en-2014-la-bm-le-situe-a-5-2-en-afrique-grace-a-une-forte-hausse-des-investissements-et-de-la-consommation-des-menages, Pendant que la Rdc projette son taux de croissance économique à 9,5%en 2014. La BM le situe à 5,2% en Afrique grâce à une forte hausse des investissem…], sur 7sur7.cd via Internet Archive, onsulté le archive-date 6 mars 2016</ref>, takwimu ambayo wachunguzi wengi wanaiona kuwa ya kubuni, ikizingatiwa kuwa ukuaji wa uchumi hauzalishi nafasi za kazi, wala haufadhili uboreshaji wa huduma za umma, kama vile huduma za afya, elimu, mfumo wa haki, au usalama wa raia wa [[Kongo]]<ref>{{en}} ; ''[url=https://www.afrik.com/rdc-dix-ans-de-croissance-fallacieuse, RDC : dix ans de croissance fallacieuse], sur Afrik.com, date 03-05-2012, consulté le 20-10-2020}</ref>. == Ahadi ya Kidemokrasia, Kijamii, na Kiikolojia == === Msimamo wa Kisiasa === Sifa ya kipekee ya msimamo wa kisiasa wa Samy Badibanga ni kwamba hukosoa sera za serikali zilizopo huku akitoa mapendekezo madhubuti sambamba na ukosoaji huo. Mtazamo huu wa kivitendo huenda unatokana na historia yake ya kitaaluma, ambapo alifanya kazi katika sekta binafsi pekee kabla ya kuchaguliwa kwake mwaka 2011. Akiwa mtetezi wa utawala wa sheria na utekelezaji mkali wa kanuni za kikatiba, anaunga mkono kanuni za kidemokrasia na kudai uwazi katika usimamizi wa masuala ya umma pamoja na maliasili<ref>{{en}} ; ''[http://www.lepotentielonline.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9826:samy-badibanga-salue-le-message-de-linda-greenfild-encourageant-les-dirigeants-africains-a-respecter-leur-constitution&catid=90:online-depeches&Itemid=472, Potent Online Pokies Australia...], sur Le Potentiel, consulté le 28-05-2023</ref>. Mnamo tarehe 14 Novemba 2014, jijini Paris, alishiriki katika uanzishwaji wa IPDD (Mpango wa Pan-Afrika wa Kulinda Demokrasia)<ref>{{fr}} ; ''[http://ipdd.net, Site Officiel de l'IPDD], sur ipdd.net, consulté le 15 septembre 2015</ref>,jukwaa la kisiasa la ki-Afrika linalounganisha nchi 16 za Afrika. === Kukuza utawala shirikishi === Katika makala ya maoni iliyochapishwa na gazeti la ''Le Monde'', anasema: "Ni lazima tujumuishe utawala shirikishi katika maendeleo endelevu. Bila hivyo, nchi nyingi zinazoendelea, ambazo ni makazi ya idadi kubwa ya watu duniani na kwa sasa zinakabiliwa na ukame, mafuriko, na uhaba wa chakula, zinaweza kuachwa nyuma au kujitenga zenyewe na mtindo huu mpya wa maendeleo. Hali hii ingehatarisha mchakato mzima wa mabadiliko ya kiikolojia duniani."<ref name=":0">{{fr}} ; ''[http://mobile.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2015/07/20/cop-21-et-l-enjeu-mondial-d-une-gouvernance-participative-du-developpement_4691198_3212.html, COP 21 et l’enjeu mondial d’une gouvernance participative du développement], sur Le Monde.fr, consulté le 2015-09-15</ref> Anapendekeza kukuza utawala shirikishi kupitia uundaji wa kielezo kinachoitwa "Doing Inclusive," ambacho kitayapanga nchi kulingana na kipimo cha ushiriki wa raia katika masuala ya umma na mipango ya maendeleo endelevu. Lengo lake ni kufikia mgawanyo wa madaraka—na kwa njia isiyo ya moja kwa moja, mgawanyo wa utajiri, ulio wa haki zaidi ndani ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo na kwingineko. Utawala shirikishi, dhana ambayo ni mpya kiasi, ni mfumo wa uendeshaji unaozingatia kugawana na kusambaza madaraka kwa haki, kulingana na matakwa na uwezo wa washiriki wake. Ili raia waweze kushiriki katika maisha ya kijamii, kiuchumi, na kimazingira ya nchi yao, ni lazima wahisi kuwa wana sehemu halisi na umiliki katika mambo hayo. Anaeleza kuwa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo pekee ina asilimia 13 ya uwezo wa kuzalisha umeme kwa nguvu ya maji duniani, lakini bado rasilimali hii haiwanufaishi watu wake. "Ni lazima tuweke uwezo wa nishati mikononi mwa jamii za wenyeji... Kupitia nishati ndipo mawasiliano, ambayo ni uhai wa mahusiano ya kijamii, uvumbuzi, biashara, na amani, yanaweza kustawi. Suluhisho zinazotolewa kutoka juu kwenda chini si endelevu"<ref name=":0" /> Anaonyesha. === Maandalizi kwa ajili ya uchaguzi wa mwaka 2016 === Tayari anapambana kisiasa ili kupata uchaguzi huru, wa kuaminika, na wa kidemokrasia, na kupinga marekebisho ya Katiba ya mwaka 2006 ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo, kwa kuweka shinikizo, kutoka ndani na nje ya nchi, dhidi ya Tume Huru ya Taifa ya Uchaguzi (CENI) pamoja na utawala wa Rais [[Joseph Kabila]]<ref>{{fr}} ; ''NGUBAA : [http://laprosperiteonline.ikodi.net/index.php/a-chaud/1744-respect-des-delais-constitutionnels-elections-2016-samy-badibanga-doute, Respect des délais constitutionnels : Elections 2016 , Samy Badibanga doute !], sur laprosperiteonline.ikodi.net, consulté le 2015-09-16, brisé le 20 septembre 2026</ref>. Katika mahojiano na RFI, alisema kuwa "nchi makini lazima izingatie maandiko yake ya kisheria—ikiwa hii si hali ya kutokuwa na nia njema, basi ni suala la kutokuwa na uwezo," akirejelea maandalizi ya uchaguzi na muda uliowekwa na Katiba<ref>{{fr}} ; ''Florence Morice : [http://m.rfi.fr/emission/20150909-samy-badibanga-rdc-question-respect-textes-pas-fixisme-kabila-calendrier-elections, RDC : Pour Samy Badibanga, «un pays sérieux doit respecter les textes»], sur rfi.fr, 09-09-2015, consulté le 2015-09-15</ref>. ==== Katika nyanja ya ndani ==== Anachambua na kulaani ratiba ya uchaguzi<ref>{{fr}} ; ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160309160654/http://7sur7.cd/index.php/8-infos/5551-dans-une-analyse-critique-samy-badibanga-desapprouve-le-calendrier-malu-malu, Dans une analyse critique, Samy Badibanga désapprouve le calendrier Malu Malu], sur 7sur7.cd via Internet Archive, consulté le archive-date 9 mars 2016</ref> Jambo analoliona kama mbinu inayolenga kuhalalisha hali ya kutokuwa halali kwa viongozi waliochaguliwa katika ngazi zote: za mitaa, mikoa, kitaifa, na urais. ==== Katika nyanja ya kimataifa ==== Anajaribu kutumia njia zote za kidiplomasia na vyombo vya habari vinavyopatikana katika jukwaa la kimataifa. Kwa ombi lake, François Hollande alikutana na Étienne Tshisekedi<ref name="ReferenceA">{{fr}} ; ''[http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/JA2699p006-007.xml7/, RDC : tête-à-tête Hollande-Tshisekedi lors du sommet de la Francophonie], périodique : Jeune Afrique , 03-10-2012, consulté le 20-10-2020}</ref> wakati wa mkutano wa kilele wa Francophonie mnamo tarehe 13 Oktoba 2012<ref name="ReferenceA" />. Mnamo Februari 2014, alitoa wito kwa Umoja wa Ulaya wakati wa mkutano katika Bunge la Ulaya. Tangu wakati huo, ametuma barua nyingi kwa balozi na kufanya mikutano mbalimbali, akihimiza jumuiya ya kimataifa kuzingatia—na kuweka shinikizo kuhusiana na—maandalizi ya uchaguzi ujao. "Katiba haibadilishwi kabla ya uchaguzi"<ref>{{en}} ; ''[https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x21po7p_samy-badibanga-on-ne-change-pas-une-constitution-avant-une-election_news, Samy Badibanga : "On ne change pas une constitution avant une élection"], en format vidéo, sur Dailymotion, consulté le 20-10-2020</ref> Anasema hayo katika mahojiano ya video yaliyofanywa kwa ajili ya jarida la ''Jeune Afrique''<ref>{{fr}} ; ''[http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Videos/x21po7p/samy-badibanga-on-ne-change-pas-une-constitution-avant-une-election.html, Les videos : découvrez toutes les vidéos de Jeune Afrique], sur Jeune Afrique, consulté le 20-10-2020, brisé le 20 septembre 2026, note=HTTP 404}}</ref>. Kufuatia mkutano wa kilele kati ya Marekani na Afrika, anatafuta uungwaji mkono kutoka kwa watu mbalimbali wenye ushawishi wa kisiasa katika Wizara ya Mambo ya Nje ya [[Marekani]]<ref>{{en}} ; ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233511/http://afrique.kongotimes.info/rdc/politique/8018-rdc-samy-badibanga-rencontres-avec-dirigeants-americains-haut-niveau-debat-autour-revision-consitutionnelle-fait-revelations-contacts-washington.html, RDC : Samy BADIBANGA, des rencontres avec les dirigeants américains de haut niveau], sur kongotimes.info via Internet Archive, 20 août 2014, consulté le 17 novembre 2016, archive-date 03 mars 2016</ref>. Pamoja na wananchi wa Kongo, alishiriki katika maandamano mnamo Januari 19, 2015; hata hivyo, maandamano hayo yalikabiliwa na ukandamizaji mkali uliosababisha umwagaji damu, huku polisi na vikosi vya usalama vikifyatua risasi za moto kuelekea kwa waandamanaji. Baada ya siku tatu za machafuko, Bunge liliondoa kipengele hicho chenye utata kutoka kwenye sheria ya uchaguzi. Kutokana na shinikizo la ndani na la kimataifa, Tume Huru ya Taifa ya Uchaguzi (CENI) ilitoa ratiba kamili ya uchaguzi. Hata hivyo, ratiba hiyo ilikuwa na matatizo—kwa mfano, vijana waliokuwa wamefikia umri wa kupiga kura hivi karibuni (wale walio chini ya umri wa miaka 23) hawakujumuishwa katika daftari jipya la wapiga kura, jambo lililowanyima haki ya kupiga kura asilimia 31 ya wapiga kura. Ili kushughulikia suala hili, Samy Badibanga alianza ziara mpya ya kidiplomasia, akitetea kwamba msaada wa kifedha kutoka kimataifa uwe na sharti la kuzingatiwa kwa Katiba (Ibara ya 5) pamoja na Ibara ya 21 ya Tamko la Kimataifa la Haki za Binadamu—ambayo inaweka ushiriki katika masuala ya umma, kupitia upigaji kura, kama haki ya msingi. Kwa kuungwa mkono na Shirika la Kimataifa la nchi zinazotumia Kifaransa (OIF), alikosoa vikali dosari zilizokuwepo katika daftari la wapiga kura, ikiwemo kuwepo kwa majina yaliyorudiwa, kutojumuishwa kwa wapiga kura wapya waliofikia sifa za kupiga kura, na kushindwa kuweka daftari hilo lote wazi kwa ajili ya kukaguliwa<ref>{{fr}} ; ''NGUBAA : [http://www.laprosperiteonline.com/index.php/a-chaud/1487-audit-du-fichier-electoral-opposition-samy-badibanga-remporte-une-victoire-d-etape, Audit du fichier électoral : Opposition, Samy Badibanga remporte une victoire d’étape !], surwww.laprosperiteonline.com, consulté le 2015-09-16, brisé le 20 septembre 2026}</ref>. == Uchaguzi wa Rais wa 2018 == Kulingana na Olivier Kamitatu, Samy Badibanga ana uraia pacha wa Kongo na Ubelgiji<ref>{{fr}} ; ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20161124024837/https://actualite.cd/2016/11/20/controverse-autour-de-nationalite-de-samy-badibanga-kamitatu-jette-pave-mare/, Controverse autour de la nationalité de Samy Badibanga, Kamitatu jette un pavé dans la mare], sur actualite.cd via Internet Archive, 2016-11-20, consulté le 2016-11-23, archive-date 24 novembre 2016</ref>, jambo ambalo linakiuka Katiba ya Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo, kwani uraia wa Kongo hauruhusu uraia mwingine<ref name=":1">{{fr}} ; ''[https://7sur7.cd/new/la-nationalite-belge-supposee-du-nouveau-premier-ministre-samy-badibanga-jette-un-pave-dans-la-marre/, La nationalité belge supposée du nouveau premier ministre Samy Badibanga jette un pavé dans la marre], périodique : 7sur7.cd, 2016-11-20, consulté le 2016-11-23</ref>{{,}}<ref name=":2">{{fr}} ; ''[http://www.radiookapi.net/2016/11/21/actualite/revue-de-presse/la-prosperite-rdc-la-tete-de-samy-badibanga-recherchee, La Prospérité : «RDC : la tête de Samy Badibanga recherchée!»], sur Radio Okapi, 2016-11-21, consulté le 2016-11-23</ref>{{,}}<ref name=":3">{{fr}} ; ''[http://www.afriwave.com/?p=1294, Samy Badibanga Ntita et sa double carapace : «Léopard congolais» d’extérieur et «Diable Rouge belge» d’intérieur {{!}} Afriwave], sur afriwave.com, consulté le 2016-11-23</ref>. Kwa sababu hii, mnamo tarehe 24 Agosti, CENI ilibatilisha kugombea kwake katika uchaguzi wa urais wa mwaka 2018 nchini [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]<ref>{{fr}} ; ''RFI : [http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20180825-rdc-6-candidats-exclus-presidentielle-dont-jean-pierre-bemba, RDC: 6 candidats exclus de la présidentielle, dont Jean-Pierre Bemba], périodique : RFI Afrique, 25 août 2018, consulté le 2018-08-25</ref>. Mnamo tarehe 19 Septemba, CENI ilitoa orodha ya mwisho ya wagombea 21 wa uchaguzi wa urais, ambayo ilimjumuisha Badibanga, ambaye alikuwa amerejeshwa katika kinyang'anyiro hicho<ref>{{en}} ; ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20210622004129/https://www.ceni.cd/articles/liste-definitive-des-candidats-president-elections-du-23-decembre-2018, Liste définitive], sur ceni.cd via Internet Archive, consulté le archive-date 22 juin 2021</ref>. == Maisha binafsi == Samy Badibanga ni baba yake Sambady Badibanga, ambaye alifariki dunia katika mazingira ya kutatanisha huko Evere (Brussels), Ubelgiji, mnamo tarehe 19 Mei 2021<ref>{{fr}} ; ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20210521232709/https://cretroactuel.com/bruxelles-en-deuil-le-fils-de-samy-badibanga-decede/, Bruxelles en deuil : le fils de Samy Badibanga décédé], sur cretroactuel.com via Internet Archive, éditeur C-retro Actuel, 21 mai 2021, consulté le 11 janvier 2025, archive-date 21 mai 2021</ref>, na Beni Badibanga, mtaalamu mpira wa miguu<ref name="Forge2024">{{fr}} ; ''Quentin Parisis : [https://fr.canpl.ca/article/beni-badibanga-lobjectif-du-forge-fc-cette-annee-tout-gagner, Béni Badibanga : « L’objectif du Forge FC cette année? Tout gagner ! »], sur Première ligue canadienne, canpl.ca, périodique : CPL, 17 avril 2024, consulté le 11 janvier 2025</ref>. Yeye pia ni mjomba wa [[Ziguy Badibanga]], ambaye naye ni mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu<ref name="Forge2024"/>. == Makala zinazohusiana == * [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] == Tazama pia == * [[Guy Loando Mboyo]] * [[Bruno Tshibala]] == Liens externes == * {{fr}} ; ''[http://www.radiookapi.net/2016/10/11/actualite/politique/rdc-le-groupe-parlementaire-udps-et-allies-destitue-son-president, Le groupe parlementaire UDPS et Alliés destitue son président Samy Badibanga], sur Radio Okapi, 11-10-2016 * {{fr}} ; '' [http://www.jeuneafrique.com/152340/politique/rdc-le-parti-de-tshisekedi-exclut-ses-33-d-put-s-qui-si-gent-l-assembl-e/, Le parti de Tshisekedi exclut ses 33 députés qui siègent à l’Assemblée], sur Jeune Afrique == Vidokezo na marejeleo == {{reflist |colonnes=2}} {{mbegu-mwanasiasa}} {{BD|1962|}} [[Jamii:wanasiasa wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] [[Jamii:Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] rvebtretpei8wpuojo9d446u4xrruxd 0 256588 1612613 2026-11-02T19:04:58Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''William Theodore Walton III ''' ([[5 Novemba]] [[1952]] – [[27 Mei]] [[2024]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[mpira wa kikapu]] nchini [[Marekani]]. Alicheza kama mchezaji wa kati na alishinda mataji ya NCAA akiwa na UCLA ([[1972]] na 1973) na mataji ya [[NBA]] akiwa na Portland Trail Blazers ([[1977]]) na Boston Celtics (1986). Alitajwa kuwa NCAA Player of the Year mara tatu na alijiunga na Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame mwaka 1993.<ref>{{Cite web...' 1612613 wikitext text/x-wiki '''William Theodore Walton III ''' ([[5 Novemba]] [[1952]] – [[27 Mei]] [[2024]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[mpira wa kikapu]] nchini [[Marekani]]. Alicheza kama mchezaji wa kati na alishinda mataji ya NCAA akiwa na UCLA ([[1972]] na 1973) na mataji ya [[NBA]] akiwa na Portland Trail Blazers ([[1977]]) na Boston Celtics (1986). Alitajwa kuwa NCAA Player of the Year mara tatu na alijiunga na Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame mwaka 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Skipper |first=Clay |date=March 26, 2016 |title=The Thing Bill Walton Still Can't Forgive Himself For |url=https://www.gq.com/story/bill-walton-back-from-the-dead-interview |access-date=May 30, 2024 |website=GQ |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 18, 2017 |title=Bill Walton's Battle With Chronic Pain And His Journey 'Back From The Dead' |url=https://www.wbur.org/onlyagame/2017/08/18/archenemies-bill-walton-book-back-from-dead |access-date=May 30, 2024 |website=www.wbur.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Anderson |first=Sam |date=March 25, 2016 |title=Bill Walton's Long, Strange Tale of N.B.A. Survival |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/27/magazine/bill-waltons-long-strange-tale-of-nba-survival.html |access-date=May 30, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Kazi == Walton alizaliwa La Mesa, [[California]]. Alisoma katika Chuo Kikuu cha UCLA chini ya kocha John Wooden, ambapo aliongoza timu kushinda mataji mawili ya NCAA na kupanua mfululizo wa ushindi hadi michezo 88. Mchezo wake bora ulikua fainali ya NCAA ya 1973 dhidi ya Memphis State, alipofunga pointi 44 kwa shuti 21 kati ya 22 . Alichaguliwa na Portland Trail Blazers kama mchezaji wa kwanza katika draft ya 1974. Akiwa na Blazers, alishinda ubingwa wa NBA mwaka 1977 na alitajwa kuwa MVP wa Fainali. Majeraha yalimzuia kucheza misimu mingi, lakini alirejea na kushinda ubingwa wa pili akiwa na Boston Celtics mwaka 1986 na alishinda tuzo ya Sixth Man of the Year. Baada ya kustaafu, alikua mchambuzi maarufu wa televisheni. Alifariki mwaka 2024 kutokana na saratani ya utumbo.<ref name="Reed-1972">{{Cite magazine|url=https://vault.si.com/vault/1972/03/06/big-bill-loves-to-eat-em-up|title=Big Bill Loves to Eat 'em Up|first=William F.|last=Reed|date=March 6, 1972|magazine=Sports Illustrated|access-date=March 18, 2024|archive-date=November 14, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114140129/https://vault.si.com/vault/1972/03/06/big-bill-loves-to-eat-em-up|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ESPN.com – Page2 – Bill Walton |url=https://www.espn.com/page2/s/questions/billwalton.html |access-date=February 18, 2024 |website=www.espn.com |archive-date=December 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203234651/https://www.espn.com/page2/s/questions/billwalton.html |url-status=live }}</ref> == Tuzo == - Mataji mawili ya NCAA (1972, 1973) - Mataji mawili ya NBA (1977, 1986) - MVP wa Fainali ya NBA (1977) - Sixth Man of the Year (1986) - Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame (1993) == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1952]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2024]] nbpduitsc5drkvg6n7mba3iflmiwlmh 0 256589 1612617 2026-11-02T19:27:03Z AdamLynnMcGill007 72462 #100WikiDaysChallengeRDC2026 " Création en Traduction Article | Jordan Shako " 1612617 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image: Jordan Sakho.jpg |thumb |vignette |left |'''''Jordan Sakho mwaka 2022]] '''Jordan Djounorou Sakho''', aliyezaliwa tarehe 4 Aprili 1997 huko [[Kinshasa]], ni mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]<ref name="ADAMWINEUR001">{{en}} ; ''[https://www.proballers.com/basketball/player/71680/jordan-sakho, Jordan Sakho : Statistics], sur www.proballers.com, consulté le 02 novembre 2026</ref>{{,}}<ref name="ADAMWINEUR002">{{en}} ; [https://basketball.eurobasket.com/player/Jordan-Sakho/375991, Jordan Sakho Statistics Current], sur basketball.eurobasket.com, consulté le 02 novembre 2026</ref>. == Wasifu == Alizaliwa [[Kinshasa]], na alicheza soka akiwa mtoto kabla ya kuanza kucheza mpira wa kikapu kwa ushauri wa marafiki zake<ref name="ADAMWINEUR001"/>. == Wasifu wa klabu == Aliwasili nchini Uhispania mnamo mwaka 2013 na kuanza kucheza soka la kulipwa mwaka 2016 akiwa na klabu ya ''ICL Manresa''. * 2016-2018: ICL Manresa (''LEB ​​Oro'', baadaye ''Ligi ya ACB'') * 2018-2022: ''BAXI Manresa'' (ACB) * 2022-2024: ''UCAM Murcia'' (ACB) * 2024-2026: ''C.B. Breogán'' (ACB) * 2026-: ''Soles of Mexicali'' (''Mexico'') Mnamo Januari 2025, alifikisha idadi ya mechi 200 alizocheza katika ''Ligi ya ACB''<ref name="ADAMWINEUR001"/>{{,}}<ref name="ADAMWINEUR002"/>. '''Mafanikio ya klabu''' : * Mabingwa mara 2 wa Ligi ya Mabingwa ya Mpira wa Kikapu (2020-2021) * Mabingwa wa Kombe la Mabara (Intercontinental Cup) (2021)<ref name="ADAMWINEUR001"/> == Timu ya taifa == === Kimataifa - Kongo === * Bingwa wa ''AfroCan 2019'' akiwa na Timu ya Taifa ya Mpira wa Kikapu ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]<ref name="ADAMWINEUR003">{{en}} ; [https://www.fiba.basketball/fr/history/181-fiba-afrocan/208128/players/208407-jordan-sakho, Jordan Sakho : Statistiques détaillées], sur www.fiba.basketbal, consulté le 02 novembre 2026</ref>{{,}}<ref name="ADAMWINEUR004">{{fr}} ; ''FIBA Basketball : [https://www.fiba.basketball/fr/news/basketballworldcup-2023-african-qualifiers-news-sakho-says-winning-for-dr-congo-is-bigger-than-anything-else, Les Congolais veulent représenter fièrement leur pays], sur www.fiba.basketbal, 17 février 2022, consulté le 02 novembre 2026</ref> * ''AfroBasket'' [[2021]] na AfroBasket [[2025]]<ref name="ADAMWINEUR005">{{fr}} ; ''Rédaction : [https://rtnc.cd/afrobasket-2025-m-la-rdc-avec-un-jordan-sakho-tres-fervent-surclasse-le-rwanda/, Afrobasket 2025 (M): La RDC avec un Jordan Sakho très fervent surclasse le Rwanda], sur rtnc.cd, 15 août 2025, consulté le 02 novembre 2026</ref>{{,}}<ref name="ADAMWINEUR006">{{fr}} ; ''Sport News Africa : [https://sportnewsafrica.com/actualites/afrobasket-2025-les-congolais-qui-ont-brille-en-angola/, AfroBasket 2025 : les Congolais qui ont brillé en Angola], sur rtnc.cd, 21 août 2025 à 09:20' UTC, consulté le 02 novembre 2026</ref>. === Takwimu za FIBA ​​==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! Ushindani !! Dakika !! Pointi !! Ripaundi !! Mazingira |- | AfroBasket [[2021]] || 3 || 11,7 || 8,7 || <ref name="ADAMWINEUR007">{{fr}} ; ''[https://actualite.cd/2021/08/29/afrobasket-2021-malgre-lelimination-henry-pwono-et-jordan-sakho-ont-repondu-present-sur, Afrobasket 2021 : Malgré l'élimination, Henry Pwono et Jordan Sakho ont répondu présent sur le terrain], actualite.cd, 21 août 2021 à 00:54', consulté le 02 novembre 2026</ref> |- | Éliminatoires Coupe du Monde || 14 || 8,6 || 6,6 || <ref name="ADAMWINEUR008">{{fr}} ; ''[https://www.fiba.basketball/fr/events/fiba-basketball-world-cup-2027-african-qualifiers/teams/congo-dr/208407-jordan-sakho, Jordan Sakho], sur actualite.cd, consulté le 02 novembre 2026</ref> |} == Takwimu == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! Msimu!! Timu !! MJ !! Pointi !! Ripaundi!! Mazingira |- | 2023-2024 || Murcia || 32 || 3,4 || 2,9 || <ref name="ADAMWINEUR002"/> |- | 2024-2025 || Breogán || 31 || 6,7 || 5,0 || <ref name="ADAMWINEUR002"/> |- | 2025-2026 || Breogán || 29 || 5,3 || 3,9 || <ref name="ADAMWINEUR002"/>{{,}}<ref name="ADAMWINEUR001"/> |} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://www.proballers.com/basketball/player/71680/jordan-sakho, FIBA : ACB (Proballers)] == Vidokezo vya marejeleo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Kinshasa]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1997]] [[Jamii:Mpira wa kikapu]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa Kinshasa]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] q1dlbhy92bjezuyxppo4u1k24rdum94 1612618 1612617 2026-11-02T19:27:43Z AdamLynnMcGill007 72462 1612618 wikitext text/x-wiki [[image: Jordan Sakho.jpg |thumb |vignette |right|'''''Jordan Sakho mwaka 2022]] '''Jordan Djounorou Sakho''', aliyezaliwa tarehe 4 Aprili 1997 huko [[Kinshasa]], ni mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu kutoka [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]<ref name="ADAMWINEUR001">{{en}} ; ''[https://www.proballers.com/basketball/player/71680/jordan-sakho, Jordan Sakho : Statistics], sur www.proballers.com, consulté le 02 novembre 2026</ref>{{,}}<ref name="ADAMWINEUR002">{{en}} ; [https://basketball.eurobasket.com/player/Jordan-Sakho/375991, Jordan Sakho Statistics Current], sur basketball.eurobasket.com, consulté le 02 novembre 2026</ref>. == Wasifu == Alizaliwa [[Kinshasa]], na alicheza soka akiwa mtoto kabla ya kuanza kucheza mpira wa kikapu kwa ushauri wa marafiki zake<ref name="ADAMWINEUR001"/>. == Wasifu wa klabu == Aliwasili nchini Uhispania mnamo mwaka 2013 na kuanza kucheza soka la kulipwa mwaka 2016 akiwa na klabu ya ''ICL Manresa''. * 2016-2018: ICL Manresa (''LEB ​​Oro'', baadaye ''Ligi ya ACB'') * 2018-2022: ''BAXI Manresa'' (ACB) * 2022-2024: ''UCAM Murcia'' (ACB) * 2024-2026: ''C.B. Breogán'' (ACB) * 2026-: ''Soles of Mexicali'' (''Mexico'') Mnamo Januari 2025, alifikisha idadi ya mechi 200 alizocheza katika ''Ligi ya ACB''<ref name="ADAMWINEUR001"/>{{,}}<ref name="ADAMWINEUR002"/>. '''Mafanikio ya klabu''' : * Mabingwa mara 2 wa Ligi ya Mabingwa ya Mpira wa Kikapu (2020-2021) * Mabingwa wa Kombe la Mabara (Intercontinental Cup) (2021)<ref name="ADAMWINEUR001"/> == Timu ya taifa == === Kimataifa - Kongo === * Bingwa wa ''AfroCan 2019'' akiwa na Timu ya Taifa ya Mpira wa Kikapu ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]]<ref name="ADAMWINEUR003">{{en}} ; [https://www.fiba.basketball/fr/history/181-fiba-afrocan/208128/players/208407-jordan-sakho, Jordan Sakho : Statistiques détaillées], sur www.fiba.basketbal, consulté le 02 novembre 2026</ref>{{,}}<ref name="ADAMWINEUR004">{{fr}} ; ''FIBA Basketball : [https://www.fiba.basketball/fr/news/basketballworldcup-2023-african-qualifiers-news-sakho-says-winning-for-dr-congo-is-bigger-than-anything-else, Les Congolais veulent représenter fièrement leur pays], sur www.fiba.basketbal, 17 février 2022, consulté le 02 novembre 2026</ref> * ''AfroBasket'' [[2021]] na AfroBasket [[2025]]<ref name="ADAMWINEUR005">{{fr}} ; ''Rédaction : [https://rtnc.cd/afrobasket-2025-m-la-rdc-avec-un-jordan-sakho-tres-fervent-surclasse-le-rwanda/, Afrobasket 2025 (M): La RDC avec un Jordan Sakho très fervent surclasse le Rwanda], sur rtnc.cd, 15 août 2025, consulté le 02 novembre 2026</ref>{{,}}<ref name="ADAMWINEUR006">{{fr}} ; ''Sport News Africa : [https://sportnewsafrica.com/actualites/afrobasket-2025-les-congolais-qui-ont-brille-en-angola/, AfroBasket 2025 : les Congolais qui ont brillé en Angola], sur rtnc.cd, 21 août 2025 à 09:20' UTC, consulté le 02 novembre 2026</ref>. === Takwimu za FIBA ​​==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! Ushindani !! Dakika !! Pointi !! Ripaundi !! Mazingira |- | AfroBasket [[2021]] || 3 || 11,7 || 8,7 || <ref name="ADAMWINEUR007">{{fr}} ; ''[https://actualite.cd/2021/08/29/afrobasket-2021-malgre-lelimination-henry-pwono-et-jordan-sakho-ont-repondu-present-sur, Afrobasket 2021 : Malgré l'élimination, Henry Pwono et Jordan Sakho ont répondu présent sur le terrain], actualite.cd, 21 août 2021 à 00:54', consulté le 02 novembre 2026</ref> |- | Éliminatoires Coupe du Monde || 14 || 8,6 || 6,6 || <ref name="ADAMWINEUR008">{{fr}} ; ''[https://www.fiba.basketball/fr/events/fiba-basketball-world-cup-2027-african-qualifiers/teams/congo-dr/208407-jordan-sakho, Jordan Sakho], sur actualite.cd, consulté le 02 novembre 2026</ref> |} == Takwimu == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! Msimu!! Timu !! MJ !! Pointi !! Ripaundi!! Mazingira |- | 2023-2024 || Murcia || 32 || 3,4 || 2,9 || <ref name="ADAMWINEUR002"/> |- | 2024-2025 || Breogán || 31 || 6,7 || 5,0 || <ref name="ADAMWINEUR002"/> |- | 2025-2026 || Breogán || 29 || 5,3 || 3,9 || <ref name="ADAMWINEUR002"/>{{,}}<ref name="ADAMWINEUR001"/> |} == Viungo vya nje == * [https://www.proballers.com/basketball/player/71680/jordan-sakho, FIBA : ACB (Proballers)] == Vidokezo vya marejeleo == {{reflist}} [[Jamii:Watu kutoka Kinshasa]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1997]] [[Jamii:Mpira wa kikapu]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa Kinshasa]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo]] clnwlvymevyfs5c67q7873bl1ocbnhv 0 256590 1612619 2026-11-02T19:57:34Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Neal Eugene Walk''' ([[29 Julai]] [[1948]] – [[4 Oktoba]] [[2015]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[mpira wa kikapu]] wa [[Marekani]]. Alicheza katika [[Chama cha Mpira wa Kikapu Marekani]] (NBA) kuanzia 1969 hadi 1978, akichezea Phoenix Suns, New Orleans Jazz na New York Knicks.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=QNaczbX4f78C&q=neal+walk+jewish&pg=PA85 The 100 Greatest Jews in Sports: Ranked According to Achievement – B. P. Robert Stephen Silverman<!-- B...' 1612619 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Neal Eugene Walk''' ([[29 Julai]] [[1948]] – [[4 Oktoba]] [[2015]]) alikuwa mchezaji wa [[mpira wa kikapu]] wa [[Marekani]]. Alicheza katika [[Chama cha Mpira wa Kikapu Marekani]] (NBA) kuanzia 1969 hadi 1978, akichezea Phoenix Suns, New Orleans Jazz na New York Knicks.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=QNaczbX4f78C&q=neal+walk+jewish&pg=PA85 The 100 Greatest Jews in Sports: Ranked According to Achievement – B. P. Robert Stephen Silverman<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=dDyEVDIA3aIC&q=neal+walk+jewish&pg=PA102 ''The Big Book of Jewish Sports Heroes: An Illustrated Compendium of Sports ...'' – Peter S. Horvitz<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=dAq4TGQsWwwC&q=neal+walk+jewish&pg=PA27 ''Day by Day in Jewish Sports History'' – Bob Wechsler<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> == Kazi == Walk alizaliwa [[Brooklyn]], [[New York]] na alikulia [[Florida]]. Alisoma katika Chuo Kikuu cha Florida, ambapo alicheza mpira wa kikapu. Alichaguliwa na Phoenix Suns katika nafasi ya pili ya jumla katika draft ya 1969, baada ya Milwaukee Bucks kuchagua Lew Alcindor (Kareem Abdul-Jabbar). Akiwa na Suns, alifikia wastani wa pointi 20 na rebounds 12 kwa mchezo katika msimu wake bora. Alihamishwa kwenda New Orleans Jazz mwaka 1974 na baadaye New York Knicks mwaka 1975. Alistaafu mwaka [[1978]].<ref name=weber10052015>{{citation |author=Bruce Weber |title=Neal Walk, Who Rebounded Coast to Coast, Dies at 67 | newspaper=The New York Times |date=October 5, 2015 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/06/sports/basketball/neal-walk-who-rebounded-coast-to-coast-dies-at-67.html}}</ref> == Tuzo == - Mchezaji wa kwanza wa Chuo Kikuu cha Florida kuchaguliwa katika raundi ya kwanza ya draft ya [[NBA]] == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1948]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2015]] nl23k40j0laod5xcj3izoxr8a1dpjhh 0 256591 1612621 2026-11-02T20:07:11Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Faili:Earl Monroe WSSU.jpg|thumb|Earl Monroe]] '''Vernon Earl Monroe''' (alizaliwa [[21 Novemba]] [[1944]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa [[mpira wa kikapu]] wa [[Marekani]]. Alicheza katika [[Chama cha Mpira wa Kikapu Marekani]] (NBA) kuanzia [[1967]] hadi [[1980]], akichezea Baltimore Bullets na New York Knicks. Alishinda ubingwa wa NBA akiwa na Knicks mwaka [[1973]].<ref>{{cite web |title=2013 International Sports Hall of Fame Inductees |url=https://sports...' 1612621 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Earl Monroe WSSU.jpg|thumb|Earl Monroe]] '''Vernon Earl Monroe''' (alizaliwa [[21 Novemba]] [[1944]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa [[mpira wa kikapu]] wa [[Marekani]]. Alicheza katika [[Chama cha Mpira wa Kikapu Marekani]] (NBA) kuanzia [[1967]] hadi [[1980]], akichezea Baltimore Bullets na New York Knicks. Alishinda ubingwa wa NBA akiwa na Knicks mwaka [[1973]].<ref>{{cite web |title=2013 International Sports Hall of Fame Inductees |url=https://sportshof.org/2013-hall-of-fame/ |website=www.sportshof.org |author=Dr. Robert Goldman | date=March 12, 2013 | access-date=July 14, 2023}}</ref><ref>[http://www.nba.com/75 NBA’s 75 Anniversary Team Players] at NBA.com. Retrieved December 10, 2022.</ref> == Kazi == Monroe alizaliwa [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]]. Alisoma katika Chuo Kikuu cha Winston-Salem State, ambapo alikua mfungaji bora wa taifa mwaka 1967 na aliongoza timu kushinda ubingwa wa NCAA Division II. Alichaguliwa na Baltimore Bullets katika nafasi ya pili ya jumla katika draft ya 1967 na alishinda Rookie of the Year mwaka 1968. Alijulikana kwa mtindo wake wa kipekee wa kucheza unaofanana na jazz, na alihamishwa kwenda New York Knicks mwaka 1971. Akiwa na Knicks, alishinda ubingwa wa NBA mwaka 1973. Alishiriki katika All-Star Game mara nne na alijiunga na Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame mwaka 1990.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://www.drew.edu/news/2017/04/03/the-5-best-stories-from-earl-monroe-at-drew-university|title=The 5 Best Stories From Earl Monroe at Drew University|publisher=Drew University}}</ref><ref name="blackpast.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/monroe-vernon-earl-earl-pearl-1944/|title=Vernon Earl/Earl the Pearl Monroe (1944- ) • BlackPast|date=July 16, 2012}}</ref> == Tuzo == - Ubingwa wa NBA (1973) - Rookie ya mwaka (1968) - All-Star (mara 4) - Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame (1990) == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1944]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 1s8zqnhhyvqg7wt9xx8j3arbot446mw 0 256592 1612622 2026-11-02T20:13:39Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Faili:Pat Riley speaks at Eglin Air Force Base (cropped).jpg|thumb|Pat Riley]] '''Patrick James Riley''' (alizaliwa [[20 Machi]] [[1945]]) ni kocha na mchezaji wa zamani wa [[mpira wa kikapu]] nchini [[Marekani]]. Alikua kocha mkuu wa [[Los Angeles Lakers]], New York Knicks, na Miami Heat na alishinda mataji manne ya NBA akiwa na Lakers (1982, 1985, 1987, 1988) na moja zaidi akiwa na Heat (2006). == Kazi == Riley alizaliwa [[Rome, New York]]. Alisoma k...' 1612622 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Pat Riley speaks at Eglin Air Force Base (cropped).jpg|thumb|Pat Riley]] '''Patrick James Riley''' (alizaliwa [[20 Machi]] [[1945]]) ni kocha na mchezaji wa zamani wa [[mpira wa kikapu]] nchini [[Marekani]]. Alikua kocha mkuu wa [[Los Angeles Lakers]], New York Knicks, na Miami Heat na alishinda mataji manne ya NBA akiwa na Lakers (1982, 1985, 1987, 1988) na moja zaidi akiwa na Heat (2006). == Kazi == Riley alizaliwa [[Rome, New York]]. Alisoma katika Chuo Kikuu cha Kentucky na alicheza katika [[NBA]] kwa misimu mitatu. Baada ya kustaafu kucheza, alikua mchambuzi wa televisheni kwa Lakers kabla ya kuwa kocha mkuu mwaka 1981. Aliongoza "Showtime" Lakers ya Magic Johnson na Kareem Abdul-Jabbar kufika Fainali ya NBA mara saba katika miaka ya 1980 na kushinda mataji manne. Aliongoza New York Knicks kufika Fainali ya NBA mwaka 1994 na alishinda ubingwa na Miami Heat mwaka 2006. Alijiunga na Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame mwaka 2008. Mnamo 2026, Lakers ilifunua sanamu yake, akiwa kocha wa kwanza wa timu hiyo kupata heshima hiyo. == Tuzo == - Mataji matano ya NBA (1982, 1985, 1987, 1988, 2006) - NBA kocha wa mwaka (mara 3) - Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame (2008) == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mcheza-kikapu}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa mpira wa kikapu]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1945]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 7pz11rj3uhlq51am2rg6wyb957ycx12 1612624 1612622 2026-11-02T20:27:38Z Ally0111 85292 1612624 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Pat Riley speaks at Eglin Air Force Base (cropped).jpg|thumb|Pat Riley]] '''Patrick James Riley''' (alizaliwa [[20 Machi]] [[1945]]) ni kocha na mchezaji wa zamani wa [[mpira wa kikapu]] nchini [[Marekani]]. Alikua kocha mkuu wa [[Los Angeles Lakers]], New York Knicks, na Miami Heat na alishinda mataji manne ya NBA akiwa na Lakers (1982, 1985, 1987, 1988) na moja zaidi akiwa na Heat (2006).<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |last=Powell |first=Shaun |date=September 28, 2020 |title=Heat's Pat Riley still up for a fight at 75 |url=https://www.nba.com/news/miami-heat-president-pat-riley-still-fight-75 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817030000/https://www.nba.com/news/miami-heat-president-pat-riley-still-fight-75 |archive-date=August 17, 2021 |access-date=August 17, 2021 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> == Kazi == Riley alizaliwa [[Rome, New York]]. Alisoma katika Chuo Kikuu cha Kentucky na alicheza katika [[NBA]] kwa misimu mitatu. Baada ya kustaafu kucheza, alikua mchambuzi wa televisheni kwa Lakers kabla ya kuwa kocha mkuu mwaka 1981. Aliongoza "Showtime" Lakers ya Magic Johnson na Kareem Abdul-Jabbar kufika Fainali ya NBA mara saba katika miaka ya 1980 na kushinda mataji manne. Aliongoza New York Knicks kufika Fainali ya NBA mwaka 1994 na alishinda ubingwa na Miami Heat mwaka 2006. Alijiunga na Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame mwaka 2008. Mnamo 2026, Lakers ilifunua sanamu yake, akiwa kocha wa kwanza wa timu hiyo kupata heshima hiyo.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.basketballinsiders.com/news/heat-president-pat-riley-has-been-a-part-of-25-of-nba-finals-in-league-history/ | title=Heat president Pat Riley has been a part of 25% of NBA Finals | date=May 31, 2023 | access-date=July 12, 2023 | archive-date=July 12, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712163735/https://www.basketballinsiders.com/news/heat-president-pat-riley-has-been-a-part-of-25-of-nba-finals-in-league-history/ | url-status=live }}</ref> == Tuzo == - Mataji matano ya NBA (1982, 1985, 1987, 1988, 2006) - NBA kocha wa mwaka (mara 3) - Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame (2008) == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa mpira wa kikapu]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1945]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 9790ehls57q9fpj03jx3ozg36ouuz2l 1612629 1612624 2026-11-02T21:17:26Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1612629 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Pat Riley speaks at Eglin Air Force Base (cropped).jpg|thumb|Pat Riley]] '''Patrick James Riley''' (alizaliwa [[20 Machi]] [[1945]]) ni kocha na mchezaji wa zamani wa [[mpira wa kikapu]] nchini [[Marekani]]. Alikua kocha mkuu wa [[Los Angeles Lakers]], New York Knicks, na Miami Heat na alishinda mataji manne ya NBA akiwa na Lakers (1982, 1985, 1987, 1988) na moja zaidi akiwa na Heat (2006).<ref name="auto2">{{Rejea tovuti |last=Powell |first=Shaun |date=September 28, 2020 |title=Heat's Pat Riley still up for a fight at 75 |url=https://www.nba.com/news/miami-heat-president-pat-riley-still-fight-75 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817030000/https://www.nba.com/news/miami-heat-president-pat-riley-still-fight-75 |archive-date=August 17, 2021 |access-date=August 17, 2021 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> == Kazi == Riley alizaliwa [[Rome, New York]]. Alisoma katika Chuo Kikuu cha Kentucky na alicheza katika [[NBA]] kwa misimu mitatu. Baada ya kustaafu kucheza, alikua mchambuzi wa televisheni kwa Lakers kabla ya kuwa kocha mkuu mwaka 1981. Aliongoza "Showtime" Lakers ya Magic Johnson na Kareem Abdul-Jabbar kufika Fainali ya NBA mara saba katika miaka ya 1980 na kushinda mataji manne. Aliongoza New York Knicks kufika Fainali ya NBA mwaka 1994 na alishinda ubingwa na Miami Heat mwaka 2006. Alijiunga na Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame mwaka 2008. Mnamo 2026, Lakers ilifunua sanamu yake, akiwa kocha wa kwanza wa timu hiyo kupata heshima hiyo.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.basketballinsiders.com/news/heat-president-pat-riley-has-been-a-part-of-25-of-nba-finals-in-league-history/ | title=Heat president Pat Riley has been a part of 25% of NBA Finals | date=May 31, 2023 | access-date=July 12, 2023 | archive-date=July 12, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712163735/https://www.basketballinsiders.com/news/heat-president-pat-riley-has-been-a-part-of-25-of-nba-finals-in-league-history/ | url-status=live }}</ref> == Tuzo == - Mataji matano ya NBA (1982, 1985, 1987, 1988, 2006) - NBA kocha wa mwaka (mara 3) - Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame (2008) == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa mpira wa kikapu]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1945]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] a5p9r4joitgvo7b528yo560in1mk6q2 0 256593 1612625 2026-11-02T20:33:16Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Robert Joseph "Bob" Cousy''' (alizaliwa [[9 Agosti]] [[1928]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa mpira wa kikapu wa [[Marekani]]. Alicheza misimu 14 katika [[Chama cha Mpira wa Kikapu Marekani]] (NBA) akiwa na Boston Celtics, na alishinda mataji sita ya NBA (1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963).<ref name="stats">{{cite web | publisher=Sports Reference, Inc | title= Bob Cousy Statistics|url= https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/c/cousybo01.html| date=July...' 1612625 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert Joseph "Bob" Cousy''' (alizaliwa [[9 Agosti]] [[1928]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa mpira wa kikapu wa [[Marekani]]. Alicheza misimu 14 katika [[Chama cha Mpira wa Kikapu Marekani]] (NBA) akiwa na Boston Celtics, na alishinda mataji sita ya NBA (1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963).<ref name="stats">{{cite web | publisher=Sports Reference, Inc | title= Bob Cousy Statistics|url= https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/c/cousybo01.html| date=July 22, 2007 }}</ref><ref name="nbabio">{{cite web | title= Bob Cousy Bio |url= http://www.nba.com/history/players/cousy_bio.html | work=NBA.com| publisher=NBA Media Ventures, LLC.| date=July 22, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nba.com/news/nba-75th-anniversary-team-announced|title=NBA 75th Anniversary Team announced|website=[[NBA.com]] }}</ref> == Kazi == Cousy alizaliwa [[New York]]. Alisoma katika Chuo Kikuu cha Holy Cross, ambapo alikua All-American mara tatu. Alichaguliwa na Boston Celtics katika draft ya 1950 na alikua mmoja wa wachezaji wa kwanza kuleta mtindo wa "showtime" katika NBA, akijulikana kwa behind-the-back dribble na no-look pass. Aliongoza ligi kwa assists kwa misimu minane mfululizo na alishinda MVP wa ligi mwaka 1957. Alishiriki katika All-Star Game mara 13 na alichaguliwa kwenye All-NBA First Team mara 10. Alijiunga na Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame mwaka 1971.<ref>{{cite book | last=Reynolds | first=Bill | year=2005 | title=Cousy: His Life, Career, and the Birth of Big-Time Basketball | publisher=Simon & Schuster | location=New York | isbn=0-7432-5476-7 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/cousybirthofbigt00reyn/page/23 23] | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/cousybirthofbigt00reyn/page/23 }}</ref> == Tuzo == - Mataji sita ya NBA (1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963) - MVP wa NBA (1957) - All-Star (mara 13) - Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame (1971) == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa mpira wa kikapu]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1928]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] qpd0df8pbsmoys43d17wabnrio2bug3 0 256594 1612628 2026-11-02T21:04:58Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''William Anthony Parker Jr.''' (alizaliwa [[17 Mei]] [[1982]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[mpira wa kikapu]] nchini [[Ufaransa]]. Alicheza misimu 18 katika [[Chama cha Mpira wa Kikapu Marekani]] (NBA) akiwa na San Antonio Spurs na Charlotte Hornets. Alishinda mataji manne ya NBA akiwa na Spurs ([[2003]], [[2005]], [[2007]], [[2014]]) na alitajwa kuwa MVP wa Fainali mwaka 2007, akiwa Mfaransa wa kwanza kupata tuzo heshima hiyo.<ref>{{cite web|title=NB...' 1612628 wikitext text/x-wiki '''William Anthony Parker Jr.''' (alizaliwa [[17 Mei]] [[1982]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[mpira wa kikapu]] nchini [[Ufaransa]]. Alicheza misimu 18 katika [[Chama cha Mpira wa Kikapu Marekani]] (NBA) akiwa na San Antonio Spurs na Charlotte Hornets. Alishinda mataji manne ya NBA akiwa na Spurs ([[2003]], [[2005]], [[2007]], [[2014]]) na alitajwa kuwa MVP wa Fainali mwaka 2007, akiwa Mfaransa wa kwanza kupata tuzo heshima hiyo.<ref>{{cite web|title=NBA.com: Dennis Rodman Career Stats|work=[[NBA.com]]|url=http://www.nba.com/history/players/rodman_stats.html|date=March 3, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303222750/http://www.nba.com/history/players/rodman_stats.html|archive-date=March 3, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gosoutheastern.com/news/2020/4/1/mens-basketball-this-day-in-se-history-pistons-retire-rodmans-no-10.aspx|title=THIS DAY IN SE HISTORY: Pistons Retire Rodman's No. 10|date=April 1, 2020|website=Southeastern Oklahoma State University Athletics|access-date=June 6, 2026}}</ref> == Kazi == Parker alizaliwa [[Ubelgiji]] na alikulia Ufaransa. Alianza kucheza mpira wa kikapu kitaaluma akiwa na umri wa miaka 15. Alichaguliwa na San Antonio Spurs katika nafasi ya 28 ya jumla katika draft ya 2001. Akiwa na Spurs, alikua sehemu ya "Big Three" pamoja na Tim Duncan na Manu Ginobili. Alishiriki katika All-Star Game mara sita na alichaguliwa kwenye All-NBA Team mara nne. Alijiunga na Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame mwaka 2023<ref>{{cite web | url=https://clutchpoints.com/25-greatest-defenders-nba-history-ranked | title=25 Greatest Defenders in NBA History, Ranked | website=ClutchPoints | date=August 7, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=20 greatest defensive power forwards ever: The HoopsHype list |url=https://www.hoopshype.com/story/sports/nba/rankings/2025/03/06/20-greatest-defensive-power-forwards-ever-the-hoopshype-list/79228621007/ |website=HoopsHype |date=2025-03-06 |access-date=2025-06-25}}</ref>. == Tuzo == - Mataji manne ya NBA (2003, 2005, 2007, 2014) - MVP wa Fainali ya NBA (2007) - All-Star (mara 6) - Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame (2023) == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa mpira wa kikapu]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1982]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] rbyx5dzniur8m9va016h0hvqfasdai2 1612637 1612628 2026-11-02T22:14:51Z Ally0111 85292 1612637 wikitext text/x-wiki '''William Anthony Parker Jr.''' (alizaliwa [[17 Mei]] [[1982]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[mpira wa kikapu]] nchini [[Ufaransa]]. Alicheza misimu 18 katika [[Chama cha Mpira wa Kikapu Marekani]] (NBA) akiwa na San Antonio Spurs na Charlotte Hornets. Alishinda mataji manne ya NBA akiwa na Spurs ([[2003]], [[2005]], [[2007]], [[2014]]) na alitajwa kuwa MVP wa Fainali mwaka 2007, akiwa Mfaransa wa kwanza kupata tuzo heshima hiyo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NBA Players: Tony Parker Profile and Basic Stats |url=https://www.landofbasketball.com/nba_players/p/tony_parker.htm|access-date=3 November 2020|website= landofbasketball.com|archive-date=1 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501214525/https://www.landofbasketball.com/nba_players/p/tony_parker.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nba.com/magic/gallery/ranking-50-greatest-european-players-nba-history-20200807|title= Ranking 50 Greatest European Players in NBA History|website=NBA.com|date=May 19, 2021|access-date=7 February 2022|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207061759/https://www.nba.com/magic/gallery/ranking-50-greatest-european-players-nba-history-20200807|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://hoopshype.com/lists/40-greatest-european-players-ever-the-hoopshype-list// |title=40 greatest European players ever: The HoopsHype list |date=January 11, 2022 |publisher= | website= hoopshype.com |access-date= January 11, 2022 |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111213130/https://hoopshype.com/lists/40-greatest-european-players-ever-the-hoopshype-list/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://homeofplaymakers.com/top-25-european-basketball-players-of-all-time/14 |title=Top 25 European Basketball Players Of All-Time |date= January 17, 2022 |publisher= | website= homeofplaymakers.com |access-date= January 17, 2022 |archive-date=26 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526130041/https://homeofplaymakers.com/top-25-european-basketball-players-of-all-time/14/ |url-status=live }}</ref> == Kazi == Parker alizaliwa [[Ubelgiji]] na alikulia Ufaransa. Alianza kucheza mpira wa kikapu kitaaluma akiwa na umri wa miaka 15. Alichaguliwa na San Antonio Spurs katika nafasi ya 28 ya jumla katika draft ya 2001. Akiwa na Spurs, alikua sehemu ya "Big Three" pamoja na Tim Duncan na Manu Ginobili. Alishiriki katika All-Star Game mara sita na alichaguliwa kwenye All-NBA Team mara nne. Alijiunga na Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame mwaka 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Songco |first= Paolo |date=2022-06-08 |title=Tony Parker Speaks Out On Spurs Dynasty Being Overlooked Compared To Lakers, Warriors |url=https://clutchpoints.com/spurs-news-tony-parker-speaks-out-on-san-antonio-dynasty-being-overlooked-compared-to-lakers-warriors |access-date= 2023-03-30 |website= ClutchPoints.com |language=en |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330145538/https://clutchpoints.com/spurs-news-tony-parker-speaks-out-on-san-antonio-dynasty-being-overlooked-compared-to-lakers-warriors |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangel |first= Paul |date=May 19, 2008 |title=Lakers-Spurs: Who's the Team of the Decade? |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/24263-lakers-spurs-whos-the-team-of-the-decade |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=Bleacher Report |language=en |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330135529/https://bleacherreport.com/articles/24263-lakers-spurs-whos-the-team-of-the-decade |url-status=live }}</ref> == Tuzo == - Mataji manne ya NBA (2003, 2005, 2007, 2014) - MVP wa Fainali ya NBA (2007) - All-Star (mara 6) - Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame (2023) == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa mpira wa kikapu]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1982]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] mvoxvcncmrsbj58qv4rr0u5ftrfec20 1612690 1612637 2026-11-03T06:17:21Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 3 template(s) replaced. 1612690 wikitext text/x-wiki '''William Anthony Parker Jr.''' (alizaliwa [[17 Mei]] [[1982]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa zamani wa [[mpira wa kikapu]] nchini [[Ufaransa]]. Alicheza misimu 18 katika [[Chama cha Mpira wa Kikapu Marekani]] (NBA) akiwa na San Antonio Spurs na Charlotte Hornets. Alishinda mataji manne ya NBA akiwa na Spurs ([[2003]], [[2005]], [[2007]], [[2014]]) na alitajwa kuwa MVP wa Fainali mwaka 2007, akiwa Mfaransa wa kwanza kupata tuzo heshima hiyo.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti|title=NBA Players: Tony Parker Profile and Basic Stats |url=https://www.landofbasketball.com/nba_players/p/tony_parker.htm|access-date=3 November 2020|website= landofbasketball.com|archive-date=1 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501214525/https://www.landofbasketball.com/nba_players/p/tony_parker.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nba.com/magic/gallery/ranking-50-greatest-european-players-nba-history-20200807|title= Ranking 50 Greatest European Players in NBA History|website=NBA.com|date=May 19, 2021|access-date=7 February 2022|archive-date=7 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207061759/https://www.nba.com/magic/gallery/ranking-50-greatest-european-players-nba-history-20200807|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://hoopshype.com/lists/40-greatest-european-players-ever-the-hoopshype-list// |title=40 greatest European players ever: The HoopsHype list |date=January 11, 2022 |publisher= | website= hoopshype.com |access-date= January 11, 2022 |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111213130/https://hoopshype.com/lists/40-greatest-european-players-ever-the-hoopshype-list/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://homeofplaymakers.com/top-25-european-basketball-players-of-all-time/14 |title=Top 25 European Basketball Players Of All-Time |date= January 17, 2022 |publisher= | website= homeofplaymakers.com |access-date= January 17, 2022 |archive-date=26 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526130041/https://homeofplaymakers.com/top-25-european-basketball-players-of-all-time/14/ |url-status=live }}</ref> == Kazi == Parker alizaliwa [[Ubelgiji]] na alikulia Ufaransa. Alianza kucheza mpira wa kikapu kitaaluma akiwa na umri wa miaka 15. Alichaguliwa na San Antonio Spurs katika nafasi ya 28 ya jumla katika draft ya 2001. Akiwa na Spurs, alikua sehemu ya "Big Three" pamoja na Tim Duncan na Manu Ginobili. Alishiriki katika All-Star Game mara sita na alichaguliwa kwenye All-NBA Team mara nne. Alijiunga na Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame mwaka 2023.<ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Songco |first= Paolo |date=2022-06-08 |title=Tony Parker Speaks Out On Spurs Dynasty Being Overlooked Compared To Lakers, Warriors |url=https://clutchpoints.com/spurs-news-tony-parker-speaks-out-on-san-antonio-dynasty-being-overlooked-compared-to-lakers-warriors |access-date= 2023-03-30 |website= ClutchPoints.com |language=en |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330145538/https://clutchpoints.com/spurs-news-tony-parker-speaks-out-on-san-antonio-dynasty-being-overlooked-compared-to-lakers-warriors |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti |last=Rangel |first= Paul |date=May 19, 2008 |title=Lakers-Spurs: Who's the Team of the Decade? |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/24263-lakers-spurs-whos-the-team-of-the-decade |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=Bleacher Report |language=en |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330135529/https://bleacherreport.com/articles/24263-lakers-spurs-whos-the-team-of-the-decade |url-status=live }}</ref> == Tuzo == - Mataji manne ya NBA (2003, 2005, 2007, 2014) - MVP wa Fainali ya NBA (2007) - All-Star (mara 6) - Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame (2023) == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa mpira wa kikapu]] [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Ufaransa]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1982]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] npttxl66w3qqpziw9ntasmlsf74pg1g 0 256595 1612636 2026-11-02T22:13:44Z Ally0111 85292 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Dennis Keith Rodman''' (alizaliwa [[13 Mei]] [[1961]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa [[mpira wa kikapu]] wa [[Marekani]]. Alicheza katika [[Chama cha Mpira wa Kikapu Marekani]] (NBA) kuanzia 1986 hadi 2000, akichezea Detroit Pistons, San Antonio Spurs, Chicago Bulls, [[Los Angeles Lakers]] na Dallas Mavericks. Alishinda mataji matano ya NBA (mawili na Pistons, matatu na Bulls).<ref>{{cite web|title=NBA.com: Dennis Rodman Career Stats|work=[[NBA.com]]|url=htt...' 1612636 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dennis Keith Rodman''' (alizaliwa [[13 Mei]] [[1961]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa [[mpira wa kikapu]] wa [[Marekani]]. Alicheza katika [[Chama cha Mpira wa Kikapu Marekani]] (NBA) kuanzia 1986 hadi 2000, akichezea Detroit Pistons, San Antonio Spurs, Chicago Bulls, [[Los Angeles Lakers]] na Dallas Mavericks. Alishinda mataji matano ya NBA (mawili na Pistons, matatu na Bulls).<ref>{{cite web|title=NBA.com: Dennis Rodman Career Stats|work=[[NBA.com]]|url=http://www.nba.com/history/players/rodman_stats.html|date=March 3, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303222750/http://www.nba.com/history/players/rodman_stats.html|archive-date=March 3, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gosoutheastern.com/news/2020/4/1/mens-basketball-this-day-in-se-history-pistons-retire-rodmans-no-10.aspx|title=THIS DAY IN SE HISTORY: Pistons Retire Rodman's No. 10|date=April 1, 2020|website=Southeastern Oklahoma State University Athletics|access-date=June 6, 2026}}</ref> == Kazi == Rodman alizaliwa [[Trenton, New Jersey]]. Alisoma katika Chuo Kikuu cha Southeastern Oklahoma State, ambapo alicheza mpira wa kikapu. Alichaguliwa na Detroit Pistons katika raundi ya pili ya draft ya 1986. Alijulikana kwa uwezo wake wa ajabu wa rebounds na ulinzi, akishinda tuzo ya mlinzi bora wa mwaka mara mbili (1990, 1991) na aliongoza ligi kwa rebounds kwa misimu saba mfululizo. Akiwa na Chicago Bulls, alishinda mataji matatu mfululizo (1996, 1997, 1998) pamoja na [[Michael Jordan]] na [[Scottie Pippen]]. Alijulikana pia kwa tabia yake ya kipekee na rangi za nywele zake. Alijiunga na Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame mwaka 2011.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://clutchpoints.com/25-greatest-defenders-nba-history-ranked | title=25 Greatest Defenders in NBA History, Ranked | website=ClutchPoints | date=August 7, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=20 greatest defensive power forwards ever: The HoopsHype list |url=https://www.hoopshype.com/story/sports/nba/rankings/2025/03/06/20-greatest-defensive-power-forwards-ever-the-hoopshype-list/79228621007/ |website=HoopsHype |date=2025-03-06 |access-date=2025-06-25}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1961]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] c36y3w492cldn9knfxso86z0tpzntsx 1612644 1612636 2026-11-03T01:00:04Z Gayle-Bot 78697 #2.0 Boti Replaced Cite web->Rejea tovuti, Cite journal->Rejea jarida, Cite book->Rejea kitabu, Cite news->Rejea habari; 1 template(s) replaced. 1612644 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dennis Keith Rodman''' (alizaliwa [[13 Mei]] [[1961]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa [[mpira wa kikapu]] wa [[Marekani]]. Alicheza katika [[Chama cha Mpira wa Kikapu Marekani]] (NBA) kuanzia 1986 hadi 2000, akichezea Detroit Pistons, San Antonio Spurs, Chicago Bulls, [[Los Angeles Lakers]] na Dallas Mavericks. Alishinda mataji matano ya NBA (mawili na Pistons, matatu na Bulls).<ref>{{cite web|title=NBA.com: Dennis Rodman Career Stats|work=[[NBA.com]]|url=http://www.nba.com/history/players/rodman_stats.html|date=March 3, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303222750/http://www.nba.com/history/players/rodman_stats.html|archive-date=March 3, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Rejea tovuti|url=https://gosoutheastern.com/news/2020/4/1/mens-basketball-this-day-in-se-history-pistons-retire-rodmans-no-10.aspx|title=THIS DAY IN SE HISTORY: Pistons Retire Rodman's No. 10|date=April 1, 2020|website=Southeastern Oklahoma State University Athletics|access-date=June 6, 2026}}</ref> == Kazi == Rodman alizaliwa [[Trenton, New Jersey]]. Alisoma katika Chuo Kikuu cha Southeastern Oklahoma State, ambapo alicheza mpira wa kikapu. Alichaguliwa na Detroit Pistons katika raundi ya pili ya draft ya 1986. Alijulikana kwa uwezo wake wa ajabu wa rebounds na ulinzi, akishinda tuzo ya mlinzi bora wa mwaka mara mbili (1990, 1991) na aliongoza ligi kwa rebounds kwa misimu saba mfululizo. Akiwa na Chicago Bulls, alishinda mataji matatu mfululizo (1996, 1997, 1998) pamoja na [[Michael Jordan]] na [[Scottie Pippen]]. Alijulikana pia kwa tabia yake ya kipekee na rangi za nywele zake. Alijiunga na Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame mwaka 2011.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://clutchpoints.com/25-greatest-defenders-nba-history-ranked | title=25 Greatest Defenders in NBA History, Ranked | website=ClutchPoints | date=August 7, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=20 greatest defensive power forwards ever: The HoopsHype list |url=https://www.hoopshype.com/story/sports/nba/rankings/2025/03/06/20-greatest-defensive-power-forwards-ever-the-hoopshype-list/79228621007/ |website=HoopsHype |date=2025-03-06 |access-date=2025-06-25}}</ref> == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Wachezaji wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Wanaume wa Marekani]] [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1961]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] 88r403pdezqx8zj2hh4f70b6k5hianh 0 256596 1612686 2026-11-03T06:00:05Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1612686 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Tanit Phoenix.jpg|thumb|Tanit Phoenix]] '''Tanit Phoenix''' (alizaliwa [[24 Septemba]] [[1980]]) ni [[mwanamitindo]] wa zamani wa mavazi ya hadhi ya juu kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]], [[mwigizaji]] na mtaalamu wa [[vipodozi]]. Anajulikana kwa [[upigaji picha]] akiwa amevaa mavazi ya kuogelea na nguo za ndani, baada ya kuonekana katika toleo la jarida la ''Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue'' mwaka [[2003]], pamoja na majarida ya ''GQ'' na ''FHM'' katika mwaka huohuo. == Maisha ya awali == Tanit Phoenix alizaliwa katika mji wa [[Durban]], katika mkoa wa [[KwaZulu-Natal]], na ana asili ya [[Uholanzi]] na [[Irelandi|Ireland]]. == Kazi ya uanamitindo == Phoenix alianza kazi yake ya uanamitindo jijini Durban, Afrika Kusini, akiwa na umri wa [[miaka]] 14, baada ya kugunduliwa na mtafutaji vipaji vya uanamitindo katika mji alikokulia wa Westville. Ameonekana katika matangazo ya [[televisheni]] ya kimataifa ya bidhaa mbalimbali, zikiwemo [[Adidas]], [[Coca-Cola]], maji ya ''Volvic, Aqua-mineral, Visine, Schweppes,'' vito vya ''American Swiss Jewelry'', ''Citroën C3, Nivea, Alberto VO5, Aria, lenzi za Transition Lenses, Volvic'' na kampeni ya matangazo ya nguo za ndani ya ''Distractions''.<ref>https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1801063/</ref><ref>https://www.fmdb.com/models/tanit-phoenix</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1980]] [[Jamii:Wanamitindo wa Afrika Kusini]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Afrika Kusini]] <references />{{Mbegu-mwanamitindo}} 82z3pjy4i75yyj0a82prco164m1rrq4 0 256597 1612689 2026-11-03T06:12:26Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1612689 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Valeria Mazza (48520803877).jpg|thumb|Valeria Mazza]] '''Valeria Raquel Mazza''' (matamshi ya [[Kihispania]]: [baˈleɾja ˈmasa], Kiitaliano: [ˈmattsa]; alizaliwa [[17 Februari]] [[1972]]) ni [[mwanamitindo]] na mwanamke [[mfanyabiashara]] kutoka [[Argentina]]. Mazza alipata umaarufu katika miaka ya [[1990]] na kujulikana sana baada ya kuonekana kwenye jalada la toleo la mwaka [[1996]] la jarida la ''Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue''. Katika mwaka huohuo, alikuwa mmoja wa watangazaji wenza maalumu wa Tamasha la Muziki la ''Sanremo'' la mwaka 1996. == Wasifu == Mazza alizaliwa katika mji wa [[Rosario]], katika Mkoa wa ''Santa Fe'', akiwa mtoto wa Raúl Mariano Mazza Ceriani na Monica Ferreira. Alilelewa katika mji wa Paraná, katika Mkoa wa Entre Ríos. Alianza kazi ya uanamitindo akiwa na umri wa [[miaka]] 14. Mwaka [[1992]], alihamia [[Marekani]], ambako, kwa mujibu wa tovuti yake rasmi, aliimarisha kazi yake katika kiwango cha kimataifa. Alipata kutambulika kimataifa baada ya kuchaguliwa kuwa sura ya chapa ya Guess mwaka [[1995]]. Mwaka [[2004]], alialikwa kushiriki katika toleo maalumu la kuadhimisha miaka 40 ya jarida la ''Sports Illustrated''. Katika toleo hilo alipiga picha pamoja na wanamitindo kadhaa waliowahi kuonekana katika historia ya jarida hilo, wakiwemo [[Christie Brinkley]], [[Heidi Klum]], [[Elle Macpherson]], [[Cheryl Tiegs]], [[Tyra Banks]], [[Rachel Hunter]], Stacey Williams, [[Paulina Porizkova]], Vendela Kirsebom na Roshumba Williams.<ref>https://models.com/models/valeria-mazza</ref><ref>https://www.fmdb.com/models/valeria-mazza</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1972]] [[Jamii:Wanamitindo wa Argentina]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] <references />{{Mbegu-mwanamitindo}} dpvp2k8sd17wrf5mdpm0djb31ln7hyt 0 256598 1612691 2026-11-03T06:25:04Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1612691 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Pampita Martín Fierro 2019.jpg|thumb|Pampita Martín Fierro]] '''Ana Carolina Ardohaín Dos Santos''' (alizaliwa [[17 Januari]] [[1978]]) ni [[mwanamitindo]], mtu maarufu kwenye [[televisheni]], dansi, [[mtangazaji]] wa televisheni na [[mwigizaji]] kutoka [[Argentina]]. Anajulikana sana kwa jina la utani ''Pampita'', ambalo ni ufupisho wa jina ''La Pampa'', mkoa alikozaliwa. == Maisha binafsi == Baba yake ni Mwargentina na mama yake ni Mbrazil. Pampita ni mama wa binti mmoja, Blanca Vicuña Ardohaín, alizaliwa mwaka [[2006]] na kufariki mwaka [[2012]], pamoja na wana watatu. Baba wa watoto hao ni mwigizaji wa Chile Benjamín Vicuña, ambaye Pampita alikuwa naye katika uhusiano kuanzia Julai [[2005]] hadi [[Desemba]] [[2015]]. Tarehe [[22 Novemba]] [[2019]], Pampita alifunga ndoa na [[mwanasiasa]] na mfanyabiashara wa migahawa Roberto García Moritán. Wanandoa hao wana binti mmoja. Mwaka [[2024]], walitangaza kuwa wameachana.<ref>https://www.fmdb.com/models/carolina-ardohain</ref><ref>https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1267597/</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1978]] [[Jamii:Wanamitindo wa Argentina]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Argentina]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watangazaji]] <references />{{Mbegu-mwanamitindo}} 95xxnwrgqzcv16iskir472m76zvprdu 0 256599 1612692 2026-11-03T06:39:49Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1612692 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Nicole Neumann 2017.jpg|thumb|Nicole Neumann]] '''Nicole Neumann''' (alizaliwa [[31 Oktoba]] [[1980]]) ni [[mwanamitindo]], [[mfanyabiashara]] na [[mtangazaji]] wa televisheni kutoka [[Argentina]]. == Wasifu == Baada ya kuzaliwa, Neumann alihamia pamoja na [[familia]] yake kwenda [[Salzburg]], [[Austria]], ambako ndiko alikotoka baba yake. Neumann alipokuwa na umri wa mwaka mmoja, wazazi wake walitalikiana, hivyo alirudi nchini kwao pamoja na mama yake, Claudia. Nchini humo alikuwa na dada wa kambo kwa upande mmoja aliyeitwa Geraldine Conti. Muda mfupi baadaye, walihamia [[Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]], Argentina. Baadaye walihamia Belgrano. == Kazi na taaluma == Nicole Neumann alianza kufanya kazi katika tangazo la [[televisheni]] akiwa na umri wa miaka minne. Alianza kazi ya uanamitindo akiwa na umri wa [[miaka]] 12, na wakati huo alikuwa mwanamitindo mwenye umri mdogo zaidi. Kutokana na umri wake mdogo, jarida la Gente lilimpa jina la utani “''Lolita''”, likimrejelea [[kitabu]] cha mwandishi [[Vladimir Nabokov]]. Jina hilo lilionekana kwenye jalada la jarida hilo lililochapishwa mwaka [[1992]].<ref>https://www.infobae.com/tendencias/lifestyle/2017/01/06/nicole-neumann-de-modelo-lolita-a-la-mas-codiciada-de-la-pasarela/</ref><ref>https://www.ciudad.com.ar/espectaculos/2023/11/09/en-fotos-toda-la-intimidad-del-mega-casamiento-de-nicole-neumann-y-manu-urcera-en-una-lujosa-boda-neuquina/</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1980]] [[Jamii:Wanamitindo wa Argentina]] [[Jamii:Wafanyabiashara]] [[Jamii:Watangazaji]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] <references />{{Mbegu-mwanamitindo}} 42if530qpz9nh5n9kl9vhjb2f8fkrpz 0 256600 1612693 2026-11-03T06:50:09Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1612693 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Somos todas - Carolina Peleritti (16528348079).jpg|thumb|Carolina Peleritti]] '''Carolina Peleritti''' (alizaliwa [[2 Julai]] [[1971]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] kutoka [[Argentina]] na [[mwanamitindo]] wa zamani wa mavazi. Alizaliwa jijini [[Buenos Aires]] na alishiriki katika vipindi vingi vya [[televisheni]], vikiwemo ''Boro Boro, La Marca del Deseo'', ''Cybersix'' na ''099 Central''. == Orodha ya filamu alizoigiza == Filamu za sinema * ''Geisha'' ([[1996]]) * ''El lado oscuro del corazón 2'' ([[2001]]) * ''Samy y yo'' (2001) * ''The Incredibles'' ([[2004]], aliigiza kwa sauti ya [[Kihispania]] cha eneo la ''Río de la Plata'' kama Mirage) * ''¿Quién dice que es fácil?'' ([[2006]]) * ''XXY'' (2006) Vipindi vya televisheni * ''Boro Boro'' ([[1992]]) * ''La Marca del Deseo'' ([[1995]]) * ''Good Show'' (pamoja na ''Tato Bores'') * ''Mi Cuñado'' * ''Cybersix'' (1995) * ''Infieles'' (2000, 2001) * ''099 Central'' ([[2002]]) * ''Resistiré'' ([[2003]]) * ''Historias de sexo de gente común'' (2004, 2005) * ''Jesús el Heredero'' (2004). <ref>https://cinenacional.com/persona/carolina-peleritti</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070207234147/http://www.dottomodels.net/templateFicha.php?sexo=mujer&tipo=top&pagina=&id_modelo=99</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1971]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Argentina]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamitindo wa Argentina]] <references />{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} 2jshnuxu0y1fq66vgocxzyddvmsu9z8 0 256601 1612694 2026-11-03T07:00:25Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1612694 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:María Vázquez nos Mestre Mateo 2017.jpg|thumb|María Vázquez]] '''María Vázquez''' (alizaliwa [[19 Machi]] [[1979]]) ni [[mwigizaji]] wa Kihispania kutoka eneo la [[Galicia (Hispania)|Galicia]], nchini [[Hispania]]. == Wasifu == Akiwa mtoto alionekana katika [[filamu]] ya ''Sempre Xonxa''. Baada ya kumaliza masomo ya ''Baccalaureate'', alihamia [[Madrid]] kwa lengo la kuendeleza kazi ya kucheza dansi, lakini baadaye aliamua kujikita katika uigizaji na kujiunga na warsha ya ''Juan Carlos Corazza''. Miongoni mwa filamu zake za awali ni ''Saint Bernard'' ([[2000]]), ''Broken Silence'' ([[2001]]), Desire ([[2002]]), ''The Year of the Tick'' ([[2004]]), ''The Night of the Brother'' ([[2005]]), na ''The Idiot Maiden'' ([[2006]]). Alishinda [[Tuzo]] ya ''Critical Eye'' mwaka [[2007]]. Pia alipata uteuzi wa Tuzo za ''Goya'' katika kipengele cha Mwigizaji Bora Msaidizi kutokana na uigizaji wake katika filamu ya ''Mataharis'' (2007). Mwaka [[2024]], alipata uteuzi wa Tuzo ya ''Goya'' katika kipengele cha Mwigizaji Bora wa Kike kutokana na uigizaji wake katika filamu ya ''Matria''.<ref>https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0904808/</ref><ref>https://www.elperiodico.com/es/ocio-y-cultura/20230324/maria-vazquez-pelicula-matria-mujeres-trabajadoras-gallegas-118210925</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1979]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Hispania]] <references />{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} jv1oryey6qzpref8bnjyq4ujzs6g57d 0 256602 1612695 2026-11-03T07:10:56Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1612695 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Mery del Cerro 2020.jpg|thumb|Mery del Cerro]] '''María del Cerro''' (alizaliwa [[20 Machi]] [[1985]]) ni [[mwanamitindo]], [[mwigizaji]], mtangazaji wa [[televisheni]] na mbunifu wa mavazi kutoka [[Argentina]]. == Kazi na taaluma == Alianza kazi yake kwa kushiriki katika kipindi cha televisheni cha maisha halisi (''reality show'') kilichoitwa ''Super M 2002''. Mwaka [[2006]], alianza kazi ya uigizaji katika kipindi cha televisheni cha vijana kilichoitwa ''Alma Pirata''. Mwaka [[2007]], alikuwa miongoni mwa waigizaji katika kipindi cha televisheni cha vijana kilichoitwa ''Romeo y Julieta''. Kuanzia mwaka [[2008]] hadi [[2010]], aliigiza nafasi ya Melody Paz katika mfululizo wa vipindi vya televisheni ''Casi Ángeles''. Kupitia kipindi hicho, alishiriki pia katika ziara zilizofanyika nchini Argentina, [[Chile]], [[Hispania]], [[Israeli|Israel]], [[Italia]], [[Mexico]], [[Panama]] na [[Peru]]. Mwaka [[2011]], alishiriki katika msimu wa kwanza wa kipindi cha televisheni ''Los únicos'', akiigiza nafasi ya Carolina. Alishiriki pamoja na waigizaji Mariano Martínez, Nicolás Cabré, Nicolás Vázquez, Griselda Siciliani, Brenda Asnicar, María Eugenia Suárez, Jimena Barón, Claudia Fontán, Arnaldo André, Eugenia Tobal, Marcelo Mazzarello na Pepe Monje.<ref>https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3063735/</ref><ref>https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/maria_del_cerro</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1985]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Argentina]] [[Jamii:Wanamitindo wa Argentina]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Watangazaji]] <references />{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}} sr2fyan31jx1fncehj193ztdw4j5f8b 0 256603 1612701 2026-11-03T08:13:24Z Rainglass.observatory 93676 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{| class="infobox" style="float:right; width:22em; border:1px solid #aaa; background:#f9f9f9; font-size:90%;" |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;" | '''Satterlee Capital''' |- | '''Aina ya shirika:''' || Kampuni ya usimamizi wa mali |- | '''Mwaka wa kuanzishwa:''' || 2020 |- | '''Mwanzilishi:''' || Bramwell Satterlee |- | '''Mahali pa makao makuu:''' || Manhattan, [[Jiji la New York]], [[Marekani]] |- | '''Kaulimbiu...' 1612701 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="float:right; width:22em; border:1px solid #aaa; background:#f9f9f9; font-size:90%;" |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;" | '''Satterlee Capital''' |- | '''Aina ya shirika:''' || Kampuni ya usimamizi wa mali |- | '''Mwaka wa kuanzishwa:''' || 2020 |- | '''Mwanzilishi:''' || Bramwell Satterlee |- | '''Mahali pa makao makuu:''' || Manhattan, [[Jiji la New York]], [[Marekani]] |- | '''Kaulimbiu:''' || ''Capital Behind Conviction'' |- | '''Sekta:''' || Fedha na elimu ya uwekezaji |- | '''Shughuli kuu:''' || Usimamizi wa mali; elimu ya uwekezaji |- | '''Tovuti:''' || [https://www.scqss.com/ scqss.com] |} '''Satterlee Capital''' ni kampuni ya kimataifa ya usimamizi wa mali na elimu ya uwekezaji yenye makao makuu katika Manhattan, [[Jiji la New York]], [[Marekani]]. Ilianzishwa mwaka 2020 na Bramwell Satterlee.<ref name="rasmi">{{cite web |title=About Us – Satterlee Capital |url=https://www.scqss.com/#/about-us |access-date=2026-10-31}}</ref><ref name="googlebooks">{{cite web |title=Educação Antes da Expansão – Books on Google Play |url=https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=yaUjEgAAQBAJ |access-date=2026-10-31}}</ref> Mfumo wake wa uwekezaji unategemea mgawanyo wa mali katika aina mbalimbali za mali na masoko mbalimbali, na unahusishwa na kaulimbiu ''Capital Behind Conviction''. Shughuli zake zinategemea mihimili miwili inayokamilishana: elimu ya uwekezaji na vitengo vya kikanda.<ref name="dm2026">{{cite news |author=Redação DM |title=Satterlee Capital estabelece um referencial para sua reestruturação global em 2026: entidades regionais independentes e implementação de um modelo de alocação em duas frentes |newspaper=DM |date=2026-10-23 |language=pt |url=https://www.dm.com.br/dicas/satterlee-capital-estabelece-um-referencial-para-sua-reestruturacao-global-em-2026-entidades-regionais-independentes-e-implementacao-de-um-modelo-de-alocacao-em-duas-frentes/ |access-date=2026-10-31}}</ref> Mnamo Oktoba 2026, DM iliripoti kuwa kampuni ilianza mchakato wa kuzifanya mifuko yake ya uwekezaji ya Marekani, Ulaya na Uhindi kuwa mashirika huru ya kikanda, na kuanzisha mitandao ya utafiti wa uwekezaji na usimamizi wa hatari katika Amerika ya Kusini.<ref name="dm2026" /> == Historia == Satterlee Capital ilianzishwa mwaka 2020 na Bramwell Satterlee katika Manhattan, Jiji la New York.<ref name="rasmi" /><ref name="googlebooks" /> Mwaka 2022, kampuni ilifungua tawi lake katika [[Hong Kong]]. Baadaye, kampuni ilipanua shughuli zake hadi Uhindi, Ujerumani na masoko mengine.<ref name="rasmi" /><ref name="dm2026" /> Mnamo 2026, kampuni ilianza mchakato wa kuzifanya mifuko yake ya uwekezaji ya Marekani, Ulaya na Uhindi kuwa mashirika huru ya kikanda. Wakati huo huo, ilianza kuanzisha mitandao ya utafiti wa uwekezaji na usimamizi wa hatari katika Amerika ya Kusini.<ref name="dm2026" /> == Huduma == Huduma na maeneo ya uwekezaji yanayotajwa kwenye tovuti rasmi ni:<ref name="huduma">{{cite web |title=Satterlee Capital |url=https://www.scqss.com/ |access-date=2026-10-31}}</ref> * usimamizi wa utajiri na mali; * hisa na dhamana za mapato; * uwekezaji mbadala; * usimamizi wa hatari, ikiwa ni pamoja na mikakati ya kujikinga; * uendelevu na ESG. Kulingana na kampuni, inasimamia majalada ya uwekezaji yenye hisa, hatifungani na aina nyingine za mali, pamoja na fedha za bima na uwekezaji maalum kwa niaba ya wateja.<ref name="huduma" /> Kampuni inataja watu binafsi wenye mali nyingi, ofisi za familia, makampuni na wawekezaji wa kitaasisi kuwa miongoni mwa wateja wake.<ref name="huduma" /> Kampuni pia inasema inatumia zana za uchanganuzi zinazoendeshwa na akili bandia (AI) katika shughuli zake za uwekezaji.<ref name="huduma" /> == Mfumo wa uendeshaji == DM iliripoti kuwa mfumo wa kampuni una nyanja mbili zinazofanya kazi sambamba: elimu ya uwekezaji mtandaoni na vitengo vya kikanda.<ref name="dm2026" /> * '''Elimu:''' Kampuni inasema mfumo wake wa elimu umeundwa kutoa zana za utafiti zinazoweza kufundishwa, kupitiwa upya na kuthibitishwa. * '''Vitengo vya kikanda:''' Kwa mujibu wa mpango ulioripotiwa, kila kitengo kinapaswa kurekebisha mgawanyo wa mali na mipaka ya hatari kulingana na mahitaji ya eneo husika, rasilimali za mtaji, mazingira ya kitaasisi na mapendeleo ya hatari. Kampuni inasema si taasisi inayofanya biashara katika soko moja tu. Inajitambulisha kama jukwaa la kimataifa la usimamizi wa mali na elimu ya uwekezaji linalotegemea mgawanyo wa mali katika masoko na aina mbalimbali za mali. Mfumo huo unalenga kupunguza utegemezi katika soko moja au aina moja ya mali.<ref name="dm2026" /> == Uchapishaji == Katika orodha za vitabu, waandishi wa kitabu cha Kireno ''Educação Antes da Expansão: Como a Satterlee Capital une inteligência global e gestão de risco para transformar investidores na América do Sul'' wametajwa kuwa ni Satterlee Capital na Bramwell Satterlee. Mchapishaji aliyeorodheshwa ni Satterlee Press. Tarehe iliyoorodheshwa ya kuchapishwa ni 30 Oktoba 2026, na ISBN yake ni 9798953075084.<ref name="bookshop">{{cite web |title=Educação Antes da Expansão – Bookshop.org |url=https://bookshop.org/p/books/educacao-antes-da-expansao-como-a-satterlee-capital-une-inteligencia-global-e-gestao-de-risco-para-transformar-investidores-na-america-do-sul-satterle/39e23a9b3a148676?ean=9798953075084 |access-date=2026-10-31}}</ref> Kulingana na maelezo ya orodha hiyo, kitabu kinajadili elimu ya uwekezaji, mgawanyo wa mali, usimamizi wa hatari na matumizi ya akili bandia katika uwekezaji.<ref name="googlebooks" /> == Marejeo == <references /> == Viungo vya nje == * [https://www.scqss.com/ Tovuti rasmi] {{Mbegu-uchumi}} [[Jamii:Mashirika ya Marekani]] [[Jamii:Uchumi]] [[Jamii:Biashara]] qwikpi5w2uo8cf9tm3gdbdiu52khye9 0 256604 1612703 2026-11-03T08:59:24Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1612703 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:EmiAttiasredisredabril2015.jpg|thumb|Emilia Attías]] '''María Emilia Attías Pompei''' (alizaliwa [[20 Machi]] [[1987]]), anajulikana zaidi kama '''Emilia Attias''', ni [[mwigizaji]], [[mwanamitindo]], [[mwimbaji]], DJ na mtangazaji wa [[televisheni]] kutoka [[Argentina]]. == Wasifu == Yeye ni mtoto wa nne kati ya [[watoto]] watano wa Carlos Attias, Luteni Kanali mstaafu na aliyekuwa kocha wa mchezo wa [[raga]] katika klabu ya ''Centro Naval Argentino'', na ''Hebe Ada Rosa Pompei'', [[mfanyabiashara]] katika sekta ya mali isiyohamishika. Wazazi wake walitalikiana Emilia alipokuwa na umri wa miaka sita. == Maisha binafsi == Tangu mwaka [[2006]], Attías alikuwa katika uhusiano wa kimapenzi na mwigizaji na mwanamuziki Naím Sibara. Walifunga ndoa [[3 Desemba]] [[2009]]. [[28 Oktoba]] [[2016]], alijifungua mtoto wao wa kwanza, wa kike, waliyempa jina la Gina. Mwaka [[2024]], Attías na Sibara walithibitisha kuwa wametengana.<ref>https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2305179/</ref><ref>https://www.infobae.com/2014/09/01/1591729-emilia-attias-super-sexy-un-videoclip/</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1987]] [[Jamii:Wanamitindo wa Argentina]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Argentina]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] [[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Argentina]] <references />{{Mbegu-mwanamitindo}} 9xj1le6b1m801xkjgt5b8km914sgppo 0 256605 1612706 2026-11-03T09:21:38Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1612706 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Belén Rodríguez Celebrity Hunted 4 2024.png|thumb|Belén Rodríguez]] '''María Belén Rodríguez''' (matamshi ya [[Kihispania]] cha [[Amerika ya Kusini]]: [maˈɾi.a βeˈlen roˈðɾiɣes]; alizaliwa [[20 Septemba]] [[1984]]), anajulikana zaidi kama '''Belén Rodríguez''' au kwa kifupi '''Belén''', ni [[mtangazaji]] wa [[televisheni]], [[mwigizaji]] na [[mwanamitindo]] mwenye asili ya [[Argentina]] na [[Italia]]. Akiwa na makazi yake jijini [[Milano|Milan]] tangu mwaka [[2004]], Rodríguez amekuwa mtangazaji wa vipindi mbalimbali vya burudani na ameonekana katika matangazo ya televisheni pamoja na [[filamu]] nchini Italia. == Wasifu == === Maisha ya awali === Akiwa mtoto wa Gustavo Rodríguez na Veronica Cozzani de Rodríguez. Veronica, mwenye asili ya Italia, ni binti wa wahamiaji kutoka [[La Spezia]], katika eneo la [[Liguria]]. Rodríguez ana mdogo wake wa kiume anayeitwa Jeremías, pamoja na mdogo wake wa kike Cecilia. Alipokuwa na umri wa [[miaka]] minne, alihamia pamoja na familia yake katika mji wa Pilar, [[Buenos Aires]]. Dada yake Cecilia, aliyezaliwa tarehe 18 Machi [[1990]] huko Pilar, Buenos Aires, amekuwa akifanya kazi ya uanamitindo nchini Italia tangu mwaka [[2008]]. Mwezi Januari [[2014]], Cecilia alikua mshirika wa Belén katika biashara. Jeremías, Gustavo na Veronica wamekuwa wakiishi jijini Milan tangu [[Agosti]] [[2015]]. Jeremías, alizaliwa tarehe [[11 Novemba]] [[1988]] huko Pilar, alianza kujihusisha na shughuli za burudani nchini Italia mwaka [[2017]]. <ref>https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5084527/</ref><ref>https://www.fmdb.com/models/belen-rodriguez</ref><ref>https://www.europapress.es/chance/gente/noticia-stefano-martino-belen-rodriguez-hijo-ibiza-20150615113316.html</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1984]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Argentina]] [[Jamii:Wanamitindo wa Argentina]] [[Jamii:Watangazaji]] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] <references />{{Mbegu-mwanamitindo}} ff3j51a4nlix8on2n36bc0r48zea9rv 0 256606 1612708 2026-11-03T09:30:42Z Kelvin kevoo 48194 kuanzisha makala 1612708 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faili:Silvina Luna 5.jpg|thumb|Silvina Luna]] '''Silvina Noelia Luna''' ([[21 Juni]] [[1980]] – [[31 Agosti]] [[2023]]) alikuwa [[mwanamitindo]], [[mwigizaji]] na msanii wa maonesho ya burudani jukwaani kutoka [[Argentina]]. == Kazi na taaluma == Baada ya kumaliza shule akiwa na umri wa [[miaka]] 17, alihamia [[Buenos Aires]] na kufanya kazi kama katibu na mwanamitindo. Baadaye aliishi [[Miami]] kwa mwaka mmoja kabla ya kurejea Argentina, ambako alishiriki katika kipindi cha ''Big Brother 2'' kama mmoja wa washiriki. Katika miaka iliyofuata, alifanya kazi na wakala wa wanamitindo wa Ricardo Piñeiro na kushiriki katika mashindano ya kuogelea na kupiga mbizi ya watu mashuhuri yaliyoitwa ''Celebrity Splash!''. Luna alihudhuria masomo ya uigizaji wa jukwaani chini ya Julio Chávez na alionekana kama mgeni katika vipindi mbalimbali vya [[televisheni]]. === Kuonekana katika majarida === * Jalada la jarida la ''Argentina la Maxim'' * Jalada la jarida la ''Interviú'' * Kurasa za jarida la ''Harper's Bazaar'' * Kurasa za jarida la ''Vogue.'' <ref>https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1046010/</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140729134417/https://www.clarin.com/extrashow/fama/silvina-luna-cirugia-mala-praxis-anibal-lotocki_0_1181282361.html</ref><ref>https://caras.perfil.com/noticias/amp/celebridades/el-particular-homenaje-de-las-amigas-de-silvina-luna-en-su-despedida.phtml</ref> == Marejeo == [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1980]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 2023]] [[Jamii:Wanamitindo wa Argentina]] [[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Argentina]] <references />{{Mbegu-mwanamitindo}} fqrnyuc0xn4txahyokwmko47baq2jl4 3 256607 1612711 2026-11-03T09:48:19Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1612711 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 3 Novemba 2026 (UTC) b1v4h0aqe2g6mosyg519o5x8hqycwif 3 256608 1612712 2026-11-03T09:48:29Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1612712 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 3 Novemba 2026 (UTC) b1v4h0aqe2g6mosyg519o5x8hqycwif 3 256609 1612713 2026-11-03T09:48:39Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1612713 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 3 Novemba 2026 (UTC) b1v4h0aqe2g6mosyg519o5x8hqycwif 3 256610 1612714 2026-11-03T09:48:49Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1612714 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 3 Novemba 2026 (UTC) b1v4h0aqe2g6mosyg519o5x8hqycwif 3 256611 1612715 2026-11-03T09:48:59Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1612715 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:48, 3 Novemba 2026 (UTC) b1v4h0aqe2g6mosyg519o5x8hqycwif 3 256612 1612716 2026-11-03T09:49:09Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1612716 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 3 Novemba 2026 (UTC) t5eq7wh0ivk4bvn7frvmcnenmih2ubt 3 256613 1612717 2026-11-03T09:49:19Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1612717 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 3 Novemba 2026 (UTC) t5eq7wh0ivk4bvn7frvmcnenmih2ubt 3 256614 1612719 2026-11-03T09:49:29Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1612719 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 3 Novemba 2026 (UTC) t5eq7wh0ivk4bvn7frvmcnenmih2ubt 3 256615 1612720 2026-11-03T09:49:39Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1612720 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 3 Novemba 2026 (UTC) t5eq7wh0ivk4bvn7frvmcnenmih2ubt 3 256616 1612721 2026-11-03T09:49:49Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1612721 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 3 Novemba 2026 (UTC) t5eq7wh0ivk4bvn7frvmcnenmih2ubt 3 256617 1612722 2026-11-03T09:49:59Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1612722 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:49, 3 Novemba 2026 (UTC) t5eq7wh0ivk4bvn7frvmcnenmih2ubt 3 256618 1612723 2026-11-03T09:50:09Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1612723 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 3 Novemba 2026 (UTC) orke8cvbgk1mrllcyrtj0as1q16gbfb 3 256619 1612724 2026-11-03T09:50:19Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1612724 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 3 Novemba 2026 (UTC) orke8cvbgk1mrllcyrtj0as1q16gbfb 3 256620 1612725 2026-11-03T09:50:29Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1612725 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 3 Novemba 2026 (UTC) orke8cvbgk1mrllcyrtj0as1q16gbfb 3 256621 1612726 2026-11-03T09:50:39Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1612726 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 3 Novemba 2026 (UTC) orke8cvbgk1mrllcyrtj0as1q16gbfb 3 256622 1612727 2026-11-03T09:50:49Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1612727 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 3 Novemba 2026 (UTC) orke8cvbgk1mrllcyrtj0as1q16gbfb 3 256623 1612728 2026-11-03T09:50:59Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1612728 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:50, 3 Novemba 2026 (UTC) orke8cvbgk1mrllcyrtj0as1q16gbfb 3 256624 1612729 2026-11-03T09:51:09Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1612729 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 3 Novemba 2026 (UTC) t760s7phygivrmldbses14l18v715vm 3 256625 1612730 2026-11-03T09:51:19Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1612730 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 3 Novemba 2026 (UTC) t760s7phygivrmldbses14l18v715vm 3 256626 1612731 2026-11-03T09:51:29Z AmmarBot 81277 Karibu 1612731 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background-color: #EEEEFF; border: solid 1px #eaa5ff; padding: 6pt; margin: 1em auto; width: 85%"> <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''<big>Karibu kwenye Wikipedia kwa Kiswahili!</big>'''</p> Tunamfurahia kila mmoja anayeingia na kuungana nasi. Hii ni kamusi elezo ya maandishi huru. Unaweza kuandika makala uipendayo ama kuitafsiri kutoka Wikipedia ya lugha nyingine. Ukipenda kutumia '''kurasa zetu za mwongozo na msaada''', a) ukitumia simu bofya kwa "'''Dawati'''" chini kwenye dirisha lako na b) ubadilishe mwonekano wa Wikipedia kwa kubofya "'''Switch to old look'''" kwenye menyu upande wa kushoto. Kwa mawili matatu labda tazama:<br> * [[Wikipedia:Ukurasa wangu na kurasa za kamusi|Kuhusu ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji na kurasa nyingine]] * [[Wikipedia:Mwongozo|Ukurasa wa mwongozo]] * [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii:Msaada Jamii:Msaada] <small>(makala zilizomo humo zinaweza kusaidia mara nyingi)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Jumuia|Ukurasa wa jumuia]] <small>(pamoja na '''[[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]''', penye majina walio tayari kukusaidia)</small> * [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo|Makala za msingi za Wikipedia]] Jisikie huru kuuliza swali lolote lihusianalo na Wikipedia hii. Karibu kujitambulisha kwenye "Ukurasa wa mtumiaji". Ukitaka kupata kwanza uzoefu wa kuweza kuhariri Wikipedia, tafadhali tumia '''[[Msaada:Jaribio#2._Jaribio_katika_nafasi_yako_ya_mtumiaji| ukurasa wako kwa majaribio]]'''. Humo unaruhusiwa kujipatia uzoefu wa uundaji wa makala za Wikipedia! Juu yako mwenyewe uandike tu kwenye '''[[Special:Mypage|ukurasa wako wa mtumiaji]]'''. Humo uko huru kutangaza chochote upendacho, kama si biashara au matusi. <big>'''Ujue miiko:'''</big> * usilete kamwe matini wala [[Msaada:Picha|picha kutoka tovuti za nje]]. * usiingize matangazo ya kibiashara (pamoja na kuelekeza kwa kurasa zenye matangazo). * usimwage kamwe matini kutoka [[Msaada:Tafsiri ya kompyuta‎|google-translate]] au [[Msaada:Tafsiri|programu za kutafsiri]]. * usitumie kama vyanzo vya taarifa au tanbihi <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (au mradi mwingine wa Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, ila unaweza kutumia vyanzo vyake kwa kuvitaja vyenyewe moja kwa moja. Tunakushauri pia [[Wikipedia:Email|kuandikisha email]] yako; haitaonekana na wengine lakini wataweza kukuandikia kupitia mfumo wa Wikipedia. Karibu sana! <p style="margin-left: 5em;">'''Welcome to Kiswahili Wikipedia!'''</p> We welcome you even if you don't speak Kiswahili. For a bot flag go to [[Wikipedia:Bots|this site]]. If you try to edit entries as a non-speaker, it is better to first communicate with one of our admins who can advise you. You may find them at [[Wikipedia:Wakabidhi]]. And, please: * '''do not''' post computer translated texts (like Google Translate, [[Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation]], etc. all do not work for Swahili) * nor copied texts/images from other webs to this site! * do not use links to commercial pages, never post anything that looks like advertising. * do not use as references <nowiki><ref>Wikipedia (or another project of Wikimedia)</ref></nowiki>, though you can use their references by writing them themselves. As a newcomer we advise that you [[:en:Wikipedia:Emailing_users|register your email]]. This will not be visible to others but it allows us to notify you, which often is helpful in case of problems. </div> '''[[Mtumiaji:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:AmmarBot|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 3 Novemba 2026 (UTC) t760s7phygivrmldbses14l18v715vm 0 256627 1612733 2026-11-03T09:53:55Z Brassdoor.wanderings 93679 Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{| class="infobox" style="float:right; width:22em; border:1px solid #aaa; background:#f9f9f9; font-size:90%;" |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;" | '''Bramwell Satterlee''' |- | '''Kazi yake:''' || Mjasiriamali, mwekezaji na mwandishi |- | '''Wadhifa:''' || Mwanzilishi na mwenyekiti wa [[Satterlee Capital]] |- | '''Elimu:''' || Wharton School, Chuo Kikuu cha Pennsylvania |- | '''Tovuti:''' || [https://www.bscmcc.co...' 1612733 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="float:right; width:22em; border:1px solid #aaa; background:#f9f9f9; font-size:90%;" |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;" | '''Bramwell Satterlee''' |- | '''Kazi yake:''' || Mjasiriamali, mwekezaji na mwandishi |- | '''Wadhifa:''' || Mwanzilishi na mwenyekiti wa [[Satterlee Capital]] |- | '''Elimu:''' || Wharton School, Chuo Kikuu cha Pennsylvania |- | '''Tovuti:''' || [https://www.bscmcc.com/ bscmcc.com] |} '''Bramwell Satterlee''' ni mwanzilishi na mwenyekiti wa [[Satterlee Capital]], kampuni ya kimataifa ya usimamizi wa mali na elimu ya uwekezaji yenye makao makuu katika Manhattan, [[Jiji la New York]], [[Marekani]].<ref name="wasifu">{{cite web |title=Bramwell Satterlee – Founder & Chairman |url=https://www.bscmcc.com/#path |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref><ref name="kobo">{{cite web |title=A Mente Humana e o Algoritmo Financeiro |url=https://www.kobo.com/hk/en/ebook/a-mente-humana-e-o-algoritmo-financeiro-trinta-e-tres-anos-de-licoes-de-bramwell-satterlee-sobre-crises-globais-financas-comportamentais-e-decisoes-guiadas-por-dados |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Pia ameandika vitabu kuhusu fedha za kitabia, uchambuzi wa kiasi, mgawanyo wa mali na usimamizi wa hatari.<ref name="kobo" /> == Elimu na kazi ya awali == Kulingana na wasifu wake rasmi, alihitimu kutoka Wharton School ya Chuo Kikuu cha Pennsylvania mwaka 1993. Wasifu huo pia unasema alifanya kazi katika Morgan Stanley kuanzia mwaka 1993 hadi 2001, na baadaye akawa mwekezaji huru.<ref name="wasifu" /> == Satterlee Capital == Mwaka 2020, alianzisha [[Satterlee Capital]] na baadaye akawa mwenyekiti wake.<ref name="wasifu" /> Kulingana na wasifu wake rasmi, malengo mawili aliyoweka kwa kampuni hiyo yalikuwa kuboresha elimu ya uwekezaji mtandaoni duniani kote na kujenga vitengo vya kikanda kwa utaratibu.<ref name="wasifu" /> == Mfumo wa uwekezaji == Mwaka 2026, DM iliripoti kuwa mfumo wa uwekezaji wa Satterlee una nguzo tatu zifuatazo:<ref name="dm2026">{{cite news |author=Redação DM |title=Modelo de finanças comportamentais e análise quantitativa de Bramwell Satterlee: estabelecendo um referencial sistemático para decisões de investimento e alocação de riscos |newspaper=DM |date=2026-10-23 |language=pt |url=https://www.dm.com.br/dicas/modelo-de-financas-comportamentais-e-analise-quantitativa-de-bramwell-satterlee-estabelecendo-um-referencial-sistematico-para-decisoes-de-investimento-e-alocacao-de-riscos/ |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> * Kurekebisha upendeleo wa kitabia katika maamuzi ya uwekezaji. * Kupima mifano ya kiasi kwa kutumia data za vipindi vilivyopita. * Kudhibiti hatari kwa utaratibu wa kimfumo.<ref name="dm2026" /> Mfumo huo unarejelea upendeleo maalum wa kiutambuzi, ikiwa ni pamoja na kujiamini kupita kiasi, hofu ya hasara na tabia ya kufuata mkumbo. Katika uchambuzi wa kiasi, unasisitiza kufafanua vipindi vya data na hali za soko, kufanya majaribio ya unyeti wa vigezo, na kutotafsiri uhusiano wa kitakwimu kama ushahidi wa sababu. Katika mgawanyo wa mali, unatafuta hatari za pamoja zilizofichika kati ya mali tofauti, ikiwa ni pamoja na mizunguko ya sekta, kiwango cha madeni na kupungua kwa ukwasi.<ref name="dm2026" /> Mfumo huo pia hutumia mgawanyo wa mali unaobadilika katika masoko na aina mbalimbali za mali, huweka vikomo vya hatari mapema, huchunguza jinsi hatari zinavyoweza kuingiliana kati ya masoko tofauti, na hujaribiwa katika mazingira magumu ya soko.<ref name="dm2026" /> == Vitabu == Kazi zake za uandishi ni pamoja na vitabu vifuatavyo: * ''A Mente Humana e o Algoritmo Financeiro: Trinta e três anos de lições de Bramwell Satterlee sobre crises globais, finanças comportamentais e decisões guiadas por dados'' — Satterlee Press, 2026. ISBN 9798953075107.<ref name="kobo" /> * ''Educação Antes da Expansão: Como a Satterlee Capital une inteligência global e gestão de risco para transformar investidores na América do Sul'' — Satterlee Press, 2026. ISBN 9798953075084. Waandishi waliotajwa wa kitabu hiki ni [[Satterlee Capital]] na Bramwell Satterlee.<ref name="kitabu-cha-pili">{{cite web |title=Educação Antes da Expansão – Bookshop.org |url=https://bookshop.org/p/books/educacao-antes-da-expansao-como-a-satterlee-capital-une-inteligencia-global-e-gestao-de-risco-para-transformar-investidores-na-america-do-sul-satterle/39e23a9b3a148676?ean=9798953075084 |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Kuhusu kitabu cha kwanza, maelezo yake yanasema swali kuu ni mahali ambapo algoriti huishia na uamuzi wa kibinadamu huanza. Kazi hiyo imegawanyika katika sehemu tatu: akili ya mwekezaji, algoriti, na muunganiko wa akili na algoriti. Inajadili upendeleo wa kiutambuzi, uwezekano, kubadilikabadilika kwa bei za soko, bajeti ya hatari na ujifunzaji wa mashine. Pia inasisitiza usimamizi wa kibinadamu wa mifumo ya akili bandia, hatari ya mifano kufaa kupita kiasi data za zamani, na matumizi ya kumbukumbu ya maamuzi kwa ajili ya kujifunza kutokana na makosa ya uwekezaji.<ref name="bookshop-binafsi">{{cite web |title=A Mente Humana e o Algoritmo Financeiro – Bookshop.org |url=https://bookshop.org/p/books/a-mente-humana-e-o-algoritmo-financeiro-trinta-e-tres-anos-de-licoes-de-bramwell-satterlee-sobre-crises-globais-financas-comportamentais-e-decisoes-gu/a61ace7259be2398?ean=9798953075107 |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Marejeo == <references /> == Viungo vya nje == * [https://www.bscmcc.com/ Tovuti rasmi] [[Jamii:Watu walio hai]] {{Mbegu-mtu}} qd8gi62fuojt92zepj0u11xo476anj4