ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ sylwiki https://syl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%A0%9D%EA%A0%A5%EA%A0%9F_%EA%A0%9A%EA%A0%A3%EA%A0%94%EA%A0%A3 MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.3 first-letter ꠝꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠛꠤꠡꠦꠡ ꠝꠣꠔ ꠛꠦꠛꠀꠞꠈꠣꠞ꠆ꠞꠣ ꠛꠦꠛꠀꠞꠈꠣꠞ꠆ꠞꠣꠞ ꠝꠣꠔ ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠝꠣꠔ ꠚꠣꠁꠟ ꠚꠣꠁꠟ ꠟꠂꠀ ꠝꠣꠔ ꠝꠤꠒꠤꠀ-ꠃꠁꠇꠤ ꠝꠤꠒꠤꠀ-ꠃꠁꠇꠤ ꠟꠂꠀ ꠝꠣꠔ ꠐꠦꠝ꠆ꠙꠟꠦꠐ ꠐꠦꠝ꠆ꠙꠟꠦꠐ ꠟꠂꠀ ꠝꠣꠔ ꠡꠣꠁꠎ꠆ꠎ ꠡꠣꠁꠎ꠆ꠎ ꠟꠂꠀ ꠝꠣꠔ ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ ꠟꠂꠀ ꠝꠣꠔ TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 10 1025 34557 30705 2026-11-06T18:37:38Z Kandarpajit Kallol 59 /* */ 34557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Today cell|align=right}} [[ꠚꠣꠁꠟ:Wikipedia-logo-v2-syl.svg|120px|right]] * {{Font|{{ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠉꠘꠣ|ꠅꠘꠦ ꠛꠦꠁꠟ ꠛꠣꠎꠦꠞ {{CURRENTTIME}} ꠐꠣ}} ⁕|Font=Surma|size=18px}} * {{Font|{{ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠉꠘꠣ|ꠀꠁꠎꠇꠥꠞ ꠖꠤꠘ ꠙꠞꠍꠦ [[{{CURRENTDAYNAME}}|{{CURRENTDAYNAME}}]]}} ⁕|Font=Surma|size=18px}} * {{Font|{{ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠉꠘꠣ|{{CURRENTYEAR}} ꠅꠞ [[{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}|{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}}]] ꠝꠣꠡ ꠌꠟꠦꠞ}} ⁕|Font=Surma|size=18px}} * {{Font|{{ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠉꠘꠣ|[[ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠝꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠚꠣꠃꠘ꠆ꠒꠦꠡꠘ]]ꠞ [[meta:Special:MyLanguage/Language committee|ꠜꠣꠡꠣ ꠇꠝꠤꠐꠤꠄ]] ꠅꠘꠥꠝꠥꠖꠘ ꠖꠦꠅꠀꠄ [[ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ]]ꠞ ꠁ ꠙꠎꠦꠇ꠆ꠐ ꠘꠤꠎꠞ ꠅꠄꠛꠍꠣꠁꠐꠕꠘꠦ ꠌꠣꠟꠣꠁꠟ ꠎꠣꠁꠛꠅ ⁕ ꠅꠘꠟꠣꠁꠘꠅ [[ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ_ꠝꠣꠔ|ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ]] ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠄ ꠀꠙꠘꠦ ꠀꠝꠤ ꠢꠇꠟꠦ ꠟꠦꠈꠣꠟꠦꠈꠤ ꠇꠞ꠆ꠔꠣꠝ ꠙꠣꠞꠝꠥ ⁕}}|Font=Surma|size=18px}} * {{Font|ꠀꠛꠔꠞꠤ [[ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ]]ꠔ ꠢꠇꠟꠕꠣꠄ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠅꠁꠍꠦ {{ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠉꠘꠣ|{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Wp/syl}} [[ꠛꠤꠡꠦꠡ:PrefixIndex/Wp/syl|ꠙꠣꠔꠣꠁꠘ]]}} ⁕|Font=Surma|size=18px}} [[ꠐꠦꠝ꠆ꠙꠟꠦꠐ:ꠀꠡꠟ/ꠀꠁꠎ ꠇꠥꠞ ꠖꠤꠘ|« ꠀꠁꠎ ꠇꠥꠞ ꠖꠤꠘ]]<noinclude> {{documentation}} <pre> ꠅꠘꠦ ꠀꠙꠌꠦ ꠖꠤꠀ ꠖꠦꠅꠀ ꠅꠁꠟꠦꠅ ꠟꠣꠄ ꠟꠣꠄ ꠘꠤꠌꠞꠉꠥꠁꠘ ꠟꠦꠈꠤꠀ ꠌꠣꠟꠥ ꠇꠞꠟꠦ ꠜꠣꠟꠣ </pre> ; ꠀꠁꠎ ꠇꠥꠞ {{Font|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/{{ꠉꠘꠣ|{{CURRENTDAY}}_{{LOCALMONTHNAME}}}}]]|font=Surma|size=18px}} ; ꠁ ꠝꠣꠡꠞ * [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/{{ꠉꠘꠣ|1_{{LOCALMONTHNAME}}}}]] * [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/{{ꠉꠘꠣ|2_{{LOCALMONTHNAME}}}}]] * [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/{{ꠉꠘꠣ|3_{{LOCALMONTHNAME}}}}]] * [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/{{ꠉꠘꠣ|4_{{LOCALMONTHNAME}}}}]] * [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/{{ꠉꠘꠣ|5_{{LOCALMONTHNAME}}}}]] * [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/{{ꠉꠘꠣ|6_{{LOCALMONTHNAME}}}}]] * [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/{{ꠉꠘꠣ|7_{{LOCALMONTHNAME}}}}]] * [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/{{ꠉꠘꠣ|8_{{LOCALMONTHNAME}}}}]] * [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/{{ꠉꠘꠣ|9_{{LOCALMONTHNAME}}}}]] * [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/{{ꠉꠘꠣ|10_{{LOCALMONTHNAME}}}}]] * [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/{{ꠉꠘꠣ|11_{{LOCALMONTHNAME}}}}]] * [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/{{ꠉꠘꠣ|12_{{LOCALMONTHNAME}}}}]] * [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/{{ꠉꠘꠣ|13_{{LOCALMONTHNAME}}}}]] * [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/{{ꠉꠘꠣ|14_{{LOCALMONTHNAME}}}}]] * [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/{{ꠉꠘꠣ|15_{{LOCALMONTHNAME}}}}]] * [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/{{ꠉꠘꠣ|16_{{LOCALMONTHNAME}}}}]] * [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/{{ꠉꠘꠣ|17_{{LOCALMONTHNAME}}}}]] * [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/{{ꠉꠘꠣ|18_{{LOCALMONTHNAME}}}}]] * [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/{{ꠉꠘꠣ|19_{{LOCALMONTHNAME}}}}]] * [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/{{ꠉꠘꠣ|20_{{LOCALMONTHNAME}}}}]] * [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/{{ꠉꠘꠣ|21_{{LOCALMONTHNAME}}}}]] * [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/{{ꠉꠘꠣ|22_{{LOCALMONTHNAME}}}}]] * [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/{{ꠉꠘꠣ|23_{{LOCALMONTHNAME}}}}]] * [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/{{ꠉꠘꠣ|24_{{LOCALMONTHNAME}}}}]] * [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/{{ꠉꠘꠣ|25_{{LOCALMONTHNAME}}}}]] * [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/{{ꠉꠘꠣ|26_{{LOCALMONTHNAME}}}}]] * [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/{{ꠉꠘꠣ|27_{{LOCALMONTHNAME}}}}]] * [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/{{ꠉꠘꠣ|28_{{LOCALMONTHNAME}}}}]] * [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/{{ꠉꠘꠣ|29_{{LOCALMONTHNAME}}}}]] * [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/{{ꠉꠘꠣ|30_{{LOCALMONTHNAME}}}}]] * [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/{{ꠉꠘꠣ|31_{{LOCALMONTHNAME}}}}]] (ꠝꠣꠡ ꠄꠇ꠆ꠔꠤꠡꠣ ꠅꠁꠟꠦ) ;ꠛꠣꠘꠣꠁꠟ꠆ꠔꠣ ꠖꠦꠈꠤꠀ ꠎꠦꠔꠣ ꠛꠣꠘꠣꠁꠟ ꠅꠁꠍꠦꠘꠣ ꠅꠔꠣ ꠛꠣꠘꠣꠘꠤ <DynamicPageList> category=ꠀꠁꠎ ꠇꠥꠞ ꠖꠤꠘ </DynamicPageList> ; ꠀꠡꠟ ꠎꠦꠉꠣꠔ (ꠀꠙꠣꠔꠔ ꠐꠦꠇꠘꠤꠇꠦꠟ ꠇꠣꠞꠘꠦ ꠁꠈꠣꠘꠅ ꠞꠣꠈꠣ ꠅꠁꠍꠦ ꠘꠣ) [[ꠐꠦꠝ꠆ꠙꠟꠦꠐ:ꠀꠁꠎ ꠇꠥꠞ ꠖꠤꠘ]] ; ꠖꠤꠘ ꠢꠇꠟ {{ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠉꠘꠣ|1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31}} <inputbox> type=create width=35% bgcolor= default=Incubator:{{PAGENAME}}/00_ꠝꠣꠡ buttonlabel= ꠘꠄꠀ ꠇꠥꠘ꠆ꠔꠣ (+) </inputbox> {{Translate}} </noinclude> onecijtjhqx9wd4wajjs1tpgovce62o 0 2041 34568 34309 2026-11-07T07:20:29Z Amirhusenjihed 973 ꠀꠞꠧ ꠛꠣꠞꠣꠁꠍꠤ 34568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item =Q52}} '''ꠅꠤꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ''' ꠅꠁꠟ ꠄꠈ ꠛꠣꠞꠀꠔꠤ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠨ ꠛꠣꠇ꠆ꠇꠣꠝꠣꠔꠤ ꠨ ꠎꠦꠍꠣ ꠢꠣꠝꠣꠘꠤ ꠨ ꠚꠤꠞꠤ ꠇꠘꠐꠦꠘꠐꠞ ꠄꠉꠥ ꠇꠥꠟꠣꠝꠦꠟꠣ ꠉꠤꠀꠘꠇꠥꠑꠣ ꠨ ꠎꠦꠉꠥ ꠀꠘꠣꠚꠄꠡꠣꠞ ꠅꠤꠇꠤꠝꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠚꠣꠃꠘ꠆ꠒꠦꠡꠘꠞ ꠍꠣꠙꠥꠐꠦ ꠌꠟꠦ ⁕ ꠖꠥꠘꠤꠀꠎꠥꠠꠤ ꠅꠟꠣꠘ꠆ꠐꠤꠀꠞ ꠢꠇꠟꠦ ꠛꠣꠞꠀꠔꠤ ꠟꠦꠈꠣꠖꠤ {{ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠉꠘꠣ|301 ꠐꠣ ꠝꠣꠔꠦ ꠅꠤꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀꠔ ꠙꠦꠞꠣꠄ 40 ꠝꠤꠟꠤꠅꠘ ꠚꠣꠘꠣ ꠟꠦꠈꠍꠂꠘ ꠨ ꠎꠣꠞ ꠝꠣꠏꠦ ꠈꠣꠟꠤ ꠁꠋꠞꠦꠎꠤ ꠅꠤꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀꠔꠅ ꠞꠁꠍꠦ 58 ꠟꠣꠈꠞ ꠛꠦꠡꠤ ꠙꠣꠔꠣ}}⁕ ꠎꠦꠍꠣꠄ ꠅꠦꠛꠍꠣꠁꠐꠧ ꠢꠣꠝꠣꠁꠀ ꠎꠦꠍꠣ ꠚꠣꠘꠣ ꠟꠦꠈꠔꠣ ꠙꠣꠞꠂꠘ ꠨ ꠎꠦꠔꠣ ꠛꠣꠞꠀꠔꠦ ꠁꠘ꠆ꠐꠣꠞꠘꠦꠐꠞ ꠡꠛꠍꠦ ꠛꠠ ꠀꠞ ꠡꠛꠕꠘꠦ ꠙꠍꠘꠈꠞꠣ ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘ ꠔꠁꠔ꠆ꠕꠡꠥꠔ꠆ꠞꠞ ꠊꠣꠐꠔꠤ ꠝꠤꠐꠣꠄ ⁕ {{ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠉꠘꠣ|ꠎꠣꠘꠥꠀꠞꠤ 15 ꠨ 2001 }}ꠡꠣꠟ ꠎꠤꠝꠤ ꠅꠦꠟꠍ ꠀꠞ ꠀꠞ ꠟꠦꠞꠤ ꠍꠣꠋꠉꠣꠞ ꠅꠤꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠌꠣꠟꠥ ꠇꠞꠂꠘ ꠨ ꠛꠣꠖꠦ 'ꠅꠤꠇꠤ' (ꠛꠣꠞꠀꠔꠤ ꠟꠦꠈꠣꠞ ꠅꠦꠛꠍꠣꠁꠐꠅ) ꠀꠞ 'ꠉꠤꠀꠘꠇꠥꠑꠣ' ꠘꠣꠝ ꠝꠤꠟꠣꠁꠀ ꠁ ꠅꠦꠛꠍꠣꠁꠐꠞ ꠘꠣꠝ ꠞꠣꠈꠂꠘ ⁕ ꠅꠤꠇꠤ ꠝꠣꠘꠦ ꠐꠦꠐ꠆ꠐꠦꠞꠣꠁꠀ ꠀꠐꠣ ⁕ ꠛꠣꠞꠀꠔꠤ ꠝꠣꠘꠡꠞ ꠕꠥꠠꠣ-ꠕꠥꠠꠣ ꠟꠦꠈꠣꠖꠤ ꠁ ꠅꠦꠛꠍꠣꠁꠐ ꠉꠠꠤꠀ ꠃꠓꠍꠦ ⁕ ꠅꠘꠦ ꠁꠉꠥ ꠁꠘ꠆ꠐꠣꠞꠘꠦꠐꠞ ꠡꠛꠍꠦ ꠛꠠ ꠀꠞ ꠡꠛꠕꠘꠦ ꠙꠍꠘꠈꠞꠣ ꠔꠁꠔ꠆ꠕꠡꠥꠔ꠆ꠞꠞ ꠉꠥꠖꠣꠝ ꠢꠤꠡꠣꠛꠦ ꠛꠦꠛꠀꠞ ꠅꠄ ⁕ {{ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠉꠘꠣ|2006 ꠡꠣꠟꠅ }}꠨ ꠐꠣꠁꠝ ꠝꠦꠉꠣꠎꠤꠘ ꠡꠤꠇ꠆ꠞꠤꠔꠤ ꠖꠦꠄ ꠎꠦ ꠨ ꠅꠤꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ (ꠁꠃꠐꠤꠃꠛ ꠨ ꠞꠦꠒꠤꠐ ꠨ ꠝꠣꠁ-ꠍ꠆ꠙꠦꠁꠍ ꠨ ꠀꠞ ꠚꠦꠁꠍꠛꠥꠇꠞ ꠟꠉꠦꠟꠉꠦ) ꠖꠥꠘꠤꠀꠎꠥꠠꠤ ꠟꠣꠈ-ꠟꠣꠈ ꠝꠣꠘꠡꠞ ꠅꠘꠟꠣꠁꠘ ꠡꠅꠎꠥꠉꠤꠔꠣꠄ ꠗꠥꠝꠍꠦ ꠛꠣꠠꠔꠦ ꠀꠍꠦ ⁕ ꠀꠞ ꠅꠤꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠞ ꠙꠣꠔꠣꠁꠘ꠆ꠔ ꠟꠉꠟꠉ ꠈꠛꠞ ꠡꠁꠋꠇ꠆ꠞꠣꠘ꠆ꠔ ꠎꠟꠖꠤ ꠀꠟꠘꠣꠉꠣꠖꠞ ꠟꠣꠉꠤ ꠁꠇꠐꠣ ꠄꠈꠐꠣ ꠡꠋꠛꠣꠖ ꠡꠥꠔ꠆ꠞ ꠢꠤꠡꠣꠛꠦꠅ ꠘꠣꠝꠒꠣꠇ ꠙꠣꠁꠍꠦ ⁕ ꠅꠤꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠅꠦꠛꠍꠣꠁꠐ ꠈꠥꠟꠣ ꠡꠤꠡꠐꠝꠞ ꠅꠅꠣꠄ ꠁꠘꠧ ꠟꠦꠈꠣꠞ ꠝꠣꠘ ꠨ ꠇꠣꠐꠣꠇꠥꠐꠤ ꠀꠞ ꠔꠁꠔ꠆ꠕꠞ ꠡꠂꠔ꠆ꠔꠔꠣ ꠞꠇ꠆ꠇꠣ ꠇꠞꠣꠞ ꠖꠣꠄ ꠛꠃꠔ ꠃꠁꠖ꠆ꠖꠥꠉ ꠟꠅꠣ ꠅꠄ ⁕ ꠔꠄ ꠨ ꠇꠤꠍꠥ ꠙꠣꠔꠣꠁꠘ꠆ꠔ ꠀꠘꠣꠎꠣꠍꠣꠁ ꠛꠣ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠗꠥ ꠔꠁꠔ꠆ꠕꠞ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ꠎꠤꠔ ꠙꠣꠞꠦ ⁕ == ꠛꠦꠥꠔ꠆ꠙꠔ꠆ꠔꠤ == '''ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ''' (''Wikipedia'') ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠐꠤ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠙꠧꠞ꠆ꠐꠝ꠆ꠝꠣꠘ꠆ꠐꠧ ꠛꠣ ꠝꠤꠡ꠆ꠞ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖ, ꠎꠣ ꠢꠣꠅꠀꠁꠀꠘ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖ ''ꠃꠁꠇꠤ'' (''wiki'') ꠄꠛꠋ ꠁꠋꠞꠦꠎꠤ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖ ''ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠟꠧꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ'' (''encyclopedia'')-ꠞ ꠡꠝꠘ꠆ꠘꠁꠄ ꠉꠑꠤꠔ। ꠄꠁ ꠘꠣꠝꠇꠞꠘꠦꠞ ꠝꠣꠗ꠆ꠗꠝꠦ ꠝꠥꠟꠔ ꠄꠝꠘ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠇꠦ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠖꠦꠡ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠁ, ꠎꠣ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞꠇꠣꠞꠤꠞꠣ ꠖ꠆ꠞꠥꠔ ꠅ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠝꠤꠟꠤꠔꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠣꠖꠘꠣ ꠇꠞꠔꠦ ꠙꠣꠞꠦꠘ। ২০০১ ꠈ꠆ꠞꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠦ [[ꠟꠦꠣꠞꠤ ꠡꠦꠣꠋꠉꠣꠞ]] ꠄꠁ ꠘꠣꠝꠐꠤ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠡ꠆ꠔꠣꠛ ꠇꠞꠦꠘ।<ref name="Sidener">{{ꠡꠋꠛꠣꠖ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Wikipedia co-founder looks for new challenges |ꠀꠘꠥꠖꠤꠔ-ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀꠞ ꠡꠢ-ꠙ꠆ꠞꠔꠤꠡ꠆ꠑꠣꠔꠣ ꠘꠔꠥꠘ ꠌꠦꠣꠟꠦꠘ꠆ꠎꠦꠞ ꠡꠘ꠆ꠗꠣꠘ ꠇꠞꠍꠦꠘ |ꠜꠣꠡꠣ=en |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=ꠡꠣꠁꠒꠘꠣꠞ |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=ꠎꠧꠘꠣꠕꠘ |ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=December 6, 2006 |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/business/technology/sdut-wikipedia-co-founder-looks-for-new-challenges-2006dec06-story.html |ꠅꠁꠄꠛꠡꠣꠁꠐ=[[ꠖꠦ ꠡꠦꠣꠘ ꠒꠤꠁꠄꠉꠧ ꠁꠃꠘꠤꠁꠘ-ꠐ꠆ꠞꠤꠛꠤꠃꠘ]] |ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=December 13, 2025 }}{{ꠀꠇꠣꠞ꠆ꠞꠇꠞ ꠡꠋꠎꠧꠉ|ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=ꠎꠥꠘ ২০২৬ |bot=InternetArchiveBot |ꠑꠤꠇ ꠇꠞꠣꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠌꠦꠡ꠆ꠐꠣ=yes }}</ref> ꠘꠣꠝꠐꠤꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ '<nowiki/>''ꠃꠁꠇꠤ''<nowiki/>' ({{wikt-lang|haw|wiki}}) ꠄꠇꠐꠤ [[ꠢꠣꠅꠀꠁꠀꠘ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ|ꠢꠣꠅꠀꠁꠀꠘ]] ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖ, ꠎꠣꠞ ꠅꠞ꠆ꠕ ꠢꠟꠧ 'ꠖ꠆ꠞꠥꠔ'।<ref>{{ꠅꠁꠄꠛ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Hawaiian Words; Hawaiian to English |ꠀꠘꠥꠖꠤꠔ-ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=ꠢꠣꠅꠀꠁꠀꠘ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖ; ꠢꠣꠅꠀꠁꠀꠘ ꠕꠦꠇꠦ ꠁꠋꠞꠦꠎꠤ |ꠜꠣꠡꠣ=en |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://www.mauimapp.com/moolelo/hwnwdshw.htm |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ-ꠀꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣ=live |ꠀꠞ꠆ꠇꠣꠁꠜꠦꠞ-ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914154748/https://www.mauimapp.com/moolelo/hwnwdshw.htm |ꠀꠞ꠆ꠇꠣꠁꠜꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=September 14, 2008 |ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=September 19, 2008 |ꠅꠁꠄꠛꠡꠣꠁꠐ=mauimapp.com}}</ref> ꠢꠣꠅꠀꠁꠀꠘ ꠗꠘꠤꠔꠔ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠛ ꠀꠘꠥꠡꠣꠞꠦ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠌꠟꠜꠦꠖꠦ ꠄꠁ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠦꠞ ꠃꠌ꠆ꠌꠣꠞꠘꠦ ꠜꠤꠘ꠆ꠘꠔꠣ ꠖꠦꠈꠣ ꠎꠣꠁ (ꠎꠦꠝꠘ: {{IPA|['wiki]|lang=haw}} ꠛꠣ {{IPA|['viti]|lang=haw}})।{{ꠁꠄꠚꠄꠘ|ꠢꠣꠅꠀꠁꠀꠘ {{IPA|/w/|lang=haw}} [[ꠗꠘꠤꠔꠔ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠛ|ꠗ꠆ꠗꠘꠤꠐꠤ]] {{IPA|[w]|lang=haw}} ꠄꠛꠋ {{IPA|[v]|lang=haw}}-ꠄꠞ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠙꠞꠤꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠔ ꠢꠁ, ꠄꠛꠋ {{IPA|/k/|lang=haw}} ꠗꠘꠤꠐꠤ {{IPA|[k]|lang=haw}} ꠄꠛꠋ {{IPA|[t]|lang=haw}}-ꠄꠞ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠙꠞꠤꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠔ ꠢꠁ। ꠔꠣꠁ ꠢꠣꠅꠀꠁꠀꠘ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖ ''wiki''-ꠄꠞ ꠃꠌ꠆ꠌꠣꠞꠘ {{IPA|['wiki]|lang=haw}}, {{IPA|['witi]|lang=haw}}, {{IPA|['viki]|lang=haw}}, ꠄꠛꠋ {{IPA|['viti]|lang=haw}}-ꠄꠞ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠙꠞꠤꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠔ ꠢꠔꠦ ꠙꠣꠞꠦ। ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠔ ꠖꠦꠈꠥꠘ: [[ꠢꠣꠅꠀꠁꠀꠘ ꠗꠘꠤꠔꠔ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠛ]]।}} ꠁꠘ꠆ꠐꠣꠞꠘꠦꠐꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞꠇꠣꠞꠤ-ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠣꠖꠘꠣꠎꠧꠉ꠆ꠉ ꠅꠁꠄꠛꠡꠣꠁꠐ ''[[ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠃꠁꠇꠤꠅꠁꠄꠛ]]'' (''WikiWikiWeb'')-ꠄꠞ ꠎꠘꠇ [[ꠅꠀꠞ꠆ꠒ ꠇꠣꠘꠤꠋꠢꠣꠝ]] ꠄꠁ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠐꠤ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔꠤꠉꠔ ꠙꠞꠤꠝꠘ꠆ꠒꠟꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞ ꠇꠞꠦꠘ। ১৯৯৫ ꠈ꠆ꠞꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠦ ꠇꠣꠘꠤꠋꠢꠣꠝ ꠔꠣꠞ ꠡꠚꠐꠅꠀꠞ ꠅ ꠅꠁꠄꠛꠡꠣꠁꠐꠐꠤ ꠔꠂꠞꠤ ꠇꠞꠣꠞ ꠡꠝꠁ ꠔꠕ꠆ꠕ ꠛꠦꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠙꠘꠣꠞ 'ꠖ꠆ꠞꠥꠔ'ꠔꠣ ꠛꠣ 'ꠔꠣꠔ꠆ꠈꠘꠤꠇ' ꠉꠔꠤꠞ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠐꠤ ꠛꠥꠏꠣꠘꠧꠞ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠖꠦꠡ꠆ꠡꠦ ꠄꠞ ꠘꠣꠝ '''ꠇꠥꠁꠇ-ꠅꠁꠄꠛ''<nowiki/>' (''QuickWeb'') ꠞꠣꠈꠣꠞ ꠙꠞꠤꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠦ '<nowiki/>''ꠃꠁꠇꠤ''<nowiki/>' ꠛꠦꠍꠦ ꠘꠦꠘ। ꠢꠘꠟꠥꠟꠥ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠔꠞ꠆ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠇ ꠛꠤꠝꠣꠘꠛꠘ꠆ꠖꠞꠦ ꠎꠣꠔꠣꠀꠔꠦꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠤꠔ 'ꠃꠁꠇꠤ ꠃꠁꠇꠤ ꠡꠣꠐꠟ' ꠛꠣꠡ ꠖꠦꠈꠦ ꠔꠤꠘꠤ ꠄꠁ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠐꠤꠔꠦ ꠀꠘꠥꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠘꠤꠔ ꠢꠁꠄꠍꠤꠟꠦꠘ।<ref>{{ꠅꠁꠄꠛ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=What is a Wiki |ꠀꠘꠥꠖꠤꠔ-ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=ꠃꠁꠇꠤ ꠇꠤ |ꠜꠣꠡꠣ=en |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=ꠇꠣꠘꠤꠋꠢꠣꠝ |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=ꠅꠀꠞ꠆ꠒ |ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=June 27, 2002 |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=http://wiki.c2.com/?WhatIsWiki |ꠅꠁꠄꠛꠡꠣꠁꠐ=ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠃꠁꠇꠤꠅꠁꠄꠛ |ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=December 13, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=A dictionary of the Hawaiian language to which is appended an English-Hawaiian vocabulary and a chronological table of remarkable events |ꠀꠘꠥꠖꠤꠔ-ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=ꠢꠣꠅꠀꠁꠀꠘ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘ ꠎꠣꠞ ꠡꠣꠕꠦ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠁꠋꠞꠦꠎꠤ-ꠢꠣꠅꠀꠁꠀꠘ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠜꠣꠘ꠆ꠒꠣꠞ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠃꠟ꠆ꠟꠦꠈꠎꠧꠉ꠆ꠉ ꠊꠐꠘꠣꠛꠟꠤꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠇꠣꠟꠣꠘꠥꠇ꠆ꠞꠝꠤꠇ ꠡꠣꠞꠘꠤ ꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠁꠄꠍꠦ |ꠜꠣꠡꠣ=en |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=অ꠆অꠣꠘ꠆ꠒ꠆ꠞꠥꠎ |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=ꠟꠞꠤꠘ |ꠛꠍꠞ=1865 |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofhawa00andrrich/ |ꠙꠣꠔꠣ=514 |ꠀꠞ꠆ꠇꠣꠁꠜꠦꠞ-ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815064248/https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofhawa00andrrich/ |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=ꠢꠦꠘꠞꠤ ꠄꠝ. ꠢꠥꠁꠐꠘꠤ |ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=June 1, 2014 |ꠀꠞ꠆ꠇꠣꠁꠜꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=August 15, 2014 |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ-ꠀꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣ=live}}</ref> ꠘꠣꠝꠇꠞꠘꠦꠞ ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ '<nowiki/>''ꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ''<nowiki/>' ꠁꠋꠞꠦꠎꠤ ''ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠟꠧꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ'' (''Encyclopedia'') ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖ ꠕꠦꠇꠦ ꠉꠤꠢꠤꠔ ꠢꠁꠄꠍꠦ। ꠛꠦꠥꠔ꠆ꠙꠔ꠆ꠔꠤꠉꠔꠜꠣꠛꠦ, ''ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠟꠧꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ'' ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠐꠤ ꠄꠡꠦꠍꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠌꠤꠘ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠤꠇ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠉꠥꠌ꠆ꠍ ''ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠟꠤꠅꠡ ꠙꠦꠁꠒꠤꠀ'' (''enkyklios paideia'') ꠕꠦꠇꠦ। ꠄꠈꠣꠘꠦ ''ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠟꠤꠅꠡ'' (''enkyklios'')-ꠄꠞ ꠅꠞ꠆ꠕ 'ꠛꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠣꠇꠣꠞ' ꠛꠣ 'ꠙꠥꠘꠞꠣꠛꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠤꠝꠥꠟꠇ' ꠄꠛꠋ ''ꠙꠦꠁꠒꠤꠀ'' (''paideia'')-ꠄꠞ ꠅꠞ꠆ꠕ 'ꠡꠤꠈꠣ' ꠛꠣ 'ꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘꠌꠞ꠆ꠌꠣ'। ꠡꠣꠝꠉ꠆ꠞꠤꠇꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠄꠞ ꠅꠞ꠆ꠕ ꠖꠣꠋꠞꠣꠁ 'ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘ ꠡꠤꠈꠣꠞ ꠛꠤꠔ꠆ꠔ' ꠛꠣ 'ꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘꠦꠞ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠘ ꠜꠣꠘ꠆ꠒꠣꠞ'।<ref>{{ꠅꠁꠄꠛ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Encyclopedia |ꠀꠘꠥꠖꠤꠔ-ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠟꠧꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ |ꠜꠣꠡꠣ=en |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://www.etymonline.com/word/encyclopedia |ꠅꠁꠄꠛꠡꠣꠁꠐ=[[ꠀꠘꠟꠣꠁꠘ ꠄꠐꠤꠝꠧꠟꠎꠤ ꠒꠤꠇꠡꠘꠣꠞꠤ]] |ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=December 13, 2025}}</ref> ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠘꠣꠝꠐꠤ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠘꠦꠞ ꠝꠣꠗ꠆ꠗꠝꠦ ꠔꠣꠁ '<nowiki/>''ꠃꠁꠇꠤ''<nowiki/>' ꠙ꠆ꠞꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔꠤꠞ ꠉꠔꠤꠡꠤꠟꠔꠣ ꠄꠛꠋ '''ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠟꠧꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ'ꠞ'' ꠉꠜꠤꠞꠔꠣ—ꠃꠜꠁ ꠗꠣꠞꠘꠣꠇꠦꠁ ꠄꠇꠔ꠆ꠞꠤꠔ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠁꠄꠍꠦ। ꠙ꠆ꠞꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔꠤꠉꠔ ꠀꠞ꠆ꠕꠦ, '''ꠃꠁꠇꠤ''<nowiki/>' ꠢꠟꠧ ꠄꠇ ꠗꠞꠘꠦꠞ [[ꠢꠣꠁꠙꠣꠞꠐꠦꠇ꠆ꠡꠐ]] ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠘꠣ ꠛꠣ [[ꠅꠁꠄꠛ অꠦꠣꠙ꠆ꠟꠤꠇꠦꠡꠘ]], ꠎꠣ [[ꠅꠁꠄꠛ ꠛ꠆ꠞꠣꠃꠎꠣꠞ|ꠅꠁꠄꠛ ꠛ꠆ꠞꠣꠃꠎꠣꠞꠦꠞ]] ꠝꠣꠗ꠆ꠗꠝꠦ ꠙꠣꠑꠇꠞꠣ ꠛꠣ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞꠇꠣꠞꠤꠞꠣ ꠡꠞꠣꠡꠞꠤ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠝꠤꠟꠤꠔꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠣꠖꠘꠣ ꠅ ꠙꠞꠤꠌꠣꠟꠘꠣ ꠇꠞꠦꠘ। ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘ ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠔꠦ ꠛꠢꠥꠡꠋꠈ꠆ꠈꠇ ꠙꠣꠔꠣ ꠕꠣꠇꠦ, ꠎꠣ ꠡꠞ꠆ꠞꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘꠦꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠃꠘ꠆ꠝꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠢꠔꠦ ꠙꠣꠞꠦ ꠇꠤꠋꠛꠣ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠔꠤꠡ꠆ꠑꠣꠘꠦꠞ ꠀꠜ꠆ꠜꠘ꠆ꠔꠞꠤꠘ [[ꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘꠜꠣꠘ꠆ꠒꠣꠞ]] ꠛꠣ ꠘꠟꠦꠎ ꠛꠦꠡ ꠢꠤꠡꠦꠛꠦ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞꠦꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠡꠤꠝꠣꠛꠖ꠆ꠗ ꠕꠣꠇꠔꠦ ꠙꠣꠞꠦ।<ref>{{ꠅꠁꠄꠛ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Wiki {{!}} Definition & Facts |ꠀꠘꠥꠖꠤꠔ-ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=ꠃꠁꠇꠤ {{!}} ꠡꠋꠉꠤꠀꠣ ꠅ ꠔꠕ꠆ꠕ |ꠜꠣꠡꠣ=en |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://www.britannica.com/topic/wiki |ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=2025-05-19 |ꠅꠁꠄꠛꠡꠣꠁꠐ=ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠟꠧꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠛ꠆ꠞꠤꠐꠣꠘꠤꠇꠣ}}</ref><ref>{{ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Wikipedia, 3.5 million articles and counting |ꠀꠘꠥꠖꠤꠔ-ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ, ৩৫ ꠟꠈ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠉꠘꠘꠣ ꠌꠟꠍꠦ |ꠜꠣꠡꠣ=en |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=ꠢꠣꠡꠣꠘ |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=ꠢꠤꠖꠣꠞ |ꠛꠍꠞ=2012 |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://archive.org/details/wikipedia35milli0000hasa/page/11 |ꠙꠣꠔꠣ=[https://archive.org/details/wikipedia35milli0000hasa/page/11 11] |ꠀꠞ꠆ꠇꠣꠁꠜꠦꠞ-ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026122531/https://archive.org/details/wikipedia35milli0000hasa/page/11 |ꠀꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘ=ꠘꠤꠃ ꠁꠁꠞ꠆ꠇ |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=ꠞꠧꠡꠦꠘ ꠡꠦꠘ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠞꠣꠟ |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=9781448855575 |ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=August 6, 2019 |ꠀꠞ꠆ꠇꠣꠁꠜꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=October 26, 2019 |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ-ꠀꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣ=live}}</ref> == ꠁꠔꠤꠀꠡ == {{Multiple image | footer = ꠎꠤꠝꠤ ꠅꠄꠟ꠆ꠍ (ꠛꠣꠃꠄꠖꠤ) ꠀꠞ ꠟꠦꠞꠤ ꠍꠣꠋꠉꠣꠞ (ꠒꠣꠁꠘꠦꠖꠤ) | width = 120 | image1 = Jimmy Wales Fundraiser Appeal.JPG | image2 = L Sanger.jpg }} ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠡꠥꠞꠥ ꠅꠁꠍꠤꠟ ꠘꠥꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ'ꠞ ꠄꠈ ꠛꠣꠠꠣꠁꠟ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠎꠦꠇ꠆ꠐ ꠢꠤꠡꠣꠛꠦ ⁕ ꠘꠥꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠅꠁꠟ ꠁꠋꠟꠤꠡ ꠝꠣꠔꠦ ꠄꠉꠥ ꠇꠥꠟꠣꠝꠦꠟꠣ ꠉꠤꠀꠘꠇꠥꠐꠣ ꠎꠦꠘꠅ ꠎꠣꠘ꠆ꠞꠣ-ꠢꠥꠘ꠆ꠞꠣꠁꠘ꠆ꠔꠦ ꠟꠤꠇꠤꠀ ꠕꠣꠈꠂꠘ ꠀꠞ ꠁꠉꠥꠔ ꠄꠈ ꠡꠥꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠖꠤꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠚꠖ꠆ꠖꠔꠤꠔꠦ ꠟꠦꠈꠣꠟꠦꠇꠤ ꠈꠞꠣ ꠅꠄ ⁕ 'ꠛꠝꠤꠎ ꠁꠘ꠆ꠇ' ꠘꠣꠝꠞ ꠄꠈ ꠅꠄꠛ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠐꠣꠟ ꠚꠔꠤꠡ꠆ꠑꠣꠘ {{ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠉꠘꠣ|9 ꠝꠣꠞ꠆ꠌ 2000 }}ꠘꠥꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀꠞ ꠈꠣꠁꠞ꠆ꠎꠇ꠆ꠞꠝ ꠡꠥꠞꠥ ꠈꠞꠦ ⁕ ꠁꠘꠅ ꠝꠥꠟ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡ ꠀꠍꠟꠣ ꠛꠝꠤꠇ-ꠅꠞ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠛꠣꠁ ꠚꠞꠤꠍꠣꠟꠇ ꠎꠤꠝꠤ ꠅꠄꠟꠍ꠆ ꠀꠞ ꠚꠗꠣꠘ ꠟꠦꠈꠞꠣ ꠟꠦꠞꠤ ꠡꠣꠋꠉꠣꠞ ꠨ ꠎꠦꠞꠣ ꠛꠣꠖꠦ ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀꠞ ꠟꠉꠦ ꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠅꠁꠘ ⁕ ꠘꠥꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠚꠤꠞꠤ ꠔꠁꠔ꠆ꠔ ꠟꠣꠁꠍꠦꠘ꠆ꠍꠞ ꠅꠗꠤꠘꠦ ꠍꠟꠍꠤꠟ ; ꠔꠄ ꠞꠤꠌꠣꠞ꠆ꠒ ꠁꠍꠐꠟꠝꠦꠘ ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠈꠣꠁꠞ꠆ꠎꠇ꠆ꠞꠝꠞ ꠟꠉꠦ ꠎꠥꠖ ꠖꠤꠛꠣꠞ ꠛꠣꠖꠦ ꠉꠘꠥ ꠚꠤꠞꠤ ꠒꠇꠥꠝꠦꠘ꠆ꠐꠦꠡꠘ ꠟꠣꠁꠍꠦꠘ꠆ꠍ ꠛꠖꠟꠣꠘꠤ ꠅꠁ ꠎꠣꠄ ⁕ ==ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ== ꠅꠤꠇꠤꠒꠣꠐꠣꠞ ꠔꠁꠔ꠆ꠔ ꠅꠘꠥꠎꠣꠁ [[ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ]] {{ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠉꠘꠣ|5 ꠎꠥꠟꠣꠁ 2014 }}ꠕꠘꠦ ꠅꠤꠇꠤꠝꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠁꠘ꠆ꠇꠤꠃꠛꠦꠐꠞ ꠅ ꠐꠦꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠙꠎꠦꠇ꠆ꠐ ꠢꠤꠡꠣꠛꠦ ꠀꠛꠧ ꠀꠍꠦ ⁕ <ref>Q2044560. (2023 ꠨ April 13). Wikidata. Retrieved 09:19 ꠨ April 30 ꠨ 2023</ref> {{ꠢꠦꠡꠝꠦꠡ}} * [[ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠈꠛꠞ]] {{ꠟꠇ}} [[ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠝꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠙꠇꠟ꠆ꠙꠁꠘ]] 2zbzymk63gknuybepaus6kys104he9q 0 2164 34562 29751 2026-11-07T05:00:50Z Amirhusenjihed 973 ꠑꠤꠇ ꠇꠞꠍꠤꠞꠦ 34562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ꠇꠥꠠꠤ}} {{ꠔꠁꠔ꠆ꠔꠞ ꠛꠥꠁꠀꠝ|item=Q5292}} '''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (ꠀꠋꠞꠦꠎꠤ: Encyclopedia) [[File:Brockhaus Lexikon.jpg|thumb|300px|''[[Brockhaus ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ]]'']] [[File:Print Wikipedia by Michael Mandiberg, NYC June 18, 2015-31.jpg|thumb|300px|ꠡꠋꠎꠧꠉ=[[File:Print Wikipedia by Michael Mandiberg, NYC June 18, 2015–31]].jpg|alt=ꠁꠋꠞꠦꠎꠤ{{ꠀꠇꠣꠞ꠆ꠞꠇꠞ ꠡꠋꠎꠧꠉ|ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=ꠡꠦꠙ꠆ꠐꠦꠝ꠆ꠛꠞ ২০২১ |bot=InternetArchiveBot |ꠑꠤꠇ ꠇꠞꠣꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠌꠦꠡ꠆ꠐꠣ=yes }} ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀꠞ ꠝꠥꠖ꠆ꠞꠤꠔ ꠡꠋꠡ꠆ꠇꠞꠘ (ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ)। ৭৪৭৩ ꠐꠤ ꠈꠘ꠆ꠒꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠤꠔ ꠎꠣꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠔꠤꠐꠤꠔꠦ ৭০ ꠙꠤꠡ꠆ꠑꠣ ꠞꠁꠄꠍꠦ। ꠄꠔꠦ ১১।৫ ꠝꠤꠟꠤꠅꠘ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗ ꠞꠁꠄꠍꠦ ꠎꠣꠞ ꠡꠥꠌꠤꠙꠔ꠆ꠞꠦꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ৯১ ꠐꠤ ꠈꠘ꠆ꠒ ꠟꠦꠉꠦꠍꠦ।|ꠕꠣꠝ꠆ꠛ|২০১৫ ꠔꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠤꠔ, ꠁꠋꠞꠦꠎꠤ ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀꠞ ꠝꠥꠖ꠆ꠞꠤꠔ ꠡꠋꠡ꠆ꠇꠞꠘ (ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ)। ৭৪৭৩ ꠐꠤ ꠈꠘ꠆ꠒꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠤꠔ ꠎꠣꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠔꠤꠐꠤꠔꠦ ৭০০ ꠙꠤꠡ꠆ꠑꠣ ꠞꠁꠄꠍꠦ।ꠄꠔꠦ ১১.৫ ꠝꠤꠟꠤꠅꠘ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗ ꠞꠁꠄꠍꠦ ꠎꠣꠞ ꠡꠥꠌꠤꠙꠔ꠆ꠞꠦꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ৯১ ꠐꠤ ꠈꠘ꠆ꠒ ꠟꠦꠉꠦꠍꠦ।]] [[File:Encyclopaedia Britannica 15 with 2002.jpg|thumb|300px|[[ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠟꠧꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠛ꠆ꠞꠤꠐꠣꠘꠤꠇꠣ]] -ꠄꠞ ১৫ ꠔꠝ ꠡꠋꠡ꠆ꠇꠞꠘꠦꠞ ꠈꠘ꠆ꠒꠉꠥꠟꠧ (২০০২ ꠡꠣꠟꠦꠞ ꠈꠘ꠆ꠒ) ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠘ꠆ꠕꠣꠉꠣꠞꠦꠞ ꠖꠥꠐꠤ ꠛꠁꠁꠄꠞ ꠔꠣꠇ ꠎꠥꠞꠦꠄ ꠞꠁꠄꠍꠦ।]] [[File:Ringelbergius, 'Lucubrationes...KYKLOPEDEIA...' ed. Basel 1541 original.JPG|thumb|right|ꠟꠥꠇꠥꠛ꠆ꠞꠦꠡꠘꠡ ꠄꠞ ১৫৪১ ꠡꠣꠟꠦꠞ ꠡꠋꠡ꠆ꠇꠞꠘꠦꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠙꠣꠔꠣ। ꠘꠣꠝꠦ encyclopedia -ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠐꠤꠞ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠞꠘ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠄꠐꠤ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠍꠤꠟ।]] '''ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ''' ([[ꠁꠋꠞꠦꠎꠤ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ|ꠁꠋꠞꠦꠎꠤ]]: encyclopedia ꠄꠞ [[ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ|ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣ]] ꠙꠞꠤꠜꠣꠡꠣ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ) ꠢꠟꠧ ꠡꠇꠟ ꠡꠣꠈꠣ ꠛꠣ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠖꠤꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠡꠣꠈꠣꠞ ꠡꠝꠘ꠆ꠘꠤꠔ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠛꠣ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠖꠦꠡꠇ ꠇꠣꠎ, ꠎꠣꠔꠦ ꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘꠦꠞ ꠡꠣꠞꠡꠋꠈꠦꠙ ꠞꠄꠍꠦ।<ref>{{ꠅꠄꠛ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Encyclopedia. |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=http://library.rcc.edu/riverside/glossaryoflibraryterms.htm#e |ꠀꠞ꠆ꠇꠣꠁꠜꠦꠞ-ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://web.archive.org/web/20070803182506/http://library.rcc.edu/riverside/glossaryoflibraryterms.htm#e |ꠀꠞ꠆ꠇꠣꠁꠜꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=August 3, 2007}} Glossary of Library Terms. Riverside City College, Digital Library/Learning Resource Center. Retrieved on: November 17, 2007.</ref> ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦ ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘꠔ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗ ꠛꠣ ꠄꠘ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠞꠤ ꠕꠣꠇꠦ, ꠎꠣ ꠘꠣꠝꠦꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠀꠈꠞꠣꠘꠥꠡꠣꠞꠦ ꠛꠣ ꠇꠈꠘꠧ ꠇꠈꠘꠧ ꠛꠤꠡꠄꠞ ꠜꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠤꠔꠦ ꠡꠣꠎꠣꠘꠧ ꠢꠁ।<ref name=DOLencyclopedia>{{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ১=Hartmann |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ১=R. R. K. |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ২=James |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ২=Gregory |ꠛꠍꠞ=1998 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Dictionary of Lexicography |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=Routledge |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=978-0-415-14143-7 |ꠙꠣꠔꠣ=48 |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://books.google.com/books?id=49NZ12icE-QC&q=%22encyclopedic%20dictionary%22%2Bencyclopedia&pg=PA49 |ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=July 27, 2010}}</ref> ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘꠦꠞ ꠌꠦꠄ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠀꠇꠣꠞ ꠛꠞꠅ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠔꠤꠔ ꠢꠁ।<ref name=DOLencyclopedia /> ꠀꠘ꠆ꠘꠇꠕꠣꠎ় [[ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘ]] ꠎꠦꠈꠣꠘꠦ ꠇꠦꠘ꠆ꠖ꠆ꠞ ꠢꠌ꠆ꠍꠦ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠦꠞ ꠛꠥꠔ꠆ꠙꠔ꠆ꠔꠤ, ꠃꠌ꠆ꠌꠣꠞꠘ, ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠛꠦꠣꠇꠞꠘꠜꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠤꠇ ꠞꠥꠙꠦꠞ ꠝꠔꠧ [[ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠛꠤꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘ]] ꠞꠦ ꠛꠤꠡꠎ়ꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠡꠦꠈꠣꠘꠦ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗꠦꠞ ꠛꠤꠡꠅꠞ [[ꠛꠣꠡ꠆ꠔꠛ ꠡꠔ꠆ꠔ]] ꠘꠤꠅ ꠀꠟꠧꠌꠘꠣ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠎ়।<ref name=bejoint>Béjoint, Henri (2000). [https://books.google.com/books?id=DJ8gwtomUpMC&lpg=PA30&dq=lexicography%20translated%20encyclopedia%20dictionary&pg=PA30 ''Modern Lexicography''], pp. 30–31. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-829951-6}}</ref><ref name=EB>{{ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Encyclopaedia |ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ=Encyclopædia Britannica |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia |ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=July 27, 2010 |ꠃꠇ꠆ꠔꠤ=An English lexicographer, H.W. Fowler, wrote in the preface to the first edition (1911) of ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English language'' that a dictionary is concerned with the uses of words and phrases and with giving information about the things for which they stand only so far as current use of the words depends upon knowledge of those things. The emphasis in an encyclopedia is much more on the nature of the things for which the words and phrases stand.}}</ref><ref name=DOLei>{{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ১=Hartmann |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ১=R. R. K. |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ২=James |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ২=Gregory |ꠛꠍꠞ=1998 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Dictionary of Lexicography |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=Routledge |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=978-0-415-14143-7 |ꠙꠣꠔꠣ=49 |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://books.google.com/books?id=49NZ12icE-QC&q=%22encyclopedic%20dictionary%22%2Bencyclopedia&pg=PA49 |ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=July 27, 2010 |ꠃꠇ꠆ꠔꠤ=In contrast with linguistic information, encyclopedia material is more concerned with the description of objective realities than the words or phrases that refer to them. In practice, however, there is no hard and fast boundary between factual and lexical knowledge.}}</ref><ref name=OHEL22>{{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Cowie |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=Anthony Paul |ꠛꠍꠞ=2009 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=The Oxford History of English Lexicography, Volume I |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=Oxford University Press |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=978-0-415-14143-7 |ꠙꠣꠔꠣ=22 |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://books.google.com/books?id=nhnVF9Or_wMC |ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=August 17, 2010 |ꠃꠇ꠆ꠔꠤ=An 'encyclopedia' (encyclopaedia) usually gives more information than a dictionary; it explains not only the words but also the things and concepts referred to by the words.}}</ref> ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠁ ২০০০ ꠛꠍꠞ ꠗꠞꠦ ꠛꠤꠖ꠆ꠖꠝꠣꠘ ꠞꠄꠍꠦ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ (ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠔꠞ꠆ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠇ ꠛꠣ ꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘꠤꠁ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠁ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ), ꠀꠇꠣꠞ (ꠀꠟ꠆ꠙ ꠛꠣ ꠀꠘꠦꠇ ꠀꠋꠡ), ꠀꠜꠤꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠁ (ꠛꠂꠡ꠆ꠡꠤꠇ ꠛꠣ ꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘꠤꠁ ꠡꠤꠝꠤꠔ ꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘꠦꠞ ꠃꠙꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠙꠘꠣ), ꠡꠣꠋꠡ꠆ꠇꠤꠔꠤꠇ ꠖꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠤꠜꠋꠉꠤ (ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠝꠣꠘꠤꠇ, ꠘꠤꠔꠤꠉꠔ, ꠀꠖꠞ꠆ꠡꠉꠔ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠢꠤꠔꠛꠣꠖꠡꠋꠇ꠆ꠞꠣꠘ꠆ꠔ), ꠟꠦꠈꠇꠔꠣ (ꠝꠣꠘꠦꠞ ꠗꠞꠘ), ꠙꠣꠑꠇꠔꠣ (ꠡꠤꠈꠣꠉꠔ ꠎꠧꠉ꠆ꠉꠔꠣ, ꠙꠣꠞꠤꠙꠣꠡ꠆ꠡꠤꠇ ꠀꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣ, ꠀꠉ꠆ꠞꠢ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠎꠧꠉ꠆ꠉꠔꠣ), ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠔꠂꠞꠤꠔꠦ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠤꠔ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠛꠘ꠆ꠐꠘ (ꠢꠣꠔꠦ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠙꠣꠘ꠆ꠒꠥꠟꠤꠙꠤ, ꠛꠞꠅ ꠛꠣ ꠍꠧꠐ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠤꠘ꠆ꠐ ꠀꠘꠥꠟꠤꠙꠤ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠁꠘ꠆ꠐꠣꠞꠘꠦꠐ) ꠄꠞ ꠈꠦꠔ꠆ꠞꠦ ꠡꠦꠁ ꠡꠝꠁ ꠕꠦꠇꠦꠁ ꠛꠤꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠔ ꠢꠔꠦ ꠕꠣꠇꠦ। ꠛꠤꠡꠦꠡꠉꠤꠀꠖꠦꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠖꠔ꠆ꠔ ꠔꠕ꠆ꠕꠦꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠝꠥꠟ꠆ꠟꠛꠣꠘ ꠃꠔ꠆ꠡ ꠢꠅꠀꠁ ꠄꠐꠤꠇꠦ ꠀꠘꠦꠇ ꠉꠘ꠆ꠕꠣꠉꠣꠞ, ꠛꠤꠖ꠆ꠖꠣꠟꠁ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠡꠤꠈꠣ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠔꠤꠡ꠆ꠑꠣꠘꠦ ꠛꠤꠡꠦꠡ ꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘ ꠖꠦꠅꠀ ꠢꠁ। ꠈ꠆ꠞꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠤꠁ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤꠔꠦ ꠄꠇꠎꠘ ꠞꠧꠝꠣꠘ ꠞꠣꠡ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠞꠘꠣꠁꠇ [[ꠙ꠆ꠟꠤꠘꠤ ꠖꠦ ꠄꠟ꠆ꠒꠣꠞ|ꠙ꠆ꠟꠤꠘꠤ ꠖꠦ ꠄꠟ꠆ꠒꠣꠞꠦꠞ]] ꠘꠣꠔꠥꠞꠣꠟꠤꠡ ꠁꠡꠔꠧꠞꠤꠄ ꠢꠌ꠆ꠍꠦ ꠡꠛꠌꠦꠄ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠌꠤꠘ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠤꠁ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠉꠥꠟꠤꠞ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ, ꠎꠣ ꠀꠗꠥꠘꠤꠇ ꠡꠝꠁ ꠀꠈꠔ ꠞꠄꠍꠦ। ꠔꠤꠘꠦ ৩৭ ꠐꠤ ꠙꠞꠤꠌ꠆ꠍꠦꠖꠦꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠔꠂꠞꠤ ꠇꠞꠦꠘ ꠎꠦꠈꠣꠘꠦ ꠔꠤꠘꠤ [[ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠇꠤꠔꠤꠇ ꠁꠔꠤꠢꠣꠡ]], ꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠙꠔ꠆ꠔ, ꠌꠤꠇꠤꠔ꠆ꠡꠣ, ꠛꠤꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘ, ꠜꠥꠉꠧꠟ, ꠜꠥꠔꠔ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠛ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠔꠣꠞ ꠀꠡꠦꠙꠣꠡꠦ ꠕꠣꠇꠣ ꠙꠤꠕꠤꠛꠤꠞ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠛꠤꠡꠁ ꠔꠥꠟꠦ ꠗꠞꠦꠘ। ꠡꠦꠐꠤꠞ ꠜꠥꠝꠤꠇꠣꠁ ꠟꠤꠈꠦꠍꠤꠟꠦꠘ ꠎꠦ ২০০ ꠄꠞ ꠛꠦꠡꠤ ꠟꠦꠈꠇꠦꠞ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠕꠦꠇꠦ ꠔꠤꠘꠤ ২০০০০ꠐꠤ ꠡꠔ꠆ꠔ ꠄꠇꠔ꠆ꠞꠤꠔ ꠇꠞꠦꠍꠦꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠘꠤꠎꠦꠞ ꠀꠜꠤꠉꠤꠀꠔꠣ ꠕꠦꠇꠦꠅ ꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠇꠞꠦꠘ। ২১ ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤꠔꠦ, ꠃꠁꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀꠞ ꠝꠔꠧ [[ꠁꠘ꠆ꠐꠣꠞꠘꠦꠐ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ|ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠒꠤꠎꠤꠐꠣꠟ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠅꠙꠦꠘ ꠡꠧꠞ꠆ꠡ ꠡꠋꠡ꠆ꠇꠞꠘꠦꠞ]] ꠃꠔ꠆ꠙꠔ꠆ꠔꠤꠞ ꠇꠣꠞꠘꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠛꠦꠡꠣꠗꠤꠇꠣꠞ, ꠟꠦꠈꠇꠔꠣ, ꠙꠣꠑꠇꠔꠣ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠟꠦꠈꠣꠞ ꠛꠤꠜꠤꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠗꠞꠘꠦꠞ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠔꠤꠔꠤ ꠊꠐꠦꠍꠦ। [[ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠄꠘꠌꠣꠁꠇꠟꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ]] == ꠘꠣꠝꠣꠁꠘ == {{ꠘꠣꠝꠣꠁꠘ|item=Q5292}} {{ꠢꠦꠡꠝꠦꠡ}} {{ꠟꠇ}} {{ꠀꠞ꠆ꠔꠣꠔ}} {{ꠕꠥꠇꠣꠘꠤ}} jy3ed0uod535bc3mblsud9nq4fviloj 34566 34562 2026-11-07T06:07:37Z Amirhusenjihed 973 ꠜꠣꠞꠣꠘꠧ ꠢꠎꠦꠍꠦꠄ 34566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ꠇꠥꠠꠤ}} {{ꠔꠁꠔ꠆ꠔꠞ ꠛꠥꠁꠀꠝ|item=Q5292}} '''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (ꠀꠋꠞꠦꠎꠤ: Encyclopedia) [[File:Brockhaus Lexikon.jpg|thumb|300px|''[[Brockhaus ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ]]'']] [[File:Print Wikipedia by Michael Mandiberg, NYC June 18, 2015-31.jpg|thumb|300px|ꠡꠋꠎꠧꠉ=[[File:Print Wikipedia by Michael Mandiberg, NYC June 18, 2015–31]].jpg|alt=ꠁꠋꠞꠦꠎꠤ{{ꠀꠇꠣꠞ꠆ꠞꠇꠞ ꠡꠋꠎꠧꠉ|ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=ꠡꠦꠙ꠆ꠐꠦꠝ꠆ꠛꠞ ২০২১ |bot=InternetArchiveBot |ꠑꠤꠇ ꠇꠞꠣꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠌꠦꠡ꠆ꠐꠣ=yes }} ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀꠞ ꠝꠥꠖ꠆ꠞꠤꠔ ꠡꠋꠡ꠆ꠇꠞꠘ (ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ)। ৭৪৭৩ ꠐꠤ ꠈꠘ꠆ꠒꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠤꠔ ꠎꠣꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠔꠤꠐꠤꠔꠦ ৭০ ꠙꠤꠡ꠆ꠑꠣ ꠞꠁꠄꠍꠦ। ꠄꠔꠦ ১১।৫ ꠝꠤꠟꠤꠅꠘ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗ ꠞꠁꠄꠍꠦ ꠎꠣꠞ ꠡꠥꠌꠤꠙꠔ꠆ꠞꠦꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ৯১ ꠐꠤ ꠈꠘ꠆ꠒ ꠟꠦꠉꠦꠍꠦ।|ꠕꠣꠝ꠆ꠛ|২০১৫ ꠔꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠤꠔ, ꠁꠋꠞꠦꠎꠤ ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀꠞ ꠝꠥꠖ꠆ꠞꠤꠔ ꠡꠋꠡ꠆ꠇꠞꠘ (ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ)। ৭৪৭৩ ꠐꠤ ꠈꠘ꠆ꠒꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠤꠔ ꠎꠣꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠔꠤꠐꠤꠔꠦ ৭০০ ꠙꠤꠡ꠆ꠑꠣ ꠞꠁꠄꠍꠦ।ꠄꠔꠦ ১১.৫ ꠝꠤꠟꠤꠅꠘ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗ ꠞꠁꠄꠍꠦ ꠎꠣꠞ ꠡꠥꠌꠤꠙꠔ꠆ꠞꠦꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ৯১ ꠐꠤ ꠈꠘ꠆ꠒ ꠟꠦꠉꠦꠍꠦ।]] [[File:Encyclopaedia Britannica 15 with 2002.jpg|thumb|300px|[[ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠟꠧꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠛ꠆ꠞꠤꠐꠣꠘꠤꠇꠣ]] -ꠄꠞ ১৫ ꠔꠝ ꠡꠋꠡ꠆ꠇꠞꠘꠦꠞ ꠈꠘ꠆ꠒꠉꠥꠟꠧ (২০০২ ꠡꠣꠟꠦꠞ ꠈꠘ꠆ꠒ) ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠘ꠆ꠕꠣꠉꠣꠞꠦꠞ ꠖꠥꠐꠤ ꠛꠁꠁꠄꠞ ꠔꠣꠇ ꠎꠥꠞꠦꠄ ꠞꠁꠄꠍꠦ।]] [[File:Ringelbergius, 'Lucubrationes...KYKLOPEDEIA...' ed. Basel 1541 original.JPG|thumb|right|ꠟꠥꠇꠥꠛ꠆ꠞꠦꠡꠘꠡ ꠄꠞ ১৫৪১ ꠡꠣꠟꠦꠞ ꠡꠋꠡ꠆ꠇꠞꠘꠦꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠙꠣꠔꠣ। ꠘꠣꠝꠦ encyclopedia -ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠐꠤꠞ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠞꠘ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠄꠐꠤ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠍꠤꠟ।]] '''ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ''' ([[ꠁꠋꠞꠦꠎꠤ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ|ꠁꠋꠞꠦꠎꠤ]]: encyclopedia ꠄꠞ [[ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ|ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣ]] ꠙꠞꠤꠜꠣꠡꠣ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ) ꠢꠟꠧ ꠡꠇꠟ ꠡꠣꠈꠣ ꠛꠣ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠖꠤꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠡꠣꠈꠣꠞ ꠡꠝꠘ꠆ꠘꠤꠔ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠛꠣ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠖꠦꠡꠇ ꠇꠣꠎ, ꠎꠣꠔꠦ ꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘꠦꠞ ꠡꠣꠞꠡꠋꠈꠦꠙ ꠞꠄꠍꠦ।<ref>{{ꠅꠄꠛ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Encyclopedia. |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=http://library.rcc.edu/riverside/glossaryoflibraryterms.htm#e |ꠀꠞ꠆ꠇꠣꠁꠜꠦꠞ-ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://web.archive.org/web/20070803182506/http://library.rcc.edu/riverside/glossaryoflibraryterms.htm#e |ꠀꠞ꠆ꠇꠣꠁꠜꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=August 3, 2007}} Glossary of Library Terms. Riverside City College, Digital Library/Learning Resource Center. Retrieved on: November 17, 2007.</ref> ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦ ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘꠔ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗ ꠛꠣ ꠄꠘ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠞꠤ ꠕꠣꠇꠦ, ꠎꠣ ꠘꠣꠝꠦꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠀꠈꠞꠣꠘꠥꠡꠣꠞꠦ ꠛꠣ ꠇꠈꠘꠧ ꠇꠈꠘꠧ ꠛꠤꠡꠄꠞ ꠜꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠤꠔꠦ ꠡꠣꠎꠣꠘꠧ ꠢꠁ।<ref name=DOLencyclopedia>{{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ১=Hartmann |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ১=R. R. K. |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ২=James |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ২=Gregory |ꠛꠍꠞ=1998 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Dictionary of Lexicography |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=Routledge |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=978-0-415-14143-7 |ꠙꠣꠔꠣ=48 |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://books.google.com/books?id=49NZ12icE-QC&q=%22encyclopedic%20dictionary%22%2Bencyclopedia&pg=PA49 |ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=July 27, 2010}}</ref> ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘꠦꠞ ꠌꠦꠄ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠀꠇꠣꠞ ꠛꠞꠅ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠔꠤꠔ ꠢꠁ।<ref name=DOLencyclopedia /> ꠀꠘ꠆ꠘꠇꠕꠣꠎ় [[ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘ]] ꠎꠦꠈꠣꠘꠦ ꠇꠦꠘ꠆ꠖ꠆ꠞ ꠢꠌ꠆ꠍꠦ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠦꠞ ꠛꠥꠔ꠆ꠙꠔ꠆ꠔꠤ, ꠃꠌ꠆ꠌꠣꠞꠘ, ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠛꠦꠣꠇꠞꠘꠜꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠤꠇ ꠞꠥꠙꠦꠞ ꠝꠔꠧ [[ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠛꠤꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘ]] ꠞꠦ ꠛꠤꠡꠎ়ꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠡꠦꠈꠣꠘꠦ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗꠦꠞ ꠛꠤꠡꠅꠞ [[ꠛꠣꠡ꠆ꠔꠛ ꠡꠔ꠆ꠔ]] ꠘꠤꠅ ꠀꠟꠧꠌꠘꠣ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠎ়।<ref name=bejoint>Béjoint, Henri (2000). [https://books.google.com/books?id=DJ8gwtomUpMC&lpg=PA30&dq=lexicography%20translated%20encyclopedia%20dictionary&pg=PA30 ''Modern Lexicography''], pp. 30–31. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-829951-6}}</ref><ref name=EB>{{ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Encyclopaedia |ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ=Encyclopædia Britannica |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia |ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=July 27, 2010 |ꠃꠇ꠆ꠔꠤ=An English lexicographer, H.W. Fowler, wrote in the preface to the first edition (1911) of ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English language'' that a dictionary is concerned with the uses of words and phrases and with giving information about the things for which they stand only so far as current use of the words depends upon knowledge of those things. The emphasis in an encyclopedia is much more on the nature of the things for which the words and phrases stand.}}</ref><ref name=DOLei>{{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ১=Hartmann |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ১=R. R. K. |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ২=James |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ২=Gregory |ꠛꠍꠞ=1998 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Dictionary of Lexicography |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=Routledge |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=978-0-415-14143-7 |ꠙꠣꠔꠣ=49 |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://books.google.com/books?id=49NZ12icE-QC&q=%22encyclopedic%20dictionary%22%2Bencyclopedia&pg=PA49 |ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=July 27, 2010 |ꠃꠇ꠆ꠔꠤ=In contrast with linguistic information, encyclopedia material is more concerned with the description of objective realities than the words or phrases that refer to them. In practice, however, there is no hard and fast boundary between factual and lexical knowledge.}}</ref><ref name=OHEL22>{{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Cowie |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=Anthony Paul |ꠛꠍꠞ=2009 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=The Oxford History of English Lexicography, Volume I |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=Oxford University Press |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=978-0-415-14143-7 |ꠙꠣꠔꠣ=22 |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://books.google.com/books?id=nhnVF9Or_wMC |ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=August 17, 2010 |ꠃꠇ꠆ꠔꠤ=An 'encyclopedia' (encyclopaedia) usually gives more information than a dictionary; it explains not only the words but also the things and concepts referred to by the words.}}</ref> ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠁ ২০০০ ꠛꠍꠞ ꠗꠞꠦ ꠛꠤꠖ꠆ꠖꠝꠣꠘ ꠞꠄꠍꠦ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ (ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠔꠞ꠆ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠇ ꠛꠣ ꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘꠤꠁ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠁ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ), ꠀꠇꠣꠞ (ꠀꠟ꠆ꠙ ꠛꠣ ꠀꠘꠦꠇ ꠀꠋꠡ), ꠀꠜꠤꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠁ (ꠛꠂꠡ꠆ꠡꠤꠇ ꠛꠣ ꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘꠤꠁ ꠡꠤꠝꠤꠔ ꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘꠦꠞ ꠃꠙꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠙꠘꠣ), ꠡꠣꠋꠡ꠆ꠇꠤꠔꠤꠇ ꠖꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠤꠜꠋꠉꠤ (ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠝꠣꠘꠤꠇ, ꠘꠤꠔꠤꠉꠔ, ꠀꠖꠞ꠆ꠡꠉꠔ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠢꠤꠔꠛꠣꠖꠡꠋꠇ꠆ꠞꠣꠘ꠆ꠔ), ꠟꠦꠈꠇꠔꠣ (ꠝꠣꠘꠦꠞ ꠗꠞꠘ), ꠙꠣꠑꠇꠔꠣ (ꠡꠤꠈꠣꠉꠔ ꠎꠧꠉ꠆ꠉꠔꠣ, ꠙꠣꠞꠤꠙꠣꠡ꠆ꠡꠤꠇ ꠀꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣ, ꠀꠉ꠆ꠞꠢ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠎꠧꠉ꠆ꠉꠔꠣ), ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠔꠂꠞꠤꠔꠦ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠤꠔ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠛꠘ꠆ꠐꠘ (ꠢꠣꠔꠦ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠙꠣꠘ꠆ꠒꠥꠟꠤꠙꠤ, ꠛꠞꠅ ꠛꠣ ꠍꠧꠐ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠤꠘ꠆ꠐ ꠀꠘꠥꠟꠤꠙꠤ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠁꠘ꠆ꠐꠣꠞꠘꠦꠐ) ꠄꠞ ꠈꠦꠔ꠆ꠞꠦ ꠡꠦꠁ ꠡꠝꠁ ꠕꠦꠇꠦꠁ ꠛꠤꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠔ ꠢꠔꠦ ꠕꠣꠇꠦ। ꠛꠤꠡꠦꠡꠉꠤꠀꠖꠦꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠖꠔ꠆ꠔ ꠔꠕ꠆ꠕꠦꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠝꠥꠟ꠆ꠟꠛꠣꠘ ꠃꠔ꠆ꠡ ꠢꠅꠀꠁ ꠄꠐꠤꠇꠦ ꠀꠘꠦꠇ ꠉꠘ꠆ꠕꠣꠉꠣꠞ, ꠛꠤꠖ꠆ꠖꠣꠟꠁ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠡꠤꠈꠣ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠔꠤꠡ꠆ꠑꠣꠘꠦ ꠛꠤꠡꠦꠡ ꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘ ꠖꠦꠅꠀ ꠢꠁ। ꠈ꠆ꠞꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠤꠁ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤꠔꠦ ꠄꠇꠎꠘ ꠞꠧꠝꠣꠘ ꠞꠣꠡ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠞꠘꠣꠁꠇ [[ꠙ꠆ꠟꠤꠘꠤ ꠖꠦ ꠄꠟ꠆ꠒꠣꠞ|ꠙ꠆ꠟꠤꠘꠤ ꠖꠦ ꠄꠟ꠆ꠒꠣꠞꠦꠞ]] ꠘꠣꠔꠥꠞꠣꠟꠤꠡ ꠁꠡꠔꠧꠞꠤꠄ ꠢꠌ꠆ꠍꠦ ꠡꠛꠌꠦꠄ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠌꠤꠘ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠤꠁ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠉꠥꠟꠤꠞ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ, ꠎꠣ ꠀꠗꠥꠘꠤꠇ ꠡꠝꠁ ꠀꠈꠔ ꠞꠄꠍꠦ। ꠔꠤꠘꠦ ৩৭ ꠐꠤ ꠙꠞꠤꠌ꠆ꠍꠦꠖꠦꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠔꠂꠞꠤ ꠇꠞꠦꠘ ꠎꠦꠈꠣꠘꠦ ꠔꠤꠘꠤ [[ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠇꠤꠔꠤꠇ ꠁꠔꠤꠢꠣꠡ]], ꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠙꠔ꠆ꠔ, ꠌꠤꠇꠤꠔ꠆ꠡꠣ, ꠛꠤꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘ, ꠜꠥꠉꠧꠟ, ꠜꠥꠔꠔ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠛ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠔꠣꠞ ꠀꠡꠦꠙꠣꠡꠦ ꠕꠣꠇꠣ ꠙꠤꠕꠤꠛꠤꠞ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠛꠤꠡꠁ ꠔꠥꠟꠦ ꠗꠞꠦꠘ। ꠡꠦꠐꠤꠞ ꠜꠥꠝꠤꠇꠣꠁ ꠟꠤꠈꠦꠍꠤꠟꠦꠘ ꠎꠦ ২০০ ꠄꠞ ꠛꠦꠡꠤ ꠟꠦꠈꠇꠦꠞ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠕꠦꠇꠦ ꠔꠤꠘꠤ ২০০০০ꠐꠤ ꠡꠔ꠆ꠔ ꠄꠇꠔ꠆ꠞꠤꠔ ꠇꠞꠦꠍꠦꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠘꠤꠎꠦꠞ ꠀꠜꠤꠉꠤꠀꠔꠣ ꠕꠦꠇꠦꠅ ꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠇꠞꠦꠘ। ২১ ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤꠔꠦ, ꠃꠁꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀꠞ ꠝꠔꠧ [[ꠁꠘ꠆ꠐꠣꠞꠘꠦꠐ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ|ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠒꠤꠎꠤꠐꠣꠟ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠅꠙꠦꠘ ꠡꠧꠞ꠆ꠡ ꠡꠋꠡ꠆ꠇꠞꠘꠦꠞ]] ꠃꠔ꠆ꠙꠔ꠆ꠔꠤꠞ ꠇꠣꠞꠘꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠛꠦꠡꠣꠗꠤꠇꠣꠞ, ꠟꠦꠈꠇꠔꠣ, ꠙꠣꠑꠇꠔꠣ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠟꠦꠈꠣꠞ ꠛꠤꠜꠤꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠗꠞꠘꠦꠞ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠔꠤꠔꠤ ꠊꠐꠦꠍꠦ। [[ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠄꠘꠌꠣꠁꠇꠟꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ]] == ꠛꠥꠔ꠆ꠙꠔ꠆ꠔꠤ == ꠙꠤꠕꠤꠛꠤꠔꠦ ꠕꠣꠇꠣ ꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘ ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠟꠧ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠟꠈ꠆ꠎ। ꠎꠣꠔ꠆ꠞꠣ ꠡꠥꠞꠥꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠀꠝꠣꠖꠦꠞ ꠡꠣꠕꠦ ꠛꠡꠛꠣꠡ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡꠖꠦꠞ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠄꠐꠤ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠌꠣꠞ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠀꠝꠣꠖꠦꠞ ꠙꠞ ꠎꠣꠞꠣ ꠀꠡꠛꠦ ꠔꠣꠖꠦꠞ ꠇꠣꠍꠦ ꠙꠂꠍꠦ ꠖꠦꠅꠀ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘ ꠙꠖ꠆ꠗꠔꠤ। ꠚꠟꠦ ꠙꠥꠛꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠡꠔꠇꠦꠞ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠙꠞꠦꠞ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠡꠔꠇꠦ ꠉꠥꠞꠥꠔ꠆ꠔ ꠢꠣꠞꠤꠁꠄ ꠚꠦꠟꠦ ꠘꠣ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠀꠝꠣꠖꠦꠞ ꠙꠞꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠎꠘ꠆ꠝꠦꠞ ꠇꠣꠑꠣꠝꠧ ꠀꠞꠅ ꠖꠤꠓ় ꠢꠁ, ꠄꠇꠁ ꠡꠣꠕꠦ ꠔꠣꠞꠣ ꠀꠞꠅ ꠡꠥꠈꠤ ꠅ ꠉꠥꠘꠦꠞ ꠀꠗꠤꠇꠣꠞꠤ ꠢꠁ। ꠄꠐꠤ ꠇꠞꠣꠞ ꠀꠞꠦꠇꠐꠤ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠖꠦꠡ꠆ꠡ ꠢꠟꠧ ꠝꠣꠘꠛ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠞ ꠜꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠔꠦꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠇꠣꠎ ꠇꠞꠦ ꠝꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠥꠛꠞꠘ ꠇꠞꠣ।|<ref>Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=did;cc=did;idno=did2222.0000.004;rgn=main;view=text ''Encyclopédie.''] University of Michigan Library:Scholarly Publishing Office and DLXS. Retrieved on: November 17, 2007</ref> [[File:"Encyclopedia" in 15th c. manuscript of Institutio Oratoria.png|humb|300px ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤꠔꠦ]] === ꠖꠥꠐꠧ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠤꠇ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖ ꠢꠤꠡꠦꠛꠦ ꠜꠥꠟꠛꠡꠔ ꠛꠤꠛꠦꠌꠘꠣ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠁꠄꠍꠦ === ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠁꠋꠞꠦꠎꠤ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠔꠤꠡꠛ꠆ꠖ, “encyclopedia” (encyclo|pedia) [[ꠇꠧꠁꠘ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠤꠇ]] ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖ, ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία ꠕꠦꠇꠦ ꠄꠡꠦꠍꠦ।<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2007.01.0060%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D10%3Asection%3D1 Ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία], Quintilian, ''Institutio Oratoria'', 1.10.1, at Perseus Project<!--Perseus features an erroneous transcription: *ἐγκύκλικος instead of ἐγκύκλιος--></ref> “ꠄꠘꠇꠣꠁꠇꠤꠅꠡ ꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ” -ꠄꠞ ꠅꠞ꠆ꠕ “ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘ ꠡꠤꠈꠣ”, ꠁꠄꠈꠣꠘꠦ ꠛꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠣꠇꠣꠞ, ꠙꠥꠘꠞꠣꠛꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠤꠇ, ꠘꠤꠁꠝꠤꠔ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠅꠎꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠙꠦꠁꠒꠤꠀ (παιδεία) ꠅꠞ꠆ꠕ ꠡꠘ꠆ꠔꠣꠘ ꠢꠤꠡꠦꠛꠦ ꠟꠣꠟꠘꠙꠣꠟꠘ ꠇꠞꠣ।<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3De%29gku%2Fklios ἐγκύκλιος], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek–English Lexicon'', at Perseus Project</ref> ꠄꠇꠔ꠆ꠞꠦ ꠔꠣꠖꠦꠞ ꠀꠘꠥꠛꠣꠖ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠎꠣꠁ, “ꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠘꠣꠋꠉ ꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘ” ꠛꠣ ꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠘꠣꠋꠉ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠖꠦꠡꠘꠣ।<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpaidei%2Fa παιδεία], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek–English Lexicon'', at Perseus Project</ref> ১৪৭০ ꠡꠣꠟꠦꠞ ꠇꠥꠁꠘ꠆ꠐꠤꠟꠤꠀꠘ ꠡꠋꠡ꠆ꠇꠞꠘꠦꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ [[ꠟꠣꠔꠤꠘ]] ꠙꠣꠘ꠆ꠒꠥꠟꠤꠙꠤꠞ ꠘꠇꠟꠇꠣꠞꠤꠖꠦꠞ ꠟꠦꠈꠣꠁ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠜꠥꠟꠦꠞ ꠇꠣꠞꠘꠦ ꠄꠁ ꠖꠥꠐꠧ ꠙꠤꠕꠇ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖ ꠄꠇ ꠢꠁꠄ ꠎꠣꠁ।<ref>According to some accounts, such as the [http://www.thefreedictionary.com/encyclopedia ''American Heritage Dictionary''] {{ꠅꠁꠄꠛ ꠀꠞ꠆ꠇꠣꠁꠜ|ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819022705/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/encyclopedia |ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=August 19, 2017 }}, copyists of Latin manuscripts took this phrase to be a single Greek word, ἐγκυκλοπαιδεία ''enkyklopaedia''.<!--The American Heritage Dictionary gives "enkuklopaedia" (a mistaken transliteration) but Wikipedia follows [[WP:GREEK]].--></ref><ref>{{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Franklin-Brown |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=Mary |ꠛꠍꠞ=2012 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Reading the world: encyclopedic writing in the scholastic age |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=The University of Chicago Press |ꠀꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘ=Chicago London |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=9780226260709 |ꠙꠣꠔꠣ=8}}</ref> ꠡꠦꠁ ꠘꠇꠟꠇꠣꠞꠤ ꠄꠁ ꠖꠥꠐꠤ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠇꠦ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖ, ꠄꠞꠇꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠟꠧꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ (enkyklopaedia) ꠢꠤꠡꠦꠛꠦ ꠝꠘꠦ ꠇꠞꠦꠘ, ꠎꠖꠤꠅ ꠄꠐꠤꠞ ꠅꠞ꠆ꠕ ꠄꠇꠁ ꠛꠟꠦ ꠛꠤꠛꠦꠌꠘꠣ ꠇꠞꠦꠘ। ꠄꠁ ꠡꠝꠡ꠆ꠡꠣꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠐꠤꠔꠦ ꠕꠦꠇꠦ ꠘꠔꠥꠘ [[ꠟꠣꠔꠤꠘ]] ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖ, ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇꠦꠟꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ (encyclopaedia) -ꠄꠞ ꠃꠔ꠆ꠙꠔ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠢꠁ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠙꠞꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠇꠣꠟꠦ ꠡꠦꠐꠤ ꠁꠋꠞꠦꠎꠤ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠁ ꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠢꠁ। ꠄꠁ ꠎꠂꠉꠤꠇ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠦꠞ ꠇꠣꠞꠘꠦ ১৫ ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤꠞ ꠙꠣꠑꠇꠦꠞꠣ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠔꠈꠘ ꠕꠦꠇꠦ ꠀꠘꠦꠇꠦꠞ ꠞꠧꠝꠣꠘ ꠟꠦꠈꠇ ꠇꠥꠁꠘ꠆ꠐꠤꠟꠤꠀꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠙ꠆ꠟꠤꠘꠤ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠌꠤꠘ ꠞꠤꠔꠤ ꠛꠦꠣꠈ꠆ꠈꠣ ꠇꠞꠦꠍꠦꠘ ꠛꠟꠦ ꠜꠥꠟ ꠗꠣꠞꠘꠣ ꠍꠤꠟ।<ref>{{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=König |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=Jason |ꠛꠍꠞ=2013 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Encyclopaedism from antiquity to the Renaissance |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=Cambridge University Press |ꠀꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘ=New York |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=978-1-107-03823-3 |ꠙꠣꠔꠣ=1}}</ref> === ১৬ ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤꠔꠦ ꠡꠋꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠦꠞ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞꠡꠝꠥꠢ === ১৬ ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤꠔꠦ ꠄꠁ ꠘꠔꠥꠘ ꠡꠋꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠐꠤ ꠇꠤꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠃꠌꠤꠔ ꠔꠣ ꠘꠤꠁꠄ ꠇꠤꠍꠥꠐꠣ ꠀꠡ꠆ꠙꠡ꠆ꠐꠔꠣ ꠖꠦꠈꠣ ꠖꠦꠁ। ꠛꠤꠜꠤꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ ꠕꠦꠇꠦ ꠖꠦꠈꠣ ꠎꠣꠁ ꠁꠄ, ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠐꠤꠞ ꠛꠣꠘꠣꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠘꠣꠝꠛꠣꠌꠇ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖ ꠢꠤꠡꠦꠛꠦ ꠡꠤꠇꠤꠔꠤ ꠘꠤꠁꠄ ꠛꠤꠔꠞ꠆ꠇ ꠌꠟꠍꠤꠟ, ꠁꠄꠝꠘ: ꠎꠣꠇꠧꠛꠣꠡ ꠚꠤꠟꠧꠝꠥꠡꠣꠡ ꠄꠞ ꠝꠣꠞ꠆ꠉꠣꠞꠤꠐꠣ ꠚꠤꠟꠧꠡꠧꠚꠤꠇꠣ ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠟꠦꠅꠙꠦꠁꠒꠤꠀꠝ (encyclopaediam) ꠄꠇ꠆ꠡꠤꠛꠦꠘ (১৫০৮), ꠢꠧꠀꠘꠣꠡ ꠀꠜꠦꠘꠐꠤꠘꠣ ꠄꠞ ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇꠦꠟꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ (Encyclopedia) ꠀꠞꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠇꠦ ꠒꠇꠐ꠆ꠞꠤꠘꠣꠞꠥꠝ, ꠢꠧꠇ ꠄꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠒꠧꠝꠘꠤꠃꠝ ꠀꠞꠐꠤꠃꠝ, ꠁꠙꠡꠤꠅꠡ ꠚꠤꠟꠧꠡꠧꠚꠣꠁꠁꠄ ꠁꠘꠒꠦꠇ꠆ꠡ ꠄꠡꠤ ꠒꠤꠜꠤꠡꠤꠅ, ꠁꠎꠧꠀꠢꠤꠝꠥꠡ ꠚꠧꠐꠤꠀꠡ ꠞꠤꠋꠉꠦꠟꠛꠣꠞ꠆ꠉ ꠄꠞ ꠟꠥꠇꠥꠛ꠆ꠞꠦꠡꠘꠡ ꠜꠦꠟ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠌꠤꠁꠡ অꠦꠣꠛꠡꠧꠟꠐꠤꠡꠤꠝꠣ ꠇꠤꠇ꠆ꠟꠧꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ (১৫৩৮, ১৫৪১), ꠙꠧꠟ ꠡ꠆ꠇꠦꠟꠤꠍ ꠄꠞ “ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠟꠧꠙꠦꠁꠒꠤꠀ, ꠡꠦꠃ ꠀꠛꠟꠤꠡ ꠒꠤꠡꠤꠙꠘꠣꠞꠥꠝ, ꠔꠣꠝ ꠡꠣꠇꠞꠣꠞꠥꠝ ꠇꠥꠀꠝ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠧꠚꠣꠘꠣꠞꠥꠝ, ꠄꠙꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠦꠝꠧꠘ”, ꠎꠞ꠆ꠎ ꠞꠦꠁꠌ ꠄꠞ ꠝꠣꠞ꠆ꠉꠣꠞꠤꠐꠣ ꠚꠤꠟꠧꠡꠧꠚꠤꠇꠣ (১৫০৩ ꠡꠣꠟꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠤꠔ ꠄꠛꠋ ১৫৮৩ ꠡꠣꠟꠦ ꠘꠣꠝ ꠙꠞꠤꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠘ ꠇꠞꠦ ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇꠦꠟꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠘꠣꠝ ꠞꠣꠈꠣ ꠢꠁ।) ꠄꠛꠋ ꠡꠦꠝꠥꠎ়ꠦꠟ ꠀꠁꠎꠦꠘꠝ꠆ꠝꠣꠋꠉꠣꠞ ꠄꠞ ꠡꠣꠁꠇꠦꠟꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠙꠦꠣꠞꠣꠡꠦꠟꠡꠤꠇꠣ (১৫৮৫)।<ref>{{cite thesis |type=Ph.D |last=Harris-McCoy |first=Daniel |year=2008 |title=Varieties of encyclopedism in the early Roman Empire: Vitruvius, Pliny the Elder, Artemidorus |publisher=University of Pennsylvania |page=12 |id={{ProQuest|304510158}} }}</ref> ꠄꠁ ꠎꠂꠉꠤꠇ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠐꠤꠞ ꠖꠥꠐꠧ ꠜꠣꠞ꠆ꠘꠣꠇꠥꠟꠣꠞ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞꠦꠞ ꠃꠖꠣꠢꠞꠘ ꠞꠁꠄꠍꠦ। ꠡꠝ꠆ꠜꠛꠔ ১৪৯০ ꠡꠣꠟꠦ, ꠚ꠆ꠞꠣꠘ꠆ꠡꠤꠀꠡ ꠙꠥꠡꠤꠀꠡ ꠙꠟꠤꠐꠤꠀꠘꠥꠡꠇꠦ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠌꠤꠑꠤ ꠙꠣꠑꠣꠘ, ꠁꠄꠈꠣꠘꠦ ꠔꠤꠘꠤ ꠄꠐꠤꠇꠦ ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇꠦꠟꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ (encyclopedia) ꠛꠟꠦꠍꠦꠘ। ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠁꠁ [[ꠚ꠆ꠞꠣꠋꠡꠧꠀ ꠞꠣꠛꠟꠦ]]ꠇꠦ ꠔꠣꠞ ꠙꠦꠘ꠆ꠐꠣꠉ꠆ꠞꠥꠁꠄꠟ -ꠄ ꠄꠁ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠐꠤꠞ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞꠦꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠁꠁ ꠃꠟ꠆ꠟꠦꠈ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠁ।<ref>{{cite conference |last=Roest |first=Bert |editor-last=Binkley |editor-first=Peter |year=1997 |book-title=Pre-Modern Encyclopaedic Texts: Proceedings of the Second Comers Congress, Groningen, 1 – July 4, 1996 |publisher=BRILL |pages=213 |title=Compilation as Theme and Praxis in Franciscan Universal Chronicles |isbn=90-04-10830-0}}</ref><ref>{{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Carey |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=Sorcha |ꠛꠍꠞ=2003 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Pliny's Catalogue of Culture: Art and Empire in the Natural History |ꠀꠗ꠆ꠗꠣꠎ়=Two Strategies of Encyclopaedism |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=Oxford University Press |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=978-0-19-925913-7 |ꠙꠣꠔꠣ=17}}</ref> === ꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ (-p(a)edia) ꠙ꠆ꠞꠔꠁ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠞ꠆ꠇꠦ === ꠀꠘꠦꠇ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠘꠣꠝꠦ ꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ (-p(a)edia) ꠙ꠆ꠞꠔꠁꠐꠤ ꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠕꠣꠇꠦ, ꠎꠣꠔꠦ ꠛꠧꠏꠣ ꠎꠣꠁ ꠁꠄ, ꠟꠦꠈꠣꠐꠤ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠡ꠆ꠞꠦꠘꠤꠜꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ, ꠁꠄꠝꠘ: [[ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ]] (ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠦꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠡꠋꠉꠔꠤꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠘ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠘꠤꠁꠄ)।<ref>{{ꠅꠎ়ꠦꠛ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ|ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000680.html|ꠀꠞ꠆ꠇꠣꠁꠜꠦꠞ-ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://web.archive.org/web/20030414021138/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000680.html|ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=[Nupedia-l] Re: [Advisory-l] The wiki...|ꠀꠞ꠆ꠇꠣꠁꠜꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=14 April 2003|ꠇꠞ꠆ꠝ=nupedia.com}}</ref> === ꠡꠝꠡꠣꠝꠁꠇ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞ === ꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠝꠣꠘꠦ ꠁꠋꠞꠦꠎꠤꠔꠦ ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘꠔ ꠄꠁ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠐꠤꠞ ꠛꠣꠘꠣꠘ ꠢꠟꠧ: encyclopedia, ꠎꠖꠤꠅ encyclopaedia (encyclopædia -ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠐꠤꠔꠦ ꠕꠦꠇꠦ ꠄꠡꠦꠍꠦ) ꠛꠣꠘꠣꠘꠐꠤ ꠛ꠆ꠞꠤꠐꠦꠘꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠁꠁ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠁ।<ref name="Oxford English Dictionary">]]{{cite dictionary |entry=encyclopaedia |dictionary=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |edition=online |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |entry-url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/61848?redirectedFrom=encyclopaedia#eid |entry-url-access=subscription |access-date=February 18, 2012}}</ref> == ꠛꠂꠡꠤꠡ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠎ == ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ১৮ ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤꠔꠦ ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘ ꠕꠦꠇꠦ ꠛꠤꠇꠡꠤꠔ ꠢꠁ। ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠖꠥꠐꠧꠁ ꠃꠌ꠆ꠌ ꠡꠤꠈꠤꠔ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠈꠥꠛꠁ ꠀꠛꠉꠔ ꠛꠤꠡꠦꠡꠉꠤꠀꠞꠣ ꠙꠞꠤꠈꠣ ꠇꠞꠦꠍꠦꠘ, ꠔꠛꠦ ꠉꠑꠘꠦꠞ ꠖꠤꠇ ꠕꠦꠇꠦ ꠖꠥꠐꠧꠞ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠀꠘꠦꠇ ꠙꠣꠞ꠆ꠕꠇ꠆ꠇ ꠞꠁꠄꠍꠦ। ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ ꠡꠋꠇ꠆ꠞꠣꠘ꠆ꠔ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤ, ꠁꠄꠈꠣꠘꠦ ꠝꠥꠟꠔ [[ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖ (ꠛꠦꠣꠇꠞꠘ)|ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠦꠞ]] ꠛꠞ꠆ꠘꠣꠘꠥꠇ꠆ꠞꠝꠤꠇ ꠔꠣꠟꠤꠇꠣ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠡꠦꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠡꠋꠉꠣꠞ ꠃꠙꠞ ꠉꠥꠞꠥꠔ꠆ꠔ ꠖꠦꠅꠀ ꠢꠁꠄꠍꠦ। ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘꠦ ꠡꠝꠣꠞ꠆ꠕꠇ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠛꠡ꠆ꠔꠥꠞ ꠡꠣꠕꠦ ꠡꠣꠖꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠘ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠛꠤꠍꠤꠘ꠆ꠘꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠕꠣꠇꠦ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠡꠦꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠉꠜꠤꠞꠦ ꠎꠣꠅꠀꠞ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠡꠥꠅꠉ ꠕꠣꠇꠦ ꠘꠣ। ꠎꠖꠤꠅ ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘꠦ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ [[ꠔꠕ꠆ꠕ]], ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠟꠦꠡꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠙꠐꠜꠥꠝꠤ ꠡꠤꠝꠤꠔꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠕꠣꠇꠦ। ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘꠦ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠡꠋꠉꠤꠀꠣ ꠖꠦꠅꠀ ꠢꠟꠦꠅ, ꠄꠐꠤ ꠕꠦꠇꠦ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠦꠞ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠘ ꠅꠞ꠆ꠕ, ꠡꠤꠝꠣꠛꠖ꠆ꠗꠔꠣ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠁꠄꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘꠦꠞ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠡꠡ꠆ꠔ ꠈꠦꠔ꠆ꠞꠦꠞ ꠡꠣꠕꠦ ꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠕꠣꠇꠦ ꠔꠣ ꠙꠣꠑꠇ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠘꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠛꠥꠏꠔꠦ ꠘꠣ ꠙꠣꠞꠔꠦꠅ ꠙꠣꠞꠦ। ꠄꠁ ꠡꠝꠡ꠆ꠡꠣ ꠡꠝꠣꠗꠣꠘꠦ, ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠡꠥꠗꠥ ꠡꠞꠟ ꠡꠋꠉꠣ ꠛꠣ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠖꠤꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠦꠞ ꠡꠋꠉꠣ ꠖꠦꠅꠀꠞ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠡꠤꠝꠣꠛꠖ꠆ꠗ ꠕꠣꠇꠦ ꠘꠣ, ꠛꠞꠋ ꠄꠔꠦ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠛꠤꠡꠁ ꠛꠣ ꠡꠤꠈꠣꠞ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠄꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠀꠞꠅ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠔꠤꠔ ꠅꠞ꠆ꠕ ꠕꠣꠇꠦ। ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠄꠞ ꠡꠝꠣꠞ꠆ꠕꠇ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠡꠋꠉꠣꠁꠔ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠡꠦꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠔꠣꠟꠤꠇꠣ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠍꠣꠞꠣꠅ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠄꠞ ꠀꠞꠅ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠔꠤꠔ ꠅꠞ꠆ꠕ ꠘꠤꠁꠄ ꠉꠜꠤꠞꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠇꠣꠎ ꠇꠞ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠡꠦꠁ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠄ ꠡꠛꠌꠦꠁꠄ ꠡꠣꠝꠘ꠆ꠎꠡ꠆ꠡꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠘ ꠙꠥꠘ꠆ꠎꠤꠜꠥꠔ ꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘ ꠛꠢꠘ ꠇꠞꠦ। ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠁꠁ ꠝꠣꠘꠌꠤꠔ꠆ꠞ, ꠌꠤꠔ꠆ꠞ, ꠉ꠆ꠞꠘ꠆ꠕꠙꠘ꠆ꠎꠤ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠙꠞꠤꠡꠋꠈ꠆ꠈꠣꠘ ꠕꠣꠇꠔꠦ ꠙꠣꠞꠦ। ꠔꠔ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠛꠣꠘꠥꠡꠣꠞꠦ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠇꠣꠃꠇꠦ ꠡꠘ꠆ꠔꠥꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠇꠞꠣꠞ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠖꠦꠡ꠆ꠡꠦ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠢꠁ ꠘꠣ, ꠎꠖꠤꠅ ꠄꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠖꠦꠡ꠆ꠡ ꠙꠣꠑꠇꠖꠦꠞ ꠄꠐꠤꠞ ꠡꠔ꠆ꠔꠔꠣꠁ ꠡꠘ꠆ꠔꠥꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠇꠞꠣ। ꠌꠣꠞꠐꠤ ꠉꠥꠞꠥꠔ꠆ꠔꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠘ ꠃꠙꠣꠖꠣꠘ ꠖꠣꠞꠣ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠇꠦ ꠛꠦꠣꠈ꠆ꠈꠣ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠁ। ꠁꠄꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠢꠟꠧ: ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠛꠡ꠆ꠔꠥ, ꠙ꠆ꠞꠡꠣꠞ, ꠛꠤꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠡꠦꠞ ꠙꠖ꠆ꠗꠔꠤ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠔꠂꠞꠤꠞ ꠙꠖ꠆ꠗꠔꠤ। - ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠢꠤꠡꠦꠛꠦ ꠛꠤꠛꠦꠌꠤꠔ ꠢꠔꠦ ꠙꠣꠞꠦ ꠎꠖꠤ ꠡꠦꠐꠤꠔꠦ ꠡꠇꠟ ꠈꠦꠔ꠆ꠞꠦꠞ ꠡꠇꠟ ꠛꠤꠡꠁ ꠘꠤꠁꠄ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗ ꠕꠣꠇꠦ। ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦ ꠡꠦꠐꠤ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞꠦꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠛꠦꠡ ꠇꠤꠍꠥ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠖꠦꠡꠘꠣ, ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠜꠂꠉꠧꠟꠤꠇ ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘ ꠕꠣꠇꠔꠦ ꠙꠣꠞꠦ। ꠖꠦꠣ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠦꠐ ꠡꠧꠜꠤꠎ়ꠦꠔ ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇꠦꠟꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇꠦꠟꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠎꠥꠖꠣꠁꠇꠣ -ꠄꠞ ꠝꠔꠧ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠅ ꠞꠁꠄꠍꠦ, ꠁꠄꠈꠣꠘꠦ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠡꠣꠋꠡ꠆ꠇꠤꠔꠤꠇ, ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠉꠔ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠁꠔꠣ ꠡꠋꠇ꠆ꠞꠣꠘ꠆ꠔ ꠖꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠤꠜꠋꠉꠤ ꠕꠦꠇꠦ ꠀꠘꠦꠇ ꠛꠤꠡꠁ ꠘꠤꠁꠄ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠢꠁꠄꠍꠦ। - ꠌꠤꠇꠤꠔ꠆ꠡꠣ ꠛꠤꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘ ꠛꠣ ꠀꠁꠘꠦꠞ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠝꠔꠧ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠤꠁ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠡꠣꠞꠦꠞ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠟꠈ꠆ꠎ ꠢꠌ꠆ꠍꠦ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠖꠤꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠄ ꠉꠥꠞꠥꠔ꠆ꠔꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠘ ꠙꠥꠘ꠆ꠎꠤꠜꠥꠔ ꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘ ꠗꠣꠞꠘ ꠇꠞꠣ। ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠖꠤꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠙꠣꠑꠇ ꠡ꠆ꠞꠦꠘꠤꠞ ꠃꠙꠞ ꠜꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠇꠞꠦ ꠄꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠛꠡ꠆ꠔꠥꠞ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠔꠣꠞ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠀꠟꠧꠌꠘꠣꠞ ꠉꠜꠤꠞꠔꠣꠞ ꠖꠤꠇ ꠕꠦꠇꠦ ꠜꠤꠘ꠆ꠘ। - ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠇꠦ ꠡꠦꠐꠤꠞ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠖꠤꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠇꠣꠎꠦꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞ ꠇꠞꠔꠦ ꠛꠤꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠡꠦꠞ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠡꠤꠋ꠆ꠈꠟꠣꠛꠖ꠆ꠗ ꠙꠖ꠆ꠗꠔꠤꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠅꠎꠘ। ꠝꠥꠖ꠆ꠞꠤꠔ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠛꠤꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠡꠦꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠄꠂꠔꠤꠢꠣꠡꠤꠇꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠖꠥꠐꠧ ꠙꠖ꠆ꠗꠔꠤ ꠞꠁꠄꠍꠦ। ꠡꠦꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠢꠟꠧ: ꠛꠞ꠆ꠘꠣꠘꠥꠇ꠆ꠞꠝꠤꠇ (ꠄꠔꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠔ꠆ꠔꠦꠇꠐꠤ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗꠦꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠖꠤꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠡꠋꠈ꠆ꠈꠣ ꠕꠣꠇꠔꠦ ꠙꠣꠞꠦ ꠛꠣ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗꠉꠦꠥꠟꠧꠇꠦ ꠛꠞ꠆ꠘꠣꠘꠥꠇ꠆ꠞꠝꠤꠇꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠡꠣꠎꠣꠘꠧ ꠢꠔꠦ ꠙꠣꠞꠦ) ꠄꠛꠋ ꠢꠣꠀꠞꠣꠞ꠆ꠇꠤ ꠙꠖ꠆ꠗꠔꠤ। ꠀꠉꠦꠞ ꠙꠖ꠆ꠗꠔꠤ ꠄꠈꠘ ꠀꠞꠅ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠌꠟꠤꠔ, ꠛꠤꠡꠦꠡ ꠇꠞꠦ ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠈꠦꠔ꠆ꠞꠦ। ꠁꠟꠦꠇ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠞꠘꠤꠇ ꠝꠣꠗ꠆ꠗꠝꠦꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠄꠇꠁ ꠛꠡ꠆ꠔꠥ ꠀꠞꠅ ꠙꠖ꠆ꠗꠔꠤꠔꠦ ꠛꠤꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠡ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠜꠛ ꠢꠁꠄꠍꠦ। ꠄꠍꠣꠞꠣꠅ, ꠁꠟꠦꠇ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠞꠘꠤꠇ ꠝꠣꠗ꠆ꠗꠝꠦꠞ ꠇꠣꠞꠘꠦ ꠀꠘꠥꠡꠘ꠆ꠗꠣꠘ, ꠁꠘꠒꠦꠇ꠆ꠡ ꠇꠞꠣꠞ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠇ꠆ꠞꠧꠡ ꠞꠦꠚꠣꠞꠦꠘ꠆ꠡ -ꠄꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠘꠔꠥꠘ ꠃꠙꠣꠁ ꠔꠂꠞꠤ ꠢꠁꠄꠍꠦ। ১৮ ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤꠞ ꠅꠘꠡꠤꠇ꠆ꠟꠧꠙꠤꠒꠤ -ꠄꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠙꠤꠡ꠆ꠑꠣꠞ ꠢꠧꠞꠣꠡ ꠄꠞ ꠄꠙꠤꠉ꠆ꠞꠣꠚ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠇꠣꠑꠣꠝꠦꠞ ꠉꠥꠞꠥꠔ꠆ꠔ ꠛꠞ꠆ꠘꠘꠣ ꠇꠞꠍꠦ। ꠁꠄꠈꠣꠘꠦ ꠔꠤꠘꠤ ꠟꠤꠈꠦꠍꠦꠟꠦꠘ: “ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠄ ꠘꠤꠎ়ꠝ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠡꠋꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔꠤꠞ ꠡꠇ꠆ꠔꠤꠔꠦ ꠇꠤ ꠀꠇꠞ꠆ꠡꠘ ꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠢꠔꠦ ꠙꠣꠞꠦ”। - ꠀꠗꠥꠘꠤꠇ ꠝꠣꠟ꠆ꠐꠤꠝꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠔꠕ꠆ꠕ ꠎꠥꠉꠦꠞ ꠡꠣꠕꠦ ꠡꠛ ꠗꠞꠘꠦꠞ ꠔꠕ꠆ꠕꠦꠞ ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢ, ꠎꠣꠌꠣꠁꠇꠞꠘ, ꠡꠋꠝꠤꠡ꠆ꠞꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠃꠙꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠙꠘꠣꠁ ꠘꠔꠥꠘ ꠙꠖ꠆ꠗꠔꠤꠞ ꠀꠛꠤꠞ꠆ꠜꠣꠛ ꠢꠁꠄꠍꠦ। ꠄꠜꠞꠤꠕꠤꠋ২, ꠄꠘꠇꠣꠞ꠆ꠐꠣ, ꠄꠁꠌ২ꠎꠤ২ ꠄꠛꠋ [[ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ] -ꠄꠞ ꠝꠔꠧ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠟ꠆ꠙꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠔꠕ꠆ꠕ ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢ ꠔꠕ꠆ꠕ ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢ ꠡꠢꠎꠔꠞ ꠢꠅꠀꠞ ꠡꠣꠕꠦ ꠡꠣꠕꠦ ꠘꠔꠥꠘ ꠗꠞꠘꠦꠞ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠀꠛꠤꠞ꠆ꠜꠥꠔ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠃꠖꠣꠢꠞꠘ। ꠄꠂꠔꠤꠢꠣꠡꠤꠇꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠔꠂꠞꠤꠞ ꠙꠖ꠆ꠗꠔꠤ ꠃꠜꠁ ꠟꠣꠜꠎꠘꠇ ꠅ ꠀꠟꠣꠜꠎꠘꠇ ꠖꠤꠇ ꠕꠦꠇꠦ ꠡꠝꠞ꠆ꠕꠤꠔ। ꠃꠙꠞꠦ ꠃꠟ꠆ꠟꠦꠈꠤꠔ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠦꠐ ꠡꠧꠜꠤꠎ়ꠦꠔ ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇꠦꠟꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠘꠣꠝꠇ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠐꠤ ꠞꠣꠡ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠞ ꠡꠝꠞ꠆ꠕꠤꠔ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠛ꠆ꠞꠤꠐꠣꠘꠤꠇꠣ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠀꠟꠣꠜꠎꠘꠇ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠔꠤꠡ꠆ꠑꠣꠘ ꠢꠤꠡꠦꠛꠦ ꠉꠞꠦ ꠃꠑꠦꠍꠦ। [[ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠝꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠚꠣꠃꠘ꠆ꠒꠦꠡꠘ]]ꠦꠞ ꠘꠣꠝꠇ ꠡꠋꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠞ ꠀꠗꠤꠘꠦ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠀꠟꠣꠜꠎꠘꠇ ꠙꠞꠤꠛꠦꠡꠦ ꠡꠦꠌ꠆ꠍꠣꠡꠦꠛꠇꠉꠘ ꠀꠛꠖꠣꠘ ꠞꠣꠈꠣꠞ ꠝꠣꠗ꠆ꠗꠝꠦ ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠉꠞꠦ ꠔꠥꠟꠦꠍꠦ। ꠇꠤꠍꠥ ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘ ꠘꠣꠝꠇ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠡꠣꠕꠦ ꠡꠣꠖꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠘ, ꠛꠤꠡꠦꠡ ꠇꠞꠦ, ꠁꠄꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠄꠞ ꠃꠙꠞ ꠜꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠇꠞꠦ ꠉꠞꠦ ꠃꠑꠦꠍꠦ (ꠁꠄꠝꠘ: ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠎꠥꠉꠦꠞ ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘ, ꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔꠞꠣꠡ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠞꠦꠞ ꠘꠂꠛꠣꠢꠤꠘꠤꠞ ꠎꠥꠖ꠆ꠗ ꠎꠣꠢꠣꠎꠦꠞ ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ [[ꠛ꠆ꠟ꠆ꠎꠣꠇꠦꠞ ꠀꠁꠘ ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘ]])। ꠀꠡ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠞꠦꠟꠤꠀꠞ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠁ ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘ, ꠝꠦꠇꠇꠥꠀꠞꠤ ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘ ꠡꠦꠐꠤꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠡꠋꠡ꠆ꠇꠞꠘꠦꠞ ꠙꠞ ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠎꠕꠣꠞ꠆ꠕ ꠘꠣꠝꠛꠣꠌꠇ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠡꠦꠁ ꠎꠕꠣꠞ꠆ꠕ ꠘꠣꠝꠛꠣꠌꠇ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠕꠦꠇꠦ ꠙꠣꠅꠀ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠦꠞ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞꠦꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘꠦ ꠙꠞꠤꠘꠔ ꠢꠁ। ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘꠦꠞ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠛꠞ ꠙꠣꠞ꠆ꠕꠇ꠆ꠇ ꠞꠁꠄꠍꠦ।<ref name=DOLencyclopedia /><ref name=DOLencyclopedicdefinition /> ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠀꠗꠤꠇꠣꠋꠡ ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠖꠦꠡ꠆ꠡꠦ ꠔꠂꠞꠤ ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘꠦꠞ ꠌꠦꠁꠄ ꠛꠦꠡꠤ ꠖꠤꠞ꠆ꠊ, ꠙꠞꠤꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠔꠤꠔ। ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘꠦꠞ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠛꠡ꠆ꠔꠥꠞ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠦꠅ ꠙꠣꠞ꠆ꠕꠇ꠆ꠇ ꠞꠁꠄꠍꠦ। ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠁ ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘꠦ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠦꠞ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠉꠔ ꠔꠕ꠆ꠕ ꠕꠣꠇꠦ ꠇꠤꠘ꠆ꠔꠥ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠁꠄ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠁ ꠡꠦꠐꠤꠞ ‍ꠃꠙꠞ ꠛꠦꠡꠤ ꠉꠥꠞꠥꠔ꠆ꠔ ꠖꠦꠁ।<ref name=bejoint /><ref name=EB /><ref name=DOLei /><ref name=OHEL22 /> ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘꠦꠞ ꠟꠦꠈꠣꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠦꠞ ꠛꠞ꠆ꠘꠘꠣꠞ ꠡꠣꠕꠦ ꠀꠛꠤꠌ꠆ꠍꠤꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠇꠤꠘ꠆ꠔꠥ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠜꠤꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠘꠣꠝ ꠖꠦꠅꠀ ꠎꠣꠁ। ꠄ ꠇꠣꠞꠘꠦ, ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘꠦꠞ ꠟꠦꠈꠣꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠁ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠘꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠀꠘꠥꠛꠣꠖ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠎꠣꠁ ꠘꠣ ꠇꠤꠘ꠆ꠔꠥ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠈꠦꠔ꠆ꠞꠦ ꠄꠐꠤ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠜꠛ।<ref name=bejoint /> ꠛꠣꠡ꠆ꠔꠛꠜꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠤꠇ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠤꠁ ꠔꠕ꠆ꠕ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠉꠔ ꠔꠕ꠆ꠕꠦꠞ (ꠁꠄꠝꠘꠐꠣ ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘꠦ ꠕꠣꠇꠦ) ꠡꠥꠡ꠆ꠙꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠙꠣꠞ꠆ꠕꠇ꠆ꠇ ꠘꠣ ꠕꠣꠇꠣꠁ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞꠤꠇꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠙꠣꠞ꠆ꠕꠇ꠆ꠇꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠡꠖꠤꠡ ꠘꠁ।<ref name=DOLei /><ref name=DOLencyclopedicdefinition>{{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ১=Hartmann |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ১=R. R. K. |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ২=James |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ২=Gregory |ꠛꠍꠞ=1998 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Dictionary of Lexicography |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=Routledge |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=978-0-415-14143-7 |ꠙꠣꠔꠣꠡꠝꠥꠢ=48–49 |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://books.google.com/books?id=49NZ12icE-QC&q=%22encyclopedic%20dictionary%22%2Bencyclopedia&pg=PA49 |ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=July 27, 2010 |ꠃꠇ꠆ꠔꠤ=Usually these two aspects overlap – encyclopedic information being difficult to distinguish from linguistic information – and dictionaries attempt to capture both in the explanation of a meaning{{nbsp}}...}}</ref><ref name=Bejoint31>{{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Béjoint |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=Henri |ꠛꠍꠞ=2000 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Modern Lexicography |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://archive.org/details/modernlexicograp0000bejo |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=Oxford University Press |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=978-0-19-829951-6 |ꠙꠣꠔꠣ=[https://archive.org/details/modernlexicograp0000bejo/page/31 31] |ꠃꠇ꠆ꠔꠤ=The two types, as we have seen, are not easily differentiated; encyclopedias contain information that is also to be found in dictionaries, and vice versa.}}</ref> ꠄ ꠇꠣꠞꠘꠦ, ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠦ ꠄꠝꠘ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠛꠡ꠆ꠔꠥ ꠕꠣꠇꠔꠦ ꠙꠣꠞꠦ ꠎꠣ ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠡꠣꠖꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠘ ꠇꠤꠍꠥꠔꠦꠅ ꠀꠍꠦ।<ref name=Bejoint31 /> ꠛꠤꠡꠦꠡ ꠇꠞꠦ, ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠦꠞ ꠝꠣꠗ꠆ꠗꠝꠦ ꠁꠄ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠐꠤ ꠀꠜꠤꠢꠤꠔ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠁ ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠁꠁ ꠡꠦꠁ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠐꠤ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠞ꠆ꠇꠦ ꠛꠣꠡ꠆ꠔꠛꠜꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠤꠇ ꠔꠕ꠆ꠕ ꠕꠣꠇꠦ।<ref name=DOLencyclopedicdefinition /><ref name=Bejoint31 /> == ꠁꠔꠤꠢꠣꠡ == ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠌꠤꠘꠇꠣꠟꠦ ꠁꠄꠈꠣꠘꠦ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠢꠣꠔꠦ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠢꠔꠧ, ꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠝꠣꠘꠦ ꠡꠦꠈꠣꠘꠦ ꠄꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠝꠥꠖ꠆ꠞꠤꠔ ꠢꠁ। ꠄꠈꠘ ꠄꠉꠥꠟꠧꠇꠦ ꠁꠟꠦꠇ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠞꠘꠤꠇꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠛꠘ꠆ꠐꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠖꠞ꠆ꠡꠘꠅ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠎꠣꠁ। === ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠌꠤꠘꠇꠣꠟ === [[File:naturalishistoria.jpg|thumb|''Naturalis Historiae'' ꠄꠞ ১৬৬৯ ꠡꠣꠟꠦꠞ ꠡꠋꠡ꠆ꠇꠞꠘꠦꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠙꠣꠔꠣ]] ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤ ꠈ꠆ꠞꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠦꠞ ꠄꠇꠎꠘ [[ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠌꠤꠘ ꠞꠧꠝ|ꠞꠧꠝꠣꠘ]] ꠞꠣꠡ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠞꠘꠣꠁꠇ, ꠙ꠆ꠟꠤꠘꠤ ꠖꠦ ꠄꠟ꠆ꠒꠣꠞ ꠄꠞ ꠘꠣꠔꠥꠞꠣꠟꠤꠡ ꠁꠡꠔꠧꠞꠤꠁꠄ ꠢꠌ꠆ꠍꠦ ꠡꠛꠌꠦꠁꠄ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠌꠤꠁ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠤꠁ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ, ꠎꠣ ꠀꠗꠥꠘꠤꠇ ꠡꠝꠁ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠞꠘ꠆ꠔ ꠀꠈꠔ ꠞꠁꠄꠍꠦ। ꠔꠤꠘꠤ ৩৭ ꠙꠞꠤꠌ꠆ꠍꠦꠖꠦꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠔꠂꠞꠤ ꠇꠞꠦꠘ, ꠁꠄꠈꠣꠘꠦ ꠔꠤꠘꠤ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠇꠤꠔꠤꠇ ꠁꠔꠤꠢꠣꠡ, ꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠙꠔ꠆ꠔ, ꠌꠤꠇꠤꠔ꠆ꠡꠣ ꠛꠤꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘ, ꠜꠥꠉꠧꠟ, ꠜꠥꠔꠔ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠛ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠔꠣꠞ ꠀꠡꠦꠙꠣꠡꠦ ꠕꠣꠇꠣ ꠙꠤꠕꠤꠛꠤꠞ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠔꠥꠟꠦ ꠗꠞꠦꠘ। ꠔꠤꠘꠤ ꠡꠦꠐꠤꠞ ꠜꠥꠝꠤꠇꠣꠁ ꠟꠤꠈꠦꠍꠦꠟꠦꠘ ꠁꠄ, ২০০ ꠄꠞ ꠛꠦꠡꠤ ꠟꠦꠈꠇꠦꠞ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠕꠦꠇꠦ ꠔꠤꠘꠤ ২০,০০০ꠐꠤ ꠡꠔ꠆ꠔ ꠄꠇꠔ꠆ꠞꠤꠔ ꠇꠞꠦꠍꠦꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠀꠘꠦꠇꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠔꠣꠞ ꠘꠤꠎꠦꠞ ꠀꠜꠤꠉꠤꠀꠔꠣ ꠕꠦꠇꠦ ꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠇꠞꠦꠘ। ꠔꠣꠞ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤ ৭৭-৭৯ ꠈ꠆ꠞꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠤꠔ ꠢꠁ। ꠔꠤꠘꠤ ৭৯ ꠈ꠆ꠞꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠦꠞ [[ꠜꠤꠡꠥꠜꠤꠀꠡ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠞꠔ|ꠜꠤꠡꠥꠜꠤꠀꠡꠦꠞ]] ꠀꠉ꠆ꠘ꠆ꠎꠥꠔ꠆ꠙꠣꠔꠦꠞ ꠡꠝꠁꠄ ꠝꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠥꠛꠞꠘ ꠇꠞꠦꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠜꠛꠔ ꠔꠤꠘꠤ ꠔꠣꠞ ꠎꠤꠛꠘꠦ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠐꠤꠞ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠣꠖꠘꠣ ꠡꠦꠡ ꠇꠞꠦꠘꠘꠤ।<ref name=naturalis>Naturalis Historia</ref> === ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠎꠥꠉ === ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠎꠥꠉꠦꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠖꠤꠇꠦꠞ ꠄꠇꠎꠘ ꠝꠢꠣꠘ ꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘꠤ ꠛꠦꠇ꠆ꠔꠤꠖꠦꠞ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠄꠇꠎꠘ, ꠡꠦꠜꠤꠀꠞ ꠁꠡꠤꠖꠧꠞꠦ -ꠇꠦ ꠄꠐꠤꠝꠧꠟꠧꠎꠤꠀꠁ (ꠖꠦ ꠄꠐꠤꠝꠧꠟꠧꠎꠤꠀꠁ) ꠛꠣ ꠀꠞꠤꠎꠤꠘꠦꠡ (৬৩০ ꠈ꠆ꠞꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠦꠞ ꠇꠣꠍꠣꠇꠣꠍꠤ ꠡꠝꠁꠄ) ꠘꠣꠝꠇ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠎꠥꠉꠦꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠟꠦꠈꠣꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠡꠤꠇꠤꠔ। ꠔꠤꠘꠤ ꠡꠦꠈꠣꠘꠦ ꠔꠤꠘꠤ ꠡꠦꠁ ꠡꠝꠁꠄ ꠛꠤꠖ꠆ꠖꠝꠣꠘ ꠕꠣꠇꠣ ꠃꠜꠁ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠌꠤꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠡꠝꠡꠣꠝꠎ়ꠤꠇ ꠡꠤꠈꠣꠞ ꠛꠞ ꠀꠋꠡ ꠄꠔꠦ ꠡꠋꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠇꠞꠦꠘ। ꠄꠔꠦ ২০ꠐꠤ ꠈꠘ꠆ꠒꠦ ꠛꠤꠜꠇ꠆ꠔ ৪৪৮ꠐꠤ ꠙꠞꠤꠌ꠆ꠍꠦꠖ ꠞꠁꠄꠍꠦ। ꠄꠐꠤꠔꠦ ꠕꠣꠇꠣ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠟꠦꠈꠇꠖꠦꠞ ꠛꠇ꠆ꠔꠛ꠆ꠛ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠟꠦꠈꠣꠞ ꠀꠋꠡꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠄꠐꠤ ꠝꠥꠟ꠆ꠟꠛꠣꠘ, ꠇꠣꠞꠘ ꠔꠤꠘꠤ ꠡꠦꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢ ꠘꠣ ꠇꠞꠟꠦ ꠢꠁꠔꠧ ꠡꠦꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠢꠣꠞꠤꠁꠄ ꠎꠦꠔ। ꠇꠦꠣꠞꠧꠟꠤꠋꠉꠤꠀꠘ ꠎꠥꠉꠦꠞ ꠡꠛꠌꠦꠁꠄ ꠎꠘꠙ꠆ꠞꠤꠁ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠍꠤꠟ ꠞꠣꠛꠣꠃꠘꠥꠡ ꠝꠣꠃꠞꠥꠡ ৮৩০ ꠈ꠆ꠞꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠦꠞ ꠇꠣꠍꠣꠇꠣꠍꠤ ꠡꠝꠁꠄ ꠄꠐꠤꠝꠧꠟꠧꠎꠤꠀꠁ ꠄꠞ ꠃꠙꠞ ꠜꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠇꠞꠦ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠖꠦ ꠃꠘꠤꠜꠣꠞ꠆ꠡꠧ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠖꠦ ꠞꠦꠞꠥꠝ ꠘꠣꠔꠥꠞꠤꠡ।<ref>{{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ১=Kaske |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ১=Robert Earl |author1-link=Robert Kaske |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ২=Groos |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ২=Arthur |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ৩=Twomey |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ৩=Michael W. |ꠟꠦꠈꠇ৪=University of Toronto Centre for Medieval Studies |ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=1988 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Medieval Christian Literary Imagery: A Guide to Interpretation |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=University of Toronto Press |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=978-0-8020-2636-1 |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://books.google.com/books?id=LVrgAAAAMAAJ&q=De+universo+or+De+rerum+naturis+by+Rabanus+Maurus}}</ref> ꠖꠡꠝ ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤ ꠈ꠆ꠞꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠦꠞ ꠛꠣꠁꠎꠦꠘꠐꠣꠁꠘ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠞꠣꠎ꠆ꠎꠦꠞ ꠡꠥꠖꠣ ꠘꠣꠝꠇ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠔꠤꠔ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠐꠤꠔꠦ ৩০,০০০ ꠄꠞ ꠛꠦꠡꠤ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠍꠤꠟ, ꠎꠣꠞ ꠀꠘꠦꠇꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠌꠤꠘ ꠃꠔ꠆ꠡ ꠕꠦꠇꠦ ꠄꠡꠦꠍꠦ, ꠁꠄꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠔꠈꠘ ꠕꠦꠇꠦ ꠢꠣꠞꠤꠁꠄ ꠉꠦꠍꠦ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠀꠘꠦꠇ ꠡꠝꠁ ꠈ꠆ꠞꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠣꠘ ꠡꠋꠇꠟꠇꠖꠦꠞ ꠇꠣꠍ ꠕꠦꠇꠦ ꠘꠦꠅꠀ ꠢꠁꠄꠍꠦ। ꠟꠦꠈꠣꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠛꠞ꠆ꠘꠣꠘꠥꠇ꠆ꠞꠝꠦ ꠛꠤꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠡ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠍꠤꠟ, ꠎꠣꠔꠦ ꠡꠞꠛꠞ꠆ꠘꠦꠞ ꠇ꠆ꠞꠝ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠤꠇ ꠛꠞ꠆ꠘꠝꠣꠟꠣꠁ ꠡꠦꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘꠦ ꠄꠇꠐꠥ ꠛꠤꠌ꠆ꠌꠥꠔꠤ ꠍꠤꠟ। ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠎꠥꠉꠦꠞ ꠝꠥꠡꠟꠤꠝꠖꠦꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠖꠤꠇꠦꠞ ꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘꠦꠞ ꠡꠋꠇꠟꠘꠦꠞ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠀꠘꠦꠇ ꠉꠥꠞꠥꠔ꠆ꠔꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠘ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠍꠤꠟ। ৯৬০ ꠈ꠆ꠞꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠦꠞ ꠖꠤꠇꠦ [[ꠛꠡꠞꠣ]] ꠡꠢꠞꠦꠞ ꠁꠈꠅꠀꠘ ꠀꠟ ꠡꠣꠚꠣ ꠁꠈꠅꠀꠘ ꠀꠟ ꠡꠣꠚꠣ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠡꠣꠕꠦ ꠡꠋꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠢꠁ।<ref>P.D. Wightman (1953), ''The Growth of Scientific Ideas''</ref> ꠃꠟ꠆ꠟꠦꠈꠎꠧꠉ꠆ꠉ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠞꠁꠄꠍꠦ [[ꠀꠟ ꠞꠣꠎꠤ|ꠀꠛꠥ ꠛꠇꠞ ꠀꠟ ꠞꠣꠎꠤ]] ꠄꠞ ꠛꠤꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘꠦꠞ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ, [[ꠝꠥꠔꠣꠎꠤꠟꠣ]] ꠀꠘꠥꠡꠞꠘꠇꠣꠞꠤ [[ꠀꠟ-ꠇꠤꠘ꠆ꠖꠤ]] ꠄꠞ ২৭০ꠐꠤ ꠛꠁ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠁꠛꠘꠦ ꠡꠤꠘꠣ ꠄꠞ ꠌꠤꠇꠤꠔ꠆ꠡꠣ ꠛꠤꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘꠦꠞ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ, ꠎꠣ ꠇꠎ়ꠦꠇ ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤ ꠎꠥꠞꠦ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠝꠣꠘꠡꠝ꠆ꠝꠔ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠖꠦꠡꠇ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠍꠤꠟ। ꠀꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠃꠟ꠆ꠟꠦꠈꠎꠧꠉ꠆ꠉ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠞꠁꠄꠍꠦ: ꠀꠡꠀꠞꠤꠖꠦꠞ ꠛꠂꠡ꠆ꠡꠤꠇ ꠁꠔꠤꠢꠣꠡ, [[ꠀꠔ ꠔꠣꠛꠣꠞꠤ]], [[ꠀꠟ-ꠝꠣꠡꠥꠖꠤ]], ꠀꠔ ꠔꠣꠛꠣꠞꠤ ꠄꠞ [[ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈꠥꠟ ꠞꠡꠥꠟ ꠅꠀꠟ ꠝꠥꠟꠥꠇ|ꠘꠛꠤ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠞꠣꠎꠣꠖꠦꠞ ꠁꠔꠤꠢꠣꠡ]],ꠀꠝꠎꠣꠖ ꠁꠛꠘꠦ ꠞꠥꠡ꠆ꠔꠣꠢ, [[ꠀꠟꠤ ꠁꠛꠘꠦ ꠀꠡꠤꠞ]] ꠄꠛꠋ [[ꠁꠛꠘꠦ ꠈꠣꠟꠖꠥꠘ]], ꠎꠣꠖꠦꠞ [[ꠝꠥꠇꠣꠖ꠆ꠖꠤꠝꠣ]]ꠁ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠣꠡꠦꠞ ꠡꠔꠞ꠆ꠇꠔꠣ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠞ꠆ꠇꠦ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠀꠍꠦ, ꠎꠣ ꠀꠎꠅ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠞ꠆ꠘꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠎꠧꠎ꠆ꠎ। [[File:Archive-ugent-be-018970A2-B1E8-11DF-A2E0-A70579F64438 DS-337 (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|254x254px|“ꠟꠤꠛꠣꠞ ꠚ꠆ꠟꠧꠞꠤꠖꠥꠡ” ꠘꠣꠝꠇ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠀꠋꠡ। ꠟꠦꠈꠇꠦꠞ ꠟꠦꠣꠝ꠆ꠛꠣꠞ꠆ꠐ ꠄꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠌꠤꠔ꠆ꠞ, ꠁꠄꠈꠣꠘꠦ ꠝꠘꠥꠡ꠆ꠡ ꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘ ꠡꠋꠇꠟꠘꠦꠞ ꠌꠦꠡ꠆ꠐꠣ ꠇꠞꠍꠦꠘ। ꠉꠦꠘ꠆ꠐ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠛꠤꠖ꠆ꠖꠣꠟꠎꠦꠞ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠘ꠆ꠕꠣꠉꠣꠞꠦ ꠡꠋꠞꠈꠤꠔ ꠙꠣꠘ꠆ꠒꠥꠟꠤꠙꠤ।<ref>{{ꠅꠎ়ꠦꠛ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Liber Floridus [manuscript] |ꠅꠎ়ꠦꠛꠡꠣꠁꠐ=lib.ugent.be |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:018970A2-B1E8-11DF-A2E0-A70579F64438#?c=&m=&s=&cv=14&xywh=-1421,1766,13850,7733 |ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=2020-08-26}}</ref>]] ꠌꠤꠘꠦꠞ ꠡꠧꠋ ꠡꠣꠝ꠆ꠞꠣꠎ꠆ꠎꠦꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠖꠤꠇꠦ (৯৬০-১২৭৯ ꠈ꠆ꠞꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠣꠛ꠆ꠖ) ১১ ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤꠞ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠡꠋꠇꠟꠤꠔ ꠚꠧꠞ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠦꠐ ꠛꠥꠇꠡ ꠀꠛ ꠡꠧꠋ ꠘꠣꠝꠇ ꠝꠢꠣꠘ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠐꠤ ꠍꠤꠟ ꠡꠦꠁ ꠡꠝꠁꠄꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠛꠦꠣꠙꠇ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠔꠤꠡ꠆ꠞꠥꠔꠤ। ꠄꠁ ꠌꠣꠞꠐꠤꠞ ꠡꠞ꠆ꠞꠡꠦꠡ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ, ꠖꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠁꠝ ꠐꠧꠞꠐꠧꠁꠡ ꠁꠘ ꠖꠦ ꠞꠦꠇꠞ꠆ꠒ ꠛꠦꠥꠞꠧ -ꠄꠞ ১০০০ꠐꠤ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠈꠘ꠆ꠒꠦ ৯.৪ ꠝꠤꠟꠤꠎ়ꠘ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠞꠘ꠆ꠔ [[ꠌꠤꠘꠣ ꠀꠈꠞ]] ꠍꠤꠟ। ১০ ꠕꠦꠇꠦ ১৭ ꠡꠔꠇ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠞꠘ꠆ꠔ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠛꠤꠖꠖꠦꠞ ꠎꠥꠉ ꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠁꠁ ꠢꠁ, ꠁꠄꠡꠝꠁꠄ ꠌꠤꠘꠣ ꠡꠞꠇꠣꠞ ꠡꠔꠡꠔ ꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘꠤ ꠛꠦꠇ꠆ꠔꠤꠖꠦꠞ ꠛꠦꠣꠙꠇ ꠇꠤꠍꠥ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠔꠂꠞꠤꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠘꠤꠅꠉ ꠇꠞꠦ।<ref name=":0">{{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Murray |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=Stuart |ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=2009 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=The library: an illustrated history |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=[[Skyhorse Pub.]] |ꠀꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘ=New York, NY |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=9781602397064 |oclc=277203534 |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://archive.org/details/libraryillustrat0000murr |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ-ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢ=registration}}</ref> ꠁꠀꠋꠉꠟ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠍꠤꠟ ꠄꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠡꠛꠌꠦꠁꠄ ꠛꠞ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ। ꠄꠐꠤ ১৪০৮ ꠡꠣꠟꠦ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠢꠁ। ꠄꠐꠤ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠁ ২৩,০০০ꠐꠤ ꠢꠣꠔꠦ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠀꠋꠡꠦ ꠛꠤꠜꠇ꠆ꠔ।<ref name=":0" /> ২০০৭ ꠡꠣꠟꠦ ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀꠞ ꠛꠤꠢꠔ꠆ꠔꠝ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦ ꠙꠞꠤꠘꠔ ꠢꠅꠀꠞ ꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠞ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠞꠘ꠆ꠔ ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀꠞ ꠄꠐꠤ ꠁꠔꠤꠢꠣꠡꠦꠞ ꠛꠤꠢꠔ꠆ꠔꠝ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠢꠤꠡꠦꠛꠦ ꠍꠤꠟ। ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠎꠥꠉꠦꠞ ꠡꠦꠡꠦꠞ ꠖꠤꠇꠦ ꠁꠃꠞꠧꠙꠦ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠄ ꠛꠣ ꠡꠇꠟ ꠈꠦꠔ꠆ꠞꠦ ꠙꠤꠕꠤꠛꠤꠞ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡꠦꠞ ꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘꠦꠞ ꠡꠝꠡ꠆ꠐꠤ ꠄꠇꠔ꠆ꠞꠤꠔ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠀꠘꠦꠇꠦꠞ ꠟꠈ꠆ꠎ ꠍꠤꠟ। ꠔꠣꠖꠦꠞ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠃꠟ꠆ꠟꠦꠈꠎꠧꠉ꠆ꠉ ꠁꠋꠟ꠆ꠟꠣꠘ꠆ꠒꠦꠞ ꠛꠣꠞ꠆ꠕꠧꠟꠧꠝꠦꠅ, ꠛꠧꠜꠦ -ꠄꠞ ꠜꠤꠘꠡꠦꠘ꠆ꠐ, ꠞꠣꠒꠥꠟꠚꠥꠡ ꠀꠞ꠆ꠒꠦꠘꠡ, ꠡꠣꠁꠖ꠆ꠞꠣꠇ, ꠛ꠆ꠞꠥꠘꠦꠔꠧ ꠟꠣꠐꠤꠘꠤ, ꠉꠧꠜꠣꠟꠘꠤ ꠖꠦ ꠡꠣꠋꠉꠤꠝꠤꠀꠘꠧ, ꠙꠤꠁꠄꠦ ꠛꠦꠞꠡꠥꠀꠞ ꠄꠛꠋ [[ꠛꠤꠋꠦꠘꠦꠞ ꠢꠤꠟꠒꠦꠉꠣꠞ꠆ꠒ]] ꠅ ꠟꠦꠣꠘ꠆ꠒꠛꠣꠞ꠆ꠉ ꠄꠞ ꠢꠦꠣꠞꠣꠒ ꠄꠞ ꠝꠔꠧ ꠘꠣꠞꠤꠞꠣ। ꠛꠧꠜꠦ -ꠄꠞ ꠜꠤꠘꠡꠦꠘ꠆ꠐ ꠄꠞ ꠡ꠆ꠙꠦꠇꠥꠟꠥꠝ ꠝꠣꠁꠃꠡ (ꠛꠞ ꠖꠞ꠆ꠙꠘ) ꠄꠛꠋ ꠁꠋꠟ꠆ꠟꠣꠘ꠆ꠒꠦꠞ ꠛꠣꠞ꠆ꠕꠧꠟꠧꠝꠦꠅ ꠄꠞ ꠖꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠧꠙꠤꠁꠄꠐꠣꠐꠤꠛꠥꠡ ꠞꠦꠞꠥꠝ (ꠛꠡ꠆ꠔꠥꠡꠝꠥꠢꠦꠞ ꠛꠂꠡꠤꠡ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠎ) ꠍꠤꠟ ꠄꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠡꠛꠌꠦꠁꠄ ꠡꠚꠟ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ। ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠎꠥꠉꠦ ꠖꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠧꠙꠤꠁꠄꠐꠣꠐꠤꠛꠥꠡ ꠞꠦꠞꠥꠝ -ꠇꠦ ꠚꠞꠣꠡꠤ, ꠎꠣꠞ꠆ꠝꠣꠘ, ꠙ꠆ꠞꠥꠜꠦꠘꠣꠟ, ꠁꠋꠞꠦꠎꠤ, অꠦꠣꠋꠟꠧ-ꠘꠞꠝ꠆ꠝꠣꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠡ꠆ꠙꠦꠘꠤꠁ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠁ ꠀꠘꠥꠛꠣꠖ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠁ (ꠀꠕꠛꠣ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠘ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠁ)। ꠖꠥꠐꠧ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠁ ১৩ ꠡꠔꠇꠦꠞ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠡꠝꠁꠄ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠢꠁ। ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠎꠥꠉꠦꠞ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ “ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ” ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝꠐꠤ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞ ꠇꠞꠦꠘꠤ, ꠛꠞꠋ ꠁꠄꠉꠥꠟꠧ “ꠀꠘ ꠘꠦꠌꠣꠞ” (ꠖꠦ ꠘꠣꠔꠥꠞꠣ, ꠖꠦ ꠘꠣꠔꠥꠞꠤꠡ ꠞꠦꠞꠥꠝ), ꠖꠞ꠆ꠙꠘ (ꠡ꠆ꠙꠦꠇꠥꠟꠥꠝ ꠝꠣꠁꠃꠡ, ꠡ꠆ꠙꠦꠇꠥꠟꠥꠝ ꠁꠃꠘꠤꠜꠣꠞ꠆ꠡꠣꠟ) ꠛꠣ ꠉꠥꠙ꠆ꠔꠗꠘ (ꠐ꠆ꠞꠦꠡꠞ) ꠘꠣꠝꠦ ꠀꠜꠤꠢꠤꠔ ꠍꠤꠟ।<ref>Monique Paulmier-Foucart, "Medieval Encyclopaedias", in André Vauchez (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages'', James Clarke & Co, 2002.</ref> ꠎꠦꠝꠡ ꠟꠦ ꠙꠣꠟꠝꠣꠞ ꠄꠞ ১৪ ꠡꠔꠇꠦꠞ ꠅꠝꠘꠦ ꠛꠘꠥꠝ -ꠄ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠛꠤꠜꠤꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠄꠞ ꠃꠙꠞ ꠟꠦꠈꠣꠞ ꠄꠇꠇ ꠛꠞ꠆ꠘꠣꠘꠥꠇ꠆ꠞꠝꠤꠇ ꠙꠖ꠆ꠗꠔꠤ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠁꠄꠍꠦ। === ꠞꠦꠘꠦꠡꠣꠋ === [[File:Der Judenbrand in der Schedelsche Weltchronik.jpg|thumb|''[[ꠘꠥꠞꠦꠝꠛꠣꠞ꠆ꠉ ꠇ꠆ꠞꠘꠤꠇꠟ]]'' ১৪৯৩ ꠡꠣꠟꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠤꠔ ꠢꠁ। ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠦꠞ ꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘꠇꠦ ꠘꠕꠤꠜꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠝꠥꠖ꠆ꠞꠤꠔ ꠛꠁ।]] ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠎꠥꠉꠦꠞ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠡꠛ ꠢꠣꠔꠦ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠣꠖꠤꠔ ꠍꠤꠟ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠡꠥꠗꠥ ꠗꠘꠤ ꠛꠣ ꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘ ꠙꠤꠙꠣꠡꠥ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡꠖꠦꠞ ꠇꠣꠍꠦ ꠕꠣꠇꠔ। ꠁꠄꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠛꠦꠁꠛꠢꠥꠟ ꠍꠤꠟ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠎꠣꠞꠣ ꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘ ꠛꠤꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠞ ꠇꠞꠔꠦ ꠌꠣꠁꠔ ꠔꠣꠖꠦꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠢꠔꠧ, ꠡꠇꠟ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞꠇꠣꠞꠤꠖꠦꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠘꠁ।<ref name="dotma">See "Encyclopedia" in ''[[Dictionary of the Middle Ages]]''.</ref> ১৪৯৩ ꠡꠣꠟꠦ, ꠘꠥꠞꠦꠝꠛꠣꠞ꠆ꠉ ꠇ꠆ꠞꠘꠤꠇꠟ ꠔꠂꠞꠤ ꠢꠁ, ꠁꠄꠈꠣꠘꠦ ꠄꠂꠔꠤꠢꠣꠡꠤꠇ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡ, ꠊꠐꠘꠣ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠜꠂꠉꠧꠟꠤꠇ ꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘꠡꠝꠥꠢꠦꠞ ꠡꠔꠡꠔ ꠌꠤꠔ꠆ꠞ ꠍꠤꠟ। ꠄꠐꠤ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠤꠁ ꠗꠣꠞꠣꠛꠤꠛꠞꠘꠤ ꠢꠤꠡꠦꠛꠦ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠄꠁ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠐꠤ ꠡꠛꠌꠦꠁꠄ ꠜꠣꠟꠣ ꠘꠕꠤꠜꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠝꠥꠖ꠆ꠞꠤꠔ ꠛꠁ ꠍꠤꠟ (ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠁꠘꠇꠥꠘꠣꠛꠥꠟꠣ) ꠄꠛꠋ ꠟꠦꠈꠣꠞ ꠡꠣꠕꠦ ꠌꠤꠔ꠆ꠞ ꠎꠧꠉ ꠇꠞꠔꠦ ꠡꠈꠝ ꠢꠅꠀ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠖꠤꠇꠦꠞ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ। ꠄꠁ ꠌꠤꠔ꠆ꠞꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠀꠉꠦ ꠇꠈꠘꠧ ꠌꠤꠔ꠆ꠞꠤꠔ ꠘꠣ ꠢꠅꠀ ꠁꠃꠞꠧꠙ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠞ ꠇꠣꠍꠣꠇꠣꠍꠤꠞ ꠛꠞ ꠡꠢꠞꠉꠥꠟꠧꠇꠦ ꠌꠤꠔ꠆ꠞꠤꠔ ꠇꠞꠦ।<ref>{{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Hennessy |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=Kathryn |ꠛꠍꠞ=2018 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Remarkable Books, The World's Most Beautiful and Historic Works |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=DK Penguin Random House |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=9781465483065 |ꠀꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘ=345 Hudson St, New York, New York 10014 |ꠙꠣꠔꠣꠡꠝꠥꠢ=78}}</ref> ꠄꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠌꠤꠔ꠆ꠞꠤꠔ ꠇꠞꠔꠦ ৬৪৫ꠐꠤ ꠇꠣꠑꠦ ꠈꠧꠖꠣꠁ ꠍꠛꠤ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠁꠄꠍꠦ।<ref>{{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ১=McPhee |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ১=John |ꠟꠦꠈꠇ২=Museums and Galleries NSW |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Great Collections: treasures from Art Gallery of NSW, Australian Museum, Botanic Gardens Trust, Historic Houses Trust of NSW, Museum of Contemporary Art, Powerhouse Museum, State Library of NSW, State Records NSW. |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=Museums & Galleries NSW |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=9780646496030 |oclc=302147838 |ꠙꠣꠔꠣꠡꠝꠥꠢ=37}}</ref> ꠞꠦꠘꠦꠡꠣꠋꠞ ꠡꠝꠁꠄ [[ꠝꠥꠖ꠆ꠞꠘ]]ꠦꠞ ꠀꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠇꠣꠞꠦꠞ ꠇꠣꠞꠘꠦ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠀꠞꠅ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠡꠣꠞꠤꠔ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠔ꠆ꠔꠦꠇ ꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘꠤ ꠛꠦꠇ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠘꠤꠎꠡ꠆ꠡ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠡꠋꠡ꠆ꠇꠞꠘ ꠞꠣꠈꠔꠦ ꠙꠣꠞꠔ। ꠎꠞ꠆ꠎꠤ ꠜꠣꠀ ꠄꠞ ꠖꠦ ꠄꠇ꠆ꠡꠙꠦꠒꠦꠘꠘ꠆ꠐꠤꠎ ꠄꠐ ꠚꠥꠎꠣꠘꠒꠤꠡ ꠞꠦꠛꠥꠡ ꠔꠣꠞ ꠝꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠥꠞ ꠙꠞ ১৫০১ ꠡꠣꠟꠦ ꠜꠦꠘꠤꠡꠦ ꠀꠟꠖꠥꠎ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡꠤꠁꠡ ꠇꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠇ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠤꠔ ꠢꠁ। ꠄꠁ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠐꠤ ꠡꠣꠗꠤꠘ ꠡꠤꠟ꠆ꠙꠦꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠄꠂꠔꠤꠢ꠆ꠢꠛꠣꠢꠤ ꠃꠖꠣꠢꠞꠘ। ꠜꠣꠀ ꠡꠖ꠆ꠖ ꠀꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠇꠤꠔ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠀꠘꠥꠛꠣꠖ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠉꠘꠤꠔꠦꠞ ꠃꠙꠞ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠤꠇꠖꠦꠞ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ (ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠦ [[ꠀꠞ꠆ꠇꠤꠝꠤꠒꠤꠡ]] ꠄꠞ) ꠀꠘꠥꠛꠣꠖ ꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠇꠞꠦꠘ। ১৫০৩ ꠡꠣꠟꠦ ꠝꠥꠖ꠆ꠞꠤꠔ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠦꠉꠞ ꠞꠣꠁꠌꠦꠞ ꠝꠣꠞ꠆ꠉꠣꠞꠤꠐꠣ ꠚꠤꠟꠧꠡꠧꠚꠤꠇꠣ ꠍꠤꠟ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ, ꠁꠄꠈꠣꠘꠦ ꠡꠣꠔꠐꠤ ꠡꠣꠗꠤꠘ ꠡꠤꠟ꠆ꠙꠦꠞ ꠛꠦꠣꠈ꠆ꠈꠣ ꠖꠦꠅꠀ ꠢꠁꠄꠍꠦ। ১৬ ꠡꠔꠇꠦꠞ ꠝꠣꠘꠛꠔꠣꠛꠣꠖꠤꠞꠣ ꠙ꠆ꠟꠤꠘꠤ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠇꠥꠁꠘ꠆ꠐꠤꠟꠤꠀꠘ ꠄꠞ ꠟꠦꠈꠣꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠜꠥꠟꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠙꠒ়ꠦꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ “ꠄꠘꠇꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠟꠡ” “ꠙꠦꠁꠒꠤꠀ” ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖ ꠖꠥꠐꠤꠇꠦ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖ (έγκυκλοπαιδεία) ꠛꠟꠦ ꠝꠘꠦ ꠇꠞꠟꠦ ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠇ꠆ꠟꠦꠅꠙꠦꠁꠒꠤꠀ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠐꠤꠞ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠜꠛ ꠢꠁ।<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0138%3Abook%3Dpreface%3Achapter%3D3 Pliny the Elder, ''Naturalis Historia'', Preface 14].</ref><ref>Quintilian, ''Institutio oratoria'', 1.10.1: ''ut efficiatur orbis ille doctrinae, quem Graeci ἐγκύκλιον παιδείαν vocant.''</ref><ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3De%29gkuklopaidei%2Fa έγκυκλοπαιδεία], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek–English Lexicon'', at Perseus Project: "f. l. [= ''falsa lectio'', Latin for "false reading"] for ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία"</ref> ꠙ꠆ꠟꠥꠐꠣꠞ꠆ꠇ “ꠄꠘꠇꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠟꠡ ꠙꠦꠁꠒꠤꠀ” ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠐꠤ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞ ꠇꠞꠦꠘ (ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία) ꠄꠛꠋ ꠟꠣꠔꠤꠘ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖ, ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠟꠧꠙꠦꠁꠒꠤꠀ (encyclopaedia) ꠙ꠆ꠞꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠘ ꠇꠞꠦꠘ। ꠄꠁ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠐꠤ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞ ꠇꠞꠦ ꠘꠣꠝ ꠖꠦꠅꠀ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠍꠤꠟ ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇꠦꠟꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠀꠞꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠇꠦ ꠒꠇꠐ꠆ꠞꠤꠘꠣꠞꠥꠝ, ꠢꠧꠇ ꠄꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠅꠝꠘꠤꠃꠝ ꠀꠞꠐꠤꠃꠝ, ꠡꠤꠘꠐꠤꠀꠞꠥꠝ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠢꠧꠀꠘꠣꠡ ꠀꠜꠦꠘꠐꠤꠘꠣ ꠄꠞ ১৫১৭ ꠡꠣꠟꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠤꠔ ꠁꠙꠡꠤꠅꠡ ꠚꠤꠟꠧꠡꠧꠚꠣꠁꠁꠄ ꠁꠘꠒꠦꠇ꠆ꠡ ꠄꠡꠤ ꠒꠤꠜꠤꠡꠤꠅ। ꠁꠋꠞꠦꠎ ꠌꠤꠇꠤꠔ꠆ꠡꠇ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠖꠣꠞ꠆ꠡꠘꠤꠇ, ꠡꠦꠣꠞ ꠕꠧꠝꠣꠡ ꠛ꠆ꠞꠣꠃꠘ ১৬৪৬ ꠡꠣꠟꠦ ꠔꠣꠞ ꠡꠤꠃꠒꠧꠒꠇ꠆ꠡꠤꠀ ꠄꠙꠤꠒꠦꠝꠤꠇ -ꠄꠞ ꠜꠥꠝꠤꠇꠣꠁ ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠟꠧꠙꠦꠁꠒꠤꠀ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠐꠤ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞ ꠇꠞꠦꠍꠦꠘ, ꠎꠣ ১৭ ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤꠞ ꠛꠂꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘꠤꠇ ꠛꠤꠙ꠆ꠟꠛꠦꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠉꠥꠞꠥꠔ꠆ꠔꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠘ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤ। ꠞꠦꠘꠦꠡꠣꠋꠞ “ꠡꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠤꠞ ꠝꠣꠙꠇꠣꠑꠤ” ꠘꠣꠝꠇ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠝꠣꠘꠎꠘꠇ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠣꠐꠤꠞ ꠡꠝꠁꠄꠞ ꠃꠙꠞ ꠜꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠇꠞꠦ ꠔꠤꠘꠤ ꠔꠣꠞ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠐꠤ ꠔꠂꠞꠤ ꠇꠞꠦꠍꠦꠘ। ꠡꠤꠃꠒꠧꠒꠇ꠆ꠡꠤꠀ ꠄꠙꠤꠒꠦꠝꠤꠇꠣꠡ ꠡꠞ꠆ꠞꠧꠌ꠆ꠌ ꠛꠤꠇ꠆ꠞꠤ ꠢꠅꠀ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠍꠤꠟ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠄꠐꠤ ꠎꠣꠞ꠆ꠝꠣꠘ, ꠟꠣꠔꠤꠘ, ꠚꠞꠣꠡꠤ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠒꠣꠌ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠁ ꠀꠘꠥꠛꠣꠖ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠁ। ꠄꠐꠤꠞ ꠇꠝꠙꠈꠦ ꠙꠣꠋꠌꠐꠤ ꠡꠋꠡ꠆ꠇꠞꠘ ꠛꠦꠞ ꠢꠁ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠡꠞ꠆ꠞꠧꠡꠦꠡ ꠡꠋꠡ꠆ꠇꠞꠘꠐꠤ ১৬৭২ ꠡꠣꠟꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠤꠔ ꠢꠁ। ꠀꠞ꠆ꠕꠘꠂꠔꠤꠇ, ꠛꠣꠘꠤꠎ꠆ꠎꠤꠇ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠀꠁꠘꠤꠡꠢ ꠛꠤꠜꠤꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠄꠞ ꠇꠣꠞꠘꠦ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠀꠇꠣꠞ ꠙꠞꠤꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠔ ꠢꠁꠄꠍꠦ। ꠞꠦꠘꠦꠡꠣꠋꠞ ꠡꠝꠁꠄ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠛꠤꠔ꠆ꠔ ꠡ꠆ꠞꠦꠘꠤꠞ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡꠖꠦꠞ ꠙꠞꠣꠞ ꠛꠦꠡꠤ ꠡꠝꠁ ꠍꠤꠟ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠔꠣꠖꠦꠞ ꠀꠞꠅ ꠎꠣꠘꠔꠦ ꠡꠣꠢꠣꠎ꠆ꠎ ꠇꠞꠦ। ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇꠞꠣ ꠔꠣꠖꠦꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠘꠣ ꠛꠤꠖ꠆ꠗꠤ ꠇꠞꠔꠦ ꠌꠦꠁꠄꠍꠤꠟ, ꠔꠣꠁ ꠎꠣꠞ꠆ꠝꠣꠘꠤꠞ ꠝꠔꠧ ꠖꠦꠡꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠖ꠆ꠞꠥꠔ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠘꠣꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠛꠞ꠆ꠘꠣꠘꠥꠇ꠆ꠞꠝꠤꠇ ꠀꠋꠡ ꠛꠣꠖ ꠖꠤꠁꠄ ꠛꠁ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠡꠥꠞꠥ ꠇꠞꠦ। ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇꠞꠣ ꠄꠇꠣꠁ ꠔꠣꠖꠦꠞ ꠡꠇꠟ ꠛꠦꠁ ꠛꠢꠘ ꠇꠞꠔꠦ ꠙꠣꠞꠔ ꠘꠣ। ꠄꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠄꠇꠣꠗꠤꠇ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ ꠎꠂꠕꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠜꠣꠟꠣ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠔꠂꠞꠤ ꠇꠞꠔꠦ ꠅꠞ꠆ꠕ ꠛꠦꠁ ꠇꠞꠔ। ꠎꠈꠘ ꠄꠇꠁ ꠝꠥꠟ꠆ꠟꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠘꠣ ꠀꠡꠝ꠆ꠜꠛ ꠢꠁꠄ ꠙꠞꠦ ꠔꠈꠘ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇꠞꠣ ꠡꠣꠛꠡ꠆ꠇ꠆ꠞꠤꠙꠡꠡꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠡꠤꠞꠤꠀꠟ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠘꠣ ꠙꠖ꠆ꠗꠔꠤ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠡꠥꠞꠥ ꠇꠞꠟ। ꠄꠁ ꠙꠖ꠆ꠗꠔꠤ ꠇꠣꠞ꠆ꠞꠇꠞ ꠢꠟꠦ ꠝꠥꠟꠗꠘ ꠛꠤꠖ꠆ꠗꠤ ꠙꠣꠁ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠡ꠆ꠕꠤꠞ ꠡꠥꠞꠥ ꠢꠁ। ꠙ꠆ꠞꠔꠤꠖ꠆ꠖꠘ꠆ꠖ꠆ꠛꠤꠔꠣꠞ ꠡꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠤ ꠢꠟꠦ, ꠖꠥꠞ꠆ꠞꠟ ꠀꠘꠥꠘ꠆ꠘꠔ ꠀꠁꠘꠦꠞ ꠇꠣꠞꠘꠦ ꠇꠐꠤꠞꠣꠁꠐ ꠢꠅꠀ ꠡꠥꠞꠥ ꠢꠁ। ꠛꠦꠡꠤ ꠛꠤꠔ꠆ꠞꠤ ꠇꠞꠣꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠎꠣꠔꠦ ꠈꠖ꠆ꠖꠦꠞꠖꠦꠞ ꠛꠦꠡꠤ ꠅꠞ꠆ꠕ ꠈꠞꠌ ꠘꠣ ꠇꠞꠔꠦ ꠢꠁ ꠔꠣꠁ ꠖ꠆ꠞꠥꠔꠔꠞ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠇꠝ ꠈꠞꠌꠦ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠔꠂꠞꠤꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠇꠤꠍꠥ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇꠦꠞ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠘꠇꠟ ꠇꠞꠦꠘ। ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠛꠤꠔ꠆ꠔ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡꠦꠞ ꠊꠞꠦ ꠕꠣꠇꠣ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠘ꠆ꠕꠉꠣꠞꠦ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠞꠣꠈꠣ ꠕꠣꠇꠔ। ꠁꠃꠞꠧꠙꠤꠅꠞꠣ ꠔꠣꠖꠦꠞ ꠀꠡꠦꠙꠣꠡꠦꠞ ꠡꠝꠣꠎ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠞ꠆ꠇꠦ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠝꠤꠔ ꠢꠔꠦ ꠕꠣꠇꠦ, ꠚꠟꠦ ꠡꠞꠇꠣꠞꠦꠞ ꠛꠤꠞꠥꠖ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠛꠤꠖ꠆ꠞꠧꠢ ꠡꠋꠊꠐꠤꠔ ꠢꠁ।<ref>{{ꠡꠣꠝꠎ়ꠤꠇꠤ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Loveland |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=J. |ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=2012 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Why Encyclopedias Got Bigger … and Smaller |ꠡꠣꠝꠎ়ꠤꠇꠤ=Information & Culture |ꠒꠤꠅꠀꠁ=10.1353/lac.2012.0012 |s2cid=144466580 |ꠈꠘ꠆ꠒ=47 |ꠡꠋꠈ꠆ꠈꠣ ꠘꠋ=2 |ꠙꠣꠔꠣꠡꠝꠥꠢ=233–254 |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241898454}}</ref> === ꠄꠂꠔꠤꠢ꠆ꠢꠛꠣꠢꠤ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ === [[File:Encyclopedie de D'Alembert et Diderot - Premiere Page - ENC 1-NA5.jpg|thumb|''[[ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠟꠧꠙꠦꠒꠤ]]'', ১৭৭৩]] ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠖꠦꠡ꠆ꠡꠦ ꠔꠂꠞꠤ ꠛꠦꠣꠙꠇꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠛꠘ꠆ꠐꠘ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠝꠥꠖ꠆ꠞꠤꠔ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠀꠗꠥꠘꠤꠇ ꠗꠣꠞꠘꠣ ১৮ ꠡꠔꠇꠦꠞ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠛꠤꠖꠦꠞ ꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠞꠦꠁ ꠄꠡꠦꠍꠦ। ꠌꠦꠝ꠆ꠛꠣꠞꠦꠞ ꠇ꠆ꠟꠣꠁꠇꠧꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ, ꠁꠃꠘꠤꠜꠣꠞ꠆ꠡꠣꠟ ꠒꠤꠇꠡꠘꠣꠞꠤ ꠀꠛ ꠀꠞ꠆ꠐ ꠄꠘ꠆ꠒ ꠡꠣꠁꠁꠄꠘ꠆ꠡꠦꠡ (১৭২৮), ꠒꠦꠘꠤ ꠖꠤꠖꠦꠢꠧ (১৭৫০) ꠅ ꠎꠤꠘ ꠖꠦ ꠞꠧꠘ꠆ꠒ ꠖꠣ’ꠟꠦꠝ꠆ꠛꠣꠞ꠆ꠐ (১৭৫১ ꠕꠦꠇꠦ) ꠄꠞ ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠟꠧꠙꠦꠒꠤ, [[ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠟꠧꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠛ꠆ꠞꠤꠐꠣꠘꠤꠇꠣ]] (১৭৬৮) ꠄꠛꠋ ꠇꠘꠜꠣꠞ꠆ꠡꠦꠡꠘ ꠟꠦꠇ꠆ꠡꠤꠇꠘ ꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠝꠣꠘꠦ ꠀꠝꠣꠖꠦꠞ ꠙꠞꠤꠌꠤꠔ ꠞꠥꠙꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠤꠔ ꠢꠁ। ꠄꠉꠥꠟꠧꠔꠦ ꠀꠘꠦꠇ ꠛꠤꠡꠁ ꠉꠜꠤꠞꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠀꠟꠧꠌꠘꠣ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠁ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠟꠦꠈꠣꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠛꠧꠗꠉꠧꠝ꠆ꠝ, ꠘꠤꠁꠝꠣꠘꠥꠉ ꠙꠖ꠆ꠗꠔꠤꠔꠦ ꠡꠣꠎꠣꠘꠧ ꠢꠁ।১৭২৮ ꠡꠣꠟꠦ, ꠌꠦꠝ꠆ꠛꠣꠞ ꠄꠞ ১৭০৪ ꠡꠣꠟꠦ ꠎꠘ ꠢꠣꠞꠤꠡ ꠇꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠇ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠤꠔ ꠟꠦꠇ꠆ꠡꠤꠇꠥꠝ ꠐꠦꠇꠘꠤꠇꠥꠝ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠔꠣꠞ ꠙꠞꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠀꠘꠥꠡꠞꠘ ꠇꠞꠦꠘ। ꠌꠦꠝ꠆ꠛꠣꠞꠦꠞ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠐꠤ ꠘꠣꠝ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠛꠡ꠆ꠔꠥ ꠀꠘꠥꠎꠣꠁꠁ ꠍꠤꠟ ꠡꠤꠟ꠆ꠙ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠛꠤꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘꠦꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠁꠋꠞꠦꠎꠤ ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘ, ꠎꠣꠔꠦ ꠡꠥꠗꠥ ꠡꠤꠟ꠆ꠙꠦꠞ ꠡꠞ꠆ꠔꠉꠥꠟꠧꠁ ꠘꠁ, ꠛꠞꠋ ꠡꠤꠟ꠆ꠙꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞꠅ ꠛꠦꠣꠈ꠆ꠈꠣ ꠖꠦꠅꠀ ꠢꠁꠄꠍꠦ। ১৯২০ ꠄꠞ ꠖꠡꠇꠦ ꠢꠣꠝꠞ꠆ꠡꠅꠞ꠆ইꠕ ꠄꠞ ꠡꠣꠞ꠆ꠞꠎꠘꠤꠘ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠡꠤꠡꠥꠖꠦꠞ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠝꠔꠧ ꠎꠘꠙ꠆ꠞꠤꠁ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠡꠣꠡ꠆ꠞꠁꠁ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠀꠛꠤꠞ꠆ꠜꠣꠛ ꠢꠁ। ১৯৫০ ꠄꠛꠋ ১৯৬০ ꠄꠞ ꠖꠡꠇꠦ ꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔꠞꠣꠡ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠞꠦ ꠇꠤꠍꠥ ꠛꠦꠣꠙꠇ ꠎꠘꠙ꠆ꠞꠤꠁ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠤꠔ ꠢꠁ, ꠁꠄꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠇꠤꠡ꠆ꠔꠤꠔꠦ ꠛꠤꠇ꠆ꠞꠤ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠁ। ꠚꠣꠋꠇ ꠄꠘ꠆ꠒ ꠅꠀꠉꠘꠣꠟꠡ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠅꠀꠞ꠆ꠟ꠆ꠒ ꠛꠥꠇ ꠍꠤꠟ ꠄꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠡꠛꠌꠦꠁꠄ ꠛꠤꠈ꠆ꠈꠣꠔ। ꠄꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠁ ৯০ ꠡꠔꠣꠋꠡ ꠛꠣꠞꠤꠔꠦ-ꠛꠣꠞꠤꠔꠦ ꠉꠤꠁꠄ ꠛꠤꠇ꠆ꠞꠤ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠁꠄꠍꠦ। ꠎꠦꠇ ꠟꠤꠘ꠆ꠌ ꠔꠣꠞ ꠛꠁꠁꠄꠞ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠟꠤꠈꠦꠍꠦꠘ ꠁꠄ, ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠛꠤꠇ꠆ꠞꠦꠔꠣꠞꠣ ꠄꠔ ꠡꠥꠟꠜ ꠍꠤꠟ ꠁꠄ ꠔꠣꠞꠣ ꠇꠂꠔꠥꠇꠦꠞ ꠇꠦꠘ꠆ꠖ꠆ꠞ ꠢꠁꠄ ꠎꠣꠁ। “ꠔꠣꠞꠣ ꠡꠥꠗꠥ ꠛꠁ ꠘꠁ, ꠛꠞꠋ ꠔꠣꠞꠣ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠎꠤꠛꠘꠛ꠆ꠛꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣ, ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠜꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠔ꠆ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠡꠣꠝꠣꠎꠤꠇ ꠉꠔꠤꠡꠤꠟꠔꠣꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠔꠤꠉꠤꠀꠣ ꠛꠤꠇ꠆ꠞꠤ ꠇꠞꠍꠦꠘ” ꠛꠟꠦ ꠔꠤꠘꠤ ꠔꠣꠖꠦꠞ ꠇꠣꠎꠦꠞ ꠈꠦꠔ꠆ꠞꠇꠦ ꠛꠦꠣꠈ꠆ꠈꠣ ꠇꠞꠦꠘ। ১৯৬১ ꠡꠣꠟꠦ ꠅꠀꠞ꠆ꠟ꠆ꠒ ꠛꠥꠇ ꠄꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠛꠤꠉꠤꠀꠣꠙꠘꠦ ꠄꠇꠎꠘ ꠘꠣꠞꠤꠞ ꠢꠣꠔꠦ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠀꠞ꠆ꠒꠣꠞ ꠚꠞ꠆ꠝ ꠖꠦꠈꠤꠁꠄ ꠛꠟꠣ ꠢꠁꠄꠍꠦ, “ꠀꠙꠘꠤ ꠄꠈꠘ ꠀꠙꠘꠣꠞ ꠢꠣꠔꠦ ꠀꠙꠘꠣꠞ ꠙꠞꠤꠛꠣꠞꠦꠞ ꠜꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠔ꠆ ꠗꠞꠦ ꠞꠦꠈꠦꠍꠦꠘ”।<ref>{{ꠅꠎ়ꠦꠛ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Onion |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=Rebecca |ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=June 3, 2016 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=How Two Artists Turn Old Encyclopedias Into Beautiful, Melancholy Art |ꠅꠎ়ꠦꠛꠡꠣꠁꠐ=Slate |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://slate.com/human-interest/2016/06/how-two-artists-turn-old-encyclopedias-into-beautiful-melancholy-art.html |ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=September 23, 2019}}</ref> [[File:EncycBrit1913.jpg|thumb| ''[[ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠟꠧꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠛ꠆ꠞꠤꠐꠣꠘꠤꠇꠣ]]'' -ꠄꠞ ১৯১৩ ꠡꠣꠟꠦꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠛꠤꠉꠤꠀꠣꠙꠘ। ꠄꠐꠤ ꠍꠤꠟ ꠡꠛꠌꠦꠁꠄ ꠙꠥꠞꠣꠘꠧ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠛꠤꠢꠔ꠆ꠔꠝ ꠁꠋꠞꠦꠎꠤ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ।]] ꠛꠤꠋꠡ ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤꠞ ২ꠁ ꠀꠋꠡꠦ ꠀꠘꠦꠇꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠛꠤꠡꠦꠡꠣꠁꠔ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠤꠔ ꠢꠁ, ꠁꠄꠈꠣꠘꠦ ꠝꠥꠟꠔ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠖꠤꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠡꠤꠟ꠆ꠙ ꠛꠣ ꠙꠦꠡꠣꠇꠦ ꠡꠝꠞ꠆ꠕꠘ ꠖꠦꠅꠀꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠖꠤꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠈꠦꠔ꠆ꠞꠦꠞ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠡꠋꠇꠟꠤꠔ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠁ। ꠄꠁ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠌꠟꠘꠐꠤ ꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠁꠁ ꠢꠁ। ꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠝꠣꠘꠦ ꠇꠝꠙꠈꠦ ꠄꠇ ꠈꠘ꠆ꠒ ꠀꠇꠣꠞꠦꠞ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠞꠁꠄꠍꠦ, ꠎꠣꠔꠦ ꠡꠤꠈꠣꠞ ꠡꠇꠟ ꠈꠦꠔ꠆ꠞꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠘꠣ ꠕꠣꠇꠟꠦꠅ [[ꠎꠤꠛꠘꠤꠔꠤꠡꠣꠡ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠞ]]ꠦꠞ ꠝꠔꠧ ꠍꠧꠐ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠍꠤꠟ। === ꠒꠤꠎꠤꠐꠣꠟ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠀꠘꠟꠣꠁꠘ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠃꠔ꠆ꠕꠣꠘ === ২০ ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤꠞ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠘꠤꠎꠡ꠆ꠡ ꠇꠝ꠆ꠙꠤꠃꠐꠣꠞꠦ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞꠦꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠡꠤꠒꠤ-ꠞꠧꠝꠦ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠁ। [[ꠝꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠞꠧꠡꠚꠐ]] -ꠄꠞ ꠄꠘꠇꠣꠞ꠆ꠐꠣ ꠄꠞ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠝꠥꠖ꠆ꠞꠤꠔ ꠡꠋꠇꠟꠘ ꠘꠣ ꠕꠣꠇꠣꠁ ꠄꠐꠤ ꠄꠞꠇꠝ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠉꠥꠞꠥꠔ꠆ꠔꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠘ ꠃꠖꠣꠢꠞꠘ। ꠄꠞ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗꠉꠥꠟꠧꠔꠦ ꠜꠤꠒꠤꠅ, ꠀꠒꠤꠅ ꠚꠣꠁꠟ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠀꠡꠋꠈ꠆ꠈ ꠃꠌ꠆ꠌ ꠝꠣꠘꠡꠝ꠆ꠝꠔ ꠌꠤꠔ꠆ꠞ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠁ.<ref>{{ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Important Notice: MSN Encarta to be Discontinued |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=MSN Encarta |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=http://encarta.msn.com/guide_page_FAQ/FAQ.html |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ-ꠀꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣ=dead |ꠀꠞ꠆ꠇꠣꠁꠜꠦꠞ-ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027213618/http://encarta.msn.com/guide_page_FAQ/FAQ.html |ꠀꠞ꠆ꠇꠣꠁꠜꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=October 27, 2009}}</ref> [[ꠌꠤꠔ꠆ꠞ:Google Ngram encyclopedias.png|thumb|upright=1.5|ꠙ꠆ꠞꠌꠥꠞ ꠙꠞꠤꠝꠣꠘ ꠛꠁꠁꠄ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠤꠔ "ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠟꠧꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ". "ꠛ꠆ꠞꠤꠐꠣꠘꠤꠇꠣ", "ꠄꠘꠇꠣꠞ꠆ꠔꠣ", ꠄꠛꠋ "ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ" ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠀꠙꠦꠈꠤꠇ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞꠦꠞ ꠙꠞꠤꠝꠣꠘ ([[ꠉꠥꠉꠟ ꠄꠘꠉ꠆ꠞꠣꠝ ꠜꠤꠃꠎ়ꠣꠞ]])]] ꠒꠤꠎꠤꠐꠣꠟ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠀꠘꠟꠣꠁꠘ ꠇ꠆ꠞꠣꠃꠒꠡꠧꠞ꠆ꠡꠤꠋ ꠄꠞ ꠇꠣꠞꠘꠦ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠉꠦꠥꠟꠧ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠄꠞ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠔꠤꠔꠤ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠉꠜꠤꠞꠔꠣꠞ ꠖꠤꠇ ꠡꠤꠝꠣꠛꠖ꠆ꠗꠔꠣ ꠇꠣꠐꠤꠁꠄ ꠃꠑꠦꠍꠦ। ꠅꠙꠦꠘ ꠡꠧꠞ꠆ꠡ [[ꠝꠤꠒꠤꠀꠃꠁꠇꠤ]] ꠡꠚꠐꠅই꠆ইꠣꠞ ꠄꠛꠋ [[ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠝꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠚꠣꠃꠘ꠆ꠒꠦꠡꠘ]] ꠡꠝꠞ꠆ꠕꠤꠔ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠛꠢꠥꠜꠣꠡꠣꠜꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠤꠇ [[ꠝꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠃꠙꠣꠖꠣꠘ|ꠝꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠟꠣꠁꠡꠦꠘ꠆ꠡ]] [[ꠁꠘ꠆ꠐꠣꠞꠘꠦꠐ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ]], [[ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ]] ২০০১ ꠡꠣꠟꠦ ꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠙꠤꠔ ꠢꠁ। [[ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠟꠧꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠛ꠆ꠞꠤꠐꠣꠘꠤꠇꠣ]] ꠀꠘꠟꠣꠁꠘ ꠄꠞ ꠝꠔꠧ ꠛꠤꠡꠦꠡꠉꠤꠀꠖꠦꠞ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠛꠣꠘꠤꠎ꠆ꠎꠤꠇ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠡꠣꠕꠦ ꠛꠂꠡꠣꠖꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠘꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠡꠦꠌ꠆ꠍꠣꠡꠦꠛꠇ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠣꠖꠇꠞꠣ ꠎꠂꠕꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠉꠞꠦ ꠔꠥꠟ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠙꠞꠤꠌꠣꠟꠘꠣ ꠇꠞꠦ। ꠃꠁꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠎꠂꠕꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠝꠔ ꠘꠤꠎ়ꠝꠇꠣꠘꠥꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞꠇꠣꠞꠤꠖꠦꠞ ꠎꠂꠕ ꠀꠛꠖꠣꠘꠦ ꠙꠞꠤꠌꠣꠟꠤꠔ ꠢꠁ। ꠄꠞ ꠀꠗꠤꠇꠣꠋꠡ ꠀꠛꠖꠣꠘꠇꠣꠞꠤꠞꠣ ꠌꠖ꠆ꠝꠘꠣꠝ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞ ꠇꠞꠦ ꠘꠤꠎꠦꠇꠦ ꠉꠧꠙꠘ ꠞꠣꠈꠦ। ꠀꠘ꠆ꠔꠞ꠆ꠘꠤꠢꠤꠔ ꠝꠣꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠛꠣꠁꠞꠦꠞ ꠃꠔ꠆ꠡꠦꠞ ꠡꠝꠞ꠆ꠕꠘꠦꠞ ꠃꠙꠞ ꠜꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠇꠞꠦ ꠄꠞ ꠃꠙꠣꠖꠣꠘꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠞꠣꠟꠧꠌꠘꠣ, ꠌꠦꠇ, ꠞꠣꠈꠣ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠀꠙꠡꠣꠞꠘ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠁ। ꠄꠂꠔꠤꠢ꠆ꠢꠛꠣꠢꠤ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠜꠞꠎꠧꠉ꠆ꠉꠔꠣ ꠞꠌꠁꠔꠣ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠡꠋꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠙꠦꠡꠣꠖꠣꠞ ꠛꠤꠡꠦꠡꠉꠤꠀꠖꠦꠞ ꠃꠙꠞ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠜꠞ ꠇꠞꠦ। ꠀꠘꠦꠇ ꠡꠤꠈꠣꠛꠤꠖ, ꠡꠤꠈꠇ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠡꠣꠋꠛꠣꠖꠤꠇꠞꠣ ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀꠞ ꠝꠔꠧ ꠇ꠆ꠞꠣꠃꠒꠡꠧꠞ꠆ꠡꠒ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠇꠦ ꠔꠕ꠆ꠕꠦꠞ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠜꠞꠎꠧꠉ꠆ꠉ ꠃꠔ꠆ꠡ ꠢꠤꠡꠦꠛꠦ ꠝꠘꠦ ꠇꠞꠦꠘ ꠘꠣ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀꠞ ꠃꠘ꠆ꠝꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠣꠖꠘꠣ ꠛꠦꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠉꠧꠙꠘ ꠇ꠆ꠞꠣꠃꠒꠡꠧꠞ꠆ꠡꠤꠋ ꠇꠣꠑꠣꠝꠧꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠡꠦꠐꠤ ꠘꠤꠎꠦꠞ ꠝꠣꠘꠦꠞ ꠖꠤꠇ ꠕꠦꠇꠦꠅ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠜꠞꠎꠧꠉ꠆ꠉ ꠃꠔ꠆ꠡ ꠘꠁ।<ref>{{ꠅꠎ়ꠦꠛ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Sidener |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=Jonathan |ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=September 23, 2006 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Wikipedia co-founder looks to add accountability, end anarchy |ꠇꠞ꠆ꠝ=[[The San Diego Union-Tribune]] |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=http://legacy.sandiegouniontribune.com/uniontrib/20060923/news_lz1n23wiki.html |ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=January 16, 2017 |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ-ꠀꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣ=dead |ꠀꠞ꠆ꠇꠣꠁꠜꠦꠞ-ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117190455/http://legacy.sandiegouniontribune.com/uniontrib/20060923/news_lz1n23wiki.html |ꠀꠞ꠆ꠇꠣꠁꠜꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=January 17, 2018}}</ref> ২০০৫ ꠡꠣꠟꠦ, ꠘꠦꠌꠣꠞ ꠄꠞ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠉꠛꠦꠡꠘꠣ ꠕꠦꠇꠦ ꠎꠣꠘꠣ ꠎꠣꠁ ꠁꠄ, ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀꠞ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠟꠧꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠛ꠆ꠞꠤꠐꠣꠘꠤꠇꠣ ꠄꠞ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠡꠣꠕꠦ ꠝꠧꠐꠣꠝꠥꠐꠤꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠔꠥꠟꠘꠣꠎꠧꠉ꠆ꠉ, ꠁꠄꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠄꠇꠁ ꠡꠋꠈ꠆ꠈꠇ ꠛꠞ ꠜꠥꠟ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠛꠣꠡ꠆ꠔꠛꠤꠇꠔꠣꠞ ꠀꠞꠅ ১/৩ ꠛꠦꠡꠤ ꠜꠥꠟ ꠞꠁꠄꠍꠦ ꠔꠛꠦ ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀꠞ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠛꠤꠜ꠆ꠞꠣꠘ꠆ꠔꠤꠇꠞ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠇꠝ ꠙꠣꠑꠎꠧꠉ꠆ꠉ ꠢꠔꠦ ꠙꠣꠞꠦ।<ref name="GilesJ2005Internet">{{ꠡꠣꠝꠎ়ꠤꠇꠤ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Giles |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=Jim |ꠟꠦꠈꠇ-ꠡꠋꠎꠧꠉ=Jim Giles (reporter) |ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=December 2005 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Internet encyclopedias go head to head |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2005-12-15_438_7070/page/900 |ꠡꠣꠝꠎ়ꠤꠇꠤ=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |ꠛꠤꠛꠇꠧꠒ=2005Natur.438..900G |ꠒꠤꠅꠀꠁ=10.1038/438900a |doi-access=free |pmid=16355180 |ꠈꠘ꠆ꠒ=438 |ꠡꠋꠈ꠆ꠈꠣ ꠘꠋ=7070 |ꠙꠣꠔꠣꠡꠝꠥꠢ=900–901}}{{subscription required}} Note: The study was cited in several news articles; e.g.: - {{ꠡꠋꠛꠣꠖ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=December 15, 2005 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Wikipedia survives research test |ꠇꠞ꠆ꠝ=BBC News |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4530930.stm}}</ref> ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠟꠧꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠛ꠆ꠞꠤꠐꠣꠘꠤꠇꠣ ꠉꠛꠦꠡꠘꠣꠐꠤꠔꠦ ꠡꠝꠡ꠆ꠡꠣ ꠍꠤꠟ ꠛꠟꠦ ꠛꠤꠛꠦꠌꠘꠣ ꠇꠞꠦ ꠡꠦꠐꠤ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠔ꠆ꠔꠣꠈ꠆ꠈꠣꠘ ꠇꠞꠦ।<ref name="Britannica-rebuttal">{{ꠅꠎ়ꠦꠛ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=March 2006 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Fatally Flawed: Refuting the recent study on encyclopedic accuracy by the journal ''Nature'' |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=http://corporate.britannica.com/britannica_nature_response.pdf |ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=January 17, 2018}}</ref> ২০১৪ ꠡꠣꠟꠦꠞ ꠚꠦꠛ꠆ꠞꠥꠀꠞꠤ ꠝꠣꠡ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠞꠘ꠆ꠔ ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀꠞ ꠙꠤꠡ꠆ꠑꠣ ꠖꠦꠈꠣ ꠡꠋꠈ꠆ꠈꠣ ꠍꠤꠟ ১৮ ꠛꠤꠟꠤꠎ়ꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠔꠤ ꠝꠣꠡꠦ ৫০০ ꠝꠤꠟꠤꠎ়ꠘ ꠘꠔꠥꠘ ꠙꠞꠤꠖꠞ꠆ꠡꠇ ꠍꠤꠟ।<ref name="small screen2">{{ꠡꠋꠛꠣꠖ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Cohen |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=Noam |ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=February 9, 2014 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Wikipedia vs. the Small Screen |ꠇꠞ꠆ꠝ=[[The New York Times]] |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/10/technology/wikipedia-vs-the-small-screen.html}}</ref> ꠡꠝꠣꠟꠧꠌꠇꠞꠣ ꠛꠤꠔꠞ꠆ꠇ ꠇꠞꠦ ꠁꠄ, ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠄ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠄ ꠙꠖ꠆ꠗꠔꠤꠉꠔ ꠙꠈꠙꠣꠔꠝꠥꠟꠇ ꠔꠕ꠆ꠕ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠖꠞ꠆ꠡꠘ ꠇꠞꠦ।<ref>{{ꠡꠣꠝꠎ়ꠤꠇꠤ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ১=Reagle |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ১=Joseph |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ২=Rhue |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ২=Lauren |ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=August 8, 2011 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Gender Bias in Wikipedia and Britannica |ꠡꠣꠝꠎ়ꠤꠇꠤ=International Journal of Communication |issn=1932-8036 |ꠈꠘ꠆ꠒ=5 |ꠙꠣꠔꠣꠡꠝꠥꠢ=21 |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/777 |ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=November 1, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{ꠡꠣꠝꠎ়ꠤꠇꠤ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ১=Holloway |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ১=Todd |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ২=Bozicevic |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ২=Miran |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ৩=Börner |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ৩=Katy |ꠛꠍꠞ=2007 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Analyzing and visualizing the semantic coverage of Wikipedia and its authors |ꠡꠣꠝꠎ়ꠤꠇꠤ=Complexity |arxiv=cs/0512085 |ꠛꠤꠛꠇꠧꠒ=2007Cmplx..12c..30H |ꠒꠤꠅꠀꠁ=10.1002/cplx.20164 |s2cid=28396770 |ꠈꠘ꠆ꠒ=12 |ꠡꠋꠈ꠆ꠈꠣ ꠘꠋ=3 |ꠙꠣꠔꠣꠡꠝꠥꠢ=30–40}}</ref> ꠛꠤꠜꠤꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠄꠞ ꠃꠙꠞ ꠀꠞꠅ ꠍꠧꠐ, ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘꠔ ꠀꠞꠅ ꠛꠤꠡꠦꠡꠣꠁꠔ ꠇꠤꠍꠥ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠀꠍꠦ, ꠁꠄꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠖꠤꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘ ꠛꠣ ꠡꠝꠁꠄꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠖꠤꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠕꠣꠇꠔꠦ ꠙꠣꠞꠦ।<ref>Sideris A., [https://www.academia.edu/481168/The_Encyclopedic_Concept_in_the_Web_Era= "The Encyclopedic Concept in the Web Era"], in Ioannides M., Arnold D., Niccolucci F. and K. Mania (eds.), ''The e-volution of Information Communication Technology in Cultural Heritage. Where Hi-Tech Touches the Past: Risks and Challenges for the 21st Century. VAST 2006'', Epoch, Budapest 2006, pp. 192-197. {{ISBN|963-8046-74-0}}.</ref> ꠄ ꠞꠇꠝ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠃꠖꠣꠢꠞꠘ ꠢꠟꠧ [[ꠡ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠎꠣꠘꠚꠧꠞ꠆ꠒ ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠟꠧꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠀꠚ ꠚꠤꠟꠧꠡꠚꠤ]]। === ꠡꠛꠌꠦꠁꠄ ꠛꠞ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠡꠝꠥꠢ === ২০২০ ꠡꠣꠟ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠞꠘ꠆ꠔ ꠡꠛꠌꠦꠁꠄ ꠛꠞ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠞꠁꠄꠍꠦ: ꠌꠤꠘꠣ [[ꠛꠣꠁꠒꠥ ꠛꠣꠁꠇꠦ]] (১৬ ꠝꠤꠟꠤꠎ়ꠘ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗ), ꠢꠥꠒꠧꠋ ꠛꠣꠁꠇꠦ (১৩ ꠝꠤꠟꠤꠎ়ꠘ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗ), ꠁꠋꠞꠦꠎꠤ (৬ ꠝꠤꠟꠤꠎ়ꠘ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗ), ꠎꠣꠞ꠆ꠝꠣꠘ (২ ꠝꠤꠟꠤꠎ়ꠘ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗ) ꠄꠛꠋ ꠚꠞꠣꠡꠤ (২ ꠝꠤꠟꠤꠎ়ꠘ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗ) ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ।<ref name="wp.org">{{ꠅꠎ়ꠦꠛ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Wikipedia |ꠅꠎ়ꠦꠛꠡꠣꠁꠐ=www.wikipedia.org |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://www.wikipedia.org/ |ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=May 13, 2020}}</ref> ꠀꠞꠅ ১২ꠐꠤꠞꠅ ꠛꠦꠡꠤ ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀꠁ ১ ꠝꠤꠟꠤꠎ়ꠘ ꠛꠣ ꠔꠣꠞ ꠌꠦꠁꠄ ꠛꠦꠡꠤ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗ ꠛꠤꠜꠤꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠝꠣꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠖꠂꠞ꠆ꠊꠦꠞ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗ ꠞꠁꠄꠍꠦ।<ref name="wp.org" /> ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠀꠇꠣꠞ ꠡꠦꠐꠤꠞ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗ ꠖꠤꠁꠄ ꠙꠞꠤꠝꠣꠙ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠀꠘꠤꠡ꠆ꠌꠤꠔ ꠃꠙꠣꠁ, ꠁꠄꠝꠘ: ꠃꠙꠞꠦ ꠃꠟ꠆ꠟꠦꠈꠤꠔ ꠀꠘꠟꠣꠁꠘ ꠌꠤꠘꠣ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠉꠥꠟꠧꠔꠦ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠄ ꠝꠣꠔ꠆ꠞ ꠄꠇꠣꠗꠤꠇ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗ ꠕꠣꠇꠔꠦ ꠙꠣꠞꠦ ꠁꠄꠈꠣꠘꠦ ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀꠁ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠔꠤ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠄ ꠝꠣꠔ꠆ꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠘꠎꠧꠉ꠆ꠉ, ꠎꠖꠤꠅ ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀꠁ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠁ ꠡꠥꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗ ꠡꠎ়ꠋꠇ꠆ꠞꠤꠁꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠔꠂꠞꠤ ꠢꠔꠦ ꠙꠣꠞꠦ। == ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠁ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ == [[ꠘꠉꠦꠘ꠆ꠖ꠆ꠞꠘꠣꠕ ꠛꠡꠥ]] ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠣꠖꠤꠔ 'ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ' ꠘꠣꠝꠦ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠇꠣꠎ ১৯০২ ꠡꠣꠟꠦ ꠡꠥꠞꠥ ꠢꠁ ꠄꠛꠋ ১৯১১ ꠡꠣꠟꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠤꠔ ꠢꠁ। ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠁ ꠡꠔꠦꠞ ꠡꠢꠡ꠆ꠞ ꠙꠤꠡ꠆ꠑꠣꠞ ꠄꠁ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠐꠤ ২২ ꠈꠘ꠆ꠒꠦ ꠡꠋꠇꠟꠤꠔ ꠢꠁꠄꠍꠤꠟ। ꠔꠛꠦ [[ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ]]ꠁ 'ꠜꠣꠞꠔꠇꠧꠡ' (ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇꠣꠟ: ১৮৯৬-১৯০৬)ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠀꠍꠦ, ꠎꠣ ꠔꠤꠘ ꠈꠘ꠆ꠒꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠤꠔ ꠢꠁ। ꠜꠣꠞꠔꠇꠧꠡ ꠄꠞ ꠡꠋꠇꠟꠇ ꠍꠤꠟꠦꠘ [[ꠞꠣꠎꠇꠤꠡ꠆ꠘ ꠞꠣꠁ]] ꠅ [[ꠡꠞꠌ꠆ꠌꠘ꠆ꠖ꠆ꠞ ꠖꠦꠛ]]। ꠄꠍꠣꠞꠣꠅ ১৯৭২ ꠡꠣꠟꠦ [[ꠈꠣꠘ ꠛꠣꠢꠣꠖꠥꠞ ꠀꠛꠖꠥꠟ ꠢꠣꠇꠤꠝ]]ꠦꠞ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠣꠖꠘꠣꠁ ꠓꠣꠇꠣꠁ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠤꠔ ৪ ꠈꠘ꠆ꠒꠦ ꠛꠤꠜꠇ꠆ꠔ [[ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ (ꠝꠥꠇ꠆ꠔꠗꠣꠞꠣ)|ꠝꠥꠇ꠆ꠔꠗꠣꠞꠣꠞ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ]] ꠃꠟ꠆ꠟꠦꠈꠎꠧꠉ꠆ꠉ। [[ꠁꠡꠟꠣꠝꠤꠇ ꠚꠣꠃꠘ꠆ꠒꠦꠡꠘ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ]] [[ꠁꠡꠟꠣꠝꠤ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ]] ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡ ꠇꠞꠦ। ꠄꠐꠤꠞ ꠇꠣꠎ ꠡꠥꠞꠥ ꠢꠁ ১৯৮০ ꠡꠣꠟꠦ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠤꠔ ꠢꠁ ২০০০ ꠡꠣꠟꠦ।<ref>{{ꠅꠎ়ꠦꠛ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=ꠡꠋꠞꠈꠘꠣꠉꠣꠞꠜꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠀꠘꠥꠟꠤꠙꠤ |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=http://www.waytojannah.com/islami-bisshowkosh-part-02/ |ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=২২ ꠀꠇ꠆ꠐꠧꠛꠞ ২০১৬ |ꠀꠞ꠆ꠇꠣꠁꠜꠦꠞ-ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025044432/http://www.waytojannah.com/islami-bisshowkosh-part-02/ |ꠀꠞ꠆ꠇꠣꠁꠜꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=২৫ ꠀꠇ꠆ꠐꠧꠛꠞ ২০১৬ |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ-ꠀꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣ=ꠀꠇꠣꠞ꠆ꠞꠇꠞ }}</ref> == ꠛꠤꠜꠤꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ == - [[ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ]] - [[ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠟꠧꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠛ꠆ꠞꠤꠐꠣꠘꠤꠇꠣ]] - [[ꠄꠘꠇꠣꠞ꠆ꠐꠣ]] - [[ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠟꠧꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ অꠦꠣꠝꠦꠞꠤꠇꠣꠘꠣ]] - [[ꠛ꠆ꠞꠤꠐꠣꠘꠤꠇꠣ ꠝꠦꠣꠇ꠆ꠞꠧꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ]] - [[ꠁꠡꠟꠣꠝꠤ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ]] - [[ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ]] - [[ꠇꠤꠔꠣꠛꠥꠡ ꠡꠤꠚꠣ]] - [[ꠉ꠆ꠞꠦꠐ ꠛꠥꠇ꠆‌ꠡ ꠀꠛ ꠖꠦ ꠅꠁꠄꠡ꠆ꠐꠣꠞ꠆ꠘ ꠅꠀꠞꠟ꠆ꠒ]] == ꠀꠞꠅ ꠖꠦꠈꠥꠘ == {{ꠇꠟꠣꠝꠦꠞ ꠔꠣꠟꠤꠇꠣ|colwidth=30em| - [[ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠘ꠆ꠕꠙꠘ꠆ꠎꠤ]] - [[ꠡꠣꠗꠤꠘꠔꠣ ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠣꠝꠤꠖꠦꠞ ꠌꠞꠤꠔꠣꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘ]] - [[ꠌꠞꠤꠔꠣꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘ]] - [[ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠤꠁ ꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘ]] - [[ꠇꠣꠟ꠆ꠙꠘꠤꠇ ꠜꠥꠇ꠆ꠔꠤ]] - [[ꠛꠤꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔꠤꠞ ꠁꠔꠤꠢꠣꠡ]] - [[ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘ ꠡꠋꠇꠟꠘ]] - [[ꠉ꠆ꠞꠘ꠆ꠕꠣꠉꠣꠞꠛꠤꠖ꠆ꠖꠣ]] - [[ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠔꠣꠟꠤꠇꠣ]] - [[ꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘꠜꠣꠘ꠆ꠒꠣꠞ]] }} {{subject bar|portal1=ꠡꠣꠢꠤꠔ꠆ꠔ|}} == ꠐꠤꠇꠣ == {{ꠡꠥꠔ꠆ꠞ ꠔꠣꠟꠤꠇꠣ}} == ꠔꠕ꠆ꠕꠡꠥꠔ꠆ꠞ == {{refbegin}} - {{ꠅꠎ়ꠦꠛ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=encyclopedia {{!}} Search Online Etymology Dictionary |ꠅꠎ়ꠦꠛꠡꠣꠁꠐ=www.etymonline.com |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=encyclopedia |ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=2020-05-13}} - {{ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Encyclopaedia |ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ=Encyclopædia Britannica |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia |ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=July 27, 2010}} - {{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Béjoint |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=Henri |ꠛꠍꠞ=2000 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Modern Lexicography |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://archive.org/details/modernlexicograp0000bejo |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=Oxford University Press |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=978-0-19-829951-6}} - C. Codoner, S. Louis, M. Paulmier-Foucart, D. Hüe, M. Salvat, A. Llinares, ''L'Encyclopédisme. Actes du Colloque de Caen'', A. Becq (dir.), Paris, 1991. - {{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠣꠖꠇ১-ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Bergenholtz |ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠣꠖꠇ১-ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=H. |ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠣꠖꠇ২-ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Nielsen |ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠣꠖꠇ২-ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=S. |ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠣꠖꠇ৩-ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Tarp |ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠣꠖꠇ৩-ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=S. |ꠛꠍꠞ=2009 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Lexicography at a Crossroads: Dictionaries and Encyclopedias Today, Lexicographical Tools Tomorrow |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=Peter Lang |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=978-3-03911-799-4}} - {{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Blom |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=Phillip |ꠛꠍꠞ=2004 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Enlightening the World: Encyclopédie, the Book that Changed the Course of History |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://archive.org/details/enlighteningworl0000blom |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=Palgrave Macmillan |ꠀꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘ=New York; Basingstoke |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=978-1-4039-6895-1 |oclc=57669780}} - {{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Collison |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=Robert Lewis |ꠛꠍꠞ=1966 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Encyclopaedias: Their History Throughout the Ages |ꠡꠋꠡ꠆ꠇꠞꠘ=2nd |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=Hafner |ꠀꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘ=New York, London |oclc=220101699}} - {{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Cowie |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=Anthony Paul |ꠛꠍꠞ=2009 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=The Oxford History of English Lexicography, Volume I |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=Oxford University Press |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=978-0-415-14143-7 |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://books.google.com/books?id=nhnVF9Or_wMC |ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=August 17, 2010}} - {{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Darnton |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=Robert |ꠛꠍꠞ=1979 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=The business of enlightenment: a publishing history of the Encyclopédie, 1775–1800 |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=Belknap Press |ꠀꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘ=Cambridge |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=978-0-674-08785-9 |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://archive.org/details/Business_201507}} - {{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ১=Hartmann |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ১=R. R. K. |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ২=James |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ২=Gregory |ꠛꠍꠞ=1998 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Dictionary of Lexicography |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=Routledge |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=978-0-415-14143-7 |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://books.google.com/books?id=49NZ12icE-QC&q=%22encyclopedic%20dictionary%22%2Bencyclopedia&pg=PA49 |ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=July 27, 2010}} - {{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠣꠖꠇ-ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Kafker |ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠣꠖꠇ-ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=Frank A. |ꠛꠍꠞ=1981 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Notable encyclopedias of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries: nine predecessors of the Encyclopédie |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=Voltaire Foundation |ꠀꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘ=Oxford |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=978-0-7294-0256-9 |oclc=10645788}} - {{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠣꠖꠇ-ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Kafker |ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠣꠖꠇ-ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=Frank A. |ꠛꠍꠞ=1994 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Notable encyclopedias of the late eighteenth century: eleven successors of the Encyclopédie |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://archive.org/details/notableencyclope0000unse |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=Voltaire Foundation |ꠀꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘ=Oxford |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=978-0-7294-0467-9 |oclc=30787125}} - {{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Needham |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=Joseph |ꠛꠍꠞ=1986 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Science and Civilization in China |ꠀꠗ꠆ꠗꠣꠎ়=Part 7, Military Technology; the Gunpowder Epic |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=Caves Books Ltd. |ꠀꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘ=Taipei |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=978-0-521-30358-3 |oclc=59245877 |ꠈꠘ꠆ꠒ=5 – Chemistry and Chemical Technology}} - {{ꠡꠣꠝꠎ়ꠤꠇꠤ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Rosenzweig |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=Roy |ꠟꠦꠈꠇ-ꠡꠋꠎꠧꠉ=Roy Rosenzweig |ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=June 2006 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Can History Be Open Source? Wikipedia and the Future of the Past |ꠡꠣꠝꠎ়ꠤꠇꠤ=Journal of American History |issn=1945-2314 |jstor=4486062 |ꠒꠤꠅꠀꠁ=10.2307/4486062 |ꠈꠘ꠆ꠒ=93 |ꠡꠋꠈ꠆ꠈꠣ ꠘꠋ=1 |ꠙꠣꠔꠣꠡꠝꠥꠢ=117–46 |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=http://chnm.gmu.edu/essays-on-history-new-media/essays/?essayid=42 |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ-ꠀꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣ=dead |ꠀꠞ꠆ꠇꠣꠁꠜꠦꠞ-ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425130754/http://chnm.gmu.edu/essays-on-history-new-media/essays/?essayid=42 |ꠀꠞ꠆ꠇꠣꠁꠜꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=April 25, 2010}} - {{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Ioannides |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=Marinos |ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=2006 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=The e-volution of information communication technology in cultural heritage: where hi-tech touches the past: risks and challenges for the 21st century |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=Archaeolingua |ꠀꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘ=Budapest |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=963-8046-73-2 |oclc=218599120}} - {{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Walsh |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=S. Padraig |ꠛꠍꠞ=1968 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Anglo-American general encyclopedias: a historical bibliography, 1703–1967 |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://archive.org/details/angloamericangen0000wals |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=Bowker |ꠀꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘ=New York |oclc=577541 |ꠙꠣꠔꠣ=[https://archive.org/details/angloamericangen0000wals/page/n293 270]}} - {{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Yeo |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=Richard R. |ꠛꠍꠞ=2001 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Encyclopaedic visions: scientific dictionaries and enlightenment culture |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=Cambridge University Press |ꠀꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘ=Cambridge, New York |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=978-0-521-65191-2 |oclc=45828872 |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/history/history-ideas-and-intellectual-history/encyclopaedic-visions-scientific-dictionaries-and-enlightenment-culture?format=HB}} {{refend}} == ꠛꠢꠤ꠨ꠡꠋꠎꠧꠉ == {{Wiktionary|ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ|encyclopaedia|encyclopedic}} {{ꠇꠝꠘ꠆ꠡ ꠛꠤꠡꠎ়ꠡ꠆ꠞꠦꠘꠤ|Encyclopedias}} {{Wikisource portal|Encyclopedias}} - [https://web.archive.org/web/20060114061155/http://www.educ.fc.ul.pt/hyper/eng/index.html Encyclopaedia and Hypertext] <!-- Is this important enough to include in this article? --> - [https://web.archive.org/web/20110514041509/http://www.accuracyproject.org/cbe-errors-books.html Internet Accuracy Project] – Biographical errors in encyclopedias and almanacs - [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=did;cc=did;idno=did2222.0000.004;rgn=main;view=text Encyclopedia] – Diderot's article on the Encyclopedia from the original [[Encyclopédie]]. - [https://web.archive.org/web/20080615051823/http://www.dm.unipi.it/~tucci/index.html De expetendis et fugiendis rebus] – First Renaissance encyclopedia - [http://kennedy.byu.edu/staff/peterson/multivol/multibooks.html Errors and inconsistencies in several printed reference books and encyclopedias] {{ꠅꠎ়ꠦꠛ ꠀꠞ꠆ꠇꠣꠁꠜ |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://web.archive.org/web/20010718235527/http://kennedy.byu.edu/staff/peterson/Multivol/Multibooks.html |ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=July 18, 2001 }} - [https://web.archive.org/web/20131109213126/http://reviews.cnet.com/1990-3118_7-6378998-1.html Digital encyclopedias put the world at your fingertips]{{snd}} [[CNET]] article - [https://web.archive.org/web/20080112134535/http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/reference/encycl.htm Encyclopedias online] University of Wisconsin{{snd}} Stout listing by category - [http://uwdc.library.wisc.edu/collections/HistSciTech/Cyclopaedia Chambers' ''Cyclopaedia''], 1728, with the 1753 supplement - [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa&cc=moa&key=title&page=browse&value=encyclop%C3%A6dia+americana&Submit=Quick+Browse ''Encyclopædia Americana''], 1851, [[Francis Lieber]] ed. (Boston: Mussey & Co.) at the University of Michigan Making of America site - [http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/ ''Encyclopædia Britannica''], articles and illustrations from 9th ed., 1875–89, and 10th ed., 1902–03. - {{Wikisource-inline|list= ** {{cite Collier's|wstitle=Cyclopædia |short=x |noicon=x}} ** {{cite Americana|wstitle=Encyclopædia |short=x |noicon=x}} ** {{cite NSRW|wstitle=Encyclopædia |short=x |noicon=x}} ** {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Encyclopaedia |short=x |noicon=x}} ** {{cite Nuttall|title=Encyclopædia |short=x |noicon=x}} ** {{cite NIE|wstitle=Encyclopædia|year=1905 |short=x |noicon=x}} ** {{cite AmCyc|wstitle=Cyclopædia |short=x |noicon=x}} }} {{ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘ|ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ}} - [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305060551/http://dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/jspui/handle/10689/156/simple-search?query=nagendranath&sort_by=0&order=DESC&rpp=10&etal=0&start=0 ꠘꠉꠦꠘ꠆ꠖ꠆ꠞꠘꠣꠕ ꠛꠡꠥ ꠡꠋꠇꠟꠤꠔ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠇꠤꠍꠥ ꠈꠘ꠆ꠒꠦꠞ PDF ꠡꠋꠡ꠆ꠇꠞꠘ] {{ꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠞꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠗꠣꠞꠤꠔꠛꠣꠍꠣꠁ:ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ}} [[ꠛꠤꠡꠎ়ꠡ꠆ꠞꠦꠘꠤ:ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ]] [[ꠛꠤꠡꠎ়ꠡ꠆ꠞꠦꠘꠤ:ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘ]] [[ꠛꠤꠡꠎ়ꠡ꠆ꠞꠦꠘꠤ:ꠝꠥꠇ꠆ꠔꠇꠧꠡ]] [[ꠛꠤꠡꠎ়ꠡ꠆ꠞꠦꠘꠤ:ꠁꠔꠤꠢꠣꠡ ꠛꠤꠡꠎ়ꠇ ꠡꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠤꠇꠞ꠆ꠝ]] {{ꠘꠣꠝꠣꠁꠘ|item=Q5292}} {{ꠢꠦꠡꠝꠦꠡ}} {{ꠟꠇ}} {{ꠀꠞ꠆ꠔꠣꠔ}} {{ꠕꠥꠇꠣꠘꠤ}} 3tbm2sc4g3jxpn7p3n4vb20eft5kzob 34567 34566 2026-11-07T06:12:00Z Amirhusenjihed 973 ꠍꠛꠤ ꠑꠤꠇ ꠇꠞꠍꠤ 34567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ꠇꠥꠠꠤ}} {{ꠔꠁꠔ꠆ꠔꠞ ꠛꠥꠁꠀꠝ|item=Q5292}} '''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (ꠀꠋꠞꠦꠎꠤ: Encyclopedia) [[File:Brockhaus Lexikon.jpg|thumb|300px|''[[Brockhaus ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ]]'']] [[File:Print Wikipedia by Michael Mandiberg, NYC June 18, 2015-31.jpg|thumb|300px|ꠡꠋꠎꠧꠉ=[[File:Print Wikipedia by Michael Mandiberg, NYC June 18, 2015–31]].jpg|alt=ꠁꠋꠞꠦꠎꠤ{{ꠀꠇꠣꠞ꠆ꠞꠇꠞ ꠡꠋꠎꠧꠉ|ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=ꠡꠦꠙ꠆ꠐꠦꠝ꠆ꠛꠞ ২০২১ |bot=InternetArchiveBot |ꠑꠤꠇ ꠇꠞꠣꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠌꠦꠡ꠆ꠐꠣ=yes }} ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀꠞ ꠝꠥꠖ꠆ꠞꠤꠔ ꠡꠋꠡ꠆ꠇꠞꠘ (ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ)। ৭৪৭৩ ꠐꠤ ꠈꠘ꠆ꠒꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠤꠔ ꠎꠣꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠔꠤꠐꠤꠔꠦ ৭০ ꠙꠤꠡ꠆ꠑꠣ ꠞꠁꠄꠍꠦ। ꠄꠔꠦ ১১।৫ ꠝꠤꠟꠤꠅꠘ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗ ꠞꠁꠄꠍꠦ ꠎꠣꠞ ꠡꠥꠌꠤꠙꠔ꠆ꠞꠦꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ৯১ ꠐꠤ ꠈꠘ꠆ꠒ ꠟꠦꠉꠦꠍꠦ।|ꠕꠣꠝ꠆ꠛ|২০১৫ ꠔꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠤꠔ, ꠁꠋꠞꠦꠎꠤ ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀꠞ ꠝꠥꠖ꠆ꠞꠤꠔ ꠡꠋꠡ꠆ꠇꠞꠘ (ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ)। ৭৪৭৩ ꠐꠤ ꠈꠘ꠆ꠒꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠤꠔ ꠎꠣꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠔꠤꠐꠤꠔꠦ ৭০০ ꠙꠤꠡ꠆ꠑꠣ ꠞꠁꠄꠍꠦ।ꠄꠔꠦ ১১.৫ ꠝꠤꠟꠤꠅꠘ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗ ꠞꠁꠄꠍꠦ ꠎꠣꠞ ꠡꠥꠌꠤꠙꠔ꠆ꠞꠦꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ৯১ ꠐꠤ ꠈꠘ꠆ꠒ ꠟꠦꠉꠦꠍꠦ।]] [[File:Encyclopaedia Britannica 15 with 2002.jpg|thumb|300px|[[ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠟꠧꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠛ꠆ꠞꠤꠐꠣꠘꠤꠇꠣ]] -ꠄꠞ ১৫ ꠔꠝ ꠡꠋꠡ꠆ꠇꠞꠘꠦꠞ ꠈꠘ꠆ꠒꠉꠥꠟꠧ (২০০২ ꠡꠣꠟꠦꠞ ꠈꠘ꠆ꠒ) ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠘ꠆ꠕꠣꠉꠣꠞꠦꠞ ꠖꠥꠐꠤ ꠛꠁꠁꠄꠞ ꠔꠣꠇ ꠎꠥꠞꠦꠄ ꠞꠁꠄꠍꠦ।]] [[File:Ringelbergius, 'Lucubrationes...KYKLOPEDEIA...' ed. Basel 1541 original.JPG|thumb|right|ꠟꠥꠇꠥꠛ꠆ꠞꠦꠡꠘꠡ ꠄꠞ ১৫৪১ ꠡꠣꠟꠦꠞ ꠡꠋꠡ꠆ꠇꠞꠘꠦꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠙꠣꠔꠣ। ꠘꠣꠝꠦ encyclopedia -ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠐꠤꠞ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠞꠘ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠄꠐꠤ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠍꠤꠟ।]] '''ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ''' ([[ꠁꠋꠞꠦꠎꠤ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ|ꠁꠋꠞꠦꠎꠤ]]: encyclopedia ꠄꠞ [[ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ|ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣ]] ꠙꠞꠤꠜꠣꠡꠣ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ) ꠢꠟꠧ ꠡꠇꠟ ꠡꠣꠈꠣ ꠛꠣ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠖꠤꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠡꠣꠈꠣꠞ ꠡꠝꠘ꠆ꠘꠤꠔ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠛꠣ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠖꠦꠡꠇ ꠇꠣꠎ, ꠎꠣꠔꠦ ꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘꠦꠞ ꠡꠣꠞꠡꠋꠈꠦꠙ ꠞꠄꠍꠦ।<ref>{{ꠅꠄꠛ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Encyclopedia. |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=http://library.rcc.edu/riverside/glossaryoflibraryterms.htm#e |ꠀꠞ꠆ꠇꠣꠁꠜꠦꠞ-ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://web.archive.org/web/20070803182506/http://library.rcc.edu/riverside/glossaryoflibraryterms.htm#e |ꠀꠞ꠆ꠇꠣꠁꠜꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=August 3, 2007}} Glossary of Library Terms. Riverside City College, Digital Library/Learning Resource Center. Retrieved on: November 17, 2007.</ref> ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦ ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘꠔ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗ ꠛꠣ ꠄꠘ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠞꠤ ꠕꠣꠇꠦ, ꠎꠣ ꠘꠣꠝꠦꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠀꠈꠞꠣꠘꠥꠡꠣꠞꠦ ꠛꠣ ꠇꠈꠘꠧ ꠇꠈꠘꠧ ꠛꠤꠡꠄꠞ ꠜꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠤꠔꠦ ꠡꠣꠎꠣꠘꠧ ꠢꠁ।<ref name=DOLencyclopedia>{{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ১=Hartmann |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ১=R. R. K. |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ২=James |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ২=Gregory |ꠛꠍꠞ=1998 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Dictionary of Lexicography |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=Routledge |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=978-0-415-14143-7 |ꠙꠣꠔꠣ=48 |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://books.google.com/books?id=49NZ12icE-QC&q=%22encyclopedic%20dictionary%22%2Bencyclopedia&pg=PA49 |ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=July 27, 2010}}</ref> ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘꠦꠞ ꠌꠦꠄ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠀꠇꠣꠞ ꠛꠞꠅ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠔꠤꠔ ꠢꠁ।<ref name=DOLencyclopedia /> ꠀꠘ꠆ꠘꠇꠕꠣꠎ় [[ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘ]] ꠎꠦꠈꠣꠘꠦ ꠇꠦꠘ꠆ꠖ꠆ꠞ ꠢꠌ꠆ꠍꠦ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠦꠞ ꠛꠥꠔ꠆ꠙꠔ꠆ꠔꠤ, ꠃꠌ꠆ꠌꠣꠞꠘ, ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠛꠦꠣꠇꠞꠘꠜꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠤꠇ ꠞꠥꠙꠦꠞ ꠝꠔꠧ [[ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠛꠤꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘ]] ꠞꠦ ꠛꠤꠡꠎ়ꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠡꠦꠈꠣꠘꠦ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗꠦꠞ ꠛꠤꠡꠅꠞ [[ꠛꠣꠡ꠆ꠔꠛ ꠡꠔ꠆ꠔ]] ꠘꠤꠅ ꠀꠟꠧꠌꠘꠣ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠎ়।<ref name=bejoint>Béjoint, Henri (2000). [https://books.google.com/books?id=DJ8gwtomUpMC&lpg=PA30&dq=lexicography%20translated%20encyclopedia%20dictionary&pg=PA30 ''Modern Lexicography''], pp. 30–31. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-829951-6}}</ref><ref name=EB>{{ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Encyclopaedia |ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ=Encyclopædia Britannica |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia |ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=July 27, 2010 |ꠃꠇ꠆ꠔꠤ=An English lexicographer, H.W. Fowler, wrote in the preface to the first edition (1911) of ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English language'' that a dictionary is concerned with the uses of words and phrases and with giving information about the things for which they stand only so far as current use of the words depends upon knowledge of those things. The emphasis in an encyclopedia is much more on the nature of the things for which the words and phrases stand.}}</ref><ref name=DOLei>{{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ১=Hartmann |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ১=R. R. K. |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ২=James |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ২=Gregory |ꠛꠍꠞ=1998 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Dictionary of Lexicography |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=Routledge |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=978-0-415-14143-7 |ꠙꠣꠔꠣ=49 |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://books.google.com/books?id=49NZ12icE-QC&q=%22encyclopedic%20dictionary%22%2Bencyclopedia&pg=PA49 |ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=July 27, 2010 |ꠃꠇ꠆ꠔꠤ=In contrast with linguistic information, encyclopedia material is more concerned with the description of objective realities than the words or phrases that refer to them. In practice, however, there is no hard and fast boundary between factual and lexical knowledge.}}</ref><ref name=OHEL22>{{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Cowie |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=Anthony Paul |ꠛꠍꠞ=2009 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=The Oxford History of English Lexicography, Volume I |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=Oxford University Press |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=978-0-415-14143-7 |ꠙꠣꠔꠣ=22 |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://books.google.com/books?id=nhnVF9Or_wMC |ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=August 17, 2010 |ꠃꠇ꠆ꠔꠤ=An 'encyclopedia' (encyclopaedia) usually gives more information than a dictionary; it explains not only the words but also the things and concepts referred to by the words.}}</ref> ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠁ ২০০০ ꠛꠍꠞ ꠗꠞꠦ ꠛꠤꠖ꠆ꠖꠝꠣꠘ ꠞꠄꠍꠦ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ (ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠔꠞ꠆ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠇ ꠛꠣ ꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘꠤꠁ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠁ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ), ꠀꠇꠣꠞ (ꠀꠟ꠆ꠙ ꠛꠣ ꠀꠘꠦꠇ ꠀꠋꠡ), ꠀꠜꠤꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠁ (ꠛꠂꠡ꠆ꠡꠤꠇ ꠛꠣ ꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘꠤꠁ ꠡꠤꠝꠤꠔ ꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘꠦꠞ ꠃꠙꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠙꠘꠣ), ꠡꠣꠋꠡ꠆ꠇꠤꠔꠤꠇ ꠖꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠤꠜꠋꠉꠤ (ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠝꠣꠘꠤꠇ, ꠘꠤꠔꠤꠉꠔ, ꠀꠖꠞ꠆ꠡꠉꠔ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠢꠤꠔꠛꠣꠖꠡꠋꠇ꠆ꠞꠣꠘ꠆ꠔ), ꠟꠦꠈꠇꠔꠣ (ꠝꠣꠘꠦꠞ ꠗꠞꠘ), ꠙꠣꠑꠇꠔꠣ (ꠡꠤꠈꠣꠉꠔ ꠎꠧꠉ꠆ꠉꠔꠣ, ꠙꠣꠞꠤꠙꠣꠡ꠆ꠡꠤꠇ ꠀꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣ, ꠀꠉ꠆ꠞꠢ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠎꠧꠉ꠆ꠉꠔꠣ), ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠔꠂꠞꠤꠔꠦ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠤꠔ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠛꠘ꠆ꠐꠘ (ꠢꠣꠔꠦ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠙꠣꠘ꠆ꠒꠥꠟꠤꠙꠤ, ꠛꠞꠅ ꠛꠣ ꠍꠧꠐ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠤꠘ꠆ꠐ ꠀꠘꠥꠟꠤꠙꠤ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠁꠘ꠆ꠐꠣꠞꠘꠦꠐ) ꠄꠞ ꠈꠦꠔ꠆ꠞꠦ ꠡꠦꠁ ꠡꠝꠁ ꠕꠦꠇꠦꠁ ꠛꠤꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠔ ꠢꠔꠦ ꠕꠣꠇꠦ। ꠛꠤꠡꠦꠡꠉꠤꠀꠖꠦꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠖꠔ꠆ꠔ ꠔꠕ꠆ꠕꠦꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠝꠥꠟ꠆ꠟꠛꠣꠘ ꠃꠔ꠆ꠡ ꠢꠅꠀꠁ ꠄꠐꠤꠇꠦ ꠀꠘꠦꠇ ꠉꠘ꠆ꠕꠣꠉꠣꠞ, ꠛꠤꠖ꠆ꠖꠣꠟꠁ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠡꠤꠈꠣ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠔꠤꠡ꠆ꠑꠣꠘꠦ ꠛꠤꠡꠦꠡ ꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘ ꠖꠦꠅꠀ ꠢꠁ। ꠈ꠆ꠞꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠤꠁ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤꠔꠦ ꠄꠇꠎꠘ ꠞꠧꠝꠣꠘ ꠞꠣꠡ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠞꠘꠣꠁꠇ [[ꠙ꠆ꠟꠤꠘꠤ ꠖꠦ ꠄꠟ꠆ꠒꠣꠞ|ꠙ꠆ꠟꠤꠘꠤ ꠖꠦ ꠄꠟ꠆ꠒꠣꠞꠦꠞ]] ꠘꠣꠔꠥꠞꠣꠟꠤꠡ ꠁꠡꠔꠧꠞꠤꠄ ꠢꠌ꠆ꠍꠦ ꠡꠛꠌꠦꠄ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠌꠤꠘ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠤꠁ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠉꠥꠟꠤꠞ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ, ꠎꠣ ꠀꠗꠥꠘꠤꠇ ꠡꠝꠁ ꠀꠈꠔ ꠞꠄꠍꠦ। ꠔꠤꠘꠦ ৩৭ ꠐꠤ ꠙꠞꠤꠌ꠆ꠍꠦꠖꠦꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠔꠂꠞꠤ ꠇꠞꠦꠘ ꠎꠦꠈꠣꠘꠦ ꠔꠤꠘꠤ [[ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠇꠤꠔꠤꠇ ꠁꠔꠤꠢꠣꠡ]], ꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠙꠔ꠆ꠔ, ꠌꠤꠇꠤꠔ꠆ꠡꠣ, ꠛꠤꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘ, ꠜꠥꠉꠧꠟ, ꠜꠥꠔꠔ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠛ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠔꠣꠞ ꠀꠡꠦꠙꠣꠡꠦ ꠕꠣꠇꠣ ꠙꠤꠕꠤꠛꠤꠞ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠛꠤꠡꠁ ꠔꠥꠟꠦ ꠗꠞꠦꠘ। ꠡꠦꠐꠤꠞ ꠜꠥꠝꠤꠇꠣꠁ ꠟꠤꠈꠦꠍꠤꠟꠦꠘ ꠎꠦ ২০০ ꠄꠞ ꠛꠦꠡꠤ ꠟꠦꠈꠇꠦꠞ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠕꠦꠇꠦ ꠔꠤꠘꠤ ২০০০০ꠐꠤ ꠡꠔ꠆ꠔ ꠄꠇꠔ꠆ꠞꠤꠔ ꠇꠞꠦꠍꠦꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠘꠤꠎꠦꠞ ꠀꠜꠤꠉꠤꠀꠔꠣ ꠕꠦꠇꠦꠅ ꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠇꠞꠦꠘ। ২১ ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤꠔꠦ, ꠃꠁꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀꠞ ꠝꠔꠧ [[ꠁꠘ꠆ꠐꠣꠞꠘꠦꠐ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ|ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠒꠤꠎꠤꠐꠣꠟ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠅꠙꠦꠘ ꠡꠧꠞ꠆ꠡ ꠡꠋꠡ꠆ꠇꠞꠘꠦꠞ]] ꠃꠔ꠆ꠙꠔ꠆ꠔꠤꠞ ꠇꠣꠞꠘꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠛꠦꠡꠣꠗꠤꠇꠣꠞ, ꠟꠦꠈꠇꠔꠣ, ꠙꠣꠑꠇꠔꠣ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠟꠦꠈꠣꠞ ꠛꠤꠜꠤꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠗꠞꠘꠦꠞ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠔꠤꠔꠤ ꠊꠐꠦꠍꠦ। [[ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠄꠘꠌꠣꠁꠇꠟꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ]] == ꠛꠥꠔ꠆ꠙꠔ꠆ꠔꠤ == ꠙꠤꠕꠤꠛꠤꠔꠦ ꠕꠣꠇꠣ ꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘ ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠟꠧ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠟꠈ꠆ꠎ। ꠎꠣꠔ꠆ꠞꠣ ꠡꠥꠞꠥꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠀꠝꠣꠖꠦꠞ ꠡꠣꠕꠦ ꠛꠡꠛꠣꠡ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡꠖꠦꠞ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠄꠐꠤ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠌꠣꠞ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠀꠝꠣꠖꠦꠞ ꠙꠞ ꠎꠣꠞꠣ ꠀꠡꠛꠦ ꠔꠣꠖꠦꠞ ꠇꠣꠍꠦ ꠙꠂꠍꠦ ꠖꠦꠅꠀ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘ ꠙꠖ꠆ꠗꠔꠤ। ꠚꠟꠦ ꠙꠥꠛꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠡꠔꠇꠦꠞ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠙꠞꠦꠞ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠡꠔꠇꠦ ꠉꠥꠞꠥꠔ꠆ꠔ ꠢꠣꠞꠤꠁꠄ ꠚꠦꠟꠦ ꠘꠣ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠀꠝꠣꠖꠦꠞ ꠙꠞꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠎꠘ꠆ꠝꠦꠞ ꠇꠣꠑꠣꠝꠧ ꠀꠞꠅ ꠖꠤꠓ় ꠢꠁ, ꠄꠇꠁ ꠡꠣꠕꠦ ꠔꠣꠞꠣ ꠀꠞꠅ ꠡꠥꠈꠤ ꠅ ꠉꠥꠘꠦꠞ ꠀꠗꠤꠇꠣꠞꠤ ꠢꠁ। ꠄꠐꠤ ꠇꠞꠣꠞ ꠀꠞꠦꠇꠐꠤ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠖꠦꠡ꠆ꠡ ꠢꠟꠧ ꠝꠣꠘꠛ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠞ ꠜꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠔꠦꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠇꠣꠎ ꠇꠞꠦ ꠝꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠥꠛꠞꠘ ꠇꠞꠣ।|<ref>Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=did;cc=did;idno=did2222.0000.004;rgn=main;view=text ''Encyclopédie.''] University of Michigan Library:Scholarly Publishing Office and DLXS. Retrieved on: November 17, 2007</ref> [[File:"Encyclopedia" in 15th c. manuscript of Institutio Oratoria.png|thumb| ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤꠔꠦ]] === ꠖꠥꠐꠧ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠤꠇ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖ ꠢꠤꠡꠦꠛꠦ ꠜꠥꠟꠛꠡꠔ ꠛꠤꠛꠦꠌꠘꠣ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠁꠄꠍꠦ === ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠁꠋꠞꠦꠎꠤ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠔꠤꠡꠛ꠆ꠖ, “encyclopedia” (encyclo|pedia) [[ꠇꠧꠁꠘ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠤꠇ]] ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖ, ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία ꠕꠦꠇꠦ ꠄꠡꠦꠍꠦ।<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2007.01.0060%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D10%3Asection%3D1 Ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία], Quintilian, ''Institutio Oratoria'', 1.10.1, at Perseus Project<!--Perseus features an erroneous transcription: *ἐγκύκλικος instead of ἐγκύκλιος--></ref> “ꠄꠘꠇꠣꠁꠇꠤꠅꠡ ꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ” -ꠄꠞ ꠅꠞ꠆ꠕ “ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘ ꠡꠤꠈꠣ”, ꠁꠄꠈꠣꠘꠦ ꠛꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠣꠇꠣꠞ, ꠙꠥꠘꠞꠣꠛꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠤꠇ, ꠘꠤꠁꠝꠤꠔ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠅꠎꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠙꠦꠁꠒꠤꠀ (παιδεία) ꠅꠞ꠆ꠕ ꠡꠘ꠆ꠔꠣꠘ ꠢꠤꠡꠦꠛꠦ ꠟꠣꠟꠘꠙꠣꠟꠘ ꠇꠞꠣ।<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3De%29gku%2Fklios ἐγκύκλιος], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek–English Lexicon'', at Perseus Project</ref> ꠄꠇꠔ꠆ꠞꠦ ꠔꠣꠖꠦꠞ ꠀꠘꠥꠛꠣꠖ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠎꠣꠁ, “ꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠘꠣꠋꠉ ꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘ” ꠛꠣ ꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠘꠣꠋꠉ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠖꠦꠡꠘꠣ।<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpaidei%2Fa παιδεία], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek–English Lexicon'', at Perseus Project</ref> ১৪৭০ ꠡꠣꠟꠦꠞ ꠇꠥꠁꠘ꠆ꠐꠤꠟꠤꠀꠘ ꠡꠋꠡ꠆ꠇꠞꠘꠦꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ [[ꠟꠣꠔꠤꠘ]] ꠙꠣꠘ꠆ꠒꠥꠟꠤꠙꠤꠞ ꠘꠇꠟꠇꠣꠞꠤꠖꠦꠞ ꠟꠦꠈꠣꠁ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠜꠥꠟꠦꠞ ꠇꠣꠞꠘꠦ ꠄꠁ ꠖꠥꠐꠧ ꠙꠤꠕꠇ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖ ꠄꠇ ꠢꠁꠄ ꠎꠣꠁ।<ref>According to some accounts, such as the [http://www.thefreedictionary.com/encyclopedia ''American Heritage Dictionary''] {{ꠅꠁꠄꠛ ꠀꠞ꠆ꠇꠣꠁꠜ|ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819022705/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/encyclopedia |ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=August 19, 2017 }}, copyists of Latin manuscripts took this phrase to be a single Greek word, ἐγκυκλοπαιδεία ''enkyklopaedia''.<!--The American Heritage Dictionary gives "enkuklopaedia" (a mistaken transliteration) but Wikipedia follows [[WP:GREEK]].--></ref><ref>{{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Franklin-Brown |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=Mary |ꠛꠍꠞ=2012 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Reading the world: encyclopedic writing in the scholastic age |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=The University of Chicago Press |ꠀꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘ=Chicago London |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=9780226260709 |ꠙꠣꠔꠣ=8}}</ref> ꠡꠦꠁ ꠘꠇꠟꠇꠣꠞꠤ ꠄꠁ ꠖꠥꠐꠤ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠇꠦ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖ, ꠄꠞꠇꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠟꠧꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ (enkyklopaedia) ꠢꠤꠡꠦꠛꠦ ꠝꠘꠦ ꠇꠞꠦꠘ, ꠎꠖꠤꠅ ꠄꠐꠤꠞ ꠅꠞ꠆ꠕ ꠄꠇꠁ ꠛꠟꠦ ꠛꠤꠛꠦꠌꠘꠣ ꠇꠞꠦꠘ। ꠄꠁ ꠡꠝꠡ꠆ꠡꠣꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠐꠤꠔꠦ ꠕꠦꠇꠦ ꠘꠔꠥꠘ [[ꠟꠣꠔꠤꠘ]] ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖ, ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇꠦꠟꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ (encyclopaedia) -ꠄꠞ ꠃꠔ꠆ꠙꠔ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠢꠁ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠙꠞꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠇꠣꠟꠦ ꠡꠦꠐꠤ ꠁꠋꠞꠦꠎꠤ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠁ ꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠢꠁ। ꠄꠁ ꠎꠂꠉꠤꠇ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠦꠞ ꠇꠣꠞꠘꠦ ১৫ ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤꠞ ꠙꠣꠑꠇꠦꠞꠣ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠔꠈꠘ ꠕꠦꠇꠦ ꠀꠘꠦꠇꠦꠞ ꠞꠧꠝꠣꠘ ꠟꠦꠈꠇ ꠇꠥꠁꠘ꠆ꠐꠤꠟꠤꠀꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠙ꠆ꠟꠤꠘꠤ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠌꠤꠘ ꠞꠤꠔꠤ ꠛꠦꠣꠈ꠆ꠈꠣ ꠇꠞꠦꠍꠦꠘ ꠛꠟꠦ ꠜꠥꠟ ꠗꠣꠞꠘꠣ ꠍꠤꠟ।<ref>{{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=König |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=Jason |ꠛꠍꠞ=2013 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Encyclopaedism from antiquity to the Renaissance |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=Cambridge University Press |ꠀꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘ=New York |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=978-1-107-03823-3 |ꠙꠣꠔꠣ=1}}</ref> === ১৬ ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤꠔꠦ ꠡꠋꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠦꠞ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞꠡꠝꠥꠢ === ১৬ ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤꠔꠦ ꠄꠁ ꠘꠔꠥꠘ ꠡꠋꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠐꠤ ꠇꠤꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠃꠌꠤꠔ ꠔꠣ ꠘꠤꠁꠄ ꠇꠤꠍꠥꠐꠣ ꠀꠡ꠆ꠙꠡ꠆ꠐꠔꠣ ꠖꠦꠈꠣ ꠖꠦꠁ। ꠛꠤꠜꠤꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ ꠕꠦꠇꠦ ꠖꠦꠈꠣ ꠎꠣꠁ ꠁꠄ, ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠐꠤꠞ ꠛꠣꠘꠣꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠘꠣꠝꠛꠣꠌꠇ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖ ꠢꠤꠡꠦꠛꠦ ꠡꠤꠇꠤꠔꠤ ꠘꠤꠁꠄ ꠛꠤꠔꠞ꠆ꠇ ꠌꠟꠍꠤꠟ, ꠁꠄꠝꠘ: ꠎꠣꠇꠧꠛꠣꠡ ꠚꠤꠟꠧꠝꠥꠡꠣꠡ ꠄꠞ ꠝꠣꠞ꠆ꠉꠣꠞꠤꠐꠣ ꠚꠤꠟꠧꠡꠧꠚꠤꠇꠣ ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠟꠦꠅꠙꠦꠁꠒꠤꠀꠝ (encyclopaediam) ꠄꠇ꠆ꠡꠤꠛꠦꠘ (১৫০৮), ꠢꠧꠀꠘꠣꠡ ꠀꠜꠦꠘꠐꠤꠘꠣ ꠄꠞ ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇꠦꠟꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ (Encyclopedia) ꠀꠞꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠇꠦ ꠒꠇꠐ꠆ꠞꠤꠘꠣꠞꠥꠝ, ꠢꠧꠇ ꠄꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠒꠧꠝꠘꠤꠃꠝ ꠀꠞꠐꠤꠃꠝ, ꠁꠙꠡꠤꠅꠡ ꠚꠤꠟꠧꠡꠧꠚꠣꠁꠁꠄ ꠁꠘꠒꠦꠇ꠆ꠡ ꠄꠡꠤ ꠒꠤꠜꠤꠡꠤꠅ, ꠁꠎꠧꠀꠢꠤꠝꠥꠡ ꠚꠧꠐꠤꠀꠡ ꠞꠤꠋꠉꠦꠟꠛꠣꠞ꠆ꠉ ꠄꠞ ꠟꠥꠇꠥꠛ꠆ꠞꠦꠡꠘꠡ ꠜꠦꠟ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠌꠤꠁꠡ অꠦꠣꠛꠡꠧꠟꠐꠤꠡꠤꠝꠣ ꠇꠤꠇ꠆ꠟꠧꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ (১৫৩৮, ১৫৪১), ꠙꠧꠟ ꠡ꠆ꠇꠦꠟꠤꠍ ꠄꠞ “ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠟꠧꠙꠦꠁꠒꠤꠀ, ꠡꠦꠃ ꠀꠛꠟꠤꠡ ꠒꠤꠡꠤꠙꠘꠣꠞꠥꠝ, ꠔꠣꠝ ꠡꠣꠇꠞꠣꠞꠥꠝ ꠇꠥꠀꠝ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠧꠚꠣꠘꠣꠞꠥꠝ, ꠄꠙꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠦꠝꠧꠘ”, ꠎꠞ꠆ꠎ ꠞꠦꠁꠌ ꠄꠞ ꠝꠣꠞ꠆ꠉꠣꠞꠤꠐꠣ ꠚꠤꠟꠧꠡꠧꠚꠤꠇꠣ (১৫০৩ ꠡꠣꠟꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠤꠔ ꠄꠛꠋ ১৫৮৩ ꠡꠣꠟꠦ ꠘꠣꠝ ꠙꠞꠤꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠘ ꠇꠞꠦ ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇꠦꠟꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠘꠣꠝ ꠞꠣꠈꠣ ꠢꠁ।) ꠄꠛꠋ ꠡꠦꠝꠥꠎ়ꠦꠟ ꠀꠁꠎꠦꠘꠝ꠆ꠝꠣꠋꠉꠣꠞ ꠄꠞ ꠡꠣꠁꠇꠦꠟꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠙꠦꠣꠞꠣꠡꠦꠟꠡꠤꠇꠣ (১৫৮৫)।<ref>{{cite thesis |type=Ph.D |last=Harris-McCoy |first=Daniel |year=2008 |title=Varieties of encyclopedism in the early Roman Empire: Vitruvius, Pliny the Elder, Artemidorus |publisher=University of Pennsylvania |page=12 |id={{ProQuest|304510158}} }}</ref> ꠄꠁ ꠎꠂꠉꠤꠇ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠐꠤꠞ ꠖꠥꠐꠧ ꠜꠣꠞ꠆ꠘꠣꠇꠥꠟꠣꠞ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞꠦꠞ ꠃꠖꠣꠢꠞꠘ ꠞꠁꠄꠍꠦ। ꠡꠝ꠆ꠜꠛꠔ ১৪৯০ ꠡꠣꠟꠦ, ꠚ꠆ꠞꠣꠘ꠆ꠡꠤꠀꠡ ꠙꠥꠡꠤꠀꠡ ꠙꠟꠤꠐꠤꠀꠘꠥꠡꠇꠦ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠌꠤꠑꠤ ꠙꠣꠑꠣꠘ, ꠁꠄꠈꠣꠘꠦ ꠔꠤꠘꠤ ꠄꠐꠤꠇꠦ ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇꠦꠟꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ (encyclopedia) ꠛꠟꠦꠍꠦꠘ। ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠁꠁ [[ꠚ꠆ꠞꠣꠋꠡꠧꠀ ꠞꠣꠛꠟꠦ]]ꠇꠦ ꠔꠣꠞ ꠙꠦꠘ꠆ꠐꠣꠉ꠆ꠞꠥꠁꠄꠟ -ꠄ ꠄꠁ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠐꠤꠞ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞꠦꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠁꠁ ꠃꠟ꠆ꠟꠦꠈ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠁ।<ref>{{cite conference |last=Roest |first=Bert |editor-last=Binkley |editor-first=Peter |year=1997 |book-title=Pre-Modern Encyclopaedic Texts: Proceedings of the Second Comers Congress, Groningen, 1 – July 4, 1996 |publisher=BRILL |pages=213 |title=Compilation as Theme and Praxis in Franciscan Universal Chronicles |isbn=90-04-10830-0}}</ref><ref>{{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Carey |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=Sorcha |ꠛꠍꠞ=2003 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Pliny's Catalogue of Culture: Art and Empire in the Natural History |ꠀꠗ꠆ꠗꠣꠎ়=Two Strategies of Encyclopaedism |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=Oxford University Press |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=978-0-19-925913-7 |ꠙꠣꠔꠣ=17}}</ref> === ꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ (-p(a)edia) ꠙ꠆ꠞꠔꠁ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠞ꠆ꠇꠦ === ꠀꠘꠦꠇ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠘꠣꠝꠦ ꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ (-p(a)edia) ꠙ꠆ꠞꠔꠁꠐꠤ ꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠕꠣꠇꠦ, ꠎꠣꠔꠦ ꠛꠧꠏꠣ ꠎꠣꠁ ꠁꠄ, ꠟꠦꠈꠣꠐꠤ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠡ꠆ꠞꠦꠘꠤꠜꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ, ꠁꠄꠝꠘ: [[ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ]] (ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠦꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠡꠋꠉꠔꠤꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠘ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠘꠤꠁꠄ)।<ref>{{ꠅꠎ়ꠦꠛ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ|ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000680.html|ꠀꠞ꠆ꠇꠣꠁꠜꠦꠞ-ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://web.archive.org/web/20030414021138/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000680.html|ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=[Nupedia-l] Re: [Advisory-l] The wiki...|ꠀꠞ꠆ꠇꠣꠁꠜꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=14 April 2003|ꠇꠞ꠆ꠝ=nupedia.com}}</ref> === ꠡꠝꠡꠣꠝꠁꠇ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞ === ꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠝꠣꠘꠦ ꠁꠋꠞꠦꠎꠤꠔꠦ ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘꠔ ꠄꠁ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠐꠤꠞ ꠛꠣꠘꠣꠘ ꠢꠟꠧ: encyclopedia, ꠎꠖꠤꠅ encyclopaedia (encyclopædia -ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠐꠤꠔꠦ ꠕꠦꠇꠦ ꠄꠡꠦꠍꠦ) ꠛꠣꠘꠣꠘꠐꠤ ꠛ꠆ꠞꠤꠐꠦꠘꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠁꠁ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠁ।<ref name="Oxford English Dictionary">]]{{cite dictionary |entry=encyclopaedia |dictionary=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |edition=online |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |entry-url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/61848?redirectedFrom=encyclopaedia#eid |entry-url-access=subscription |access-date=February 18, 2012}}</ref> == ꠛꠂꠡꠤꠡ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠎ == ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ১৮ ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤꠔꠦ ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘ ꠕꠦꠇꠦ ꠛꠤꠇꠡꠤꠔ ꠢꠁ। ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠖꠥꠐꠧꠁ ꠃꠌ꠆ꠌ ꠡꠤꠈꠤꠔ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠈꠥꠛꠁ ꠀꠛꠉꠔ ꠛꠤꠡꠦꠡꠉꠤꠀꠞꠣ ꠙꠞꠤꠈꠣ ꠇꠞꠦꠍꠦꠘ, ꠔꠛꠦ ꠉꠑꠘꠦꠞ ꠖꠤꠇ ꠕꠦꠇꠦ ꠖꠥꠐꠧꠞ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠀꠘꠦꠇ ꠙꠣꠞ꠆ꠕꠇ꠆ꠇ ꠞꠁꠄꠍꠦ। ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ ꠡꠋꠇ꠆ꠞꠣꠘ꠆ꠔ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤ, ꠁꠄꠈꠣꠘꠦ ꠝꠥꠟꠔ [[ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖ (ꠛꠦꠣꠇꠞꠘ)|ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠦꠞ]] ꠛꠞ꠆ꠘꠣꠘꠥꠇ꠆ꠞꠝꠤꠇ ꠔꠣꠟꠤꠇꠣ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠡꠦꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠡꠋꠉꠣꠞ ꠃꠙꠞ ꠉꠥꠞꠥꠔ꠆ꠔ ꠖꠦꠅꠀ ꠢꠁꠄꠍꠦ। ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘꠦ ꠡꠝꠣꠞ꠆ꠕꠇ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠛꠡ꠆ꠔꠥꠞ ꠡꠣꠕꠦ ꠡꠣꠖꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠘ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠛꠤꠍꠤꠘ꠆ꠘꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠕꠣꠇꠦ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠡꠦꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠉꠜꠤꠞꠦ ꠎꠣꠅꠀꠞ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠡꠥꠅꠉ ꠕꠣꠇꠦ ꠘꠣ। ꠎꠖꠤꠅ ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘꠦ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ [[ꠔꠕ꠆ꠕ]], ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠟꠦꠡꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠙꠐꠜꠥꠝꠤ ꠡꠤꠝꠤꠔꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠕꠣꠇꠦ। ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘꠦ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠡꠋꠉꠤꠀꠣ ꠖꠦꠅꠀ ꠢꠟꠦꠅ, ꠄꠐꠤ ꠕꠦꠇꠦ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠦꠞ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠘ ꠅꠞ꠆ꠕ, ꠡꠤꠝꠣꠛꠖ꠆ꠗꠔꠣ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠁꠄꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘꠦꠞ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠡꠡ꠆ꠔ ꠈꠦꠔ꠆ꠞꠦꠞ ꠡꠣꠕꠦ ꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠕꠣꠇꠦ ꠔꠣ ꠙꠣꠑꠇ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠘꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠛꠥꠏꠔꠦ ꠘꠣ ꠙꠣꠞꠔꠦꠅ ꠙꠣꠞꠦ। ꠄꠁ ꠡꠝꠡ꠆ꠡꠣ ꠡꠝꠣꠗꠣꠘꠦ, ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠡꠥꠗꠥ ꠡꠞꠟ ꠡꠋꠉꠣ ꠛꠣ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠖꠤꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠦꠞ ꠡꠋꠉꠣ ꠖꠦꠅꠀꠞ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠡꠤꠝꠣꠛꠖ꠆ꠗ ꠕꠣꠇꠦ ꠘꠣ, ꠛꠞꠋ ꠄꠔꠦ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠛꠤꠡꠁ ꠛꠣ ꠡꠤꠈꠣꠞ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠄꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠀꠞꠅ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠔꠤꠔ ꠅꠞ꠆ꠕ ꠕꠣꠇꠦ। ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠄꠞ ꠡꠝꠣꠞ꠆ꠕꠇ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠡꠋꠉꠣꠁꠔ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠡꠦꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠔꠣꠟꠤꠇꠣ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠍꠣꠞꠣꠅ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠄꠞ ꠀꠞꠅ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠔꠤꠔ ꠅꠞ꠆ꠕ ꠘꠤꠁꠄ ꠉꠜꠤꠞꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠇꠣꠎ ꠇꠞ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠡꠦꠁ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠄ ꠡꠛꠌꠦꠁꠄ ꠡꠣꠝꠘ꠆ꠎꠡ꠆ꠡꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠘ ꠙꠥꠘ꠆ꠎꠤꠜꠥꠔ ꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘ ꠛꠢꠘ ꠇꠞꠦ। ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠁꠁ ꠝꠣꠘꠌꠤꠔ꠆ꠞ, ꠌꠤꠔ꠆ꠞ, ꠉ꠆ꠞꠘ꠆ꠕꠙꠘ꠆ꠎꠤ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠙꠞꠤꠡꠋꠈ꠆ꠈꠣꠘ ꠕꠣꠇꠔꠦ ꠙꠣꠞꠦ। ꠔꠔ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠛꠣꠘꠥꠡꠣꠞꠦ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠇꠣꠃꠇꠦ ꠡꠘ꠆ꠔꠥꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠇꠞꠣꠞ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠖꠦꠡ꠆ꠡꠦ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠢꠁ ꠘꠣ, ꠎꠖꠤꠅ ꠄꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠖꠦꠡ꠆ꠡ ꠙꠣꠑꠇꠖꠦꠞ ꠄꠐꠤꠞ ꠡꠔ꠆ꠔꠔꠣꠁ ꠡꠘ꠆ꠔꠥꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠇꠞꠣ। ꠌꠣꠞꠐꠤ ꠉꠥꠞꠥꠔ꠆ꠔꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠘ ꠃꠙꠣꠖꠣꠘ ꠖꠣꠞꠣ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠇꠦ ꠛꠦꠣꠈ꠆ꠈꠣ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠁ। ꠁꠄꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠢꠟꠧ: ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠛꠡ꠆ꠔꠥ, ꠙ꠆ꠞꠡꠣꠞ, ꠛꠤꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠡꠦꠞ ꠙꠖ꠆ꠗꠔꠤ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠔꠂꠞꠤꠞ ꠙꠖ꠆ꠗꠔꠤ। - ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠢꠤꠡꠦꠛꠦ ꠛꠤꠛꠦꠌꠤꠔ ꠢꠔꠦ ꠙꠣꠞꠦ ꠎꠖꠤ ꠡꠦꠐꠤꠔꠦ ꠡꠇꠟ ꠈꠦꠔ꠆ꠞꠦꠞ ꠡꠇꠟ ꠛꠤꠡꠁ ꠘꠤꠁꠄ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗ ꠕꠣꠇꠦ। ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦ ꠡꠦꠐꠤ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞꠦꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠛꠦꠡ ꠇꠤꠍꠥ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠖꠦꠡꠘꠣ, ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠜꠂꠉꠧꠟꠤꠇ ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘ ꠕꠣꠇꠔꠦ ꠙꠣꠞꠦ। ꠖꠦꠣ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠦꠐ ꠡꠧꠜꠤꠎ়ꠦꠔ ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇꠦꠟꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇꠦꠟꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠎꠥꠖꠣꠁꠇꠣ -ꠄꠞ ꠝꠔꠧ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠅ ꠞꠁꠄꠍꠦ, ꠁꠄꠈꠣꠘꠦ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠡꠣꠋꠡ꠆ꠇꠤꠔꠤꠇ, ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠉꠔ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠁꠔꠣ ꠡꠋꠇ꠆ꠞꠣꠘ꠆ꠔ ꠖꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠤꠜꠋꠉꠤ ꠕꠦꠇꠦ ꠀꠘꠦꠇ ꠛꠤꠡꠁ ꠘꠤꠁꠄ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠢꠁꠄꠍꠦ। - ꠌꠤꠇꠤꠔ꠆ꠡꠣ ꠛꠤꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘ ꠛꠣ ꠀꠁꠘꠦꠞ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠝꠔꠧ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠤꠁ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠡꠣꠞꠦꠞ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠟꠈ꠆ꠎ ꠢꠌ꠆ꠍꠦ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠖꠤꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠄ ꠉꠥꠞꠥꠔ꠆ꠔꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠘ ꠙꠥꠘ꠆ꠎꠤꠜꠥꠔ ꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘ ꠗꠣꠞꠘ ꠇꠞꠣ। ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠖꠤꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠙꠣꠑꠇ ꠡ꠆ꠞꠦꠘꠤꠞ ꠃꠙꠞ ꠜꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠇꠞꠦ ꠄꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠛꠡ꠆ꠔꠥꠞ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠔꠣꠞ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠀꠟꠧꠌꠘꠣꠞ ꠉꠜꠤꠞꠔꠣꠞ ꠖꠤꠇ ꠕꠦꠇꠦ ꠜꠤꠘ꠆ꠘ। - ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠇꠦ ꠡꠦꠐꠤꠞ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠖꠤꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠇꠣꠎꠦꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞ ꠇꠞꠔꠦ ꠛꠤꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠡꠦꠞ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠡꠤꠋ꠆ꠈꠟꠣꠛꠖ꠆ꠗ ꠙꠖ꠆ꠗꠔꠤꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠅꠎꠘ। ꠝꠥꠖ꠆ꠞꠤꠔ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠛꠤꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠡꠦꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠄꠂꠔꠤꠢꠣꠡꠤꠇꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠖꠥꠐꠧ ꠙꠖ꠆ꠗꠔꠤ ꠞꠁꠄꠍꠦ। ꠡꠦꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠢꠟꠧ: ꠛꠞ꠆ꠘꠣꠘꠥꠇ꠆ꠞꠝꠤꠇ (ꠄꠔꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠔ꠆ꠔꠦꠇꠐꠤ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗꠦꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠖꠤꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠡꠋꠈ꠆ꠈꠣ ꠕꠣꠇꠔꠦ ꠙꠣꠞꠦ ꠛꠣ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗꠉꠦꠥꠟꠧꠇꠦ ꠛꠞ꠆ꠘꠣꠘꠥꠇ꠆ꠞꠝꠤꠇꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠡꠣꠎꠣꠘꠧ ꠢꠔꠦ ꠙꠣꠞꠦ) ꠄꠛꠋ ꠢꠣꠀꠞꠣꠞ꠆ꠇꠤ ꠙꠖ꠆ꠗꠔꠤ। ꠀꠉꠦꠞ ꠙꠖ꠆ꠗꠔꠤ ꠄꠈꠘ ꠀꠞꠅ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠌꠟꠤꠔ, ꠛꠤꠡꠦꠡ ꠇꠞꠦ ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠈꠦꠔ꠆ꠞꠦ। ꠁꠟꠦꠇ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠞꠘꠤꠇ ꠝꠣꠗ꠆ꠗꠝꠦꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠄꠇꠁ ꠛꠡ꠆ꠔꠥ ꠀꠞꠅ ꠙꠖ꠆ꠗꠔꠤꠔꠦ ꠛꠤꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠡ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠜꠛ ꠢꠁꠄꠍꠦ। ꠄꠍꠣꠞꠣꠅ, ꠁꠟꠦꠇ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠞꠘꠤꠇ ꠝꠣꠗ꠆ꠗꠝꠦꠞ ꠇꠣꠞꠘꠦ ꠀꠘꠥꠡꠘ꠆ꠗꠣꠘ, ꠁꠘꠒꠦꠇ꠆ꠡ ꠇꠞꠣꠞ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠇ꠆ꠞꠧꠡ ꠞꠦꠚꠣꠞꠦꠘ꠆ꠡ -ꠄꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠘꠔꠥꠘ ꠃꠙꠣꠁ ꠔꠂꠞꠤ ꠢꠁꠄꠍꠦ। ১৮ ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤꠞ ꠅꠘꠡꠤꠇ꠆ꠟꠧꠙꠤꠒꠤ -ꠄꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠙꠤꠡ꠆ꠑꠣꠞ ꠢꠧꠞꠣꠡ ꠄꠞ ꠄꠙꠤꠉ꠆ꠞꠣꠚ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠇꠣꠑꠣꠝꠦꠞ ꠉꠥꠞꠥꠔ꠆ꠔ ꠛꠞ꠆ꠘꠘꠣ ꠇꠞꠍꠦ। ꠁꠄꠈꠣꠘꠦ ꠔꠤꠘꠤ ꠟꠤꠈꠦꠍꠦꠟꠦꠘ: “ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠄ ꠘꠤꠎ়ꠝ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠡꠋꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔꠤꠞ ꠡꠇ꠆ꠔꠤꠔꠦ ꠇꠤ ꠀꠇꠞ꠆ꠡꠘ ꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠢꠔꠦ ꠙꠣꠞꠦ”। - ꠀꠗꠥꠘꠤꠇ ꠝꠣꠟ꠆ꠐꠤꠝꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠔꠕ꠆ꠕ ꠎꠥꠉꠦꠞ ꠡꠣꠕꠦ ꠡꠛ ꠗꠞꠘꠦꠞ ꠔꠕ꠆ꠕꠦꠞ ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢ, ꠎꠣꠌꠣꠁꠇꠞꠘ, ꠡꠋꠝꠤꠡ꠆ꠞꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠃꠙꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠙꠘꠣꠁ ꠘꠔꠥꠘ ꠙꠖ꠆ꠗꠔꠤꠞ ꠀꠛꠤꠞ꠆ꠜꠣꠛ ꠢꠁꠄꠍꠦ। ꠄꠜꠞꠤꠕꠤꠋ২, ꠄꠘꠇꠣꠞ꠆ꠐꠣ, ꠄꠁꠌ২ꠎꠤ২ ꠄꠛꠋ [[ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ] -ꠄꠞ ꠝꠔꠧ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠟ꠆ꠙꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠔꠕ꠆ꠕ ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢ ꠔꠕ꠆ꠕ ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢ ꠡꠢꠎꠔꠞ ꠢꠅꠀꠞ ꠡꠣꠕꠦ ꠡꠣꠕꠦ ꠘꠔꠥꠘ ꠗꠞꠘꠦꠞ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠀꠛꠤꠞ꠆ꠜꠥꠔ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠃꠖꠣꠢꠞꠘ। ꠄꠂꠔꠤꠢꠣꠡꠤꠇꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠔꠂꠞꠤꠞ ꠙꠖ꠆ꠗꠔꠤ ꠃꠜꠁ ꠟꠣꠜꠎꠘꠇ ꠅ ꠀꠟꠣꠜꠎꠘꠇ ꠖꠤꠇ ꠕꠦꠇꠦ ꠡꠝꠞ꠆ꠕꠤꠔ। ꠃꠙꠞꠦ ꠃꠟ꠆ꠟꠦꠈꠤꠔ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠦꠐ ꠡꠧꠜꠤꠎ়ꠦꠔ ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇꠦꠟꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠘꠣꠝꠇ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠐꠤ ꠞꠣꠡ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠞ ꠡꠝꠞ꠆ꠕꠤꠔ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠛ꠆ꠞꠤꠐꠣꠘꠤꠇꠣ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠀꠟꠣꠜꠎꠘꠇ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠔꠤꠡ꠆ꠑꠣꠘ ꠢꠤꠡꠦꠛꠦ ꠉꠞꠦ ꠃꠑꠦꠍꠦ। [[ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠝꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠚꠣꠃꠘ꠆ꠒꠦꠡꠘ]]ꠦꠞ ꠘꠣꠝꠇ ꠡꠋꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠞ ꠀꠗꠤꠘꠦ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠀꠟꠣꠜꠎꠘꠇ ꠙꠞꠤꠛꠦꠡꠦ ꠡꠦꠌ꠆ꠍꠣꠡꠦꠛꠇꠉꠘ ꠀꠛꠖꠣꠘ ꠞꠣꠈꠣꠞ ꠝꠣꠗ꠆ꠗꠝꠦ ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠉꠞꠦ ꠔꠥꠟꠦꠍꠦ। ꠇꠤꠍꠥ ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘ ꠘꠣꠝꠇ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠡꠣꠕꠦ ꠡꠣꠖꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠘ, ꠛꠤꠡꠦꠡ ꠇꠞꠦ, ꠁꠄꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠄꠞ ꠃꠙꠞ ꠜꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠇꠞꠦ ꠉꠞꠦ ꠃꠑꠦꠍꠦ (ꠁꠄꠝꠘ: ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠎꠥꠉꠦꠞ ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘ, ꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔꠞꠣꠡ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠞꠦꠞ ꠘꠂꠛꠣꠢꠤꠘꠤꠞ ꠎꠥꠖ꠆ꠗ ꠎꠣꠢꠣꠎꠦꠞ ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ [[ꠛ꠆ꠟ꠆ꠎꠣꠇꠦꠞ ꠀꠁꠘ ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘ]])। ꠀꠡ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠞꠦꠟꠤꠀꠞ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠁ ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘ, ꠝꠦꠇꠇꠥꠀꠞꠤ ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘ ꠡꠦꠐꠤꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠡꠋꠡ꠆ꠇꠞꠘꠦꠞ ꠙꠞ ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠎꠕꠣꠞ꠆ꠕ ꠘꠣꠝꠛꠣꠌꠇ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠡꠦꠁ ꠎꠕꠣꠞ꠆ꠕ ꠘꠣꠝꠛꠣꠌꠇ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠕꠦꠇꠦ ꠙꠣꠅꠀ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠦꠞ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞꠦꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘꠦ ꠙꠞꠤꠘꠔ ꠢꠁ। ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘꠦꠞ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠛꠞ ꠙꠣꠞ꠆ꠕꠇ꠆ꠇ ꠞꠁꠄꠍꠦ।<ref name=DOLencyclopedia /><ref name=DOLencyclopedicdefinition /> ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠀꠗꠤꠇꠣꠋꠡ ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠖꠦꠡ꠆ꠡꠦ ꠔꠂꠞꠤ ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘꠦꠞ ꠌꠦꠁꠄ ꠛꠦꠡꠤ ꠖꠤꠞ꠆ꠊ, ꠙꠞꠤꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠔꠤꠔ। ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘꠦꠞ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠛꠡ꠆ꠔꠥꠞ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠦꠅ ꠙꠣꠞ꠆ꠕꠇ꠆ꠇ ꠞꠁꠄꠍꠦ। ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠁ ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘꠦ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠦꠞ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠉꠔ ꠔꠕ꠆ꠕ ꠕꠣꠇꠦ ꠇꠤꠘ꠆ꠔꠥ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠁꠄ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠁ ꠡꠦꠐꠤꠞ ‍ꠃꠙꠞ ꠛꠦꠡꠤ ꠉꠥꠞꠥꠔ꠆ꠔ ꠖꠦꠁ।<ref name=bejoint /><ref name=EB /><ref name=DOLei /><ref name=OHEL22 /> ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘꠦꠞ ꠟꠦꠈꠣꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠦꠞ ꠛꠞ꠆ꠘꠘꠣꠞ ꠡꠣꠕꠦ ꠀꠛꠤꠌ꠆ꠍꠤꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠇꠤꠘ꠆ꠔꠥ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠜꠤꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠘꠣꠝ ꠖꠦꠅꠀ ꠎꠣꠁ। ꠄ ꠇꠣꠞꠘꠦ, ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘꠦꠞ ꠟꠦꠈꠣꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠁ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠘꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠀꠘꠥꠛꠣꠖ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠎꠣꠁ ꠘꠣ ꠇꠤꠘ꠆ꠔꠥ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠈꠦꠔ꠆ꠞꠦ ꠄꠐꠤ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠜꠛ।<ref name=bejoint /> ꠛꠣꠡ꠆ꠔꠛꠜꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠤꠇ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠤꠁ ꠔꠕ꠆ꠕ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠉꠔ ꠔꠕ꠆ꠕꠦꠞ (ꠁꠄꠝꠘꠐꠣ ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘꠦ ꠕꠣꠇꠦ) ꠡꠥꠡ꠆ꠙꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠙꠣꠞ꠆ꠕꠇ꠆ꠇ ꠘꠣ ꠕꠣꠇꠣꠁ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞꠤꠇꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠙꠣꠞ꠆ꠕꠇ꠆ꠇꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠡꠖꠤꠡ ꠘꠁ।<ref name=DOLei /><ref name=DOLencyclopedicdefinition>{{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ১=Hartmann |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ১=R. R. K. |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ২=James |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ২=Gregory |ꠛꠍꠞ=1998 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Dictionary of Lexicography |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=Routledge |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=978-0-415-14143-7 |ꠙꠣꠔꠣꠡꠝꠥꠢ=48–49 |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://books.google.com/books?id=49NZ12icE-QC&q=%22encyclopedic%20dictionary%22%2Bencyclopedia&pg=PA49 |ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=July 27, 2010 |ꠃꠇ꠆ꠔꠤ=Usually these two aspects overlap – encyclopedic information being difficult to distinguish from linguistic information – and dictionaries attempt to capture both in the explanation of a meaning{{nbsp}}...}}</ref><ref name=Bejoint31>{{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Béjoint |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=Henri |ꠛꠍꠞ=2000 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Modern Lexicography |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://archive.org/details/modernlexicograp0000bejo |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=Oxford University Press |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=978-0-19-829951-6 |ꠙꠣꠔꠣ=[https://archive.org/details/modernlexicograp0000bejo/page/31 31] |ꠃꠇ꠆ꠔꠤ=The two types, as we have seen, are not easily differentiated; encyclopedias contain information that is also to be found in dictionaries, and vice versa.}}</ref> ꠄ ꠇꠣꠞꠘꠦ, ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠦ ꠄꠝꠘ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠛꠡ꠆ꠔꠥ ꠕꠣꠇꠔꠦ ꠙꠣꠞꠦ ꠎꠣ ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠡꠣꠖꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠘ ꠇꠤꠍꠥꠔꠦꠅ ꠀꠍꠦ।<ref name=Bejoint31 /> ꠛꠤꠡꠦꠡ ꠇꠞꠦ, ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠦꠞ ꠝꠣꠗ꠆ꠗꠝꠦ ꠁꠄ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠐꠤ ꠀꠜꠤꠢꠤꠔ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠁ ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠁꠁ ꠡꠦꠁ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠐꠤ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠞ꠆ꠇꠦ ꠛꠣꠡ꠆ꠔꠛꠜꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠤꠇ ꠔꠕ꠆ꠕ ꠕꠣꠇꠦ।<ref name=DOLencyclopedicdefinition /><ref name=Bejoint31 /> == ꠁꠔꠤꠢꠣꠡ == ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠌꠤꠘꠇꠣꠟꠦ ꠁꠄꠈꠣꠘꠦ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠢꠣꠔꠦ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠢꠔꠧ, ꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠝꠣꠘꠦ ꠡꠦꠈꠣꠘꠦ ꠄꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠝꠥꠖ꠆ꠞꠤꠔ ꠢꠁ। ꠄꠈꠘ ꠄꠉꠥꠟꠧꠇꠦ ꠁꠟꠦꠇ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠞꠘꠤꠇꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠛꠘ꠆ꠐꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠖꠞ꠆ꠡꠘꠅ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠎꠣꠁ। === ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠌꠤꠘꠇꠣꠟ === [[File:naturalishistoria.jpg|thumb|''Naturalis Historiae'' ꠄꠞ ১৬৬৯ ꠡꠣꠟꠦꠞ ꠡꠋꠡ꠆ꠇꠞꠘꠦꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠙꠣꠔꠣ]] ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤ ꠈ꠆ꠞꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠦꠞ ꠄꠇꠎꠘ [[ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠌꠤꠘ ꠞꠧꠝ|ꠞꠧꠝꠣꠘ]] ꠞꠣꠡ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠞꠘꠣꠁꠇ, ꠙ꠆ꠟꠤꠘꠤ ꠖꠦ ꠄꠟ꠆ꠒꠣꠞ ꠄꠞ ꠘꠣꠔꠥꠞꠣꠟꠤꠡ ꠁꠡꠔꠧꠞꠤꠁꠄ ꠢꠌ꠆ꠍꠦ ꠡꠛꠌꠦꠁꠄ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠌꠤꠁ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠤꠁ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ, ꠎꠣ ꠀꠗꠥꠘꠤꠇ ꠡꠝꠁ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠞꠘ꠆ꠔ ꠀꠈꠔ ꠞꠁꠄꠍꠦ। ꠔꠤꠘꠤ ৩৭ ꠙꠞꠤꠌ꠆ꠍꠦꠖꠦꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠔꠂꠞꠤ ꠇꠞꠦꠘ, ꠁꠄꠈꠣꠘꠦ ꠔꠤꠘꠤ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠇꠤꠔꠤꠇ ꠁꠔꠤꠢꠣꠡ, ꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠙꠔ꠆ꠔ, ꠌꠤꠇꠤꠔ꠆ꠡꠣ ꠛꠤꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘ, ꠜꠥꠉꠧꠟ, ꠜꠥꠔꠔ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠛ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠔꠣꠞ ꠀꠡꠦꠙꠣꠡꠦ ꠕꠣꠇꠣ ꠙꠤꠕꠤꠛꠤꠞ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠔꠥꠟꠦ ꠗꠞꠦꠘ। ꠔꠤꠘꠤ ꠡꠦꠐꠤꠞ ꠜꠥꠝꠤꠇꠣꠁ ꠟꠤꠈꠦꠍꠦꠟꠦꠘ ꠁꠄ, ২০০ ꠄꠞ ꠛꠦꠡꠤ ꠟꠦꠈꠇꠦꠞ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠕꠦꠇꠦ ꠔꠤꠘꠤ ২০,০০০ꠐꠤ ꠡꠔ꠆ꠔ ꠄꠇꠔ꠆ꠞꠤꠔ ꠇꠞꠦꠍꠦꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠀꠘꠦꠇꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠔꠣꠞ ꠘꠤꠎꠦꠞ ꠀꠜꠤꠉꠤꠀꠔꠣ ꠕꠦꠇꠦ ꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠇꠞꠦꠘ। ꠔꠣꠞ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤ ৭৭-৭৯ ꠈ꠆ꠞꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠤꠔ ꠢꠁ। ꠔꠤꠘꠤ ৭৯ ꠈ꠆ꠞꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠦꠞ [[ꠜꠤꠡꠥꠜꠤꠀꠡ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠞꠔ|ꠜꠤꠡꠥꠜꠤꠀꠡꠦꠞ]] ꠀꠉ꠆ꠘ꠆ꠎꠥꠔ꠆ꠙꠣꠔꠦꠞ ꠡꠝꠁꠄ ꠝꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠥꠛꠞꠘ ꠇꠞꠦꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠜꠛꠔ ꠔꠤꠘꠤ ꠔꠣꠞ ꠎꠤꠛꠘꠦ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠐꠤꠞ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠣꠖꠘꠣ ꠡꠦꠡ ꠇꠞꠦꠘꠘꠤ।<ref name=naturalis>Naturalis Historia</ref> === ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠎꠥꠉ === ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠎꠥꠉꠦꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠖꠤꠇꠦꠞ ꠄꠇꠎꠘ ꠝꠢꠣꠘ ꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘꠤ ꠛꠦꠇ꠆ꠔꠤꠖꠦꠞ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠄꠇꠎꠘ, ꠡꠦꠜꠤꠀꠞ ꠁꠡꠤꠖꠧꠞꠦ -ꠇꠦ ꠄꠐꠤꠝꠧꠟꠧꠎꠤꠀꠁ (ꠖꠦ ꠄꠐꠤꠝꠧꠟꠧꠎꠤꠀꠁ) ꠛꠣ ꠀꠞꠤꠎꠤꠘꠦꠡ (৬৩০ ꠈ꠆ꠞꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠦꠞ ꠇꠣꠍꠣꠇꠣꠍꠤ ꠡꠝꠁꠄ) ꠘꠣꠝꠇ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠎꠥꠉꠦꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠟꠦꠈꠣꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠡꠤꠇꠤꠔ। ꠔꠤꠘꠤ ꠡꠦꠈꠣꠘꠦ ꠔꠤꠘꠤ ꠡꠦꠁ ꠡꠝꠁꠄ ꠛꠤꠖ꠆ꠖꠝꠣꠘ ꠕꠣꠇꠣ ꠃꠜꠁ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠌꠤꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠡꠝꠡꠣꠝꠎ়ꠤꠇ ꠡꠤꠈꠣꠞ ꠛꠞ ꠀꠋꠡ ꠄꠔꠦ ꠡꠋꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠇꠞꠦꠘ। ꠄꠔꠦ ২০ꠐꠤ ꠈꠘ꠆ꠒꠦ ꠛꠤꠜꠇ꠆ꠔ ৪৪৮ꠐꠤ ꠙꠞꠤꠌ꠆ꠍꠦꠖ ꠞꠁꠄꠍꠦ। ꠄꠐꠤꠔꠦ ꠕꠣꠇꠣ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠟꠦꠈꠇꠖꠦꠞ ꠛꠇ꠆ꠔꠛ꠆ꠛ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠟꠦꠈꠣꠞ ꠀꠋꠡꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠄꠐꠤ ꠝꠥꠟ꠆ꠟꠛꠣꠘ, ꠇꠣꠞꠘ ꠔꠤꠘꠤ ꠡꠦꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢ ꠘꠣ ꠇꠞꠟꠦ ꠢꠁꠔꠧ ꠡꠦꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠢꠣꠞꠤꠁꠄ ꠎꠦꠔ। ꠇꠦꠣꠞꠧꠟꠤꠋꠉꠤꠀꠘ ꠎꠥꠉꠦꠞ ꠡꠛꠌꠦꠁꠄ ꠎꠘꠙ꠆ꠞꠤꠁ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠍꠤꠟ ꠞꠣꠛꠣꠃꠘꠥꠡ ꠝꠣꠃꠞꠥꠡ ৮৩০ ꠈ꠆ꠞꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠦꠞ ꠇꠣꠍꠣꠇꠣꠍꠤ ꠡꠝꠁꠄ ꠄꠐꠤꠝꠧꠟꠧꠎꠤꠀꠁ ꠄꠞ ꠃꠙꠞ ꠜꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠇꠞꠦ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠖꠦ ꠃꠘꠤꠜꠣꠞ꠆ꠡꠧ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠖꠦ ꠞꠦꠞꠥꠝ ꠘꠣꠔꠥꠞꠤꠡ।<ref>{{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ১=Kaske |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ১=Robert Earl |author1-link=Robert Kaske |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ২=Groos |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ২=Arthur |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ৩=Twomey |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ৩=Michael W. |ꠟꠦꠈꠇ৪=University of Toronto Centre for Medieval Studies |ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=1988 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Medieval Christian Literary Imagery: A Guide to Interpretation |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=University of Toronto Press |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=978-0-8020-2636-1 |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://books.google.com/books?id=LVrgAAAAMAAJ&q=De+universo+or+De+rerum+naturis+by+Rabanus+Maurus}}</ref> ꠖꠡꠝ ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤ ꠈ꠆ꠞꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠦꠞ ꠛꠣꠁꠎꠦꠘꠐꠣꠁꠘ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠞꠣꠎ꠆ꠎꠦꠞ ꠡꠥꠖꠣ ꠘꠣꠝꠇ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠔꠤꠔ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠐꠤꠔꠦ ৩০,০০০ ꠄꠞ ꠛꠦꠡꠤ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠍꠤꠟ, ꠎꠣꠞ ꠀꠘꠦꠇꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠌꠤꠘ ꠃꠔ꠆ꠡ ꠕꠦꠇꠦ ꠄꠡꠦꠍꠦ, ꠁꠄꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠔꠈꠘ ꠕꠦꠇꠦ ꠢꠣꠞꠤꠁꠄ ꠉꠦꠍꠦ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠀꠘꠦꠇ ꠡꠝꠁ ꠈ꠆ꠞꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠣꠘ ꠡꠋꠇꠟꠇꠖꠦꠞ ꠇꠣꠍ ꠕꠦꠇꠦ ꠘꠦꠅꠀ ꠢꠁꠄꠍꠦ। ꠟꠦꠈꠣꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠛꠞ꠆ꠘꠣꠘꠥꠇ꠆ꠞꠝꠦ ꠛꠤꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠡ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠍꠤꠟ, ꠎꠣꠔꠦ ꠡꠞꠛꠞ꠆ꠘꠦꠞ ꠇ꠆ꠞꠝ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠤꠇ ꠛꠞ꠆ꠘꠝꠣꠟꠣꠁ ꠡꠦꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘꠦ ꠄꠇꠐꠥ ꠛꠤꠌ꠆ꠌꠥꠔꠤ ꠍꠤꠟ। ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠎꠥꠉꠦꠞ ꠝꠥꠡꠟꠤꠝꠖꠦꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠖꠤꠇꠦꠞ ꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘꠦꠞ ꠡꠋꠇꠟꠘꠦꠞ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠀꠘꠦꠇ ꠉꠥꠞꠥꠔ꠆ꠔꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠘ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠍꠤꠟ। ৯৬০ ꠈ꠆ꠞꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠦꠞ ꠖꠤꠇꠦ [[ꠛꠡꠞꠣ]] ꠡꠢꠞꠦꠞ ꠁꠈꠅꠀꠘ ꠀꠟ ꠡꠣꠚꠣ ꠁꠈꠅꠀꠘ ꠀꠟ ꠡꠣꠚꠣ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠡꠣꠕꠦ ꠡꠋꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠢꠁ।<ref>P.D. Wightman (1953), ''The Growth of Scientific Ideas''</ref> ꠃꠟ꠆ꠟꠦꠈꠎꠧꠉ꠆ꠉ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠞꠁꠄꠍꠦ [[ꠀꠟ ꠞꠣꠎꠤ|ꠀꠛꠥ ꠛꠇꠞ ꠀꠟ ꠞꠣꠎꠤ]] ꠄꠞ ꠛꠤꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘꠦꠞ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ, [[ꠝꠥꠔꠣꠎꠤꠟꠣ]] ꠀꠘꠥꠡꠞꠘꠇꠣꠞꠤ [[ꠀꠟ-ꠇꠤꠘ꠆ꠖꠤ]] ꠄꠞ ২৭০ꠐꠤ ꠛꠁ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠁꠛꠘꠦ ꠡꠤꠘꠣ ꠄꠞ ꠌꠤꠇꠤꠔ꠆ꠡꠣ ꠛꠤꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘꠦꠞ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ, ꠎꠣ ꠇꠎ়ꠦꠇ ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤ ꠎꠥꠞꠦ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠝꠣꠘꠡꠝ꠆ꠝꠔ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠖꠦꠡꠇ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠍꠤꠟ। ꠀꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠃꠟ꠆ꠟꠦꠈꠎꠧꠉ꠆ꠉ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠞꠁꠄꠍꠦ: ꠀꠡꠀꠞꠤꠖꠦꠞ ꠛꠂꠡ꠆ꠡꠤꠇ ꠁꠔꠤꠢꠣꠡ, [[ꠀꠔ ꠔꠣꠛꠣꠞꠤ]], [[ꠀꠟ-ꠝꠣꠡꠥꠖꠤ]], ꠀꠔ ꠔꠣꠛꠣꠞꠤ ꠄꠞ [[ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈꠥꠟ ꠞꠡꠥꠟ ꠅꠀꠟ ꠝꠥꠟꠥꠇ|ꠘꠛꠤ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠞꠣꠎꠣꠖꠦꠞ ꠁꠔꠤꠢꠣꠡ]],ꠀꠝꠎꠣꠖ ꠁꠛꠘꠦ ꠞꠥꠡ꠆ꠔꠣꠢ, [[ꠀꠟꠤ ꠁꠛꠘꠦ ꠀꠡꠤꠞ]] ꠄꠛꠋ [[ꠁꠛꠘꠦ ꠈꠣꠟꠖꠥꠘ]], ꠎꠣꠖꠦꠞ [[ꠝꠥꠇꠣꠖ꠆ꠖꠤꠝꠣ]]ꠁ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠣꠡꠦꠞ ꠡꠔꠞ꠆ꠇꠔꠣ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠞ꠆ꠇꠦ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠀꠍꠦ, ꠎꠣ ꠀꠎꠅ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠞ꠆ꠘꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠎꠧꠎ꠆ꠎ। [[File:Archive-ugent-be-018970A2-B1E8-11DF-A2E0-A70579F64438 DS-337 (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|254x254px|“ꠟꠤꠛꠣꠞ ꠚ꠆ꠟꠧꠞꠤꠖꠥꠡ” ꠘꠣꠝꠇ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠀꠋꠡ। ꠟꠦꠈꠇꠦꠞ ꠟꠦꠣꠝ꠆ꠛꠣꠞ꠆ꠐ ꠄꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠌꠤꠔ꠆ꠞ, ꠁꠄꠈꠣꠘꠦ ꠝꠘꠥꠡ꠆ꠡ ꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘ ꠡꠋꠇꠟꠘꠦꠞ ꠌꠦꠡ꠆ꠐꠣ ꠇꠞꠍꠦꠘ। ꠉꠦꠘ꠆ꠐ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠛꠤꠖ꠆ꠖꠣꠟꠎꠦꠞ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠘ꠆ꠕꠣꠉꠣꠞꠦ ꠡꠋꠞꠈꠤꠔ ꠙꠣꠘ꠆ꠒꠥꠟꠤꠙꠤ।<ref>{{ꠅꠎ়ꠦꠛ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Liber Floridus [manuscript] |ꠅꠎ়ꠦꠛꠡꠣꠁꠐ=lib.ugent.be |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:018970A2-B1E8-11DF-A2E0-A70579F64438#?c=&m=&s=&cv=14&xywh=-1421,1766,13850,7733 |ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=2020-08-26}}</ref>]] ꠌꠤꠘꠦꠞ ꠡꠧꠋ ꠡꠣꠝ꠆ꠞꠣꠎ꠆ꠎꠦꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠖꠤꠇꠦ (৯৬০-১২৭৯ ꠈ꠆ꠞꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠣꠛ꠆ꠖ) ১১ ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤꠞ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠡꠋꠇꠟꠤꠔ ꠚꠧꠞ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠦꠐ ꠛꠥꠇꠡ ꠀꠛ ꠡꠧꠋ ꠘꠣꠝꠇ ꠝꠢꠣꠘ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠐꠤ ꠍꠤꠟ ꠡꠦꠁ ꠡꠝꠁꠄꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠛꠦꠣꠙꠇ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠔꠤꠡ꠆ꠞꠥꠔꠤ। ꠄꠁ ꠌꠣꠞꠐꠤꠞ ꠡꠞ꠆ꠞꠡꠦꠡ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ, ꠖꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠁꠝ ꠐꠧꠞꠐꠧꠁꠡ ꠁꠘ ꠖꠦ ꠞꠦꠇꠞ꠆ꠒ ꠛꠦꠥꠞꠧ -ꠄꠞ ১০০০ꠐꠤ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠈꠘ꠆ꠒꠦ ৯.৪ ꠝꠤꠟꠤꠎ়ꠘ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠞꠘ꠆ꠔ [[ꠌꠤꠘꠣ ꠀꠈꠞ]] ꠍꠤꠟ। ১০ ꠕꠦꠇꠦ ১৭ ꠡꠔꠇ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠞꠘ꠆ꠔ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠛꠤꠖꠖꠦꠞ ꠎꠥꠉ ꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠁꠁ ꠢꠁ, ꠁꠄꠡꠝꠁꠄ ꠌꠤꠘꠣ ꠡꠞꠇꠣꠞ ꠡꠔꠡꠔ ꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘꠤ ꠛꠦꠇ꠆ꠔꠤꠖꠦꠞ ꠛꠦꠣꠙꠇ ꠇꠤꠍꠥ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠔꠂꠞꠤꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠘꠤꠅꠉ ꠇꠞꠦ।<ref name=":0">{{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Murray |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=Stuart |ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=2009 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=The library: an illustrated history |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=[[Skyhorse Pub.]] |ꠀꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘ=New York, NY |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=9781602397064 |oclc=277203534 |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://archive.org/details/libraryillustrat0000murr |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ-ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢ=registration}}</ref> ꠁꠀꠋꠉꠟ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠍꠤꠟ ꠄꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠡꠛꠌꠦꠁꠄ ꠛꠞ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ। ꠄꠐꠤ ১৪০৮ ꠡꠣꠟꠦ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠢꠁ। ꠄꠐꠤ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠁ ২৩,০০০ꠐꠤ ꠢꠣꠔꠦ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠀꠋꠡꠦ ꠛꠤꠜꠇ꠆ꠔ।<ref name=":0" /> ২০০৭ ꠡꠣꠟꠦ ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀꠞ ꠛꠤꠢꠔ꠆ꠔꠝ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦ ꠙꠞꠤꠘꠔ ꠢꠅꠀꠞ ꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠞ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠞꠘ꠆ꠔ ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀꠞ ꠄꠐꠤ ꠁꠔꠤꠢꠣꠡꠦꠞ ꠛꠤꠢꠔ꠆ꠔꠝ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠢꠤꠡꠦꠛꠦ ꠍꠤꠟ। ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠎꠥꠉꠦꠞ ꠡꠦꠡꠦꠞ ꠖꠤꠇꠦ ꠁꠃꠞꠧꠙꠦ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠄ ꠛꠣ ꠡꠇꠟ ꠈꠦꠔ꠆ꠞꠦ ꠙꠤꠕꠤꠛꠤꠞ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡꠦꠞ ꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘꠦꠞ ꠡꠝꠡ꠆ꠐꠤ ꠄꠇꠔ꠆ꠞꠤꠔ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠀꠘꠦꠇꠦꠞ ꠟꠈ꠆ꠎ ꠍꠤꠟ। ꠔꠣꠖꠦꠞ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠃꠟ꠆ꠟꠦꠈꠎꠧꠉ꠆ꠉ ꠁꠋꠟ꠆ꠟꠣꠘ꠆ꠒꠦꠞ ꠛꠣꠞ꠆ꠕꠧꠟꠧꠝꠦꠅ, ꠛꠧꠜꠦ -ꠄꠞ ꠜꠤꠘꠡꠦꠘ꠆ꠐ, ꠞꠣꠒꠥꠟꠚꠥꠡ ꠀꠞ꠆ꠒꠦꠘꠡ, ꠡꠣꠁꠖ꠆ꠞꠣꠇ, ꠛ꠆ꠞꠥꠘꠦꠔꠧ ꠟꠣꠐꠤꠘꠤ, ꠉꠧꠜꠣꠟꠘꠤ ꠖꠦ ꠡꠣꠋꠉꠤꠝꠤꠀꠘꠧ, ꠙꠤꠁꠄꠦ ꠛꠦꠞꠡꠥꠀꠞ ꠄꠛꠋ [[ꠛꠤꠋꠦꠘꠦꠞ ꠢꠤꠟꠒꠦꠉꠣꠞ꠆ꠒ]] ꠅ ꠟꠦꠣꠘ꠆ꠒꠛꠣꠞ꠆ꠉ ꠄꠞ ꠢꠦꠣꠞꠣꠒ ꠄꠞ ꠝꠔꠧ ꠘꠣꠞꠤꠞꠣ। ꠛꠧꠜꠦ -ꠄꠞ ꠜꠤꠘꠡꠦꠘ꠆ꠐ ꠄꠞ ꠡ꠆ꠙꠦꠇꠥꠟꠥꠝ ꠝꠣꠁꠃꠡ (ꠛꠞ ꠖꠞ꠆ꠙꠘ) ꠄꠛꠋ ꠁꠋꠟ꠆ꠟꠣꠘ꠆ꠒꠦꠞ ꠛꠣꠞ꠆ꠕꠧꠟꠧꠝꠦꠅ ꠄꠞ ꠖꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠧꠙꠤꠁꠄꠐꠣꠐꠤꠛꠥꠡ ꠞꠦꠞꠥꠝ (ꠛꠡ꠆ꠔꠥꠡꠝꠥꠢꠦꠞ ꠛꠂꠡꠤꠡ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠎ) ꠍꠤꠟ ꠄꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠡꠛꠌꠦꠁꠄ ꠡꠚꠟ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ। ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠎꠥꠉꠦ ꠖꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠧꠙꠤꠁꠄꠐꠣꠐꠤꠛꠥꠡ ꠞꠦꠞꠥꠝ -ꠇꠦ ꠚꠞꠣꠡꠤ, ꠎꠣꠞ꠆ꠝꠣꠘ, ꠙ꠆ꠞꠥꠜꠦꠘꠣꠟ, ꠁꠋꠞꠦꠎꠤ, অꠦꠣꠋꠟꠧ-ꠘꠞꠝ꠆ꠝꠣꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠡ꠆ꠙꠦꠘꠤꠁ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠁ ꠀꠘꠥꠛꠣꠖ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠁ (ꠀꠕꠛꠣ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠘ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠁ)। ꠖꠥꠐꠧ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠁ ১৩ ꠡꠔꠇꠦꠞ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠡꠝꠁꠄ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠢꠁ। ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠎꠥꠉꠦꠞ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ “ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ” ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝꠐꠤ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞ ꠇꠞꠦꠘꠤ, ꠛꠞꠋ ꠁꠄꠉꠥꠟꠧ “ꠀꠘ ꠘꠦꠌꠣꠞ” (ꠖꠦ ꠘꠣꠔꠥꠞꠣ, ꠖꠦ ꠘꠣꠔꠥꠞꠤꠡ ꠞꠦꠞꠥꠝ), ꠖꠞ꠆ꠙꠘ (ꠡ꠆ꠙꠦꠇꠥꠟꠥꠝ ꠝꠣꠁꠃꠡ, ꠡ꠆ꠙꠦꠇꠥꠟꠥꠝ ꠁꠃꠘꠤꠜꠣꠞ꠆ꠡꠣꠟ) ꠛꠣ ꠉꠥꠙ꠆ꠔꠗꠘ (ꠐ꠆ꠞꠦꠡꠞ) ꠘꠣꠝꠦ ꠀꠜꠤꠢꠤꠔ ꠍꠤꠟ।<ref>Monique Paulmier-Foucart, "Medieval Encyclopaedias", in André Vauchez (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages'', James Clarke & Co, 2002.</ref> ꠎꠦꠝꠡ ꠟꠦ ꠙꠣꠟꠝꠣꠞ ꠄꠞ ১৪ ꠡꠔꠇꠦꠞ ꠅꠝꠘꠦ ꠛꠘꠥꠝ -ꠄ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠛꠤꠜꠤꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠄꠞ ꠃꠙꠞ ꠟꠦꠈꠣꠞ ꠄꠇꠇ ꠛꠞ꠆ꠘꠣꠘꠥꠇ꠆ꠞꠝꠤꠇ ꠙꠖ꠆ꠗꠔꠤ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠁꠄꠍꠦ। === ꠞꠦꠘꠦꠡꠣꠋ === [[File:Der Judenbrand in der Schedelsche Weltchronik.jpg|thumb|''[[ꠘꠥꠞꠦꠝꠛꠣꠞ꠆ꠉ ꠇ꠆ꠞꠘꠤꠇꠟ]]'' ১৪৯৩ ꠡꠣꠟꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠤꠔ ꠢꠁ। ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠦꠞ ꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘꠇꠦ ꠘꠕꠤꠜꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠝꠥꠖ꠆ꠞꠤꠔ ꠛꠁ।]] ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠎꠥꠉꠦꠞ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠡꠛ ꠢꠣꠔꠦ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠣꠖꠤꠔ ꠍꠤꠟ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠡꠥꠗꠥ ꠗꠘꠤ ꠛꠣ ꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘ ꠙꠤꠙꠣꠡꠥ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡꠖꠦꠞ ꠇꠣꠍꠦ ꠕꠣꠇꠔ। ꠁꠄꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠛꠦꠁꠛꠢꠥꠟ ꠍꠤꠟ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠎꠣꠞꠣ ꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘ ꠛꠤꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠞ ꠇꠞꠔꠦ ꠌꠣꠁꠔ ꠔꠣꠖꠦꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠢꠔꠧ, ꠡꠇꠟ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞꠇꠣꠞꠤꠖꠦꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠘꠁ।<ref name="dotma">See "Encyclopedia" in ''[[Dictionary of the Middle Ages]]''.</ref> ১৪৯৩ ꠡꠣꠟꠦ, ꠘꠥꠞꠦꠝꠛꠣꠞ꠆ꠉ ꠇ꠆ꠞꠘꠤꠇꠟ ꠔꠂꠞꠤ ꠢꠁ, ꠁꠄꠈꠣꠘꠦ ꠄꠂꠔꠤꠢꠣꠡꠤꠇ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡ, ꠊꠐꠘꠣ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠜꠂꠉꠧꠟꠤꠇ ꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘꠡꠝꠥꠢꠦꠞ ꠡꠔꠡꠔ ꠌꠤꠔ꠆ꠞ ꠍꠤꠟ। ꠄꠐꠤ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠤꠁ ꠗꠣꠞꠣꠛꠤꠛꠞꠘꠤ ꠢꠤꠡꠦꠛꠦ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠄꠁ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠐꠤ ꠡꠛꠌꠦꠁꠄ ꠜꠣꠟꠣ ꠘꠕꠤꠜꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠝꠥꠖ꠆ꠞꠤꠔ ꠛꠁ ꠍꠤꠟ (ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠁꠘꠇꠥꠘꠣꠛꠥꠟꠣ) ꠄꠛꠋ ꠟꠦꠈꠣꠞ ꠡꠣꠕꠦ ꠌꠤꠔ꠆ꠞ ꠎꠧꠉ ꠇꠞꠔꠦ ꠡꠈꠝ ꠢꠅꠀ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠖꠤꠇꠦꠞ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ। ꠄꠁ ꠌꠤꠔ꠆ꠞꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠀꠉꠦ ꠇꠈꠘꠧ ꠌꠤꠔ꠆ꠞꠤꠔ ꠘꠣ ꠢꠅꠀ ꠁꠃꠞꠧꠙ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠞ ꠇꠣꠍꠣꠇꠣꠍꠤꠞ ꠛꠞ ꠡꠢꠞꠉꠥꠟꠧꠇꠦ ꠌꠤꠔ꠆ꠞꠤꠔ ꠇꠞꠦ।<ref>{{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Hennessy |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=Kathryn |ꠛꠍꠞ=2018 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Remarkable Books, The World's Most Beautiful and Historic Works |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=DK Penguin Random House |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=9781465483065 |ꠀꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘ=345 Hudson St, New York, New York 10014 |ꠙꠣꠔꠣꠡꠝꠥꠢ=78}}</ref> ꠄꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠌꠤꠔ꠆ꠞꠤꠔ ꠇꠞꠔꠦ ৬৪৫ꠐꠤ ꠇꠣꠑꠦ ꠈꠧꠖꠣꠁ ꠍꠛꠤ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠁꠄꠍꠦ।<ref>{{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ১=McPhee |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ১=John |ꠟꠦꠈꠇ২=Museums and Galleries NSW |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Great Collections: treasures from Art Gallery of NSW, Australian Museum, Botanic Gardens Trust, Historic Houses Trust of NSW, Museum of Contemporary Art, Powerhouse Museum, State Library of NSW, State Records NSW. |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=Museums & Galleries NSW |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=9780646496030 |oclc=302147838 |ꠙꠣꠔꠣꠡꠝꠥꠢ=37}}</ref> ꠞꠦꠘꠦꠡꠣꠋꠞ ꠡꠝꠁꠄ [[ꠝꠥꠖ꠆ꠞꠘ]]ꠦꠞ ꠀꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠇꠣꠞꠦꠞ ꠇꠣꠞꠘꠦ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠀꠞꠅ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠡꠣꠞꠤꠔ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠔ꠆ꠔꠦꠇ ꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘꠤ ꠛꠦꠇ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠘꠤꠎꠡ꠆ꠡ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠡꠋꠡ꠆ꠇꠞꠘ ꠞꠣꠈꠔꠦ ꠙꠣꠞꠔ। ꠎꠞ꠆ꠎꠤ ꠜꠣꠀ ꠄꠞ ꠖꠦ ꠄꠇ꠆ꠡꠙꠦꠒꠦꠘꠘ꠆ꠐꠤꠎ ꠄꠐ ꠚꠥꠎꠣꠘꠒꠤꠡ ꠞꠦꠛꠥꠡ ꠔꠣꠞ ꠝꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠥꠞ ꠙꠞ ১৫০১ ꠡꠣꠟꠦ ꠜꠦꠘꠤꠡꠦ ꠀꠟꠖꠥꠎ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡꠤꠁꠡ ꠇꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠇ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠤꠔ ꠢꠁ। ꠄꠁ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠐꠤ ꠡꠣꠗꠤꠘ ꠡꠤꠟ꠆ꠙꠦꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠄꠂꠔꠤꠢ꠆ꠢꠛꠣꠢꠤ ꠃꠖꠣꠢꠞꠘ। ꠜꠣꠀ ꠡꠖ꠆ꠖ ꠀꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠇꠤꠔ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠀꠘꠥꠛꠣꠖ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠉꠘꠤꠔꠦꠞ ꠃꠙꠞ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠤꠇꠖꠦꠞ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ (ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠦ [[ꠀꠞ꠆ꠇꠤꠝꠤꠒꠤꠡ]] ꠄꠞ) ꠀꠘꠥꠛꠣꠖ ꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠇꠞꠦꠘ। ১৫০৩ ꠡꠣꠟꠦ ꠝꠥꠖ꠆ꠞꠤꠔ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠦꠉꠞ ꠞꠣꠁꠌꠦꠞ ꠝꠣꠞ꠆ꠉꠣꠞꠤꠐꠣ ꠚꠤꠟꠧꠡꠧꠚꠤꠇꠣ ꠍꠤꠟ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ, ꠁꠄꠈꠣꠘꠦ ꠡꠣꠔꠐꠤ ꠡꠣꠗꠤꠘ ꠡꠤꠟ꠆ꠙꠦꠞ ꠛꠦꠣꠈ꠆ꠈꠣ ꠖꠦꠅꠀ ꠢꠁꠄꠍꠦ। ১৬ ꠡꠔꠇꠦꠞ ꠝꠣꠘꠛꠔꠣꠛꠣꠖꠤꠞꠣ ꠙ꠆ꠟꠤꠘꠤ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠇꠥꠁꠘ꠆ꠐꠤꠟꠤꠀꠘ ꠄꠞ ꠟꠦꠈꠣꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠜꠥꠟꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠙꠒ়ꠦꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ “ꠄꠘꠇꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠟꠡ” “ꠙꠦꠁꠒꠤꠀ” ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖ ꠖꠥꠐꠤꠇꠦ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖ (έγκυκλοπαιδεία) ꠛꠟꠦ ꠝꠘꠦ ꠇꠞꠟꠦ ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠇ꠆ꠟꠦꠅꠙꠦꠁꠒꠤꠀ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠐꠤꠞ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠜꠛ ꠢꠁ।<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0138%3Abook%3Dpreface%3Achapter%3D3 Pliny the Elder, ''Naturalis Historia'', Preface 14].</ref><ref>Quintilian, ''Institutio oratoria'', 1.10.1: ''ut efficiatur orbis ille doctrinae, quem Graeci ἐγκύκλιον παιδείαν vocant.''</ref><ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3De%29gkuklopaidei%2Fa έγκυκλοπαιδεία], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek–English Lexicon'', at Perseus Project: "f. l. [= ''falsa lectio'', Latin for "false reading"] for ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία"</ref> ꠙ꠆ꠟꠥꠐꠣꠞ꠆ꠇ “ꠄꠘꠇꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠟꠡ ꠙꠦꠁꠒꠤꠀ” ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠐꠤ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞ ꠇꠞꠦꠘ (ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία) ꠄꠛꠋ ꠟꠣꠔꠤꠘ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖ, ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠟꠧꠙꠦꠁꠒꠤꠀ (encyclopaedia) ꠙ꠆ꠞꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠘ ꠇꠞꠦꠘ। ꠄꠁ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠐꠤ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞ ꠇꠞꠦ ꠘꠣꠝ ꠖꠦꠅꠀ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠍꠤꠟ ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇꠦꠟꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠀꠞꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠇꠦ ꠒꠇꠐ꠆ꠞꠤꠘꠣꠞꠥꠝ, ꠢꠧꠇ ꠄꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠅꠝꠘꠤꠃꠝ ꠀꠞꠐꠤꠃꠝ, ꠡꠤꠘꠐꠤꠀꠞꠥꠝ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠢꠧꠀꠘꠣꠡ ꠀꠜꠦꠘꠐꠤꠘꠣ ꠄꠞ ১৫১৭ ꠡꠣꠟꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠤꠔ ꠁꠙꠡꠤꠅꠡ ꠚꠤꠟꠧꠡꠧꠚꠣꠁꠁꠄ ꠁꠘꠒꠦꠇ꠆ꠡ ꠄꠡꠤ ꠒꠤꠜꠤꠡꠤꠅ। ꠁꠋꠞꠦꠎ ꠌꠤꠇꠤꠔ꠆ꠡꠇ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠖꠣꠞ꠆ꠡꠘꠤꠇ, ꠡꠦꠣꠞ ꠕꠧꠝꠣꠡ ꠛ꠆ꠞꠣꠃꠘ ১৬৪৬ ꠡꠣꠟꠦ ꠔꠣꠞ ꠡꠤꠃꠒꠧꠒꠇ꠆ꠡꠤꠀ ꠄꠙꠤꠒꠦꠝꠤꠇ -ꠄꠞ ꠜꠥꠝꠤꠇꠣꠁ ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠟꠧꠙꠦꠁꠒꠤꠀ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠐꠤ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞ ꠇꠞꠦꠍꠦꠘ, ꠎꠣ ১৭ ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤꠞ ꠛꠂꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘꠤꠇ ꠛꠤꠙ꠆ꠟꠛꠦꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠉꠥꠞꠥꠔ꠆ꠔꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠘ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤ। ꠞꠦꠘꠦꠡꠣꠋꠞ “ꠡꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠤꠞ ꠝꠣꠙꠇꠣꠑꠤ” ꠘꠣꠝꠇ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠝꠣꠘꠎꠘꠇ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠣꠐꠤꠞ ꠡꠝꠁꠄꠞ ꠃꠙꠞ ꠜꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠇꠞꠦ ꠔꠤꠘꠤ ꠔꠣꠞ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠐꠤ ꠔꠂꠞꠤ ꠇꠞꠦꠍꠦꠘ। ꠡꠤꠃꠒꠧꠒꠇ꠆ꠡꠤꠀ ꠄꠙꠤꠒꠦꠝꠤꠇꠣꠡ ꠡꠞ꠆ꠞꠧꠌ꠆ꠌ ꠛꠤꠇ꠆ꠞꠤ ꠢꠅꠀ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠍꠤꠟ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠄꠐꠤ ꠎꠣꠞ꠆ꠝꠣꠘ, ꠟꠣꠔꠤꠘ, ꠚꠞꠣꠡꠤ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠒꠣꠌ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠁ ꠀꠘꠥꠛꠣꠖ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠁ। ꠄꠐꠤꠞ ꠇꠝꠙꠈꠦ ꠙꠣꠋꠌꠐꠤ ꠡꠋꠡ꠆ꠇꠞꠘ ꠛꠦꠞ ꠢꠁ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠡꠞ꠆ꠞꠧꠡꠦꠡ ꠡꠋꠡ꠆ꠇꠞꠘꠐꠤ ১৬৭২ ꠡꠣꠟꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠤꠔ ꠢꠁ। ꠀꠞ꠆ꠕꠘꠂꠔꠤꠇ, ꠛꠣꠘꠤꠎ꠆ꠎꠤꠇ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠀꠁꠘꠤꠡꠢ ꠛꠤꠜꠤꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠄꠞ ꠇꠣꠞꠘꠦ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠀꠇꠣꠞ ꠙꠞꠤꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠔ ꠢꠁꠄꠍꠦ। ꠞꠦꠘꠦꠡꠣꠋꠞ ꠡꠝꠁꠄ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠛꠤꠔ꠆ꠔ ꠡ꠆ꠞꠦꠘꠤꠞ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡꠖꠦꠞ ꠙꠞꠣꠞ ꠛꠦꠡꠤ ꠡꠝꠁ ꠍꠤꠟ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠔꠣꠖꠦꠞ ꠀꠞꠅ ꠎꠣꠘꠔꠦ ꠡꠣꠢꠣꠎ꠆ꠎ ꠇꠞꠦ। ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇꠞꠣ ꠔꠣꠖꠦꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠘꠣ ꠛꠤꠖ꠆ꠗꠤ ꠇꠞꠔꠦ ꠌꠦꠁꠄꠍꠤꠟ, ꠔꠣꠁ ꠎꠣꠞ꠆ꠝꠣꠘꠤꠞ ꠝꠔꠧ ꠖꠦꠡꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠖ꠆ꠞꠥꠔ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠘꠣꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠛꠞ꠆ꠘꠣꠘꠥꠇ꠆ꠞꠝꠤꠇ ꠀꠋꠡ ꠛꠣꠖ ꠖꠤꠁꠄ ꠛꠁ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠡꠥꠞꠥ ꠇꠞꠦ। ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇꠞꠣ ꠄꠇꠣꠁ ꠔꠣꠖꠦꠞ ꠡꠇꠟ ꠛꠦꠁ ꠛꠢꠘ ꠇꠞꠔꠦ ꠙꠣꠞꠔ ꠘꠣ। ꠄꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠄꠇꠣꠗꠤꠇ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ ꠎꠂꠕꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠜꠣꠟꠣ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠔꠂꠞꠤ ꠇꠞꠔꠦ ꠅꠞ꠆ꠕ ꠛꠦꠁ ꠇꠞꠔ। ꠎꠈꠘ ꠄꠇꠁ ꠝꠥꠟ꠆ꠟꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠘꠣ ꠀꠡꠝ꠆ꠜꠛ ꠢꠁꠄ ꠙꠞꠦ ꠔꠈꠘ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇꠞꠣ ꠡꠣꠛꠡ꠆ꠇ꠆ꠞꠤꠙꠡꠡꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠡꠤꠞꠤꠀꠟ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠘꠣ ꠙꠖ꠆ꠗꠔꠤ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠡꠥꠞꠥ ꠇꠞꠟ। ꠄꠁ ꠙꠖ꠆ꠗꠔꠤ ꠇꠣꠞ꠆ꠞꠇꠞ ꠢꠟꠦ ꠝꠥꠟꠗꠘ ꠛꠤꠖ꠆ꠗꠤ ꠙꠣꠁ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠡ꠆ꠕꠤꠞ ꠡꠥꠞꠥ ꠢꠁ। ꠙ꠆ꠞꠔꠤꠖ꠆ꠖꠘ꠆ꠖ꠆ꠛꠤꠔꠣꠞ ꠡꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠤ ꠢꠟꠦ, ꠖꠥꠞ꠆ꠞꠟ ꠀꠘꠥꠘ꠆ꠘꠔ ꠀꠁꠘꠦꠞ ꠇꠣꠞꠘꠦ ꠇꠐꠤꠞꠣꠁꠐ ꠢꠅꠀ ꠡꠥꠞꠥ ꠢꠁ। ꠛꠦꠡꠤ ꠛꠤꠔ꠆ꠞꠤ ꠇꠞꠣꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠎꠣꠔꠦ ꠈꠖ꠆ꠖꠦꠞꠖꠦꠞ ꠛꠦꠡꠤ ꠅꠞ꠆ꠕ ꠈꠞꠌ ꠘꠣ ꠇꠞꠔꠦ ꠢꠁ ꠔꠣꠁ ꠖ꠆ꠞꠥꠔꠔꠞ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠇꠝ ꠈꠞꠌꠦ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠔꠂꠞꠤꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠇꠤꠍꠥ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇꠦꠞ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠘꠇꠟ ꠇꠞꠦꠘ। ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠛꠤꠔ꠆ꠔ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡꠦꠞ ꠊꠞꠦ ꠕꠣꠇꠣ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠘ꠆ꠕꠉꠣꠞꠦ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠞꠣꠈꠣ ꠕꠣꠇꠔ। ꠁꠃꠞꠧꠙꠤꠅꠞꠣ ꠔꠣꠖꠦꠞ ꠀꠡꠦꠙꠣꠡꠦꠞ ꠡꠝꠣꠎ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠞ꠆ꠇꠦ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠝꠤꠔ ꠢꠔꠦ ꠕꠣꠇꠦ, ꠚꠟꠦ ꠡꠞꠇꠣꠞꠦꠞ ꠛꠤꠞꠥꠖ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠛꠤꠖ꠆ꠞꠧꠢ ꠡꠋꠊꠐꠤꠔ ꠢꠁ।<ref>{{ꠡꠣꠝꠎ়ꠤꠇꠤ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Loveland |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=J. |ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=2012 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Why Encyclopedias Got Bigger … and Smaller |ꠡꠣꠝꠎ়ꠤꠇꠤ=Information & Culture |ꠒꠤꠅꠀꠁ=10.1353/lac.2012.0012 |s2cid=144466580 |ꠈꠘ꠆ꠒ=47 |ꠡꠋꠈ꠆ꠈꠣ ꠘꠋ=2 |ꠙꠣꠔꠣꠡꠝꠥꠢ=233–254 |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241898454}}</ref> === ꠄꠂꠔꠤꠢ꠆ꠢꠛꠣꠢꠤ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ === [[File:Encyclopedie de D'Alembert et Diderot - Premiere Page - ENC 1-NA5.jpg|thumb|''[[ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠟꠧꠙꠦꠒꠤ]]'', ১৭৭৩]] ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠖꠦꠡ꠆ꠡꠦ ꠔꠂꠞꠤ ꠛꠦꠣꠙꠇꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠛꠘ꠆ꠐꠘ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠝꠥꠖ꠆ꠞꠤꠔ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠀꠗꠥꠘꠤꠇ ꠗꠣꠞꠘꠣ ১৮ ꠡꠔꠇꠦꠞ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠛꠤꠖꠦꠞ ꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠞꠦꠁ ꠄꠡꠦꠍꠦ। ꠌꠦꠝ꠆ꠛꠣꠞꠦꠞ ꠇ꠆ꠟꠣꠁꠇꠧꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ, ꠁꠃꠘꠤꠜꠣꠞ꠆ꠡꠣꠟ ꠒꠤꠇꠡꠘꠣꠞꠤ ꠀꠛ ꠀꠞ꠆ꠐ ꠄꠘ꠆ꠒ ꠡꠣꠁꠁꠄꠘ꠆ꠡꠦꠡ (১৭২৮), ꠒꠦꠘꠤ ꠖꠤꠖꠦꠢꠧ (১৭৫০) ꠅ ꠎꠤꠘ ꠖꠦ ꠞꠧꠘ꠆ꠒ ꠖꠣ’ꠟꠦꠝ꠆ꠛꠣꠞ꠆ꠐ (১৭৫১ ꠕꠦꠇꠦ) ꠄꠞ ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠟꠧꠙꠦꠒꠤ, [[ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠟꠧꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠛ꠆ꠞꠤꠐꠣꠘꠤꠇꠣ]] (১৭৬৮) ꠄꠛꠋ ꠇꠘꠜꠣꠞ꠆ꠡꠦꠡꠘ ꠟꠦꠇ꠆ꠡꠤꠇꠘ ꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠝꠣꠘꠦ ꠀꠝꠣꠖꠦꠞ ꠙꠞꠤꠌꠤꠔ ꠞꠥꠙꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠤꠔ ꠢꠁ। ꠄꠉꠥꠟꠧꠔꠦ ꠀꠘꠦꠇ ꠛꠤꠡꠁ ꠉꠜꠤꠞꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠀꠟꠧꠌꠘꠣ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠁ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠟꠦꠈꠣꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠛꠧꠗꠉꠧꠝ꠆ꠝ, ꠘꠤꠁꠝꠣꠘꠥꠉ ꠙꠖ꠆ꠗꠔꠤꠔꠦ ꠡꠣꠎꠣꠘꠧ ꠢꠁ।১৭২৮ ꠡꠣꠟꠦ, ꠌꠦꠝ꠆ꠛꠣꠞ ꠄꠞ ১৭০৪ ꠡꠣꠟꠦ ꠎꠘ ꠢꠣꠞꠤꠡ ꠇꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠇ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠤꠔ ꠟꠦꠇ꠆ꠡꠤꠇꠥꠝ ꠐꠦꠇꠘꠤꠇꠥꠝ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠔꠣꠞ ꠙꠞꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠀꠘꠥꠡꠞꠘ ꠇꠞꠦꠘ। ꠌꠦꠝ꠆ꠛꠣꠞꠦꠞ ꠇꠤꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠐꠤ ꠘꠣꠝ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠛꠡ꠆ꠔꠥ ꠀꠘꠥꠎꠣꠁꠁ ꠍꠤꠟ ꠡꠤꠟ꠆ꠙ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠛꠤꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘꠦꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠁꠋꠞꠦꠎꠤ ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘ, ꠎꠣꠔꠦ ꠡꠥꠗꠥ ꠡꠤꠟ꠆ꠙꠦꠞ ꠡꠞ꠆ꠔꠉꠥꠟꠧꠁ ꠘꠁ, ꠛꠞꠋ ꠡꠤꠟ꠆ꠙꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞꠅ ꠛꠦꠣꠈ꠆ꠈꠣ ꠖꠦꠅꠀ ꠢꠁꠄꠍꠦ। ১৯২০ ꠄꠞ ꠖꠡꠇꠦ ꠢꠣꠝꠞ꠆ꠡꠅꠞ꠆ইꠕ ꠄꠞ ꠡꠣꠞ꠆ꠞꠎꠘꠤꠘ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠡꠤꠡꠥꠖꠦꠞ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠝꠔꠧ ꠎꠘꠙ꠆ꠞꠤꠁ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠡꠣꠡ꠆ꠞꠁꠁ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠀꠛꠤꠞ꠆ꠜꠣꠛ ꠢꠁ। ১৯৫০ ꠄꠛꠋ ১৯৬০ ꠄꠞ ꠖꠡꠇꠦ ꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔꠞꠣꠡ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠞꠦ ꠇꠤꠍꠥ ꠛꠦꠣꠙꠇ ꠎꠘꠙ꠆ꠞꠤꠁ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠤꠔ ꠢꠁ, ꠁꠄꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠇꠤꠡ꠆ꠔꠤꠔꠦ ꠛꠤꠇ꠆ꠞꠤ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠁ। ꠚꠣꠋꠇ ꠄꠘ꠆ꠒ ꠅꠀꠉꠘꠣꠟꠡ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠅꠀꠞ꠆ꠟ꠆ꠒ ꠛꠥꠇ ꠍꠤꠟ ꠄꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠡꠛꠌꠦꠁꠄ ꠛꠤꠈ꠆ꠈꠣꠔ। ꠄꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠁ ৯০ ꠡꠔꠣꠋꠡ ꠛꠣꠞꠤꠔꠦ-ꠛꠣꠞꠤꠔꠦ ꠉꠤꠁꠄ ꠛꠤꠇ꠆ꠞꠤ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠁꠄꠍꠦ। ꠎꠦꠇ ꠟꠤꠘ꠆ꠌ ꠔꠣꠞ ꠛꠁꠁꠄꠞ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠟꠤꠈꠦꠍꠦꠘ ꠁꠄ, ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠛꠤꠇ꠆ꠞꠦꠔꠣꠞꠣ ꠄꠔ ꠡꠥꠟꠜ ꠍꠤꠟ ꠁꠄ ꠔꠣꠞꠣ ꠇꠂꠔꠥꠇꠦꠞ ꠇꠦꠘ꠆ꠖ꠆ꠞ ꠢꠁꠄ ꠎꠣꠁ। “ꠔꠣꠞꠣ ꠡꠥꠗꠥ ꠛꠁ ꠘꠁ, ꠛꠞꠋ ꠔꠣꠞꠣ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠎꠤꠛꠘꠛ꠆ꠛꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣ, ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠜꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠔ꠆ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠡꠣꠝꠣꠎꠤꠇ ꠉꠔꠤꠡꠤꠟꠔꠣꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠔꠤꠉꠤꠀꠣ ꠛꠤꠇ꠆ꠞꠤ ꠇꠞꠍꠦꠘ” ꠛꠟꠦ ꠔꠤꠘꠤ ꠔꠣꠖꠦꠞ ꠇꠣꠎꠦꠞ ꠈꠦꠔ꠆ꠞꠇꠦ ꠛꠦꠣꠈ꠆ꠈꠣ ꠇꠞꠦꠘ। ১৯৬১ ꠡꠣꠟꠦ ꠅꠀꠞ꠆ꠟ꠆ꠒ ꠛꠥꠇ ꠄꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠛꠤꠉꠤꠀꠣꠙꠘꠦ ꠄꠇꠎꠘ ꠘꠣꠞꠤꠞ ꠢꠣꠔꠦ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠀꠞ꠆ꠒꠣꠞ ꠚꠞ꠆ꠝ ꠖꠦꠈꠤꠁꠄ ꠛꠟꠣ ꠢꠁꠄꠍꠦ, “ꠀꠙꠘꠤ ꠄꠈꠘ ꠀꠙꠘꠣꠞ ꠢꠣꠔꠦ ꠀꠙꠘꠣꠞ ꠙꠞꠤꠛꠣꠞꠦꠞ ꠜꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠔ꠆ ꠗꠞꠦ ꠞꠦꠈꠦꠍꠦꠘ”।<ref>{{ꠅꠎ়ꠦꠛ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Onion |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=Rebecca |ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=June 3, 2016 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=How Two Artists Turn Old Encyclopedias Into Beautiful, Melancholy Art |ꠅꠎ়ꠦꠛꠡꠣꠁꠐ=Slate |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://slate.com/human-interest/2016/06/how-two-artists-turn-old-encyclopedias-into-beautiful-melancholy-art.html |ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=September 23, 2019}}</ref> [[File:EncycBrit1913.jpg|thumb| ''[[ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠟꠧꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠛ꠆ꠞꠤꠐꠣꠘꠤꠇꠣ]]'' -ꠄꠞ ১৯১৩ ꠡꠣꠟꠦꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠛꠤꠉꠤꠀꠣꠙꠘ। ꠄꠐꠤ ꠍꠤꠟ ꠡꠛꠌꠦꠁꠄ ꠙꠥꠞꠣꠘꠧ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠛꠤꠢꠔ꠆ꠔꠝ ꠁꠋꠞꠦꠎꠤ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ।]] ꠛꠤꠋꠡ ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤꠞ ২ꠁ ꠀꠋꠡꠦ ꠀꠘꠦꠇꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠛꠤꠡꠦꠡꠣꠁꠔ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠤꠔ ꠢꠁ, ꠁꠄꠈꠣꠘꠦ ꠝꠥꠟꠔ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠖꠤꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠡꠤꠟ꠆ꠙ ꠛꠣ ꠙꠦꠡꠣꠇꠦ ꠡꠝꠞ꠆ꠕꠘ ꠖꠦꠅꠀꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠖꠤꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠈꠦꠔ꠆ꠞꠦꠞ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠡꠋꠇꠟꠤꠔ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠁ। ꠄꠁ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠌꠟꠘꠐꠤ ꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠁꠁ ꠢꠁ। ꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠝꠣꠘꠦ ꠇꠝꠙꠈꠦ ꠄꠇ ꠈꠘ꠆ꠒ ꠀꠇꠣꠞꠦꠞ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠞꠁꠄꠍꠦ, ꠎꠣꠔꠦ ꠡꠤꠈꠣꠞ ꠡꠇꠟ ꠈꠦꠔ꠆ꠞꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠘꠣ ꠕꠣꠇꠟꠦꠅ [[ꠎꠤꠛꠘꠤꠔꠤꠡꠣꠡ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠞ]]ꠦꠞ ꠝꠔꠧ ꠍꠧꠐ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠍꠤꠟ। === ꠒꠤꠎꠤꠐꠣꠟ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠀꠘꠟꠣꠁꠘ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠃꠔ꠆ꠕꠣꠘ === ২০ ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤꠞ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠘꠤꠎꠡ꠆ꠡ ꠇꠝ꠆ꠙꠤꠃꠐꠣꠞꠦ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞꠦꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠡꠤꠒꠤ-ꠞꠧꠝꠦ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠁ। [[ꠝꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠞꠧꠡꠚꠐ]] -ꠄꠞ ꠄꠘꠇꠣꠞ꠆ꠐꠣ ꠄꠞ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠝꠥꠖ꠆ꠞꠤꠔ ꠡꠋꠇꠟꠘ ꠘꠣ ꠕꠣꠇꠣꠁ ꠄꠐꠤ ꠄꠞꠇꠝ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠉꠥꠞꠥꠔ꠆ꠔꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠘ ꠃꠖꠣꠢꠞꠘ। ꠄꠞ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗꠉꠥꠟꠧꠔꠦ ꠜꠤꠒꠤꠅ, ꠀꠒꠤꠅ ꠚꠣꠁꠟ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠀꠡꠋꠈ꠆ꠈ ꠃꠌ꠆ꠌ ꠝꠣꠘꠡꠝ꠆ꠝꠔ ꠌꠤꠔ꠆ꠞ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠁ.<ref>{{ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Important Notice: MSN Encarta to be Discontinued |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=MSN Encarta |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=http://encarta.msn.com/guide_page_FAQ/FAQ.html |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ-ꠀꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣ=dead |ꠀꠞ꠆ꠇꠣꠁꠜꠦꠞ-ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027213618/http://encarta.msn.com/guide_page_FAQ/FAQ.html |ꠀꠞ꠆ꠇꠣꠁꠜꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=October 27, 2009}}</ref> [[ꠌꠤꠔ꠆ꠞ:Google Ngram encyclopedias.png|thumb|upright=1.5|ꠙ꠆ꠞꠌꠥꠞ ꠙꠞꠤꠝꠣꠘ ꠛꠁꠁꠄ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠤꠔ "ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠟꠧꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ". "ꠛ꠆ꠞꠤꠐꠣꠘꠤꠇꠣ", "ꠄꠘꠇꠣꠞ꠆ꠔꠣ", ꠄꠛꠋ "ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ" ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠀꠙꠦꠈꠤꠇ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞꠦꠞ ꠙꠞꠤꠝꠣꠘ ([[ꠉꠥꠉꠟ ꠄꠘꠉ꠆ꠞꠣꠝ ꠜꠤꠃꠎ়ꠣꠞ]])]] ꠒꠤꠎꠤꠐꠣꠟ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠀꠘꠟꠣꠁꠘ ꠇ꠆ꠞꠣꠃꠒꠡꠧꠞ꠆ꠡꠤꠋ ꠄꠞ ꠇꠣꠞꠘꠦ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠉꠦꠥꠟꠧ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠄꠞ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠔꠤꠔꠤ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠉꠜꠤꠞꠔꠣꠞ ꠖꠤꠇ ꠡꠤꠝꠣꠛꠖ꠆ꠗꠔꠣ ꠇꠣꠐꠤꠁꠄ ꠃꠑꠦꠍꠦ। ꠅꠙꠦꠘ ꠡꠧꠞ꠆ꠡ [[ꠝꠤꠒꠤꠀꠃꠁꠇꠤ]] ꠡꠚꠐꠅই꠆ইꠣꠞ ꠄꠛꠋ [[ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠝꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠚꠣꠃꠘ꠆ꠒꠦꠡꠘ]] ꠡꠝꠞ꠆ꠕꠤꠔ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠛꠢꠥꠜꠣꠡꠣꠜꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠤꠇ [[ꠝꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠃꠙꠣꠖꠣꠘ|ꠝꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠟꠣꠁꠡꠦꠘ꠆ꠡ]] [[ꠁꠘ꠆ꠐꠣꠞꠘꠦꠐ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ]], [[ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ]] ২০০১ ꠡꠣꠟꠦ ꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠙꠤꠔ ꠢꠁ। [[ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠟꠧꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠛ꠆ꠞꠤꠐꠣꠘꠤꠇꠣ]] ꠀꠘꠟꠣꠁꠘ ꠄꠞ ꠝꠔꠧ ꠛꠤꠡꠦꠡꠉꠤꠀꠖꠦꠞ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠛꠣꠘꠤꠎ꠆ꠎꠤꠇ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠡꠣꠕꠦ ꠛꠂꠡꠣꠖꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠘꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠡꠦꠌ꠆ꠍꠣꠡꠦꠛꠇ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠣꠖꠇꠞꠣ ꠎꠂꠕꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠉꠞꠦ ꠔꠥꠟ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠙꠞꠤꠌꠣꠟꠘꠣ ꠇꠞꠦ। ꠃꠁꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠎꠂꠕꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠝꠔ ꠘꠤꠎ়ꠝꠇꠣꠘꠥꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞꠇꠣꠞꠤꠖꠦꠞ ꠎꠂꠕ ꠀꠛꠖꠣꠘꠦ ꠙꠞꠤꠌꠣꠟꠤꠔ ꠢꠁ। ꠄꠞ ꠀꠗꠤꠇꠣꠋꠡ ꠀꠛꠖꠣꠘꠇꠣꠞꠤꠞꠣ ꠌꠖ꠆ꠝꠘꠣꠝ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞ ꠇꠞꠦ ꠘꠤꠎꠦꠇꠦ ꠉꠧꠙꠘ ꠞꠣꠈꠦ। ꠀꠘ꠆ꠔꠞ꠆ꠘꠤꠢꠤꠔ ꠝꠣꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠛꠣꠁꠞꠦꠞ ꠃꠔ꠆ꠡꠦꠞ ꠡꠝꠞ꠆ꠕꠘꠦꠞ ꠃꠙꠞ ꠜꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠇꠞꠦ ꠄꠞ ꠃꠙꠣꠖꠣꠘꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠞꠣꠟꠧꠌꠘꠣ, ꠌꠦꠇ, ꠞꠣꠈꠣ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠀꠙꠡꠣꠞꠘ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠁ। ꠄꠂꠔꠤꠢ꠆ꠢꠛꠣꠢꠤ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠜꠞꠎꠧꠉ꠆ꠉꠔꠣ ꠞꠌꠁꠔꠣ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠡꠋꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠙꠦꠡꠣꠖꠣꠞ ꠛꠤꠡꠦꠡꠉꠤꠀꠖꠦꠞ ꠃꠙꠞ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠜꠞ ꠇꠞꠦ। ꠀꠘꠦꠇ ꠡꠤꠈꠣꠛꠤꠖ, ꠡꠤꠈꠇ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠡꠣꠋꠛꠣꠖꠤꠇꠞꠣ ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀꠞ ꠝꠔꠧ ꠇ꠆ꠞꠣꠃꠒꠡꠧꠞ꠆ꠡꠒ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠇꠦ ꠔꠕ꠆ꠕꠦꠞ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠜꠞꠎꠧꠉ꠆ꠉ ꠃꠔ꠆ꠡ ꠢꠤꠡꠦꠛꠦ ꠝꠘꠦ ꠇꠞꠦꠘ ꠘꠣ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀꠞ ꠃꠘ꠆ꠝꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠣꠖꠘꠣ ꠛꠦꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠉꠧꠙꠘ ꠇ꠆ꠞꠣꠃꠒꠡꠧꠞ꠆ꠡꠤꠋ ꠇꠣꠑꠣꠝꠧꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠡꠦꠐꠤ ꠘꠤꠎꠦꠞ ꠝꠣꠘꠦꠞ ꠖꠤꠇ ꠕꠦꠇꠦꠅ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠜꠞꠎꠧꠉ꠆ꠉ ꠃꠔ꠆ꠡ ꠘꠁ।<ref>{{ꠅꠎ়ꠦꠛ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Sidener |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=Jonathan |ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=September 23, 2006 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Wikipedia co-founder looks to add accountability, end anarchy |ꠇꠞ꠆ꠝ=[[The San Diego Union-Tribune]] |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=http://legacy.sandiegouniontribune.com/uniontrib/20060923/news_lz1n23wiki.html |ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=January 16, 2017 |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ-ꠀꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣ=dead |ꠀꠞ꠆ꠇꠣꠁꠜꠦꠞ-ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117190455/http://legacy.sandiegouniontribune.com/uniontrib/20060923/news_lz1n23wiki.html |ꠀꠞ꠆ꠇꠣꠁꠜꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=January 17, 2018}}</ref> ২০০৫ ꠡꠣꠟꠦ, ꠘꠦꠌꠣꠞ ꠄꠞ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠉꠛꠦꠡꠘꠣ ꠕꠦꠇꠦ ꠎꠣꠘꠣ ꠎꠣꠁ ꠁꠄ, ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀꠞ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠟꠧꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠛ꠆ꠞꠤꠐꠣꠘꠤꠇꠣ ꠄꠞ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠡꠣꠕꠦ ꠝꠧꠐꠣꠝꠥꠐꠤꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠔꠥꠟꠘꠣꠎꠧꠉ꠆ꠉ, ꠁꠄꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠄꠇꠁ ꠡꠋꠈ꠆ꠈꠇ ꠛꠞ ꠜꠥꠟ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠛꠣꠡ꠆ꠔꠛꠤꠇꠔꠣꠞ ꠀꠞꠅ ১/৩ ꠛꠦꠡꠤ ꠜꠥꠟ ꠞꠁꠄꠍꠦ ꠔꠛꠦ ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀꠞ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠛꠤꠜ꠆ꠞꠣꠘ꠆ꠔꠤꠇꠞ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠇꠝ ꠙꠣꠑꠎꠧꠉ꠆ꠉ ꠢꠔꠦ ꠙꠣꠞꠦ।<ref name="GilesJ2005Internet">{{ꠡꠣꠝꠎ়ꠤꠇꠤ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Giles |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=Jim |ꠟꠦꠈꠇ-ꠡꠋꠎꠧꠉ=Jim Giles (reporter) |ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=December 2005 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Internet encyclopedias go head to head |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2005-12-15_438_7070/page/900 |ꠡꠣꠝꠎ়ꠤꠇꠤ=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |ꠛꠤꠛꠇꠧꠒ=2005Natur.438..900G |ꠒꠤꠅꠀꠁ=10.1038/438900a |doi-access=free |pmid=16355180 |ꠈꠘ꠆ꠒ=438 |ꠡꠋꠈ꠆ꠈꠣ ꠘꠋ=7070 |ꠙꠣꠔꠣꠡꠝꠥꠢ=900–901}}{{subscription required}} Note: The study was cited in several news articles; e.g.: - {{ꠡꠋꠛꠣꠖ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=December 15, 2005 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Wikipedia survives research test |ꠇꠞ꠆ꠝ=BBC News |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4530930.stm}}</ref> ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠟꠧꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠛ꠆ꠞꠤꠐꠣꠘꠤꠇꠣ ꠉꠛꠦꠡꠘꠣꠐꠤꠔꠦ ꠡꠝꠡ꠆ꠡꠣ ꠍꠤꠟ ꠛꠟꠦ ꠛꠤꠛꠦꠌꠘꠣ ꠇꠞꠦ ꠡꠦꠐꠤ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠔ꠆ꠔꠣꠈ꠆ꠈꠣꠘ ꠇꠞꠦ।<ref name="Britannica-rebuttal">{{ꠅꠎ়ꠦꠛ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=March 2006 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Fatally Flawed: Refuting the recent study on encyclopedic accuracy by the journal ''Nature'' |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=http://corporate.britannica.com/britannica_nature_response.pdf |ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=January 17, 2018}}</ref> ২০১৪ ꠡꠣꠟꠦꠞ ꠚꠦꠛ꠆ꠞꠥꠀꠞꠤ ꠝꠣꠡ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠞꠘ꠆ꠔ ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀꠞ ꠙꠤꠡ꠆ꠑꠣ ꠖꠦꠈꠣ ꠡꠋꠈ꠆ꠈꠣ ꠍꠤꠟ ১৮ ꠛꠤꠟꠤꠎ়ꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠔꠤ ꠝꠣꠡꠦ ৫০০ ꠝꠤꠟꠤꠎ়ꠘ ꠘꠔꠥꠘ ꠙꠞꠤꠖꠞ꠆ꠡꠇ ꠍꠤꠟ।<ref name="small screen2">{{ꠡꠋꠛꠣꠖ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Cohen |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=Noam |ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=February 9, 2014 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Wikipedia vs. the Small Screen |ꠇꠞ꠆ꠝ=[[The New York Times]] |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/10/technology/wikipedia-vs-the-small-screen.html}}</ref> ꠡꠝꠣꠟꠧꠌꠇꠞꠣ ꠛꠤꠔꠞ꠆ꠇ ꠇꠞꠦ ꠁꠄ, ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠄ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠄ ꠙꠖ꠆ꠗꠔꠤꠉꠔ ꠙꠈꠙꠣꠔꠝꠥꠟꠇ ꠔꠕ꠆ꠕ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠖꠞ꠆ꠡꠘ ꠇꠞꠦ।<ref>{{ꠡꠣꠝꠎ়ꠤꠇꠤ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ১=Reagle |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ১=Joseph |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ২=Rhue |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ২=Lauren |ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=August 8, 2011 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Gender Bias in Wikipedia and Britannica |ꠡꠣꠝꠎ়ꠤꠇꠤ=International Journal of Communication |issn=1932-8036 |ꠈꠘ꠆ꠒ=5 |ꠙꠣꠔꠣꠡꠝꠥꠢ=21 |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/777 |ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=November 1, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{ꠡꠣꠝꠎ়ꠤꠇꠤ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ১=Holloway |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ১=Todd |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ২=Bozicevic |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ২=Miran |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ৩=Börner |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ৩=Katy |ꠛꠍꠞ=2007 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Analyzing and visualizing the semantic coverage of Wikipedia and its authors |ꠡꠣꠝꠎ়ꠤꠇꠤ=Complexity |arxiv=cs/0512085 |ꠛꠤꠛꠇꠧꠒ=2007Cmplx..12c..30H |ꠒꠤꠅꠀꠁ=10.1002/cplx.20164 |s2cid=28396770 |ꠈꠘ꠆ꠒ=12 |ꠡꠋꠈ꠆ꠈꠣ ꠘꠋ=3 |ꠙꠣꠔꠣꠡꠝꠥꠢ=30–40}}</ref> ꠛꠤꠜꠤꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠄꠞ ꠃꠙꠞ ꠀꠞꠅ ꠍꠧꠐ, ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘꠔ ꠀꠞꠅ ꠛꠤꠡꠦꠡꠣꠁꠔ ꠇꠤꠍꠥ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠀꠍꠦ, ꠁꠄꠉꠥꠟꠧ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠖꠤꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘ ꠛꠣ ꠡꠝꠁꠄꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠖꠤꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠕꠣꠇꠔꠦ ꠙꠣꠞꠦ।<ref>Sideris A., [https://www.academia.edu/481168/The_Encyclopedic_Concept_in_the_Web_Era= "The Encyclopedic Concept in the Web Era"], in Ioannides M., Arnold D., Niccolucci F. and K. Mania (eds.), ''The e-volution of Information Communication Technology in Cultural Heritage. Where Hi-Tech Touches the Past: Risks and Challenges for the 21st Century. VAST 2006'', Epoch, Budapest 2006, pp. 192-197. {{ISBN|963-8046-74-0}}.</ref> ꠄ ꠞꠇꠝ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠃꠖꠣꠢꠞꠘ ꠢꠟꠧ [[ꠡ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠎꠣꠘꠚꠧꠞ꠆ꠒ ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠟꠧꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠀꠚ ꠚꠤꠟꠧꠡꠚꠤ]]। === ꠡꠛꠌꠦꠁꠄ ꠛꠞ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠡꠝꠥꠢ === ২০২০ ꠡꠣꠟ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠞꠘ꠆ꠔ ꠡꠛꠌꠦꠁꠄ ꠛꠞ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠉꠥꠟꠧꠞ ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠞꠁꠄꠍꠦ: ꠌꠤꠘꠣ [[ꠛꠣꠁꠒꠥ ꠛꠣꠁꠇꠦ]] (১৬ ꠝꠤꠟꠤꠎ়ꠘ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗ), ꠢꠥꠒꠧꠋ ꠛꠣꠁꠇꠦ (১৩ ꠝꠤꠟꠤꠎ়ꠘ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗ), ꠁꠋꠞꠦꠎꠤ (৬ ꠝꠤꠟꠤꠎ়ꠘ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗ), ꠎꠣꠞ꠆ꠝꠣꠘ (২ ꠝꠤꠟꠤꠎ়ꠘ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗ) ꠄꠛꠋ ꠚꠞꠣꠡꠤ (২ ꠝꠤꠟꠤꠎ়ꠘ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗ) ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ।<ref name="wp.org">{{ꠅꠎ়ꠦꠛ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Wikipedia |ꠅꠎ়ꠦꠛꠡꠣꠁꠐ=www.wikipedia.org |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://www.wikipedia.org/ |ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=May 13, 2020}}</ref> ꠀꠞꠅ ১২ꠐꠤꠞꠅ ꠛꠦꠡꠤ ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀꠁ ১ ꠝꠤꠟꠤꠎ়ꠘ ꠛꠣ ꠔꠣꠞ ꠌꠦꠁꠄ ꠛꠦꠡꠤ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗ ꠛꠤꠜꠤꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠝꠣꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠖꠂꠞ꠆ꠊꠦꠞ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗ ꠞꠁꠄꠍꠦ।<ref name="wp.org" /> ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠀꠇꠣꠞ ꠡꠦꠐꠤꠞ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗ ꠖꠤꠁꠄ ꠙꠞꠤꠝꠣꠙ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠀꠘꠤꠡ꠆ꠌꠤꠔ ꠃꠙꠣꠁ, ꠁꠄꠝꠘ: ꠃꠙꠞꠦ ꠃꠟ꠆ꠟꠦꠈꠤꠔ ꠀꠘꠟꠣꠁꠘ ꠌꠤꠘꠣ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠉꠥꠟꠧꠔꠦ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠄ ꠝꠣꠔ꠆ꠞ ꠄꠇꠣꠗꠤꠇ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗ ꠕꠣꠇꠔꠦ ꠙꠣꠞꠦ ꠁꠄꠈꠣꠘꠦ ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀꠁ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠔꠤ ꠛꠤꠡꠁꠄ ꠝꠣꠔ꠆ꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠘꠎꠧꠉ꠆ꠉ, ꠎꠖꠤꠅ ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀꠁ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠁ ꠡꠥꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠘꠤꠛꠘ꠆ꠗ ꠡꠎ়ꠋꠇ꠆ꠞꠤꠁꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠔꠂꠞꠤ ꠢꠔꠦ ꠙꠣꠞꠦ। == ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠁ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ == [[ꠘꠉꠦꠘ꠆ꠖ꠆ꠞꠘꠣꠕ ꠛꠡꠥ]] ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠣꠖꠤꠔ 'ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ' ꠘꠣꠝꠦ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠇꠣꠎ ১৯০২ ꠡꠣꠟꠦ ꠡꠥꠞꠥ ꠢꠁ ꠄꠛꠋ ১৯১১ ꠡꠣꠟꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠤꠔ ꠢꠁ। ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠁ ꠡꠔꠦꠞ ꠡꠢꠡ꠆ꠞ ꠙꠤꠡ꠆ꠑꠣꠞ ꠄꠁ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠐꠤ ২২ ꠈꠘ꠆ꠒꠦ ꠡꠋꠇꠟꠤꠔ ꠢꠁꠄꠍꠤꠟ। ꠔꠛꠦ [[ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ]]ꠁ 'ꠜꠣꠞꠔꠇꠧꠡ' (ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇꠣꠟ: ১৮৯৬-১৯০৬)ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠀꠍꠦ, ꠎꠣ ꠔꠤꠘ ꠈꠘ꠆ꠒꠦ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠤꠔ ꠢꠁ। ꠜꠣꠞꠔꠇꠧꠡ ꠄꠞ ꠡꠋꠇꠟꠇ ꠍꠤꠟꠦꠘ [[ꠞꠣꠎꠇꠤꠡ꠆ꠘ ꠞꠣꠁ]] ꠅ [[ꠡꠞꠌ꠆ꠌꠘ꠆ꠖ꠆ꠞ ꠖꠦꠛ]]। ꠄꠍꠣꠞꠣꠅ ১৯৭২ ꠡꠣꠟꠦ [[ꠈꠣꠘ ꠛꠣꠢꠣꠖꠥꠞ ꠀꠛꠖꠥꠟ ꠢꠣꠇꠤꠝ]]ꠦꠞ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠣꠖꠘꠣꠁ ꠓꠣꠇꠣꠁ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠤꠔ ৪ ꠈꠘ꠆ꠒꠦ ꠛꠤꠜꠇ꠆ꠔ [[ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ (ꠝꠥꠇ꠆ꠔꠗꠣꠞꠣ)|ꠝꠥꠇ꠆ꠔꠗꠣꠞꠣꠞ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ]] ꠃꠟ꠆ꠟꠦꠈꠎꠧꠉ꠆ꠉ। [[ꠁꠡꠟꠣꠝꠤꠇ ꠚꠣꠃꠘ꠆ꠒꠦꠡꠘ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ]] [[ꠁꠡꠟꠣꠝꠤ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ]] ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡ ꠇꠞꠦ। ꠄꠐꠤꠞ ꠇꠣꠎ ꠡꠥꠞꠥ ꠢꠁ ১৯৮০ ꠡꠣꠟꠦ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠤꠔ ꠢꠁ ২০০০ ꠡꠣꠟꠦ।<ref>{{ꠅꠎ়ꠦꠛ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=ꠡꠋꠞꠈꠘꠣꠉꠣꠞꠜꠥꠇ꠆ꠔ ꠀꠘꠥꠟꠤꠙꠤ |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=http://www.waytojannah.com/islami-bisshowkosh-part-02/ |ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=২২ ꠀꠇ꠆ꠐꠧꠛꠞ ২০১৬ |ꠀꠞ꠆ꠇꠣꠁꠜꠦꠞ-ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025044432/http://www.waytojannah.com/islami-bisshowkosh-part-02/ |ꠀꠞ꠆ꠇꠣꠁꠜꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=২৫ ꠀꠇ꠆ꠐꠧꠛꠞ ২০১৬ |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ-ꠀꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣ=ꠀꠇꠣꠞ꠆ꠞꠇꠞ }}</ref> == ꠛꠤꠜꠤꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ == - [[ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ]] - [[ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠟꠧꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠛ꠆ꠞꠤꠐꠣꠘꠤꠇꠣ]] - [[ꠄꠘꠇꠣꠞ꠆ꠐꠣ]] - [[ꠄꠘꠡꠣꠁꠇ꠆ꠟꠧꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ অꠦꠣꠝꠦꠞꠤꠇꠣꠘꠣ]] - [[ꠛ꠆ꠞꠤꠐꠣꠘꠤꠇꠣ ꠝꠦꠣꠇ꠆ꠞꠧꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ]] - [[ꠁꠡꠟꠣꠝꠤ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ]] - [[ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ]] - [[ꠇꠤꠔꠣꠛꠥꠡ ꠡꠤꠚꠣ]] - [[ꠉ꠆ꠞꠦꠐ ꠛꠥꠇ꠆‌ꠡ ꠀꠛ ꠖꠦ ꠅꠁꠄꠡ꠆ꠐꠣꠞ꠆ꠘ ꠅꠀꠞꠟ꠆ꠒ]] == ꠀꠞꠅ ꠖꠦꠈꠥꠘ == {{ꠇꠟꠣꠝꠦꠞ ꠔꠣꠟꠤꠇꠣ|colwidth=30em| - [[ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠘ꠆ꠕꠙꠘ꠆ꠎꠤ]] - [[ꠡꠣꠗꠤꠘꠔꠣ ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠣꠝꠤꠖꠦꠞ ꠌꠞꠤꠔꠣꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘ]] - [[ꠌꠞꠤꠔꠣꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘ]] - [[ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠤꠁ ꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘ]] - [[ꠇꠣꠟ꠆ꠙꠘꠤꠇ ꠜꠥꠇ꠆ꠔꠤ]] - [[ꠛꠤꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔꠤꠞ ꠁꠔꠤꠢꠣꠡ]] - [[ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘ ꠡꠋꠇꠟꠘ]] - [[ꠉ꠆ꠞꠘ꠆ꠕꠣꠉꠣꠞꠛꠤꠖ꠆ꠖꠣ]] - [[ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠔꠣꠟꠤꠇꠣ]] - [[ꠉꠤꠀꠣꠘꠜꠣꠘ꠆ꠒꠣꠞ]] }} {{subject bar|portal1=ꠡꠣꠢꠤꠔ꠆ꠔ|}} == ꠐꠤꠇꠣ == {{ꠡꠥꠔ꠆ꠞ ꠔꠣꠟꠤꠇꠣ}} == ꠔꠕ꠆ꠕꠡꠥꠔ꠆ꠞ == {{refbegin}} - {{ꠅꠎ়ꠦꠛ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=encyclopedia {{!}} Search Online Etymology Dictionary |ꠅꠎ়ꠦꠛꠡꠣꠁꠐ=www.etymonline.com |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=encyclopedia |ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=2020-05-13}} - {{ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Encyclopaedia |ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ=Encyclopædia Britannica |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia |ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=July 27, 2010}} - {{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Béjoint |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=Henri |ꠛꠍꠞ=2000 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Modern Lexicography |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://archive.org/details/modernlexicograp0000bejo |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=Oxford University Press |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=978-0-19-829951-6}} - C. Codoner, S. Louis, M. Paulmier-Foucart, D. Hüe, M. Salvat, A. Llinares, ''L'Encyclopédisme. Actes du Colloque de Caen'', A. Becq (dir.), Paris, 1991. - {{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠣꠖꠇ১-ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Bergenholtz |ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠣꠖꠇ১-ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=H. |ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠣꠖꠇ২-ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Nielsen |ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠣꠖꠇ২-ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=S. |ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠣꠖꠇ৩-ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Tarp |ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠣꠖꠇ৩-ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=S. |ꠛꠍꠞ=2009 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Lexicography at a Crossroads: Dictionaries and Encyclopedias Today, Lexicographical Tools Tomorrow |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=Peter Lang |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=978-3-03911-799-4}} - {{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Blom |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=Phillip |ꠛꠍꠞ=2004 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Enlightening the World: Encyclopédie, the Book that Changed the Course of History |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://archive.org/details/enlighteningworl0000blom |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=Palgrave Macmillan |ꠀꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘ=New York; Basingstoke |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=978-1-4039-6895-1 |oclc=57669780}} - {{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Collison |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=Robert Lewis |ꠛꠍꠞ=1966 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Encyclopaedias: Their History Throughout the Ages |ꠡꠋꠡ꠆ꠇꠞꠘ=2nd |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=Hafner |ꠀꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘ=New York, London |oclc=220101699}} - {{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Cowie |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=Anthony Paul |ꠛꠍꠞ=2009 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=The Oxford History of English Lexicography, Volume I |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=Oxford University Press |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=978-0-415-14143-7 |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://books.google.com/books?id=nhnVF9Or_wMC |ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=August 17, 2010}} - {{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Darnton |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=Robert |ꠛꠍꠞ=1979 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=The business of enlightenment: a publishing history of the Encyclopédie, 1775–1800 |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=Belknap Press |ꠀꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘ=Cambridge |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=978-0-674-08785-9 |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://archive.org/details/Business_201507}} - {{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ১=Hartmann |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ১=R. R. K. |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ২=James |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ২=Gregory |ꠛꠍꠞ=1998 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Dictionary of Lexicography |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=Routledge |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=978-0-415-14143-7 |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://books.google.com/books?id=49NZ12icE-QC&q=%22encyclopedic%20dictionary%22%2Bencyclopedia&pg=PA49 |ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=July 27, 2010}} - {{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠣꠖꠇ-ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Kafker |ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠣꠖꠇ-ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=Frank A. |ꠛꠍꠞ=1981 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Notable encyclopedias of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries: nine predecessors of the Encyclopédie |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=Voltaire Foundation |ꠀꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘ=Oxford |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=978-0-7294-0256-9 |oclc=10645788}} - {{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠣꠖꠇ-ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Kafker |ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠣꠖꠇ-ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=Frank A. |ꠛꠍꠞ=1994 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Notable encyclopedias of the late eighteenth century: eleven successors of the Encyclopédie |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://archive.org/details/notableencyclope0000unse |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=Voltaire Foundation |ꠀꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘ=Oxford |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=978-0-7294-0467-9 |oclc=30787125}} - {{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Needham |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=Joseph |ꠛꠍꠞ=1986 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Science and Civilization in China |ꠀꠗ꠆ꠗꠣꠎ়=Part 7, Military Technology; the Gunpowder Epic |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=Caves Books Ltd. |ꠀꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘ=Taipei |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=978-0-521-30358-3 |oclc=59245877 |ꠈꠘ꠆ꠒ=5 – Chemistry and Chemical Technology}} - {{ꠡꠣꠝꠎ়ꠤꠇꠤ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Rosenzweig |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=Roy |ꠟꠦꠈꠇ-ꠡꠋꠎꠧꠉ=Roy Rosenzweig |ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=June 2006 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Can History Be Open Source? Wikipedia and the Future of the Past |ꠡꠣꠝꠎ়ꠤꠇꠤ=Journal of American History |issn=1945-2314 |jstor=4486062 |ꠒꠤꠅꠀꠁ=10.2307/4486062 |ꠈꠘ꠆ꠒ=93 |ꠡꠋꠈ꠆ꠈꠣ ꠘꠋ=1 |ꠙꠣꠔꠣꠡꠝꠥꠢ=117–46 |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=http://chnm.gmu.edu/essays-on-history-new-media/essays/?essayid=42 |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ-ꠀꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣ=dead |ꠀꠞ꠆ꠇꠣꠁꠜꠦꠞ-ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425130754/http://chnm.gmu.edu/essays-on-history-new-media/essays/?essayid=42 |ꠀꠞ꠆ꠇꠣꠁꠜꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=April 25, 2010}} - {{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Ioannides |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=Marinos |ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=2006 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=The e-volution of information communication technology in cultural heritage: where hi-tech touches the past: risks and challenges for the 21st century |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=Archaeolingua |ꠀꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘ=Budapest |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=963-8046-73-2 |oclc=218599120}} - {{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Walsh |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=S. Padraig |ꠛꠍꠞ=1968 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Anglo-American general encyclopedias: a historical bibliography, 1703–1967 |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://archive.org/details/angloamericangen0000wals |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=Bowker |ꠀꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘ=New York |oclc=577541 |ꠙꠣꠔꠣ=[https://archive.org/details/angloamericangen0000wals/page/n293 270]}} - {{ꠛꠁ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=Yeo |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣꠋꠡ=Richard R. |ꠛꠍꠞ=2001 |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Encyclopaedic visions: scientific dictionaries and enlightenment culture |ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=Cambridge University Press |ꠀꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘ=Cambridge, New York |ꠀꠁꠄꠡꠛꠤꠄꠘ=978-0-521-65191-2 |oclc=45828872 |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/history/history-ideas-and-intellectual-history/encyclopaedic-visions-scientific-dictionaries-and-enlightenment-culture?format=HB}} {{refend}} == ꠛꠢꠤ꠨ꠡꠋꠎꠧꠉ == {{Wiktionary|ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ|encyclopaedia|encyclopedic}} {{ꠇꠝꠘ꠆ꠡ ꠛꠤꠡꠎ়ꠡ꠆ꠞꠦꠘꠤ|Encyclopedias}} {{Wikisource portal|Encyclopedias}} - [https://web.archive.org/web/20060114061155/http://www.educ.fc.ul.pt/hyper/eng/index.html Encyclopaedia and Hypertext] <!-- Is this important enough to include in this article? --> - [https://web.archive.org/web/20110514041509/http://www.accuracyproject.org/cbe-errors-books.html Internet Accuracy Project] – Biographical errors in encyclopedias and almanacs - [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=did;cc=did;idno=did2222.0000.004;rgn=main;view=text Encyclopedia] – Diderot's article on the Encyclopedia from the original [[Encyclopédie]]. - [https://web.archive.org/web/20080615051823/http://www.dm.unipi.it/~tucci/index.html De expetendis et fugiendis rebus] – First Renaissance encyclopedia - [http://kennedy.byu.edu/staff/peterson/multivol/multibooks.html Errors and inconsistencies in several printed reference books and encyclopedias] {{ꠅꠎ়ꠦꠛ ꠀꠞ꠆ꠇꠣꠁꠜ |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://web.archive.org/web/20010718235527/http://kennedy.byu.edu/staff/peterson/Multivol/Multibooks.html |ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=July 18, 2001 }} - [https://web.archive.org/web/20131109213126/http://reviews.cnet.com/1990-3118_7-6378998-1.html Digital encyclopedias put the world at your fingertips]{{snd}} [[CNET]] article - [https://web.archive.org/web/20080112134535/http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/reference/encycl.htm Encyclopedias online] University of Wisconsin{{snd}} Stout listing by category - [http://uwdc.library.wisc.edu/collections/HistSciTech/Cyclopaedia Chambers' ''Cyclopaedia''], 1728, with the 1753 supplement - [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa&cc=moa&key=title&page=browse&value=encyclop%C3%A6dia+americana&Submit=Quick+Browse ''Encyclopædia Americana''], 1851, [[Francis Lieber]] ed. (Boston: Mussey & Co.) at the University of Michigan Making of America site - [http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/ ''Encyclopædia Britannica''], articles and illustrations from 9th ed., 1875–89, and 10th ed., 1902–03. - {{Wikisource-inline|list= ** {{cite Collier's|wstitle=Cyclopædia |short=x |noicon=x}} ** {{cite Americana|wstitle=Encyclopædia |short=x |noicon=x}} ** {{cite NSRW|wstitle=Encyclopædia |short=x |noicon=x}} ** {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Encyclopaedia |short=x |noicon=x}} ** {{cite Nuttall|title=Encyclopædia |short=x |noicon=x}} ** {{cite NIE|wstitle=Encyclopædia|year=1905 |short=x |noicon=x}} ** {{cite AmCyc|wstitle=Cyclopædia |short=x |noicon=x}} }} {{ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘ|ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ}} - [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305060551/http://dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/jspui/handle/10689/156/simple-search?query=nagendranath&sort_by=0&order=DESC&rpp=10&etal=0&start=0 ꠘꠉꠦꠘ꠆ꠖ꠆ꠞꠘꠣꠕ ꠛꠡꠥ ꠡꠋꠇꠟꠤꠔ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡꠦꠞ ꠇꠤꠍꠥ ꠈꠘ꠆ꠒꠦꠞ PDF ꠡꠋꠡ꠆ꠇꠞꠘ] {{ꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠞꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠗꠣꠞꠤꠔꠛꠣꠍꠣꠁ:ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ}} [[ꠛꠤꠡꠎ়ꠡ꠆ꠞꠦꠘꠤ:ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠧꠡ]] [[ꠛꠤꠡꠎ়ꠡ꠆ꠞꠦꠘꠤ:ꠀꠜꠤꠗꠣꠘ]] [[ꠛꠤꠡꠎ়ꠡ꠆ꠞꠦꠘꠤ:ꠝꠥꠇ꠆ꠔꠇꠧꠡ]] [[ꠛꠤꠡꠎ়ꠡ꠆ꠞꠦꠘꠤ:ꠁꠔꠤꠢꠣꠡ ꠛꠤꠡꠎ়ꠇ ꠡꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠤꠇꠞ꠆ꠝ]] {{ꠘꠣꠝꠣꠁꠘ|item=Q5292}} {{ꠢꠦꠡꠝꠦꠡ}} {{ꠟꠇ}} {{ꠀꠞ꠆ꠔꠣꠔ}} {{ꠕꠥꠇꠣꠘꠤ}} 8ocwacfb3bf1qgqpcdrblt2ecyvoxsx 3 6275 34561 30839 2026-11-07T04:35:05Z Amirhusenjihed 973 /* ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ ꠀꠉ꠆ꠞꠢ ꠙꠖꠇ */ new section 34561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Welcome}}--[[File:ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ.png|75px|link=User:ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ|]]([[User_talk:ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ|talk]]) 18:42, 12 ꠝꠣꠞ꠆ꠌ 2025 (+06) :@[[ꠛꠦꠛꠀꠞꠈꠣꠞ꠆ꠞꠣ:ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ|ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ]], ꠗꠁꠘ꠆ꠘꠛꠣꠖ। [[ꠛꠦꠛꠀꠞꠈꠣꠞ꠆ꠞꠣ:Kandarpajit Kallol|Kandarpajit Kallol]] ([[ꠛꠦꠛꠀꠞꠈꠣꠞ꠆ꠞꠣꠞ ꠝꠣꠔ:Kandarpajit Kallol|ꠝꠣꠔꠧ]]) 21:47, 25 ꠝꠦ 2025 (+06) == ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ ꠀꠉ꠆ꠞꠢ ꠙꠖꠇ == {{ꠐꠦꠝ꠆ꠙꠟꠦꠐ:ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ ꠀꠉ꠆ꠞꠢ ꠙꠖꠇ}} 5svarfupfvyex7tfqt3k52dvorzmlhh 2 9497 34571 34534 2026-11-07T07:39:22Z Amirhusenjihed 973 34571 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="background: #f8f9fa; border-bottom: 2px solid #a2a9b1; padding: 6px 10px 0 10px; margin-bottom: 12px; display: flex; gap: 6px; flex-wrap: wrap; font-weight: bold; font-size: 95%;"> <div style="background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom: none; padding: 6px 14px; border-radius: 4px 4px 0 0;">[[ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ:ꠐꠢꠟꠊꠞ|🛡️ ꠐꠢꠟꠊꠞ -টহলঘর ]]</div> <div style="background: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom: none; padding: 6px 14px; border-radius: 4px 4px 0 0;">[[Special:NewPages|📄 ꠘꠄꠀ ꠙꠣꠔꠣꠉꠥꠁꠘ]]</div> <div style="background: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom: none; padding: 6px 14px; border-radius: 4px 4px 0 0;">[[Special:RecentChanges|🔄 ꠘꠄꠀ ꠛꠖꠟꠣꠘꠤꠉꠥꠁꠘ]]</div> <div style="background: #eaecf0; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom: none; padding: 6px 14px; border-radius: 4px 4px 0 0;">[[Special:Log|📋 ꠢꠇꠟ ꠟꠉ]]</div> </div> <div style="background: linear-gradient(135deg, #f8f9fa 0%, #e9ecef 100%); border: 2px solid #2a4b8d; border-radius: 14px; padding: 24px; font-family: 'Surma', 'Noto Sans Syloti Nagri', sans-serif; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.08); margin-bottom: 24px;"> <!-- নাম ও মূল পরিচয় --> <div style="text-align: center;"> <div style="font-size: 30px; font-weight: bold; color: #1a1a1a; margin-bottom: 6px;">ꠀꠝꠤꠞ ꠢꠧꠡꠦꠘ ꠎꠤꠢꠣꠖ</div> <div style="font-size: 18px; color: #2a4b8d; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 10px;">ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠝꠤꠒꠤꠀꠘ &bull; ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠙ꠆ꠞꠦꠝꠤ</div> <div style="display: inline-block; background: #2a4b8d; color: #ffffff; padding: 6px 16px; border-radius: 20px; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 16px;"> ꠙ꠆ꠞꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠉꠛꠦꠡꠇ &bull; ꠁꠍꠟꠣꠝꠤ ꠉꠛꠦꠡꠇ (ꠀꠟ-ꠇꠥꠞꠀꠘ, ꠢꠣꠖꠤꠍ, ꠚꠦꠔꠘꠣ) &bull; ꠀꠁꠘ ꠀꠞ ꠘꠣꠉꠞꠤ ꠟꠤꠙꠤ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠦꠝꠤ </div> </div> <hr style="border: 0; height: 1px; background: #cbd5e1; margin: 16px 0;" /> <!-- আমার সম্পর্কে বক্স --> <div style="background: #ffffff; border-left: 5px solid #2a4b8d; border-radius: 8px; padding: 16px 20px; font-size: 16px; color: #334155; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 16px;"> <div style="font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold; color: #2a4b8d; margin-bottom: 8px;">ꠀꠝꠣꠞ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠞ꠆ꠇꠦ (আমার সম্পর্কে)</div> ꠀꠍꠍꠣꠟꠣꠝꠥ ꠀꠟꠣꠁꠇꠥꠝ! ꠀꠝꠤ '''ꠀꠝꠤꠞ ꠢꠧꠡꠦꠘ ꠎꠤꠢꠣꠖ'''। ꠀꠝꠤ ꠄꠇꠎꠘ ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠝꠤꠒꠤꠀꠘ ꠀꠞ ꠈꠣꠐꠤ '''ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠙ꠆ꠞꠦꠝꠤ'''। ꠀꠝꠤ ꠝꠥꠟꠔ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠀꠞ ꠁꠍꠟꠣꠝꠤ ꠛꠤꠡꠄ (ꠀꠟ-ꠇꠥꠞꠀꠘ, ꠢꠣꠖꠤꠍ ꠀꠞ ꠚꠦꠔꠘꠣ) ꠟꠁꠀ ꠉꠛꠦꠡꠘꠣ ꠇꠞꠤ। ꠁꠔꠣꠞ ꠟꠉꠦ ꠀꠁꠘ-ꠇꠣꠘꠥꠘ ꠀꠞ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ ꠟꠁꠀ ꠙꠠꠣꠡꠥꠘꠣ ꠇꠞꠔꠦ ꠀꠝꠣꠞ ꠛꠃꠔ ꠛꠣꠟꠣ ꠟꠣꠉꠦ। ꠀꠝꠞꠣꠞ ꠝꠣꠄꠞ ꠝꠣꠔ '''ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ''' ꠀꠞ '''ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠘꠣꠉꠞꠤ ꠟꠤꠙꠤ'''ꠞꠦ ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠝꠤꠒꠤꠀꠔ ꠀꠞꠅ ꠀꠉꠥꠀꠁꠀ ꠘꠦꠅꠀ ꠀꠞ ꠖꠥꠘꠤꠀꠞ ꠝꠣꠘꠡꠞ ꠇꠣꠍꠦ ꠔꠥꠟꠤꠀ ꠗꠞꠣꠁ ꠀꠝꠣꠞ ꠝꠥꠟ ꠟꠇ꠆ꠇ꠆ꠎ। </div> <!-- আগ্রহ ও কাজের ক্ষেত্র --> <div style="margin-bottom: 20px; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 10px; justify-content: center;"> <span style="background: #e0f2fe; color: #0369a1; padding: 6px 14px; border-radius: 8px; font-weight: bold; border: 1px solid #bae6fd;">ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ ꠀꠞ ꠘꠣꠉꠞꠤ ꠟꠤꠙꠤ</span> <span style="background: #dcfce7; color: #15803d; padding: 6px 14px; border-radius: 8px; font-weight: bold; border: 1px solid #bbf7d0;">ꠁꠍꠟꠣꠝꠤ ꠉꠛꠦꠡꠘꠣ</span> <span style="background: #f3e8ff; color: #6b21a8; padding: 6px 14px; border-radius: 8px; font-weight: bold; border: 1px solid #e9d5ff;">ꠙ꠆ꠞꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠉꠛꠦꠡꠘꠣ</span> <span style="background: #fef3c7; color: #b45309; padding: 6px 14px; border-radius: 8px; font-weight: bold; border: 1px solid #fde68a;">ꠀꠁꠘ ꠀꠞ ꠝꠣꠘꠛꠣꠗꠤꠇꠣꠞ</span> </div> <!-- ১. সরাসরি নতুন পাতা তৈরি করার বক্স --> <div style="background: #eff6ff; border: 2px dashed #3b82f6; border-radius: 10px; padding: 16px; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 20px;"> <div style="font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; color: #1e40af; margin-bottom: 8px;">➕ ꠘꠄꠀ ꠙꠣꠔꠣ ꠛꠣꠘꠣꠁꠘ (সরাসরি নতুন পাতা তৈরি করুন)</div> <inputbox> type=create width=45 placeholder=ꠘꠄꠀ ꠙꠣꠔꠣꠞ ꠘꠣꠝ ꠟꠦꠈꠂꠘ... (নতুন পাতার নাম লিখুন) buttonlabel=ꠘꠄꠀ ꠙꠣꠔꠣ ꠔꠁꠀꠞ ꠇꠞꠂꠘ (পাতা তৈরি করুন) </inputbox> </div> <!-- ২. মোট কতগুলো নিবন্ধ ও সম্পাদনা করেছেন তার লাইভ পরিসংখ্যান লিংক --> <div style="background: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; border-radius: 10px; padding: 14px; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 20px;"> <div style="font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; color: #2a4b8d; margin-bottom: 10px;">📊 ꠀꠝꠣꠞ ꠇꠣꠝꠞ ꠢꠤꠡꠣꠛ (আমার অবদানের পরিসংখ্যান)</div> <div style="display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 12px; justify-content: center;"> <span style="background: #2a4b8d; color: #fff; padding: 8px 16px; border-radius: 6px; font-weight: bold;">[[Special:Contributions/{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|<span style="color:#ffffff;">📝 ꠀꠝꠣꠞ ꠢꠇꠟ ꠇꠣꠝ (সব অবদান)</span>]]</span> <span style="background: #0f766e; color: #fff; padding: 8px 16px; border-radius: 6px; font-weight: bold;">[https://xtools.wmcloud.org/pages/{{SERVERNAME}}/{{urlencode:{{ROOTPAGENAME}}}} <span style="color:#ffffff;">📄 ꠝꠥꠐ ꠛꠣꠘꠣꠁꠟ ꠙꠣꠔꠣꠞ ꠡꠋꠈ꠆ꠎꠣ ও ꠔꠣꠟꠤꠇꠣ</span>]</span> <span style="background: #b45309; color: #fff; padding: 8px 16px; border-radius: 6px; font-weight: bold;">[https://xtools.wmcloud.org/ec/{{SERVERNAME}}/{{urlencode:{{ROOTPAGENAME}}}} <span style="color:#ffffff;">📈 ꠝꠥꠐ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠣꠖꠘꠣꠞ ꠢꠤꠡꠣꠛ (Edit Counter)</span>]</span> </div> </div> <!-- ৩. আপনার তৈরি করা ও উন্নয়ন করা পাতার পাশাপাশি দুটি বক্স --> <div style="display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 16px; margin-bottom: 20px;"> <!-- বাম পাশের বক্স: নতুন তৈরি করা পাতার তালিকা --> <div style="flex: 1; min-width: 280px; background: #ffffff; border-top: 4px solid #16a34a; border-radius: 8px; padding: 16px; box-shadow: 0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);"> <div style="font-size: 19px; font-weight: bold; color: #15803d; margin-bottom: 10px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; padding-bottom: 6px;">🌟 ꠀꠝꠣꠞ ꠛꠣꠘꠣꠁꠟ ꠘꠄꠀ ꠙꠣꠔꠣꠁꠘ (আমার বানাইল নএআ পাতাইন)</div> <div style="max-height: 250px; overflow-y: auto; line-height: 1.8;"> <!-- নিচে # দিয়ে নতুন পাতার নাম যুক্ত করলে নাম্বারিং অটোমেটিক বাড়তে থাকবে --> # [[ꠝꠥꠢꠣꠡꠣꠛꠣ]] # [[ꠀꠟꠢꠦꠞꠣ ꠎꠣꠝꠦꠀ ꠁꠡꠟꠣꠝꠤꠀ ꠚꠣꠎꠤꠟ (ꠒꠤꠉ꠆ꠞꠤ) ꠝꠣꠖꠞꠣꠡꠣ]] # [[ꠉꠣꠎꠣ ꠉꠘꠢꠔ꠆ꠔꠣ]] #[[ꠡꠣꠢꠎꠣꠟꠣꠟꠦꠞ ꠝꠣꠎꠣꠞ]] #[[ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠦꠞ ꠡ꠆ꠛꠣꠗꠤꠘꠔꠣ ꠎꠥꠖ꠆ꠗꠦꠞ ৪ꠘꠋ ꠡꠦꠇ꠆ꠐꠞ]] #[[ꠛꠣꠢꠟꠥꠟ]] #[[ꠡ꠆ꠞꠝꠤꠇ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠖꠧꠟꠘ]] #[[ꠈꠥꠟꠣꠚꠣꠄ ꠞꠣꠡꠦꠖꠤꠘ]] #[[ꠁꠘ꠆ꠘꠣ ꠟꠤꠟ꠆ꠟꠣꠢꠤ ꠅꠀ ꠁꠘ꠆ꠘꠣ ꠁꠟꠣꠁꠢꠤ ꠞꠣꠎꠤꠃꠘ]] </div> </div> <!-- ডান পাশের বক্স: উন্নয়ন করা পাতার তালিকা --> <div style="flex: 1; min-width: 280px; background: #ffffff; border-top: 4px solid #2563eb; border-radius: 8px; padding: 16px; box-shadow: 0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);"> <div style="font-size: 19px; font-weight: bold; color: #1d4ed8; margin-bottom: 10px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; padding-bottom: 6px;">🛠️ ꠀꠝꠣꠞ ꠃꠘ꠆ꠘꠄꠘ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠙꠣꠔꠣꠁꠘ (আমার উন্নএন করা পাতাইন)</div> <div style="max-height: 250px; overflow-y: auto; line-height: 1.8;"> <!-- নিচে # দিয়ে উন্নয়ন করা পাতার নাম যুক্ত করলে নাম্বারিং অটোমেটিক বাড়তে থাকবে --> # [[ꠝꠥꠢꠝ꠆ꠝꠖ]] </div> </div> </div> <!-- ৪. অটোমেটিক তালিকা: নতুন পাতা বা সম্পাদনা করলে এখানে আপনা-আপনি চলে আসবে --> <div style="background: #ffffff; border-top: 4px solid #7c3aed; border-radius: 8px; padding: 16px; margin-bottom: 16px; box-shadow: 0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);"> <div style="font-size: 19px; font-weight: bold; color: #6d28d9; margin-bottom: 10px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; padding-bottom: 6px;">⚡ ꠀꠝꠣꠞ ꠘꠄꠀ ꠛꠣꠘꠣꠁꠟ ꠙꠣꠔꠣꠞ ꠀꠐꠧ ꠔꠣꠟꠤꠇꠣ (স্বয়ংক্রিয় নতুন পাতার তালিকা)</div> <div style="max-height: 260px; overflow-y: auto; font-size: 14px; background: #f8fafc; padding: 10px; border-radius: 6px;"> {{Special:Newpages/limit=15,username={{ROOTPAGENAME}}}} </div> </div> <div style="background: #ffffff; border-top: 4px solid #ea580c; border-radius: 8px; padding: 16px; box-shadow: 0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);"> <div style="font-size: 19px; font-weight: bold; color: #c2410c; margin-bottom: 10px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; padding-bottom: 6px;">🔄 ꠀꠝꠣꠞ ꠡꠛꠡꠦꠡ ꠇꠣꠝꠞ ꠀꠐꠧ ꠔꠣꠟꠤꠇꠣ (স্বয়ংক্রিয় সাম্প্রতিক সম্পাদনা)</div> <div style="max-height: 260px; overflow-y: auto; font-size: 14px; background: #f8fafc; padding: 10px; border-radius: 6px;"> {{Special:Contributions/{{ROOTPAGENAME}}}} </div> </div> </div> <div style="margin-top: 15px; text-align: center;"> {{#babel:syl}} </div> asncfqifrsdziz7gb7iru2kcj5j923w 0 9508 34558 2026-11-06T18:43:16Z Kandarpajit Kallol 59 Created page with "'''ꠘꠜꠦꠝ꠆ꠛꠞ''' ꠉ꠆ꠞꠦꠉꠞꠤꠅ ꠛꠞ꠆ꠡꠙꠘ꠆ꠎꠤ ꠛꠣ ꠈꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠤꠅ ꠛꠞ꠆ꠡꠙꠘ꠆ꠎꠤ ꠅꠘꠥꠎꠣꠁ ꠛꠍꠞꠞ ꠄꠉꠣꠞꠅ ꠝꠣꠡ। ꠁ ꠝꠣꠡꠅ ꠝꠥꠑ {{ꠉꠘꠣ|30}} ꠖꠤꠘ ꠀꠍꠦ।" 34558 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ꠘꠜꠦꠝ꠆ꠛꠞ''' ꠉ꠆ꠞꠦꠉꠞꠤꠅ ꠛꠞ꠆ꠡꠙꠘ꠆ꠎꠤ ꠛꠣ ꠈꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠤꠅ ꠛꠞ꠆ꠡꠙꠘ꠆ꠎꠤ ꠅꠘꠥꠎꠣꠁ ꠛꠍꠞꠞ ꠄꠉꠣꠞꠅ ꠝꠣꠡ। ꠁ ꠝꠣꠡꠅ ꠝꠥꠑ {{ꠉꠘꠣ|30}} ꠖꠤꠘ ꠀꠍꠦ। nuo8l0hucodtiw6gzec1jt2moinlp7v 34559 34558 2026-11-06T18:43:56Z Kandarpajit Kallol 59 /* */ 34559 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ꠘꠜꠦꠝ꠆ꠛꠞ''' ꠉ꠆ꠞꠦꠉꠞꠤꠅ ꠛꠞ꠆ꠡꠙꠘ꠆ꠎꠤ ꠛꠣ ꠈꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠤꠅ ꠛꠞ꠆ꠡꠙꠘ꠆ꠎꠤ ꠅꠘꠥꠎꠣꠁ ꠛꠍꠞꠞ ꠄꠉꠣꠞꠅ ꠝꠣꠡ⁕ ꠁ ꠝꠣꠡꠅ ꠝꠥꠑ {{ꠉꠘꠣ|30}} ꠖꠤꠘ ꠀꠍꠦ⁕ 7hqw4t9ptg81j287ujk5lcnsu3u74qu 34560 34559 2026-11-06T18:44:37Z Kandarpajit Kallol 59 /* */ 34560 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ꠘꠜꠦꠝ꠆ꠛꠞ''' ꠉ꠆ꠞꠦꠉꠞꠤꠅ ꠛꠞ꠆ꠡꠙꠘ꠆ꠎꠤ ꠛꠣ ꠈꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠤꠅ ꠛꠞ꠆ꠡꠙꠘ꠆ꠎꠤ ꠅꠘꠥꠎꠣꠁ ꠛꠍꠞꠞ ꠄꠉꠣꠞꠅ ꠝꠣꠡ ⁕ ꠁ ꠝꠣꠡꠅ ꠝꠥꠑ {{ꠉꠘꠣ|30}} ꠖꠤꠘ ꠀꠍꠦ ⁕ quxk8s2o2wlsrnl0x50pnuvof3t8dkc 0 9509 34563 2026-11-07T05:39:54Z Kandarpajit Kallol 59 Created page with "'''ꠛꠦꠁꠎꠤꠋ''' ꠛꠣ '''ꠙꠦꠁꠌꠤꠋ''' ꠙꠥꠛ ꠄꠡꠤꠀꠞ ꠌꠤꠘ ꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠞꠣꠎꠗꠣꠘꠤ ⁕ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠝꠞ꠆ꠎꠣꠖꠣꠞ ꠡꠝꠣꠘ ꠝꠞ꠆ꠎꠣꠖꠣ ꠙꠣꠅꠀ ꠛꠦꠁꠎꠤꠋ ꠘꠉꠞꠤꠇꠦ ꠉꠘꠙ꠆ꠞꠎꠣꠔꠘ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤ ꠌꠤꠘ ꠡꠞꠇꠣꠞꠞ ꠡꠤꠗꠣ ꠇꠦꠘ꠆ꠖ꠆ꠞꠤꠅ ꠡꠣꠡꠤꠔ ꠙꠥꠞꠡꠜꠣ ꠢꠤꠡꠣꠛꠦ ꠌꠣꠟꠣꠘꠤ ꠅꠄ ⁕<ref name=figu..." 34563 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ꠛꠦꠁꠎꠤꠋ''' ꠛꠣ '''ꠙꠦꠁꠌꠤꠋ''' ꠙꠥꠛ ꠄꠡꠤꠀꠞ ꠌꠤꠘ ꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠞꠣꠎꠗꠣꠘꠤ ⁕ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠝꠞ꠆ꠎꠣꠖꠣꠞ ꠡꠝꠣꠘ ꠝꠞ꠆ꠎꠣꠖꠣ ꠙꠣꠅꠀ ꠛꠦꠁꠎꠤꠋ ꠘꠉꠞꠤꠇꠦ ꠉꠘꠙ꠆ꠞꠎꠣꠔꠘ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤ ꠌꠤꠘ ꠡꠞꠇꠣꠞꠞ ꠡꠤꠗꠣ ꠇꠦꠘ꠆ꠖ꠆ꠞꠤꠅ ꠡꠣꠡꠤꠔ ꠙꠥꠞꠡꠜꠣ ꠢꠤꠡꠣꠛꠦ ꠌꠣꠟꠣꠘꠤ ꠅꠄ ⁕<ref name=figures>ꠙꠞꠤꠡꠋꠈꠣꠘꠉꠥꠟꠣ {{ꠉꠘꠣ|2006}} ꠡꠣꠟꠞ ꠙꠞꠤꠡꠋꠈꠣꠘꠞ ꠃꠙꠞ ꠜꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠇꠞꠤ ꠔꠂꠞꠤ, ꠎꠦꠉꠥꠟꠣ {{ꠉꠘꠣ|2007}} ꠡꠣꠟꠞ ꠌꠤꠘꠞ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠅ ꠙꠞꠤꠡꠋꠈꠣꠘ ꠛꠁꠔꠦ ꠙꠇꠣꠡ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠅꠁꠍꠦ ⁕ ꠡꠘ꠆ꠖꠞ꠆ꠜ: [http://www.chinapop.gov.cn/wxzl/rkgk/200806/t20080629_157020.htm {{ꠉꠘꠣ|2006}} ꠡꠣꠟꠞ ꠌꠤꠘꠞ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠣꠝꠤꠘ ꠎꠘꠉꠘꠞ ꠡꠋꠈꠣ] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20090310163630/http://www.chinapop.gov.cn/wxzl/rkgk/200806/t20080629_157020.htm ꠀꠞ꠆ꠇꠣꠁꠜ]) ⁕ ꠢꠣꠟꠣꠟꠣꠉꠣꠘꠤ: {{ꠉꠘꠣ|21}} ꠄꠙ꠆ꠞꠤꠟ {{ꠉꠘꠣ|2009}}⁕</ref> ⁕ ꠡꠣꠝꠉ꠆ꠞꠤꠇ ꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠛꠦꠁꠎꠤꠋꠞꠦ ꠌꠤꠘꠞ ꠞꠣꠎꠘꠤꠔꠤ, ꠡꠤꠇ꠆ꠡꠣ, ꠛꠥꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠛꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠤꠇ ꠀꠞ ꠡꠋꠡꠇ꠆ꠞꠤꠔꠤꠞ ꠇꠦꠘ꠆ꠖ꠆ꠞ ꠢꠤꠡꠣꠛꠦ ꠗꠞꠣ ꠅꠄ ⁕ ꠁꠔꠣꠞ ꠛꠤꠙꠞꠤꠔꠦ ꠡꠣꠋꠢꠣꠁ ꠀꠞ [[ꠢꠋꠇꠋ]] ꠌꠤꠘꠞ ꠅꠞ꠆ꠕꠘꠤꠔꠤꠇ ꠎꠤꠛꠘꠅ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠜꠣꠛ ꠛꠤꠍ꠆ꠔꠣꠞ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠖꠥꠁ ꠛꠠ ꠝꠢꠣꠘꠉꠞꠤ ⁕ gjaqp3wyhzwk699kep9ad5ye0avtw0f 34564 34563 2026-11-07T05:43:34Z Kandarpajit Kallol 59 /* */ 34564 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ꠛꠦꠁꠎꠤꠋ''' ꠛꠣ '''ꠙꠦꠁꠌꠤꠋ''' ꠙꠥꠛ ꠄꠡꠤꠀꠞ ꠌꠤꠘ ꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠞꠣꠎꠗꠣꠘꠤ ⁕ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠝꠞ꠆ꠎꠣꠖꠣꠞ ꠡꠝꠣꠘ ꠝꠞ꠆ꠎꠣꠖꠣ ꠙꠣꠅꠀ ꠛꠦꠁꠎꠤꠋ ꠘꠉꠞꠤꠇꠦ ꠉꠘꠙ꠆ꠞꠎꠣꠔꠘ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤ ꠌꠤꠘ ꠡꠞꠇꠣꠞꠞ ꠡꠤꠗꠣ ꠇꠦꠘ꠆ꠖ꠆ꠞꠤꠅ ꠡꠣꠡꠤꠔ ꠙꠥꠞꠡꠜꠣ ꠢꠤꠡꠣꠛꠦ ꠌꠣꠟꠣꠘꠤ ꠅꠄ ⁕<ref name=figures>ꠙꠞꠤꠡꠋꠈꠣꠘꠉꠥꠟꠣ {{ꠉꠘꠣ|2006}} ꠡꠣꠟꠞ ꠙꠞꠤꠡꠋꠈꠣꠘꠞ ꠃꠙꠞ ꠜꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠇꠞꠤ ꠔꠂꠞꠤ, ꠎꠦꠉꠥꠟꠣ {{ꠉꠘꠣ|2007}} ꠡꠣꠟꠞ ꠌꠤꠘꠞ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠅ ꠙꠞꠤꠡꠋꠈꠣꠘ ꠛꠁꠔꠦ ꠙꠇꠣꠡ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠅꠁꠍꠦ ⁕ ꠡꠘ꠆ꠖꠞ꠆ꠜ: [http://www.chinapop.gov.cn/wxzl/rkgk/200806/t20080629_157020.htm {{ꠉꠘꠣ|2006}} ꠡꠣꠟꠞ ꠌꠤꠘꠞ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠣꠝꠤꠘ ꠎꠘꠉꠘꠞ ꠡꠋꠈꠣ] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20090310163630/http://www.chinapop.gov.cn/wxzl/rkgk/200806/t20080629_157020.htm ꠀꠞ꠆ꠇꠣꠁꠜ]) ⁕ ꠢꠣꠟꠣꠟꠣꠉꠣꠘꠤ: {{ꠉꠘꠣ|21}} ꠄꠙ꠆ꠞꠤꠟ {{ꠉꠘꠣ|2009}}⁕</ref> ⁕ ꠡꠣꠝꠉ꠆ꠞꠤꠇ ꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠛꠦꠁꠎꠤꠋꠞꠦ ꠌꠤꠘꠞ ꠞꠣꠎꠘꠤꠔꠤ, ꠡꠤꠇ꠆ꠡꠣ, ꠛꠥꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠛꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠤꠇ ꠀꠞ ꠡꠋꠡꠇ꠆ꠞꠤꠔꠤꠞ ꠇꠦꠘ꠆ꠖ꠆ꠞ ꠢꠤꠡꠣꠛꠦ ꠗꠞꠣ ꠅꠄ ⁕ ꠁꠔꠣꠞ ꠛꠤꠙꠞꠤꠔꠦ ꠡꠣꠋꠢꠣꠁ ꠀꠞ [[ꠢꠋꠇꠋ]] ꠌꠤꠘꠞ ꠅꠞ꠆ꠕꠘꠤꠔꠤꠇ ꠎꠤꠛꠘꠅ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠜꠣꠛ ꠛꠤꠍ꠆ꠔꠣꠞ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠖꠥꠁ ꠛꠠ ꠝꠢꠣꠘꠉꠞꠤ ⁕ ==ꠟꠇ== 4ccw5olan888zq9v530pd8z39gudpay 34565 34564 2026-11-07T05:44:48Z Kandarpajit Kallol 59 /* */ 34565 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ꠛꠦꠁꠎꠤꠋ''' ꠛꠣ '''ꠙꠦꠁꠌꠤꠋ''' ꠙꠥꠛ ꠄꠡꠤꠀꠞ ꠌꠤꠘ ꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠞꠣꠎꠗꠣꠘꠤ ⁕ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠝꠞ꠆ꠎꠣꠖꠣꠞ ꠡꠝꠣꠘ ꠝꠞ꠆ꠎꠣꠖꠣ ꠙꠣꠅꠀ ꠛꠦꠁꠎꠤꠋ ꠘꠉꠞꠤꠇꠦ ꠉꠘꠙ꠆ꠞꠎꠣꠔꠘ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤ ꠌꠤꠘ ꠡꠞꠇꠣꠞꠞ ꠡꠤꠗꠣ ꠇꠦꠘ꠆ꠖ꠆ꠞꠤꠅ ꠡꠣꠡꠤꠔ ꠙꠥꠞꠡꠜꠣ ꠢꠤꠡꠣꠛꠦ ꠌꠣꠟꠣꠘꠤ ꠅꠄ ⁕<ref name=figures>ꠙꠞꠤꠡꠋꠈꠣꠘꠉꠥꠟꠣ {{ꠉꠘꠣ|2006}} ꠡꠣꠟꠞ ꠙꠞꠤꠡꠋꠈꠣꠘꠞ ꠃꠙꠞ ꠜꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠇꠞꠤ ꠔꠂꠞꠤ, ꠎꠦꠉꠥꠟꠣ {{ꠉꠘꠣ|2007}} ꠡꠣꠟꠞ ꠌꠤꠘꠞ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠅ ꠙꠞꠤꠡꠋꠈꠣꠘ ꠛꠁꠔꠦ ꠙꠇꠣꠡ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠅꠁꠍꠦ ⁕ ꠡꠘ꠆ꠖꠞ꠆ꠜ: [http://www.chinapop.gov.cn/wxzl/rkgk/200806/t20080629_157020.htm {{ꠉꠘꠣ|2006}} ꠡꠣꠟꠞ ꠌꠤꠘꠞ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠣꠝꠤꠘ ꠎꠘꠉꠘꠞ ꠡꠋꠈꠣ] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20090310163630/http://www.chinapop.gov.cn/wxzl/rkgk/200806/t20080629_157020.htm ꠀꠞ꠆ꠇꠣꠁꠜ]) ⁕ ꠢꠣꠟꠣꠟꠣꠉꠣꠘꠤ: {{ꠉꠘꠣ|21}} ꠄꠙ꠆ꠞꠤꠟ {{ꠉꠘꠣ|2009}}⁕</ref> ꠡꠣꠝꠉ꠆ꠞꠤꠇ ꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠛꠦꠁꠎꠤꠋꠞꠦ ꠌꠤꠘꠞ ꠞꠣꠎꠘꠤꠔꠤ, ꠡꠤꠇ꠆ꠡꠣ, ꠛꠥꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠛꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠤꠇ ꠀꠞ ꠡꠋꠡꠇ꠆ꠞꠤꠔꠤꠞ ꠇꠦꠘ꠆ꠖ꠆ꠞ ꠢꠤꠡꠣꠛꠦ ꠗꠞꠣ ꠅꠄ ⁕ ꠁꠔꠣꠞ ꠛꠤꠙꠞꠤꠔꠦ ꠡꠣꠋꠢꠣꠁ ꠀꠞ [[ꠢꠋꠇꠋ]] ꠌꠤꠘꠞ ꠅꠞ꠆ꠕꠘꠤꠔꠤꠇ ꠎꠤꠛꠘꠅ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠜꠣꠛ ꠛꠤꠍ꠆ꠔꠣꠞ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠖꠥꠁ ꠛꠠ ꠝꠢꠣꠘꠉꠞꠤ ⁕ ==ꠟꠇ== c9du0p27z1vhbf3saswj7gco5y7fee8 34573 34565 2026-11-07T08:06:21Z Amirhusenjihed 973 ꠛꠇꠡ ꠑꠤꠇ ꠇꠞꠍꠤ 34573 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width: 23em; float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background-color: #f8f9fa; padding: 0.2em; font-size: 90%;" |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #b0c4de; font-size: 125%; padding: 0.4em;" | ꠛꠦꠁꠎꠤꠋ<br /><span style="font-size: 85%; font-weight: normal;">北京 (ꠙꠦꠁꠌꠤꠋ)</span> |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e6e6fa; font-weight: bold; padding: 0.2em;" | [[ꠅꠔꠤꠝꠢꠣꠘꠉꠞꠤ]] / [[ꠌꠤꠘꠞ ꠇꠦꠘ꠆ꠖ꠆ꠞꠡꠣꠡꠤꠔ ꠙꠃꠞꠡꠜꠣ|ꠇꠦꠘ꠆ꠖ꠆ꠞꠡꠣꠡꠤꠔ ꠙꠃꠞꠡꠜꠣ]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding: 0.4em 0;" | {| style="width: 100%; background: transparent; text-align: center; margin: 0; border-collapse: collapse;" |- | colspan="2" style="padding: 2px;" | [[File:Skyline of Beijing CBD from the southeast (20210907094201).jpg|280px]]<br /><small>[[ꠛꠦꠁꠎꠤꠋ ꠇꠦꠘ꠆ꠖ꠆ꠞꠤꠅ ꠛꠦꠛꠍꠣꠞ ꠄꠟꠣꠇꠣ]]</small> |- | style="width: 50%; padding: 2px;" | [[File:20200110 Hall of Supreme Harmony courtyard-1.jpg|138px]]<br /><small>[[ꠘꠤꠡꠤꠖ꠆ꠗ ꠘꠉꠞꠤ]]</small> | style="width: 50%; padding: 2px;" | [[File:Temple of Heaven 20160323 01.jpg|138px]]<br /><small>[[ꠡ꠆ꠛꠞ꠆ꠉꠤꠅ ꠝꠘ꠆ꠖꠤꠞ]]</small> |- | style="padding: 2px;" | [[File:2014.08.19.110005 Great Wall Badaling.jpg|138px]]<br /><small>[[ꠌꠤꠘꠞ ꠝꠢꠣꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠌꠤꠞ]]</small> | style="padding: 2px;" | [[File:Tiananmen Gate.jpg|138px]]<br /><small>[[ꠕꠤꠀꠘꠀꠘꠝꠦꠘ]]</small> |- | colspan="2" style="padding: 2px;" | [[File:National Centre for the Performing Arts and Great Hall of the People.jpg|280px]]<br /><small>[[ꠖꠤ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠦꠐ ꠢꠟ ꠅꠛ ꠖꠤ ꠙꠤꠙꠟ]] (ꠛꠣꠃꠄ) ꠀꠞ [[ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠅ ꠙꠞꠤꠛꠦꠡꠘ ꠇꠟꠣ ꠇꠦꠘ꠆ꠖ꠆ꠞ (ꠌꠤꠘ)|ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠅ ꠇꠟꠣ ꠇꠦꠘ꠆ꠖ꠆ꠞ]] (ꠒꠣꠁꠘꠦ)</small> |} |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding: 0.4em 0; border-top: 1px solid #a2a9b1;" | [[File:Beijing in China (+all claims hatched).svg|250px]]<br /><small>ꠌꠤꠘꠞ ꠝꠣꠘꠌꠤꠔ꠆ꠞꠔ ꠛꠦꠁꠎꠤꠋ / ꠙꠦꠁꠌꠤꠋ ꠝꠢꠣꠘꠉꠞꠤꠞ ꠎꠣꠉꠣ</small> |- ! style="text-align: left; border-top: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width: 40%;" | ꠁꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘꠣꠋꠇ | style="border-top: 1px solid #a2a9b1;" | 39°55′N 116°23′E |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠖꠦꠡ | [[ꠌꠤꠘ]] |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠙ꠆ꠞꠔꠤꠡ꠆ꠑꠣꠞ ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ | 1045 ꠈ꠆ꠞꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠛꠣꠛ꠆ꠖ ([[ꠌꠃ ꠞꠣꠎꠛꠋꠡ]]) |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠛꠤꠜꠣꠉ ꠅꠇꠟ<ref name="hist">{{Cite web|title=Township divisions|url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Government/Administration_region/t930369.htm|publisher=Official Website of Beijing Government|access-date=22 July 2009|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225054946/http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Government/Administration_region/t930369.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> | [[ꠛꠦꠁꠎꠤꠋꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠡꠣꠡꠘꠤꠇ ꠛꠤꠜꠣꠉ|16ꠐꠣ ꠎꠦꠟꠣ]]<br />289ꠐꠣ ꠡꠢꠞ ꠀꠞ ꠉꠣꠅ |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e6e6fa; padding: 0.2em;" | ꠡꠞꠇꠣꠞ ꠀꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠡꠣꠡꠘ |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠗꠞꠘ | [[ꠌꠤꠘꠞ ꠇꠦꠘ꠆ꠖ꠆ꠞꠡꠣꠡꠤꠔ ꠙꠃꠞꠡꠜꠣ|ꠙꠃꠞꠡꠜꠣ]] |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠖꠟꠞ ꠡꠌꠤꠛ | [[ꠍꠣꠁ ꠍꠤ]] |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠘꠉꠞꠙ꠆ꠞꠗꠣꠘ (ꠝꠦꠅꠞ) | [[ꠍꠦꠘ ꠌꠤꠘꠤꠋ]] |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠇꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠦꠍ ꠌꠦꠀꠞꠝꠦꠘ | ꠟꠤ ꠅꠦꠁ |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠇꠘꠚꠣꠞꠦꠘ꠆ꠍ ꠌꠦꠀꠞꠝꠦꠘ | [[ꠎꠤ ꠟꠤꠘ]] |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e6e6fa; padding: 0.2em;" | ꠀꠄꠔꠘ<ref name="mofcom">{{Cite web|title=Doing Business in China – Survey|url=http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zt_business/lanmub/|publisher=Ministry Of Commerce – People's Republic Of China|access-date=5 August 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140526181645/http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zt_business/lanmub/|archive-date=26 May 2014}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠝꠥꠐ ꠀꠄꠔꠘ | 16,410.54 ꠛꠞ꠆ꠉ ꠇꠤ.ꠝꠤ. |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠡꠢꠞ ꠄꠟꠣꠇꠣ (2018)<ref name="demographia.com">{{Cite book|url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf|title=Demographia World Urban Areas. 14th Annual Edition|last=Cox|first=W|publisher=Demographia|year=2018|location=St. Louis|pages=22}}</ref> | 4,144 ꠛꠞ꠆ꠉ ꠇꠤ.ꠝꠤ. |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠉꠣꠅ ꠄꠟꠣꠇꠣ | 15,042 ꠛꠞ꠆ꠉ ꠇꠤ.ꠝꠤ. |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠃꠌ꠆ꠌꠔꠣ | 43.5 ꠝꠤꠐꠣꠞ (142.7 ꠚꠥꠐ) |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e6e6fa; padding: 0.2em;" | ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡꠡꠋꠈ꠆ꠎꠣ (2017)<ref name="bulletin2017">{{Cite web|url=http://tjj.beijing.gov.cn/English/PR/201801/t20180125_391609.html|title=Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics and NBS Survey Office in Beijing|publisher=Beijing Bureau of Statistics|language=en|date=25 January 2018|access-date=20 March 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320110417/http://tjj.beijing.gov.cn/English/PR/201801/t20180125_391609.html|archive-date=20 March 2018}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠝꠥꠐ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡ | 21,707,000 |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠡꠢꠞꠅ (2018)<ref name="demographia.com" /> | 21,250,000 |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠝꠦꠐ꠆ꠞꠧ ꠄꠟꠣꠇꠣ | 24,000,000 |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠌꠤꠘꠅ ꠎꠣꠉꠣ | ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡꠡꠋꠈ꠆ꠎꠣ: 27ꠔꠝ<br />ꠊꠘꠔ꠆ꠔ: 4ꠞ꠆ꠕ |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠝꠥꠟ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠉꠥꠡ꠆ꠑꠤ | [[ꠢꠣꠘ ꠌꠤꠘꠣ|ꠢꠣꠘ]] (95%), [[ꠝꠣꠘ꠆ꠌꠥ ꠎꠣꠔꠤ|ꠝꠣꠘ꠆ꠌꠥ]] (2%), [[ꠢꠥꠁ ꠎꠣꠔꠤ|ꠢꠥꠁ]] (2%), [[ꠝꠋꠉꠧꠟ ꠎꠣꠔꠤ|ꠝꠋꠉꠧꠟ]] (0.3%), ꠀꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠘ꠆ꠘ (0.7%) |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e6e6fa; padding: 0.2em;" | ꠀꠞ꠆ꠕꠘꠤꠔꠤ ꠀꠞ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠔꠕ꠆ꠕ |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠎꠤꠒꠤꠙꠤ (2017)<ref name="GDP2017">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bjstats.gov.cn/bwtt/201802/t20180227_393406.html|title=Statistical Communiqué of Beijing on the 2017 National Economic and Social Development|publisher=Statistical Bureau of Beijing|language=zh|date=2018-02-27|access-date=2018-06-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622111533/http://www.bjstats.gov.cn/bwtt/201802/t20180227_393406.html|archive-date=2018-06-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> | '''ꠝꠥꠐ:''' $414.71 ꠛꠤꠟꠤꠅꠘ (12ꠔꠝ)<br />'''ꠝꠣꠕꠣꠙꠤꠍꠥ:''' ¥128,927 / $19,895 (1ꠝ)<br />'''ꠛꠣꠠꠔꠤ:''' ▲ 6.7% |- ! style="text-align: left;" | [[ꠝꠣꠘꠛ ꠃꠘ꠆ꠘꠄꠘ ꠡꠥꠌꠇ|ꠝꠣꠃꠡꠥ]] (2014) | 0.869<ref name="2013report">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cn.undp.org/content/dam/china/docs/Publications/UNDP-CH-HD-Publication-NHDR_2013_EN_final.pdf|title=2013 China Human Development Report|year=2013|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] China|access-date=5 January 2014|archive-date=11 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611132435/http://www.cn.undp.org/content/dam/china/docs/Publications/UNDP-CH-HD-Publication-NHDR_2013_EN_final.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> (1ꠝ) — <span style="color:#090;">ꠈꠥꠛ ꠃꠙꠞꠦ</span> |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠡꠝꠄ অঞ্চল | [[ꠌꠤꠘ ꠝꠣꠘ ꠡꠝꠄ]] (UTC+8) |- ! style="text-align: left;" | [[ꠌꠤꠘꠞ ꠒꠣꠇ ꠡꠋꠇꠦꠔ|ꠙꠥꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠇꠧꠒ]] | '''1000'''00–'''1026'''29 |- ! style="text-align: left;" | [[ꠌꠤꠘꠞ ꠐꠦꠟꠤꠚꠧꠘ ꠘꠝ꠆ꠛꠞ|ꠄꠞꠤꠀ ꠇꠧꠒ]] | +86 (10) |- ! style="text-align: left;" | [[ISO 3166-2:CN|ꠀꠁꠄꠍꠅ ꠇꠧꠒ]] | CN-BJ |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠉꠣꠠꠤꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠟꠦꠐ | 京A, C, E, F, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, Y<br />京B (ꠐꠦꠇ꠆ꠍꠤ), 京G (ꠡꠢꠞꠞ ꠛꠣꠁꠞꠦ), 京O, D (ꠙꠥꠟꠤꠡ) |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠡꠋꠇꠦꠙ ꠘꠣꠝ | BJ / 京 (jīng) |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠡꠢꠞꠞ ꠉꠣꠍ | [[Chinese arborvitae]] (''Platycladus orientalis'')<br />[[Styphnolobium|Pagoda tree]] (''Sophora japonica'') |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠡꠢꠞꠞ ꠚꠥꠟ | [[Rosa chinensis|ꠌꠤꠘꠣ ꠉꠥꠟꠣꠙ]] (''Rosa chinensis'')<br />[[Chrysanthemum|ꠌꠘ꠆ꠖ꠆ꠞꠝꠟ꠆ꠟꠤꠇꠣ]] (''Chrysanthemum morifolium'') |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠅꠦꠛꠍꠣꠁꠐ | [http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/ eBeijing.gov.cn] (ꠁꠋꠞꠦꠎꠤ)<br />[http://www.beijing.gov.cn/ beijing.gov.cn] (ꠌꠤꠘꠣ) |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #b0c4de; padding: 0.3em;" | ꠌꠤꠘꠣ ꠘꠣꠝ ꠀꠞ ꠃꠌ꠆ꠌꠣꠞꠘ |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding: 0.4em 0;" | [[File:Beijing name.svg|110px]]<br /><small>ꠌꠤꠘꠣ ꠢꠞꠚꠦ "Běijīng"</small> |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠌꠤꠘꠣ ꠢꠞꠚ | 北京 |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠀꠇ꠆ꠇꠞꠤꠇ ꠝꠣꠘꠤ | ꠃꠔ꠆ꠔꠞꠞ ꠞꠣꠎꠗꠣꠘꠤ |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠝꠦꠘ꠆ꠒꠣꠞꠤꠘ (ꠙꠤꠘꠁꠘ) | Běijīng ([[:File:Beijing pronunciation.ogg|ꠢꠥꠘꠂꠘ]]) |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠒꠣꠇ ꠛꠣꠘꠣꠘ | Peking<ref>Loaned earlier via French "Pékin".</ref><br />[[Peiping]] <small>(1368–1403; 1928–1937; 1945–1949)</small> |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠅꠦꠒ-ꠎꠣꠁꠟ꠆ꠍ | Pei³-ching¹ |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠛꠧꠙꠧꠝꠧꠚꠧ | ㄅㄟˇ ㄐㄧㄥ |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠇꠦꠘ꠆ꠐꠘꠤꠎ (ꠎꠤꠃꠔꠙꠤꠋ) | Bak1ging1 (Bākgìng / Bākgīng) |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠢꠇ꠆ꠇꠤꠄꠘ (POJ) | Pak-kiaⁿ / Pak-kiann |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠢꠣꠇ꠆ꠇꠣ | Bet⁵-gin¹ |} '''ꠛꠦꠁꠎꠤꠋ''' ꠛꠣ '''ꠙꠦꠁꠌꠤꠋ''' ꠙꠥꠛ ꠄꠡꠤꠀꠞ ꠌꠤꠘ ꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠞꠣꠎꠗꠣꠘꠤ ⁕ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠝꠞ꠆ꠎꠣꠖꠣꠞ ꠡꠝꠣꠘ ꠝꠞ꠆ꠎꠣꠖꠣ ꠙꠣꠅꠀ ꠛꠦꠁꠎꠤꠋ ꠘꠉꠞꠤꠇꠦ ꠉꠘꠙ꠆ꠞꠎꠣꠔꠘ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤ ꠌꠤꠘ ꠡꠞꠇꠣꠞꠞ ꠡꠤꠗꠣ ꠇꠦꠘ꠆ꠖ꠆ꠞꠤꠅ ꠡꠣꠡꠤꠔ ꠙꠥꠞꠡꠜꠣ ꠢꠤꠡꠣꠛꠦ ꠌꠣꠟꠣꠘꠤ ꠅꠄ ⁕<ref name=figures>ꠙꠞꠤꠡꠋꠈꠣꠘꠉꠥꠟꠣ {{ꠉꠘꠣ|2006}} ꠡꠣꠟꠞ ꠙꠞꠤꠡꠋꠈꠣꠘꠞ ꠃꠙꠞ ꠜꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠇꠞꠤ ꠔꠂꠞꠤ, ꠎꠦꠉꠥꠟꠣ {{ꠉꠘꠣ|2007}} ꠡꠣꠟꠞ ꠌꠤꠘꠞ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠅ ꠙꠞꠤꠡꠋꠈꠣꠘ ꠛꠁꠔꠦ ꠙꠇꠣꠡ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠅꠁꠍꠦ ⁕ ꠡꠘ꠆ꠖꠞ꠆ꠜ: [http://www.chinapop.gov.cn/wxzl/rkgk/200806/t20080629_157020.htm {{ꠉꠘꠣ|2006}} ꠡꠣꠟꠞ ꠌꠤꠘꠞ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠣꠝꠤꠘ ꠎꠘꠉꠘꠞ ꠡꠋꠈꠣ] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20090310163630/http://www.chinapop.gov.cn/wxzl/rkgk/200806/t20080629_157020.htm ꠀꠞ꠆ꠇꠣꠁꠜ]) ⁕ ꠢꠣꠟꠣꠟꠣꠉꠣꠘꠤ: {{ꠉꠘꠣ|21}} ꠄꠙ꠆ꠞꠤꠟ {{ꠉꠘꠣ|2009}}⁕</ref> ꠡꠣꠝꠉ꠆ꠞꠤꠇ ꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠛꠦꠁꠎꠤꠋꠞꠦ ꠌꠤꠘꠞ ꠞꠣꠎꠘꠤꠔꠤ, ꠡꠤꠇ꠆ꠡꠣ, ꠛꠥꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠛꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠤꠇ ꠀꠞ ꠡꠋꠡꠇ꠆ꠞꠤꠔꠤꠞ ꠇꠦꠘ꠆ꠖ꠆ꠞ ꠢꠤꠡꠣꠛꠦ ꠗꠞꠣ ꠅꠄ ⁕ ꠁꠔꠣꠞ ꠛꠤꠙꠞꠤꠔꠦ ꠡꠣꠋꠢꠣꠁ ꠀꠞ [[ꠢꠋꠇꠋ]] ꠌꠤꠘꠞ ꠅꠞ꠆ꠕꠘꠤꠔꠤꠇ ꠎꠤꠛꠘꠅ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠜꠣꠛ ꠛꠤꠍ꠆ꠔꠣꠞ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠖꠥꠁ ꠛꠠ ꠝꠢꠣꠘꠉꠞꠤ ⁕ {{ꠟꠇ}} nun9gpb19rmf890yfnv69lunaqpc2en 0 9510 34569 2026-11-07T07:31:44Z Amirhusenjihed 973 ꠘꠁꠀ ꠛꠣꠘꠣꠁꠍꠤ 34569 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:إنا لله وإنا إليه راجعون.jpg|thumb|ꠀꠞꠛꠤꠔꠦ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠁꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠟꠤꠟ꠆ꠟꠣꠢꠤ ꠅꠀ ꠁꠘ꠆ꠘꠣ ꠁꠟꠣꠁꠢꠤ ꠞꠎꠤꠃꠘ]] [[File:Al-Baqarah verse 156.mp3|thumb|right|ꠇꠥꠞꠀꠘ ২:১৫৬-ꠄ ꠁꠡ꠆ꠔꠤꠞꠎꠣꠞ ꠔꠦꠟꠣꠅꠀꠔ]] [[File:Muslim Cemetery Jerusalem 07.jpg|thumb|right|[[ꠎꠦꠞꠥꠎꠣꠟꠦꠝꠦꠞ ꠙꠥꠞꠘꠧ ꠡꠢꠞ|ꠎꠦꠞꠥꠎꠣꠟꠦꠝꠦꠞ ꠙꠥꠞꠘꠧ ꠡꠢꠞꠦꠞ]] ꠙꠥꠞ꠆ꠞ ꠖꠦꠀꠟ ꠛꠞꠣꠛꠞ ꠀꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠤꠔ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠝꠥꠡꠟꠤꠝ ꠇꠛꠞꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘ, ꠎꠣꠞ ꠇꠛꠞꠚꠟꠇꠦ ꠄꠁ ꠛꠣꠇ꠆ꠇꠐꠤ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠞꠁꠄꠍꠦ।]] '''ꠁꠘ꠆ꠘꠣ ꠟꠤꠟ꠆ꠟꠣꠢꠤ ꠅꠀ ꠁꠘ꠆ꠘꠣ ꠁꠟꠣꠁꠢꠤ ꠞꠎꠤꠃꠘ''' ({{lang-ar|{{large|إِنَّا لِلَّٰهِ وَإِنَّا إِلَيْهِ رَاجِعُونَ‎}}}}; {{ꠀꠒꠤꠅ|Al-Baqarah verse 156.mp3|ꠡꠥꠘꠥꠘ}}) ꠢꠟꠧ [[ꠇꠥꠞꠀꠘ|ꠇꠥꠞꠀꠘꠦꠞ]] ꠄꠇꠐꠤ [[ꠀꠀꠔ]] (ꠛꠣꠇ꠆ꠇ) ꠛꠣ [[ꠖꠧꠀ]], ꠎꠣꠞ [[ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣ]] ꠅꠞ꠆ꠕ ꠢꠟꠧ '''''"ꠀꠝꠞꠣ ꠀꠟ꠆ꠟꠣꠢꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠘꠤꠡ꠆ꠌꠁꠁ ꠀꠝꠞꠣ ꠀꠟ꠆ꠟꠣꠢꠞ ꠇꠣꠍꠦꠁ ꠚꠤꠞꠦ ꠎꠣꠛ"'''''।<ref>{{ꠅꠁꠄꠛ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ|ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=http://quranx.com/2.156|ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=al-Baqarah 2:156|ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=1 June 2018}}</ref> ꠄꠐꠤ '''ꠁꠡ꠆ꠔꠤꠞꠎꠣ'''' ({{lang-ar|اِسْتِرْجَاع‎||lit=[[ꠙ꠆ꠞꠔ꠆ꠔꠣꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠘ]]}}) ꠘꠣꠝꠦꠅ ꠙꠞꠤꠌꠤꠔ।<ref>{{ꠅꠁꠄꠛ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ|ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://www.juancole.com/library/dictionary-of-islam-hughes/istirja|ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Istirja|ꠅꠁꠄꠛꠡꠣꠁꠐ=ꠁꠘꠚꠞ꠆ꠝ꠆‌ꠒ ꠇꠝꠦꠘ꠆ꠐ|ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=৬ ꠀꠉꠡ꠆ꠐ ২০২১}}</ref> ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘꠔ [[ꠝꠥꠡꠟꠝꠣꠘ|ꠝꠥꠡꠟꠝꠣꠘꠞꠣ]] ꠔꠣꠖꠦꠞ [[ꠛꠦꠖꠘꠣ|ꠛꠦꠖꠘꠣꠞ]] [[ꠀꠜꠤꠛ꠆ꠛꠇ꠆ꠔꠤ]] [[ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡ]] ꠇꠞꠔꠦ [[ꠛꠣꠇ꠆ꠇ]]ꠐꠤ [[ꠃꠌ꠆ꠌꠣꠞꠘ]] ꠇꠞꠦ,<ref>{{ꠅꠁꠄꠛ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ|ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=http://islamqa.com/en/ref/71236/calamity|ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=Islam Question and Answer - The believer's attitude towards calamities|ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=IslamQA|ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=30 April 2011|ꠀꠞ꠆ꠇꠣꠁꠜꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=২০ ꠝꠣꠞ꠆ꠌ ২০১২|ꠀꠞ꠆ꠇꠣꠁꠜꠦꠞ-ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320055003/http://islamqa.com/en/ref/71236/calamity|ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ-ꠀꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣ=ꠀꠇꠣꠞ꠆ꠞꠇꠞ}}</ref><ref>{{ꠅꠁꠄꠛ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ|ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=http://www.isunnah.com/sunnah_4582.html|ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=When one is struck by calamity (trouble)|ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠇ=iSunnah|ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=30 April 2011|ꠀꠞ꠆ꠇꠣꠁꠜꠦꠞ-ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215173335/http://www.isunnah.com/sunnah_4582.html|ꠀꠞ꠆ꠇꠣꠁꠜꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=১৫ ꠚꠦꠛ꠆ꠞꠥꠀꠞꠤ ২০১১|ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ-ꠀꠛꠡ꠆ꠕꠣ=ꠀꠇꠣꠞ꠆ꠞꠇꠞ}}</ref> ꠛꠣꠇ꠆ꠇꠐꠤ ꠁꠄꠇꠧꠘꠧ [[ꠝꠥꠡꠟꠤꠝ|ꠝꠥꠡꠟꠤꠝꠦꠞ]] ꠝꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠥ ꠛꠣ ꠁꠄꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠖꠥ꠨ꠡꠋꠛꠣꠖꠦꠁ ꠙꠣꠑ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠁ। == ꠇꠥꠞꠀꠘꠦ ꠃꠟ꠆ꠟꠦꠈ == ꠄꠁ [[ꠖꠧꠀ]] [[ꠇꠥꠞꠀꠘ|ꠇꠥꠞꠀꠘꠦ]] [[ꠡꠥꠞꠣ ꠛꠣꠇꠣꠞꠣ|ꠡꠥꠞꠣ ꠀꠟ ꠛꠣꠇꠣꠞꠣꠞ]] ১৫৬ ꠘꠋ [[ꠀꠀꠔ|ꠀꠀꠔꠦ]] ꠃꠟ꠆ꠟꠦꠈ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠁꠄꠍꠦ। {{ꠒꠣꠘ| وَلَنَبْلُوَنَّكُمْ بِشَيْءٍ مِّنَ الْخَوفْ وَالْجُوعِ وَنَقْصٍ مِّنَ الأَمَوَالِ وَالأنفُسِ وَالثَّمَرَاتِ وَبَشِّرِ الصَّابِرِينَ ۝ الَّذِينَ إِذَا أَصَابَتْهُم مُّصِيبَةٌ قَالُواْ إِنَّا لِلّهِ وَإِنَّـا إِلَيْهِ رَاجِعونَ ۝ }} '''ꠅꠞ꠆ꠕ:''' {{ꠇꠥꠞꠀꠘ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ|২|১৫৫|end=১৫৬|translator=[[ꠝꠥꠢꠤꠃꠖ꠆ꠖꠤꠘ ꠈꠣꠘ]]|q=ꠄꠛꠋ ꠀꠛꠡ꠆ꠡꠁ ꠀꠝꠤ ꠔꠧꠝꠣꠖꠤꠉꠇꠦ [[ꠙꠞꠤꠈꠣ]] ꠇꠞꠛ ꠇꠤꠍꠥꠐꠣ ꠜꠁ, [[ꠈꠥꠗꠣ]], ꠝꠣꠟ ꠅ ꠎꠣꠘꠦꠞ ꠈꠔꠤ ꠅ ꠚꠟ-ꠚꠡꠟ ꠛꠤꠘꠡ꠆ꠐꠦꠞ ꠝꠣꠗ꠆ꠗꠝꠦ। ꠔꠛꠦ ꠡꠥꠡꠋꠛꠣꠖ ꠖꠣꠅ ꠡꠛꠞꠇꠣꠞꠤꠖꠦꠞ। ꠎꠈꠘ ꠔꠣꠞꠣ ꠛꠤꠙꠖꠦ ꠙꠔꠤꠔ ꠢꠁ, ꠔꠈꠘ ꠛꠟꠦ, ''ꠘꠤꠡ꠆ꠌꠁꠁ ꠀꠝꠞꠣ ꠡꠛꠣꠁ ꠀꠟ꠆ꠟꠣꠢꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠀꠝꠞꠣ ꠡꠛꠣꠁ ꠔꠣꠋꠞꠁ ꠡꠣꠘ꠆ꠘꠤꠗ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠚꠤꠞꠦ ꠎꠣꠛ।''}} == ꠢꠣꠖꠤꠡꠦ ꠃꠟ꠆ꠟꠦꠈ == [[ꠡꠥꠘꠣꠘ ꠀꠔ-ꠔꠤꠞꠝꠤꠎꠤ]]ꠔꠦ ꠃꠟ꠆ꠟꠦꠈ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠁꠄꠍꠦ ꠁꠄ, [[ꠀꠛꠥ ꠡꠣꠟꠣꠝꠣ ꠁꠛꠘꠦ ꠀꠛꠖꠤꠟ ꠀꠡꠣꠖ|ꠀꠛꠥ ꠡꠣꠟꠣꠝꠣꠢ꠆ ꠞꠣ.]] ꠕꠦꠇꠦ ꠛꠞ꠆ꠘꠤꠔ— ꠞꠣꠡꠥꠟꠥꠟ꠆ꠟꠣꠢ (ꠡꠣ.) ꠛꠟꠦꠍꠦꠘ: {{ꠃꠇ꠆ꠔꠤ|ꠔꠧꠝꠣꠖꠦꠞ ꠇꠣꠞꠧ ꠃꠙꠞ ꠇꠧꠘ ꠛꠤꠙꠖ ꠄꠟꠦ ꠀꠛꠡ꠆ꠡꠁ ꠡꠦ ꠁꠄꠘ ꠛꠟꠦ: ({{lang-ar| إنَّا لِلَّهِ وَإِنَّا إِلَيْهِ رَاجِعُونَ اللَّهُمَّ عِنْدَكَ احْتَسَبْتُ مُصِيبَتِي فَأْجُرْنِي فِيهَا وَأَبْدِلْنِي مِنْهَا خَيْرًا; |lit='''ꠘꠤꠡ꠆ꠌꠁꠁ ꠀꠝꠞꠣ ꠀꠟ꠆ꠟꠣꠢꠞ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠀꠝꠣꠖꠦꠞꠇꠦ ꠀꠛꠡ꠆ꠡꠁ ꠔꠣꠋꠞ ꠖꠤꠇꠦ ꠚꠤꠞꠦ ꠁꠄꠔꠦ ꠢꠛꠦ।'' ꠢꠦ ꠀꠟ꠆ꠟꠣꠢ! ꠔꠧꠝꠣꠞ ꠘꠤꠇꠐ ꠀꠝꠤ ꠀꠝꠣꠞ ꠛꠤꠙꠖꠦꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠔꠤꠖꠣꠘ ꠌꠣꠁ। ꠀꠔꠄꠛ ꠔꠥꠝꠤ ꠀꠝꠣꠇꠦ ꠄꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠔꠤꠖꠣꠘ ꠖꠣꠅ ꠄꠛꠋ ꠄꠞ ꠛꠤꠘꠝꠁꠄ ꠜꠣꠟꠣ ꠇꠤꠍꠥ ꠖꠣꠘ ꠇꠞꠧ।}})|source=[[ꠡꠥꠘꠣꠘ ꠀꠔ-ꠔꠤꠞꠝꠤꠎꠤ]], ꠢꠣꠖꠤꠡ ꠘꠋ [http://ihadis.com:8080/books/tirmidi/hadis/3511 ৩৫১১]; [[ꠃꠝ꠆ꠝꠦ ꠡꠣꠟꠣꠝꠣ]] ꠕꠦꠇꠦ ꠛꠞ꠆ꠘꠤꠔ ꠀꠘꠥꠞꠥꠙ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ ꠢꠣꠖꠤꠡ [[ꠡꠢꠤꠢ ꠝꠥꠡꠟꠤꠝ|ꠡꠢꠤꠢ꠆ ꠝꠥꠡꠟꠤꠝꠦ]] ꠃꠟ꠆ꠟꠦꠈ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠁꠄꠍꠦ ([[ꠡꠢꠤꠢ ꠝꠥꠡꠟꠤꠝ]], ꠢꠣꠖꠤꠡ ꠘꠋ [https://www.hadithbd.com/hadith/link/?id=48772 ৯১৮])।}} == ꠙꠞꠣꠞ ꠛꠤꠗꠣꠘ == 'ꠁꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠟꠤꠟ꠆ꠟꠣꠢ' [[ꠛꠣꠇ꠆ꠇ|ꠛꠣꠇ꠆ꠇꠐꠤ]] ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘꠔ ꠛꠤꠙꠖ-ꠀꠙꠖ, ꠖꠥ꠨ꠡꠋꠛꠣꠖ ꠛꠣ ꠇꠣꠞꠧ [[ꠝꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠥ|ꠝꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠥꠞ]] ꠈꠛꠞ ꠡꠥꠘꠟꠦ ꠙꠣꠑ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠁ: - '''ꠛꠤꠙꠖ ꠛꠣ ꠇꠡ꠆ꠐꠦꠞ ꠡꠝꠁ''': ꠎꠈꠘ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠛꠦꠇ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠄꠝꠘ ꠇꠤꠍꠥꠞ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠝꠥꠈꠤꠘ ꠢꠁ, ꠎꠣ ꠡꠦ ꠙꠍꠘ꠆ꠖ ꠇꠞꠦ ꠘꠣ; ꠁꠄꠝꠘ: ꠢꠑꠣꠔ꠆ ꠈꠔꠤꠞ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠝꠥꠈꠤꠘ ꠢꠅꠀ, ꠀꠕꠛꠣ ꠇꠧꠘ ꠇꠤꠍꠥ ꠢꠣꠞꠤꠁꠄ ꠎꠣꠅꠀ, ꠖꠥꠞ꠆ꠊꠐꠘꠣꠞ ꠡꠤꠇꠣꠞ ꠢꠅꠀ ꠛꠣ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠖꠥ꠨ꠈꠎꠘꠇ ꠙꠞꠤꠡ꠆ꠕꠤꠔꠤꠔꠦ ꠙꠔꠤꠔ ꠢꠅꠀ, ꠔꠈꠘ “'''ꠁꠘ꠆ꠘꠣ ꠟꠤꠟ꠆ꠟꠣꠢꠤ ꠅꠀ ꠁꠘ꠆ꠘꠣ ꠁꠟꠣꠁꠢꠤ ꠞꠣꠎꠤꠃꠘ'''” ꠛꠟꠣ [[ꠡꠥꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠢ|ꠡꠥꠘ꠆ꠘꠔ]]। - '''ꠝꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠥꠡꠋꠛꠣꠖ ꠡꠧꠘꠣꠞ ꠡꠝꠁ''': ꠎꠈꠘ ꠇꠧꠘꠧ ꠛꠦꠇ꠆ꠔꠤꠞ [[ꠝꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠥ|ꠝꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠥꠞ]] ꠡꠋꠛꠣꠖ ꠡꠧꠘꠣ ꠎꠣꠁ, ꠔꠈꠘ ꠄꠁ ꠛꠣꠇ꠆ꠇꠐꠤ ꠛꠤꠡꠦꠡꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠙꠣꠑ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠢꠁ ꠄꠛꠋ [[ꠝꠥꠡꠟꠤꠝ]] ꠡꠝꠣꠎꠦ ꠄꠐꠤ ꠈꠥꠛꠁ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠌꠟꠤꠔ। ꠄꠐꠤ ꠡꠧꠇꠣꠢꠔ ꠛꠦꠇ꠆ꠔꠤꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠡꠣꠘ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠛꠘꠣ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠦꠞ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠘꠔꠝ ꠄꠇꠐꠤ [[ꠖꠧꠀ]] ꠢꠤꠡꠦꠛꠦ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠤꠔ ꠢꠁ।<ref>{{ꠅꠁꠄꠛ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ|ꠡꠦꠡꠣꠋꠡ=admin|ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=2015-04-16|ꠜꠣꠡꠣ=ar|ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ="إنا لله وإنا إليه راجعون"...كلمة تعزية، ومنهاج سلوك وتربية|ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://www.hespress.com/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D9%88%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87-%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9%D8%8C-217735.html|ꠡꠋꠉ꠆ꠞꠢꠦꠞ-ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=2025-11-16|ꠅꠁꠄꠛꠡꠣꠁꠐ=Hespress - هسبريس جريدة إلكترونية مغربية}}</ref> == ꠀꠞꠅ ꠖꠦꠈꠥꠘ == *[[ꠡꠣꠢꠣꠖꠔ]] *[[ꠛꠤꠡꠝꠤꠟ꠆ꠟꠣꠢꠤꠞ ꠞꠣꠢꠝꠣꠘꠤꠞ ꠞꠣꠢꠤꠝ]] *[[ꠢꠣꠅꠇꠟꠣ]] *[[ꠔꠣꠀꠃꠎ]] *[[ꠁꠡ꠆ꠔꠤꠉꠚꠣꠞ]] == ꠔꠕ꠆ꠕꠡꠥꠔ꠆ꠞ == {{ꠡꠥꠔ꠆ꠞ ꠔꠣꠟꠤꠇꠣ}} == ꠛꠢꠤ꠨ꠡꠋꠎꠧꠉ == - {{ꠅꠁꠄꠛ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠗꠤꠔꠤ |ꠁꠃꠀꠞꠄꠟ=https://www.alkawsar.com/bn/article/1916/ |ꠡꠤꠞꠧꠘꠣꠝ=ꠁꠘ꠆ꠘꠣ ꠟꠤꠟ꠆ꠟꠣꠢꠤ ꠅꠀ ꠁꠘ꠆ꠘꠣ ꠁꠟꠣꠁꠢꠤ ꠞꠣꠎꠤꠃꠘ ꠛꠣꠘꠤ ꠅ ꠛꠣꠞ꠆ꠔꠣ, ꠝꠞ꠆ꠝ ꠅ ꠝꠞ꠆ꠞꠣꠖꠣ |ꠟꠦꠈꠇ=ꠝꠥꠢꠣꠝ꠆ꠝꠣꠖ ꠎꠣꠇꠣꠞꠤꠀ ꠀꠛ꠆ꠖꠥꠟ꠆ꠟꠣꠢ |ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈ=ꠒꠤꠡꠦꠝ꠆ꠛꠞ ২০১৬ |ꠅꠁꠄꠛꠡꠣꠁꠐ=[[ꠝꠣꠡꠤꠇ ꠀꠟ ꠇꠣꠃꠡꠣꠞ]]}} [[ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠁꠡꠟꠣꠝꠤ ꠙꠞꠤꠜꠣꠡꠣ]] [[ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠇꠥꠞꠀꠘꠦꠞ ꠀꠀꠔ]] [[ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠇꠥꠞꠀꠘꠤꠎ় ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖ ꠅ ꠛꠣꠇ꠆ꠇꠣꠋꠡ]] [[ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠡꠥꠞꠣ ꠀꠟ-ꠛꠣꠇꠣꠞꠣ]] [[ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠁꠡꠟꠣꠝꠤ ꠙꠞꠇꠣꠟꠛꠤꠖ꠆ꠖꠣ]] [[ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠁꠡꠟꠣꠝꠤꠇ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠞ꠆ꠕꠘꠣ]] qt48l4n0dvpfsj8bsiitqgdpgc3zegw 34570 34569 2026-11-07T07:36:52Z Amirhusenjihed 973 ꠑꠤꠇ ꠇꠞꠍꠤ 34570 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:إنا لله وإنا إليه راجعون.jpg|thumb|ꠀꠞꠛꠤꠔꠦ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠁꠘ꠆ꠘꠣ ꠟꠤꠟ꠆ꠟꠣꠢꠤ ꠅꠀ ꠁꠘ꠆ꠘꠣ ꠁꠟꠣꠁꠢꠤ ꠞꠣꠎꠤꠃꠘ]] [[File:Al-Baqarah verse 156.mp3|thumb|right|ꠇꠥꠞꠀꠘ 2:156-ꠅ ꠁꠡ꠆ꠔꠤꠞꠎꠣꠞ ꠔꠦꠟꠣꠅꠀꠔ]] [[File:Muslim Cemetery Jerusalem 07.jpg|thumb|right|[[ꠎꠦꠞꠥꠎꠣꠟꠦꠝꠞ ꠙꠥꠞꠣꠘ ꠡꠢꠞ|ꠎꠦꠞꠥꠎꠣꠟꠦꠝꠞ ꠙꠥꠞꠣꠘ ꠡꠢꠞꠞ]] ꠙꠥꠛꠞ ꠖꠦꠅꠀꠟꠞ ꠟꠉꠦ ꠄꠇꠐꠣ ꠝꠥꠍꠟꠤꠝ ꠇꠛꠞꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠘ, ꠎꠦꠘꠞ ꠇꠛꠞꠞ ꠙꠣꠔ꠆ꠔꠞꠅ ꠁ ꠛꠣꠇ꠆ꠇꠐꠣ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠀꠍꠦ꠶]] '''ꠁꠘ꠆ꠘꠣ ꠟꠤꠟ꠆ꠟꠣꠢꠤ ꠅꠀ ꠁꠘ꠆ꠘꠣ ꠁꠟꠣꠁꠢꠤ ꠞꠣꠎꠤꠃꠘ''' ({{lang-ar|إِنَّا لِلَّٰهِ وَإِنَّا إِلَيْهِ رَاجِعُونَ}}) ꠅꠁꠟꠧ [[ꠇꠥꠞꠀꠘ|ꠇꠥꠞꠀꠘꠞ]] ꠄꠇꠐꠣ [[ꠀꠀꠔ]] (ꠛꠣꠇ꠆ꠇ) ꠛꠣ [[ꠖꠥꠀ]], ꠎꠣꠞ [[ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ|ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ]] ꠝꠣꠘꠤ ꠅꠁꠟꠧ '''''"ꠀꠝꠞꠣ ꠀꠟ꠆ꠟꠣꠢꠞ ꠟꠣꠉꠤ ꠀꠞ ꠘꠤꠡ꠆ꠌꠄꠁ ꠀꠝꠞꠣ ꠀꠟ꠆ꠟꠣꠢꠞ ꠉꠦꠍꠦꠁ ꠚꠤꠞꠤꠀ ꠎꠣꠁꠝꠥ"'''''꠶<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://quranx.com/2.156|title=al-Baqarah 2:156|access-date=1 June 2018}}</ref> ꠁꠐꠣ '''ꠁꠡ꠆ꠔꠤꠞꠎꠣ''' ({{lang-ar|اِسْتِرْجَاع}}) ꠘꠣꠝꠦꠅ ꠙꠞꠤꠌꠤꠔ꠶<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.juancole.com/library/dictionary-of-islam-hughes/istirja|title=Istirja|website=Informed Comment|access-date=6 August 2021}}</ref> ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘꠔ [[ꠝꠥꠍꠟꠝꠣꠘ|ꠝꠥꠍꠟꠝꠣꠘ ꠅꠇꠟꠦ]] ꠔꠣꠞꠣꠞ [[ꠖꠥꠈ|ꠖꠥꠈ-ꠇꠡ꠆ꠐ]] ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡ ꠇꠞꠔꠦ ꠁ [[ꠛꠣꠇ꠆ꠇ|ꠛꠣꠇ꠆ꠇꠐꠣ]] ꠙꠠꠁꠘ,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://islamqa.com/en/ref/71236/calamity|title=Islam Question and Answer - The believer's attitude towards calamities|publisher=IslamQA|access-date=30 April 2011|archive-date=20 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320055003/http://islamqa.com/en/ref/71236/calamity|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.isunnah.com/sunnah_4582.html|title=When one is struck by calamity (trouble)|publisher=iSunnah|access-date=30 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215173335/http://www.isunnah.com/sunnah_4582.html|archive-date=15 February 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> ꠛꠣꠇ꠆ꠇꠐꠣ ꠎꠦꠇꠥꠘꠥ [[ꠝꠥꠍꠟꠤꠝ|ꠝꠥꠍꠟꠝꠣꠘꠞ]] ꠝꠃꠔ ꠛꠣ ꠎꠦꠇꠥꠘꠥ ꠛꠣꠖ ꠈꠛꠞ ꠢꠥꠘꠟꠦꠁ ꠙꠠꠣ ꠅꠄ꠶ == ꠇꠥꠞꠀꠘꠅ ꠃꠟ꠆ꠟꠦꠈ == ꠁ [[ꠖꠥꠀ]] [[ꠇꠥꠞꠀꠘ|ꠇꠥꠞꠀꠘꠞ]] [[ꠡꠥꠞꠣ ꠛꠣꠇꠣꠞꠣ|ꠡꠥꠞꠣ ꠀꠟ-ꠛꠣꠇꠣꠞꠣꠞ]] 156 ꠘꠝ꠆ꠛꠞ [[ꠀꠀꠔ|ꠀꠀꠔꠅ]] ꠃꠟ꠆ꠟꠦꠈ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠅꠁꠍꠦ꠶ <div style="text-align: right; font-size: 130%; margin: 1em 0;">وَلَنَبْلُوَنَّكُمْ بِشَيْءٍ مِّنَ الْخَوفْ وَالْجُوعِ وَنَقْصٍ مِّنَ الأَمَوَالِ وَالأنفُسِ وَالثَّمَرَاتِ وَبَشِّرِ الصَّابِرِينَ ۝ الَّذِينَ إِذَا أَصَابَتْهُم مُّصِيبَةٌ قَالُواْ إِنَّا لِلّهِ وَإِنَّـا إِلَيْهِ رَاجِعونَ ۝</div> '''ꠝꠣꠘꠤ:''' ꠀꠞ ꠘꠤꠡ꠆ꠌꠄꠁ ꠀꠝꠤ ꠔꠥꠝꠞꠣꠞꠦ [[ꠙꠞꠤꠇ꠆ꠇꠣ]] ꠇꠞꠝꠥ ꠇꠤꠍꠥ ꠒꠞ-ꠜꠄ, [[ꠜꠥꠇ]], ꠝꠣꠟ ꠀꠞ ꠎꠣꠘꠞ ꠈꠔꠤ ꠀꠞ ꠚꠟ-ꠚꠡꠟ ꠘꠡ꠆ꠐꠞ ꠝꠣꠗ꠆ꠗꠝꠦ꠶ ꠔꠛꠦ ꠈꠥꠡꠤꠞ ꠈꠛꠞ ꠖꠦꠅ ꠡꠛꠞ ꠇꠞꠞꠣ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡꠞꠦ꠶ ꠎꠦꠛꠟꠣ ꠔꠣꠞꠣ ꠛꠤꠙꠖꠅ ꠙꠠꠦ, ꠢꠦꠛꠟꠣ ꠈꠄ, ''ꠘꠤꠡ꠆ꠌꠄꠁ ꠀꠝꠞꠣ ꠢꠇꠟꠦ ꠀꠟ꠆ꠟꠣꠢꠞ ꠟꠣꠉꠤ ꠀꠞ ꠀꠝꠞꠣ ꠢꠇꠟꠦ ꠔꠣꠘꠞ ꠉꠦꠍꠦꠁ ꠚꠤꠞꠤꠀ ꠎꠣꠁꠝꠥ꠶'' (ꠇꠥꠞꠀꠘ 2:155–156) == ꠢꠣꠖꠤꠍꠅ ꠃꠟ꠆ꠟꠦꠈ == [[ꠍꠥꠘꠣꠘ ꠀꠔ-ꠔꠤꠞ꠆ꠝꠤꠎꠤ]]-ꠔ ꠃꠟ꠆ꠟꠦꠈ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠅꠁꠍꠦ ꠎꠦ, [[ꠀꠛꠥ ꠍꠣꠟꠣꠝꠣ ꠁꠛꠘꠦ ꠀꠛꠖꠤꠟ ꠀꠍꠣꠖ|ꠀꠛꠥ ꠍꠣꠟꠣꠝꠣ (ꠞꠣ.)]] ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ꠛꠞ꠆ꠘꠤꠔ— ꠞꠣꠍꠥꠟꠥꠟ꠆ꠟꠣꠢ (ꠍꠋ) ꠈꠁꠍꠁꠘ: {{Quote|ꠔꠥꠝꠞꠣꠞ ꠇꠦꠃꠞ ꠃꠙꠞꠦ ꠇꠥꠘꠥ ꠛꠤꠙꠖ ꠀꠁꠟꠦ ꠢꠦ ꠎꠦꠘ ꠈꠄ: {{lang-ar|إنَّا لِلَّهِ وَإِنَّا إِلَيْهِ رَاجِعُونَ اللَّهُمَّ عِنْدَكَ احْتَسَبْتُ مُصِيبَتِي فَأْجُرْنِي فِيهَا وَأَبْدِلْنِي مِنْهَا خَيْرًا}} ('''ꠘꠤꠡ꠆ꠌꠄꠁ ꠀꠝꠞꠣ ꠀꠟ꠆ꠟꠣꠢꠞ ꠀꠞ ꠀꠝꠞꠣꠞꠦ ꠘꠤꠡ꠆ꠌꠄꠁ ꠔꠣꠘꠞ ꠛꠣꠄ ꠚꠤꠞꠤꠀ ꠎꠣꠁꠔꠦ ꠅꠁꠛꠧ꠶ ꠢꠦ ꠀꠟ꠆ꠟꠣꠢ! ꠔꠥꠝꠣꠞ ꠉꠦꠍꠦ ꠀꠝꠤ ꠀꠝꠣꠞ ꠛꠤꠙꠖꠞ ꠛꠖꠟꠣ ꠌꠣꠁ꠶ ꠔꠥꠝꠤ ꠀꠝꠣꠞꠦ ꠄꠞ ꠛꠖꠟꠣ ꠖꠦꠅ ꠀꠞ ꠄꠞ ꠛꠖꠟꠦ ꠀꠞꠅ ꠜꠣꠟꠣ ꠇꠤꠍꠥ ꠖꠣꠘ ꠇꠞꠧ꠶'') — [[ꠍꠥꠘꠣꠘ ꠀꠔ-ꠔꠤꠞ꠆ꠝꠤꠎꠤ]], ꠢꠣꠖꠤꠍ ꠘꠝ꠆ꠛꠞ [http://ihadis.com:8080/books/tirmidi/hadis/3511 3511]; [[ꠃꠝ꠆ꠝꠦ ꠍꠣꠟꠣꠝꠣ]] ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ꠛꠞ꠆ꠘꠤꠔ ꠄꠇꠁꠞꠇꠝ ꠄꠇꠐꠣ ꠢꠣꠖꠤꠍ [[ꠍꠢꠤꠢ ꠝꠥꠍꠟꠤꠝ|ꠍꠢꠤꠢ ꠝꠥꠍꠟꠤꠝꠅ]] ꠀꠍꠦ (ꠢꠣꠖꠤꠍ ꠘꠝ꠆ꠛꠞ [https://www.hadithbd.com/hadith/link/?id=48772 918])꠶}} == ꠙꠠꠣꠞ ꠘꠤꠅꠝ == 'ꠁꠘ꠆ꠘꠣ ꠟꠤꠟ꠆ꠟꠣꠢ' [[ꠛꠣꠇ꠆ꠇ|ꠛꠣꠇ꠆ꠇꠐꠣ]] ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘꠔ ꠛꠤꠙꠖ-ꠀꠙꠖ, ꠛꠣꠖ ꠈꠛꠞ ꠛꠣ ꠇꠦꠃꠞ [[ꠝꠃꠔ|ꠝꠃꠔꠞ]] ꠈꠛꠞ ꠢꠥꠘꠟꠦ ꠙꠠꠣ ꠅꠄ: * '''ꠛꠤꠙꠖ ꠛꠣ ꠇꠡ꠆ꠐꠞ ꠡꠝꠄ''': ꠎꠦꠛꠟꠣ ꠇꠥꠘꠥ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡ ꠄꠝꠘ ꠇꠤꠍꠥꠔ ꠙꠠꠦ, ꠎꠦꠐꠣ ꠢꠦ ꠙꠍꠘ꠆ꠖ ꠇꠞꠦ ꠘꠣ; ꠎꠦꠝꠘ: ꠢꠑꠣꠔ ꠈꠔꠤꠔ ꠙꠠꠣ, ꠛꠣ ꠇꠥꠘꠥ ꠇꠤꠍꠥ ꠢꠣꠞꠣꠁꠀ ꠎꠣꠅꠀ, ꠄꠇ꠆ꠍꠤꠒꠦꠘ꠆ꠐꠅ ꠙꠠꠣ ꠛꠣ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠘꠣ ꠇꠥꠘꠥ ꠖꠥꠈꠞ ꠢꠣꠟꠔꠅ ꠙꠠꠣ, ꠢꠦꠛꠟꠣ “'''ꠁꠘ꠆ꠘꠣ ꠟꠤꠟ꠆ꠟꠣꠢꠤ ꠅꠀ ꠁꠘ꠆ꠘꠣ ꠁꠟꠣꠁꠢꠤ ꠞꠣꠎꠤꠃꠘ'''” ꠈꠅꠀ [[ꠍꠥꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠢ|ꠍꠥꠘ꠆ꠘꠔ]]꠶ * '''ꠝꠃꠔꠞ ꠈꠛꠞ ꠢꠥꠘꠣꠞ ꠡꠝꠄ''': ꠎꠦꠛꠟꠣ ꠇꠥꠘꠥ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡꠞ [[ꠝꠃꠔ|ꠝꠃꠔꠞ]] ꠈꠛꠞ ꠢꠥꠘꠣ ꠎꠣꠄ, ꠢꠦꠛꠟꠣ ꠁ ꠛꠣꠇ꠆ꠇꠐꠣ ꠈꠣꠡ ꠇꠞꠤ ꠙꠠꠣ ꠅꠄ ꠀꠞ [[ꠝꠥꠍꠟꠤꠝ]] ꠡꠝꠣꠎꠅ ꠁꠐꠣ ꠈꠥꠛ ꠛꠦꠡꠤ ꠌꠟ ꠀꠍꠦ꠶ ꠁꠐꠣ ꠖꠥꠈꠤ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡꠞꠦ ꠡꠣꠘ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠛꠘꠣ ꠖꠦꠅꠀꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠣ ꠛꠠ [[ꠖꠥꠀ]] ꠢꠤꠍꠣꠛꠦ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞ ꠅꠄ꠶<ref>{{Cite web|last=admin|date=2015-04-16|language=ar|title="إنا لله وإنا إليه راجعون"...كلمة تعزية، ومنهاج سلوك وتربية|url=https://www.hespress.com/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D9%88%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87-%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9%D8%8C-217735.html|access-date=2025-11-16|website=Hespress}}</ref> == ꠀꠞꠅ ꠖꠦꠈꠂꠘ == * [[ꠡꠣꠢꠣꠖꠣꠔ]] * [[ꠛꠤꠍꠝꠤꠟ꠆ꠟꠣꠢꠤꠞ ꠞꠣꠢꠝꠣꠘꠤꠞ ꠞꠣꠢꠤꠝ]] * [[ꠢꠣꠅꠇꠟꠣ]] * [[ꠔꠣꠀꠃꠎ]] * [[ꠁꠡ꠆ꠔꠤꠉꠚꠣꠞ]] == ꠟꠇ == {{reflist}} == ꠛꠣꠁꠞꠞ ꠟꠤꠋꠇ == * [https://www.alkawsar.com/bn/article/1916/ ꠁꠘ꠆ꠘꠣ ꠟꠤꠟ꠆ꠟꠣꠢꠤ ꠅꠀ ꠁꠘ꠆ꠘꠣ ꠁꠟꠣꠁꠢꠤ ꠞꠣꠎꠤꠃꠘ ꠛꠣꠘꠤ ꠅ ꠛꠣꠞ꠆ꠔꠣ, ꠝꠞ꠆ꠝ ꠅ ꠝꠞ꠆ꠎꠣꠖꠣ] — ꠝꠥꠢꠣꠝ꠆ꠝꠣꠖ ꠎꠣꠇꠣꠞꠤꠀ ꠀꠛ꠆ꠖꠥꠟ꠆ꠟꠣꠢ, [[ꠝꠣꠡꠤꠇ ꠀꠟ ꠇꠣꠃꠍꠣꠞ]] (ꠒꠤꠡꠦꠝ꠆ꠛꠞ 2016) [[ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠁꠍꠟꠣꠝꠤ ꠙꠞꠤꠜꠣꠡꠣ]] [[ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠇꠥꠞꠀꠘꠞ ꠀꠀꠔ]] [[ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠇꠥꠞꠀꠘꠞ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖ ꠀꠞ ꠛꠣꠇ꠆ꠇ]] [[ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠡꠥꠞꠣ ꠀꠟ-ꠛꠣꠇꠣꠞꠣ]] [[ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠁꠍꠟꠣꠝꠤ ꠀꠈꠤꠞꠣꠔ]] [[ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠁꠍꠟꠣꠝꠤ ꠖꠥꠀ]] o6k7uigymw9pybnya3iszkt3ptu908o 0 9511 34572 2026-11-07T07:56:51Z Amirhusenjihed 973 ꠘꠀ ꠛꠣꠘꠣꠁꠍꠤ 34572 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width: 22em; float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background-color: #f8f9fa; padding: 0.2em; font-size: 90%;" |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #b0c4de; font-size: 125%; padding: 0.4em;" | ꠝꠤꠀ ꠈꠟꠤꠚꠣ<br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">ميا خليفة</span> |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding: 0.5em 0;" | [[File:Mia Khalifa in 2019 (Enhanced).jpg|220px|alt=ꠝꠤꠀ ꠈꠟꠤꠚꠣꠞ ꠍꠛꠤ]]<br />2019 ꠡꠣꠟꠅ ꠝꠤꠀ ꠈꠟꠤꠚꠣ |- ! style="text-align: left; width: 35%;" | ꠎꠘ꠆ꠝ | 10 ꠚꠦꠛ꠆ꠞꠥꠀꠞꠤ 1993<br />[[ꠛꠂꠞꠥꠔ]], [[ꠟꠦꠛꠣꠘꠘ]] |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠅꠔꠣ | [[ꠟꠦꠛꠣꠘꠤꠎ]]-[[ꠝꠣꠞ꠆ꠇꠤꠘ]] |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠀꠘ꠆ꠘꠣ ꠘꠣꠝ | ꠝꠤꠀ ꠇꠦꠟꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠣ |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠙꠠꠣꠟꠦꠈꠣ | [[ꠛꠤꠄ]] ([[ꠁꠃꠘꠤꠜꠣꠞ꠆ꠡꠤꠐꠤ ꠅꠛ ꠐꠦꠇ꠆ꠡꠣꠡ ꠄꠐ ꠄꠟ ꠙꠣꠡꠧ]]) |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠙꠦꠡꠣ | ꠡꠣꠛꠦꠇ [[ꠙꠞ꠆ꠘꠧꠉ꠆ꠞꠣꠚꠤꠇ ꠀꠜꠤꠘꠦꠔ꠆ꠞꠤ]] ꠨ [[ꠡꠧꠡꠦꠟ ꠝꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠛꠦꠇ꠆ꠔꠤꠔ꠆ꠔ]] ꠨ [[ꠅꠦꠛꠇꠦꠝ ꠝꠒꠦꠟ]] ꠨ [[ꠈꠦꠟꠣꠞ ꠗꠣꠞꠣꠜꠣꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠣꠞ]] |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠇꠣꠝꠞ ꠡꠝꠄ | 2014–2019 (ꠙꠞ꠆ꠘꠧꠉ꠆ꠞꠣꠚꠤ) |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠎꠣꠞ ꠟꠣꠉꠤ ꠝꠡꠥꠞ | [[ꠙꠞ꠆ꠘꠢꠣꠛ]]-ꠅ ꠙꠄꠟꠣ ꠎꠣꠉꠣ ꠙꠣꠅꠀ (ꠒꠤꠡꠦꠝ꠆ꠛꠞ 2014) |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠃꠌ꠆ꠌꠔꠣ | 1.57 ꠝꠤꠐꠣꠞ (5 ꠚꠥꠐ 2 ꠁꠘ꠆ꠌꠤ) |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠛꠤꠀ | 2011 (ꠔꠣꠟꠣꠇ 2016)<br />ꠞꠛꠣꠞ꠆ꠐ ꠡꠦꠘ꠆ꠒꠛꠣꠞ꠆ꠉ (2019–2021) |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠅꠦꠛꠍꠣꠁꠐ | [https://miakhalifa.com miakhalifa.com] |} '''ꠝꠤꠀ ꠈꠟꠤꠚꠣ''' ({{lang-ar|ميا خليفة}}, ꠎꠘ꠆ꠝ: 10 ꠚꠦꠛ꠆ꠞꠥꠀꠞꠤ 1993),<ref name="strang" /> ꠎꠦꠁꠘ '''ꠝꠤꠀ ꠇꠦꠟꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠣ''' ꠘꠣꠝꠦꠅ ꠙꠞꠤꠌꠤꠔ, ꠅꠁꠟꠣ ꠄꠇꠎꠘ [[ꠟꠦꠛꠣꠘꠘ|ꠟꠦꠛꠣꠘꠤꠎ]]-[[ꠝꠣꠞ꠆ꠇꠤꠘ]] ꠁꠘ꠆ꠐꠣꠞꠘꠦꠐ ꠡꠦꠟꠤꠛ꠆ꠞꠤꠐꠤ,<ref name="steinberg" /> [[ꠅꠦꠛꠇꠦꠝ ꠝꠒꠦꠟ]]<ref name="webcam" /> ꠀꠞ ꠡꠣꠛꠦꠇ [[ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠙ꠆ꠔꠛꠄꠡ꠆ꠇ ꠝꠒꠦꠟ]]꠶<ref name="strang" /> ꠔꠣꠁꠘ 2014 ꠕꠣꠇꠤ 2019 ꠡꠣꠟ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠎꠘ꠆ꠔ [[ꠙꠞ꠆ꠘꠧꠉ꠆ꠞꠣꠚꠤꠇ ꠀꠜꠤꠘꠦꠔ꠆ꠞꠤ]] ꠢꠤꠍꠣꠛꠦ ꠇꠣꠝ ꠇꠞꠤ ꠡꠛꠌꠦয়ে ꠛꠦꠡꠤ ꠙꠞꠤꠌꠤꠔꠤ ꠙꠣꠁꠍꠂꠘ꠶ ꠈꠟꠤꠚꠣꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠝ ꠟꠦꠛꠣꠘꠘꠞ [[ꠛꠂꠞꠥꠔ|ꠛꠂꠞꠥꠔꠅ]]꠶ ꠔꠣꠁꠘ 2001 ꠡꠣꠟꠅ [[ꠝꠣꠞ꠆ꠇꠤꠘ ꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔꠞꠣꠡ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠞ|ꠝꠣꠞ꠆ꠇꠤꠘ ꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔꠞꠣꠡ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠞꠔ]] ꠎꠣꠁꠘꠉꠤ꠶ 2014 ꠡꠣꠟꠞ ꠀꠇ꠆ꠐꠧꠛꠞ ꠝꠣꠡꠅ ꠔꠣꠁꠘ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠘꠧꠉ꠆ꠞꠣꠚꠤ ꠍꠛꠤꠔ ꠀꠜꠤꠘꠄ ꠡꠥꠞꠥ ꠇꠞꠂꠘ ꠀꠞ ꠒꠤꠡꠦꠝ꠆ꠛꠞ ꠝꠣꠡꠅ [[ꠙꠞ꠆ꠘꠢꠣꠛ]] ꠅꠦꠛꠍꠣꠁꠐꠞ ꠡꠛꠌꠦয়ে ꠛꠦꠡꠤ ꠖꠦꠈꠣ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠘꠔꠣꠞꠇꠣ ꠅꠇꠟꠞ ꠟꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠤꠔ ꠄꠇ ꠘꠝ꠆ꠛꠞꠅ ꠌꠟꠤ ꠀꠁꠘ꠶ [[ꠢꠤꠎꠣꠛ]] ꠙꠤꠘ꠆ꠖꠤꠀ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠔꠣꠘꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠣ ꠜꠤꠒꠤꠅ [[ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠌ꠆ꠌ|ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠌ꠆ꠌꠅ]] ꠛꠠ ꠡꠝꠣꠟꠧꠌꠘꠣꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠝ ꠖꠦꠄ꠶ ꠄꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠄ ꠔꠤꠘ ꠝꠣꠡ ꠛꠣꠖꠦ ꠔꠣꠁꠘ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠘ ꠎꠉꠔ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ꠛꠤꠖꠣꠄ ꠘꠦꠁꠘ꠶ ꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠝꠣꠘꠦ ꠔꠣꠁꠘ ꠈꠦꠟꠣꠞ ꠗꠣꠞꠣꠜꠣꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠣꠞ ꠀꠞ ꠡꠧꠡꠦꠟ ꠝꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠛꠦꠇ꠆ꠔꠤꠔ꠆ꠔ ꠢꠤꠍꠣꠛꠦ ꠇꠣꠝ ꠇꠞꠞꠣ꠶<ref name="banglanews">{{Cite web|last=Info|first=Bangla News|date=2020-08-15|title=ꠝꠤꠀ ꠈꠟꠤꠚꠣꠞ ꠙꠞꠤꠌꠄ ꠀꠞ ꠎꠤꠛꠘꠤ|url=https://www.banglanewsinfo.com/%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%bf%e0%a7%9f%e0%a6%be-%e0%a6%96%e0%a6%b2%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%ab%e0%a6%be-%e0%a6%aa%e0%a6%b0%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%a8%e0%a6%b8%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%9f%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b0/|access-date=2022-12-20|archive-date=2022-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220125755/https://www.banglanewsinfo.com/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == ꠙꠄꠟꠣ ꠎꠤꠘꠖꠦꠉꠤ == ꠈꠟꠤꠚꠣ 1993 ꠡꠣꠟꠞ 10 ꠚꠦꠛ꠆ꠞꠥꠀꠞꠤ<ref name="strang" /> [[ꠟꠦꠛꠣꠘꠘ|ꠟꠦꠛꠣꠘꠘꠞ]] [[ꠛꠂꠞꠥꠔ|ꠛꠂꠞꠥꠔꠅ]] ꠎꠘ꠆ꠝ ꠘꠦꠁꠘ꠶<ref name="pleasance" /> ꠛꠣꠖꠦ ꠖꠡ ꠛꠍꠞ ꠛꠄꠡꠅ, ''ꠖꠈꠤꠘ ꠟꠦꠛꠣꠘꠘꠞ ꠎꠥꠖ꠆ꠗꠞ'' ꠇꠣꠞꠘꠦ 2001 ꠡꠣꠟꠞ ꠎꠣꠘꠥꠀꠞꠤ ꠝꠣꠡꠅ<ref name="PBoy" /> ꠙꠞꠤꠛꠣꠞꠞ ꠟꠉꠦ [[ꠝꠣꠞ꠆ꠇꠤꠘ ꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔꠞꠣꠡ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠞ|ꠝꠣꠞ꠆ꠇꠤꠘ ꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔꠞꠣꠡ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠞꠔ]] ꠎꠣꠁꠘꠉꠤ꠶<ref name="PBoy" /><ref name="CNNNews" /> ꠔꠣꠁꠘ ꠄꠇꠐꠣ ꠞꠈꠘꠡꠤꠟ [[ꠇꠦꠕꠟꠤꠇ]] ꠙꠞꠤꠛꠣꠞꠅ ꠛꠠ ꠅꠁꠟꠦꠅ,<ref name="PBoy" /> ꠛꠣꠖꠦ ꠘꠤꠎꠦ ꠀꠞ ꠇꠦꠕꠟꠤꠇ ꠗꠞ꠆ꠝ ꠙꠣꠟꠘ ꠇꠞꠍꠂꠘ ꠘꠣ꠶<ref name="butterly" /> ꠔꠣꠁꠘ [[ꠛꠂꠞꠥꠔ|ꠛꠂꠞꠥꠔꠞ]] ꠄꠇꠐꠣ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠁꠜꠦꠐ ꠚꠞꠣꠡꠤ ꠁꠡ꠆ꠇꠥꠟꠅ ꠙꠠꠍꠂꠘ, ꠎꠦꠘꠧ ꠔꠣꠁꠘ ꠁꠋꠞꠦꠎꠤ ꠢꠤꠇꠍꠂꠘ꠶<ref name="PBoy" /> ꠛꠣꠖꠦ ꠀꠝꠦꠞꠤꠇꠣꠔ ꠉꠤꠀ ꠔꠣꠁꠘ ꠝꠦꠞꠤꠟꠦꠘ꠆ꠒꠞ ꠝꠘ꠆ꠐꠉꠧꠝꠦꠞꠤ ꠇꠣꠃꠘ꠆ꠐꠤꠔ<ref name="pleasance" /> ꠕꠣꠇꠔꠣ ꠀꠞ ꠢꠦꠘꠞ ꠢꠣꠁ ꠁꠡ꠆ꠇꠥꠟꠅ ''ꠟꠦꠇ꠆ꠞꠧꠡ'' ꠈꠦꠟꠔꠣ꠶<ref name="steinberg" /> ꠈꠟꠤꠚꠣ ꠈꠁꠍꠂꠘ ꠎꠦ [[11 ꠡꠦꠙ꠆ꠐꠦꠝ꠆ꠛꠞꠞ ꠢꠣꠝꠟꠣ]]-ꠞ ꠛꠣꠖꠦ ꠉꠣꠅꠞ ꠞꠋ ꠡꠦꠝꠟꠣ ꠅꠅꠀꠞ ꠇꠣꠞꠘꠦ ꠢꠣꠁ ꠁꠡ꠆ꠇꠥꠟꠅ ꠔꠣꠘꠞꠦ ꠅꠘꠦꠇ ꠛꠦꠘ꠆ꠉꠧ ꠀꠞ ꠢꠄꠞꠣꠘꠤ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠅꠁꠍꠤꠟ꠶<ref name="PBoy" /> ꠝꠦꠡꠣꠘꠥꠐꠦꠘ ꠝꠤꠟꠤꠐꠣꠞꠤ ꠄꠇꠣꠒꠦꠝꠤꠔ ꠇꠤꠍꠥꠖꠤꠘ ꠙꠠꠣꠟꠦꠈꠣꠞ ꠛꠣꠖꠦ ꠈꠟꠤꠚꠣ ꠇꠟꠦꠎꠅ ꠙꠠꠣꠞ ꠟꠣꠉꠤ [[ꠐꠦꠇ꠆ꠡꠣꠡ|ꠐꠦꠇ꠆ꠡꠣꠡꠅ]] ꠎꠣꠁꠘꠉꠤ꠶<ref name="PBoy" /> ꠄꠞ ꠇꠄꠇ ꠛꠍꠞ ꠛꠣꠖꠦ ꠔꠣꠁꠘ ꠁꠃꠘꠤꠜꠣꠞ꠆ꠡꠤꠐꠤ ꠅꠛ ꠐꠦꠇ꠆ꠡꠣꠡ ꠄꠐ ꠄꠟ ꠙꠣꠡꠧ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ꠁꠔꠤꠢꠣꠡ ꠛꠤꠡꠄ ꠖꠤꠀ ꠛꠤꠄ ꠒꠤꠉ꠆ꠞꠤ ꠙꠣꠡ ꠇꠞꠂꠘ꠶<ref name="Newsweek" /> == ꠇꠣꠝ-ꠇꠣꠎ == === ꠙꠞ꠆ꠘꠧꠉ꠆ꠞꠣꠚꠤ ꠙꠦꠡꠣ === [[ꠇꠟꠦꠎ|ꠇꠟꠦꠎꠅ]] ꠙꠠꠣꠞ ꠡꠝꠄ ꠈꠟꠤꠚꠣ ꠛꠣꠞꠐꠦꠘ꠆ꠒꠣꠞ ꠀꠞ ꠝꠒꠦꠟ ꠢꠤꠍꠣꠛꠦ ꠇꠤꠍꠥ ꠇꠣꠝ ꠇꠞꠍꠟꠣ꠶ ꠔꠣꠁꠘ ''[[ꠒꠤꠟ ꠅꠞ ꠘꠧ ꠒꠤꠟ]]''-ꠞ ꠟꠣꠈꠣꠘ ꠄꠇꠐꠣ [[ꠡ꠆ꠙꠦꠘꠤꠡ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ|ꠡ꠆ꠙꠦꠘꠤꠡ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠞ]] ꠐꠤꠜꠤ ꠉꠦꠝ ꠡꠧ-ꠔ "ꠛ꠆ꠞꠤꠚꠇꠦꠡ ꠉꠣꠞ꠆ꠟ" ꠢꠤꠍꠣꠛꠦꠅ ꠇꠣꠝ ꠇꠞꠍꠟꠣ꠶<ref name="PBoy" /> ꠒꠤꠉ꠆ꠞꠤ ꠢꠦꠡ ꠇꠞꠣꠞ ꠛꠣꠖꠦ, ꠔꠣꠁꠘ ꠝꠤꠀꠝꠤꠔ ꠎꠣꠁꠘꠉꠤ ꠀꠞ ꠝꠒꠦꠟꠤꠋ ꠡꠥꠞꠥ ꠇꠞꠂꠘ꠶<ref name="PBoy" /> 2014 ꠡꠣꠟꠞ ꠀꠇ꠆ꠐꠧꠛꠞ ꠝꠣꠡꠅ, ꠈꠟꠤꠚꠣ [[ꠙꠞ꠆ꠘꠧꠉ꠆ꠞꠣꠚꠤ|ꠙꠞ꠆ꠘꠧꠉ꠆ꠞꠣꠚꠤ ꠍꠛꠤꠞ]] ꠎꠉꠔꠅ ꠢꠣꠝꠣꠁꠘ꠶<ref name="complex" /><ref name="nypost" /><ref name="yalibnan" /> [[ꠢꠤꠎꠣꠛ]] ꠙꠤꠘ꠆ꠖꠤꠀ [[Bang Bros|ꠛꠦꠋ ꠛ꠆ꠞꠧꠡ]] ꠡ꠆ꠐꠥꠒꠤꠅꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠣ ꠜꠤꠒꠤꠅꠔ ꠀꠜꠤꠘꠄ ꠇꠞꠣꠞ ꠇꠣꠞꠘꠦ ꠔꠣꠁꠘ ꠢꠇꠟꠞ ꠘꠎꠞꠅ ꠀꠁꠘ꠶<ref name="PBoy" /> ꠁ ꠜꠤꠒꠤꠅꠐꠣ ꠈꠟꠤꠚꠣꠞꠦ ꠞꠣꠔꠣꠞꠣꠔꠤ ꠙꠞꠤꠌꠤꠔꠤ ꠖꠦꠅꠀꠞ ꠟꠉꠦ ꠟꠉꠦ ꠟꠦꠈꠇ ꠀꠞ ꠗꠞ꠆ꠝꠤꠅ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡꠞ ꠇꠠꠣ ꠡꠝꠣꠟꠧꠌꠘꠣꠞ ꠝꠥꠈꠧꠝꠥꠈꠤ ꠇꠞꠦ꠶<ref name="PBoy" /> [[xHamster|ꠄꠇ꠆ꠡꠢꠦꠝꠡ꠆ꠐꠣꠞꠞ]] ꠜꠣꠁꠡ-ꠙ꠆ꠞꠦꠡꠤꠒꠦꠘ꠆ꠐ ꠄꠟꠦꠇ꠆ꠡ ꠢꠇꠤꠘ꠆ꠡꠦ ꠈꠁꠍꠟꠣ, "ꠀꠞꠛ ꠖꠥꠘꠤꠀꠔ ꠎꠦ ꠞꠣꠉ ꠀꠞ ꠡꠝꠣꠟꠧꠌꠘꠣ ꠡꠥꠞꠥ ꠅꠁꠍꠤꠟ, ꠁꠐꠣ '[[Streisand effect|ꠡ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠞꠣꠁꠡꠦꠘ꠆ꠒ ꠄꠚꠦꠇ꠆ꠐ]]'-ꠞ ꠟꠣꠈꠣꠘ ꠇꠣꠝ ꠇꠞꠍꠦ꠶ ꠢꠑꠣꠔ ꠇꠞꠤ ꠢꠇꠟꠦ ꠈꠟꠤꠚꠣꠞ ꠘꠣꠝ ꠍꠣꠞ꠆ꠌ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠡꠥꠞꠥ ꠇꠞꠟꠣ꠶"<ref name="PBoy" /> 1.5 ꠝꠤꠟꠤꠅꠘꠞ ꠛꠦꠡꠤ ꠜꠤꠃ ꠙꠣꠁꠀ 22 ꠛꠍꠞ ꠛꠄꠡꠤ ꠈꠟꠤꠚꠣ [[ꠙꠞ꠆ꠘꠢꠣꠛ|ꠙꠞ꠆ꠘꠢꠣꠛꠞ]] ꠡꠛꠌꠦয়ে ꠛꠦꠡꠤ ꠍꠣꠞ꠆ꠌ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠝꠒꠦꠟ ꠅꠁꠎꠣꠁꠘ꠶<ref name="salon" /> ꠅꠃ ꠛꠍꠞ 28 ꠒꠤꠡꠦꠝ꠆ꠛꠞꠅ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠘꠢꠣꠛꠦ ꠔꠣꠞꠣꠞ ꠅꠦꠛꠍꠣꠁꠐꠅ [[ꠟꠤꠡꠣ ꠄꠘ]]-ꠞ ꠛꠖꠟꠣ ꠈꠟꠤꠚꠣꠞꠦ 1 ꠘꠝ꠆ꠛꠞ ꠔꠣꠞꠇꠣ ꠢꠤꠍꠣꠛꠦ ꠊꠧꠡꠘꠣ ꠇꠞꠦ꠶<ref name="taylor" /> ꠔꠣꠘꠞ ꠁ ꠙꠞꠤꠌꠤꠔꠤ [[ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠌ꠆ꠌ|ꠝꠗ꠆ꠗꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠌ꠆ꠌꠅ]] ꠇꠠꠣ ꠡꠝꠣꠟꠧꠌꠘꠣꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠝ ꠖꠦꠄ꠶<ref name="heather" /> ꠙꠞ꠆ꠘꠢꠣꠛꠅ ꠙꠄꠟꠣ ꠎꠣꠉꠣ ꠙꠣꠅꠀꠞ ꠛꠣꠖꠦ ꠔꠣꠁꠘ ꠅꠘꠟꠣꠁꠘꠅ [[death threat|ꠝꠣꠞꠤꠟꠣꠅꠀꠞ ꠢꠥꠝꠇꠤ]] ꠙꠣꠁꠘ꠶<ref name="heather" /> ꠟꠦꠛꠣꠘꠘꠞ ꠈꠛꠞꠞ ꠇꠣꠉꠎꠅ ꠈꠟꠤꠚꠣꠞ ꠛꠤꠞꠥꠖ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠍꠣꠙꠣ ꠅꠄ꠶<ref name="lebaneseexaminer" /> ''[[ꠖꠤ ꠅꠀꠡꠤꠋꠐꠘ ꠙꠧꠡ꠆ꠐ]]''-ꠞ ꠄꠇ ꠡꠣꠇ꠆ꠇꠣꠔꠇꠣꠞꠅ ꠈꠟꠤꠚꠣ ꠈꠁꠘ ꠎꠦ ꠛꠤꠔꠞ꠆ꠇꠤꠔ ꠜꠤꠒꠤꠅꠐꠣ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ ꠛꠦꠘ꠆ꠉꠧ ꠇꠞꠤ ꠛꠣꠘꠣꠘꠤ ꠀꠞ ꠢꠟꠤꠃꠒꠞ ꠍꠛꠤꠔ ꠁꠞ ꠌꠣꠁꠔꠦ ꠀꠞꠅ ꠛꠦꠡꠤ ꠈꠣꠞꠣꠙꠜꠣꠛꠦ ꠁꠍꠟꠣꠝꠞꠦ ꠖꠦꠈꠣꠘꠤ ꠅꠄ꠶<ref name="heather" /> ꠛ꠆ꠞꠤꠐꠤꠡ-ꠟꠦꠛꠣꠘꠤꠎ ꠟꠦꠈꠇ [[ꠘꠣꠡꠞꠤ ꠀꠔꠣꠟ꠆ꠟꠣꠢ]] ꠈꠟꠤꠚꠣꠞ ꠙꠇ꠆ꠇ ꠘꠤꠀ ꠈꠁꠍꠟꠣ, "ꠄꠇꠎꠘ ꠘꠣꠞꠤ ꠢꠤꠍꠣꠛꠦ ꠔꠣꠘꠞ ꠘꠤꠎꠞ ꠡꠞꠤꠞ ꠘꠤꠀ ꠎꠦꠇꠥꠘꠥ ꠡꠤꠖ꠆ꠗꠣꠘ꠆ꠔ ꠘꠦꠅꠀꠞ ꠀꠗꠤꠇꠣꠞ ꠀꠍꠦ꠶"<ref name="atallah" /> ꠈꠟꠤꠚꠣ ꠀꠞꠅ ꠈꠁꠍꠂꠘ, ꠁ ꠙꠦꠡꠣ ꠛꠣꠍꠤ ꠘꠦꠅꠀꠞ ꠇꠣꠞꠘꠦ ꠔꠣꠘꠞ ꠝꠣ-ꠛꠣꠙꠦ ꠔꠣꠘꠞ ꠟꠉꠦ ꠝꠣꠔꠣ-ꠇꠕꠣ ꠛꠘ꠆ꠗ ꠇꠞꠤ ꠖꠤꠍꠂꠘ꠶<ref name="heather" /> ꠙꠞ꠆ꠘꠢꠣꠛꠞ ꠢꠤꠍꠣꠛ ꠝꠔꠦ, 2015 ꠡꠣꠟꠞ 3–4 ꠎꠣꠘꠥꠀꠞꠤ ꠝꠤꠀ ꠈꠟꠤꠚꠣꠞ ꠘꠣꠝ ꠍꠣꠞ꠆ꠌ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠙꠣꠌ ꠉꠥꠘ ꠛꠣꠠꠤ ꠎꠣꠄ, ꠎꠣꠞ ꠌꠣꠁꠞ ꠜꠣꠉꠞ ꠄꠇ ꠜꠣꠉ ꠍꠣꠞ꠆ꠌ ꠅꠁꠍꠤꠟ ꠟꠦꠛꠣꠘꠘ ꠀꠞ ꠀꠡꠙꠣꠡꠞ ꠖꠦꠡ [[ꠡꠤꠞꠤꠀ]] ꠀꠞ [[ꠎꠞ꠆ꠖꠣꠘ]] ꠕꠣꠇꠤ꠶<ref name="butterly" /> 2016 ꠡꠣꠟꠞ ꠎꠥꠟꠣꠁ ꠝꠣꠡꠅ ꠛ꠆ꠞꠤꠐꠤꠡ ꠝꠦꠉꠣꠎꠤꠘ ''[[Loaded (magazine)|ꠟꠧꠒꠦꠒ]]''-ꠞ ꠟꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠤꠔ ꠔꠣꠁꠘ ꠙꠣꠌ ꠘꠝ꠆ꠛꠞ ꠎꠣꠉꠣ ꠙꠣꠁꠘ꠶<ref name="loaded" /><ref name="kotecki" /> 2015 ꠡꠣꠟꠞ ꠎꠣꠘꠥꠀꠞꠤ ꠝꠣꠡꠅ [[ꠙꠙ ꠡꠋꠉꠤꠔ|ꠙꠙ]] ꠛꠦꠘ꠆ꠒ [[ꠐꠣꠁꠝꠚ꠆ꠟꠣꠁꠡ]] "ꠝꠤꠀ ꠈꠟꠤꠚꠣ" ꠘꠣꠝꠦ ꠄꠇꠐꠣ ꠉꠣꠘ ꠛꠣꠞ ꠇꠞꠦ꠶<ref name="kaufman" /> 2016 ꠡꠣꠟꠞ ꠎꠥꠟꠣꠁ ꠝꠣꠡꠅ ''ꠖꠤ ꠅꠀꠡꠤꠋꠐꠘ ꠙꠧꠡ꠆ꠐ''-ꠞ ꠄꠇ ꠡꠣꠇ꠆ꠇꠣꠔꠇꠣꠞꠅ ꠈꠟꠤꠚꠣ ꠎꠣꠘꠣꠁꠘ ꠎꠦ ꠔꠣꠁꠘ ꠈꠣꠟꠤ ꠔꠤꠘ ꠝꠣꠡ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠘꠧꠉ꠆ꠞꠣꠚꠤꠔ ꠇꠣꠝ ꠇꠞꠍꠟꠣ ꠀꠞ ꠄꠇ ꠛꠍꠞ ꠀꠉꠦꠁ ꠁ ꠇꠣꠝ ꠍꠣꠠꠤ ꠖꠤꠍꠂꠘ꠶<ref name="steinberg" /><ref name="webcam" /> 2017 ꠡꠣꠟꠅ ꠄꠇ꠆ꠡꠢꠦꠝꠡ꠆ꠐꠣꠞꠦ ꠎꠣꠘꠣꠄ ꠎꠦ 2016 ꠡꠣꠟꠅꠅ ꠈꠟꠤꠚꠣ ꠖꠥꠘꠤꠀꠞ ꠡꠛꠌꠦয়ে ꠛꠦꠡꠤ ꠍꠣꠞ꠆ꠌ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠀꠜꠤꠘꠦꠔ꠆ꠞꠤ ꠀꠍꠟꠣ꠶<ref name="brown" /><ref name="cudihy" /><ref name="hay" /> 2019 ꠡꠣꠟꠞ ꠀꠉꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠝꠣꠡꠅ ꠔꠣꠁꠘ ꠎꠣꠘꠣꠁꠘ ꠎꠦ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠘ ꠡꠤꠟ꠆ꠙꠔ ꠇꠣꠝ ꠇꠞꠤ ꠔꠣꠁꠘ ꠝꠥꠐ 12,000 ꠝꠣꠞ꠆ꠇꠤꠘ ꠒꠟꠣꠞ ꠞꠥꠎꠤ ꠇꠞꠍꠟꠣ,<ref name="horton" /> ꠀꠞ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠘꠢꠣꠛ ꠛꠣ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠘꠣ ꠇꠥꠘꠥ ꠅꠦꠛꠍꠣꠁꠐ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ꠛꠣꠖꠦ ꠀꠞ ꠇꠥꠘꠥ ꠙꠄꠡꠣ ꠙꠣꠁꠍꠂꠘ ꠘꠣ꠶<ref name="cowen" /> === ꠙꠞ꠆ꠘꠧꠉ꠆ꠞꠣꠚꠤ ꠍꠣꠠꠣꠞ ꠛꠣꠖꠞ ꠇꠣꠝ === ꠙꠞ꠆ꠘꠧꠉ꠆ꠞꠣꠚꠤ ꠍꠣꠠꠣꠞ ꠛꠣꠖꠦ ꠈꠟꠤꠚꠣ [[ꠝꠤꠀꠝꠤ|ꠝꠤꠀꠝꠤꠔ]] ꠙꠦꠞꠣꠟꠤꠉꠣꠟ ꠀꠞ [[ꠢꠤꠡꠣꠛꠞꠇ꠆ꠇꠇ|ꠛꠥꠇꠇꠤꠙꠣꠞ]] ꠢꠤꠍꠣꠛꠦ ꠇꠣꠝ ꠇꠞꠂꠘ꠶<ref name="PBoy" /> ꠛꠣꠖꠦ ꠔꠣꠁꠘ ꠡꠧꠡꠦꠟ ꠝꠤꠒꠤꠀ ꠛꠦꠇ꠆ꠔꠤꠔ꠆ꠔ ꠀꠞ [[ꠈꠦꠟꠣ|ꠈꠦꠟꠣꠞ]] ꠗꠣꠞꠣꠜꠣꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠣꠞ ꠢꠤꠍꠣꠛꠦ ꠇꠣꠝ ꠡꠥꠞꠥ ꠇꠞꠂꠘ꠶ ꠔꠣꠁꠘ ꠄꠇꠐꠣ [[ꠁꠃꠐꠤꠃꠛ]] ꠌꠦꠘꠦꠟ ꠀꠞ [[Twitch (service)|ꠐꠥꠁꠌ]]-ꠅ ꠟꠣꠁꠜ ꠡ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠞꠤꠝ ꠌꠣꠟꠣꠁꠘ꠶ ꠔꠣꠁꠘ ꠀꠞ [[ꠉꠤꠟꠛꠣꠞ꠆ꠐ ꠄꠞꠦꠘꠣꠡ]] ꠝꠤꠟꠤꠀ 2017 ꠡꠣꠟꠞ ꠀꠇ꠆ꠐꠧꠛꠞ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ 2018 ꠡꠣꠟꠞ ꠚꠦꠛ꠆ꠞꠥꠀꠞꠤ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠎꠘ꠆ꠔ ꠇꠝꠙ꠆ꠟꠦꠇ꠆ꠡ ꠘꠤꠃꠎꠞ ꠁꠃꠐꠤꠃꠛ ꠌꠦꠘꠦꠟꠅ ''ꠀꠃꠐ ꠅꠛ ꠛꠣꠃꠘ꠆ꠒꠡ'' ꠘꠣꠝꠞ ꠈꠦꠟꠣꠞ ꠀꠘꠥꠡ꠆ꠑꠣꠘ ꠌꠣꠟꠣꠁꠍꠟꠣ꠶<ref name="steinberg2017" /> 2018 ꠡꠣꠟꠅ ꠔꠣꠁꠘ ꠐꠣꠁꠟꠣꠞ ꠇꠧ-ꠞ ꠟꠉꠦ [[RoosterTeeth|ꠞꠥꠡ꠆ꠐꠣꠞꠐꠤꠕ]]-ꠅ ''ꠡ꠆ꠙꠧꠞ꠆ꠐꠡꠛꠟ'' ꠀꠘꠥꠡ꠆ꠑꠣꠘꠅ ꠃꠙꠡ꠆ꠕꠣꠙꠘꠣ ꠇꠞꠍꠂꠘ꠶<ref name="sportsball" /> 2019 ꠡꠣꠟꠅ [[ꠛꠤꠛꠤꠍꠤ]]-ꠞ [[HARDtalk|ꠢꠣꠞ꠆ꠒꠐꠇ]] ꠀꠘꠥꠡ꠆ꠑꠣꠘꠅ ꠖꠦꠅꠀ ꠄꠇ ꠡꠣꠇ꠆ꠇꠣꠔꠇꠣꠞꠅ ꠈꠟꠤꠚꠣ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠘ ꠡꠤꠟ꠆ꠙ ꠀꠞ ꠁꠐꠣꠞ ꠈꠔꠤꠞ ꠛꠤꠞꠥꠖ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠇꠕꠣ ꠈꠁꠍꠟꠣ꠶<ref name="AVmedia" /> == ꠁꠘ꠆ꠐꠣꠞꠘꠦꠐ ꠝꠤꠝ == 2016 ꠡꠣꠟꠞ ꠘꠜꠦꠝ꠆ꠛꠞ ꠝꠣꠡꠅ, ꠄꠇꠐꠣ ꠅꠘꠟꠣꠁꠘ ꠙꠤꠐꠤꠡꠘꠅ [[ꠒꠧꠘꠣꠟ꠆ꠒ ꠐ꠆ꠞꠣꠝ꠆ꠙ]]-ꠞ ꠉꠦꠍꠦ ꠈꠟꠤꠚꠣꠞꠦ [[United States Ambassador to Saudi Arabia|ꠡꠂꠖꠤ ꠀꠞꠛꠞ ꠝꠣꠞ꠆ꠇꠤꠘ ꠞꠣꠡ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠞꠖꠥꠔ]] ꠛꠣꠘꠣꠘꠤꠞ ꠀꠛꠦꠖꠘ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠅꠁꠍꠤꠟ꠶<ref name="jerusalem" /> 2018 ꠡꠣꠟꠅ, ꠀꠁꠟꠜꠚ꠆ꠞꠣꠁꠒꠦ (iLOVEFRiDAY) ꠉ꠆ꠞꠥꠙꠦ "[[ꠝꠤꠀ ꠈꠟꠤꠚꠣ (ꠉꠣꠘ)|ꠝꠤꠀ ꠈꠟꠤꠚꠣ]]" ꠘꠣꠝꠦ ꠄꠇꠐꠣ ꠉꠣꠘ ꠛꠣꠞ ꠇꠞꠦ꠶ ꠉꠣꠘꠐꠣꠞ "ꠢꠤꠐ ꠅꠞ ꠝꠤꠡ" ꠟꠣꠁꠘꠐꠣ [[ꠐꠤꠇꠐꠇ]] ꠄꠙꠅ ꠜꠣꠁꠞꠣꠟ ꠅꠁꠎꠣꠄ ꠀꠞ ꠌꠣꠁꠞ ꠝꠤꠟꠤꠅꠘꠞ ꠛꠦꠡꠤ ꠐꠤꠇꠐꠇ ꠜꠤꠒꠤꠅꠔ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞ ꠅꠄ꠶<ref name="shamsian" /><ref name="manavis" /><ref name="cooper" /> [[File:Mia Khalifa in 2016.jpg|thumb|2016 ꠡꠣꠟꠅ ꠝꠤꠀ ꠈꠟꠤꠚꠣ]] == ꠘꠤꠎꠞ ꠎꠤꠘꠖꠦꠉꠤ == 18 ꠛꠍꠞ ꠛꠄꠡꠅ, 2011 ꠡꠣꠟꠞ ꠚꠦꠛ꠆ꠞꠥꠀꠞꠤ ꠝꠣꠡꠅ ꠈꠟꠤꠚꠣ ꠔꠣꠘꠞ ꠁꠡ꠆ꠇꠥꠟꠞ ꠄꠇ [[ꠝꠣꠞ꠆ꠇꠤꠘ]] ꠛꠘ꠆ꠗꠥꠞꠦ ꠛꠤꠀ ꠇꠞꠂꠘ꠶<ref name="ramadan" /><ref name="CNNNews" /> 2014 ꠡꠣꠟꠅ ꠔꠣꠞꠣ ꠀꠟꠣꠖꠣ ꠅꠁꠎꠣꠁꠘ ꠀꠞ 2016 ꠡꠣꠟꠅ ꠔꠣꠞꠣꠞ [[ꠔꠣꠟꠣꠇ]] ꠅꠄ꠶<ref name="PBoy" /><ref name="ramadan" /> 2019 ꠡꠣꠟꠅ ꠔꠣꠁꠘ [[ꠡꠥꠁꠒꠦꠘ|ꠡꠥꠁꠒꠤꠡ]] ꠡꠦꠚ ꠞꠛꠣꠞ꠆ꠐ ꠡꠦꠘ꠆ꠒꠛꠣꠞ꠆ꠉꠞ ꠟꠉꠦ ꠛꠣꠉꠖꠣꠘ ꠇꠞꠂꠘ,<ref name="abdar" /><ref name="ramadan" /><ref name="indiatoday" /> ꠎꠖꠤꠅ 2021 ꠡꠣꠟꠅ ꠔꠣꠞꠣ ꠀꠟꠣꠖꠣ ꠅꠁꠎꠣꠁꠘ꠶ ꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠝꠣꠘꠦ ꠈꠟꠤꠚꠣ [[ꠟꠡ ꠄꠘ꠆ꠎꠦꠟꠦꠡ|ꠟꠡ ꠄꠘ꠆ꠎꠦꠟꠦꠡꠅ]] ꠕꠣꠇꠂꠘ꠶<ref name="ramadan" /> ꠈꠟꠤꠚꠣ [[ꠅꠀꠡꠤꠋꠐꠘ, ꠒꠤ.ꠍꠤ.]] ꠄꠟꠣꠇꠣꠞ ꠈꠦꠟꠣꠞ ꠖꠟ [[ꠅꠀꠡꠤꠋꠐꠘ ꠇꠝꠣꠘ꠆ꠒꠣꠞ꠆ꠡ]], [[ꠅꠀꠡꠤꠋꠐꠘ ꠃꠁꠎꠣꠞ꠆ꠒꠡ]], [[ꠅꠀꠡꠤꠋꠐꠘ ꠇꠦꠙꠤꠐꠣꠟ꠆ꠡ]] ꠀꠞ ꠁꠋꠟꠤꠡ [[ꠙ꠆ꠞꠤꠝꠤꠀꠞ ꠟꠤꠉ|ꠙ꠆ꠞꠤꠝꠤꠀꠞ ꠟꠤꠉꠞ]] ꠇ꠆ꠟꠣꠛ [[ꠅꠦꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠢꠦꠝ ꠁꠃꠘꠣꠁꠐꠦꠒ ꠚꠥꠐꠛꠟ ꠇ꠆ꠟꠣꠛ|ꠅꠦꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠢꠦꠝ ꠁꠃꠘꠣꠁꠐꠦꠒꠞ]] ꠛꠠ ꠡꠝꠞ꠆ꠕꠇ꠶<ref name="steinberg" /><ref name="trina" /><ref name="hedayat" /><ref name="foxsports" /><ref name="howson" /> ꠈꠟꠤꠚꠣꠞ ꠉꠣꠅꠔ [[ꠟꠦꠛꠣꠘꠘꠞ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠅ ꠡꠋꠉꠤꠔ|ꠟꠦꠛꠣꠘꠘꠞ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠅ ꠡꠋꠉꠤꠔꠞ]] ꠙꠄꠟꠣ ꠟꠣꠁꠘ ꠀꠞ [[Lebanese Forces|ꠟꠦꠛꠣꠘꠤꠎ ꠚꠧꠞ꠆ꠡꠦꠡ]] ꠇ꠆ꠞꠥꠡꠞ ꠐꠦꠐꠥ ꠀꠇꠣ ꠀꠍꠦ꠶<ref name="heather" /> == ꠟꠇ == {{reflist|refs= <ref name="strang">{{Cite news |last=Strang |first=Fay |title=Who is Mia Khalifa? Everything you need to know about Lebanese beauty who's PornHub's number one porn star |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/who-mia-khalifa-everything-you-4921882 |access-date=15 April 2020 |publisher=[[Daily Mirror]] |date=5 January 2015 |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="steinberg">{{Cite news |last=Steinberg |first=Dan |date=13 July 2016 |title=A former porn star has become one of D.C.'s loudest sports fans on social media |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/dc-sports-bog/wp/2016/07/13/a-former-porn-star-has-become-one-of-d-c-s-loudest-sports-fans-on-social-media/ |language=en |publisher=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=13 July 2016}}</ref> <ref name="webcam">{{Cite web |author=Sara G |date=7 May 2016 |title=Mia Khalifa Interview |url=http://www.howareyoubb.com/2016/05/07/mia-khalifa-interview/ |publisher=howareyoubb.com |access-date=7 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114232037/http://www.howareyoubb.com/2016/05/07/mia-khalifa-interview/ |archive-date=14 January 2017}}</ref> <ref name="pleasance">{{Cite news |last=Pleasance |first=Chris |date=6 January 2015 |title=Lebanese-American porn actress receives death threats in her family's home country after she is voted sex industry's top star |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2898525/Lebanese-American-porn-actress-receives-death-threats-family-s-home-country-voted-sex-industry-s-star.html |language=en |publisher=[[Daily Mail]] |access-date=7 January 2015}}</ref> <ref name="PBoy">{{Cite web |url=https://www.playboy.com/read/you-don-t-know-mia-khalifa |title=You Don't Know Mia Khalifa |last=Bella |first=Timothy |date=9 April 2018 |website=[[Playboy]] |language=en |access-date=24 June 2018}}</ref> <ref name="CNNNews">{{Cite news |last1=Smith-Spark |first1=Laura |last2=Alhenawi |first2=Roba |date=7 January 2015 |title=Songs and death threats for Lebanese American porn star Mia Khalifa |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/01/07/us/lebanon-porn-star-uproar/ |language=en |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=7 January 2015}}</ref> <ref name="butterly">{{Cite news |last=Butterly |first=Amelia |date=8 January 2015 |title=Mia Khalifa, a Lebanon-born porn star, is getting 'scary' death threats |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/30721981 |language=en |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=8 January 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Newsweek">{{Cite news |last=Wofford |first=Taylor |date=6 January 2015 |title=Meet Mia Khalifa, the Lebanese Porn Star Who Sparked a National Controversy |url=http://www.newsweek.com/meet-mia-khalifa-lebanese-porn-star-who-sparked-national-controversy-297023 |language=en |publisher=[[Newsweek]] |access-date=7 January 2015}}</ref> <ref name="complex">{{Cite web |url=http://www.complex.com/pop-culture/mia-khalifa-where-did-you-come-from |title=Inside Mia Khalifa's Mysterious Rise to Porn Superstardom |last=Ogilvie |first=Jessica |date=24 July 2015 |publisher=Complex |language=en |access-date=8 December 2015}}</ref> <ref name="nypost">{{Cite news |date=28 February 2018 |title=Lance Armstrong finds a kindred spirit in former porn star |url=https://nypost.com/2018/02/28/lance-armstrong-finds-a-kindred-spirit-in-former-porn-star/ |language=en |publisher=[[New York Post]] |access-date=3 August 2018}}</ref> <ref name="yalibnan">{{Cite web |url=http://yalibnan.com/2015/01/07/mia-khalifas-conservative-parents-furious-over-porn-career/ |title=Mia Khalifa's parents furious over porn career |publisher=[[Ya Libnan]] |date=7 January 2015 |language=en |access-date=19 January 2015}}</ref> <ref name="salon">{{Cite web |url=http://www.salon.com/2015/01/15/why_porn_is_exploding_in_the_middle_east_partner/ |title=Why porn is exploding in the Middle East |date=15 January 2015 |website=[[Salon (website)|Salon]] |language=en |access-date=15 January 2015}}</ref> <ref name="taylor">{{Cite news |last=Taylor |first=Adam |date=6 January 2015 |title=The Miami porn star getting death threats from Lebanon |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2015/01/06/the-miami-porn-star-getting-death-threats-from-lebanon/ |language=en |publisher=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=7 January 2015}}</ref> <ref name="loaded">{{Cite web |date=13 July 2016 |title=The world's 10 most notorious porn stars – Mia Khalifa |url=http://loaded.co.uk/the-worlds-10-most-notorious-porn-stars-mia-khalifa/ |website=[[Loaded (magazine)|Loaded]] |language=en |access-date=17 July 2016}}</ref> <ref name="heather">{{Cite news |last=Saul |first=Heather |title=Pornhub star Mia Khalifa receives death threats after being ranked the site's top adult actress |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/pornhub-star-mia-khalifa-receives-death-threats-after-being-ranked-sites-number-one-adult-actress-9962293.html |access-date=15 April 2020 |publisher=[[The Independent]] |date=7 January 2015 |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="lebaneseexaminer">{{Cite news |date=3 January 2015 |title=Lebanese porn star Mia Khalifa sparks controversy in Lebanon |url=http://www.lebaneseexaminer.com/2015/01/03/top-lebanese-porn-star-sparks-controversy-lebanon/ |language=en |publisher=Lebanese Examiner |access-date=19 July 2016}}</ref> <ref name="atallah">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasriatallah.com/blog/mia-khalifa-lebanese-porn |title=The Misguided Lebanese Debate over Mia Khalifa and Porn |last=Atallah |first=Nasri |date=5 January 2015 |language=en |access-date=3 September 2018}}</ref> <ref name="kotecki">{{Cite news |last=Kotecki |first=Nick |date=7 January 2015 |title=Lebanese American porn actress Mia Khalifa receives death threats |url=http://national.suntimes.com/national-world-news/7/72/438811/mia-khalifa-pornhub-death-threats/ |language=en |publisher=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> <ref name="kaufman">{{Cite news |last=Kaufman |first=Gil |date=7 January 2015 |title=Hijab-Wearing Porn Star Mia Khalifa Got Her Own Theme Song Courtesy Of Timeflies |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2041906/timeflies-mia-khalifa-porn-lebanon-death-threats/ |language=en |publisher=[[MTV]] |access-date=7 January 2015}}</ref> <ref name="brown">{{Cite news |last=Brown |first=Jessica |date=5 January 2017 |title=Meet the world's most popular porn star - they're from Lebanon |url=https://www.indy100.com/article/most-popular-porn-star-mia-khalifa-xhamster-data-survey-lebanon-internet-7508631 |language=en |publisher=[[The Independent]] |access-date=16 April 2020}}</ref> <ref name="cudihy">{{Cite web |url=https://www.joe.ie/life-style/searched-porn-actress-planet-revealed-mia-khalifa-572592 |title=The most searched-for porn actress on the planet has been revealed as Mia Khalifa |last=Cuddihy |first=Tony |date=2017 |publisher=Joe.ie |language=en |access-date=16 April 2020}}</ref> <ref name="hay">{{Cite news |last=Hay |first=Mark |date=27 June 2018 |title=Mia Khalifa Only Did Porn Three Months But She's Still a Pornhub Sensation |url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/9k84v7/mia-khalifa-only-did-porn-three-months-but-shes-still-a-pornhub-sensation |language=en |publisher=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]] |access-date=16 April 2020}}</ref> <ref name="horton">{{Cite news |last=Horton |first=Alex |date=13 August 2019 |title=Mia Khalifa Reveals She Only Made $12,000 as an Adult Film Star |url=https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2019/08/mia-khalifa-sparks-discussion-after-revealing-she-made-12-thousand-dollars-adult-film |language=en |publisher=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=16 April 2020}}</ref> <ref name="cowen">{{Cite news |last=Cowen |first=Trace |date=16 August 2019 |title=Mia Khalifa is among the world's most-watched women. Yet the porn industry is keeping the profits. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/08/16/mia-khalifa-is-among-worlds-most-watched-women-yet-porn-industry-is-keeping-profits/ |language=en |publisher=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=16 April 2020}}</ref> <ref name="steinberg2017">{{Cite news |last=Steinberg |first=Dan |date=10 October 2017 |title=Gilbert Arenas and Mia Khalifa will co-host a daily sports talk show for Complex |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/dc-sports-bog/wp/2017/10/10/gilbert-arenas-and-mia-khalifa-will-co-host-a-daily-sports-talk-show-for-complex/ |language=en |publisher=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=11 October 2017}}</ref> <ref name="sportsball">{{Cite web |url=https://roosterteeth.com/series/sportsball |title=Sportsball |year=2018 |website=RoosterTeeth |language=en |access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> <ref name="AVmedia">{{Cite AV media |date=August 27, 2019 |title=Mia Khalifa: Why I'm speaking out about the porn industry |medium=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/entertainment-arts-49453376/mia-khalifa-why-i-m-speaking-out-about-the-porn-industry |access-date=August 27, 2019}}</ref> <ref name="jerusalem">{{Cite news |date=29 November 2016 |title=Petitioners suggest Trump name US-Lebanese ex-porn star as Saudi envoy |url=http://www.jpost.com/Not-Just-News/Trending-Now/Petitioners-suggest-Trump-name-US-Lebanese-ex-porn-star-as-Saudi-envoy-473955 |language=en |publisher=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |access-date=30 November 2016}}</ref> <ref name="shamsian">{{Cite news |last=Shamsian |first=Jacob |date=20 December 2018 |title=A TikTok trend is probably why you've been hearing the phrase 'hit or miss' yelled in public lately |url=https://www.businessinsider.my/tiktok-hit-or-miss-i-guess-never-miss-meme-mia-khalifa-2018-12/ |language=en |publisher=[[Business Insider]] |access-date=30 January 2019}}</ref> <ref name="manavis">{{Cite web |date=9 January 2019 |last=Manavis |first=Sarah |title=TikTok: The unlikely meme-generator you're about to see everywhere |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/2019/01/what-is-tiktok-unlikely-meme-generator-you-re-about-see-everywhere-video |website=[[New Statesman]] |access-date=30 January 2019}}</ref> <ref name="cooper">{{Cite web |date=12 February 2019 |last=Cooper |first=Duncan |title=How TikTok Gets Rich While Paying Artists Pennies |url=https://pitchfork.com/features/article/the-great-music-meme-scam-how-tiktok-gets-rich-while-paying-artists-pennies/ |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]] |language=en |access-date=20 May 2019}}</ref> <ref name="ramadan">{{Cite news |last=Ramadan |first=Syahrul |title=Mia Khalifa Wants To Be Buried In Her Wedding Dress If She Dies Early |url=https://hype.my/2020/186438/mia-khalifa-wedding-dress/ |access-date=16 April 2020 |publisher=Hype |date=14 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="trina">{{Cite news |last=Traina |first=Jimmy |date=15 January 2015 |title=Porn star/FSU fan makes offer to Ohio State QB Braxton Miller |url=http://www.foxsports.com/buzzer/story/mia-khalifa-florida-state-ohio-state-braxton-miller-darnell-dockett-010915 |language=en |publisher=[[Fox Sports]] |access-date=17 January 2015}}</ref> <ref name="hedayat">{{Cite news |last=Hedayati |first=Faramarz |date=9 May 2016 |title=Mia Khalifa Fancies Hockey Player Andre Burakovsky of the Washington Capitals, And More! |url=http://masterherald.com/mia-khalifa-fancies-hockey-player-andre-burakovsky-of-the-washington-capitals/39639/ |language=en |publisher=Master Herald |access-date=8 July 2016}}</ref> <ref name="foxsports">{{Cite web |url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/football/premier-league/adult-film-star-mia-khalifa-roasts-matteo-guendouzi-on-twitter-leicester-protesters-have-signs-taken-away-from-them/news-story/6923b8f80a44196e7c2a41ddaadc0e0d |title=Adult film star Mia Khalifa roasts Matteo Guendouzi on Twitter |date=13 January 2019 |publisher=Fox Sports |language=en |access-date=31 January 2019}}</ref> <ref name="howson">{{Cite web |url=https://www.news.com.au/sport/sports-life/former-pornstar-mia-khalifa-unleashes-on-arsenals-matteo-guendouzi-for-going-down/news-story/26d13e80672b29b1c8a857450f244e86 |title=Former pornstar Mia Khalifa unleashes on Arsenal's Matteo Guendouzi |last=Howson |first=Nick |date=14 January 2019 |website=NewsComAu |language=en |access-date=17 May 2019}}</ref> <ref name="abdar">{{Cite web |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/entertainment/2020/04/14/898787 |title=ꠢꠛꠥ ꠡꠣꠝꠤꠞ ꠇꠣꠍꠦ ꠝꠤꠀ ꠈꠟꠤꠚꠣꠞ ꠀꠛꠖꠣꠞ |website=ꠇꠣꠟꠦꠞ ꠇꠘ꠆ꠑ |access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref> <ref name="indiatoday">{{Cite news |title=Mia Khalifa postpones wedding with Robert Sandberg due to coronavirus crisis |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/celebrity/story/mia-khalifa-postpones-wedding-with-robert-sandberg-due-to-coronavirus-crisis-1665015-2020-04-09 |access-date=16 April 2020 |publisher=[[India Today]] |date=9 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref> }} == ꠛꠣꠁꠞꠞ ꠟꠤꠋꠇ == * [https://miakhalifa.com/ ꠅꠚꠤꠡꠤꠀꠟ ꠅꠦꠛꠍꠣꠁꠐ] * [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm7048926/ ꠀꠁꠄꠝꠒꠤꠛꠤ-ꠔ ꠝꠤꠀ ꠈꠟꠤꠚꠣ] [[ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:1993-ꠅ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠝ]] [[ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠎꠤꠘꠖꠣ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡ]] [[ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠟꠦꠛꠣꠘꠤꠎ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠘꠧꠉ꠆ꠞꠣꠚꠤꠇ ꠀꠜꠤꠘꠦꠔ꠆ꠞꠤ]] [[ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠝꠣꠞ꠆ꠇꠤꠘ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠘꠧꠉ꠆ꠞꠣꠚꠤꠇ ꠀꠜꠤꠘꠦꠔ꠆ꠞꠤ]] [[ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠅꠦꠛꠇꠦꠝ ꠝꠒꠦꠟ]] [[ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠛꠂꠞꠥꠔꠞ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡ]] [[ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠈꠦꠟꠣꠞ ꠗꠣꠞꠣꠜꠣꠡ꠆ꠡꠇꠣꠞ]] [[ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠐꠥꠁꠌ ꠡ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠞꠤꠝꠣꠞ]] [[ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠝꠣꠞ꠆ꠇꠤꠘ ꠐꠤꠇꠐꠇꠣꠞ]] 6stmpkfdxrzo9pxjy46pkgqbqc12d9a 0 9512 34574 2026-11-07T09:26:44Z Amirhusenjihed 973 ꠘꠁꠀ ꠛꠣꠘꠣꠁꠍꠤ 34574 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠡꠣꠢꠤꠔ꠆ꠔ''' ꠅꠁꠟꠧ [[ꠙꠥꠛꠤ ꠘꠣꠉꠞꠤ ꠟꠤꠙꠤ|ꠙꠥꠛꠤ ꠘꠣꠉꠞꠤ]] ꠀꠞ [[ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠘꠣꠉꠞꠤ|ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠘꠣꠉꠞꠤ ꠟꠤꠙꠤꠔ]] ꠟꠦꠈꠣ [[ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ|ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠞ]] ꠡꠣꠢꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠇꠞ꠆ꠝ꠶ [[ꠌꠞ꠆ꠎꠣꠙꠖ|ꠌꠞ꠆ꠎꠣꠙꠖꠞꠦ]] [[ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ|ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ]] ꠡꠢ [[ꠀꠡꠣꠝꠤ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ|ꠀꠡꠣꠝꠤ]], [[ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ|ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣ]], [[ꠜꠧꠎꠙꠥꠞꠤ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ|ꠜꠧꠎꠙꠥꠞꠤ]], [[ꠅꠠꠤꠀ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ|ꠅꠠꠤꠀ]], [[ꠝꠣꠉꠗꠤ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ|ꠝꠣꠉꠗꠤ]], [[ꠝꠂꠕꠤꠟꠤ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ|ꠝꠂꠕꠤꠟꠤ]] ꠀꠞ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠞ ꠡꠛꠌꠦয়ে ꠙꠥꠞꠣꠘꠣ ꠡꠣꠢꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠇꠞ꠆ꠝ ꠢꠤꠍꠣꠛꠦ ꠗꠞꠣ ꠅꠄ꠶<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language|last=Chatterji|first=Suniti Kumar|page=80}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVOFAAAAQBAJ&q=proto-bengali+charyapada&pg=PA125|title=Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis|last1=Chakrabarti|first1=Kunal|last2=Chakrabarti|first2=Subhra|date=22 August 2013|publisher=Scarecrow Press, UK|page=125|isbn=978-0-8108-5334-8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1eYwDAAAQBAJ&q=proto-bengali+charyapada&pg=PA79|title=Milestones Social Science|last1=Duggal|first1=Gita|last2=Chakrabarti|first2=Joyita|publisher=Madhubun|page=79|isbn=9789325982673}}</ref> [[ꠍꠣꠖꠦꠇ ꠀꠟꠤ]]-ꠞ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ''[[ꠢꠣꠟꠔ-ꠃꠘ-ꠘꠛꠤ]]'' [[ꠙꠥꠕꠤ|ꠙꠥꠕꠤꠞꠦ]] ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠘꠣꠉꠞꠤ ꠡꠣꠢꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠞ ꠡꠛꠌꠦয়ে ꠘꠣꠝꠇꠞꠣ ꠛꠁ ꠢꠤꠍꠣꠛꠦ ꠗꠞꠣ ꠅꠄ꠶<ref name="syldiv">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sylhetdiv.gov.bd/site/page/4399e863-0757-11e7-a6c5-286ed488c766/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%20%E0%A6%93%20%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF|title=ꠜꠣꠡꠣ ꠅ ꠡꠋꠡ꠆ꠇꠤꠔꠤ|date=13 September 2020|publisher=[[Bangladesh National Portal]]|language=bn|access-date=17 December 2020|archive-date=15 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115150402/http://sylhetdiv.gov.bd/site/page/4399e863-0757-11e7-a6c5-286ed488c766/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%20%E0%A6%93%20%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[ꠡꠣꠢ ꠎꠣꠟꠣꠟ]] ꠀꠞ [[ꠌꠂꠔꠘ꠆ꠘ ꠝꠢꠣꠙ꠆ꠞꠜꠥ|ꠡ꠆ꠞꠤꠌꠂꠔꠘ꠆ꠘ]] ꠖꠦꠛꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠜꠣꠛ ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠡꠣꠢꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠅ ꠖꠦꠈꠣ ꠎꠣꠄ꠶<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_HSHAwAAQBAJ&q=Sylheti+literature&pg=PA29|title=Larakoron My Sylheti Grammar|last=Mayenin|first=Munayem|year=2012|page=29|isbn=9781470963231}}</ref> [[ꠍꠤꠟꠐ|ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠅ]] ꠙꠣꠅꠀ ꠔꠣꠝꠣꠞ ꠚꠟꠇ (ꠔꠣꠝ꠆ꠞꠡꠣꠡꠘ), ꠙꠣꠔ꠆ꠔꠞꠞ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ (ꠡꠤꠟꠣꠟꠤꠙꠤ), ꠇꠤꠌ꠆ꠌꠣ-ꠇꠣꠢꠤꠘꠤ ꠀꠞ ꠉꠤꠔ ꠅꠁꠟꠧ ꠁ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠌꠟꠞ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ ꠀꠞ ꠡꠣꠢꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠞ ꠙꠥꠞꠣꠘꠣ ꠘꠤꠡꠣꠘꠣ꠶ ꠡꠂꠅꠖ ꠝꠧꠡ꠆ꠔꠚꠣ ꠇꠣꠝꠣꠟꠞ ꠝꠔꠦ (ꠀꠘꠥꠝꠣꠘꠤꠇ 1650 ꠈ꠆ꠞꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠣꠛ꠆ꠖ) ꠌꠂꠔꠘ꠆ꠘꠛꠣꠖ ꠀꠞ ꠎꠉꠘ꠆ꠝꠧꠢꠘꠤ ꠝꠔꠛꠣꠖꠞ ꠝꠤꠟꠘꠞ ꠃꠙꠞꠦ ꠜꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠇꠞꠤ [[ꠛꠣꠃꠟ]] ꠗꠣꠞꠣ ꠉꠠꠤ ꠃꠑꠍꠦ, ꠎꠦꠐꠣ ꠝꠞꠝꠤ ꠡꠣꠢꠤꠔ꠆ꠔ [[ꠛꠂꠡ꠆ꠘꠛ ꠙꠖꠣꠛꠟꠤ|ꠛꠂꠡ꠆ꠘꠛ ꠙꠖꠣꠛꠟꠤꠔ]] ꠖꠦꠈꠣ ꠎꠣꠄ꠶ ꠁ ꠇꠣꠞꠘꠦ ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠞꠦ ꠝꠞꠝꠤ ꠡꠣꠢꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠞ ꠀꠗ꠆ꠎꠣꠔ꠆ꠝꠤꠇ ꠞꠣꠎꠗꠣꠘꠤ ꠀꠞ ꠛꠣꠃꠟ ꠉꠣꠘꠞ ꠈꠘꠤ ꠈꠅꠀ ꠅꠄ꠶ ꠛꠢꠥꠔ ꠇꠛꠤ-ꠡꠣꠢꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠤꠇ ꠅꠇꠟꠦ ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠡꠣꠢꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠞꠦ ꠗꠘꠤ ꠇꠞꠍꠂꠘ꠶ ꠔꠣꠞꠣꠞ ꠝꠣꠏꠦ [[ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ]], [[ꠞꠣꠗꠣꠞꠝꠘ ꠖꠔ꠆ꠔ|ꠞꠣꠗꠣꠞꠝꠘ]], [[ꠡꠂꠅꠖ ꠡꠣꠢꠘꠥꠞ]], [[ꠡꠤꠔꠣꠟꠋ ꠡꠣꠢ]], ꠀꠞ [[ꠖꠥꠞ꠆ꠛꠤꠘ ꠡꠣꠢ]]-ꠞ ꠘꠣꠝ ꠈꠣꠡ ꠇꠞꠤ ꠃꠟ꠆ꠟꠦꠈ ꠇꠞꠣꠞ ꠟꠣꠈꠣꠘ꠶<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fh0yAwAAQBAJ&q=Sylheti+literature&pg=PA18|title=Sylara My Sylheti Tutor|last=Mayenin|first=Munayem|year=2011|page=18|isbn=9781447713081}}</ref> ꠘꠣꠉꠞꠤ ꠡꠣꠢꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠞ ꠝꠥꠟ ꠛꠤꠡꠄ ꠅꠁꠟꠧ ꠗꠞ꠆ꠝ, [[ꠁꠍꠟꠣꠝꠞ ꠁꠔꠤꠢꠣꠡ|ꠁꠍꠟꠣꠝꠤ ꠁꠔꠤꠢꠣꠡ]], ꠄꠂꠔꠤꠢ꠆ꠎ, ꠇꠤꠌ꠆ꠌꠣ, ꠞꠣꠉ, ꠛꠣꠃꠟ ꠀꠞ ꠝꠞꠝꠤ ꠉꠣꠘ꠶ ꠅꠈꠘ ꠙꠞ꠆ꠎꠘ꠆ꠔ 88ꠐꠣ ꠍꠣꠙꠣ ꠛꠁ (ꠘꠣꠉꠞꠤ ꠟꠤꠙꠤꠔ) ꠡꠢ ꠝꠥꠐ 140ꠐꠣ ꠛꠁ ꠙꠣꠅꠀ ꠉꠦꠍꠦ꠶<ref name="sylgov">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sylhet.gov.bd/site/page/2b13c62e-0757-11e7-a6c5-286ed488c766/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%20%E0%A6%93%20%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF|title=ꠜꠣꠡꠣ ꠅ ꠡꠋꠡ꠆ꠇꠤꠔꠤ|date=14 September 2020|publisher=Bangladesh National Portal|language=bn|access-date=17 December 2020|archive-date=25 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125040729/http://sylhet.gov.bd/site/page/2b13c62e-0757-11e7-a6c5-286ed488c766/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%20%E0%A6%93%20%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF|url-status=dead}}</ref> == ꠀꠞꠅ ꠖꠦꠈꠂꠘ == * [[ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠞ ꠁꠔꠤꠢꠣꠡ]] * [[ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠘꠣꠉꠞꠤꠔ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠛꠁꠀꠁꠘꠞ ꠟꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠤ]] * [[ꠍꠤꠟꠐ ꠛꠤꠜꠣꠉ|ꠍꠤꠟꠐ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠌꠟ]] * [[ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ]] * [[ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠘꠣꠉꠞꠤ]] * [[ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ]] == ꠟꠇ == {{reflist}} [[ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠡꠋꠡ꠆ꠇꠤꠔꠤ]] [[ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠡꠣꠢꠤꠔ꠆ꠔ]] gekfxyt0krz9lsiomqaunithlitdmit 14 9513 34575 2026-11-07T09:33:08Z Amirhusenjihed 973 Created blank page 34575 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 9514 34576 2026-11-07T10:16:57Z Amirhusenjihed 973 ꠘꠁꠀ ꠛꠣꠘꠣꠁꠍꠤ 34576 wikitext text/x-wiki ꠁꠐꠣ ꠅꠁꠟꠧ [[ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠘꠣꠉꠞꠤ]] ꠟꠤꠙꠤꠔ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠘꠣꠝꠇꠞꠣ ꠛꠁ (ꠙꠥꠕꠤ) ꠀꠞ ꠇꠛꠤꠔꠣꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠣ ꠟꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠤ꠶ == 16ꠡ ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤ == * ''ꠔꠣꠟꠤꠛ ꠢꠥꠍꠘ'' — ꠉꠧꠟꠣꠝ ꠢꠥꠍꠘ (1549, [[ꠡꠤꠟꠌꠞ]])<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tālib Huchan|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-5-3}}</ref> == 17ꠡ ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤ == * ''ꠜꠦꠖꠡꠣꠞ'' — ꠡꠂꠅꠖ ꠡꠣꠢ ꠢꠥꠍꠘ ꠀꠟꠝ<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhédsār, 1st Edition|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-5-4|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> == 19ꠡ ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤ == * ''ꠉꠣꠚꠤꠟ ꠘꠍꠤꠢꠔ'' — ꠀꠎꠝꠔ ꠀꠟꠤ (1843, ꠃꠝꠣꠁꠉꠣꠅ, [[ꠍꠤꠟꠐ]])<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gafil Nosihot Puthi|website=Sylheti Translation And Research (STAR)|url=http://www.sylheti.org.uk/gafil-nosihot-puthi|access-date=7 March 2020|archive-date=4 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204011953/http://www.sylheti.org.uk/gafil-nosihot-puthi|url-status=dead}}</ref> * ''[[ꠢꠣꠟꠔ-ꠃꠘ-ꠘꠛꠤ|ꠢꠣꠟꠔꠥꠘ꠆ꠘꠛꠤ]]'' — [[ꠍꠣꠖꠦꠇ ꠀꠟꠤ]] (1855, [[ꠇꠥꠟꠣꠃꠠꠣ|ꠖꠂꠟꠔꠙꠥꠞ, ꠟꠋꠟꠣ]]) * ''ꠇꠦꠔꠣꠛ ꠞꠖ꠆ꠖꠦ ꠇꠥꠚꠥꠞ'' — ꠍꠣꠖꠦꠇ ꠀꠟꠤ (1874, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ)<ref name="ahmed">{{Cite book|last=Ahmed|first=Rafiuddin|title=The Bengal Muslims 1871-1906: A Quest for Identity|url=https://archive.org/details/bengalmuslims1870000ahme|edition=2|location=[[Delhi]] and [[New York City]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1981}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kétāb Radde Kufur|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-30-16}}</ref> * ''ꠍꠢꠤ ꠡꠢꠞ ꠌꠞꠤꠔ'' — ꠝꠥꠘ꠆ꠡꠤ ꠀꠛ꠆ꠖꠥꠞ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ ꠝꠤꠀ (1878, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chahi Sahar Carit|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-30-22}}</ref> * ''ꠡꠤꠔꠣꠟꠋ ꠚꠇꠤꠞꠞ ꠞꠣꠉ'' — [[ꠡꠤꠔꠣꠟꠋ ꠡꠣꠢ]] ([[ꠇꠣꠍꠣꠠ ꠎꠦꠟꠣ|ꠇꠣꠎꠤꠖꠣꠢꠣꠞ, ꠡꠘꠣꠁ]])<ref>{{Cite web|title=Śitalāng Phakirer Rāg|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-3-1|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> * ''ꠙꠥꠕꠤ ꠖꠚꠦꠃꠟ ꠢꠥꠎꠔ'' — ꠍꠣꠖꠦꠇ ꠀꠟꠤ<ref>{{Cite web|title=Puthi Daphéul Hujat|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-5-1}}</ref> * ''ꠙꠣꠘ꠆ꠖꠦꠘꠣꠝꠣ'' — ꠍꠣꠖꠦꠇ ꠀꠟꠤ<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pāndnāmā|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-5-8}}</ref> * ''ꠢꠣꠡꠞ ꠝꠤꠍꠤꠟ'' — ꠍꠣꠖꠦꠇ ꠀꠟꠤ<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hasar Michil|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-8-1}}</ref> * ''ꠢꠥꠡꠤꠀꠞꠘꠣꠝꠣ'' — ꠍꠣꠖꠦꠇ ꠀꠟꠤ<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hushiārnāmā|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-5-9}}</ref> * ''ꠀꠎꠥ-ꠘꠝꠣꠎ'' — ꠝꠥꠘ꠆ꠡꠤ ꠀꠛ꠆ꠖꠥꠟ ꠇꠞꠤꠝ<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ojunamāj|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-8-2}}</ref> * ''ꠇꠣꠟꠣꠝ ꠖꠞꠛꠦꠡ''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kālām Darbéś|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-20-5}}</ref> * ''ꠀꠡꠟ ꠇꠦꠔꠣꠛ ꠝꠢꠛ꠆ꠛꠔꠘꠣꠝꠣ'' — ꠍꠣꠖꠦꠇ ꠀꠟꠤ<ref>{{Cite web|title=Āsol Kétāb Mohabbatnāmā|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-30-24}}</ref> * ''ꠇꠦꠔꠣꠛ ꠍꠢꠤ ꠍꠖꠍꠤ ꠝꠍꠟꠣ ꠅ 130 ꠚꠞꠎ'' — ꠝꠥꠘ꠆ꠡꠤ ꠀꠛ꠆ꠖꠥꠟ ꠇꠞꠤꠝ (1890, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kétāb Chahi Chadchi Machlā o 130 Faraj|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-32-3}}</ref> * ''ꠡꠣꠢꠣꠖꠔꠦ ꠛꠥꠎꠥꠞ꠆ꠉꠣꠘ'' — ꠝꠎꠤꠞ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠖꠤꠘ ꠀꠢꠝꠖ (ꠀꠔꠥꠀꠎꠣꠘ, [[ꠡꠂꠅꠖꠙꠥꠞ, ꠡꠥꠘꠣꠝꠉꠘ꠆ꠎ]])<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shahadote Buzurgan Puthi|website=Sylheti Translation And Research (STAR)|url=http://www.sylheti.org.uk/shahadote-buzurgan-puthi|access-date=7 March 2020|archive-date=16 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116131613/http://www.sylheti.org.uk/shahadote-buzurgan-puthi|url-status=dead}}</ref> == 20ꠡ ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤ == * ''ꠅꠀꠎꠤꠛꠥꠟ ꠀꠝꠟ'' — ꠀꠛ꠆ꠖꠥꠟ ꠇꠞꠤꠝ ꠎꠂꠘ꠆ꠔꠣꠙꠥꠞꠤ (1905, ꠇꠟꠇꠣꠔꠣ)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Catalogue of Bengali Printed Books in the Library of the British Museum|year=1886|publisher=[[British Museum]]|last=Blumhardt|first=James Fuller|page=3|url=https://archive.org/details/supplofbenga00brituoft/page/14/mode/2up}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Oyājibul Āmal|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-32-6}}</ref> * ''ꠇꠦꠔꠣꠛ ꠘꠥꠞꠘꠣꠎꠣꠔ ꠖꠞ ꠄꠡ꠆ꠇꠦ ꠝꠣꠞꠦꠚꠔ'' — ꠎꠥꠢꠥꠞ ꠀꠟ-ꠢꠥꠡꠦꠘ (1907, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Catalogue of Bengali Printed Books in the Library of the British Museum|year=1886|publisher=[[British Museum]]|last=Blumhardt|first=James Fuller|page=322|url=https://archive.org/details/supplofbenga00brituoft/page/165/mode/2up}}</ref> * ''ꠝꠥꠎꠝꠣ ꠞꠣꠉ ꠢꠞꠤꠛꠋꠡ'' — ꠝꠥꠢꠣꠝ꠆ꠝꠖ ꠀꠚꠎꠟ (1907, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Catalogue of Bengali Printed Books in the Library of the British Museum|year=1886|publisher=[[British Museum]]|last=Blumhardt|first=James Fuller|page=163|url=https://archive.org/details/supplofbenga00brituoft/page/87/mode/2up}}</ref> * ''[[ꠖꠤꠅꠀꠘ-ꠁ-ꠀꠟꠝ]]'' — [[ꠁꠡꠝꠣꠁꠟ ꠀꠟꠝ]] * ''ꠝꠥꠚꠤꠖꠥꠟ ꠝꠥꠝꠤꠘꠤꠘ 1ꠝ ꠈꠘ꠆ꠒ'' — ꠝꠥꠘ꠆ꠡꠤ ꠁꠞꠚꠣꠘ ꠀꠟꠤ (1910, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mufidul Muminin: Volume 1|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-30-21}}</ref> * ''ꠙꠥꠕꠤ ꠀꠙꠣꠁ ꠘꠣꠝꠣ'' — ꠝꠥꠘ꠆ꠡꠤ ꠡꠣꠎꠤꠖ ꠝꠤꠀ (1913, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Puthi Āpaināmā|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-30-21}}</ref> * ''ꠀꠢꠅꠀꠟꠦ ꠎꠝꠣꠘꠣ'' — ꠌꠂꠗꠥꠞꠤ ꠝꠥꠢꠣꠝ꠆ꠝꠖ ꠢꠣꠁꠖꠞ (1913, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Āhoyālé Jamānā|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-30-4}}</ref> * ''ꠢꠎꠘꠣꠝꠣ'' (1913, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hajnāmā [1913]|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-7-1}}</ref> * ''ꠀꠢꠇꠣꠝꠥꠟ ꠁꠍꠟꠣꠝ'' (1913, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Āhkāmul Ichlām|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-30-3}}</ref> * ''ꠇꠦꠔꠣꠛ ꠉꠘ꠆ꠎꠦ ꠄꠡ꠆ꠇꠦ ꠄꠟꠣꠢꠤ'' (1916, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kétāb Ganjé Éské Élāhi|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-30-12}}</ref> * ''ꠀꠇꠚꠦ ꠁꠍꠟꠣꠝꠤꠀ ꠙꠥꠕꠤ'' (1916, [[ꠗꠟꠣꠁ]])<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ākphé Islāmiā Pūthi|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-30-5}}</ref> * ''ꠍꠢꠤ ꠀꠍꠤꠔꠥꠘ꠆ꠘꠛꠤ'' (1920, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chohi Achitunnabi|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-30-11}}</ref> * ''ꠌꠞꠇꠣꠞ ꠚꠎꠤꠟꠔ'' (1921, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Carkar Fajilat|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-30-8}}</ref> * ''ꠀꠢꠇꠣꠝꠦ ꠌꠞꠇꠣ'' (1922, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Āhkāmé Carkā|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-30-1}}</ref> * ''ꠎꠥꠟꠝꠣꠔ ꠘꠣꠝꠣ ꠇꠛꠤꠔꠣ'' (1924, [[ꠡꠤꠟꠌꠞ]])<ref>{{Cite web|title=Julmat Nāmā Kabitā|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-30-14}}</ref> * ''ꠞꠣꠉ ꠅꠀꠎꠤꠖ ꠘꠍꠤꠢꠔ'' (1924, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rāg Oyajid Nachihat|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-30-15}}</ref> * ''[[ꠀꠉ꠆ꠘꠤꠇꠥꠘ꠆ꠒ]]'' — [[ꠁꠛꠞꠣꠢꠤꠝ ꠀꠟꠤ ꠔꠡꠘꠣ]] * ''ꠍꠢꠤ ꠝꠥꠚꠤꠖꠥꠟ ꠀꠅꠀꠝ'' (1925, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chōhi Mufidul Āoyām|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-30-18}}</ref> * ''ꠡꠣꠔ ꠇꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠞ ꠛꠣꠈꠣꠘ'' (1925, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sāt Kanyār Bākhān|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-30-10}}</ref> * ''ꠡꠧꠘꠣꠜꠣꠘꠞ ꠙꠥꠕꠤ'' (1925, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sanābhānér Puthi|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-32-8}}</ref> * ''ꠇꠞꠤꠘꠣꠝꠣ'' (1927, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karināmā|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-30-17}}</ref> * ''ꠁꠍꠣꠞꠥꠟ ꠢꠇ'' (1927–28, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Icharūl Hak|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-30-23}}</ref> * ''ꠀꠢꠇꠣꠝꠦ ꠞꠧꠎꠣ'' (1929, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Āhkāmé Rojā|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-30-2}}</ref> * ''ꠢꠞꠤꠘ ꠘꠣꠝꠣ'' (1929, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Harin nāmā|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-30-13}}</ref> * ''ꠍꠤꠟꠐ ꠘꠣꠉꠞꠤ ꠙꠄꠟꠣ ꠇꠤꠔꠣꠛ ꠅ ꠖꠁꠈꠥꠞꠣꠞ ꠞꠣꠉ'' (1929, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sylhét Nāgrir Pahélā Kétāb o Doi Khūrār Rāg|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-30-20}}</ref> * ''ꠁꠃꠞꠧꠙꠤ ꠝꠢꠣꠎꠥꠖ꠆ꠗꠞ ꠇꠛꠤꠔꠣ'' (1950)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Collections|website=Sylheti Translation And Research (STAR)|url=http://www.sylheti.org.uk/collections|access-date=7 March 2020|archive-date=25 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325132442/http://www.sylheti.org.uk/collections|url-status=dead}}</ref> * ''Siloti Poyla Kitab—Syloty First Book: Learn Syloty in 15 Minutes!'' — ꠎꠟꠤꠟ ꠌꠂꠗꠥꠞꠤ (1998, [[ꠟꠘ꠆ꠒꠘ]])<ref>{{Cite book|title=Documentation in support of proposal for encoding Syloti Nagri in the BMP N2591|chapter=Literacy revival in Sylhet & Britain|page=9|url=https://sylotilanguage.com/assets/language_resource/History%20of%20Syloti%20Language}}</ref> == 21ꠡ ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤ == * ''ꠀꠅ ꠘꠣꠉꠞꠤ ꠢꠤꠇꠤ'' — ꠀꠟꠤꠝ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠖꠤꠘ ꠌꠂꠗꠥꠞꠤ ꠀꠞ ꠀꠛꠥ ꠡꠣꠁꠖ (ꠍꠤꠟꠐ, 2021)<ref>{{Cite web|title=ꠀꠅ ꠘꠣꠉꠞꠤ ꠢꠤꠇꠤ|url=https://surmafarorkhobor.com/sample-page/|website=surmafarorkhobor.com|access-date=21 March 2022|archive-date=29 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329074534/https://surmafarorkhobor.com/sample-page/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=ꠘꠣꠉꠞꠤ ꠢꠤꠇꠤ|date=August 2021|publisher=[[MasterPeace Bangladesh]]|location=Sylhet, Bangladesh|edition=1st}}</ref> * ''SYLOTI VOCABULARY'' — ꠀꠟꠤꠝ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠖꠤꠘ ꠌꠂꠗꠥꠞꠤ == ꠡꠣꠟ ꠀꠎꠣꠘꠣ == * ''ꠎꠋꠉꠘꠣꠝꠣ'' — ꠅꠀꠢꠤꠖ ꠀꠟꠤ<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jamnāmā|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-4-1|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> * ''ꠈꠟꠤꠚꠣꠞ ꠉꠣꠘ'' — ꠡꠥꠞꠝꠣꠘ ꠀꠟꠤ<ref>{{Cite web|title=Surmān Āli Khaliphār Gān|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-4-3|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> * ''ꠡꠢꠤꠖ-ꠁ-ꠇꠣꠞꠛꠣꠟꠣ''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Śāhidé Kārbālā|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-2-2|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> * ''ꠄꠛꠣꠖꠔ-ꠁ-ꠝꠉꠎ''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ebādaté Magaj|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-5-2}}</ref> * ''ꠝꠣꠀ ꠀꠞ ꠛꠤꠌ꠆ꠍꠦꠖ ꠘꠤꠀ ꠝꠞꠝꠤ ꠉꠣꠘ''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Spiritual Songs on Love and Separation|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-6-1}}</ref> * ''ꠢꠞꠝꠥꠎ ꠀꠟꠤꠞ ꠉꠣꠘ'' — ꠡꠣꠢ ꠢꠞꠝꠥꠎ ꠀꠟꠤ<ref>{{Cite web|title=Harmuj Ālir Gān|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-8-6}}</ref> * ''ꠛꠞꠣꠝ ꠎꠧꠢꠥꠞꠣ''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bārām Jahurā|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-10-6}}</ref> * ''ꠛꠀꠘ ꠇꠤꠀꠝꠔꠘꠣꠝꠣ''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bayān Qayāmatnāmā|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-10-5}}</ref> * ''ꠌꠘ꠆ꠖ꠆ꠞꠝꠥꠈꠤꠞ ꠙꠥꠕꠤ''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Candramukhir Puthi|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-20-3}}</ref> * ''ꠁꠝꠣꠝꠌꠥꠞꠤꠞ ꠛꠀꠘ''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Imāmchurir Boyan|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-22-1}}</ref> * ''ꠢꠞꠝꠥꠎ ꠘꠍꠤꠢꠔ'' == ꠀꠞꠅ ꠖꠦꠈꠂꠘ == * [[ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠞ ꠁꠔꠤꠢꠣꠡ]] * [[ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡꠞ ꠟꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠤ]] * [[ꠍꠤꠟꠐ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠌꠟ]] * [[ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ]] * [[ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ]] == ꠟꠇ == {{reflist}} [[ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠛꠁꠀꠁꠘꠞ ꠟꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠤ]] [[ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠍꠤꠟꠐ ꠛꠤꠜꠣꠉ]] [[ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ]] [[ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠡꠣꠢꠤꠔ꠆ꠔ]] j144hq4q66mweb2s618skrpu7c7tzy3 34578 34576 2026-11-07T11:07:18Z ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ 14 ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ moved page [[ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠘꠣꠉꠞꠤꠔ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠛꠁꠀꠁꠘꠞ ꠟꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠤ]] to [[ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠟꠤꠙꠤꠖꠤ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠛꠁꠀꠁꠘ꠆ꠔꠞ ꠟꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠤ]] ꠪ ꠘꠣꠉꠞꠤꠔ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠛꠟꠔꠦ ꠛꠥꠎꠣꠄ ꠈꠣꠟꠤ ꠍꠤꠟꠐ ꠐꠣꠃꠘ꠆ꠔꠘꠦ ꠛꠣꠞꠂꠟ ꠛꠁ (written/published in Sylhet) ꠁꠘꠅ ꠅꠘꠦꠇ꠆ꠔꠣ ꠟꠘ꠆ꠒꠘ ꠨ ꠀꠡꠣꠝꠕꠘꠦꠅ ꠀꠍꠦ 34576 wikitext text/x-wiki ꠁꠐꠣ ꠅꠁꠟꠧ [[ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠘꠣꠉꠞꠤ]] ꠟꠤꠙꠤꠔ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠘꠣꠝꠇꠞꠣ ꠛꠁ (ꠙꠥꠕꠤ) ꠀꠞ ꠇꠛꠤꠔꠣꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠣ ꠟꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠤ꠶ == 16ꠡ ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤ == * ''ꠔꠣꠟꠤꠛ ꠢꠥꠍꠘ'' — ꠉꠧꠟꠣꠝ ꠢꠥꠍꠘ (1549, [[ꠡꠤꠟꠌꠞ]])<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tālib Huchan|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-5-3}}</ref> == 17ꠡ ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤ == * ''ꠜꠦꠖꠡꠣꠞ'' — ꠡꠂꠅꠖ ꠡꠣꠢ ꠢꠥꠍꠘ ꠀꠟꠝ<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhédsār, 1st Edition|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-5-4|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> == 19ꠡ ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤ == * ''ꠉꠣꠚꠤꠟ ꠘꠍꠤꠢꠔ'' — ꠀꠎꠝꠔ ꠀꠟꠤ (1843, ꠃꠝꠣꠁꠉꠣꠅ, [[ꠍꠤꠟꠐ]])<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gafil Nosihot Puthi|website=Sylheti Translation And Research (STAR)|url=http://www.sylheti.org.uk/gafil-nosihot-puthi|access-date=7 March 2020|archive-date=4 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204011953/http://www.sylheti.org.uk/gafil-nosihot-puthi|url-status=dead}}</ref> * ''[[ꠢꠣꠟꠔ-ꠃꠘ-ꠘꠛꠤ|ꠢꠣꠟꠔꠥꠘ꠆ꠘꠛꠤ]]'' — [[ꠍꠣꠖꠦꠇ ꠀꠟꠤ]] (1855, [[ꠇꠥꠟꠣꠃꠠꠣ|ꠖꠂꠟꠔꠙꠥꠞ, ꠟꠋꠟꠣ]]) * ''ꠇꠦꠔꠣꠛ ꠞꠖ꠆ꠖꠦ ꠇꠥꠚꠥꠞ'' — ꠍꠣꠖꠦꠇ ꠀꠟꠤ (1874, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ)<ref name="ahmed">{{Cite book|last=Ahmed|first=Rafiuddin|title=The Bengal Muslims 1871-1906: A Quest for Identity|url=https://archive.org/details/bengalmuslims1870000ahme|edition=2|location=[[Delhi]] and [[New York City]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1981}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kétāb Radde Kufur|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-30-16}}</ref> * ''ꠍꠢꠤ ꠡꠢꠞ ꠌꠞꠤꠔ'' — ꠝꠥꠘ꠆ꠡꠤ ꠀꠛ꠆ꠖꠥꠞ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ ꠝꠤꠀ (1878, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chahi Sahar Carit|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-30-22}}</ref> * ''ꠡꠤꠔꠣꠟꠋ ꠚꠇꠤꠞꠞ ꠞꠣꠉ'' — [[ꠡꠤꠔꠣꠟꠋ ꠡꠣꠢ]] ([[ꠇꠣꠍꠣꠠ ꠎꠦꠟꠣ|ꠇꠣꠎꠤꠖꠣꠢꠣꠞ, ꠡꠘꠣꠁ]])<ref>{{Cite web|title=Śitalāng Phakirer Rāg|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-3-1|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> * ''ꠙꠥꠕꠤ ꠖꠚꠦꠃꠟ ꠢꠥꠎꠔ'' — ꠍꠣꠖꠦꠇ ꠀꠟꠤ<ref>{{Cite web|title=Puthi Daphéul Hujat|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-5-1}}</ref> * ''ꠙꠣꠘ꠆ꠖꠦꠘꠣꠝꠣ'' — ꠍꠣꠖꠦꠇ ꠀꠟꠤ<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pāndnāmā|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-5-8}}</ref> * ''ꠢꠣꠡꠞ ꠝꠤꠍꠤꠟ'' — ꠍꠣꠖꠦꠇ ꠀꠟꠤ<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hasar Michil|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-8-1}}</ref> * ''ꠢꠥꠡꠤꠀꠞꠘꠣꠝꠣ'' — ꠍꠣꠖꠦꠇ ꠀꠟꠤ<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hushiārnāmā|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-5-9}}</ref> * ''ꠀꠎꠥ-ꠘꠝꠣꠎ'' — ꠝꠥꠘ꠆ꠡꠤ ꠀꠛ꠆ꠖꠥꠟ ꠇꠞꠤꠝ<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ojunamāj|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-8-2}}</ref> * ''ꠇꠣꠟꠣꠝ ꠖꠞꠛꠦꠡ''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kālām Darbéś|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-20-5}}</ref> * ''ꠀꠡꠟ ꠇꠦꠔꠣꠛ ꠝꠢꠛ꠆ꠛꠔꠘꠣꠝꠣ'' — ꠍꠣꠖꠦꠇ ꠀꠟꠤ<ref>{{Cite web|title=Āsol Kétāb Mohabbatnāmā|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-30-24}}</ref> * ''ꠇꠦꠔꠣꠛ ꠍꠢꠤ ꠍꠖꠍꠤ ꠝꠍꠟꠣ ꠅ 130 ꠚꠞꠎ'' — ꠝꠥꠘ꠆ꠡꠤ ꠀꠛ꠆ꠖꠥꠟ ꠇꠞꠤꠝ (1890, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kétāb Chahi Chadchi Machlā o 130 Faraj|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-32-3}}</ref> * ''ꠡꠣꠢꠣꠖꠔꠦ ꠛꠥꠎꠥꠞ꠆ꠉꠣꠘ'' — ꠝꠎꠤꠞ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠖꠤꠘ ꠀꠢꠝꠖ (ꠀꠔꠥꠀꠎꠣꠘ, [[ꠡꠂꠅꠖꠙꠥꠞ, ꠡꠥꠘꠣꠝꠉꠘ꠆ꠎ]])<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shahadote Buzurgan Puthi|website=Sylheti Translation And Research (STAR)|url=http://www.sylheti.org.uk/shahadote-buzurgan-puthi|access-date=7 March 2020|archive-date=16 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116131613/http://www.sylheti.org.uk/shahadote-buzurgan-puthi|url-status=dead}}</ref> == 20ꠡ ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤ == * ''ꠅꠀꠎꠤꠛꠥꠟ ꠀꠝꠟ'' — ꠀꠛ꠆ꠖꠥꠟ ꠇꠞꠤꠝ ꠎꠂꠘ꠆ꠔꠣꠙꠥꠞꠤ (1905, ꠇꠟꠇꠣꠔꠣ)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Catalogue of Bengali Printed Books in the Library of the British Museum|year=1886|publisher=[[British Museum]]|last=Blumhardt|first=James Fuller|page=3|url=https://archive.org/details/supplofbenga00brituoft/page/14/mode/2up}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Oyājibul Āmal|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-32-6}}</ref> * ''ꠇꠦꠔꠣꠛ ꠘꠥꠞꠘꠣꠎꠣꠔ ꠖꠞ ꠄꠡ꠆ꠇꠦ ꠝꠣꠞꠦꠚꠔ'' — ꠎꠥꠢꠥꠞ ꠀꠟ-ꠢꠥꠡꠦꠘ (1907, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Catalogue of Bengali Printed Books in the Library of the British Museum|year=1886|publisher=[[British Museum]]|last=Blumhardt|first=James Fuller|page=322|url=https://archive.org/details/supplofbenga00brituoft/page/165/mode/2up}}</ref> * ''ꠝꠥꠎꠝꠣ ꠞꠣꠉ ꠢꠞꠤꠛꠋꠡ'' — ꠝꠥꠢꠣꠝ꠆ꠝꠖ ꠀꠚꠎꠟ (1907, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Catalogue of Bengali Printed Books in the Library of the British Museum|year=1886|publisher=[[British Museum]]|last=Blumhardt|first=James Fuller|page=163|url=https://archive.org/details/supplofbenga00brituoft/page/87/mode/2up}}</ref> * ''[[ꠖꠤꠅꠀꠘ-ꠁ-ꠀꠟꠝ]]'' — [[ꠁꠡꠝꠣꠁꠟ ꠀꠟꠝ]] * ''ꠝꠥꠚꠤꠖꠥꠟ ꠝꠥꠝꠤꠘꠤꠘ 1ꠝ ꠈꠘ꠆ꠒ'' — ꠝꠥꠘ꠆ꠡꠤ ꠁꠞꠚꠣꠘ ꠀꠟꠤ (1910, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mufidul Muminin: Volume 1|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-30-21}}</ref> * ''ꠙꠥꠕꠤ ꠀꠙꠣꠁ ꠘꠣꠝꠣ'' — ꠝꠥꠘ꠆ꠡꠤ ꠡꠣꠎꠤꠖ ꠝꠤꠀ (1913, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Puthi Āpaināmā|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-30-21}}</ref> * ''ꠀꠢꠅꠀꠟꠦ ꠎꠝꠣꠘꠣ'' — ꠌꠂꠗꠥꠞꠤ ꠝꠥꠢꠣꠝ꠆ꠝꠖ ꠢꠣꠁꠖꠞ (1913, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Āhoyālé Jamānā|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-30-4}}</ref> * ''ꠢꠎꠘꠣꠝꠣ'' (1913, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hajnāmā [1913]|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-7-1}}</ref> * ''ꠀꠢꠇꠣꠝꠥꠟ ꠁꠍꠟꠣꠝ'' (1913, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Āhkāmul Ichlām|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-30-3}}</ref> * ''ꠇꠦꠔꠣꠛ ꠉꠘ꠆ꠎꠦ ꠄꠡ꠆ꠇꠦ ꠄꠟꠣꠢꠤ'' (1916, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kétāb Ganjé Éské Élāhi|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-30-12}}</ref> * ''ꠀꠇꠚꠦ ꠁꠍꠟꠣꠝꠤꠀ ꠙꠥꠕꠤ'' (1916, [[ꠗꠟꠣꠁ]])<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ākphé Islāmiā Pūthi|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-30-5}}</ref> * ''ꠍꠢꠤ ꠀꠍꠤꠔꠥꠘ꠆ꠘꠛꠤ'' (1920, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chohi Achitunnabi|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-30-11}}</ref> * ''ꠌꠞꠇꠣꠞ ꠚꠎꠤꠟꠔ'' (1921, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Carkar Fajilat|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-30-8}}</ref> * ''ꠀꠢꠇꠣꠝꠦ ꠌꠞꠇꠣ'' (1922, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Āhkāmé Carkā|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-30-1}}</ref> * ''ꠎꠥꠟꠝꠣꠔ ꠘꠣꠝꠣ ꠇꠛꠤꠔꠣ'' (1924, [[ꠡꠤꠟꠌꠞ]])<ref>{{Cite web|title=Julmat Nāmā Kabitā|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-30-14}}</ref> * ''ꠞꠣꠉ ꠅꠀꠎꠤꠖ ꠘꠍꠤꠢꠔ'' (1924, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rāg Oyajid Nachihat|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-30-15}}</ref> * ''[[ꠀꠉ꠆ꠘꠤꠇꠥꠘ꠆ꠒ]]'' — [[ꠁꠛꠞꠣꠢꠤꠝ ꠀꠟꠤ ꠔꠡꠘꠣ]] * ''ꠍꠢꠤ ꠝꠥꠚꠤꠖꠥꠟ ꠀꠅꠀꠝ'' (1925, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chōhi Mufidul Āoyām|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-30-18}}</ref> * ''ꠡꠣꠔ ꠇꠘ꠆ꠘꠣꠞ ꠛꠣꠈꠣꠘ'' (1925, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sāt Kanyār Bākhān|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-30-10}}</ref> * ''ꠡꠧꠘꠣꠜꠣꠘꠞ ꠙꠥꠕꠤ'' (1925, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sanābhānér Puthi|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-32-8}}</ref> * ''ꠇꠞꠤꠘꠣꠝꠣ'' (1927, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karināmā|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-30-17}}</ref> * ''ꠁꠍꠣꠞꠥꠟ ꠢꠇ'' (1927–28, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Icharūl Hak|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-30-23}}</ref> * ''ꠀꠢꠇꠣꠝꠦ ꠞꠧꠎꠣ'' (1929, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Āhkāmé Rojā|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-30-2}}</ref> * ''ꠢꠞꠤꠘ ꠘꠣꠝꠣ'' (1929, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Harin nāmā|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-30-13}}</ref> * ''ꠍꠤꠟꠐ ꠘꠣꠉꠞꠤ ꠙꠄꠟꠣ ꠇꠤꠔꠣꠛ ꠅ ꠖꠁꠈꠥꠞꠣꠞ ꠞꠣꠉ'' (1929, ꠍꠤꠟꠐ)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sylhét Nāgrir Pahélā Kétāb o Doi Khūrār Rāg|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-30-20}}</ref> * ''ꠁꠃꠞꠧꠙꠤ ꠝꠢꠣꠎꠥꠖ꠆ꠗꠞ ꠇꠛꠤꠔꠣ'' (1950)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Collections|website=Sylheti Translation And Research (STAR)|url=http://www.sylheti.org.uk/collections|access-date=7 March 2020|archive-date=25 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325132442/http://www.sylheti.org.uk/collections|url-status=dead}}</ref> * ''Siloti Poyla Kitab—Syloty First Book: Learn Syloty in 15 Minutes!'' — ꠎꠟꠤꠟ ꠌꠂꠗꠥꠞꠤ (1998, [[ꠟꠘ꠆ꠒꠘ]])<ref>{{Cite book|title=Documentation in support of proposal for encoding Syloti Nagri in the BMP N2591|chapter=Literacy revival in Sylhet & Britain|page=9|url=https://sylotilanguage.com/assets/language_resource/History%20of%20Syloti%20Language}}</ref> == 21ꠡ ꠡꠔꠣꠛ꠆ꠖꠤ == * ''ꠀꠅ ꠘꠣꠉꠞꠤ ꠢꠤꠇꠤ'' — ꠀꠟꠤꠝ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠖꠤꠘ ꠌꠂꠗꠥꠞꠤ ꠀꠞ ꠀꠛꠥ ꠡꠣꠁꠖ (ꠍꠤꠟꠐ, 2021)<ref>{{Cite web|title=ꠀꠅ ꠘꠣꠉꠞꠤ ꠢꠤꠇꠤ|url=https://surmafarorkhobor.com/sample-page/|website=surmafarorkhobor.com|access-date=21 March 2022|archive-date=29 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329074534/https://surmafarorkhobor.com/sample-page/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=ꠘꠣꠉꠞꠤ ꠢꠤꠇꠤ|date=August 2021|publisher=[[MasterPeace Bangladesh]]|location=Sylhet, Bangladesh|edition=1st}}</ref> * ''SYLOTI VOCABULARY'' — ꠀꠟꠤꠝ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠖꠤꠘ ꠌꠂꠗꠥꠞꠤ == ꠡꠣꠟ ꠀꠎꠣꠘꠣ == * ''ꠎꠋꠉꠘꠣꠝꠣ'' — ꠅꠀꠢꠤꠖ ꠀꠟꠤ<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jamnāmā|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-4-1|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> * ''ꠈꠟꠤꠚꠣꠞ ꠉꠣꠘ'' — ꠡꠥꠞꠝꠣꠘ ꠀꠟꠤ<ref>{{Cite web|title=Surmān Āli Khaliphār Gān|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-4-3|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> * ''ꠡꠢꠤꠖ-ꠁ-ꠇꠣꠞꠛꠣꠟꠣ''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Śāhidé Kārbālā|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-2-2|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> * ''ꠄꠛꠣꠖꠔ-ꠁ-ꠝꠉꠎ''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ebādaté Magaj|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-5-2}}</ref> * ''ꠝꠣꠀ ꠀꠞ ꠛꠤꠌ꠆ꠍꠦꠖ ꠘꠤꠀ ꠝꠞꠝꠤ ꠉꠣꠘ''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Spiritual Songs on Love and Separation|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-6-1}}</ref> * ''ꠢꠞꠝꠥꠎ ꠀꠟꠤꠞ ꠉꠣꠘ'' — ꠡꠣꠢ ꠢꠞꠝꠥꠎ ꠀꠟꠤ<ref>{{Cite web|title=Harmuj Ālir Gān|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-8-6}}</ref> * ''ꠛꠞꠣꠝ ꠎꠧꠢꠥꠞꠣ''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bārām Jahurā|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-10-6}}</ref> * ''ꠛꠀꠘ ꠇꠤꠀꠝꠔꠘꠣꠝꠣ''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bayān Qayāmatnāmā|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-10-5}}</ref> * ''ꠌꠘ꠆ꠖ꠆ꠞꠝꠥꠈꠤꠞ ꠙꠥꠕꠤ''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Candramukhir Puthi|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-20-3}}</ref> * ''ꠁꠝꠣꠝꠌꠥꠞꠤꠞ ꠛꠀꠘ''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Imāmchurir Boyan|website=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP071-22-1}}</ref> * ''ꠢꠞꠝꠥꠎ ꠘꠍꠤꠢꠔ'' == ꠀꠞꠅ ꠖꠦꠈꠂꠘ == * [[ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠞ ꠁꠔꠤꠢꠣꠡ]] * [[ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡꠞ ꠟꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠤ]] * [[ꠍꠤꠟꠐ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠌꠟ]] * [[ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ]] * [[ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠃꠁꠇꠤꠙꠤꠒꠤꠀ]] == ꠟꠇ == {{reflist}} [[ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠛꠁꠀꠁꠘꠞ ꠟꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠤ]] [[ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠍꠤꠟꠐ ꠛꠤꠜꠣꠉ]] [[ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠜꠣꠡꠣ]] [[ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠡꠣꠢꠤꠔ꠆ꠔ]] j144hq4q66mweb2s618skrpu7c7tzy3 0 9515 34577 2026-11-07T10:59:36Z Amirhusenjihed 973 ꠘꠁꠀ ꠛꠣꠘꠣꠁꠍꠤ 34577 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width: 22em; float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background-color: #f8f9fa; padding: 0.2em; font-size: 90%;" |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #b0c4de; font-size: 125%; padding: 0.4em;" | ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center; padding: 0.5em 0;" | [[File:Tarique Rahman speaking at Bangladesh-Japan Economic Forum in Tokyo, 2026-10-28 (cropped).jpg|220px]]<br />2026 ꠡꠣꠟꠅ ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e6e6fa; padding: 0.3em;" | [[ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠗꠣꠘꠝꠘ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤ|ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠞ 11ꠔꠝ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠗꠣꠘꠝꠘ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤ]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | '''ꠙꠖꠅ ꠀꠍꠂꠘ'''<br />'''ꠖꠣꠁꠔ꠆ꠔ ꠘꠤꠍꠂꠘ:''' 17 ꠚꠦꠛ꠆ꠞꠥꠀꠞꠤ 2026 |- ! style="text-align: left; width: 38%;" | ꠞꠣꠡ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠞꠙꠔꠤ | [[ꠝꠧꠢꠣꠝ꠆ꠝꠖ ꠡꠣꠢꠣꠛꠥꠖ꠆ꠖꠤꠘ]]<br />[[ꠢꠣꠚꠤꠎ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠖꠤꠘ ꠀꠢꠝꠖ]] <small>(ꠜꠣꠞꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠙ꠆ꠔ)</small><br />[[ꠝꠤꠞ꠆ꠎꠣ ꠚꠈꠞꠥꠟ ꠁꠍꠟꠣꠝ ꠀꠟꠝꠉꠤꠞ]] |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠀꠉꠞ ꠎꠘ | [[ꠝꠥꠢꠣꠝ꠆ꠝꠖ ꠁꠃꠘꠥꠍ]] <small>([[ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠗꠣꠘ ꠃꠙꠖꠦꠡ꠆ꠐꠣ|ꠙ꠆ꠞꠗꠣꠘ ꠃꠙꠖꠦꠡ꠆ꠐꠣ]])</small> |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e6e6fa; padding: 0.3em;" | [[ꠡꠋꠡꠖ ꠘꠦꠔꠣ (ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ)|9ꠝ ꠡꠋꠡꠖ ꠘꠦꠔꠣ]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | '''ꠖꠣꠁꠔ꠆ꠔ ꠘꠤꠍꠂꠘ:''' 17 ꠚꠦꠛ꠆ꠞꠥꠀꠞꠤ 2026<br /><small>'''ꠀꠉꠞ ꠎꠘ:''' [[ꠡꠦꠈ ꠢꠣꠍꠤꠘꠣ]]</small> |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e6e6fa; padding: 0.3em;" | [[ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠅꠔꠣꠛꠣꠖꠤ ꠖꠟ|ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠅꠔꠣꠛꠣꠖꠤ ꠖꠟꠞ ꠌꠦꠀꠞꠝꠦꠘ]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | '''ꠖꠣꠁꠔ꠆ꠔ ꠘꠤꠍꠂꠘ:''' 9 ꠎꠣꠘꠥꠀꠞꠤ 2026<br /><small>'''ꠀꠉꠞ ꠎꠘ:''' [[ꠈꠣꠟꠦꠖꠣ ꠎꠤꠀ]]</small> |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e6e6fa; padding: 0.3em;" | [[ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠅ ꠡꠋꠡꠖ|ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠅ ꠡꠋꠡꠖ ꠡꠖꠡ꠆ꠡ]] ([[ꠓꠣꠇꠣ-17]]) |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | '''ꠖꠣꠁꠔ꠆ꠔ ꠘꠤꠍꠂꠘ:''' 17 ꠚꠦꠛ꠆ꠞꠥꠀꠞꠤ 2026<br /><small>'''ꠀꠉꠞ ꠎꠘ:''' [[ꠝꠧꠢꠣꠝ꠆ꠝꠖ ꠄ ꠀꠞꠣꠚꠣꠔ]]</small> |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e6e6fa; padding: 0.3em;" | ꠘꠤꠎꠞ ꠔꠕ꠆ꠕ |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠎꠘ꠆ꠝ | 20 ꠘꠜꠦꠝ꠆ꠛꠞ 1968<br />[[ꠓꠣꠇꠣ]], [[ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ]] (ꠢꠦꠛꠟꠣꠞ [[ꠙꠥꠛ ꠙꠣꠇꠤꠡ꠆ꠔꠣꠘ]]) |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠒꠣꠇꠘꠣꠝ | ꠙꠤꠘꠥ<ref name="dak">{{Cite news |title=ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠝꠖꠤꠘ ꠀꠁꠎ |url=https://www.atnnewstv.com/details/22890 |access-date=19 February 2026 |work=[[ATN News]] |date=20 November 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠅꠔꠣ | [[ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠤ]] |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠞꠣꠎꠘꠂꠔꠤꠇ ꠖꠟ | [[ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠅꠔꠣꠛꠣꠖꠤ ꠖꠟ]] (ꠛꠤꠄꠘꠙꠤ) |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠛꠃ | [[ꠎꠧꠛꠣꠁꠖꠣ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ]] (ꠛꠤꠀ 1994) |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠡꠘ꠆ꠔꠣꠘ | [[ꠎꠣꠁꠝꠣ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ]] <small>(ꠙꠥꠠꠤ)</small> |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠝꠣ-ꠛꠣꠙ | [[ꠎꠤꠀꠃꠞ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ]] <small>(ꠛꠣꠙ)</small><br />[[ꠈꠣꠟꠦꠖꠣ ꠎꠤꠀ]] <small>(ꠝꠣ)</small> |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠀꠔ꠆ꠝꠤꠅ | [[ꠀꠞꠣꠚꠣꠔ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ]] <small>(ꠜꠣꠁ)</small><br />[[ꠝꠣꠢꠛꠥꠛ ꠀꠟꠤ ꠈꠣꠘ]] <small>(ꠢꠃꠞ)</small><br />[[ꠝꠎꠥꠝꠖꠣꠞ–ꠎꠤꠀ ꠙꠞꠤꠛꠣꠞ]] |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠕꠣꠇꠣꠞ ꠎꠣꠉꠣ | 196, ꠉꠥꠟꠡꠣꠘ ꠄꠜꠤꠘꠤꠃ, ꠓꠣꠇꠣ |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠙꠠꠣꠟꠦꠈꠣ | [[ꠛꠤꠄꠄꠚ ꠡꠣꠢꠤꠘ ꠇꠟꠦꠎ ꠓꠣꠇꠣ]]<br />[[ꠡꠦꠘ꠆ꠐ ꠎꠧꠡꠦꠚ ꠃꠌ꠆ꠌ ꠝꠣꠗ꠆ꠎꠝꠤꠇ ꠛꠤꠖ꠆ꠎꠣꠟꠄ]]<br />[[ꠓꠣꠇꠣ ꠞꠦꠡꠤꠒꠦꠘꠡꠤꠀꠟ ꠝꠒꠦꠟ ꠇꠟꠦꠎ]]<br />[[ꠀꠖꠝꠎꠤ ꠇꠦꠘ꠆ꠐꠘꠝꠦꠘ꠆ꠐ ꠇꠟꠦꠎ]]<br />[[ꠓꠣꠇꠣ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠛꠤꠖ꠆ꠎꠣꠟꠄ]] |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠙꠦꠡꠣ | ꠞꠣꠎꠘꠤꠔꠤ ꠨ ꠛꠦꠛꠍꠣ |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠖꠡ꠆ꠔꠈꠔ | [[File:Tarique Rahman signature.svg|120px]] |- ! style="text-align: left;" | ꠅꠦꠛꠍꠣꠁꠐ | [https://www.tariquerahman.info/ tariquerahman.info] |} '''ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ''' (ꠎꠘ꠆ꠝ: 20 ꠘꠜꠦꠝ꠆ꠛꠞ 1968) ꠅꠁꠟꠣ [[ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠗꠣꠘꠝꠘ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤ|ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠝꠣꠘ 11ꠔꠝ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠗꠣꠘꠝꠘ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤ]] ꠀꠞ [[ꠡꠋꠡꠖ ꠘꠦꠔꠣ (ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ)|ꠡꠋꠡꠖ ꠘꠦꠔꠣ]]꠶<ref>{{Cite news |title=ꠙ꠆ꠞꠗꠣꠘꠝꠘ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤ ꠢꠤꠍꠣꠛꠦ ꠡꠙꠕ ꠘꠤꠟꠣ ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/politics/z24frw4xce |access-date=19 February 2026 |work=[[ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠀꠟꠧ]] |date=17 February 2026 |language=bn}}</ref> ꠔꠣꠁꠘ [[ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠅꠔꠣꠛꠣꠖꠤ ꠖꠟ|ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠅꠔꠣꠛꠣꠖꠤ ꠖꠟꠞ]] (ꠛꠤꠄꠘꠙꠤ) ꠌꠦꠀꠞꠝꠦꠘ꠶<ref>{{Cite news |title=ꠛꠤꠄꠘꠙꠤꠞ ꠌꠦꠀꠞꠝꠦꠘ ꠅꠁꠟꠣ ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/politics/1z432rtogh |access-date=9 January 2026 |work=[[ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠀꠟꠧ]] |date=9 January 2026 |language=bn}}</ref> ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘꠔ ꠔꠣꠁꠘ '''ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠎꠤꠀ''' ꠘꠣꠝꠦ ꠛꠦꠡꠤ ꠙꠞꠤꠌꠤꠔ; ꠎꠦ ꠘꠣꠝꠞ ꠢꠦꠡꠞ ꠀꠋꠡꠐꠣ ꠀꠁꠍꠦ ꠔꠣꠘꠞ ꠛꠣꠙ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠡꠣꠛꠦꠇ [[ꠞꠣꠡ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠞꠙꠔꠤ]] [[ꠎꠤꠀꠃꠞ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ|ꠎꠤꠀꠃꠞ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘꠞ]] ꠘꠣꠝ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ꠶ ꠔꠣꠁꠘ ꠡꠣꠛꠦꠇ ꠞꠣꠡ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠞꠙꠔꠤ ꠎꠤꠀꠃꠞ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ ꠀꠞ ꠡꠣꠛꠦꠇ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠗꠣꠘꠝꠘ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤ [[ꠈꠣꠟꠦꠖꠣ ꠎꠤꠀ|ꠛꠦꠉꠝ ꠈꠣꠟꠦꠖꠣ ꠎꠤꠀꠞ]] ꠛꠠ ꠙꠥꠀ꠶ ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠢꠥꠞꠥ ꠛꠄꠡ ꠕꠣꠇꠤꠁ ꠞꠣꠎꠘꠤꠔꠤꠔ ꠘꠣꠝꠂꠘ ꠀꠞ 2000 ꠡꠣꠟꠞ ꠡꠥꠞꠥꠞ ꠛꠣꠄ [[ꠈꠣꠟꠦꠖꠣ ꠎꠤꠀ|ꠔꠣꠘꠞ ꠝꠣ]] [[ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠗꠣꠘꠝꠘ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤ|ꠙ꠆ꠞꠗꠣꠘꠝꠘ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤ]] ꠕꠣꠇꠣꠞ ꠡꠝꠄ [[ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠅꠔꠣꠛꠣꠖꠤ ꠖꠟ|ꠛꠤꠄꠘꠙꠤꠔ]] ꠔꠣꠁꠘ ꠎꠘꠙ꠆ꠞꠤꠅꠔꠣ ꠙꠣꠁꠘ꠶<ref>{{Cite web|last=Liton|first=Inam Ahmed & Shakhawat|date=2018-10-12|language=bn|title=ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘꠞ ꠞꠣꠎꠘꠤꠔꠤ|url=https://bangla.thedailystar.net/node/99370|access-date=2025-08-02|website=[[ꠖꠤ ꠒꠦꠁꠟꠤ ꠡ꠆ꠐꠣꠞ]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-07-18|language=bn|title=ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠅꠔꠣꠛꠣꠖꠤ ꠖꠟꠞ ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘꠞ ꠃꠔ꠆ꠕꠣꠘ|publisher=ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠔꠤꠖꠤꠘ|url=https://www.bd-pratidin.com/first-page/2025/07/18/1137732|access-date=2025-08-02|website=bd-pratidin.com}}</ref> ꠔꠛꠦ ꠁ ꠡꠝꠄ ꠔꠣꠁꠘ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠅ ꠞꠣꠎꠘꠤꠔꠤꠔ ꠘꠣꠘꠣꠘ ꠛꠤꠔꠞ꠆ꠇꠞꠅ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠝ ꠖꠦꠁꠘ꠶ ꠈꠣꠡ ꠇꠞꠤ ‘[[ꠢꠣꠅꠀ ꠜꠛꠘ]]’-ꠞꠦ ꠞꠣꠡ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠞꠞ ꠄꠇꠐꠣ ꠀꠟꠣꠖꠣ ꠈꠝꠔꠣꠇꠦꠘ꠆ꠖ꠆ꠞ ꠢꠤꠍꠣꠛꠦ ꠛꠦꠛꠢꠣꠞ ꠇꠞꠣꠞ ꠀꠜꠤꠎꠧꠉ ꠀꠞ ꠖꠥꠞ꠆ꠘꠤꠔꠤ, ꠊꠥꠡ ꠀꠞ ꠐꠦꠇꠣ ꠙꠣꠌꠣꠞꠞ ꠘꠣꠘꠣꠘ ꠊꠐꠘꠣꠔ ꠔꠣꠘꠞ ꠘꠣꠝ ꠎꠠꠣꠘꠤꠞ ꠀꠜꠤꠎꠧꠉꠦ ꠡꠝꠣꠟꠧꠌꠤꠔ ꠅꠁꠘ꠶<ref>{{Cite web|language=bn|title=ꠒꠣꠞ꠆ꠇ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠤꠘ꠆ꠡ ꠅ ꠔꠣꠞ ‘ꠢꠣꠅꠀ ꠜꠛꠘ’|url=https://bangla.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/56138/|access-date=2026-04-16|website=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Star Weekend Magazine|url=https://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2007/03/03/cover.htm|access-date=2025-01-21|website=[[ꠖꠤ ꠒꠦꠁꠟꠤ ꠡ꠆ꠐꠣꠞ]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-11-17|language=en|title=Tarique laundered money|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-210437|access-date=2025-01-21|website=The Daily Star}}</ref> 2007 ꠡꠣꠟꠅ ꠔꠔ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠛꠣꠛꠗꠣꠄꠇ ꠡꠞꠇꠣꠞꠞ ꠀꠝꠟꠅ ꠔꠣꠁꠘ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠦꠙ꠆ꠔꠣꠞ ꠅꠁꠘ ꠀꠞ 2008 ꠡꠣꠟꠞ 11 ꠡꠦꠙ꠆ꠐꠦꠝ꠆ꠛꠞ ꠎꠦꠟ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ꠙꠦꠞꠧꠟꠦ ꠍꠣꠠꠣ ꠙꠣꠁꠀ ꠢꠦꠁ ꠖꠤꠘꠁ ꠙꠞꠤꠛꠣꠞ ꠟꠁꠀ ꠟꠘ꠆ꠒꠘꠅ ꠌꠤꠇꠤꠔ꠆ꠡꠣ ꠀꠞ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠛꠣꠡꠘꠅ ꠎꠣꠁꠘꠉꠤ꠶<ref name="bbc4389">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/news-43894771|title=ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇꠞ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠛꠣꠡꠤꠔ ꠎꠤꠛꠘ: ꠛꠤꠄꠘꠙꠤꠞ ꠟꠣꠉꠤ ꠌꠦꠟꠦꠘ꠆ꠎ ꠔꠂꠞꠤ ꠇꠞꠛꠧ?|work=BBC News ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣ|access-date=2026-04-16|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|language=bn|title=ꠟꠘ꠆ꠒꠘꠅ ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘꠞ ꠛꠇ꠆ꠔꠤꠔꠣ|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/bengali/multimedia/2013/05/130521_mb_tareq_london.shtml|access-date=2026-04-16|website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> [[ꠖꠥꠞ꠆ꠘꠤꠔꠤ]], [[ꠊꠥꠡ]], [[ꠝꠣꠘꠤ ꠟꠘ꠆ꠒꠣꠞꠤꠋ]], ꠀꠛꠂꠗ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠖ, ꠀꠞ [[2004 ꠓꠣꠇꠣ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠦꠘꠦꠒ ꠢꠣꠝꠟꠣ|ꠉ꠆ꠞꠦꠘꠦꠒ ꠢꠣꠝꠟꠣꠡꠢ]] ꠇꠄꠇꠐꠣ ꠝꠣꠝꠟꠣꠔ ꠔꠣꠘꠞꠦ ꠀꠖꠣꠟꠔꠦ ꠡꠣꠎꠣ ꠖꠦꠄ꠶ 2007 ꠕꠣꠇꠤ 2024 ꠡꠣꠟꠞ ꠝꠣꠏꠦ ꠔꠣꠘꠞ ꠛꠤꠞꠥꠖ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠝꠥꠐ 84ꠐꠣ ꠝꠣꠝꠟꠣ ꠅꠄ꠶<ref name="ref9">{{Cite web|title=ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘꠞ ꠛꠤꠞꠥꠖ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠝꠣꠝꠟꠣ|url=https://www.kalbela.com/ajkerpatrika/firstpage/153301|access-date=2025-08-02|website=ꠇꠣꠟꠛꠦꠟꠣ}}</ref> ꠔꠣꠘꠞ ꠖꠟ [[ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠅꠔꠣꠛꠣꠖꠤ ꠖꠟ|ꠛꠤꠄꠘꠙꠤ]] ꠖꠣꠛꠤ ꠇꠞꠦ ꠎꠦ ꠁꠔꠣ ꠞꠣꠎꠘꠂꠔꠤꠇ ꠃꠖ꠆ꠖꠦꠡ꠆ꠡꠦ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠝꠤꠕ꠆ꠕꠣ ꠝꠣꠝꠟꠣ꠶<ref>{{Cite web|title=ꠡꠦꠈ ꠢꠣꠍꠤꠘꠣꠞ ꠀꠝꠟꠅ ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘꠞ ꠛꠤꠞꠥꠖ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠢꠇꠟ ꠝꠣꠝꠟꠣ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ ꠝꠤꠕ꠆ꠕꠣ|url=https://www.bssnews.net/bangla/news/203629|access-date=2025-08-02|website=BSS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-12-01|language=bn|title=ꠙ꠆ꠞꠝꠣꠘ ꠅꠁꠟꠧ, ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘꠞ ꠛꠤꠞꠥꠖ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠡꠛ ꠝꠣꠝꠟꠣ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ ꠡꠠꠎꠘ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠞꠝꠥꠟꠇ: ꠝꠤꠞ꠆ꠎꠣ ꠚꠈꠞꠥꠟ|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/politics/0i7ui2ir3r|access-date=2025-08-02|website=ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠀꠟꠧ}}</ref> ꠛꠣꠖꠦ 2024 ꠡꠣꠟꠅ, [[ꠎꠥꠟꠣꠁ ꠉꠘꠀꠜ꠆ꠎꠥꠔ꠆ꠕꠣꠘ|ꠎꠥꠟꠣꠁ ꠉꠘꠀꠜ꠆ꠎꠥꠔ꠆ꠕꠣꠘꠞ]] ꠛꠣꠖꠦ, ꠀꠖꠣꠟꠔꠦ ꠔꠣꠘꠞꠦ ꠢꠇꠟ ꠝꠣꠝꠟꠣ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ꠈꠣꠟꠣꠡ ꠖꠤꠀ ꠡꠣꠎꠣ ꠛꠣꠔꠤꠟ ꠇꠞꠤ ꠖꠦꠄ꠶<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-05-29|language=bn|title=ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ ꠡꠛ ꠝꠣꠝꠟꠣꠔ ꠈꠣꠟꠣꠡ ꠙꠣꠅꠀꠔ ꠡꠘ꠆ꠔꠥꠡ꠆ꠐꠤ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡ|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/6bjp7wf63q|access-date=2025-08-03|website=ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠀꠟꠧ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-12-01|language=bn|title=21ꠡꠦ ꠀꠉꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠦꠘꠦꠒ ꠢꠣꠝꠟꠣ ꠝꠣꠝꠟꠣꠞ ꠞꠣꠄ ꠎꠣ ꠈꠁꠍꠦ ꠢꠣꠁꠇꠧꠞ꠆ꠐ|url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/articles/cy4g448gvgxo|access-date=2025-08-02|website=BBC News ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣ}}</ref><ref name="ref8">{{Cite news |title=21 ꠀꠉꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠦꠘꠦꠒ ꠢꠣꠝꠟꠣ: ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ-ꠛꠣꠛꠞꠡꠢ ꠡꠛ ꠀꠡꠣꠝꠤ ꠈꠣꠟꠣꠡ |url=https://www.ittefaq.com.bd/709131/ |work=[[ꠖꠂꠘꠤꠇ ꠁꠔ꠆ꠔꠦꠚꠣꠇ]] |date=1 December 2024 |language=bn}}</ref> ꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠝꠣꠘꠦ ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘꠞ ꠛꠤꠞꠥꠖ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠇꠥꠘꠥ ꠝꠣꠝꠟꠣ ꠌꠟমান ꠘꠣꠁ꠶<ref>{{Cite web|language=bn|title=ꠡꠛ ꠝꠣꠝꠟꠣ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ꠈꠣꠟꠣꠡ ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ|url=https://www.ittefaq.com.bd/734012/|access-date=2025-08-03|website=The Daily Ittefaq}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|language=bn|title=ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ ꠡꠛ ꠝꠣꠝꠟꠣꠔ ꠈꠣꠟꠣꠡ|url=https://samakal.com/politics/article/286555/|access-date=2025-08-03|website=ꠡꠝꠇꠣꠟ}}</ref> 2025 ꠡꠣꠟꠞ 25 ꠒꠤꠡꠦꠝ꠆ꠛꠞ ꠔꠣꠁꠘ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠅ ꠚꠤꠞꠤꠀ ꠀꠁꠘ<ref name="ref11">{{Cite web|language=bn|title=17 ꠛꠍꠞ ꠛꠣꠖꠦ ꠓꠣꠇꠣꠔ ꠙꠣꠅ ꠞꠣꠈꠟꠣ ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ|url=https://www.banglatribune.com/politics/bnp/927705/|access-date=2025-12-25|website=Bangla Tribune}}</ref><ref name="bbc4389" /> ꠀꠞ [[ꠔ꠆ꠞꠄꠧꠖꠡ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠅ ꠡꠋꠡꠖ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠛꠣꠌꠘ, 2026|2026 ꠡꠣꠟꠞ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠅ ꠡꠋꠡꠖ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠛꠣꠌꠘꠅ]] ꠔꠣꠘꠞ ꠖꠟ ꠎꠄ ꠙꠣꠄ꠶<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hossain |first=Anwar |title=1991–2026: ꠛꠤꠄꠘꠙꠤꠞ ꠡꠛꠌꠦয়ে ꠜꠣꠟꠣ ꠚꠟꠣꠚꠟ ꠁꠛꠣꠞ |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/politics/sz0vq51ic3 |access-date=14 February 2026 |work=ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠀꠟꠧ |date=13 February 2026 |language=bn}}</ref> ꠄꠞꠛꠣꠖꠦ 17 ꠚꠦꠛ꠆ꠞꠥꠀꠞꠤ ꠔꠣꠁꠘ ꠖꠦꠡꠞ 11ꠔꠝ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠗꠣꠘꠝꠘ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤ ꠢꠤꠍꠣꠛꠦ ꠡꠙꠕ ꠘꠦꠁꠘ꠶<ref>{{Cite news |title=ꠙ꠆ꠞꠗꠣꠘꠝꠘ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤ ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘꠞ ꠡꠙꠕ |publisher=The Daily Star |url=https://bangla.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news-3899361 |access-date=19 February 2026 |date=17 February 2026|language=bn}}</ref> 2026 ꠡꠣꠟꠞ ꠄꠙ꠆ꠞꠤꠟ ꠝꠣꠡꠅ ꠔꠣꠁꠘ ''[[ꠐꠣꠁꠝ (ꠙꠔ꠆ꠞꠤꠇꠣ)|ꠐꠣꠁꠝ ꠝꠦꠉꠣꠎꠤꠘꠞ]]'' [[ꠐꠣꠁꠝ 100|ꠖꠥꠘꠤꠀꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠜꠣꠛꠡꠣꠟꠤ 100 ꠎꠘ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡꠞ]] ꠟꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠤꠔ ꠎꠣꠉꠣ ꠙꠣꠁꠘ꠶<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 April 2026|language=en|title=Tarique Rahman: The 100 Most Influential People of 2026|url=https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people/2026/tarique-rahman/?filters=Leaders|access-date=15 April 2026|website=[[ꠐꠣꠁꠝ (ꠙꠔ꠆ꠞꠤꠇꠣ)|TIME]]}}</ref> == ꠙꠄꠟꠣ ꠎꠤꠘꠖꠦꠉꠤ == ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ 1968 ꠡꠣꠟꠞ 20 ꠘꠜꠦꠝ꠆ꠛꠞ ꠢꠦꠛꠟꠣꠞ [[ꠙꠥꠛ ꠙꠣꠇꠤꠡ꠆ꠔꠣꠘ|ꠙꠥꠛ ꠙꠣꠇꠤꠡ꠆ꠔꠣꠘꠞ]] [[ꠓꠣꠇꠣ|ꠓꠣꠇꠣꠔ]] ꠎꠘ꠆ꠝ ꠘꠦꠁꠘ꠶<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhaka-17 Profile TARIQUE RAHMAN |url=https://www.parliament.gov.bd/members/list-of-members?view=current&searchBy=constituency&page=1&search=dhaka-17 |website=parliament.gov.bd |publisher=[[ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠅ ꠡꠋꠡꠖ]] |access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref><ref name="jonmo">{{Cite news |title=ꠙ꠆ꠞꠗꠣꠘꠝꠘ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤ ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘꠞ ꠡꠋꠈꠤꠙ꠆ꠔ ꠎꠤꠛꠘꠤ |url=https://www.bd-pratidin.com/national/2026/02/18/1218234 |access-date=19 February 2026 |work=[[ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠔꠤꠖꠤꠘ]] |date=18 February 2026 |language=bn}}</ref> ꠘꠤꠎꠞ ꠅꠦꠛꠍꠣꠁꠐꠅ ꠔꠣꠁꠘ ꠘꠤꠎꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠝꠡꠣꠟ ꠟꠦꠈꠍꠂꠘ 1965꠶<ref name="Tariqpers">{{Cite web|title=Personal life|url=https://www.tariquerahman.info/tarique-rahman/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116103937/http://www.tariquerahman.net/index.php/2012-04-10-18-56-53/personal-life|archive-date=16 January 2016|access-date=2015-11-28|website=Tarique Rahman}}</ref> ꠎꠖꠤꠅ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠛꠣꠌꠘꠤ ꠢꠟꠚꠘꠣꠝꠣꠞ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠅ ꠙꠞꠤꠌꠄꠙꠔ꠆ꠞꠔ ꠔꠣꠘꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠝꠡꠣꠟ 1968 ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠀꠍꠦ꠶<ref>{{Cite news |title=ꠢꠟꠚꠘꠣꠝꠣ: ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘꠞ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠖ 2 ꠇꠧꠐꠤꠞ |url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/politics/c35aae1f2567 |access-date=16 January 2026 |work=[[bdnews24.com]] |date=31 December 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> ꠔꠣꠁꠘ ꠡꠣꠛꠦꠇ [[ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠞꠣꠡ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠞꠙꠔꠤ|ꠞꠣꠡ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠞꠙꠔꠤ]] [[ꠎꠤꠀꠃꠞ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ]] ꠀꠞ ꠡꠣꠛꠦꠇ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠗꠣꠘꠝꠘ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤ [[ꠈꠣꠟꠦꠖꠣ ꠎꠤꠀ]]-ꠞ ꠙꠄꠟꠣ ꠡꠘ꠆ꠔꠣꠘ꠶<ref name="jonmo" /> ꠔꠣꠘꠞ ꠛꠣꠙ-ꠖꠣꠖꠣꠞ ꠛꠣꠠꠤ ꠀꠍꠤꠟ [[ꠛꠉꠥꠠꠣ ꠎꠦꠟꠣ|ꠛꠉꠥꠠꠣ ꠎꠦꠟꠣꠔ]]꠶<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ziaurrahmanbd.com/|website=Ziaur Rahman|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712153629/https://ziaurrahmanbd.com/|archive-date=12 July 2022|title=ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠅꠔꠣꠛꠣꠖꠤ ꠌꠦꠔꠘꠣꠞ ꠃꠔ꠆ꠡ "ꠙ꠆ꠞꠦꠡꠤꠒꠦꠘ꠆ꠐ ꠎꠤꠀꠃꠞ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ"|author=ꠝꠢꠝ꠆ꠝꠖ ꠀꠛ꠆ꠖꠥꠟ ꠝꠣꠟꠦꠇ}}</ref> ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ [[ꠛꠤꠄꠄꠚ ꠡꠣꠢꠤꠘ ꠇꠟꠦꠎ ꠓꠣꠇꠣ|ꠛꠤꠄꠄꠚ ꠡꠣꠢꠤꠘ ꠁꠡ꠆ꠇꠥꠟꠅ]] ꠙꠠꠣꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠡꠥꠞꠥ ꠇꠞꠂꠘ ꠀꠞ ꠛꠣꠖꠦ ꠓꠣꠇꠣꠞ [[ꠡꠦꠘ꠆ꠐ ꠎꠧꠡꠦꠚ ꠃꠌ꠆ꠌ ꠝꠣꠗ꠆ꠎꠝꠤꠇ ꠛꠤꠖ꠆ꠎꠣꠟꠄ|ꠡꠦꠘ꠆ꠐ ꠎꠧꠡꠦꠚ ꠁꠡ꠆ꠇꠥꠟꠅ]] ꠙꠠꠂꠘ꠶<ref>{{Cite web|language=bn|title=ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠝꠖꠤꠘ ꠀꠁꠎ|url=https://www.somoynews.tv/news/2025-11-20/EJ1F5XE2|access-date=2026-02-14|website=ꠡꠝꠄ ꠐꠤꠜꠤ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ꠎꠦꠟꠣꠈꠣꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠘꠤꠔꠤꠔ ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘꠞ ꠃꠔ꠆ꠕꠣꠘ|url=https://www.dainikamadershomoy.com/details/019b4ff8c7ca|access-date=2026-02-14|website=[[ꠖꠂꠘꠤꠇ ꠀꠝꠣꠖꠦꠞ ꠡꠝꠄ]]}}</ref><ref name="BNPTime">{{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Mohiuddin |title=ꠛꠤꠄꠘꠙꠤ: ꠡꠝꠄ-ꠀꠡꠝꠄ |edition=2nd |publisher=ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝꠣ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠇꠣꠡꠘ |location=Dhaka |date=February 2016 |page=159 |isbn=9789849176251 |language=bn}}</ref> ꠄꠞꠛꠣꠖꠦ ꠔꠣꠁꠘ [[ꠓꠣꠇꠣ ꠞꠦꠡꠤꠒꠦꠘꠡꠤꠀꠟ ꠝꠒꠦꠟ ꠇꠟꠦꠎ]] ꠕꠣꠇꠤ 1982 ꠡꠣꠟꠅ ꠄꠡꠄꠡꠍꠤ ꠀꠞ [[ꠀꠖꠝꠎꠤ ꠇꠦꠘ꠆ꠐꠘꠝꠦꠘ꠆ꠐ ꠇꠟꠦꠎ]] ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ꠄꠁꠌꠄꠡꠍꠤ ꠙꠣꠡ ꠇꠞꠤ 1985–86 ꠡꠤꠇ꠆ꠇꠣꠛꠞ꠆ꠡꠅ [[ꠓꠣꠇꠣ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠛꠤꠖ꠆ꠎꠣꠟꠄ|ꠓꠣꠇꠣ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠛꠤꠖ꠆ꠎꠣꠟꠄꠞ]] ꠀꠁꠘ ꠛꠤꠜꠣꠉꠅ ꠙꠄꠟꠣ ꠜꠞ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠅꠁꠘ<ref>{{Cite news |title=ꠓꠣꠛꠤꠔ ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘꠞ ꠜꠞ꠆ꠔꠤ |url=https://www.jugantor.com/national/1101857 |access-date=16 May 2026 |work=ꠎꠥꠉꠣꠘ꠆ꠔꠞ |date=14 May 2026 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=ꠓꠣꠛꠤ ꠡꠤꠇ꠆ꠇꠣꠞ꠆ꠕꠤ ꠀꠍꠟꠣ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠗꠣꠘꠝꠘ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤ ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ |url=https://www.jamuna.tv/national/656246 |access-date=16 May 2026 |work=[[ꠎꠝꠥꠘꠣ ꠐꠦꠟꠤꠜꠤꠡꠘ]] |date=14 May 2026 |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=ꠙ꠆ꠞꠗꠣꠘꠝꠘ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤ ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ ꠓꠣꠇꠣ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠛꠤꠖ꠆ꠎꠣꠟꠄꠞ ꠍꠣꠔ꠆ꠞ ꠀꠍꠟꠣ |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/bb8pt7oy0p |access-date=16 May 2026 |work=ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠀꠟꠧ |date=14 May 2026 |language=bn}}</ref> ꠀꠞ ꠛꠣꠖꠦ ꠛꠤꠜꠣꠉ ꠛꠖꠟꠣꠁꠀ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠔꠞ꠆ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠇ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠞ꠆ꠇ (IR) ꠛꠤꠜꠣꠉꠅ ꠜꠞ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠅꠁꠘ꠶<ref name="dued">{{Cite news |title=ꠞꠣꠎꠘꠂꠔꠤꠇ ꠡꠋꠊꠣꠔ ꠛꠣꠗꠣ ꠅꠁꠀ ꠖꠣꠠꠣꠁꠍꠤꠟ ꠓꠣꠛꠤ ꠍꠣꠔ꠆ꠞ ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘꠞ ꠡꠤꠇ꠆ꠇꠣꠎꠤꠛꠘꠅ |url=https://thedailycampus.com/politics/236774 |access-date=28 January 2026 |work=The Daily Campus |date=14 January 2026}}</ref> ꠔꠣꠁꠘ [[ꠡꠟꠤꠝꠥꠟ꠆ꠟꠣꠢ ꠝꠥꠍꠟꠤꠝ ꠢꠟ|ꠡꠟꠤꠝꠥꠟ꠆ꠟꠣꠢ ꠝꠥꠍꠟꠤꠝ ꠢꠟꠞ]] ꠍꠣꠔ꠆ꠞ ꠀꠍꠟꠣ꠶<ref name="dued" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘꠞ ꠡꠤꠇ꠆ꠇꠣꠎꠤꠛꠘ |url=https://dhakamail.com/national/304416 |access-date=16 May 2026 |work=dhakamail.com |date=15 May 2026 |language=bn}}</ref> ꠇꠤꠘ꠆ꠔꠥ ꠅꠘꠣꠞ꠆ꠡ ꠖꠥꠁ ꠛꠍꠞꠅ ꠙꠠꠣꠞ ꠡꠝꠄ ꠔꠣꠁꠘ ꠙꠠꠣꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠞꠣꠈꠤꠀ ꠉꠣꠞ꠆ꠝꠦꠘ꠆ꠐꠡ ꠀꠞ ꠎꠣꠢꠣꠎ ꠈꠣꠔꠅ ꠛꠦꠛꠍꠣ ꠡꠥꠞꠥ ꠇꠞꠂꠘ꠶<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-12-24|language=bn|title=ꠎꠦꠟꠣꠈꠣꠘ ꠛꠤꠄꠘꠙꠤꠞ ꠡꠤꠞ꠆ꠡ ꠘꠦꠔꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠅ ꠃꠑꠤ ꠀꠁꠟꠣ ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ|url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/articles/ckg944n4r71o|access-date=2025-12-28|website=[[ꠛꠤꠛꠤꠍꠤ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣ]]}}</ref> == ꠙ꠆ꠞꠗꠣꠘꠝꠘ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤꠔ꠆ꠔ == [[File:Tarique Rahman taking oath as the 11th Prime Minister of of Bangladesh (February 17, 2026).jpg|thumb|17 ꠚꠦꠛ꠆ꠞꠥꠀꠞꠤ 2026 ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈꠅ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠞ 11ꠔꠝ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠗꠣꠘꠝꠘ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤ ꠢꠤꠍꠣꠛꠦ ꠡꠙꠕ ꠘꠤꠞꠣ ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ꠶]] [[ꠔ꠆ꠞꠄꠧꠖꠡ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠅ ꠡꠋꠡꠖ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠛꠣꠌꠘ, 2026|2026 ꠡꠣꠟꠞ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠅ ꠡꠋꠡꠖ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠛꠣꠌꠘꠅ]] ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘꠞ ꠘꠦꠔꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠦ [[ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠅꠔꠣꠛꠣꠖꠤ ꠖꠟ]] (ꠛꠤꠄꠘꠙꠤ) ꠖꠥꠁ-ꠔꠤꠔꠤꠀꠋꠡ ꠀꠡꠘ ꠙꠣꠁꠀ ꠛꠠ ꠎꠄ ꠙꠣꠄ,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Saimum |first=Anindya |title=ꠎꠤꠀ-ꠈꠣꠟꠦꠖꠣ-ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇꠞ ꠟꠣꠈꠣꠘ ꠄꠇꠁ ꠙꠞꠤꠛꠣꠞꠅ ꠔꠤꠘ ꠞꠣꠡ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠞꠘꠦꠔꠣ ꠀꠍꠟꠣ ꠇꠣꠞꠣ |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/m9k3uwpq67 |access-date=19 February 2026 |work=[[ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠀꠟꠧ]] |date=16 February 2026 |language=bn}}</ref> ꠀꠞ [[ꠝꠥꠢꠣꠝ꠆ꠝꠖ ꠁꠃꠘꠥꠍ|ꠝꠥꠢꠣꠝ꠆ꠝꠖ ꠁꠃꠘꠥꠍꠞ]] [[ꠝꠥꠢꠣꠝ꠆ꠝꠖ ꠁꠃꠘꠥꠍꠞ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠔꠞ꠆ꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠇꠣꠟꠤꠘ ꠡꠞꠇꠣꠞ|ꠀꠘ꠆ꠔꠞ꠆ꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠇꠣꠟꠤꠘ ꠡꠞꠇꠣꠞꠞ]] ꠛꠣꠖꠦ ꠔꠣꠁꠘ [[ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠗꠣꠘꠝꠘ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤ]] ꠅꠁꠘ꠶<ref>{{Cite news |title=ꠙ꠆ꠞꠗꠣꠘꠝꠘ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤꠞ ꠡꠙꠕ ꠘꠤꠟꠣ ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ |url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/media_bn/image/7e6d12584125 |access-date=19 February 2026 |work=bdnews24.com |date=17 February 2026 |language=bn}}</ref> ꠔꠣꠁꠘ [[ꠓꠣꠇꠣ-17]] ꠀꠞ [[ꠛꠉꠥꠠꠣ-6]] ꠀꠡꠘ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ [[ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠅ ꠡꠋꠡꠖ]] ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠛꠣꠌꠘꠅ ꠎꠤꠔꠂꠘ,<ref>{{Cite news |title=ꠓꠣꠇꠣ-17 ꠅ ꠛꠉꠥꠠꠣ-6 ꠀꠡꠘꠅ ꠎꠄꠤ ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ |url=https://dailyinqilab.com/politics/news/863573 |access-date=19 February 2026 |work=ꠖꠂꠘꠤꠇ ꠁꠘꠇꠤꠟꠣꠛ |language=bn}}</ref> ꠀꠞ ꠛꠣꠖꠦ ꠛꠉꠥꠠꠣꠞ ꠀꠡꠘꠐꠣ ꠍꠣꠠꠤ ꠖꠦꠁꠘ꠶<ref>{{Cite news |title=ꠛꠉꠥꠠꠣ-6 ꠀꠡꠘ ꠍꠣꠠꠤ ꠖꠤꠟꠣ ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ |url=https://www.ntvbd.com/bangladesh/news-1692461 |access-date=19 February 2026 |work=NTV |date=16 February 2026 |language=bn}}</ref> == ꠞꠣꠎꠘꠤꠔꠤ == [[File:Tarique in Council.jpg|thumb|2005 ꠡꠣꠟꠅ ꠛꠤꠄꠘꠙꠤꠞ ꠀꠘꠥꠡ꠆ꠑꠣꠘꠅ ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ]] ꠛꠣꠙ [[ꠎꠤꠀꠃꠞ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ|ꠎꠤꠀꠃꠞ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘꠞ]] ꠛꠣꠘꠣꠘꠤ [[ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠅꠔꠣꠛꠣꠖꠤ ꠖꠟ|ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠅꠔꠣꠛꠣꠖꠤ ꠖꠟꠞ]] [[ꠛꠉꠥꠠꠣ]] ꠇꠝꠤꠐꠤꠞ ꠡꠖꠡ꠆ꠡ ꠢꠤꠍꠣꠛꠦ ꠎꠧꠉ ꠖꠤꠀ ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘꠞ ꠞꠣꠎꠘꠂꠔꠤꠇ ꠎꠤꠛꠘ ꠡꠥꠞꠥ ꠅꠄ꠶ 1991 ꠀꠞ 2001 ꠡꠣꠟꠞ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠅ ꠡꠋꠡꠖ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠛꠣꠌꠘꠅ ꠔꠣꠁꠘ ꠔꠣꠘꠞ ꠝꠣ ꠈꠣꠟꠦꠖꠣ ꠎꠤꠀꠞ ꠟꠉꠦ ꠢꠇꠟ ꠖꠦꠡꠅ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠛꠣꠌꠘꠤ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠌꠣꠞꠘꠣ ꠌꠣꠟꠣꠁꠘ꠶<ref name="er">{{Cite news |title=ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘꠞ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠝꠖꠤꠘ ꠀꠁꠎ |url=https://www.jaijaidinbd.com/todays-paper/last-page/214092 |work=[[ꠎꠣꠁꠎꠣꠁꠖꠤꠘ]] |date=20 November 2021 |language=bn |access-date=16 September 2024}}</ref> === 2002 ꠡꠣꠟꠞ ꠛꠣꠖꠦ ꠉꠘ-ꠡꠋꠎꠧꠉ ꠀꠞ ꠇꠣꠃꠘ꠆ꠍꠤꠟ === 2002 ꠡꠣꠟꠅ ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ ꠛꠤꠄꠘꠙꠤꠞ ꠡꠤꠘꠤꠅꠞ ꠎꠥꠉ꠆ꠝ ꠝꠢꠣꠡꠌꠤꠛ ꠢꠤꠍꠣꠛꠦ ꠖꠣꠁꠔ꠆ꠔ ꠙꠣꠁꠘ ꠀꠞ [[ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠅꠔꠣꠛꠣꠖꠤ ꠎꠥꠛꠖꠟ|ꠎꠥꠛꠖꠟ]], [[ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠅꠔꠣꠛꠣꠖꠤ ꠍꠣꠔ꠆ꠞꠖꠟ|ꠍꠣꠔ꠆ꠞꠖꠟ]] ꠀꠞ [[ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠅꠔꠣꠛꠣꠖꠤ ꠡ꠆ꠛꠦꠌ꠆ꠍꠣꠡꠦꠛꠇ ꠖꠟ|ꠡ꠆ꠛꠦꠌ꠆ꠍꠣꠡꠦꠛꠇ ꠖꠟꠞ]] ꠟꠉꠦ ꠝꠔꠛꠤꠘꠤꠝꠄ ꠡꠜꠣ ꠇꠞꠤ ꠖꠟꠞ ꠄꠇꠎꠘ ꠡꠇ꠆ꠞꠤꠅ ꠡꠋꠉꠑꠇ ꠢꠤꠍꠣꠛꠦ ꠙꠞꠤꠌꠤꠔꠤ ꠙꠣꠁꠘ꠶<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bangladesh holding 'sham' election: Exiled opposition leader Tarique Rahman |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/4/bangladesh-holding-sham-election-exiled-opposition-leader-tarique-rahman |work=[[ꠀꠟ ꠎꠣꠎꠤꠞꠣ]] |date=2024-01-04 |language=en |access-date=2024-09-14}}</ref> 8 ꠒꠤꠡꠦꠝ꠆ꠛꠞ 2009 ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈꠅ ꠓꠣꠇꠣꠔ ꠅꠅꠀ ꠛꠤꠄꠘꠙꠤꠞ 5ꠝ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠅ ꠇꠣꠃꠘ꠆ꠍꠤꠟꠅ ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ ꠖꠟꠞ ꠡꠤꠘꠤꠅꠞ ꠜꠣꠁꠡ ꠌꠦꠀꠞꠝꠦꠘ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠛꠣꠌꠤꠔ ꠅꠁꠘ꠶<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214061657/http://bdnews24.com/politics/2009/12/08/tarique-made-senior-vice-chair|title=Tarique made senior vice chair|publisher=bdnews24.com|date=8 December 2009}}</ref> === ꠔꠔ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠛꠣꠛꠗꠣꠄꠇ ꠡꠞꠇꠣꠞꠞ ꠀꠝꠟꠅ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠦꠙ꠆ꠔꠣꠞ ꠀꠞ ꠟꠘ꠆ꠒꠘ ꠎꠣꠅꠀ === 11 ꠎꠣꠘꠥꠀꠞꠤ 2007 ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈꠅ [[ꠚꠈꠞꠥꠖ꠆ꠖꠤꠘ ꠀꠢꠝꠖ]]-ꠞ ꠘꠦꠔꠤꠔ꠆ꠔꠦ ꠡꠦꠘꠣꠡꠝꠞ꠆ꠕꠤꠔ [[ꠔꠔ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠛꠣꠛꠗꠣꠄꠇ ꠡꠞꠇꠣꠞ]] ꠉꠑꠘ ꠅꠅꠀꠞ ꠛꠣꠖꠦ,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/news-40763117|title=2007 ꠡꠣꠟꠞ 11ꠁ ꠎꠣꠘꠥꠀꠞꠤ|work=BBC News ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣ|access-date=2025-10-01|language=bn}}</ref> 7 ꠝꠣꠞ꠆ꠌ 2007 ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈꠅ ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘꠞꠦ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠦꠙ꠆ꠔꠣꠞ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠅꠄ꠶<ref>{{Cite web|title=ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ ꠚꠤꠞꠞꠣ ꠇꠛꠦ|url=https://www.kalbela.com/ajkerpatrika/firstpage/220343|access-date=2025-10-01|website=ꠇꠣꠟꠛꠦꠟꠣ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ꠎꠦ ꠜꠄꠀꠛꠢ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠎꠣꠔꠘ ꠅꠁꠍꠤꠟ ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘꠞ ꠃꠙꠞꠦ|url=https://www.dailyjanakantha.com/politics/news/775121|access-date=2025-10-01|website=ꠖꠂꠘꠤꠇ ꠎꠘꠇꠘ꠆ꠑ}}</ref> ꠞꠤꠝꠣꠘ꠆ꠒꠅ ꠘꠤꠀ ꠡꠣꠞꠤꠞꠤꠇ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠎꠣꠔꠘꠞ ꠀꠜꠤꠎꠧꠉ ꠃꠑꠟꠦ ꠀꠖꠣꠟꠔꠞ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠖꠦꠡꠦ ꠔꠣꠘꠞꠦ [[ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠝꠦꠒꠤꠇꠦꠟ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠛꠤꠖ꠆ꠎꠣꠟꠄ|ꠢꠣꠡꠙꠣꠔꠣꠟꠅ]] ꠜꠞ꠆ꠔꠤ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠅꠄ꠶<ref>{{Cite web|language=bn|title=ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ : ꠄꠇ ꠎꠥꠉꠣꠄꠇꠞ ꠃꠔ꠆ꠕꠣꠘ|url=https://dailyinqilab.com/editorial/article/700671|access-date=2024-12-17|website=ꠖꠂꠘꠤꠇ ꠁꠘꠇꠤꠟꠣꠛ}}</ref> ꠙ꠆ꠞꠣꠄ 18 ꠝꠣꠡ ꠀꠐꠇ ꠕꠣꠇꠣꠞ ꠛꠣꠖꠦ 3 ꠡꠦꠙ꠆ꠐꠦꠝ꠆ꠛꠞ 2008 ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈꠅ ꠔꠣꠁꠘ ꠡꠛ ꠝꠣꠝꠟꠣꠔ ꠎꠣꠝꠤꠘ ꠙꠣꠁꠘ ꠀꠞ 11 ꠡꠦꠙ꠆ꠐꠦꠝ꠆ꠛꠞ 2008 ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈꠅ ꠌꠤꠇꠤꠔ꠆ꠡꠣꠞ ꠟꠣꠉꠤ [[ꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔꠞꠣꠎ꠆ꠎ|ꠎꠥꠇ꠆ꠔꠞꠣꠎ꠆ꠎꠔ]] ꠎꠣꠁꠘꠉꠤ꠶<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/news-53427092|title=ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ: ꠛꠤꠄꠘꠙꠤ ꠘꠦꠔ꠆ꠞꠤ ꠈꠣꠟꠦꠖꠣ ꠎꠤꠀ ꠎꠦ ꠡꠝꠏꠧꠔꠣ ꠇꠞꠤ ꠛꠠ ꠙꠥꠀꠞꠦ ꠟꠘ꠆ꠒꠘꠅ ꠙꠣꠑꠣꠁꠍꠟꠣ|work=[[ꠛꠤꠛꠤꠍꠤ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣ]]|access-date=2024-12-17|language=bn}}</ref> === ꠀꠘ꠆ꠔꠞ꠆ꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠇꠣꠟꠤꠘ ꠡꠞꠇꠣꠞꠞ ꠟꠉꠦ ꠛꠂꠑꠇ ꠀꠞ ꠖꠦꠡꠅ ꠚꠤꠞꠣ === [[File:Tarique Rahman and Prof. Dr. Yunus meeting in London 2.jpg|thumb|2025 ꠡꠣꠟꠅ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠗꠣꠘ ꠃꠙꠖꠦꠡ꠆ꠐꠣ ꠝꠥꠢꠣꠝ꠆ꠝꠖ ꠁꠃꠘꠥꠍꠞ ꠟꠉꠦ ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ]] 13 ꠎꠥꠘ 2025 ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈꠅ ꠟꠘ꠆ꠒꠘꠅ ꠀꠘ꠆ꠔꠞ꠆ꠛꠞ꠆ꠔꠤꠇꠣꠟꠤꠘ ꠡꠞꠇꠣꠞꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠗꠣꠘ ꠃꠙꠖꠦꠡ꠆ꠐꠣ [[ꠝꠥꠢꠣꠝ꠆ꠝꠖ ꠁꠃꠘꠥꠍ]] ꠀꠞ ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘꠞ ꠝꠣꠏꠦ ꠄꠇꠣꠘ꠆ꠔ ꠛꠂꠑꠇ ꠅꠄ꠶<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-06-13|language=bn|title=ꠝꠥꠢꠣꠝ꠆ꠝꠖ ꠁꠃꠘꠥꠍ ꠅ ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘꠞ ꠝꠣꠏꠦ ꠄꠇꠣꠘ꠆ꠔ ꠛꠂꠑꠇ|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/politics/im4l03pbm8|access-date=2025-08-02|website=ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠀꠟꠧ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-06-10|language=bn|title=ꠟꠘ꠆ꠒꠘꠅ ꠝꠥꠢꠣꠝ꠆ꠝꠖ ꠁꠃꠘꠥꠍ-ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘꠞ ꠛꠂꠑꠇ|url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/articles/c706d1n8rddo|access-date=2025-08-02|website=BBC News ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣ}}</ref> 25 ꠒꠤꠡꠦꠝ꠆ꠛꠞ 2025 ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈꠅ ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ ꠔꠣꠘꠞ ꠛꠃ [[ꠎꠧꠛꠣꠁꠖꠣ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ]] ꠀꠞ ꠙꠥꠠꠤ [[ꠎꠣꠁꠝꠣ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ]]-ꠞꠦ ꠟꠁꠀ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠅ ꠚꠤꠞꠤꠀ ꠀꠁꠘ, ꠎꠣꠞ ꠝꠣꠗ꠆ꠗꠝꠦ 2008 ꠡꠣꠟ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ꠌꠟꠣ ꠔꠣꠘꠞ 17 ꠛꠍꠞꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠛꠣꠡ ꠎꠤꠛꠘꠞ ꠢꠦꠡ ꠅꠄ꠶<ref name="ref11" /> 9 ꠎꠣꠘꠥꠀꠞꠤ 2026 ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈꠅ ꠔꠣꠁꠘ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠅꠔꠣꠛꠣꠖꠤ ꠖꠟꠞ ꠌꠦꠀꠞꠝꠦꠘ ꠅꠁꠘ꠶<ref>{{Cite news |title=ꠛꠤꠄꠘꠙꠤꠞ ꠌꠦꠀꠞꠝꠦꠘ ꠅꠁꠟꠣ ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ |url=https://bangla.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/politics/news-730406 |access-date=9 January 2026 |work=[[ꠖꠤ ꠒꠦꠁꠟꠤ ꠡ꠆ꠐꠣꠞ]] |date=9 January 2026 |language=bn}}</ref> == ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠛꠣꠌꠘꠤ ꠁꠔꠤꠢꠣꠡ == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |- ! ꠡꠣꠟ ! ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠛꠣꠌꠘꠤ ꠄꠟꠣꠇꠣ ! ꠖꠟ ! ꠜꠧꠐ ! % ! ꠚꠟꠣꠚꠟ ! ꠘꠧꠐ |- | rowspan="2" | [[ꠔ꠆ꠞꠄꠧꠖꠡ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠅ ꠡꠋꠡꠖ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠛꠣꠌꠘ, 2026|2026]] | [[ꠛꠉꠥꠠꠣ-6]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=ꠛꠉꠥꠠꠣ-6 ꠀꠡꠘ ꠍꠣꠠꠤ ꠖꠤꠍꠂꠘ ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/politics/ytzybsxsgf |access-date=19 February 2026 |work=[[ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠀꠟꠧ]] |date=16 February 2026 |language=bn}}</ref> | rowspan="2" | [[ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠅꠔꠣꠛꠣꠖꠤ ꠖꠟ]] | 216,284 | '''47.63%''' | style="background: #ddffdd;" | '''ꠎꠄꠤ''' | ꠛꠉꠥꠠꠣ-6 ꠀꠡꠘ ꠍꠣꠠꠤ ꠖꠦꠁꠘ |- | [[ꠓꠣꠇꠣ-17]] | 72,699 | '''51.56%''' | style="background: #ddffdd;" | '''ꠎꠄꠤ''' | |- | colspan="7" style="text-align: left;" | ꠟꠇ: [[ꠖꠤ ꠒꠦꠁꠟꠤ ꠡ꠆ꠐꠣꠞ]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tarique Rahman Wins in Dhaka-17, Bogura-6 Constituencies |publisher=The Daily Star |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/national-election-2026/news/tarique-rahman-wins-dhaka-17-bogura-6-4105076 |access-date=13 February 2026 |date=13 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref> |} == ꠀꠜꠤꠎꠧꠉ ꠀꠞ ꠛꠤꠔꠞ꠆ꠇ == 2001–2006 ꠝꠦꠀꠖꠅ ꠛꠤꠄꠘꠙꠤ ꠡꠞꠇꠣꠞꠞ ꠡꠝꠄ ꠓꠣꠇꠣꠞ ꠛꠘꠣꠘꠤꠞ [[ꠢꠣꠅꠀ ꠜꠛꠘ|ꠢꠣꠅꠀ ꠜꠛꠘꠞꠦ]] ꠇꠦꠘ꠆ꠖ꠆ꠞ ꠇꠞꠤ ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘꠞ ꠛꠤꠞꠥꠖ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠛꠤꠖ꠆ꠎꠥꠔ ꠈꠣꠔꠅ ꠖꠥꠞ꠆ꠘꠤꠔꠤ ("ꠈꠣꠝ꠆ꠛꠣ ꠛꠤꠔꠞ꠆ꠇ"),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Campbell |first=Charlie |date=2026-01-28 |title=Bangladesh's Prodigal Son |url=https://time.com/7358216/bangladesh-elections-tarique-rahman-profile/ |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=TIME |language=en}}</ref> ꠊꠥꠡ ꠀꠞ [[ꠝꠣꠘꠤ ꠟꠘ꠆ꠒꠣꠞꠤꠋ]]-ꠞ ꠀꠜꠤꠎꠧꠉ ꠃꠑꠦ꠶<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS:_Bangladesh:_Political_Turmoil_and_Transition,_May_30,_2008|title=CRS: Bangladesh: Political Turmoil and Transition, May 30, 2008|website=wikileaks.org|access-date=30 December 2013}}</ref> ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ ꠁꠔꠣ ꠀꠜꠤꠎꠧꠉ ꠀꠡ꠆ꠛꠤꠇꠣꠞ ꠇꠞꠤ ꠞꠣꠎꠘꠂꠔꠤꠇ ꠀꠙꠙ꠆ꠞꠌꠣꠞ ꠢꠤꠍꠣꠛꠦ ꠖꠣꠛꠤ ꠇꠞꠂꠘ꠶<ref>{{Cite web |title=Debunking the corruption myth: Tarique Rahman and the fabricated allegations |url=https://en.banglaoutlook.org/editors-pick/235501 |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=Bangla Outlook}}</ref> === ꠝꠣꠘꠤ ꠟꠘ꠆ꠒꠣꠞꠤꠋ ꠀꠞ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠖ ꠝꠣꠝꠟꠣ === 21 ꠎꠥꠟꠣꠁ 2016 ꠡꠣꠟꠅ ꠢꠣꠁꠇꠧꠞ꠆ꠐ [[ꠝꠣꠘꠤ ꠟꠘ꠆ꠒꠣꠞꠤꠋ]] ꠝꠣꠝꠟꠣꠔ ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘꠞꠦ 7 ꠛꠍꠞꠞ ꠎꠦꠟ ꠀꠞ 20 ꠇꠧꠐꠤ ꠐꠦꠇꠣ ꠎꠞꠤꠝꠣꠘꠣ ꠇꠞꠦ꠶<ref name="ref7">{{Cite web|language=en|title=Bangladesh court jails opposition leader's son|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/7/21/bangladesh-tarique-rahman-jailed-for-money-laundering|access-date=2025-02-20|website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> ꠛꠣꠖꠦ 6 ꠝꠣꠞ꠆ꠌ 2025 ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈꠅ ꠡꠥꠙ꠆ꠞꠤꠝ ꠇꠧꠞ꠆ꠐꠞ ꠀꠙꠤꠟ ꠛꠤꠜꠣꠉ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ꠔꠣꠁꠘ ꠀꠞ [[ꠉꠤꠀꠡꠃꠖ꠆ꠖꠤꠘ ꠀꠟ ꠝꠣꠝꠥꠘ]] ꠁ ꠝꠣꠝꠟꠣ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ꠈꠣꠟꠣꠡ ꠙꠣꠁꠘ꠶<ref>{{Cite news |title=ꠀꠞ꠆ꠕꠙꠣꠌꠣꠞ ꠝꠣꠝꠟꠣꠔ ꠀꠙꠤꠟꠦ ꠈꠣꠟꠣꠡ ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠅ ꠝꠣꠝꠥꠘ |url=https://bangla.bdnews24.com/bangladesh/bad344847e56 |access-date=6 March 2025 |work=bdnews24.com |date=6 March 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> ꠄꠍꠣꠠꠣ 2007 ꠡꠣꠟꠅ [[ꠖꠥꠞ꠆ꠘꠤꠔꠤ ꠖꠝꠘ ꠇꠝꠤꠡꠘ (ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ)|ꠖꠥꠖꠇ]]-ꠞ ꠇꠞꠣ ꠀꠛꠂꠗ ꠡꠝ꠆ꠙꠖ ꠀꠞ꠆ꠎꠘꠞ ꠝꠣꠝꠟꠣꠔ 2023 ꠡꠣꠟꠅ ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘꠞ 9 ꠛꠍꠞ ꠀꠞ ꠔꠣꠘꠞ ꠛꠃ [[ꠎꠧꠛꠣꠁꠖꠣ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ]]-ꠞ 3 ꠛꠍꠞ ꠎꠦꠟ ꠅꠁꠍꠤꠟ;<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-08-02|language=bn|title=ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇꠞ 9 ꠛꠍꠞ ꠇꠣꠞꠣꠖꠘ꠆ꠒ, ꠎꠥꠛꠣꠁꠖꠣꠞ 3 ꠛꠍꠞ|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/gqdudec8zo|access-date=2024-09-16|website=[[ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠀꠟꠧ]]}}</ref> 28 ꠝꠦ 2025 ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈꠅ ꠀꠖꠣꠟꠔ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ꠔꠣꠞꠣ ꠖꠥꠁꠎꠘꠃ ꠛꠦꠇꠡꠥꠞ ꠈꠣꠟꠣꠡ ꠙꠣꠁꠘ꠶<ref>{{Cite news |title=ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ ꠅ ꠎꠥꠛꠣꠁꠖꠣ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ ꠈꠣꠟꠣꠡ |url=https://www.banglanews24.com/law-court/news/bd/1526701.details |access-date=28 May 2025 |work=banglanews24.com |date=28 May 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> === ꠎꠤꠀ ꠀꠞꠚꠣꠘꠦꠎ ꠐ꠆ꠞꠣꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠀꠞ 21ꠡꠦ ꠀꠉꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠦꠘꠦꠒ ꠢꠣꠝꠟꠣ ꠝꠣꠝꠟꠣ === 2018 ꠡꠣꠟꠞ 8 ꠚꠦꠛ꠆ꠞꠥꠀꠞꠤ [[ꠎꠤꠀ ꠄꠔꠤꠝꠈꠣꠘꠣ ꠖꠥꠞ꠆ꠘꠤꠔꠤ ꠝꠣꠝꠟꠣ|ꠎꠤꠀ ꠀꠞꠚꠣꠘꠦꠎ ꠐ꠆ꠞꠣꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠖꠥꠞ꠆ꠘꠤꠔꠤ ꠝꠣꠝꠟꠣꠔ]] ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘꠞꠦ 10 ꠛꠍꠞꠞ ꠎꠦꠟ ꠖꠦꠅꠀ ꠅꠁꠍꠤꠟ,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bangladesh ex-PM Khaleda Zia sentenced to five years in jail|work=BBC News|date=8 February 2018|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42996853}}</ref> ꠀꠞ 15 ꠎꠣꠘꠥꠀꠞꠤ 2025 ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈꠅ ꠀꠙꠤꠟ ꠛꠤꠜꠣꠉ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ [[ꠈꠣꠟꠦꠖꠣ ꠎꠤꠀ]] ꠀꠞ ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘꠡꠢ ꠢꠇꠟ ꠀꠡꠣꠝꠤ ꠈꠣꠟꠣꠡ ꠙꠣꠁꠘ꠶<ref>{{Cite news |title=ꠎꠤꠀ ꠀꠞꠚꠣꠘꠦꠎ ꠐ꠆ꠞꠣꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠝꠣꠝꠟꠣ: ꠈꠣꠟꠦꠖꠣ ꠎꠤꠀꠡꠢ ꠡꠛ ꠀꠡꠣꠝꠤ ꠈꠣꠟꠣꠡ |url=https://www.banglatribune.com/others/881625/ |access-date=15 January 2025 |work=[[ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣ ꠐ꠆ꠞꠤꠛꠤꠃꠘ]] |date=15 January 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> [[2004 ꠓꠣꠇꠣ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠦꠘꠦꠒ ꠢꠣꠝꠟꠣ|2004 ꠡꠣꠟꠞ 21ꠡꠦ ꠀꠉꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠦꠘꠦꠒ ꠢꠣꠝꠟꠣ]] ꠝꠣꠝꠟꠣꠔ 2018 ꠡꠣꠟꠞ 10 ꠀꠇ꠆ꠐꠧꠛꠞ ꠔꠣꠘꠞꠦ ꠎꠣꠛꠎ꠆ꠎꠤꠛꠘ ꠇꠣꠞꠣꠖꠘ꠆ꠒ ꠖꠦꠅꠀ ꠅꠁꠍꠤꠟ꠶<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-10|language=bn|title=ꠉ꠆ꠞꠦꠘꠦꠒ ꠢꠣꠝꠟꠣ ꠝꠣꠝꠟꠣꠞ ꠞꠣꠄ|url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/news-45807179|access-date=2024-09-16|website=[[ꠛꠤꠛꠤꠍꠤ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣ]]}}</ref> ꠛꠣꠖꠦ 1 ꠒꠤꠡꠦꠝ꠆ꠛꠞ 2024 ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈꠅ ꠢꠣꠁꠇꠧꠞ꠆ꠐ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ ꠔꠣꠁꠘ ꠁ ꠝꠣꠝꠟꠣꠔ ꠈꠣꠟꠣꠡ ꠙꠣꠁꠘ꠶<ref>{{Cite news |title=21 ꠀꠉꠡ꠆ꠐ ꠉ꠆ꠞꠦꠘꠦꠒ ꠝꠣꠝꠟꠣꠔ ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ-ꠛꠣꠛꠞꠡꠢ ꠡꠛ ꠀꠡꠣꠝꠤ ꠈꠣꠟꠣꠡ |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/by8bvtdvoq |work=[[ꠙ꠆ꠞꠕꠝ ꠀꠟꠧ]] |date=1 December 2024 |language=bn |access-date=1 December 2024}}</ref> ꠄꠍꠣꠠꠣ 31 ꠀꠇ꠆ꠐꠧꠛꠞ 2024 ꠔꠣꠞꠤꠈꠅ ꠔꠣꠘꠞ ꠛꠤꠞꠥꠖ꠆ꠗꠦ ꠕꠣꠇꠣ ꠞꠣꠡ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠞꠖ꠆ꠞꠧꠢ ꠝꠣꠝꠟꠣꠅ ꠢꠣꠁꠇꠧꠞ꠆ꠐ ꠛꠣꠔꠤꠟ ꠇꠞꠤ ꠖꠦꠄ꠶<ref>{{Cite web|language=bn|title=ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘꠞ ‘ꠞꠣꠡ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠞꠖ꠆ꠞꠧꠢ’ ꠝꠣꠝꠟꠣ ꠛꠣꠔꠤꠟ|url=https://www.jugantor.com/bnp/872559|access-date=2025-09-27|website=Jugantor}}</ref> === ꠝꠅꠟꠣꠘꠣ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠘꠤꠞꠦ ꠘꠤꠀ ꠛꠤꠔꠞ꠆ꠇ === 2026 ꠡꠣꠟꠞ ꠄꠙ꠆ꠞꠤꠟ ꠝꠣꠡꠅ ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ ꠄꠇ ꠡꠜꠣꠔ ꠖꠣꠛꠤ ꠇꠞꠂꠘ ꠎꠦ, 1979 ꠡꠣꠟꠞ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠛꠣꠌꠘꠞ ꠡꠝꠄ [[ꠀꠛ꠆ꠖꠥꠟ ꠢꠣꠝꠤꠖ ꠈꠣꠘ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠘꠤ|ꠝꠅꠟꠣꠘꠣ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠘꠤ]] ꠘꠤꠎꠦ ꠎꠤꠀꠃꠞ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘꠞ ꠢꠣꠔꠅ "ꠗꠣꠘꠞ ꠡꠤꠡ" ꠝꠣꠞ꠆ꠇꠣ ꠔꠥꠟꠤ ꠖꠤꠍꠟꠣ꠶<ref>{{Cite web|language=bn|title=ꠎꠤꠀꠃꠞ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘꠞꠦ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠘꠤ ꠈꠁꠟꠣ, ꠔꠥꠝꠣꠞ ꠢꠣꠔꠅ ꠗꠣꠘꠞ ꠡꠤꠡ ꠔꠥꠟꠤ ꠖꠤꠟꠣꠝ: ꠙ꠆ꠞꠗꠣꠘꠝꠘ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤ|url=https://www.banglatribune.com/country/dhaka/942023/|access-date=2026-04-15|website=Bangla Tribune}}</ref> ꠁ ꠇꠕꠣ ꠘꠤꠀ ꠡꠧꠡꠦꠟ ꠝꠤꠒꠤꠀꠔ ꠡꠝꠣꠟꠧꠌꠘꠣ ꠅꠄ, ꠇꠣꠞꠘ ꠝꠅꠟꠣꠘꠣ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠘꠤ 1979 ꠡꠣꠟꠞ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠛꠣꠌꠘꠞ ꠔꠤꠘ ꠛꠍꠞ ꠀꠉꠦ 1976 ꠡꠣꠟꠅ ꠝꠣꠞꠣ ꠉꠦꠍꠟꠣ꠶<ref>{{Cite web|language=bn|title=ꠝꠅꠟꠣꠘꠣ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠘꠤ 1979 ꠡꠣꠟꠅ ꠎꠤꠀꠃꠞ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘꠞꠦ ꠗꠣꠘꠞ ꠡꠤꠡ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠔꠤꠇ ꠖꠤꠍꠂꠘ—ꠁ ꠖꠣꠛꠤ ꠝꠤꠕ꠆ꠕꠣ|url=https://thedissent.news/bn/fact-checks/claim-that-maulana-bhashani-handed-the-sheaf-of-paddy-symbol-to-ziaur-rahman-in-1979-is-false|access-date=15 April 2026|website=The Dissent}}</ref> == ꠘꠤꠎꠞ ꠎꠤꠘꠖꠦꠉꠤ == [[File:2026-03-21 Prime Minister Tarique Rahman and former Chief Advisor Muhammad Yunus at State Guest House Jamuna, Dhaka.jpg|thumb|2026 ꠡꠣꠟꠅ ꠞꠣꠡ꠆ꠐ꠆ꠞꠤꠅ ꠀꠔꠤꠕꠤ ꠜꠛꠘ ꠎꠝꠥꠘꠣꠔ [[ꠝꠥꠢꠣꠝ꠆ꠝꠖ ꠁꠃꠘꠥꠍ]]-ꠞ ꠟꠉꠦ ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ ꠀꠞ [[ꠀꠞꠣꠚꠣꠔ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ|ꠀꠞꠣꠚꠣꠔ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ ꠇꠧꠇꠧꠞ]] ꠙꠞꠤꠛꠣꠞꠞ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡ]] 1994 ꠡꠣꠟꠞ 3 ꠚꠦꠛ꠆ꠞꠥꠀꠞꠤ ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘꠞ ꠟꠉꠦ ꠒꠣꠇ꠆ꠔꠣꠞ [[ꠎꠧꠛꠣꠁꠖꠣ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ]]-ꠞ ꠛꠤꠀ ꠅꠄ꠶<ref name="Tariqpers" /> ꠎꠧꠛꠣꠁꠖꠣ ꠅꠁꠟꠣ ꠡꠣꠛꠦꠇ [[ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠘꠂꠛꠣꠢꠤꠘꠤ|ꠘꠂꠛꠣꠢꠤꠘꠤ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠗꠣꠘ]] ꠞꠤꠀꠞ ꠄꠒꠝꠤꠞꠣꠟ [[ꠝꠣꠢꠛꠥꠛ ꠀꠟꠤ ꠈꠣꠘ]]-ꠞ ꠙꠥꠠꠤ ꠀꠞ ꠔꠣꠘꠞ ꠛꠣꠠꠤ [[ꠍꠤꠟꠐ ꠎꠦꠟꠣ|ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠞ]] [[ꠖꠇ꠆ꠇꠤꠘ ꠡꠥꠞꠝꠣ ꠃꠙꠎꠦꠟꠣ|ꠖꠇ꠆ꠇꠤꠘ ꠡꠥꠞꠝꠣꠔ]]꠶ ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠀꠞ ꠎꠧꠛꠣꠁꠖꠣꠞ [[ꠎꠣꠁꠝꠣ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ]] ꠘꠣꠝꠦ ꠄꠇꠎꠘ ꠙꠥꠠꠤ ꠀꠍꠂꠘ꠶<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-05-06|title=17 ꠛꠍꠞꠞ ꠘꠤꠞ꠆ꠛꠣꠡꠤꠔ ꠎꠤꠛꠘ ꠢꠦꠡꠦ ꠖꠦꠡꠅ ꠚꠤꠞꠟꠣ ꠎꠧꠛꠣꠁꠖꠣ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ|url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangla/bangladesh/news-details-339686|access-date=2026-06-01|website=The Business Standard}}</ref> == ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠛꠁ == * ''ꠡꠛꠣꠞ ꠀꠉꠦ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ'' (2025)<ref>{{Cite news |title=ꠛꠁꠝꠦꠟꠣꠔ ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘꠞ ꠛꠁ ‘ꠡꠛꠣꠞ ꠀꠉꠦ ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ’ |url=https://www.deshrupantor.com/amp/574659/ |access-date=16 October 2026 |work=ꠖꠦꠡ ꠞꠥꠙꠣꠘ꠆ꠔꠞ |date=18 February 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> == ꠀꠞꠅ ꠖꠦꠈꠂꠘ == * [[ꠎꠤꠀꠃꠞ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘ]] * [[ꠈꠣꠟꠦꠖꠣ ꠎꠤꠀ]] * [[ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘꠞ ꠝꠘ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤꠡꠜꠣ]] == ꠟꠇ == {{reflist}} == ꠛꠣꠁꠞꠞ ꠟꠤꠋꠇ == * [https://www.tariquerahman.info/ ꠔꠣꠞꠦꠇ ꠞꠢꠝꠣꠘꠞ ꠅꠚꠤꠡꠤꠀꠟ ꠅꠦꠛꠍꠣꠁꠐ] [[ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:1968-ꠅ ꠎꠘ꠆ꠝ]] [[ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠎꠤꠘꠖꠣ ꠝꠣꠘꠥꠡ]] [[ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠞ ꠙ꠆ꠞꠗꠣꠘꠝꠘ꠆ꠔ꠆ꠞꠤ]] [[ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡꠤ ꠞꠣꠎꠘꠤꠔꠤꠛꠤꠖ]] [[ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠛꠣꠋꠟꠣꠖꠦꠡ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠅꠔꠣꠛꠣꠖꠤ ꠖꠟꠞ ꠞꠣꠎꠘꠤꠔꠤꠛꠤꠖ]] [[ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠓꠣꠇꠣ ꠛꠤꠡ꠆ꠡꠛꠤꠖ꠆ꠎꠣꠟꠄꠞ ꠙꠥꠞꠣꠘꠣ ꠍꠣꠔ꠆ꠞ]] [[ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠝꠎꠥꠝꠖꠣꠞ–ꠎꠤꠀ ꠙꠞꠤꠛꠣꠞ]] [[ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠛꠉꠥꠠꠣ ꠎꠦꠟꠣꠞ ꠞꠣꠎꠘꠤꠔꠤꠛꠤꠖ]] [[ꠇꠦꠐꠣꠉꠞꠤ:ꠔ꠆ꠞꠄꠧꠖꠡ ꠎꠣꠔꠤꠅ ꠡꠋꠡꠖ ꠡꠖꠡ꠆ꠡ]] 4vdvihakp6e7v77rrphf89e1okr8txe 0 9516 34579 2026-11-07T11:07:19Z ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ 14 ꠢꠣꠍꠘ ꠞꠣꠎꠣ moved page [[ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠘꠣꠉꠞꠤꠔ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠛꠁꠀꠁꠘꠞ ꠟꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠤ]] to [[ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠟꠤꠙꠤꠖꠤ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠛꠁꠀꠁꠘ꠆ꠔꠞ ꠟꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠤ]] ꠪ ꠘꠣꠉꠞꠤꠔ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠛꠟꠔꠦ ꠛꠥꠎꠣꠄ ꠈꠣꠟꠤ ꠍꠤꠟꠐ ꠐꠣꠃꠘ꠆ꠔꠘꠦ ꠛꠣꠞꠂꠟ ꠛꠁ (written/published in Sylhet) ꠁꠘꠅ ꠅꠘꠦꠇ꠆ꠔꠣ ꠟꠘ꠆ꠒꠘ ꠨ ꠀꠡꠣꠝꠕꠘꠦꠅ ꠀꠍꠦ 34579 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ꠟꠤꠙꠤꠖꠤ ꠟꠦꠈꠣ ꠛꠁꠀꠁꠘ꠆ꠔꠞ ꠟꠤꠡ꠆ꠐꠤ]] 82dddh19nx4tmfrjlnmv5xjlnot1dzk