Wikipedia testwiki https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.39.0-wmf.26 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Thread Thread talk Summary Summary talk Test namespace 1 Test namespace 1 talk Test namespace 2 Test namespace 2 talk Draft Draft talk Campaign Campaign talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk SecurePoll SecurePoll talk CNBanner CNBanner talk Translations Translations talk Gadget Gadget talk Gadget definition Gadget definition talk Topic Newsletter Newsletter talk Module:Hello 828 67293 540070 159681 2022-08-25T12:46:23Z ATDT 19654 Scribunto text/plain local p = {} function p.hello( frame ) return "Hello, world!" end return p a8fvjl9mgv5m9bttsyhixyccnxfrjrj Sandbox 0 68971 540141 539516 2022-08-26T02:45:35Z Ilovemydoodle 54397 /* Please start your testing below this line */ wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Sandbox}}</noinclude> {{CleanSandbox}} == Please start your testing below this line == {{#expr:{{formatnum:{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}|R}}/{{formatnum:{{NUMBEROFADMINS}}|R}}}} n35imevcchoamaazwog2tu4xlwsuqem File:MP sounds-pwb.png 6 78320 540112 539732 2022-08-25T16:53:30Z Pywikibot-test 23124 Pywikibot-test uploaded a new version of [[File:MP sounds-pwb.png]] wikitext text/x-wiki pywikibot test mvex885are6ahaz42kwh4kn9swdrp8i 540113 540112 2022-08-25T16:55:37Z Pywikibot-test 23124 Pywikibot-test uploaded a new version of [[File:MP sounds-pwb.png]] wikitext text/x-wiki pywikibot test mvex885are6ahaz42kwh4kn9swdrp8i 540114 540113 2022-08-25T16:56:59Z Pywikibot-test 23124 Pywikibot-test uploaded a new version of [[File:MP sounds-pwb.png]] wikitext text/x-wiki pywikibot test mvex885are6ahaz42kwh4kn9swdrp8i 540115 540114 2022-08-25T16:59:09Z Pywikibot-test 23124 Pywikibot-test uploaded a new version of [[File:MP sounds-pwb.png]] wikitext text/x-wiki pywikibot test mvex885are6ahaz42kwh4kn9swdrp8i 540132 540115 2022-08-25T20:50:28Z Pywikibot-test 23124 Pywikibot-test uploaded a new version of [[File:MP sounds-pwb.png]] wikitext text/x-wiki pywikibot test mvex885are6ahaz42kwh4kn9swdrp8i 540133 540132 2022-08-25T20:52:38Z Pywikibot-test 23124 Pywikibot-test uploaded a new version of [[File:MP sounds-pwb.png]] wikitext text/x-wiki pywikibot test mvex885are6ahaz42kwh4kn9swdrp8i 540164 540133 2022-08-26T09:31:52Z Pywikibot-test 23124 Pywikibot-test uploaded a new version of [[File:MP sounds-pwb.png]] wikitext text/x-wiki pywikibot test mvex885are6ahaz42kwh4kn9swdrp8i 540165 540164 2022-08-26T09:34:02Z Pywikibot-test 23124 Pywikibot-test uploaded a new version of [[File:MP sounds-pwb.png]] wikitext text/x-wiki pywikibot test mvex885are6ahaz42kwh4kn9swdrp8i User:John Vandenberg/async test write 2 81547 540103 539723 2022-08-25T16:18:57Z Pywikibot-test 23124 Pywikibot 7.7.0.dev0 wikitext text/x-wiki 1661444327.7755568 deab3epjtw2nkqw9knwdy8s1xr787t8 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kippylq25fs06extnhljglevts7sgnv 540122 540108 2022-08-25T20:12:23Z Pywikibot-test 23124 wikitext text/x-wiki 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lqbjdsexd1ara6ande1nzdvydsahi1i 540128 540122 2022-08-25T20:40:39Z Pywikibot-test 23124 wikitext text/x-wiki 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iep61q4v2rm6xl2uupghhn48siukimq 540160 540128 2022-08-26T09:03:58Z Pywikibot-test 23124 wikitext text/x-wiki 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2wz2etk7f81wa93vx9o0trewqavllyr 540168 540160 2022-08-26T09:43:13Z Pywikibot-test 23124 wikitext text/x-wiki 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f3a28wtavkk1kdlzoxi5a6k266dly3l 540174 540168 2022-08-26T09:47:44Z Pywikibot-test 23124 wikitext text/x-wiki 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nsmvd20v78rqvedd61j49j568j0avsw 540180 540174 2022-08-26T11:12:20Z Pywikibot-test 23124 wikitext text/x-wiki 1433650768.531433650922.331433651729.111433670166.311433675620.231434189298.391434190713.181434466819.82218051434544025.22135851434556196.60172341435173199.59346151435175699.59451271435227022.74044541435528701.75742911435530425.45590261435603389.080081437231694.72999551437247968.58793571437249806.3797741437298795.05681351437299498.54262071437301447.66920381437302227.7655441437303194.27986031437304101.72397661437310188.7074311437310950.0167771437312161.48824671437313010.34581731437313729.64502261437508795.02368621437509778.81783961437516631.40031891438256915.00195531438380338.75435851438383980.68647171438454064.30758831438457192.55998851438473558.4497151438475370.52737021438888563.82252121439048615.09364531439242551.86522051439284878.94054751439567068.00147221439645869.40761881439653355.34343361439892097.89366271439893989.92894151439937872.74017361439942911.25551271440071096.08264111440280762.25626281440718001.3262011440893319.42683861441040710.94389411441045094.56088661441367039.71286131441492543.00856571441494238.9647241443131370.03606581443212814.54482251454969098.621455143085.01455479939.331458010578.141646415352.6267931646418236.303551646419108.5554141646480673.1255151646486361.30947541646489252.55788281646497776.8472891646500951.96962931646503090.90285371646508464.6270851646557704.72482941646560644.88797711646568704.91856581646573733.00244281646576832.29534481646608917.34515641646654969.60378361646656319.4402261646656560.3573951646667875.37336181646669840.47606131646671473.95034121646674984.85814431646826562.7642131646830600.84946161646833174.90316631646834856.9354641646836733.8114731646848463.33862281646854361.6220061646921244.61630941646929392.52481341646933478.7709891646989628.14013271646993317.0693991647006535.8758381647010068.79893281647067797.81312181647070228.9538041647088146.43666861647129259.68616061647160403.20344641647161418.68453741647165213.34464841647182471.8682351647203984.8648061647204146.85476951647205856.08880071647229928.91692161647232863.2489111647244837.81863951647253131.60572861647253341.66492151647257374.36275241647261586.3715681647328114.68083791647328863.86457971647338369.03202411647345322.46875211647352352.98292641647362207.4400921647376689.68484851647377054.13237741647507817.3071141647520722.49061581647537658.91502861647537706.9929851647537724.92751151647537734.26552411647537734.81241751647537796.29433751647600884.78828861647603345.3407491647607378.26923131647607451.39406541647610335.08369161647619863.80975681647636713.9665881647684938.94061331647686327.2922681647690808.45028761647692744.59212851647732431.32598611647772952.28326751647781284.95441991647800669.47089581647849904.41088181647854192.1383851647860875.18231251647874602.63781051647879297.1874931647883065.4647961647924265.03851251647936769.8719151647951966.8961621648054226.68201351648059130.80152961648060298.43086981648069938.0877581648125306.6112961648143342.68760181648143650.04991751648188528.68711191648196925.6356741648203876.69900561648211369.0150091648230332.54617121648281987.22994761648283693.56241941648285224.71328661648286447.91258651648291573.67376261648291846.70330291648294060.07191231648296246.83941861648298801.97048331648305016.80210021648334644.85586831648379305.4112821648389448.81566381648405605.99447971648411133.04927181648412522.24783181648422117.89680721648446617.8572281648450264.77608821648454199.90044761648467787.75208971648467856.83117841648718888.7086471648726868.34113621648731002.50412491648735298.12991521649690895.66212321649691467.9696281649743553.52938491649755873.90303251649763327.8892521649774138.0124031649777526.37097861649778489.48823021649784790.27565621649860160.37698861649936556.74318031649955430.38933971650002447.5759611650006360.23943541650028605.97354981650039495.475341650041154.52726721650041204.27767731650043469.9524181650182871.47858071650185429.33433821650203503.7359421650214109.96521881650231719.77891951650281824.2778291650288925.13755371650295721.33825951650295882.12538961650300339.22233131650341815.28370641650380832.94509431650402613.69048711650518905.2356281650522569.2941071650530608.544891650531430.3989611650533914.10076831650542738.41888791650546175.9846881650568044.03694751650631023.97239781650632899.72227331650634830.3925491650637007.66384821650640862.5720661650689309.4054381650701657.98250581650703185.78357031650703771.5033541650735123.8095531650738484.06956341650776192.5568211650813066.8977991650848683.918771650861187.31198121650876020.82570171650880474.35385231650881868.45988561650883153.22984271650884549.92777321650886892.40727421650897830.36771461650949494.34935431650949911.4991251650954397.3235271650990281.23737171650995523.8559241651056953.48302131651058845.9713631651060365.91917781651065711.69361521651066891.44208121651068680.67229721651068949.30104371651068950.86070821651069866.21405341651077973.48218511651150569.5798041651150701.53431841651159306.89410231651163972.5414571651207135.13229251651314580.08892971651323639.1569731651335350.97018341651337464.360449165134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axwq875n2jchor80tpy90szdg05fd7r User:Unicodesnowman/DeleteMark 2 82252 540100 539720 2022-08-25T16:18:30Z Pywikibot-test 23124 pywikibot unit test. Do NOT actually delete. wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete|1=pywikibot unit test. Do NOT actually delete.}} foo cymfz8u3wtlps4m6nlzq7086mgmr0cz 540101 540100 2022-08-25T16:18:35Z Pywikibot-test 23124 unit test wikitext text/x-wiki foo 1e6gpc3ehk0mu2jqu8cg42g009s796b 540106 540101 2022-08-25T16:25:44Z Pywikibot-test 23124 pywikibot unit test. Do NOT actually delete. wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete|1=pywikibot unit test. Do NOT actually delete.}} foo cymfz8u3wtlps4m6nlzq7086mgmr0cz 540107 540106 2022-08-25T16:25:49Z Pywikibot-test 23124 unit test wikitext text/x-wiki foo 1e6gpc3ehk0mu2jqu8cg42g009s796b 540120 540107 2022-08-25T20:12:07Z Pywikibot-test 23124 pywikibot unit test. Do NOT actually delete. wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete|1=pywikibot unit test. Do NOT actually delete.}} foo cymfz8u3wtlps4m6nlzq7086mgmr0cz 540121 540120 2022-08-25T20:12:11Z Pywikibot-test 23124 unit test wikitext text/x-wiki foo 1e6gpc3ehk0mu2jqu8cg42g009s796b 540126 540121 2022-08-25T20:40:24Z Pywikibot-test 23124 pywikibot unit test. Do NOT actually delete. wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete|1=pywikibot unit test. Do NOT actually delete.}} foo cymfz8u3wtlps4m6nlzq7086mgmr0cz 540127 540126 2022-08-25T20:40:27Z Pywikibot-test 23124 unit test wikitext text/x-wiki foo 1e6gpc3ehk0mu2jqu8cg42g009s796b 540158 540127 2022-08-26T09:03:41Z Pywikibot-test 23124 pywikibot unit test. Do NOT actually delete. wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete|1=pywikibot unit test. Do NOT actually delete.}} foo cymfz8u3wtlps4m6nlzq7086mgmr0cz 540159 540158 2022-08-26T09:03:46Z Pywikibot-test 23124 unit test wikitext text/x-wiki foo 1e6gpc3ehk0mu2jqu8cg42g009s796b 540166 540159 2022-08-26T09:42:56Z Pywikibot-test 23124 pywikibot unit test. Do NOT actually delete. wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete|1=pywikibot unit test. Do NOT actually delete.}} foo cymfz8u3wtlps4m6nlzq7086mgmr0cz 540167 540166 2022-08-26T09:43:01Z Pywikibot-test 23124 unit test wikitext text/x-wiki foo 1e6gpc3ehk0mu2jqu8cg42g009s796b 540172 540167 2022-08-26T09:47:28Z Pywikibot-test 23124 pywikibot unit test. Do NOT actually delete. wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete|1=pywikibot unit test. Do NOT actually delete.}} foo cymfz8u3wtlps4m6nlzq7086mgmr0cz 540173 540172 2022-08-26T09:47:32Z Pywikibot-test 23124 unit test wikitext text/x-wiki foo 1e6gpc3ehk0mu2jqu8cg42g009s796b 540178 540173 2022-08-26T11:12:08Z Pywikibot-test 23124 pywikibot unit test. Do NOT actually delete. wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete|1=pywikibot unit test. Do NOT actually delete.}} foo cymfz8u3wtlps4m6nlzq7086mgmr0cz 540179 540178 2022-08-26T11:12:08Z Pywikibot-test 23124 unit test wikitext text/x-wiki foo 1e6gpc3ehk0mu2jqu8cg42g009s796b Wikipedia:Sandbox 4 107092 540134 540069 2022-08-25T21:00:37Z Cewbot 33876 Clear the sandbox. If you want to keep it longer, please test it in [[Special:MyPage/Sandbox|personal sandbox]], you can also check the revision history of the sandbox. wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{Sandbox}}</noinclude> == Please start your testing below this line == 9v37rcaxoiwjar8n3q9n7dcsjdvcyin User:JohanahoJ/sandbox.css 2 112884 540073 540060 2022-08-25T13:59:33Z JohanahoJ 37147 css text/css .scriptcss-viewportdimensions { font-size: 70%; color: #54595d !important; } body.skin-minerva .scriptcss-viewportdimensions { text-align: center; } body:skin-vector-2022 a { color: #0645ad; } body:skin-vector-2022 a:visited { color: #0b0080; } liaa3so7v1g3u1s94hk0p7we7lwkf6r 540074 540073 2022-08-25T14:00:29Z JohanahoJ 37147 css text/css .scriptcss-viewportdimensions { font-size: 70%; color: #54595d !important; } body.skin-minerva .scriptcss-viewportdimensions { text-align: center; } body:skin-vector-2022 a { color: #0645ad !important; } body:skin-vector-2022 a:visited { color: #0b0080 !important; } qmmxc9c89zlyj7v0gf72qs4v0eorovl 540075 540074 2022-08-25T14:03:03Z JohanahoJ 37147 css text/css .scriptcss-viewportdimensions { font-size: 70%; 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color: #54595d !important; } body.skin-minerva .scriptcss-viewportdimensions { text-align: center; } 6eudbh91b4lw2xc0it8mwr4nllxabo7 Pollen 0 113366 540142 448084 2022-08-26T06:17:34Z InternetArchiveBot 34092 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|The grains containing the male gametophytes of seed plants}} {{Other uses|Pollen (disambiguation)}} {{redirect-distinguish|Exine|Exene}} [[File:Tulip Stamen Tip.jpg|thumb|Tulip [[anther]] with many grains of pollen]] [[Image:Cactus flower pollen.jpg|thumb|Closeup image of a cactus flower and its stamens]] [[Image:Misc pollen colorized.jpg|thumb|[[Scanning electron microscope]] image (500x magnification) of pollen grains from a variety of common plants: sunflower (''[[Helianthus annuus]]''), morning glory (''[[Ipomoea purpurea]]''), prairie hollyhock (''[[Sidalcea malviflora]]'’), oriental lily (''[[Lilium auratum]]''), evening primrose (''[[Oenothera fruticosa]]''), and castor bean (''[[Ricinus communis]]'').]] '''Pollen''' is a powdery substance consisting of pollen grains which are male [[Gametophyte|microgametophytes]] of [[spermatophyta|seed plants]], which produce male [[gamete]]s (sperm cells). Pollen grains have a hard coat made of [[sporopollenin]] that protects the gametophytes during the process of their movement from the [[stamen]]s to the [[gynoecium|pistil]] of flowering plants, or from the male [[Conifer cone|cone]] to the female cone of [[Pinophyta|coniferous plants]]. If pollen lands on a compatible pistil or female cone, it [[germinate]]s, producing a [[pollen tube]] that transfers the [[sperm]] to the [[ovule]] containing the female gametophyte. Individual pollen grains are small enough to require magnification to see detail. The study of pollen is called [[palynology]] and is highly useful in [[paleoecology]], [[paleontology]], [[archaeology]], and [[Forensic science|forensics]]. Pollen in plants is used for transferring haploid male genetic material from the [[Stamen|anther]] of a single flower to the stigma of another in cross-pollination.<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Pollination |volume=22 |pages=2–5}}</ref> In a case of self-pollination, this process takes place from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower.<ref name=EB1911/> Pollen is infrequently used as food and food supplement. Because of agricultural practices, it is often contaminated by agricultural pesticides.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|title=A survey of honey bee-collected pollen reveals widespread contamination by agricultural pesticides|journal=The Science of the Total Environment|volume=615|pages=208–218|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.226|pmid=28968582|year=2018|last1=Tosi|first1=S.|last2=Costa|first2=C.|last3=Vesco|first3=U.|last4=Quaglia|first4=G.|last5=Guido|first5=G.}}</ref> ==Structure and formation== <!-- Redirect from "microsporogenesis" goes to this section, so don't change title without changing the redirect! --> [[File:Oenothera speciosa pollen 200x.jpg|thumb|right|Triporate pollen of ''[[Oenothera speciosa]]'']] [[File:Lilium auratum - pollen.jpg|thumb|170px|Pollen of ''[[Lilium auratum]]'' showing single sulcus (monosulcate)]] [[File:Arabis voch1-4.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Arabis]]'' pollen has three colpi and prominent surface structure.]] [[File:Coenocytic Tetrad.gif|thumbnail|Pollens/Microspores of ''[[Lycopersicon esculentum]]'' at coenocytic tetrad stage of development observed through oil immersion microscope; the chromosomes of what will become four pollen grains can be seen.]] [[File:Жизнеспособность пыльцы 13.jpg|thumb|Apple pollen under microscopy]] Pollen itself is not the male gamete.<ref name="facts_and_practice_for_a_level">{{Cite book | last1 = Johnstone | first1 = Adam | title = Biology: facts & practice for A level | year = 2001 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = | isbn = 978-0-19-914766-3 | page = [https://archive.org/details/biologyfactsprac0000john/page/95 95] | url = https://archive.org/details/biologyfactsprac0000john/page/95 }}</ref> Each pollen grain contains vegetative (non-reproductive) cells (only a single cell in most flowering plants but several in other seed plants) and a generative (reproductive) cell. In flowering plants the vegetative tube cell produces the [[pollen tube]], and the generative cell divides to form the two sperm cells. === Formation === Pollen is produced in the [[microsporangia]] in the male cone of a conifer or other [[gymnosperm]] or in the anthers of an [[Flowering plant|angiosperm]] [[flower]]. Pollen grains come in a wide variety of shapes, sizes, and surface markings characteristic of the species (see [[electron micrograph]], right). Pollen grains of [[pine]]s, [[fir]]s, and [[spruce]]s are winged. The smallest pollen grain, that of the [[forget-me-not]] (''Myosotis'' spp.),{{which|date=February 2017}} is 2.5-5&nbsp;[[micrometre|µm]] (0.005&nbsp;mm) in diameter.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.sporomex.co.uk/technology/51-pollenspores |title = Spores and Pollens}}</ref> Corn pollen grains are large, about 90–100&nbsp;µm.<ref>{{Cite journal| pmc = 59743 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.211287498 | year = 2001 | title = Corn pollen deposition on milkweeds in and near cornfields | volume = 98 | issue = 21 | pages = 11919–24 | pmid = 11559840 | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | last1 = Pleasants| first1 = J. M.| last2 = Hellmich| first2 = R. L.| last3 = Dively| first3 = G. P.| last4 = Sears| first4 = M. K.| last5 = Stanley-Horn| first5 = D. E.| last6 = Mattila| first6 = H. R.| last7 = Foster| first7 = J. E.| last8 = Clark| first8 = P.| last9 = Jones| first9 = G. D. | bibcode = 2001PNAS...9811919P }}</ref> Most grass pollen is around 20-25 µm.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.sporomex.co.uk/technology/51-pollenspores |title = Spores and Pollens}}</ref> In angiosperms, during flower development the anther is composed of a mass of cells that appear undifferentiated, except for a partially differentiated dermis. As the flower develops, four groups of sporogenous cells form within the anther. The fertile sporogenous cells are surrounded by layers of sterile cells that grow into the wall of the pollen sac. Some of the cells grow into nutritive cells that supply nutrition for the microspores that form by meiotic division from the sporogenous cells. In a process called '''microsporogenesis''', four haploid [[microspore]]s are produced from each diploid sporogenous cell (microsporocyte, pollen mother cell or [[meiocyte]]), after [[meiotic division]]. After the formation of the four microspores, which are contained by callose walls, the development of the pollen grain walls begins. The callose wall is broken down by an enzyme called callase and the freed pollen grains grow in size and develop their characteristic shape and form a resistant outer wall called the exine and an inner wall called the intine. The exine is what is preserved in the fossil record. Two basic types of microsporogenesis are recognised, simultaneous and successive. In simultaneous microsporogenesis meiotic steps I and II are completed prior to [[cytokinesis]], whereas in successive microsporogenesis cytokinesis follows. While there may be a continuum with intermediate forms, the type of microsporogenesis has systematic significance. The predominant form amongst the [[monocots]] is successive, but there are important exceptions.<ref name=Furness2001>{{cite journal |last1=Furness|first1=Carol A.|last2=Rudall|first2=Paula J.|authorlink2=Paula Rudall|title=Pollen and anther characters in monocot systematics|journal=Grana|date=January 2001|volume=40|issue=1–2|pages=17–25|doi=10.1080/00173130152591840|doi-access=free}}</ref> During microgametogenesis, the unicellular microspores undergo mitosis and develop into mature [[microgametophyte]]s containing the gametes.<ref>[http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/biology/people/twell/lab/pollenis/development Pollen Development — University of Leicester<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In some flowering plants,{{which|date=February 2017}} [[germination]] of the pollen grain may begin even before it leaves the microsporangium, with the generative cell forming the two sperm cells. === Structure === Except in the case of some submerged aquatic plants, the mature pollen grain has a double wall. The vegetative and generative cells are surrounded by a thin delicate wall of unaltered [[cellulose]] called the '''endospore''' or '''intine''', and a tough resistant outer cuticularized wall composed largely of [[sporopollenin]] called the '''exospore''' or '''exine'''. The exine often bears spines or warts, or is variously sculptured, and the character of the markings is often of value for identifying genus, species, or even cultivar or individual. The spines may be less than a micron in length (spinulus, plural spinuli) referred to as '''spinulose''' (scabrate), or longer than a micron (echina, echinae) referred to as '''echinate'''. Various terms also describe the sculpturing such as '''reticulate''', a net like appearance consisting of elements (murus, muri) separated from each other by a lumen (plural lumina). These reticulations may also be referred to as brochi. The pollen wall protects the sperm while the pollen grain is moving from the anther to the stigma; it protects the vital genetic material from drying out and solar radiation. The pollen grain surface is covered with waxes and proteins, which are held in place by structures called sculpture elements on the surface of the grain. The outer pollen wall, which prevents the pollen grain from shrinking and crushing the genetic material during desiccation, is composed of two layers. These two layers are the tectum and the foot layer, which is just above the intine. The tectum and foot layer are separated by a region called the columella, which is composed of strengthening rods. The outer wall is constructed with a resistant biopolymer called sporopollenin. Pollen apertures are regions of the pollen wall that may involve exine thinning or a significant reduction in exine thickness.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Furness|first=Carol A.|last2=Rudall|first2=Paula J.|date=2004-03-01|title=Pollen aperture evolution--a crucial factor for eudicot success?|journal=Trends in Plant Science|volume=9|issue=3|pages=154–158|doi=10.1016/j.tplants.2004.01.001|pmid=15003239|citeseerx=10.1.1.462.5084}}</ref> They allow shrinking and swelling of the grain caused by changes in moisture content. Elongated apertures or furrows in the pollen grain are called colpi (singular: colpus) or sulci (singular: [[Sulcus (morphology)|sulcus]]). Apertures that are more circular are called pores. Colpi, sulci and pores are major features in the identification of classes of pollen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geo.arizona.edu/palynology/ppapertr.html|author=Davis, Owen|title=Aperture|work=geo.arizona.edu|access-date=2009-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203035127/http://www.geo.arizona.edu/palynology/ppapertr.html|archive-date=2009-02-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pollen may be referred to as '''inaperturate''' (apertures absent) or '''aperturate''' (apertures present). The aperture may have a lid (operculum), hence is described as '''operculate'''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Furness|first1=Carol A.|last2=Rudall|first2=Paula J.|authorlink2=Paula Rudall|title=Apertures with Lids: Distribution and Significance of Operculate Pollen in Monocotyledons|journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences|date=November 2003|volume=164|issue=6|pages=835–854|doi=10.1086/378656}}</ref> However the term inaperturate covers a wide range of morphological types, such as functionally inaperturate (cryptoaperturate) and omniaperturate.<ref name=Furness2001/> Inaperaturate pollen grains often have thin walls, which facilitates [[pollen tube]] germination at any position.<ref name=":0" /> Terms such as '''uniaperturate''' and '''triaperturate''' refer to the number of apertures present (one and three respectively). The orientation of furrows (relative to the original tetrad of microspores) classifies the pollen as '''sulcate''' or '''colpate'''. Sulcate pollen has a furrow across the middle of what was the outer face when the pollen grain was in its tetrad.<ref name=Spor72/> If the pollen has only a single sulcus, it is described as '''monosulcate''', has two sulci, as '''bisulcate''', or more, as '''polysulcate'''.<ref name=Simp11>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dj8KRImgyf4C&pg=PA453 |first1=Michael G. |last1=Simpson |title=Plant Systematics |chapter=Palynology|pages=453–464|publisher=Academic Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-08-051404-8 |accessdate=6 January 2014 }}</ref><ref name=Singh1>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=In_Lv8iMt24C&pg=142|page=142|chapter=Palynology|accessdate=23 January 2014|title=Plant Systematics: An Integrated Approach|isbn=9781578083510|last1=Singh|first1=Gurcharan|date=2004-01-01}} In {{Harvtxt|Singh|2004}}.</ref> Colpate pollen has furrows other than across the middle of the outer faces.<ref name=Spor72>{{Cite journal| author=Sporne, Kenneth R. | year=1972 | title=Some Observations on the Evolution of Pollen Types in Dicotyledons | journal=New Phytologist | volume= 71 | issue=1 | pages=181–185 | doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.1972.tb04826.x}}</ref> [[Eudicots]] have pollen with three colpi ('''[[tricolpate]]''') or with shapes that are evolutionarily derived from tricolpate pollen.<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Judd, Walter S. |author2=Olmstead, Richard G. |lastauthoramp=yes |year = 2004|title = A survey of tricolpate (eudicot) phylogenetic relationships|journal = American Journal of Botany| volume = 91|pages = 1627–1644|doi = 10.3732/ajb.91.10.1627|pmid=21652313|issue = 10}}</ref> The evolutionary trend in plants has been from monosulcate to polycolpate or polyporate pollen.<ref name=Spor72/> Additionally, [[gymnosperm]] pollen grains often have air bladders, or vesicles, called '''sacci.''' The sacci are not actually balloons, but are sponge-like, and increase the [[buoyancy]] of the pollen grain and help keep it aloft in the wind, as most gymnosperms are [[Anemophily|anemophilous]]. Pollen can be '''monosaccate''', (containing one saccus) or '''bisaccate''' (containing two sacci). Modern [[pine]], [[Picea|spruce]], and [[Podocarpus|yellowwood]] trees all produce saccate pollen.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Paleopalynology|author=Traverse, Alfred|date=1988|publisher=Unwin Hyman|isbn=978-0045610013|oclc=17674795}}</ref> ==Pollination== {{Main article|Pollination}} [[File:Apis mellifera flying.jpg|thumb|[[Apis mellifera|European honey bee]] carrying pollen in a [[pollen basket]] back to the hive]] [[Image:Episyrphus balteatus - head close-up (aka).jpg|thumb|[[Episyrphus balteatus|Marmalade hoverfly]], pollen on its face and legs, sitting on a [[Cistus|rockrose]].]] [[File:Diadasia Bee Straddles Cactus Flower Carpels close-up.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Diadasia]]'' bee straddles flower [[carpels]] while visiting yellow ''[[Opuntia engelmannii]]'' [[cactus]] ]] The transfer of pollen grains to the female reproductive structure ('''''[[Carpel|pistil]]''''' in angiosperms) is called '''[[pollination]]'''. This transfer can be mediated by the wind, in which case the plant is described as '''[[Anemophily|anemophilous]]''' (literally wind-loving). Anemophilous plants typically produce great quantities of very lightweight pollen grains, sometimes with air-sacs. Non-flowering seed plants (e.g., pine trees) are characteristically anemophilous. Anemophilous flowering plants generally have inconspicuous flowers. '''[[Entomophily|Entomophilous]]''' (literally insect-loving) plants produce pollen that is relatively heavy, sticky and [[protein]]-rich, for dispersal by [[insect]] [[pollinator]]s attracted to their flowers. Many insects and some [[mite]]s are specialized to feed on pollen, and are called [[palynivore]]s. In non-flowering seed plants, pollen germinates in the pollen chamber, located beneath the [[Ovule|micropyle]], underneath the integuments of the ovule. A [[pollen tube]] is produced, which grows into the [[nucellus]] to provide nutrients for the developing sperm cells. Sperm cells of [[Pinophyta]] and [[Gnetophyta]] are without [[flagella]], and are carried by the pollen tube, while those of [[Cycad]]ophyta and [[Ginkgophyta]] have many flagella. When placed on the [[Carpel|stigma]] of a flowering plant, under favorable circumstances, a pollen grain puts forth a [[pollen tube]], which grows down the tissue of the style to the [[ovary (plants)|ovary]], and makes its way along the [[placenta]], guided by projections or hairs, to the micropyle of an [[ovule]]. The nucleus of the tube cell has meanwhile passed into the tube, as does also the generative nucleus, which divides (if it hasn't already) to form two sperm cells. The sperm cells are carried to their destination in the tip of the [[pollen tube]]. Double-strand breaks in DNA that arise during [[pollen tube]] growth appear to be efficiently [[DNA repair|repaired]] in the generative cell that carries the male [[genome|genomic information]] to be passed on to the next plant generation.<ref name="pmid23550213">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hirano T, Takagi K, Hoshino Y, Abe T |title=DNA damage response in male gametes of Cyrtanthus mackenii during pollen tube growth |journal=AoB Plants |volume=5 |issue= |pages=plt004 |year=2013 |pmid=23550213 |pmc=3583183 |doi=10.1093/aobpla/plt004 |url=}}</ref> However, the vegetative cell that is responsible for tube elongation appears to lack this [[DNA repair]] capability.<ref name="pmid23550213" /> ==In the fossil record== {{Main article|Palynology}} Pollen's [[sporopollenin]] outer sheath affords it some resistance to the rigours of the fossilisation process that destroy weaker objects; it is also produced in huge quantities. There is an extensive fossil record of pollen grains, often disassociated from their parent plant. The discipline of palynology is devoted to the study of pollen, which can be used both for [[biostratigraphy]] and to gain information about the abundance and variety of plants alive — which can itself yield important information about paleoclimates. Also, pollen analysis has been widely used for reconstructing past changes in vegetation and their associated drivers.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Franco-Gaviria |first=Felipe|display-authors=etal|title=The human impact imprint on modern pollen spectra of the Mayan lands |year=2018 |publisher=[[Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana 70, 1]] |pages=61–78 |url=http://boletinsgm.igeolcu.unam.mx/bsgm/vols/epoca04/7001/%284%29Franco.pdf}}</ref> Pollen is first found in the [[fossil]] record in the late [[Devonian]] period,<ref name="palynology">{{Cite book| last = Traverse | first = Alfred | chapter = Chapter 8: Devonian Palynology | pages=199–227 | title = Paleopalynology | volume = 28 |series = Topics in Geobiology, 28 | year =2007 | publisher = Springer | location = Dordrecht | isbn = 978-1-4020-6684-9 | doi = 10.1007/978-1-4020-5610-9_8 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=De-Ming |last2=Meng |first2=Mei-Cen |last3=Guo |first3=Yun |title=Pollen Organ Telangiopsis sp. of Late Devonian Seed Plant and Associated Vegetative Frond |year=2016 |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=e0147984 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0147984 |pmid=26808271 |pmc=4725745 |bibcode=2016PLoSO..1147984W }}</ref> but at that time it is indistinguishable from spores.<ref name="palynology"/> It increases in abundance until the present day. ==Allergy to pollen== {{see also|Allergy season}} {{multiple issues|section=yes| {{Globalize|article|USA|2name=the United States|date=September 2010}} {{Refimprove section|date = March 2013}} {{expand section|information about allergies not in the nose, e.g., skin reactions|date=March 2013}} }} [[Allergic rhinitis|Nasal allergy]] to pollen is called [[pollinosis]], and allergy specifically to grass pollen is called [[hay fever]]. Generally, pollens that cause allergies are those of anemophilous plants (pollen is dispersed by air currents.) Such plants produce large quantities of lightweight pollen (because wind dispersal is random and the likelihood of one pollen grain landing on another flower is small), which can be carried for great distances and are easily inhaled, bringing it into contact with the sensitive nasal passages. Pollen allergies are common in polar and temperate climate zones, where production of pollen is seasonal. In the tropics pollen production varies less by the season, and allergic reactions less. In northern Europe, common pollens for allergies are those of [[birch]] and [[alder]], and in late summer [[Artemisia vulgaris|wormwood]] and different forms of [[hay]]. Grass pollen is also associated with [[Asthma|asthma exacerbations]] in some people, a phenomenon termed [[thunderstorm asthma]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Erbas|first=B.|last2=Jazayeri|first2=M.|last3=Lambert|first3=K. A.|last4=Katelaris|first4=C. H.|last5=Prendergast|first5=L. A.|last6=Tham|first6=R.|last7=Parrodi|first7=M. J.|last8=Davies|first8=J.|last9=Newbigin|first9=E.|date=2018-03-02|title=Outdoor pollen is a trigger of child and adolescent asthma emergency department presentations: A systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Allergy|volume=73|issue=8|pages=1632–1641|language=en|doi=10.1111/all.13407|pmid=29331087|issn=0105-4538|doi-access=free}}</ref> In the US, people often mistakenly blame the conspicuous [[goldenrod]] flower for allergies. Since this plant is entomophilous (its pollen is dispersed by animals), its heavy, sticky pollen does not become independently airborne. Most late summer and fall pollen allergies are probably caused by [[ragweed]], a widespread anemophilous plant.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Oder|first1=Tom|title=Dear allergy sufferers: Don't blame goldenrod|url=http://www.mnn.com/health/allergies/stories/dear-allergy-sufferers-dont-blame-goldenrod|website=mnn.com|publisher=Mother Nature Network|accessdate=18 July 2016}}</ref> [[Arizona]] was once regarded as a haven for people with pollen allergies, although several ragweed species grow in the desert. However, as suburbs grew and people began establishing [[irrigation|irrigated lawns and gardens]], more irritating species of ragweed gained a foothold and Arizona lost its claim of freedom from hay fever. Anemophilous spring blooming plants such as [[oak]], [[birch]], [[hickory]], [[pecan]], and early summer [[grass]]es may also induce pollen allergies. Most cultivated plants with showy flowers are entomophilous and do not cause pollen allergies. The number of people in the United States affected by hay fever is between 20 and 40 million,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Skoner|first1=DP|title=Allergic rhinitis: definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, detection, and diagnosis.|journal=The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology|date=July 2001|volume=108|issue=1 Suppl|pages=S2–8|pmid=11449200|doi=10.1067/mai.2001.115569}}</ref> and such allergy has proven to be the most frequent [[allergic response]] in the nation. There are certain evidential suggestions pointing out hay fever and similar allergies to be of [[Hereditary disease|hereditary origin]]. Individuals who suffer from [[eczema]] or are [[asthma]]tic tend to be more susceptible to developing long-term hay fever.<ref>[http://www.webmd.com/allergies/living-with-allergies-10/rhinitis Allergies and Hay Fever] WebMD. Retrieved on 2010-03-09</ref> In [[Denmark]], decades of rising temperatures cause pollen to appear earlier and in greater numbers, as well as introduction of new species such as ragweed.<ref>Siewertsen, Bjarne. "[http://www.dmi.dk/nyheder/arkiv/nyheder-2015/04/haard-nyser-for-allergikere-i-varm-fremtid/ Hård nyser for allergikere i varm fremtid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419165510/http://www.dmi.dk/nyheder/arkiv/nyheder-2015/04/haard-nyser-for-allergikere-i-varm-fremtid/ |date=2015-04-19 }}" (English: Hard sneeze for allergic people in warm future) ''[[Danish Meteorological Institute]]'', 18 April 2015. Retrieved: 19 April 2015.</ref> The most efficient way to handle a pollen allergy is by preventing contact with the material. Individuals carrying the ailment may at first believe that they have a simple summer cold, but hay fever becomes more evident when the apparent cold does not disappear. The confirmation of hay fever can be obtained after examination by a [[General practitioner|general physician]].<ref>[http://www.allergiesandtreatments.com/pollen-allergy/ Bee, grass pollen allergy symptoms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010200012/http://www.allergiesandtreatments.com/pollen-allergy/ |date=2009-10-10 }}. allergiesandtreatments.com. Retrieved on 2010-03-09</ref> ===Treatment=== {{main article|Allergic rhinitis#treatment}} [[Antihistamines]] are effective at treating mild cases of pollinosis, this type of non-prescribed drugs includes [[loratadine]], [[cetirizine]] and [[chlorpheniramine]]. They do not prevent the discharge of [[histamine]], but it has been proven that they do prevent a part of the chain reaction activated by this [[biogenic amine]], which considerably lowers hay fever symptoms. [[Decongestants]] can be administered in different ways such as tablets and [[nasal spray]]s. [[Allergen immunotherapy|Allergy immunotherapy]] (AIT) treatment involves administering doses of allergens to accustom the body to pollen, thereby inducing specific long-term tolerance.<ref>Van Overtvelt L. et al. Immune mechanisms of allergen-specific sublingual immunotherapy. Revue française d'allergologie et d'immunologie clinique. 2006; 46: 713–720.</ref> Allergy immunotherapy can be administered orally (as sublingual tablets or sublingual drops), or by injections under the skin (subcutaneous). Discovered by Leonard Noon and John Freeman in 1911, allergy immunotherapy represents the only causative treatment for respiratory allergies. ==Nutrition== Most major classes of [[predatory]] and [[parasitic]] [[arthropod]]s contain species that eat pollen, despite the common perception that [[bee]]s are the primary pollen-consuming arthropod group. Many other [[Hymenoptera]] other than bees consume pollen as adults, though only a small number feed on pollen as [[larva]]e (including some [[ant]] larvae). [[Spider]]s are normally considered [[carnivore]]s but pollen is an important source of food for several species, particularly for [[spider]]lings, which catch pollen on their [[spider web|webs]]. It is not clear how spiderlings manage to eat pollen however, since their mouths are not large enough to consume pollen grains.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}} Some [[Acari|predatory mites]] also feed on pollen, with some species being able to subsist solely on pollen, such as ''[[Euseius tularensis]]'', which feeds on the pollen of dozens of plant species. Members of some beetle families such as [[Mordellidae]] and [[Melyridae]] feed almost exclusively on pollen as adults, while various lineages within larger families such as [[Curculionidae]], [[Chrysomelidae]], [[Cerambycidae]], and [[Scarabaeidae]] are pollen specialists even though most members of their families are not (e.g., only 36 of 40,000 species of [[Carabidae|ground beetle]]s, which are typically predatory, have been shown to eat pollen—but this is thought to be a severe underestimate as the feeding habits are only known for 1,000 species). Similarly, [[Ladybird]] beetles mainly eat insects, but many species also eat pollen, as either part or all of their diet. [[Hemiptera]] are mostly [[herbivore]]s or [[omnivore]]s but pollen feeding is known (and has only been well studied in the [[Anthocoridae]]). Many adult flies, especially [[Syrphidae]], feed on pollen, and three UK syrphid species feed strictly on pollen (syrphids, like all [[Fly|flies]], cannot eat pollen directly due to the structure of their mouthparts, but can consume pollen contents that are dissolved in a fluid).<ref>{{Cite book| chapter = The Pollen Feeders| title = Relationships of Natural Enemies and Non-Prey Foods| volume = 7| pages = 87–11| year = 2009| isbn = 978-1-4020-9234-3| doi = 10.1007/978-1-4020-9235-0_6| last1 = Lundgren| first1 = Jonathan G.}}</ref> Some species of fungus, including ''[[Fomes fomentarius]]'', are able to break down grains of pollen as a secondary nutrition source that is particularly high in nitrogen.<ref>{{cite book |title= Fungal Strategies of Wood Decay in Trees|author1=Schwarze, Francis W. M. R. |author2=Engels, Julia |author3=Mattheck, Claus |lastauthoramp=yes |year= 2000|publisher= [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|isbn= 978-3-540-67205-0|page= 61}}</ref> Pollen may be valuable diet supplement for [[detritivore]]s, providing them with nutrients needed for growth, development and maturation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Filipiak|first=Michał|date=2016-01-01|title=Pollen Stoichiometry May Influence Detrital Terrestrial and Aquatic Food Webs|journal= Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution|volume=4|pages=138|doi=10.3389/fevo.2016.00138|doi-access=free}}</ref> It was suggested that obtaining nutrients from pollen, deposited on the forest floor during periods of pollen rains, allows fungi to decompose nutritionally scarce litter.<ref name=":1" /> Some species of ''[[Heliconius]]'' butterflies consume pollen as adults, which appears to be a valuable nutrient source, and these species are more distasteful to predators than the non-pollen consuming species.<ref>Salcledo, Christian. [http://plaza.ufl.edu/salcedo/Salcedo_2010_pollen_feeding.pdf "Evidence of Pollen Digestion at Nocturnal Aggregations of ''Heliconius Sara'' in Costa Rica (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114002658/http://plaza.ufl.edu/salcedo/Salcedo_2010_pollen_feeding.pdf |date=2013-11-14 }} Trop. Lepid. Res. 20.1 (2010): 35–37. Web.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Cardoso MZ, Gilbert LE |title=Pollen feeding, resource allocation and the evolution of chemical defence in passion vine butterflies |journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=1254–60 |date=June 2013 |pmid=23662837 |doi=10.1111/jeb.12119|last2=Gilbert }}</ref> Although [[bat]]s, [[butterfly|butterflies]] and [[hummingbird]]s are not pollen eaters ''[[Per se (terminology)|per se]]'', their consumption of [[nectar]] in flowers is an important aspect of the [[pollination]] process. ===In humans=== [[Bee pollen]] for human consumption is marketed as a [[food]] ingredient and as a [[dietary supplement]]. The largest constituent is [[carbohydrate]]s, with protein content ranging from 7 to 35 percent depending on the plant species collected by bees.<ref>Sanford, Malcolm T. {{cite web |url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/AA158 |title=Producing Pollen |accessdate=2015-07-15 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070113100544/http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/AA158 |archivedate=January 13, 2007 }}, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences; citing P. Witherell, "Other Products of the Hive," Chapter XVIII, ''The Hive and the Honey Bee'', Dadant & Sons, Inc., Hamilton, IL, 1975</ref> [[Honey]] produced by bees from natural sources contains pollen derived [[p-coumaric acid]],<ref name=Berenbaum>{{cite journal |author=Mao W, Schuler MA, Berenbaum MR |title=Honey constituents up-regulate detoxification and immunity genes in the western honey bee Apis mellifera |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=110 |issue=22 |pages=8842–6 |date=May 2013 |pmid=23630255 |pmc=3670375 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1303884110|last2=Schuler |last3=Berenbaum |bibcode=2013PNAS..110.8842M }}</ref> an [[antioxidant]] and natural [[bactericide]] that is also present in a wide variety of plants and plant-derived food products.<ref name=Xaixiang>{{cite journal|first1=Zaixiang |last1=Lou|first2=Hongxin |last2=Wang |first3=Shengqi |last3=Rao |first4=Juntao |last4=Sun |first5=Chaoyang |last5=Ma |first6=Jing |last6=Li |journal=Food Control|volume=25 |issue=2 |date=2012|pages=550–554|title=''p''-Coumaric acid kills bacteria through dual damage mechanisms |doi=10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.11.022 }}</ref> The [[U.S. Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) has not found any harmful effects of bee pollen consumption, except from the usual allergies. However, FDA does not allow bee pollen marketers in the United States to make health claims about their produce, as no scientific basis for these has ever been proven. Furthermore, there are possible dangers not only from allergic reactions but also from contaminants such as pesticides<ref name=":2" /> and from fungi and bacteria growth related to poor storage procedures. A manufacturers's claim that pollen collecting helps the bee colonies is also controversial.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/AA158 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070113100544/http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/AA158 | title = Producing Pollen | author = Sanford, Malcolm T. | publisher = University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences | accessdate = 2007-08-30 | archive-date = 2007-01-13 | url-status = dead }}. Document ENY118. Original publication date November 1, 1994. Revised February 1, 1995. Reviewed May 1, 2003.</ref> Pine pollen ({{Korean|hangul=송화가루|rr=Songhwa Garu|labels=no }}) is traditionally consumed in Korea as an ingredient in sweets and beverages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aarongilbreath.wordpress.com/2013/05/31/ginseng-pine-pollen-and-honey-five-korean-teas-and-where-to-drink-them-in-seoul/|title=Source|last=|first=|date=2013-05-31|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> ===Parasites=== The growing industries in pollen harvesting for human and bee consumption rely on harvesting pollen baskets from honey bees as they return to their hives using a ''pollen trap''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JBP9pw2rNk4 | title=How a Pollen Trap Works (Bee Pollen)}}</ref> When this pollen has been tested for parasites, it has been found that a multitude of pollinator viruses and eukaryotic parasites are present in the pollen.<ref name=Graystock2013>{{cite journal|last1=Graystock|first1=Peter|last2=Yates|first2=Kathryn|last3=Evison|first3=Sophie E. F.|last4=Darvill|first4=Ben|last5=Goulson|first5=Dave|last6=Hughes|first6=William O. H.|title=The Trojan hives: pollinator pathogens, imported and distributed in bumblebee colonies|journal=Journal of Applied Ecology|date=July 2013|pages=n/a|doi=10.1111/1365-2664.12134|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/d8a09297e67aa1149743a5bb9cfdad518dc2d20b}}</ref><ref name=Singh2010>{{cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Rajwinder|last2=Levitt|first2=Abby L.|last3=Rajotte|first3=Edwin G.|last4=Holmes|first4=Edward C.|last5=Ostiguy|first5=Nancy|last6=vanEngelsdorp|first6=Dennis|last7=Lipkin|first7=W. Ian|last8=dePamphilis|first8=Claude W.|last9=Toth|first9=Amy L.|last10=Cox-Foster|first10=Diana L.|last11=Traveset|first11=Anna|title=RNA Viruses in Hymenopteran Pollinators: Evidence of Inter-Taxa Virus Transmission via Pollen and Potential Impact on Non-Apis Hymenopteran Species|journal=PLOS ONE|date=22 December 2010|volume=5|issue=12|pages=e14357|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0014357|pmid=21203504|pmc=3008715|bibcode=2010PLoSO...514357S}}</ref> It is currently unclear if the parasites are introduced by the bee that collected the pollen or if it is from contamination to the flower.<ref name="Singh2010" /><ref name=ParaBloom>{{cite journal|last1=Graystock|first1=Peter|last2=Goulson|first2=Dave|last3=Hughes|first3=William O. H.|title=Parasites in bloom: flowers aid dispersal and transmission of pollinator parasites within and between bee species|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|date=5 August 2015|volume=282|issue=1813|pages=20151371|doi=10.1098/rspb.2015.1371|pmid=26246556|pmc=4632632}}</ref> Though this is not likely to pose a risk to humans, it is a major issue for the bumblebee rearing industry that relies on thousands of tonnes of honey bee collected pollen per year.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Graystock|first1=Peter|last2=Blane|first2=Edward J.|last3=McFrederick|first3=Quinn S.|last4=Goulson|first4=Dave|last5=Hughes|first5=William O.H.|title=Do managed bees drive parasite spread and emergence in wild bees?|journal=International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife|volume=5|issue=1|pages=64–75|date=October 2015|doi=10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.10.001|pmid=28560161|pmc=5439461}}</ref> Several sterilization methods have been employed, though no method has been 100% effective at sterilizing, without reducing the nutritional value, of the pollen <ref name=steralization>{{cite journal|last1=Graystock|first1=P.|last2=Jones|first2=J.C.|last3=Pamminger|first3=T.|last4=Parkinson|first4=J.F.|last5=Norman|first5=V.|last6=Blane|first6=E.J.|last7=Rothstein|first7=L.|last8=Wäckers|first8=F.|last9=Goulson|first9=D.|last10=Hughes|first10=W.O.H.|title=Hygienic food to reduce pathogen risk to bumblebees|journal=Journal of Invertebrate Pathology|date=May 2016|volume=136|pages=68–73|doi=10.1016/j.jip.2016.03.007|pmid=26970260}}</ref> ==Forensic palynology== {{Main article|Forensic palynology}} [[Image:RedbudPollen.TIF|right|thumb|An [[Scanning Electron Microscope|SEM micrograph]] of [[Cercis|Redbud]] pollen. Scanning electron microscopes are major instruments in palynology.]] In [[forensic biology]], pollen can tell a lot about where a person or object has been, because regions of the world, or even more particular locations such a certain set of bushes, will have a distinctive collection of pollen species.<ref name="bryant">{{cite web| title = Forensic Palynology: A New Way to Catch Crooks | author = Bryant, Vaughn M. | url = http://www.crimeandclues.com/pollen.htm | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070203104441/http://www.crimeandclues.com/pollen.htm | archivedate = 2007-02-03 |work=crimeandclues.com}}</ref> Pollen evidence can also reveal the season in which a particular object picked up the pollen.<ref>{{Cite news| title = Forensics studies look to pollen | author = Stackhouse, Robert | newspaper = The Battalion | date = 17 April 2003 | url = https://web.archive.org/liveweb/http://www.thebatt.com/2.8526/forensics-studies-look-to-pollen-1.1224833#.UXXYzlfHn-E }}</ref> Pollen has been used to trace activity at mass graves in [[Bosnia]],<ref>{{cite news| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3640788.stm | title = Pollen helps war crime forensics | author = Wood, Peter| date = 9 September 2004 | work=BBC News}}</ref> catch a burglar who brushed against a ''[[Hypericum]]'' bush during a crime,<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.11.028 | title = Hypericum pollen determines the presence of burglars at the scene of a crime: An example of forensic palynology | journal = Forensic Science International | volume = 163 | issue = 3 | pages = 231–235 | author = D. Mildenhall | pmid = 16406430 | year = 2006 }}</ref> and has even been proposed as an additive for bullets to enable tracking them.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Newscripts|journal= Chemical & Engineering News|volume=86|issue=33|date= 18 August 2008|page=88|url=http://cen.acs.org/articles/86/i33/Newscripts.html|author=Wolf, Lauren K.|doi=10.1021/cen-v086n033.p088}}</ref> == Spiritual purposes == In some [[Native American religions]], pollen was used in [[prayer]]s and rituals to symbolize life and renewal by [[sanctifying]] objects, dancing grounds, trails, and [[sandpainting]]s. It may also be sprinkled over heads or in mouths. Many [[Navajo]] people believed the body became [[holy]] when it traveled over a trail sprinkled with pollen.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Native American Religions|last=Hirshfelder|first=Arlene|publisher=Facts on File, Inc.|year=2000|isbn=978-0816039494|location=|pages=225}}</ref> == Pollen grain staining == For agricultural research purposes, assessing the viability of pollen grains can be necessary and illuminating. A very common, efficient method to do so is known as Alexander's stain.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.pagepress.org/journals/index.php/pb/article/view/pb.2010.e13/2309 |title = View of a simplified method for differential staining of aborted and non-aborted pollen grains}}</ref> This differential stain consists of ethanol, malachite green, distilled water, glycerol, phenol, chloral hydrate, acid fuchsin, orange g, and glacial acetic acid.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.3109/10520296909063335|pmid = 4181665|title = Differential Staining of Aborted and Nonaborted Pollen|journal = Stain Technology|volume = 44|issue = 3|pages = 117–122|year = 1969|last1 = Alexander|first1 = M. P.}}</ref> In angiosperms and gymnosperms non-aborted pollen grain will appear red or pink, and aborted pollen grains will appear blue or slightly green. ==See also== * [[European Pollen Database]] * [[Evolution of sex]] * [[Microsporangia]] * [[Pollen calendar]] * [[Pollen count]] * [[Pollen DNA barcoding]] * [[Pollen source]] * [[Polyphenol antioxidant]] * [[Palynology]] *[[Honeybee starvation|Honey bee starvation]] ==References== {{reflist|30em}} == Bibliography == {{refbegin}} * {{cite web|last=Davis|first=Owen|url=http://www.geo.arizona.edu/palynology/polkey.html#keyauthor=Owen|title=Palynology — Pollen|publisher=University of Arizona. Department of Geosciences|date=1999|ref=harv|access-date=2009-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051222142511/http://www.geo.arizona.edu/palynology/polkey.html#keyauthor=Owen|archive-date=2005-12-22|url-status=dead}} * {{cite book|last=Simpson|first=Michael G.|title=Plant Systematics|year=2011|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-051404-8|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Ia2eIPVksMMC|accessdate=12 February 2014|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Singh|first=Gurcharan|title=Plant Systematics: An Integrated Approach|year=2004|publisher=Science Publishers|isbn=978-1-57808-351-0|url=https://books.google.com/?id=In_Lv8iMt24C|accessdate=23 January 2014|ref=harv}} * {{cite web |title=Pollen Grain Surface Pattern Terminology |url=https://research.fit.edu/media/site-specific/researchfitedu/applied-biogeography/documents/protocols/Quick-Reference-Glossary-with-Illustrations.pdf |website=Quick Reference Glossary with Illustrations |publisher=[[Florida Institute of Technology]]: Center for Applied Biogeography |accessdate=11 August 2019 |date=October 2014}} * {{cite web |last1=Society for the Promotion of Palynological Research in Austria |title=Illustrated Pollen Terms |url=https://www.paldat.org/static/illustrated_pollen_terms.pdf |website=PalDat - Palynological Database |publisher=[[University of Vienna]]. Division of Structural and Functional Botany |accessdate=12 August 2019 |date=2019}} {{refend}} ==External links== {{Commons category}} {{Scholia|topic}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050527035527/http://www.geo.arizona.edu/palynology/polident.html Pollen and Spore Identification Literature] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110811072853/http://albertlleal.com/en/reports/category/10-pollen-micrographs.html Pollen micrographs at SEM and confocal microscope] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721173444/http://www.gmo-safety.eu/science-live/128.maize-outcrossing-flight-pollen-cloud.html The flight of a pollen cloud] * [http://www.paldat.org/ PalDat (database comprising palynological data from a variety of plant families)] * [https://pollen.tstebler.ch/MediaWiki/ ''Pollen-Wiki - A digital Pollen-Atlas''], abgerufen am 09. Februar 2018. * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZcrktbNjcc YouTube video of pollen clouds from Juncus gerardii plants] {{Botany}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Plant anatomy]] [[Category:Plant morphology]] [[Category:Palynology| ]] [[Category:Pollination]] [[Category:Allergology]]<noinclude> <small>This page was moved from [[:en:Pollen]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Pollen/edithistory]]</small></noinclude> b8w5ql5osoexdpn2eofxg94lre3t28n Green vehicle 0 113776 540135 539842 2022-08-25T23:53:58Z InternetArchiveBot 34092 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|Green vehicles}} [[File:2019 Toyota Prius (ZVW50R) 1.8 Hybrid liftback (2018-12-19) 01.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|The [[Toyota Prius]] is the world's top selling [[hybrid electric vehicle]], with global sales of 3.7&nbsp;million units through April 2016.<ref name=PriusTop>{{ cite web | url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2016/05/20160520-tmc.html | title=Worldwide sales of Toyota hybrids surpass 9 million units; Prius family accounts for 63% | first=Mike | last=Millikin | publisher=Green Car Congress |accessdate=2016-05-22}} ''The Prius family accounts for 63% of Toyota's total global cumulative hybrid car sales: 5.691 million units, consisting of Prius liftback: 3.733 million; Aqua, Prius c: 1.249 million; Prius α, Prius v, Prius +: 0.634 million; Prius PHV: 75,000.''</ref> Some owners use its identity to make an environmental statement.<ref>{{cite journal | last =Maynard | first =Micheline | title =Say 'Hybrid' and Many People Will Hear 'Prius' | journal =[[New York Times]]| date =2007-07-04| url =https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/04/business/04hybrid.html?_r=0 | accessdate =2013-07-03}}</ref>]] {{Sustainable energy}} A '''green vehicle''', or '''clean vehicle''', or '''eco-friendly vehicle''' or '''[[environmentally friendly]] vehicle''' is a road [[motor vehicle]] that produces less harmful impacts to the [[Environment (biophysical)|environment]] than comparable conventional [[internal combustion engine]] vehicles running on [[gasoline]] or [[diesel fuel|diesel]], or one that uses certain [[alternative fuels]].<ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/?id=_Ax8ElEN5EcC&pg=PA67&dq=%22Green+vehicle%22| page=67| title=Rainforests | author=R.I.C. Publications | year=2005| isbn=978-1-74126-330-5 }}</ref><ref name=GreenStudent>{{cite web|url=http://www.greenstudentu.com/encyclopedia/green_vehicle_guide|title=Green Vehicle Guide|publisher=Green Student U|accessdate=2010-04-24|archive-date=2013-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203014603/http://www.greenstudentu.com/encyclopedia/green_vehicle_guide|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.cheapcarinsurance.net/the-environmentally-friendly-car/ | title=The Environmentally Friendly Car | author=Staff |publisher=Cheap Car Insurance | accessdate=2016-12-03}}</ref> Presently, in some countries the term is used for any vehicle complying or surpassing the more stringent [[European emission standards]] (such as Euro6), or [[California]]'s [[zero-emissions vehicle]] standards (such as [[Zero-emissions vehicle|ZEV]], [[Ultra-low emission vehicle|ULEV]], [[Super ultra-low emission vehicle|SULEV]], [[Partial zero-emissions vehicle|PZEV]]), or the [[low-carbon fuel standard]]s enacted in several countries.<ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/?id=Y6s7CDzLz5wC&pg=PA84&dq=%22Green+vehicle%22+lev#PPA84,M1| pages=84–85| title=Can cars come clean?| author=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Working Group on Low-Emission Vehicles| publisher=OECD Publishing| year=2004| isbn=978-92-64-10495-2 }}</ref> Green vehicles can be powered by [[alternative fuel]]s and advanced vehicle technologies and include [[hybrid electric vehicle]]s, [[plug-in hybrid electric vehicle]]s, [[battery electric vehicle]]s, [[compressed-air vehicle]]s, [[hydrogen vehicle|hydrogen]] and [[fuel-cell vehicle]]s, [[neat ethanol vehicle]]s, [[flexible-fuel vehicle]]s, [[natural gas vehicle]]s, [[clean diesel]] vehicles, and some sources also include vehicles using blends of [[biodiesel]] and [[ethanol fuel]] or [[gasohol]].<ref name=GreenStudent/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/vehicles/index.html|title=Alternative and Advanced Vehicles|publisher=Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Data Center, [[U.S. Department of Energy]]|accessdate=2010-04-24}}</ref> In November 2016, with an [[EPA]]-rated fuel economy of 136 [[miles per gallon gasoline equivalent]] (mpg-e) ({{convert|136|mpgus|L/100km|abbr=on|disp=out|1}}), the 2017 [[Hyundai Ioniq Electric]] became the most efficient EPA-certified vehicle considering all fuels and of all years, surpassing the 2014-2016 [[model year]] [[electric car|all-electric]] [[BMW i3]].<ref name=EPAMost2017/><ref name=EPAmostMPGe/> Several authors also include conventional motor vehicles with high [[fuel economy in automobiles|fuel economy]], as they consider that increasing fuel economy is the most [[Cost-effectiveness analysis|cost-effective]] way to improve [[Efficient energy use|energy efficiency]] and reduce carbon emissions in the transport sector in the short run.<ref name=TwoBillion/> As part of their contribution to [[sustainable transport]], these vehicles reduce [[air pollution]] and [[greenhouse gas emission]]s, and contribute to [[energy independence]] by reducing oil imports.<ref name=GreenStudent/><ref name=TwoBillion>{{Cite book | author1 = Sperling, Daniel | author2 = Deborah Gordon | title = Two billion cars: driving toward sustainability | year = 2009 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/twobillioncarsdr00sper_0/page/235 235–260] | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]], New York | isbn = 978-0-19-537664-7 | url = https://archive.org/details/twobillioncarsdr00sper_0/page/235 }} See ''Chapter 9: Driving Towards Sustainability''</ref> An environmental analysis extends beyond just the operating efficiency and emissions. A [[life-cycle assessment]] involves production and post-use considerations. A [[cradle-to-cradle design]] is more important than a focus on a single factor such as energy efficiency.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://yosemite.epa.gov/R10/OWCM.NSF/product+stewardship/autos-strategies | title = Strategies for Managing Impacts from Automobiles | work = | publisher = US EPA Region 10 | accessdate = May 22, 2012 | archive-date = March 4, 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051116/http://yosemite.epa.gov/R10/OWCM.NSF/product+stewardship/autos-strategies | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref> {{Citation | url = http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/elv_index.htm | title = European Union's End-of-life Vehicle (ELV) Directive | work = End of Life Vehicles | publisher = EU | accessdate = May 22, 2012 }}</ref> ==Energy efficiency== {{main|Energy efficiency in transport}} Cars with similar production of energy costs can obtain, during the life of the car (operational phase), large reductions in energy costs through several measures: * The most significant is by using [[alternative propulsion]]: ** An efficient engine that reduces the vehicle's consumption of [[petroleum]] (i.e. [[petroleum electric hybrid vehicle]]), or that uses [[renewable energy]] sources throughout its working life. ** Using [[biofuel]]s instead of petroleum fuels. * Proper maintenance of a vehicle such as engine [[wikt:tune-up|tune-up]]s, [[oil change]]s, and maintaining proper [[tire pressure]] can also help. * Removing unnecessary items from a vehicle reduces weight and improves fuel economy as well. {| class=" wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto" ! colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|Comparison of several types of green car basic characteristics<br /> (Values are overall for vehicles in current production and may differ between types) |- | style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|Type of vehicle/<br/>powertrain|| style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|[[Fuel economy in automobiles|Fuel economy]] <br/>([[miles per gallon|mpg]] equivalent)|| style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|Range|| style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|Production cost<br/> for given range|| style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|Reduction in [[carbon dioxide|CO<sub>2</sub>]]<br/> compared to conventional || style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|Payback period |- style="text-align:center;" |align=left|[[Internal combustion engine|Conventional ICE]]||10–78<!--Audi A2-->||Long<br/>(400–600&nbsp;mi) || Low|| 0%||- |- style="text-align:center;" |align=left|[[Biodiesel]]||18–71<!--Audi A2-->||Long<br/>(360–540&nbsp;mi) || Low|| varies depending on biodiesel source<ref>{{Cite journal|last=van Renssen|first=Sonja|date=2011|title=A biofuel conundrum|url=http://archive.ffue.org/PDF/vanRenssen2011ABiofuelConundrum.pdf|journal=Nature Climate Change|volume=1, November 2011|issue=8|pages=389–390|via=|doi=10.1038/nclimate1265}}</ref>||- |- style="text-align:center;" |align=left|[[Electric car|All-electric]]||54–118<!--Fisker Karma - Honda Fit EV-->|| Shorter<br/>(73–150&nbsp;mi)<br/>Luxury models<br/>Medium<br/>(160–300&nbsp;mi)<!--Tesla Model S--> ||High<br/><br/>Very high ||varies depending<br/>on energy source|| - |- style="text-align:center;" |align=left|[[Hydrogen car|Hydrogen]] [[fuel cell vehicle|fuel cell]]||80<ref name="str" />|| ||Astronomical || || |- style="text-align:center;" |align=left|[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]]||30–60 ||380&nbsp;mi<ref name="str">[https://www.llnl.gov/str/Hybrid.html S&TR]</ref>||Medium|| ||5 years<ref name="autogenerated2" /><ref name="autogenerated1" /> |} ==Types== [[File:Battery EV vs. Hydrogen EV.png|thumb|right|400px|Comparison of energy efficiency between [[battery electric vehicle|battery]] and [[hydrogen vehicle|hydrogen]] [[fuel-cell]] cars]] {{Multiple image|direction=vertical|align=right|image1=Chevrolet Volt WAS 2011 837.JPG|image2=2011 Nissan Leaf -- 2011 DC.jpg|width=220|caption2=Sales of both the [[Chevrolet Volt]] [[plug-in hybrid]] (top) and the [[Nissan Leaf]] [[all-electric car]] (bottom) began in December 2010.}} [[File:2013-03-05 Geneva Motor Show 8120.JPG|thumb|PSA Peugeot Citroën Hybrid Air concept exhibited at the 2013 [[Geneva Motor Show]] ]] {{Further|Alternative fuel vehicle}} Green vehicles include vehicles types that function fully or partly on alternative energy sources other than [[fossil fuel]] or less carbon intensive than gasoline or diesel. Another option is the use of [[alternative fuel]] composition in conventional fossil fuel-based vehicles, making them function partially on renewable energy sources. Other approaches include [[personal rapid transit]], a [[public transport]]ation concept that offers automated, on-demand, non-stop transportation on a network of specially built guideways. ===Electric and fuel cell-powered=== {{See also| Electric vehicle|Plug-in hybrid}} Examples of vehicles with reduced petroleum consumption include [[electric car]]s, [[plug-in hybrid]]s and [[fuel cell]]-powered [[hydrogen car]]s. [[Electric car]]s are typically more efficient than [[fuel cell]]-powered vehicles on a [[Tank-to-wheel]] basis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.teslamotors.com/display_data/twentyfirstcenturycar.pdf |title=Energy efficiency comparison article |accessdate=2010-12-12 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091014073730/http://www.teslamotors.com/display_data/twentyfirstcenturycar.pdf |archivedate=2009-10-14 }}</ref> They have better [[fuel economy in automobiles|fuel economy]] than conventional [[internal combustion engine]] vehicles but are hampered by [[All-electric range|range]] or maximum distance attainable before discharging the battery. The [[Electric car#Batteries|electric car batteries]] are their main cost. They provide a 0%<ref>http://shrinkthatfootprint.com/electric-car-emissions#.UWMjH5xsYH4.email|"eg India, China, Australia"</ref> to 99.9% reduction in [[carbon dioxide|CO<sub>2</sub>]] emissions compared to an [[Internal combustion engine|ICE]] (gasoline, diesel) vehicle, depending on the source of electricity.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.asecert.org/Template.cfm?Section=Clean_Fuels_Clean_Vehicle_Technology1&Template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentFileID=609 |title= Alternate Fuel Technology - Battery Electric Vehicles |access-date= 2020-01-03 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071008073124/http://www.asecert.org/Template.cfm?Section=Clean_Fuels_Clean_Vehicle_Technology1&Template=%2FContentManagement%2FContentDisplay.cfm&ContentFileID=609 |archive-date= 2007-10-08 |url-status= dead }}&nbsp;{{small|(245&nbsp;KB)}}</ref> ===Hybrid electric vehicles=== {{See also| Hybrid vehicle}} [[Hybrid car]]s may be partly fossil fuel (or biofuel) powered and partly electric or hydrogen-powered. Most combine an internal combustion engine with an electric engine, though other variations too exist. The internal combustion engine is often either a gasoline or Diesel engine (in rare cases a Stirling engine may even be used<ref>[http://www.precer.com/Technology.html Precer's BioRacer Stirling engine-electric hybrid]</ref>). They are more expensive to purchase but cost redemption is achieved in a period of about 5 years due to better fuel economy.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite news | title = Consumer Reports Revises Financial Analysis In Report on Ownership Costs for Hybrid Cars | date = 7 March 2006 | publisher = Consumers Union | url = http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/cu-press-room/pressroom/archive/2006/04/eng0604ehv.htm | work = Consumer Reports | accessdate = 2007-04-27 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070921103910/http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/cu-press-room/pressroom/archive/2006/04/eng0604ehv.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-09-21}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web | url = http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/cars/new-cars/high-cost-of-hybrid-vehicles-406/overview/index.htm | title = The dollars & sense of hybrid cars }}</ref> ===Compressed air cars, stirling vehicles, and others=== {{See also| Compressed-air vehicle| Compressed air car}} [[Compressed air car]]s, [[Zero-emissions vehicle|stirling-powered]] vehicles, [[Liquid nitrogen vehicle]]s are even less polluting than electrical vehicles, as the vehicle and its components can be made more environmentally friendly. [[Solar car racing|Solar car races]] are held on a regular basis in order to promote green vehicles and other "[[environmental technology|green technology]]". These sleek driver-only vehicles can travel long distances at highway speeds using only the electricity generated instantaneously from the sun. ===Improving conventional cars=== [[File:Brazilian Fiat Siena TetraFuel four views.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Fiat Siena|Fiat Siena Tetrafuel]] 1.4 is a [[multifuel]] car designed to run as a [[flex-fuel]] on [[gasoline]], or [[w:Common ethanol fuel mixtures#E20, E25|E20–E25 blend]], or neat ethanol ([[Neat alcohol fuel|E100]]); or to run as a [[bi-fuel vehicle|bi-fuel]] with [[Compressed natural gas|natural gas (CNG)]].]] {{Main|Biofuel|compressed natural gas|clean diesel}} {{See also|Volkswagen emissions scandal}} A conventional vehicle can become a greener vehicle by mixing in [[renewable fuel]]s or using less carbon intensive [[fossil fuel]]. Typical [[gasoline]]-powered cars can tolerate up to 10% [[alcohol fuel|ethanol]]. Brazil manufactured cars that run on neat ethanol, though there were discontinued. Another available option is a [[flexible-fuel vehicle]] which allows any blend of gasoline and ethanol, up to 85% in North America and Europe, and up to 100% in Brazil.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dual Fuel Cars Revive Brazil's Alcohol Industry |url=http://www.tierramerica.net/2003/0825/iacentos.shtml |access-date=2020-07-06 |archive-date=2012-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205102730/http://www.tierramerica.net/2003/0825/iacentos.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> Another existing option is to convert a conventional gasoline-powered to allow the alternative use of [[compressed natural gas|CNG]]. [[Pakistan]], [[Argentina]], [[Brazil]], [[Iran]], [[India]], [[Italy]], and [[China]] have the largest fleets of [[natural gas vehicle]]s in the world.<ref name=IANGV>{{cite web|url=http://www.iangv.org/tools-resources/statistics.html |title=Natural Gas Vehicle Statistics |publisher=International Association for Natural Gas Vehicles |accessdate=2009-10-19 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110101111/http://www.iangv.org/tools-resources/statistics.html |archivedate=2010-01-10 }}</ref> [[diesel fuel|Diesel]]-powered vehicles can often transition completely to [[biodiesel]], though the fuel is a very strong [[solvent]], which can occasionally damage [[rubber]] seals in vehicles built before 1994. More commonly, however, biodiesel causes problems simply because it removes all of the built-up residue in an engine, clogging [[filter (chemistry)|filter]]s, unless care is taken when switching from dirty fossil-fuel derived diesel to bio-diesel. It is very effective at 'de-coking' the diesel engines combustion chambers and keeping them clean. Biodiesel is the lowest emission fuel available for diesel engines. Diesel engines are the most efficient car internal combustion engines. Biodiesel is the only fuel allowed in some North American national parks because spillages will completely bio-degrade within 21 days. Biodiesel and [[vegetable oil fuel]]led, diesel engined vehicles have been declared amongst the greenest in the US ''Tour de Sol'' competition. This presents problems, as biofuels can use food resources in order to provide mechanical energy for vehicles. Many experts point to this as a reason for growing food prices, particularly US Bio-ethanol fuel production which has affected maize prices. In order to have a low environmental impact, biofuels should be made only from waste products, or from new sources like [[algae fuel|algae]]. <!--This section needs to be expanded to include clean diesel (lower emissions and higher fuel economy) and the new breed of gasoline high fuel efficient vehicles, otherwise this article will be duplicating the content of alternative fuel vehicles--> ===Electric Motor and Pedal Powered Vehicles=== Multiple companies are offering and developing two, three, and four wheel vehicles combining the characteristics of a bicycle with electric motors. US Federal, State and Local laws do not clearly nor consistently classify<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.electric-bikes.com/nevs/legalnev.html|title=NHTSA/DOT final rule on Neighborhood Electric Vehicles (NEV)63 FR 33913, June 17, 1998|publisher=US DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION|date= |accessdate=2015-11-14}}</ref> these vehicles as [[bicycles]], [[electric bicycles]], [[motorcycles]], [[electric motorcycles]], [[mopeds]], [[Neighborhood Electric Vehicle]], [[motorised quadricycle]] or as a [[car]]. Some laws have limits on top speeds, power of the motors, range, etc. while others do not.<ref>[http://www.cpsc.gov/PageFiles/93295/low.pdf CPSC Requirements for Low-Speed Electric Bicycles]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d107:h.r.727: |title=Search Results - THOMAS (Library of Congress)<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2020-07-06 |archive-date=2016-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110013319/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d107:h.r.727: |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>http://electricbikereport.com/new-california-law-electric-bike-regulations/#more-18708</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/15-16/bill/asm/ab_1051-1100/ab_1096_bill_20151007_chaptered.htm|title=California Assembly Bill No. 1096 CHAPTER 568 October 7, 2015.|date= |accessdate=2015-11-14}}</ref> ===Other=== {{Further|Personal rapid transit}} [[File:Borealis3windmills.jpg|thumb|right|[[Solar vehicle]] ]] * [[Public transportation]] vehicles are not usually included in the green vehicle category, but [[Personal rapid transit]] (PRT) vehicles probably should be. All vehicles that are powered from the track have the advantage of potentially being able to use any source of electric energy, including sustainable ones, rather than requiring liquid fuels. They can also switch regenerative braking energy between vehicles and the electric grid rather than requiring energy storage on the vehicles. Also, they can potentially use the entire track area for solar collectors, not just the vehicle surface. The potential [[Personal rapid transit#Energy efficiency|PRT energy efficiency]] is much higher than that which traditional automobiles can attain. * [[Solar vehicle]]s are [[electric vehicle]]s powered by [[solar power|solar energy]] obtained from [[solar panel]]s on the surface (generally, the roof) of the vehicle. [[Photovoltaic]] (PV) cells convert the Sun's energy directly into [[electrical energy]]. Solar vehicles are not practical day-to-day transportation devices at present, but are primarily demonstration vehicles and engineering exercises, often sponsored by government agencies. However, some cities have begun offering [[solar bus|solar-powered buses]], including the [[Tindo]] in [[Adelaide|Adelaide, Australia]]. * [[Wind-powered land vehicle|Wind-powered electric vehicles]] primarily use wind-turbines installed at a strategic point of the vehicle, which are then converted into electric energy which causes the vehicle to propel. ==Animal powered vehicles== [[Horse and carriage]] are just one type of animal propelled vehicle. Once a common form of transportation, they became far less common as cities grew and automobiles took their place. In dense cities, the waste produced by large numbers of transportation animals was a significant health problem. Oftentimes the food is produced for them using diesel powered tractors, and thus there is some environmental impact as a result of their use. ==Human powered vehicles== [[File:Vélo'v station 5002 - Place des Compagnons de la chanson.jpg|thumb|[[Vélo'v]] [[bicycle sharing system]] in [[Lyon]], [[France]] ]] {{See also|Bicycle sharing system}} Human powered transport includes walking, [[bicycle]]s, [[velomobile]]s, [[row boat]]s, and other environmentally friendly ways of getting around. In addition to the health benefits of the exercise provided, they are far more environmentally friendly than most other options. The only downside is the speed limitations, and how far one can travel before getting exhausted. ==Benefits of green vehicle use== ===Environmental=== Vehicle emissions contribute to the increasing concentration of gases linked to [[climate change]].<ref name="world energy council">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldenergy.org/publications/809.asp |title=Transport Technologies and Policy Scenarios |publisher=[[World Energy Council]] |accessdate=2009-05-26 |author=World Energy Council |year=2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204051628/http://www.worldenergy.org/publications/809.asp |archivedate=2008-12-04 }}</ref> In order of significance, the principal [[greenhouse gases]] associated with road transport are carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) and nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O).<ref>{{cite web |first=Marianne |last=Weingroff |url=http://www.ucar.edu/learn/1_4_2_20t.htm |title=Activity 20 Teacher Guide: Human Activity and Climate Change |publisher=Ucar.edu |date= |accessdate=2010-12-12 |archive-date=2011-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610202146/http://www.ucar.edu/learn/1_4_2_20t.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Road transport is the third largest source of greenhouse gases emitted in the UK, and accounts for over 20% of total emissions,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whatgreencar.com/emissionsanalysis.php |title=WhatGreenCar? Ratings Methodology |publisher=Whatgreencar.com |date=2009-12-03 |accessdate=2010-12-12}}</ref> and 33% in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal| url=http://www.climateactionproject.com/docs/crs/80733.pdf| page=16| title=Climate Change: Action by States To Address Greenhouse Gas Emissions| date=January 18, 2007| author=Jonathan L. Ramseur| publisher=Congressional Research Service| accessdate=2009-06-27}}</ref> Of the total greenhouse gas emissions from transport, over 85% are due to CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from road vehicles. The transport sector is the fastest growing source of greenhouse gases.<ref name="IPCC">{{cite web|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg3/ar4-wg3-chapter5.pdf|title=IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Mitigation of Climate Change, chapter 5, Transport and its Infrastructure|publisher=[[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]]|accessdate=2009-05-26|author=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|year=2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080718173528/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg3/ar4-wg3-chapter5.pdf|archive-date=2008-07-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Health=== Vehicle pollutants have been linked to human ill health including the incidence of respiratory and cardiopulmonary disease and lung cancer. A 1998 report estimated that up to 24,000 people die prematurely each year in the UK as a direct result of air pollution.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.advisorybodies.doh.gov.uk/comeap/index.htm |title=Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants (COMEAP) |publisher=Advisorybodies.doh.gov.uk |date=2009-11-26 |accessdate=2010-12-12 |archive-date=2011-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719003154/http://www.advisorybodies.doh.gov.uk/comeap/index.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to the [[World Health Organization]], up to 13,000 deaths per year among children (aged 0–4 years) across Europe are directly attributable to outdoor pollution. The organization estimates that if pollution levels were returned to within EU limits, more than 5,000 of these lives could be saved each year. ===Monetary=== [[Hybrid taxi]] [[fleet operator]]s in [[New York City|New York]] have also reported that reduced fuel consumption saves them thousands of dollars per year.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/environmentNews/idUSN1645555920080717| title=NYC speeds transformation of yellow cabs to green| date=July 17, 2008| first=Joan| last=Gralla| work=Reuters }}</ref> ===Criticism=== A study by CNW Marketing Research suggested that the extra energy cost of manufacture, shipping, disposal, and the short lives of some of these types of vehicle (particularly gas-electric [[hybrid vehicle]]s) outweighs any energy savings made by their using less petroleum during their useful lifespan.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Dust to Dust - The Energy Cost of New Vehicles From Concept to Disposal |author=CNW Marketing Research, Inc |year=2006 |url=http://cnwmr.com/nss-folder/automotiveenergy/ |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507155738/http://cnwmr.com/nss-folder/automotiveenergy/ |archivedate=2012-05-07 }}</ref> This type of argument is the long smokestack argument.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bp78rfNkfrY Israeli company builds infrastructure for worlds electric cars]</ref> Critics of the report note that the study prorated all of Toyota's hybrid research-and-development costs across the relatively small number of Priuses on the road, rather than using the incremental cost of building a vehicle; used{{convert|109000|mi|km}} for the length of life of a Prius (Toyota offers a {{convert|150000|mi|km|adj=on}} warranty on the Prius' hybrid components, including the battery), and calculated that a majority of a car's cradle-to-grave energy gets expended during the vehicle's production, not while it is driven.<ref>Brendan I. Koerner, [http://www.slate.com/id/2186786/ "Tank vs. Hybrid: IS IT POSSIBLE THAT A HUMMER'S BETTER FOR THE ENVIRONMENT THAN A PRIUS IS?"], ''Slate'' magazine, March 18, 2008</ref> [[Norwegian Consumer Ombudsman]] official Bente Øverli stated that "Cars cannot do anything good for the environment except less damage than others." Based on this opinion, Norwegian law severely restricts the use of "[[greenwashing]]" to market automobiles, strongly prohibiting advertising a vehicle as being environmentally friendly, with large fines issued to violators.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forbrukerombudet.no/asset/2857/1/2857_1.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-04-21 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123183503/http://forbrukerombudet.no/asset/2857/1/2857_1.pdf |archivedate=2010-11-23 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Independent Newspapers Online|url=http://www.motoring.co.za/index.php?fArticleId=4028677 |title=Prove 'clean, green' ads, Norway tells automakers|publisher=Motoring.co.za |date=2010-05-05 |accessdate=2010-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.treehugger.com/files/2007/09/norway_says_car.php |title=Greenwash Watch: Norways Says Cars Neither Green Nor Clean |publisher=Treehugger.com |date= |accessdate=2010-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Doyle |first=Alister|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/environmentNews/idUSL0671323420070906 |title=Norways Says Cars Neither Green Nor Clean|publisher=Reuters.com |date= 2007-09-06|accessdate=2010-12-12}}</ref> Some studies try to compare environmental impact of electric and petrol vehicles over complete life cycle, including production, operation, and dismantling. <ref name="GreenComparisonIndustrialEcology">{{cite journal |author=Troy R. Hawkins, Bhawna Singh, Guillaume Majeau-Bettez, Anders Hammer | title=Comparative Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Conventional and Electric Vehicles | journal=Journal of Industrial Ecology | date=16 January 2013 | doi=10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00532.x | volume=17 | pages=53–64}}</ref> <ref name="GreenComparisonScientific">{{cite magazine |author=David Biello | url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/electric-cars-are-not-necessarily-clean/ | title=Electric Cars Are Not Necessarily Clean | magazine=Scientific American | date=11 May 2016 | access-date=2017-09-19 }}</ref> <ref name="GreenComparisonShrink">{{cite web |author= | url=http://shrinkthatfootprint.com/electric-car-emissions | title=Shades of Green: Electric Cars' Carbon Emissions Around the Globe | website= | publisher=Shrink that Footprint | date= |isbn= | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919005547/http://shrinkthatfootprint.com/electric-car-emissions | archive-date=2017-09-19 | access-date=2017-09-19 }}</ref> <ref name="GreenComparisonCitylab">{{cite web |author=Eric Jaffe | url=https://www.citylab.com/environment/2015/06/where-electric-vehicles-actually-cause-more-pollution-than-gas-cars/397136/ | title=Where Electric Vehicles Actually Cause More Pollution Than Gas Cars | website= | publisher=CityLab | date=29 June 2015 |isbn= | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919010906/https://www.citylab.com/environment/2015/06/where-electric-vehicles-actually-cause-more-pollution-than-gas-cars/397136/ | archive-date=2017-09-19 | access-date=2017-09-19 }}</ref> In general, results differ vastly dependent on the region considered, due to difference in energy sources to produce electricity that fuels electric vehicles. When considering only CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, it is noted that production of electric cars generate about twice as much emissions as that of internal combustion cars.<ref name="GreenComparisonIndustrialEcology" /> However, emissions of CO<sub>2</sub> during operation are much larger (on average) than during production. For electric cars, emissions caused during operation depend on energy sources used to produce electricity and thus vary a lot geographically. Studies suggest that when taking into account both production and operation, electric cars would cause more emissions in economies where production of electricity is not clean, e.g., it is mostly coal based.<ref name="GreenComparisonScientific" /><ref name="GreenComparisonShrink" /> For this reason, some studies found that driving electric cars is less environmentally damaging in western US states than in eastern ones, where less electricity is produced using cleaner sources. Similarly, in countries like India, Australia or China, where large portion of electricity is produced by using coal, driving electric vehicles would cause larger environmental damage than driving petrol vehicles. When justifying use of electric cars over petrol cars, these kinds of studies do not provide sufficiently clear results. Environmental impact is calculated based on fuel mix used to produce electricity that powers electric cars. However, when a gas vehicle is replaced by an equivalent electric vehicle, additional power must be installed in electrical grid. This additional capacity would normally not be based on the same ratios of energy sources ("clean" versus fossil fuels) than the current capacity. Only when additional electricity production capacity installed to switch from petrol to electric vehicles would predominantly consist of clean sources, switch to electric vehicles could reduce environmental damage. Another common problem in methodology used in comparative studies is that it only focuses on specific kinds of environmental impact. While some studies focus only on emission of gas pollutants over life cycle or only on greenhouse gas emissions such as CO<small>2</small>, comparison should also account for other environmental impacts such as pollutants released otherwise during production and operation or ingredients that can not be effectively recycled.<ref name="ElectricEnvironmentImpact">{{cite magazine |author=Lizzie Wade | url=https://www.wired.com/2016/03/teslas-electric-cars-might-not-green-think/ | title=Tesla's Electric Cars Aren't as Green as You Might Think | magazine=Wired | date=31 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919145112/https://www.wired.com/2016/03/teslas-electric-cars-might-not-green-think/ | archive-date=2017-09-19 | access-date=2017-09-20 }}</ref> Examples include use of lighter high performing metals, lithium batteries and more rare metals in electric cars, which all have high environmental impact. A study that also looked at factors other than energy consumption and carbon emissions has suggested that there is no such thing as an environmentally friendly car.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eco-logica.co.uk/pdf/wtpp17.3.pdf |author=Tziovaras, T. (2011) |title=Is there such a thing as an environmentally-friendly car? |publisher=World Transport Policy and Practice,17, 3: 27-31|accessdate=2012-07-08}}</ref> The use of vehicles with increased fuel efficiency is usually considered positive in the short term but criticism of any hydrocarbon-based personal transport remains. The [[Jevons paradox]] suggests that energy efficiency programs are often counter-productive, even increasing energy consumption in the long run.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.03.020|last=Alcott |first=Blake |title=Jevons' paradox|journal=Ecological Economics |date=July 2005 |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=9–21|hdl=1942/22574 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Many environmental researchers believe that [[sustainable transport]] may require a move away from hydrocarbon fuels and from our present automobile and highway paradigm.<ref>{{cite book | last =Kunstler | first =James Howard | title =Too Much Magic; Wishful Thinking, Technology, and the Fate of the Nation | publisher =Atlantic Monthly Press | year =2012 | isbn =978-0-8021-9438-1 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Gilbert | first = Richard | chapter = Transportation is the Post Carbon World | editor-last = McKibben | editor-first = D | title = The Post Carbon Reader: Managing the 21st Century Sustainability Crisis | volume = | publisher = Watershed Media | date = 2010 | isbn = 978-0-9709500-6-2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last =Black | first =W R | title =Sustainable transportation: a US perspective | journal =Journal of Transport Geography | volume = 4| issue = 3 | pages =151–159 | year =1996 | doi =10.1016/0966-6923(96)00020-8 }}</ref> ==National and international promotion== ===European Union=== The [[European Union]] is promoting the marketing of greener cars via a combination of binding and non-binding measures.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euractiv.com/Article?tcmuri=tcm:29-117504-16&type=LinksDossier |title=Green cars &#124; EU - European Information on Sustainable Dev |publisher=EurActiv.com |date= |accessdate=2010-12-12}}</ref> As of April 2010, 15 of the 27 [[member states of the European Union]] provide tax incentives for [[Plug-in electric vehicle|electrically chargeable vehicles]] and some [[alternative fuel vehicle]]s, which includes all [[Western Europe]]an countries except [[Italy]] and [[Luxembourg]], plus the [[Czech Republic]] and [[Romania]]. The incentives consist of tax reductions and exemptions, as well as of bonus payments for buyers of [[electric car]]s, [[plug-in hybrid]]s, [[hybrid electric vehicle]]s and [[natural gas vehicle]]s.<ref name=GCC0420>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/04/acea-tax-20100421.html#more|title=Growing Number of EU Countries Levying CO2 Taxes on Cars and Incentivizing Plug-ins|publisher=Green Car Congress|date=2010-04-21|accessdate=2010-04-23}}</ref><ref name=ACEA2>{{cite web|url=http://www.acea.be/index.php/news/news_detail/an_increasing_number_of_member_states_levy_co2_based_taxation_or_incentivis/|title=An Increasing Number of Member States Levy CO2-Based Taxation or Incentivise Electric Vehicles|publisher=[[European Automobile Manufacturers Association]]|date=2010-04-21|accessdate=2010-04-23|archive-date=2010-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425010516/http://www.acea.be/index.php/news/news_detail/an_increasing_number_of_member_states_levy_co2_based_taxation_or_incentivis|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===United States=== The [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) is promoting the marketing of greener cars via the [[SmartWay]] program. The SmartWay and SmartWay Elite designation mean that a vehicle is a better environmental performer relative to other vehicles. This US EPA designation is arrived at by taking into account a vehicle's Air Pollution Score and Greenhouse Gas Score. Higher Air Pollution Scores indicate vehicles that emit lower amounts of pollutants that cause smog relative to other vehicles. Higher Greenhouse Gas Scores indicate vehicles that emit lower amounts of carbon dioxide and have improved fuel economy relative to other vehicles. To earn the SmartWay designation, a vehicle must earn at least a 6 on the Air Pollution Score and at least a 6 on the Greenhouse Gas Score, but have a combined score of at least 13. SmartWay Elite is given to those vehicles that score 9 or better on both the Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Scores. A Green Vehicle Marketing Alliance, in conjunction with the [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]] (ONRL), periodically meets, and coordinates marketing efforts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.edf.org/documents/3687_GVMA_Report_0304.pdf |title=Microsoft Word - GVMA Report to ORNL, March 2004.doc |date= |accessdate=2010-12-12 |archive-date=2010-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724203913/http://www.edf.org//documents/3687_GVMA_Report_0304.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Progressive Insurance Automotive X Prize== The Progressive Insurance Automotive X PRIZE (PIAXP) is a set of competitions, programs and events, from the [[X PRIZE Foundation]] to "inspire a new generation of super-efficient vehicles that help break America's addiction to oil and stem the effects of climate change."<ref>{{cite web|title=Competition Guidelines, Version 1.2, 13 January 2009|page=5|url=http://www.progressiveautoxprize.org/files/downloads/auto/PIAXP_Guidelines_V_1.0_20090110.pdf|publisher=[[X PRIZE Foundation]]|accessdate=2009-06-21|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801164332/http://www.progressiveautoxprize.org/files/downloads/auto/PIAXP_Guidelines_V_1.0_20090110.pdf|archivedate=1 August 2009}}</ref> [[Progressive Corporation|Progressive Insurance]] is the title sponsor of the prize, the centerpiece of which is the Competition Division, within which a $10 million purse will be divided between the winners of three competitions. The essence of each competition is to design, build and race super-efficient vehicles that will achieve 100 [[Miles per gallon of gasoline equivalent|MPGe]] (2.35 liter/100 kilometer) and can be produced for the mass market.<ref>{{cite web|title=Auto X Prize Revs Up|url=http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2007/03/30/107615.aspx|publisher=[[MSNBC]]|first=Alan|last=Boyle|accessdate=2008-09-16|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080808121425/http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2007/03/30/107615.aspx|archivedate=2008-08-08}}</ref> Within the Competition Division, there are two vehicle classes: Mainstream and Alternative. The mainstream class has a prize of $5 million. The alternate class has 2 separate prizes of $2.5 million, one for side-by-side seating and one for tandem seating.<ref name="guidelines">{{cite web|title=Competition Guidelines|url=http://www.progressiveautoxprize.org/files/downloads/auto/PIAXP_Guidelines_V_1.0_20090110.pdf|publisher=progressiveautoxprize.org|accessdate=2009-05-28|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801164332/http://www.progressiveautoxprize.org/files/downloads/auto/PIAXP_Guidelines_V_1.0_20090110.pdf|archivedate=2009-08-01}}</ref> Some of the competitors, such as Aptera and Tesla, are already taking deposits for 'green' vehicles from customers. ==Green car rankings== [[File:Hyundai Ioniq Electric (12).JPG|thumb|[[Hyundai Ioniq Electric]] ]] [[File:2018 BMW i3 facelift (1).jpg|thumb|[[BMW i3]] electric car]] [[File:Toyota Prius (11).JPG|thumb|[[Toyota Prius Eco]] (4th gen)]] [[File:Chevrolet Bolt EV SAO 2016 8836.jpg|thumb|[[Chevrolet Bolt EV]] ]] [[File:2016 Chevrolet Volt NAIAS 2015 trimmed.jpg|thumb|[[Chevrolet Volt (second generation)|Chevrolet Volt (2nd gen.)]] plug-in hybrid]] [[File:DCA 06 2012 Chevy Volt 4035.JPG|thumb|[[Chevrolet Volt]] (1st gen) [[plug-in hybrid]] ]] [[File:2018 Nissan Leaf Tekna Front.jpg|thumb|[[Nissan Leaf]] [[electric car]] ]] [[File:Toyota Mirai in Warsaw, Poland Nov 2015 IMG 0130.JPG|thumb|[[Toyota Mirai]] [[Hydrogen vehicle|hydrogen]] [[Fuel cell vehicle|fuel cell car]] ]] [[File:I MiEV EDTA DC 04 2011 1782.jpg|thumb|[[Mitsubishi i-MiEV]] electric car]] [[File:Ford Focus Electric with badging WAS 2011 924.jpg|thumb|[[Ford Focus Electric]] ]] [[File:Ford C Max Energi PHEV with badging WAS 2011 897.jpg|thumb|[[Ford C-Max Energi]] plug-in hybrid]] [[File:2014 Tesla Model S in Germany.jpg|thumb|[[Tesla Model S]] electric car]] [[File:2016 BMW i8.jpg|thumb|[[BMW i8]] [[plug-in hybrid]] ]] [[File:Ford Fusion Energi SEL with badge WAS 2012 0583.jpg|thumb|[[Ford Fusion Energi]] plug-in hybrid]] [[File:2014 Honda Accord Plug-In Hybrid Sedan trimmed.jpg|thumb|[[Honda Accord (ninth generation)#Accord Plug-in Hybrid|Honda Accord plug-in hybrid]] ]] [[File:FCX Clarity.jpg|thumb|[[Honda FCX Clarity]] [[Hydrogen vehicle|hydrogen]] [[Fuel cell vehicle|fuel cell car]] ]] [[File:2010 Toyota Prius front.JPG|thumb|[[Toyota Prius#2009– (model ZVW30)|Toyota Prius (3rd gen)]] ]] [[File:Honda Civic Hybrid with logo DC 5020 03 2009.jpg|thumb|[[Honda Civic Hybrid#Second generation (2005–2011)|Honda Civic Hybrid (2nd gen)]] ]] [[File:2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid WAS 2010 8830.JPG|thumb|[[Ford Fusion Hybrid#First generation|Ford Fusion Hybrid (1st gen)]] ]] [[File:2010 Honda Insight--DC.jpg|thumb|[[Honda Insight#Second generation|Honda Insight (2nd gen)]] ]] [[File:Honda Civic GX NGV WAS 2010 8943.JPG|thumb|[[Honda Civic GX]] ]] Several automobile magazines, motor vehicle specialized publications and [[environmental group]]s publish annual rankings or listings of the best green [[Car of the Year|cars of a given year]]. The following table presents a selection of the annual top pickings. {| class=" wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto" ! colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#abcdef;"| Selected annual rankings of green cars |- ! style="background:#ABCDEF;"| Vehicle || style="background:#ABCDEF;"|Year<br />model|| style="background:#ABCDEF;"|Type of<br />vehicle/fuel||style="background:#ABCDEF;"| [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]]<br /> Combined <br />[[fuel economy in automobiles|mileage]]<br />([[Miles per gallon|mpg]]) || style="background:#ABCDEF;"| [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]]<br /> City <br />[[fuel economy in automobiles|mileage]]<br />([[Miles per gallon|mpg]])|| style="background:#ABCDEF;"|EPA<br /> Highway<br /> [[fuel economy in automobiles|mileage]]<br />([[Miles per gallon|mpg]]) |- | colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|Most efficient EPA-certified vehicles based on combined MPG rating<ref name=EPAMost2017>{{cite web|url=http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/extremeMPG.jsp|title=Most Efficient EPA Certified Vehicles|publisher=fueleconomy.gov|author=[[U. S. Environmental Protection Agency]] and [[U.S. Department of Energy]]|date=2016-11-16 |accessdate=2016-11-19}} ''The 2014–16 BMW i3 BEV was the most efficient EPA-certified vehicles considering all fuels and of all years until November 2016, when it was surpassed by the 2017 [[Hyundai Ioniq Electric]]. {{As of|2016|11}}, the 2016 Toyota Prius Eco hybrid car is most efficient EPA-certified vehicle with a gasoline engine without plug-in capability.''</ref><ref name=EPAmostMPGe>{{cite news | url=http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1107392_hyundai-ioniq-electric-beats-prius-prime-bmw-i3-on-energy-efficiency | title=Hyundai Ioniq Electric beats Prius Prime, BMW i3 on energy efficiency | first= Stephen |last=Edelstein | work=Green Car Reports | date=2016-11-21 | accessdate=2016-11-21}}</ref><ref name=EPAtop10>{{cite web|url=http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/topten.jsp|title=Fueleconomy.gov's Top Fuel Sippers (EPA Ratings, All Years) |publisher=fueleconomy.gov|author=[[U. S. Environmental Protection Agency]] and [[U.S. Department of Energy]]|date=2015-12-22|accessdate=2015-12-26}} ''Excludes all-electric vehicles. Click on the tab "Top Fuel Sippers (EPA Ratings, All Years)" ''</ref><ref name=2016PriusEcoTop>{{cite news|url=http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1101506_2016-toyota-prius-most-fuel-efficient-car-without-a-plug-ever |title=2016 Toyota Prius: Most Fuel-Efficient Car Without A Plug, Ever |first=John|last=Voelcker|work=Green Car Reports|date=2015-12-21|accessdate=2015-12-26}} The first generation [[Honda Insight]] was the most fuel efficient gasoline-powered car available in the U.S. without [[plug-in electric vehicle|plug-in capability]] for the length of its production run and until December 2015, when it was surpassed by the 2016 [[Toyota Prius#Fourth generation (2015–present)|Toyota Prius Eco]].</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | style="text-align:left;"|[[Hyundai Ioniq Electric]]&mdash; All years, all fuels || 2017 || [[Electric car]] || 136 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]]|| 150 mpg-e|| 122 mpg-e |- style="text-align:center;" | style="text-align:left;"|[[BMW i3]]&mdash; All years, all fuels || 2014/16 || [[Electric car]] ||124 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]]|| 137 mpg-e||111 mpg-e |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[BMW i3 REx]] &mdash; Current year, gasoline fuel||2014/16||[[Plug-in hybrid]] ||88 mpg-e ||97 mpg-e || 79 mpg-e |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Toyota Prius Eco]] &mdash; All years, gasoline fuel||2016 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||56 ||58 || 53 |- | colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|[[Green Car Journal]] &mdash; [[Green Car of the Year]] |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left| [[Chevrolet Bolt EV]] &mdash; 2017 Award<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2016/11/17/chevy-bolt-wins-2017-green-car-of-the-year/ |title=Chevy Bolt wins 2017 Green Car of the Year |first=Sebastian |last=Blanco |work=Autoblog.com |date=2016-11-17 |accessdate=2016-11-21}}</ref> || 2017 || Electric car ||119 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]]|| 128 mpg-e || 110 mpg-e |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[Chevrolet Volt (second generation)]] &mdash; 2016 Award<ref name=GCOY2016>{{cite news|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2015/11/19/2016-chevy-volt-green-car-year/|title=2016 Chevy Volt wins Green Car of the Year |first=Sebastian|last=Blanco|work=Autoblog Green |date=2015-11-19|accessdate=2015-11-21}}</ref><ref name=Volt2015_2016>{{cite web|url=http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/Find.do?action=sbs&id=36863&id=35246|title=Compare Side-by-Side - 2016/2015 Chevrolet Volt|publisher=Fueleconomy.gov|author=[[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] and [[U.S. Department of Energy]]|date=2015-09-01|accessdate=2015-09-02}}</ref>|| rowspan="2"| 2016||rowspan="2"|[[Plug-in hybrid]] || style="background:#f0f0ff;"|Gas equivalent<br/>All-electric mode|| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|Gasoline<br/>only mode || style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]] |- style="text-align:center;" |106 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||42 mpg ||53&nbsp;mi |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left| [[BMW i3]] &mdash; 2015 Award<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.freep.com/story/money/cars/2014/11/20/green-car-year-bmw/70008216/|title=BMW i3 named 2015 Green Car of the Year|first=Alisa|last=Priddle|work=[[Detroit Free Press]]|date=2014-11-20|accessdate=2014-11-21}}</ref>||2014|| Electric car ||124 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]]|| 137 mpg-e||111 mpg-e |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left| [[Honda Accord#Ninth generation (2013–present)|Honda Accord ninth generation line-up]]<br> &mdash; 2014 Award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2013/11/21/honda-accord-hybrid-phev-2014-green-car-of-the-year-la/|title=Honda Accord Hybrid and PHEV win 2014 Green Car of the Year|first=Sebastian|last=Blanco|publisher=Autoblog Green |date=2013-11-21|accessdate=2013-11-23}}</ref>|| 2014 ||Gasoline<br/>hybrid and plug-in variants ||colspan="3"| mim 29 mpg, hybrid 47 mpg, plug-in 115 mpg-e<ref>[http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/Find.do?action=sbs&id=34313&id=34395&id=33557 Compare Side-by-Side 2014 Honda Accord variants]</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Ford Fusion (Americas)#Second generation (2013–)|Ford Fusion 2nd gen line-up]] &mdash; 2013 Award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2012/11/29/ford-fusion-wins-2013-green-car-of-the-year/|title=Ford Fusion wins 2013 Green Car Of The Year |first=Sebastian|last=Blanco|publisher=Autoblog.com |date=2012-11-29|accessdate=2012-11-29}}</ref>|| 2013 ||Gasoline, [[Ford EcoBoost engine|EcoBoost]],<br/> [[Ford Fusion Energi|hybrid and plug-in variants]] ||colspan="3"| mim 34 mpg, hybrid 47 mpg, plug-in 100 mpg-e |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Honda Civic GX]] &mdash; 2012 Award<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/business/autos/la-fi-la-auto-show-2011-honda-civic-natural-gas-wins-green-car-of-the-year-award-20111117,0,3207674.story|title=Honda Civic Natural Gas wins 2012 Green Car of the Year Award |authorlink=Susan Carpenter |first=Susan |last= Carpenter |work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=2011-11-17|accessdate=2011-11-17}}</ref>|| 2012 ||[[Natural gas vehicle|Natural gas]]|| 28||24 ||36 |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[Chevrolet Volt]] &mdash; 2011 Award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencar.com/articles/chevrolet-volt-electric-car-2011-green-car-year.php |title=Chevrolet Volt Electric Car is 2011 Green Car of the Year |publisher=[[Green Car Journal]] |date=2010-11-18 |accessdate=2010-11-18 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124054434/http://www.greencar.com/articles/chevrolet-volt-electric-car-2011-green-car-year.php |archivedate=2010-11-24 }}</ref><ref name=Reuters112410>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6AN65K20101124|title=Chevy Volt tops Prius in fuel economy rating|author1=David Bailey |author2=Kevin Krolicki |work=[[Reuters]]|date=2010-11-24|accessdate=2010-11-24}}</ref><ref name=GCCEPAVolt>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/11/volt-20101124.html#more|title=Volt receives EPA ratings and label: 93 mpg-e all-electric, 37 mpg gas-only, 60 mpg-e combined|publisher=Green Car Congress|date=2010-11-24|accessdate=2010-11-24}}</ref>|| rowspan="2"| 2011||rowspan="2"|[[Plug-in hybrid]] || style="background:#f0f0ff;"|Gas equivalent<br/>All-electric mode|| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|Gasoline<br/>only mode || style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]] |- style="text-align:center;" |93 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||37 mpg ||35&nbsp;mi |- | colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|[[Green Car Journal]] &mdash; [[Green Car Vision Award]] |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[Ford C-Max Energi]] &mdash; 2012 Award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2012/01/26/ford-c-max-energi-wins-2012-green-car-vision-award/?a_dgi=aolshare_email|title=Ford C-Max Energi wins 2012 Green Car Vision Award|first=Sebastian|last=Blkanco|publisher=Autoblog Green |date=2012-01-26|accessdate=2012-01-26}}</ref>|| rowspan="2"| 2013||rowspan="2"|[[Plug-in hybrid]] || style="background:#f0f0ff;"|Gas equivalent<br/>All-electric mode|| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|Gasoline<br/>only mode || style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]] |- style="text-align:center;" | <center>100 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]]</center> || <center>43 mpg</center> || <center>20&nbsp;mi</center> |- style="text-align:center;" |rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[Ford Focus Electric]] &mdash; 2011 Award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2011/01/27/dc-2011-ford-focus-electric-wins-green-car-vision-award/|title=DC 2011: Ford Focus Electric wins Green Car Vision award|publisher=AutoblogGreen |first=Sebastian|last=Blanco|date=2011-01-27|accessdate=2011-01-27}}</ref> ||rowspan="2"|2012|| rowspan="2"| [[Electric car]] || style="background:#f0f0ff;" colspan="2"|Gasoline equivalent<br/>fuel economy|| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]] |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2"|<center>105 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]]</center>||100&nbsp;mi |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[Nissan Leaf]] &mdash; 2010 Award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencar.com/articles/nissan-leaf-electric-car-wins-2010-green-car-vision-award.php|title=Nissan Leaf Electric Car Wins 2010 Green Car Vision Award|publisher=[[Green Car Journal]]|date=2010-01-26|accessdate=2010-05-09|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100504162701/http://www.greencar.com/articles/nissan-leaf-electric-car-wins-2010-green-car-vision-award.php|archivedate=2010-05-04}}</ref><ref name=NYTEPA>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/23/business/23leaf.html?_r=1&hpw|title=Nissan Says Its Electric Leaf Gets Equivalent of 99 M.P.G.|work=[[New York Times]]|first=Nick|last=Bunkley|date=2010-11-22|accessdate=2010-11-23}}</ref>|| rowspan="2"|2011|| rowspan="2"|[[Electric car]] || style="background:#f0f0ff;" colspan="2"|Gasoline equivalent<br/>fuel economy|| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]] |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2"|99 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||73&nbsp;mi |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[Chevrolet Volt]] &mdash; 2009 Award<ref name=Reuters112410/><ref name=GCCEPAVolt/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greencar.com/articles/innovative-chevy-volt-wins-2009-green-car-vision-award.php |title=Innovative Chevy Volt Wins 2009 Green Car Vision Award |publisher=[[Green Car Journal]] |date=2009-02-04 |accessdate=2010-05-09 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722072129/http://www.greencar.com/articles/innovative-chevy-volt-wins-2009-green-car-vision-award.php |archivedate=2009-07-22 }}</ref>|| rowspan="2"| 2011||rowspan="2"|[[Plug-in hybrid]] || style="background:#f0f0ff;"|Gas equivalent<br/>All-electric mode|| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|Gasoline<br/>only mode || style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]] |- style="text-align:center;" |93 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||37 mpg ||35&nbsp;mi |- | colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|[[World Car of the Year]] &mdash; World Green Car |-style="text-align:center;" | style="text-align:left;"| [[Toyota Mirai]] &mdash; 2016 Award<ref>{{cite press release | url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/and-now-there-is-one-toyota-mirai-wins-2016-world-green-car-award-300241094.html | title=And Now There Is One… TOYOTA MIRAI Wins 2016 World Green Car Award |publisher=PR Newswire |location=[[New York City]] |date=2016-03-14 |accessdate=2016-03-26}}</ref>|| 2016|| [[Hydrogen vehicle|Hydrogen]] [[Fuel cell vehicle|fuel cell]] || style="background:#f0f0ff;"| 66 mpg-e || 66 mpg-e || 66 mpg-e |-style="text-align:center;" |rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"| [[BMW i8]] &mdash; 2015 Award<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.wcoty.com/web/media_release.asp?release=100&year=2015|title=BMW i8 Wins 2015 World Green Car Award |publisher=[[World Car of the Year]]|location=New York |date=2015-04-02|accessdate=2015-11-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/Find.do?action=sbs&id=36031&id=35599|title=Compare Side-by-Side - 2014/2015 BMW i8|publisher=Fueleconomy.gov|author=[[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] and [[U.S. Department of Energy]]|date=2015-08-14|accessdate=2015-08-16}}</ref>|| rowspan="2"| 2015||rowspan="2"|[[Plug-in hybrid]] || style="background:#f0f0ff;"|Gas equivalent<br/>All-electric mode|| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|Gasoline<br/>only mode || style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]] |- style="text-align:center;" |76 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||28 mpg ||15&nbsp;mi |-style="text-align:center;" |rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"| [[BMW i3]] &mdash; 2014 Award<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jimhenry/2014/04/17/bmwi3-drives-off-with-green-world-car-of-the-year-award-plus-a-surprise/|title=New York Auto Show: BMWi3 Is The 2014 World Green Car Of The Year|first=Jim|last=Henry|work=[[Forbes]]|date=2014-04-17|accessdate=2014-04-17}}</ref>||rowspan="2"|2014||rowspan="2"|[[Electric car]] || style="background:#f0f0ff;" colspan="2"|Gasoline equivalent<br/>fuel economy||style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]] |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2"|124 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||81&nbsp;mi |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[Tesla Model S]] &mdash; 2013 Award<ref name=WGCOTY2012_13>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/press-release/20130328/now-there-one-tesla-model-s-declared-2013-world-green-car-1158695# |title=And Now There Is One.... Tesla Model S Declared 2013 World Green Car |author=PRNewswire |work=[[International Business Times]] |date=2013-03-28 |accessdate=2013-03-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524082052/http://www.ibtimes.com/press-release/20130328/now-there-one-tesla-model-s-declared-2013-world-green-car-1158695 |archivedate=2013-05-24 }}</ref>|| rowspan="2"|2013|| rowspan="2"|[[Electric car]]<br/>(60/85 [[kWh]] battery) || style="background:#f0f0ff;" colspan="2"|Gasoline equivalent<br/>fuel economy|| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]] |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2"|95/89 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||208/265&nbsp;mi |- style="text-align:center;" | style="text-align:left;"|[[Mercedes-Benz S 250 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY]]<br>&mdash; 2012 Award<ref name=WGCOTY2012_13/>|| 2012 ||[[Clean diesel]] ||colspan="3"| {{convert|5.7|l/100 km|abbr=on}} |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[Chevrolet Volt]] &mdash; 2011 Award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wcoty.com/web/media_release.asp?release=72&year=2011|title=Chevrolet Volt Declared 2011 World Green Car|publisher=[[World Car of the Year]]|date=2011-04-21|accessdate=2011-04-21}}</ref>|| rowspan="2"| 2011||rowspan="2"|[[Plug-in hybrid]] || style="background:#f0f0ff;"|Gas equivalent<br/>All-electric mode|| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|Gasoline<br/>only mode || style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]] |- style="text-align:center;" |93 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||37 mpg ||35&nbsp;mi |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[BlueMotion|Volkswagen BlueMotion]] &mdash; 2010 Award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wcoty.com/vehicles/?year=2010&cat=4|title=World Green Car: 2010|publisher=[[World Car of the Year]]|accessdate=2010-05-02|archive-date=2010-03-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100311155817/http://www.wcoty.com/vehicles/?year=2010&cat=4|url-status=dead}}</ref><br/> ([[Volkswagen Golf Mk5|Golf]], [[Volkswagen Passat#Passat Mk6 (B6 PQ46, 2005–present)|Passat]], [[Volkswagen Polo Mk4|Polo]]) ||2010 ||[[Clean diesel]] || n.a.||n.a. ||n.a. |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Honda FCX Clarity]] &mdash; 2009 Award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wcoty.com/vehicles/?year=2009&cat=4|title=World Green Car: 2009 Eligible Vehicles|publisher=[[World Car of the Year]]|accessdate=2010-05-02|archive-date=2010-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101109114153/http://www.wcoty.com/vehicles/?year=2009&cat=4|url-status=dead}}</ref><br/>(miles per kilogram of hydrogen) ||2009 ||[[Hydrogen vehicle|Hydrogen]] [[fuel cell vehicle|fuel cell]]|| 59 mpg-e ||58 mpg-e|| 60 mpg-e |- | colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|[[Consumer Reports]] Top Picks: Green Car Category |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[Tesla Model S]] &mdash; Best overall model 2014<ref name=CR2014/>|| rowspan="2"|2014|| rowspan="2"|[[Electric car]]<br/>(60/85 [[kWh]] battery) || style="background:#f0f0ff;" colspan="2"|Gasoline equivalent<br/>fuel economy|| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]] |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2"|95/89 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||208/265&nbsp;mi |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Toyota Prius#2009– (model ZVW30)|Toyota Prius]] &mdash; Best green car 2014<ref name=CR2014>{{cite web |url=http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/magazine/2014/04/top-picks-2014/index.htm|title=Consumer Reports' Top Picks 2014 - The best models in 10 categories|publisher=[[Consumer Reports]]|date=February 2014|accessdate=2014-04-21}}</ref>||2014||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||50 ||51 || 48 |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|Toyota Prius &mdash; Best green car 2013<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/magazine/2013/04/top-picks-2013/index.htm|title=Top Picks 2013 Best car models of the year in 10 categories|publisher=[[Consumer Reports]]|date=April 2013|accessdate=2014-04-21}}</ref>||2013||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||50 ||51 || 48 |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|Toyota Prius &mdash; Best green car 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/news/2012/02/2012-annual-auto-issue-consumer-reports-names-its-2012-top-picks/index.htm|title=2012 Annual Auto Issue: Consumer Reports names its 2012 Top Picks|publisher=[[Consumer Reports]]|date=2012-02-28|accessdate=2014-04-21}}</ref>||2012||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||50 ||51 || 48 |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|Toyota Prius &mdash; Best green car 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.consumerreports.org/cars/2011/02/consumer-reports-names-2011-top-picks-best-models-in-10-categories-top-10.html|title=Top Picks: Best models of the year in 10 categories|publisher=[[Consumer Reports]]|date=2011-02-28|accessdate=2012-02-08|archive-date=2012-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210223325/http://news.consumerreports.org/cars/2011/02/consumer-reports-names-2011-top-picks-best-models-in-10-categories-top-10.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>||2011||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||50 ||51 || 48 |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|Toyota Prius &mdash; Best green car 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/magazine-archive/2010/april/cars/top-picks/overview/index.htm|title=Top Picks: Best models of the year in 10 categories - Green Car |publisher=[[Consumer Reports]]|date=April 2010|accessdate=2010-05-09}}</ref>||2010 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||50 ||51 || 48 |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Toyota Prius#2004–2009 (model NHW20)|Toyota Prius]] &mdash; Best green car 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.consumerreports.org/cars/2009/02/consumer-reports-top-picks-2009-1.html|title=Consumer Reports Top Picks 2009|publisher=[[Consumer Reports]]|date=2009-02-27|accessdate=2010-05-09|archive-date=2010-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505040335/http://blogs.consumerreports.org/cars/2009/02/consumer-reports-top-picks-2009-1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>||2009 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||46 ||48 || 45 |- | colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|[[Consumer Reports]] American Top Picks: Green Car Category |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Ford Fusion Hybrid]] &mdash; Top Pick 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.consumerreports.org/cars/2011/03/consumer-reports-american-top-picks-2011.html|title=Consumer Reports American Top Picks 2011|publisher=[[Consumer Reports]]|date=2011-03-03|accessdate=2012-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207230358/http://news.consumerreports.org/cars/2011/03/consumer-reports-american-top-picks-2011.html|archive-date=2012-02-07|url-status=dead}}</ref>||2011 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] || 39 ||41 ||36 |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Ford Fusion Hybrid]] &mdash; Top Pick 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.consumerreports.org/cars/2010/02/consumer-reports-american-top-picks-2010.html|title=Consumer Reports American Top Picks 2010|publisher=[[Consumer Reports]]|date=2010-02-26|accessdate=2010-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410191802/http://blogs.consumerreports.org/cars/2010/02/consumer-reports-american-top-picks-2010.html|archive-date=2010-04-10|url-status=dead}}</ref>||2010 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] || 39 ||41 ||36 |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Ford Escape Hybrid]] &mdash; Top Pick 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.consumerreports.org/cars/2009/03/consumer-reports-american-top-picks-2009.html|title=Consumer Reports American Top Picks 2009|publisher=[[Consumer Reports]]|date=2009-03-04|accessdate=2010-05-09|archive-date=2010-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419062532/http://blogs.consumerreports.org/cars/2009/03/consumer-reports-american-top-picks-2009.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>||2009 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] || 32 ||34 ||31 |- | colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|[[What Car?]] Green Awards |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[BMW 320d]] Efficient Dynamics &mdash; Overall Winner 2012<ref name=320d>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.whatcar.com/car-news/bmw-320d-ed-wins-green-car-of-the-year/263929 |title=BMW 320d ED wins Green Car of the Year |magazine=[[What Car?]] |first=Chas |last=Hallett |date=2012-09-19 |accessdate=2012-09-27 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923002630/http://www.whatcar.com/car-news/bmw-320d-ed-wins-green-car-of-the-year/263929 |archivedate=2012-09-23 }}</ref>||2012 ||[[Clean diesel]] || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|UK combined {{convert|56|mpgimp|L/100 km mpgus|abbr=on}}<ref name=320d/> |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Vauxhall Ampera]] &mdash; Overall Winner 2011<ref>{{cite magazine|url= http://www.whatcar.com/car-news/what-car-green-awards-2011/overall-winner/258844|title=What Car? Green Awards 2011 - Overall Winner|magazine=[[What Car?]]|date=2011-09-07|accessdate=2012-02-08}}</ref> ||2012||[[Plug-in hybrid]]|| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|EC combined {{convert|235.4|mpgimp|L/100 km mpgus|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.which.co.uk/news/2012/01/vauxhall-ampera-is-urban-fuel-champion-277055/|title=Vauxhall Ampera is urban fuel champion|publisher=[[Which?]]|date=2012-01-23|accessdate=2012-02-08}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Toyota Auris Hybrid]] &mdash; Overall Winner 2010<ref name=AurisH>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.whatgreencar.com/green-car-of-the-year-2010.php#jp|title=What Car? Green Awards 2010 - And the 2010 Award winner is...|magazine=[[What Car?]]|date=2010-07-01|accessdate=2010-07-01}}</ref>||2010 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|UK combined {{convert|74|mpgimp|L/100 km mpgus|abbr=on}}<ref name=AurisH/> |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Volvo S40]] 1.6D DRIVe S &mdash; Overall Winner 2009<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.whatcar.com/car-news/what-car-green-awards-2009/overall-winner/240544|title=What Car? Green Awards 2009 - Overall winner|magazine=[[What Car?]]|date=2009-06-04|accessdate=2010-05-09}}</ref>||2009 ||[[Clean diesel]] || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|UK combined {{convert|60|mpgimp|L/100 km mpgus|abbr=on}}<ref name=S40>{{cite web|url=http://www.volvocars.com/uk/all-cars/volvo-s40/details/pages/technical-spec.aspx |title=Volvo S40 Tech Spec (UK) |publisher=Volvocars.com |date=2010-05-26 |accessdate=2010-12-12}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Ford Focus (international)#Mk 2 (2004-2010)|Ford Focus]] 1.6 TDCi Style &mdash; Overall Winner 2008<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.whatcar.com/car-news/what-car-green-awards-2008/winner/233126|title=What Car? Green awards 2008 - Winner|magazine=[[What Car?]]|date=2008-07-22|accessdate=2010-05-02}}</ref>||2008 ||[[Clean diesel]] || colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|UK combined {{convert|52|mpgimp|L/100 km mpgus|abbr=on}}<ref name=Focus>{{cite web|url=http://www.buyacar.co.uk/ford_focus_diesel_estate/car_16_tdci_style_5dr_110_dpf_3327.jhtml |title=Ford Focus 1.6 TDCi Style 5dr 110 Diesel Estate (UK) |publisher=Buyacar.co.uk |date=2008-01-01 |accessdate=2010-12-12}}</ref> |- | colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|[[Mother Earth News]] Best Green Cars |- |colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"| Best Green Cars of 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motherearthnews.com/2011-best-green-cars-zm0z11zroc.aspx |title=Best Green Cars, 2011|publisher=[[Mother Earth News]]|date=May 2011|accessdate=2012-02-08}} June–July 2011 issue</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[Chevrolet Volt]]|| rowspan="2"| 2011||rowspan="2"|[[Plug-in hybrid]] ||style="background:#f0f0ff;"|Gas equivalent<br/>All-electric mode|| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|Gasoline<br/>only mode || style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]] |- style="text-align:center;" |93 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||37 mpg ||35&nbsp;mi |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[Nissan Leaf]]|| rowspan="2"|2011|| rowspan="2"|[[Electric car]] || style="background:#f0f0ff;" colspan="2"|Gasoline equivalent<br/>fuel economy|| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]] |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2"|99 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||73&nbsp;mi |- style="text-align:center;" |align=left|[[Toyota Prius]]|| 2011 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||50 ||51 || 48 |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left| [[Ford Fiesta]] || 2011 ||[[Gasoline]]|| 33||29 || 38 |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left| [[Honda CR-Z]] CVT || 2011 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]]|| 37||35 || 39 |- style="text-align:center;" |align=left|[[Volkswagen Jetta#Fifth generation (A5, Typ 1K)|VW Jetta TDI]]|| 2011||[[Clean diesel]] ||34 ||30 || 42 |- |colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"| Best Green Cars of 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motherearthnews.com/2010-Best-Green-Cars.aspx|title=2010 Best Green Cars|publisher=[[Mother Earth News]]|date=March 2010|accessdate=2010-05-02}} April–May 2010 issue</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Ford Fusion Hybrid]]||2010 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] || 39 ||41 ||36 |- style="text-align:center;" |align=left |[[Honda Civic Hybrid]]|| 2010||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]]||42 || 40 || 45 |- style="text-align:center;" |align=left|[[Honda Insight]]|| 2010||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||41 ||40 || 43 |- style="text-align:center;" |align=left|[[Toyota Prius]]|| 2010 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||50 ||51 || 48 |- style="text-align:center;" |align=left|[[Volkswagen Golf Mk5|VW Golf TDI]]|| 2010||[[Clean diesel]] ||34 ||30 || 42 |- style="text-align:center;" |align=left|[[Volkswagen Jetta#Fifth generation (A5, Typ 1K)|VW Jetta TDI]]|| 2010||[[Clean diesel]] ||41 ||40 || 43 |- | colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|[[American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy]] Greenest Vehicles of the Year |- |colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|Greenest Vehicles of 2012 (Top 5)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greenercars.org/highlights_greenest.htm|title=Greenest Vehicles of 2012|publisher=GreenCars.org|author=American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy|date=2011-02-08|accessdate=2011-02-08|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070910122720/http://www.greenercars.org/highlights_greenest.htm|archivedate=2007-09-10|author-link=American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Mitsubishi i-MiEV]]||2012 ||[[Electric car]] || 112 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||3.8 mile/[[Kwh]]||2.9 mile/[[Kwh]] |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Honda Civic GX]]|| 2012 ||[[Natural gas vehicle|Natural gas]]|| -||27mpg-e ||38 mpg-e |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Nissan Leaf]]||2012 ||[[Electric car]] || 99 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||3.1 mile/[[Kwh]] ||2.7 mile/[[Kwh]] |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Toyota Prius]]|| 2012 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||50 ||51 || 48 |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Honda Insight]]|| 2012||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||42 ||41 || 44 |- |colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|Greenest Vehicles of 2011 (Top 5)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greenercars.org/highlights_greenest.htm|title=Greenest Vehicles of 2011|publisher=GreenCars.org|author=American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy|date=2011-02-15|accessdate=2011-02-15|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070910122720/http://www.greenercars.org/highlights_greenest.htm|archivedate=2007-09-10|author-link=American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2011/02/chevy-volt-slips-to-13th-place-in-revised-aceee-green-car-rankings.html|title=Chevy Volt Slips to 13th Place in Revised ACEEE Green Car Rankings|publisher=[[Edmunds.com]] Green Car Adviser|author=John O'Dell|date=2011-02-17|accessdate=2011-02-17}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Honda Civic GX]]|| 2011 ||[[Natural gas vehicle|Natural gas]]|| 28||24 ||36 |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Nissan Leaf]]||2011 ||[[Electric car]] || 99 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||3.15 mile/[[Kwh]] ||2.72 mile/[[Kwh]] |- style="text-align:center;" |align=left| [[Smart fortwo]] (Cabriolet/Coupe)|| 2011||[[Gasoline]] || 36||33 || 41 |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Toyota Prius]]|| 2011 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||50 ||51 || 48 |- style="text-align:center;" |align=left |[[Honda Civic Hybrid]]|| 2011||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]]||41 || 40 || 43 |- |colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|Greenest Vehicles of 2010 (Top 5)<ref name=ACEEE>{{cite web|url=http://www.hybridcars.com/news/hybrids-dominate-2010-list-greenest-vehicles-26464.html|title=Hybrids Dominate 2010 List of Greenest Vehicles|publisher=HybridCars.com|date=2010-01-19|accessdate=2010-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122074655/http://www.hybridcars.com/news/hybrids-dominate-2010-list-greenest-vehicles-26464.html|archive-date=2010-01-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Honda Civic GX]]|| 2010 ||[[Natural gas vehicle|Natural gas]]|| 28||24 ||36 |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Toyota Prius]]|| 2010 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||50 ||51 || 48 |- style="text-align:center;" |align=left |[[Honda Civic Hybrid]]|| 2010||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]]||42 || 40 || 45 |- style="text-align:center;" |align=left| [[Smart fortwo]] (Convertible/coupe)|| 2010||[[Gasoline]] || 36||33 || 41 |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Honda Insight]]|| 2010||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||41 ||40 || 43 |- | colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"|[[Kelley Blue Book]] Top 10 Green Cars |- style="text-align:center;" |colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|Top 10 Green Cars of 2014 (Top 5)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://insideevs.com/bmw-i3-named-kelley-blue-books-best-green-car-2014/|title=BMW i3 Named Kelley Blue Book's Best Green Car Of 2014|first=Eric|last=Loveday|publisher=InsideEvs.com|date=2014-04-21|accessdate=2014-04-21}}</ref> |-style="text-align:center;" |rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"| [[BMW i3]]||rowspan="2"|2014||rowspan="2"|[[Electric car]] || style="background:#f0f0ff;" colspan="2"|Gasoline equivalent<br/>fuel economy||style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]] |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2"|124 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||81&nbsp;mi |-style="text-align:center;" |rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"| [[Nissan Leaf]]||rowspan="2"|2014||rowspan="2"|[[Electric car]] || style="background:#f0f0ff;" colspan="2"|Gasoline equivalent<br/>fuel economy||style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]] |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2"|99 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||73&nbsp;mi |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Toyota Prius]]|| 2014 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||50 ||51 || 48 |- style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="2" align=left|[[Tesla Model S]]||rowspan="2"|2014|| rowspan="2"|[[Electric car]]<br/>(60/85 [[kWh]] battery) || style="background:#f0f0ff;" colspan="2"|Gasoline equivalent<br/>fuel economy|| style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]] |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2"|95/89 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||208/265&nbsp;mi |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Honda Accord#Ninth generation (2013–present)|Honda Accord Hybrid]]|| 2014 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||47 ||50 || 45 |- style="text-align:center;" |colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|Top 10 Green Cars of 2011 (Top 3)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/greenhouse/post/2011/04/greenest-cars-kelley-blue-book-gas-prices/1|title=Greenest cars? Gas prices drive interest in fuel economy|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|first= Wendy|last= Koch|date=2011-04-12|accessdate=2011-04-15}}</ref><ref name=KBB2011>{{cite web|url=http://www.kbb.com/car-news/all-the-latest/top-10-green-cars-for-2011/?scid=3138|title=Top 10 Green Cars for 2011|publisher=[[Kelley Blue Book]]|date=2011-04-12|accessdate=2011-04-15}}</ref> |-style="text-align:center;" |rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"| [[Nissan Leaf]]||rowspan="2"|2011||rowspan="2"|[[Electric car]] || style="background:#f0f0ff;" colspan="2"|Gasoline equivalent<br/>fuel economy||style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]] |-style="text-align:center;" |colspan="2"|99 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||73&nbsp;mi |-style="text-align:center;" | rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|[[Chevrolet Volt]]||rowspan="2"|2011||rowspan="2"|[[Plug-in hybrid]] ||colspan="2" style="background:#f0f0ff;"|Gasoline equivalent<br/>fuel economy||style="background:#f0f0ff;"|[[All-electric range]] |-style="text-align:center;" |colspan="2"|93 [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent|mpg-e]] ||35&nbsp;mi |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Toyota Prius]]|| 2011 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||50 ||51 || 48 |- |colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;"|Top 10 Green Cars of 2010 (Top 3)<ref name=KBB2010>{{cite web|url=http://www.kbb.com/kbb/green-cars/articles.aspx?BlogPostId=1783|title=KBB Green: Top 10 Green Cars for 2010|publisher=[[Kelley Blue Book]]|date=April 2010|accessdate=2010-05-02|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424225137/http://www.kbb.com/kbb/green-cars/articles.aspx?BlogPostId=1783|archivedate=2010-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/driveon/post/2010/04/kbbs-green-cars-list-includes-vw-golf-tdi-chevy-tahoe-hybrid/1|title=KBB's green cars list includes VW Golf TDI, Chevy Tahoe hybrid|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|date=2010-04-20|accessdate=2010-05-02}}</ref> |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Toyota Prius]]|| 2010 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||50 ||51 || 48 |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Honda Insight]]|| 2010||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] ||41 ||40 || 43 |- style="text-align:center;" | align=left|[[Ford Fusion Hybrid]]||2010 ||[[Hybrid electric vehicle|Hybrid electric]] || 39 ||41 ||36 |- |} <!--Continue adding other rankings here --> ==Electric vehicle motor shows== {{See also|Motor show}} Dedicated [[electric vehicle|electric]] and green vehicle motor shows: * Alternative Vehicle and Fuel Show (AVFS), [[Fair of Valladolid]], Spain, in November.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://feriavalladolid.com/vehiculoalternativo/en/index.php |title=Alternative Vehicle and Fuel Show 2010 |publisher=Feriavalladolid.com |date= |accessdate=2010-12-12}}</ref> * Green Fleet Expo, [[Royal Botanical Gardens (Ontario)]], in May.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.toronto.ca/fleet/expo.htm |title=City of Toronto: Fleet Services - Green Fleet Expo |publisher=Toronto.ca |date=2000-10-23 |accessdate=2010-12-12}}</ref> * Green-Car-Guide Live!, [[Arena and Convention Centre]] in [[Liverpool]], in June<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.green-car-guide.com/articles/430/1/Green-Car-Guide-Live-2008-the-UKs-largest-Green-Motor-Show/Page1.html |title=Green-Car-Guide Live! 2008, the UK's largest Green Motor Show |publisher=Green-car-guide.com |date=2008-06-12 |accessdate=2010-12-12}}</ref> * Electric & Hybrid Vehicle Technology Expo, ([[Sindelfingen, Germany]], April / Novi, [[Detroit, Michigan]], September). [http://www.evtechexpo.eu/about/] * [[European Electric Motor Show]], [[Helsinki Exhibition & Convention Centre]], in November<ref>[http://www.finnexpo.fi/exhibition.asp?Id=1837&code_language=en ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721004250/http://www.finnexpo.fi/exhibition.asp?Id=1837&code_language=en |date=July 21, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Added by Antti View Events |url=http://electricaid.ning.com/events/electric-motor-show-in |title=Electric Motor Show in Helsinki on 6–8 November 2009 - Electric A!D |publisher=Electricaid.ning.com |accessdate=2010-12-12 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519080817/http://electricaid.ning.com/events/electric-motor-show-in |archivedate=19 May 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Yoney |first=Domenick |url=http://green.autoblog.com/2009/10/05/ecorolla-to-debut-at-finnish-electric-motor-show-w-video/ |title=eCorolla to debut at Finnish Electric Motor Show [w/VIDEO&#93; — Autoblog Green |publisher=Green.autoblog.com |date=2009-10-13 |accessdate=2010-12-12}}</ref> {{Expand section|date=June 2008}} ==See also== {{Portal|Energy|Renewable energy|Cars}} {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * [[Alternative fuel vehicle]] * [[Alternatives to the automobile]] * [[Better Place (company)|Better Place]] * [[Emerging technologies]] - e.g. new green vehicle methods * [[Green tuning]] * [[Green Challenge]] * [[Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles]] * [[Hybrid taxi]]s * [[Hybrid Scorecard|Union of Concerned Scientists' Hybrid Scorecard]] * [[Low-carbon fuel standard]] * [[Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent]] * [[Motorised quadricycle]] * [[Plug-in electric vehicle]]s * [[Progressive Insurance Automotive X Prize]] * [[Zero-emissions vehicle]] {{div col end}} ==Notes and references== {{Reflist|2}} ==Further reading== * {{cite book|title=Build Your Own Electric Vehicle, 2nd Edition|author1=Leitman, Seth |author2=Brant, Bob |date=October 2008 |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]], Inc. |isbn=978-0-07-154373-6 }} * {{cite book| title=Billion Dollar Green| chapter=Waving the Green Flag, Clean Transportation| publisher=John Wiley and Sons| year=2008| pages=[https://archive.org/details/billiondollargre0000smit/page/35 35–46]| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/?id=geig2gf43WkC&pg=PA36&dq=%22Green+vehicle%22#PPA35,M1| isbn=978-0-470-34377-7| author1=Tobin Smith| author2=Jim Woods| author3=Liz Claman| url=https://archive.org/details/billiondollargre0000smit/page/35}} * [[Wikiversity:DFE2008 Automobile Engines|''DFE2008 Automobile Engines'', Wikiversity]] ==External links== {{Wikinewscat|Alternative propulsion}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20140416180107/http://cta.ornl.gov/vtmarketreport/pdf/2013_vtmarketreport_full_doc.pdf 2013 VehicleTechnologies Market Report], [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]] * [http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/ Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Data Center] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060422230409/http://www.greenvehicleguide.gov.au/ AU Green Vehicle Guide] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120504092255/http://iee.ucsb.edu/CleanCarCalculator/ Clean Car Calculator] (Institute for Energy Efficiency) * [http://www.afdc.energy.gov/uploads/publication/60448.pdf Clean Cities - 2014 Vehicle Buyer's Guide], [[National Renewable Energy Laboratory]] (NREL), [[U.S. Department of Energy]], [[Clean Cities]] program. December 2013. * [https://greet.es.anl.gov/publication-c2g-2016-report Cradle-to-Grave Lifecycle Analysis of U.S. Light-Duty Vehicle-Fuel Pathways: A Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Economic Assessment of Current (2015) and Future (2025-2030) Technologies] (includes estimated cost of avoided GHG emissions from different AFV technologies), [[Argonne National Laboratory]], June 2016. * [http://www.earthcars.com Earth cars] * [http://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/ EPA Green Vehicle Guide] * [http://www.autocar.co.uk/blogs/carsandtheclimate/default.aspx Green Cars] ([[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]]) * [http://uk.cars.yahoo.com/green-car-centre/index.html Green Car Center] ([[Yahoo]]) * [http://www.green-car-guide.com/ Green Car Guide]. * [http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120802223010/http%3A//1bog.org/blog/infographic%2Dgreen%2Dcars%2D101/ Infographic: Green Cars 101 (2011)] * [http://sgcs.edenproject.com/ Green cars and eco driving] * [http://www.greenprogress.com/transportation.php Green Progress] *[http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/pdfs/guides/FEG2014.pdf Model Year 2014 Fuel Economy Guide ], [[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] and [[U.S. Department of Energy]], April 2014. * [http://progressiveautoxprize.org/ Progressive Insurance Automotive X PRIZE homepage] * [http://peoplescar.pbwiki.com/ Small Efficient Vehicles Wiki: People's Car Project] * [http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/clean_vehicles/electric-car-global-warming-emissions-report.pdf State of Charge: Electric Vehicles’ Global Warming Emissions and Fuel-Cost Savings across the United States] ([[Union of Concerned Scientists|UCS]]) * [http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/topten.jsp Top Ten EPA-Rated Fuel Sippers (2016) - including BEVs and PHEVs] * [http://www.hybridcenter.org/hybrid-scorecard/index.html#UCS_Hybrid_Scorecard UCS Hybrid Scorecard] ([[Union of Concerned Scientists]]) {{Environmental technology}} [[Category:Green vehicles| ]] <noinclude> <small>This page was moved from [[:en:Green vehicle]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Green vehicle/edithistory]]</small></noinclude> 6tnngf6wsh486nkh67cpers59fafbsf User:Nardog/sandbox.js 2 115814 540140 539759 2022-08-26T02:01:28Z Nardog 40946 javascript text/javascript // <!-- // jshint maxerr:999,strict:implied,shadow:outer,undef:true,unused:true,loopfunc:true /* globals $,mw,OO,ve,URLSearchParams,AbortController */ window.smartdiffTemplates = [ { names: ['T', 'Tl'], namespace: 10, forceNs: true, end: 1 }, { names: ['Tlx'], namespace: 10, end: 1 }, { names: ['U'], namespace: 2, forceNs: true, end: 1 }, { names: ['Re', 'Reply to', 'Ping'], namespace: 2 }, { names: ['About'], start: 3, skipEven: true }, { names: ['For'], start: 2 }, { names: ['Other uses', 'Otheruses'], end: 1 }, { names: ['Redirect'], skipEven: true, noRedirectEnd: 1 }, { names: ['Shortcut'], noRedirectStart: 1 }, { names: ['Tracked'], prefix: 'phab:', end: 1 }, { names: [ 'Distinguish', 'Main', 'Main article', 'Further', 'See also', 'Seealso' ] } ]; mw.loader.using([ 'mediawiki.util', 'mediawiki.Title', 'mediawiki.api' ], function smartDiff() { mw.loader.addStyleTag('.smartdiff-link.extiw, .smartdiff-link.external{color:#36b} .smartdiff-link.extiw:visited, .smartdiff-link.external:visited{color:#636} .smartdiff-link.extiw:active, .smartdiff-link.external:active{color:#b63}'); class SmartDiff { constructor($diff) { let now = Date.now(); this.$diff = $diff; this.magicWords = [ '!', 'BASEPAGENAME', 'BASEPAGENAME:', 'BASEPAGENAMEE', 'BASEPAGENAMEE:', 'canonicalurl:', 'CURRENTDAY', 'CURRENTDAY2', 'CURRENTDAYNAME', 'CURRENTDOW', 'CURRENTHOUR', 'CURRENTMONTH', 'CURRENTMONTH1', 'CURRENTMONTHABBREV', 'CURRENTMONTHNAME', 'CURRENTMONTHNAMEGEN', 'CURRENTTIME', 'CURRENTTIMESTAMP', 'CURRENTVERSION', 'CURRENTWEEK', 'CURRENTYEAR', 'DEFAULTCATEGORYSORT:', 'DEFAULTSORT:', 'DEFAULTSORTKEY:', 'DISPLAYTITLE:', 'filepath:', 'formatnum:', 'FULLPAGENAME', 'FULLPAGENAME:', 'FULLPAGENAMEE', 'FULLPAGENAMEE:', 'fullurl:', 'gender:', 'int:', 'lc:', 'lcfirst:', 'LOCALDAY', 'LOCALDAY2', 'LOCALDAYNAME', 'LOCALDOW', 'LOCALHOUR', 'LOCALMONTH', 'LOCALMONTH1', 'LOCALMONTHABBREV', 'LOCALMONTHNAME', 'LOCALMONTHNAMEGEN', 'LOCALTIME', 'LOCALTIMESTAMP', 'LOCALWEEK', 'LOCALYEAR', 'msg:', 'msgnw:', 'NAMESPACE', 'NAMESPACE:', 'NAMESPACEE', 'NAMESPACEE:', 'NAMESPACENUMBER', 'NAMESPACENUMBER:', 'ns:', 'NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS', 'NUMBEROFARTICLES', 'NUMBEROFEDITS', 'NUMBEROFFILES', 'NUMBEROFPAGES', 'NUMBEROFUSERS', 'padleft:', 'PAGENAME', 'PAGENAMEE', 'PAGESINCAT:', 'PAGESINCATEGORY:', 'plural:', 'REVISIONDAY', 'REVISIONDAY:', 'REVISIONDAY2', 'REVISIONDAY2:', 'REVISIONID', 'REVISIONID:', 'REVISIONMONTH', 'REVISIONMONTH:', 'REVISIONMONTH1', 'REVISIONMONTH1:', 'REVISIONSIZE', 'REVISIONTIMESTAMP', 'REVISIONTIMESTAMP:', 'REVISIONUSER', 'REVISIONUSER:', 'REVISIONYEAR', 'REVISIONYEAR:', 'ROOTPAGENAME', 'ROOTPAGENAME:', 'ROOTPAGENAMEE', 'ROOTPAGENAMEE:', 'SHORTDESC:', 'SUBJECTPAGENAME', 'SUBJECTPAGENAME:', 'SUBJECTPAGENAMEE', 'SUBJECTPAGENAMEE:', 'SUBJECTSPACE', 'SUBJECTSPACE:', 'SUBJECTSPACEE', 'SUBJECTSPACEE:', 'SUBPAGENAME', 'SUBPAGENAME:', 'SUBPAGENAMEE', 'SUBPAGENAMEE:', 'TALKPAGENAME', 'TALKPAGENAME:', 'TALKPAGENAMEE', 'TALKPAGENAMEE:', 'TALKSPACE', 'TALKSPACE:', 'TALKSPACEE', 'TALKSPACEE:', 'uc:', 'ucfirst:', 'urlencode:' ]; if (window.smartdiffMagicWords) { this.magicWords = this.magicWords.concat(window.smartdiffMagicWords); } this.re = /((?:\[(?:<[^>]*>)?\[|(?<!{(?:<[^>]*>)?){(?:<[^>]*>)?{(?:<[^>]*>)?(?:(?:#(?:<[^>]*>)?invoke|(?:safe)?subst)(?:<[^>]*>)?:)?)\s*)((?:(?!&[gl]t;)[^\[\]{|}])+?)(?=\s*(?:\||\](?:<[^>]*>)?\]|}(?:<[^>]*>)?}|$))/g; this.urlRe = /(?:https?(?:<[^>]*>)?:(?:<[^>]*>)?|(?<=\[(?:<[^>]*>)?))\/(?:<[^>]*>)?\/(?:[-\dA-Za-z]+|<[^>]*>)+\.(?:[-.\d:A-Za-z]+|<[^>]*>)+(?:\/(?:(?:[!#-%(-;=?-Z_a-z~]+|&amp;|<[^>]*>)*(?:[#-%(+\-\/-9=?-Z_a-z~]|&amp;)(?:<[^>]*>)?)?)?/g; if (window.smartdiffTemplates) { this.tempRe = /( data-smartdiff-temp="(\d+)">[^{|}]+)(\|(?:(?!&[gl]t;)[^\[\]{}]|{(?:<[^>]*>)?{(?:<[^>]*>)?!(?:<[^>]*>)?}(?:<[^>]*>)?})+)(?=}(?:<[^>]*>)?}|$)/g; this.tempSubRe = /((?:\s|{(?:<[^>]*>)?{(?:<[^>]*>)?!(?:<[^>]*>)?}(?:<[^>]*>)?}[^<>|]*|<[^>]*>)*(?:\|(?:\s|(?:<[^>]*>)|\d+(?:\s|<[^>]*>)*=|[^\d<=>|](?:[^<=>|]|<[^>]*>)*=(?:[^<=>|]|<[^>]*>)*\|?)*|$))/; this.templates = window.smartdiffTemplates; } ['processDiv', 'rep', 'urlRep', 'tempRep'].forEach(fn => { this[fn] = this[fn].bind(this); }); this.side = 'old'; $diff.find('.diff-deletedline > div').get().forEach(this.processDiv); this.side = 'new'; $diff.find('.diff-addedline > div').get().forEach(this.processDiv); let $contexts = $diff.find('.diff-context > div'); $contexts.each((i, div) => { if (i % 2) { this.side = 'new'; if (this.usesProp && this.getProp() !== this.getProp('pn', 'old')) { this.processDiv(div); } else { $contexts.eq(i).replaceWith($contexts.eq(i - 1).clone()); } } else { this.side = 'old'; this.usesProp = false; this.processDiv(div); } }); this.links = {}; $diff.find('.smartdiff-link:not(.external)').each((i, link) => { let title = link.title; if (!this.links.hasOwnProperty(title)) this.links[title] = []; this.links[title].push(link); }); this.query(Object.keys(this.links).slice(0, 500)); if (this.hasError) mw.notify('SmartDiff error', { type: 'warn' }); console.log(Date.now() - now); } processDiv(div) { if (div.querySelector('a[href]')) return; let origHtml = div.innerHTML; let newHtml = origHtml.replace(this.urlRe, this.urlRep) .replace(this.re, this.rep); if (this.tempRe) { newHtml = newHtml.replace(this.tempRe, this.tempRep); } if (newHtml === origHtml) return; let $newDiv = $('<div>').html(newHtml); if (this.detectErrors($newDiv, newHtml, origHtml, div)) return; div.textContent = ''; $newDiv.contents().appendTo(div); } rep($0, $1, $2) { if ($0.includes('<a ')) return $0; let [s, pre, mid, post] = this.stripTags($2, true, $1); let t = mw.Title.newFromText(s), isTemp; if (t) { if ($1.includes('invoke')) { t = mw.Title.makeTitle(828, s); } else if (s[0] === '/') { if ([0, 6, 8].includes(this.getProp('ns'))) { if ($1[0] === '{') t.namespace = 10; } else { t = mw.Title.newFromText(this.getProp() + s); } } else if ($1[0] === '{') { if (s[0] === '#') return $0; if (!t.namespace && s[0] !== ':') { let match = s.match(/^[^:]+(?::(?=.)|$)/); if (match && this.magicWords.includes(match[0])) { return $0; } t.namespace = 10; isTemp = true; } } else if (s[0] === '#') { t.title = this.getProp(); } } else if (s.startsWith('../') && ![0, 6, 8].includes(this.getProp('ns'))) { let chunks = s.split('/'); let levelCount = chunks.findIndex(v => v !== '..'); let sup = this.getProp().split('/').slice(0, -levelCount).join('/'); if (sup) { let sub = chunks.slice(levelCount).join('/'); t = mw.Title.newFromText(sub ? sup + '/' + sub : sup); } } if (!t) return $0; let attrs = { class: 'smartdiff-link', href: t.getUrl(), title: t.toText() }; if (isTemp && this.tempRe) { let name = t.getMainText(); let idx = this.templates.findIndex(temp => temp.names.includes(name)); if (idx !== -1) attrs['data-smartdiff-temp'] = idx; } return pre + $('<a>').attr(attrs).html(mid)[0].outerHTML + post; } stripTags(s, decode, pre = '', post = '') { let mid = s, tags = s.match(/<\/?(?:ins|del)[^>]*>/g); s = $($.parseHTML(s.replace(/&amp;/g, '&'))).text(); if (decode) { try { s = decodeURIComponent(s); } catch (e) {} } if (tags) { if (tags[0][1] === '/') { pre += tags[0]; mid = `<${tags[0].slice(2, 5)} class="diffchange diffchange-inline">` + mid; } let lastTag = tags.pop(); if (lastTag[1] !== '/') { mid += `</${lastTag.slice(1, 4)}>`; post = lastTag + post; } } return [s, pre, mid, post]; } urlRep($0) { let [url, pre, mid, post] = this.stripTags($0); return pre + $('<a>').attr({ rel: 'nofollow', class: 'smartdiff-link external', href: url }).html(mid)[0].outerHTML + post; } tempRep($0, $1, $2, $3) { if ($3.includes('<a ')) return $0; let temp = this.templates[$2]; return $1 + $3.split(this.tempSubRe).map((os, i) => { if (!os || i % 2) return os; let j = i / 2; if (j < temp.start || j > temp.end || temp.skipOdd && j % 2 || temp.skipEven && j % 2 === 0 ) { return os; } let [s, pre, mid, post] = this.stripTags(os, true); if (temp.prefix) s = temp.prefix + s; if (temp.suffix) s += temp.suffix; let t = temp.forceNs ? mw.Title.makeTitle(temp.namespace, s) : mw.Title.newFromText(s, temp.namespace); if (!t) return os; let params = (j >= temp.noRedirectStart || j <= temp.noRedirectEnd) && { redirect: 'no' }; return pre + $('<a>').attr({ class: 'smartdiff-link', href: t.getUrl(params), title: t.toText() }).html(mid)[0].outerHTML + post; }).join(''); } getProp(n = 'pn', side = this.side) { this.usesProp = true; if (this[side]) { if (this[side][n]) return this[side][n]; } else { this[side] = {}; let perma = this.$diff[0].querySelector( side === 'old' ? '#mw-diff-otitle1 a' : '#mw-diff-ntitle1 a' ); if (perma) { let t = mw.Title.newFromText(perma.title); this[side].pn = t.toText(); this[side].ns = t.namespace; return this[side][n]; } } if (this[n]) return this[n]; let ns = mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber'); if (ns === -1) { this.pn = ''; this.ns = 0; } else { this.pn = mw.config.get('wgPageName').replace(/_/g, ' '); this.ns = ns; } return this[n]; } query(titles) { if (!titles.length) return; new mw.Api().post({ action: 'query', titles: titles.slice(0, 50), iwurl: 1, prop: 'info', inprop: 'linkclasses', formatversion: 2 }).done(response => { let query = response && response.query; if (!query) return; let data = {}; (query.pages || []).forEach(page => { let obj = { classes: page.linkclasses || [] }; if (page.missing && !page.known) obj.classes.push('new'); data[page.title] = obj; }); (query.interwiki || []).forEach(interwiki => { data[interwiki.title] = { classes: ['extiw'], url: interwiki.url }; }); (query.normalized || []).forEach(entry => { if (!data.hasOwnProperty(entry.to)) return; let obj = data[entry.to]; obj.canonical = entry.to; if (!obj.url) obj.url = mw.util.getUrl(entry.to); data[entry.from] = obj; }); this.processLinks(data); this.query(titles.slice(50)); }); } processLinks(data) { Object.entries(data).forEach(([title, obj]) => { if (!this.links.hasOwnProperty(title)) return; let $links = $(this.links[title]) .addClass(obj.classes).attr('title', obj.canonical); if (obj.url) { $links.attr('href', function () { return obj.url + this.hash; }); } }); } detectErrors($newDiv, newHtml, origHtml, div) { let comp = $newDiv.html(); if (comp !== newHtml) { console.warn( `SmartDiff syntax error at:\n`, div, `\nNew HTML:\n${newHtml}\nCompared against:\n${comp}` ); this.hasError = true; return true; } let $comp = $newDiv.clone(); $comp.find('.smartdiff-link').contents().unwrap(); comp = $comp.html().replace(/<\/(ins|del)><\1[^>]*>/g, ''); if (comp !== origHtml) { console.warn( `SmartDiff mutation error at:\n`, div, `\nOriginal HTML:\n${origHtml}\nCompared against:\n${comp}` ); this.hasError = true; return true; } } } mw.hook('wikipage.diff').add($diff => { new SmartDiff($diff); }); }); window.diffnowExtraSelector = '.catchangesviewer-table td:nth-child(2) > .mw-changeslist-links > span:first-child > a, .listtools-last > a, #mw-content-text > form > .plainlinks > li > a[href^="/wiki/Special:AbuseLog/"]'; (mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') || mw.config.get('wgAction') !== 'view') && mw.loader.using([ 'mediawiki.util', 'mediawiki.Uri', 'mediawiki.diff', 'mediawiki.diff.styles', 'oojs-ui.styles.icons-movement', 'oojs-ui.styles.icons-interactions' ], function diffNow() { mw.config.set('thanks-confirmation-required', true); let isHist = mw.config.get('wgAction') === 'history'; let selector = '.mw-changeslist-diff, .mw-changeslist-diff-cur, .mw-changeslist-groupdiff, .mw-fr-reviewlink > a, .mw-fr-hist-difflink a, .mw-history-histlinks a, .mw-logevent-actionlink > a[href*="&diff="], .mw-special-PendingChanges .mw-diff-bytes + a, .mw-special-AbuseLog #mw-content-text > form > ul > li > a:last-of-type[href*="&diff="], .mw-deletedcontribs-tools > a:first-child, .mw-undelete-revlist > li > a:first-of-type[href*="&diff="], #mw-mergehistory + ul > li > a:first-of-type[href*="&diff="], .diff-summary-list .title, .consecudiff > a'; if (isHist) selector += ', .mw-history-compareselectedversions-button'; if (window.diffnowExtraSelector) selector += ', ' + window.diffnowExtraSelector; if (window.diffnowNegativeSelector) { selector = selector.replace(/,(?![^(]*\))|$/g, `:not(${window.diffnowNegativeSelector})$&`); } let containers = {}; let loadDiff = function (e) { if (e.ctrlKey || e.shiftKey || e.metaKey || e.altKey) return; e.preventDefault(); let $link = $(this); let isCompare = $link.hasClass('mw-history-compareselectedversions-button'); let href = isCompare ? getHistHref() : this.pathname + this.search; if ($link.hasClass('diffnow-link-loading')) { containers[href].data('diffnow').aborter.abort(); return; } if ($link.hasClass('diffnow-link-open')) { containers[href].detach(); $link.removeClass('diffnow-link-open'); return; } if (!isCompare && ( this.host.replace('.m.', '.') !== location.host.replace('.m.', '.') || !mw.util.getParamValue('diff', href) )) { let re = new RegExp( mw.util.escapeRegExp( mw.config.get('wgArticlePath').replace( /\$1.*/, mw.config.get('wgFormattedNamespaces')[-1] ) ) + ':[^/]+/\\d+(?:\\.{3}\\d+)?$' ); if (!re.test(decodeURIComponent(href))) { showError(href, 'The link doesn\'t point to a diff'); return; } } let $parent = isCompare ? $link.parent() : $link.closest('li, td.mw-changeslist-line-inner, .mw-enhanced-rc-nested, table'); if (!$parent.length) { showError(href, 'The link is not in a list item'); return; } let $container = containers[href]; if ($container) { let data = $container.data('diffnow'); if (data.aborter) { data.$link.removeClass('diffnow-link-loading'); data.$link = $link.addClass('diffnow-link-loading'); return; } if (!data.$diff[0].parentElement) { $container.children('.diff').before(data.$diff).detach(); $container.find('.diffnow-difflink').attr('href', href); } appendContainer($parent, $container); filterContexts(data.$diff); if (data.$link[0] !== $link[0]) { data.$link.removeClass('diffnow-link-open'); data.$link = $link; if (!$link.hasClass('diffnow-link-loaded')) { $(selector).filter(`[href="${href}"]`) .addClass('diffnow-link-loaded'); } } $link.addClass('diffnow-link-loaded diffnow-link-open'); return; } let data = { $link: $link.addClass('diffnow-link-loading') }; $container = $('<div>').data('diffnow', data); containers[href] = $container; data.aborter = new AbortController(); fetch( new mw.Uri(href).extend({ diffonly: 1, action: 'render' }).getRelativePath(), { signal: data.aborter.signal } ).then(response => response.text()).then(text => { let $diff = getDiff(text); if (!$diff) throw Error(); data.$diff = $diff; if (data.$link[0] !== $link[0]) { $link = data.$link; $parent = isCompare ? $link.parent() : $link.closest('li, td.mw-changeslist-line-inner, .mw-enhanced-rc-nested, table'); } appendContainer($parent, $container); $container.addClass('diffnow-container').append( $('<div>').addClass('diffnow-sticky diffnow-sticky-top').append( $('<button>').attr({ class: 'diffnow-button diffnow-close oo-ui-icon-collapse', title: 'Hide this diff' }) ), $diff, $('<div>').addClass('diffnow-sticky diffnow-sticky-bottom').append( $('<button>').attr({ class: 'diffnow-button diffnow-scroll-up oo-ui-icon-collapse', title: 'Scroll to top' }), $('<button>').attr({ class: 'diffnow-button diffnow-scroll-down oo-ui-icon-expand', title: 'Scroll to bottom' }), $('<button>').attr({ class: 'diffnow-button diffnow-close oo-ui-icon-close', title: 'Hide this diff' }), $('<a>').attr({ class: 'diffnow-button diffnow-difflink oo-ui-icon-newWindow oo-ui-image-progressive', href: href, target: '_blank', title: 'Open diff page' }) ) ); filterContexts($diff); $link.addClass('diffnow-link-loaded diffnow-link-open'); $(selector).filter(`[href="${href}"]`).addClass('diffnow-link-loaded'); if (isHist) { $('.mw-history-compareselectedversions-button') .toggleClass('diffnow-link-loaded', getHistHref() === href); } if ($parent.is('td')) { let $row = $link.closest('tr.mw-changeslist-watchedunseen') .removeClass('mw-changeslist-watchedunseen mw-enhanced-watched') .addClass('mw-changeslist-watchedseen'); if ($row.hasClass('mw-changeslist-line-watched')) { $row.removeClass('mw-changeslist-line-watched') .addClass('mw-changeslist-line-not-watched'); } if ($row.length && !$row.prevAll('.mw-rcfilters-ui-highlights-enhanced-nested.mw-changeslist-watchedunseen').length ) { $row.prevAll('.mw-rcfilters-ui-highlights-enhanced-toplevel') .removeClass('mw-changeslist-watchedunseen') .addClass('mw-changeslist-watchedseen'); $row.closest('table') .removeClass('mw-changeslist-line-watched') .addClass('mw-changeslist-line-not-watched'); } } else if ($parent.hasClass('mw-changeslist-watchedunseen')) { $parent .removeClass('mw-changeslist-watchedunseen mw-changeslist-line-watched') .addClass('mw-changeslist-watchedseen mw-changeslist-line-not-watched'); } }).catch(err => { delete containers[href]; if (err.name === 'AbortError') { mw.notify('Diff loading canceled', { tag: 'diffnow' }); } else { showError(href, err.message); } }).finally(() => { delete data.aborter; data.$link.removeClass('diffnow-link-loading'); }); $container .on('click', '.diffnow-close', closeDiff) .on('click', '.differences-prevlink, .differences-nextlink', switchDiff) .on('click keydown', '.diffnow-context-collapsed > td, .diffnow-context-expanded > .diff-marker', toggleContext) .on('click', '.diffnow-scroll-up', scrollUp) .on('click', '.diffnow-scroll-down', scrollDown); closeNotif(); }; let i = 0; let getDiff = response => { if (typeof response !== 'string') return; let $diff = $($.parseHTML(response)).filter('.diff'); if (!$diff.length) { $diff = $diff.end().find('.diff'); if (!$diff.length) return; } $diff = $($diff[0]); mw.hook('wikipage.diff').fire($diff); if (mw.loader.getState('ext.thanks.corethank') === 'registered' && $diff[0].querySelector('.mw-thanks-thank-link') ) { mw.loader.load('ext.thanks.corethank'); } $diff.find('#differences-prevlink, #differences-nextlink').attr('href', function () { return this.getAttribute('href').replace('&diffonly=1', '') .replace('&expand-url=1', ''); }); $diff.find('#mw-diff-ntitle4').each(function () { let link = this.firstElementChild; if (link) { if (!mw.messages.exists('nextdiff')) { mw.messages.set('nextdiff', link.textContent); } return; } let $perma = $diff.find('#mw-diff-ntitle1 a'); let title = $perma.attr('title'); if ($diff.find('#mw-diff-otitle1 a').attr('title') !== title) return; $(this).html( $('<a>').attr({ href: $perma.attr('href').replace('&oldid=', '&diff=next&oldid='), title: title, class: 'differences-nextlink diffnow-checknext' }).text('Check for newer edit') ); }); $diff.find('.mw-diff-movedpara-left, .mw-diff-movedpara-right').attr('href', function () { return `#diffnow-${i}-${this.hash.slice(1)}`; }); $diff.find('a[name^="movedpara"]').attr('name', function () { return `diffnow-${i}-${this.name}`; }); i++; $diff.find('[id]').each(function () { this.classList.add(this.id); this.removeAttribute('id'); }); return $diff; }; let switchDiff = function (e) { if (e.ctrlKey || e.shiftKey || e.metaKey || e.altKey) return; e.preventDefault(); let $container = $(e.delegateTarget); if ($container.hasClass('diffnow-switching')) return; let href = this.pathname + this.search; let dir = mw.util.getParamValue('diff', this.search); let id = mw.util.getParamValue('oldid', this.search); let data = $container.data('diffnow'); if (data.switched) { let $diff = data[dir + id]; if ($diff) { $container.children('.diff').before($diff).detach(); let isOrig = $diff === data.$diff; $container.find('.diffnow-difflink') .attr('href', isOrig ? data.$link.attr('href') : href); filterContexts($diff); data.$link.toggleClass('diffnow-link-open', isOrig); return; } } else { data.switched = true; if (!data.$diff[0].querySelector('.diff-multi')) { data['prev' + mw.util.getParamValue( 'oldid', data.$diff[0].querySelector('.mw-diff-ntitle1 a').search )] = data.$diff; let oldPerma = data.$diff[0].querySelector('.mw-diff-otitle1 a'); if (oldPerma) { data['next' + mw.util.getParamValue('oldid', oldPerma.search)] = data.$diff; } } } $container.addClass('diffnow-switching'); let $link = $(this); let isCheck = $link.hasClass('diffnow-checknext'); fetch( new mw.Uri(href).extend({ diffonly: 1, action: 'render' }).getRelativePath() ).then(response => response.text()).then(text => { let $diff = getDiff(text); if (!$diff) throw Error(); let otherId = mw.util.getParamValue('oldid', $diff[0].querySelector( dir === 'next' ? '.mw-diff-ntitle1 a' : '.mw-diff-otitle1 a' ).search); if (isCheck && otherId === id) return; $container.children('.diff').before($diff).detach(); filterContexts($diff); $container.find('.diffnow-difflink').attr('href', href); data.$link.removeClass('diffnow-link-open'); data[dir + id] = $diff; if (otherId) data[(dir === 'next' ? 'prev' : 'next') + otherId] = $diff; if (!isCheck) return; $link.removeClass('diffnow-checknext'); $link.closest('.diff-ntitle').find('.mw-diff-edit a').attr('href', function () { return new mw.Uri(this.pathname + this.search).extend({ oldid: id }).getRelativePath(); }); mw.loader.using('mediawiki.api', () => { new mw.Api().loadMessagesIfMissing(['nextdiff']).then(() => { $link.text(mw.msg('nextdiff')); }); }); }).catch(err => { showError(href, err.message); }).finally(() => { $container.removeClass('diffnow-switching'); }); closeNotif(); }; let appendContainer = ($parent, $container) => { let parallel = $parent.is('table, .mw-history-compareselectedversions'); let $containers = parallel ? $parent.nextUntil(':not(.diffnow-container)') : $parent.find('.diffnow-container'); $containers.each(function (j) { $containers.eq(j).detach() .data('diffnow').$link.removeClass('diffnow-link-open'); }); $parent[parallel ? 'after' : 'append']($container); }; let expanded = new WeakSet(); let filterContexts = $diff => { let $rows = $diff.find('tr').has('.diff-context > div'); $rows.each(function (j) { let $row = $rows.eq(j); let wasExpanded = expanded.has(this); if (wasExpanded) $row.removeClass('diffnow-context-expanded'); if ($row.find('div').get().some(div => div.scrollHeight > div.clientHeight)) { if (wasExpanded) { $row.addClass('diffnow-context-expanded') .children('.diff-marker').attr({ tabindex: 0, role: 'button', title: 'Collapse' }); } else { $row.addClass('diffnow-context-collapsed').children().attr({ tabindex: 0, role: 'button', title: 'Expand' }); } } else { $row.removeClass('diffnow-context-collapsed') .children().removeAttr('tabindex role title'); } }); }; let toggleContext = function (e) { if (e.type === 'keydown' && ( e.which !== 13 && e.which !== 32 || e.ctrlKey || e.shiftKey || e.metaKey || e.altKey )) { return; } e.preventDefault(); let row = this.parentElement, $row = $(row); if ($row.hasClass('diffnow-context-expanded')) { $row.removeClass('diffnow-context-expanded') .addClass('diffnow-context-collapsed') .children().attr({ tabindex: 0, role: 'button', title: 'Expand' }); expanded.delete(row); } else { $row.removeClass('diffnow-context-collapsed') .addClass('diffnow-context-expanded') .children('.diff-context').removeAttr('tabindex role title') .siblings('.diff-marker').attr('title', 'Collapse'); expanded.add(row); } }; let closeDiff = e => { e.preventDefault(); let $container = $(e.delegateTarget); let $link = $container.data('diffnow').$link.removeClass('diffnow-link-open'); if ($link[0].getBoundingClientRect().top < 0) { $link.closest('li, td.mw-changeslist-line-inner, .mw-enhanced-rc-nested, table, .mw-history-compareselectedversions')[0] .scrollIntoView(); $container.fadeOut('fast', () => { $container.detach().show(); }); } else { $container.detach(); } }; let scrollUp = e => { e.preventDefault(); let y = e.delegateTarget.getBoundingClientRect().top; let ih = window.innerHeight, buffer = ih / 2; if (y + 5 < buffer) y += buffer; y -= ih; window.scrollBy({ top: y, behavior: 'smooth' }); }; let scrollDown = e => { e.preventDefault(); let y = e.delegateTarget.getBoundingClientRect().bottom; let buffer = window.innerHeight / 2; if (y - 5 > buffer) y -= buffer; window.scrollBy({ top: y, behavior: 'smooth' }); }; let showError = (href, msg) => { mw.notify($([ document.createTextNode(msg || 'Couldn\'t load the diff'), $('<a>').attr({ href: href, target: '_blank' }).text('Open it in a new tab').wrap('<p>').parent()[0] ]), { autoHideSeconds: 'long', tag: 'diffnow', type: 'error' }); }; let closeNotif = () => { let notif = $('.mw-notification-tag-diffnow').data('mw-notification'); if (notif) notif.close(); }; let getHistHref = () => { let formData = new FormData(document.getElementById('mw-history-compare')); return mw.util.getUrl(null, { diff: formData.get('diff'), oldid: formData.get('oldid') }); }; $(document).on('click', selector, loadDiff); window.addEventListener('resize', mw.util.debounce(() => { if (!Object.keys(containers).length) return; filterContexts($('.diffnow-container > .diff')); }, 250)); let icons = {}; if (isHist && ['minerva', 'timeless'].includes(mw.config.get('skin'))) { icons.inverted = {}; } let $span = $('<span>').appendTo(document.body); ['expand', 'collapse', 'reload'].forEach(s => { icons[s] = $span.attr('class', 'oo-ui-icon-' + s).css('background-image'); if (!icons.inverted) return; icons.inverted[s] = $span.addClass('oo-ui-image-invert').css('background-image'); }); $span.remove(); mw.loader.addStyleTag(`${selector} { background-image: ${icons.expand}; background-position: right; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 10px 10px; padding-right: 12px; } .mw-history-compareselectedversions-button { background-position: right 6px center; background-size: 14px 14px; padding-right: 24px !important; ${icons.inverted ? ` background-image: ${icons.inverted.expand}; } .mw-history-compareselectedversions-button.diffnow-link-loaded { background-image: ${icons.inverted.reload} !important; } .mw-history-compareselectedversions-button.diffnow-link-open { background-image: ${icons.inverted.collapse} !important; ` : ''}} .diffnow-link-loading { background-image: none !important; } .diffnow-link-loaded { background-image: ${icons.reload} !important; } .diffnow-link-open, .diffnow-context-expanded > .diff-marker { background-image: ${icons.collapse} !important; } .diffnow-container { background: #fff; border: solid 1px #a2a9b1; border-radius: 4px; box-shadow: 1px 1px #626971; margin-top: 0.1em; position: relative; z-index: 1; } .diffnow-sticky { display: flex; position: sticky; } .diffnow-sticky-top { top: 0; border-radius: 4px; } .diffnow-sticky-bottom { bottom: 0; } .diffnow-sticky > .diffnow-button { cursor: pointer; height: 24px; border: none; padding: 0; box-sizing: content-box; background-position: center; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 16px 16px; background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.75); flex-grow: 1; } .diffnow-sticky > .diffnow-button:hover { background-color: rgba(240,240,240,0.75); } .diffnow-sticky > .diffnow-button:active { background-color: rgba(224,224,224,0.75); } .diffnow-sticky-top > .diffnow-button { border-radius: 3px; } .diffnow-sticky-bottom > .diffnow-button { border: solid 1px #a2a9b1; border-radius: 8px; margin: 4px; height: 20px; } .diffnow-switching > .diff { transition: opacity 200ms; opacity: 0.4; } .diffnow-checknext, .diffnow-checknext:visited { color: #72777d; } .diffnow-container :not(.diffnow-context-expanded) > .diff-context > div { overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; display: -webkit-box; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; } .diffnow-context-collapsed > td, .diffnow-context-expanded > .diff-marker { cursor: pointer; background-position: center; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 12px 12px; } .diffnow-context-collapsed > .diff-marker { background-image: ${icons.expand}; } .diffnow-container > .diff td div { word-break: break-word; } .diffnow-container .mw-diff-inline-changed ins, .diffnow-container .mw-diff-inline-changed del { white-space: pre-wrap; } .mw-enhanced-rc .diffnow-container > .diff td { padding: 0.33em 0.5em; } .diff-summary-list { overflow: visible; }`); if (!isHist) return; $(document.body).on('change', '#mw-history-compare', function () { let $buttons = $('.mw-history-compareselectedversions-button'); let $container = containers[getHistHref()]; if ($container) { $buttons.addClass('diffnow-link-loaded'); let $link = $container.data('diffnow').$link; if ($buttons.is($link) && $link.parent().next().is($container)) { $link.addClass('diffnow-link-open'); } else { $buttons.removeClass('diffnow-link-open'); } } else { $buttons.removeClass('diffnow-link-loaded diffnow-link-open'); } }); }); mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') >= 0 && (function copySectLink() { let css; switch (mw.config.get('skin')) { case 'minerva': css = '.collapsible-heading:not(.open-block) .copysectlink{visibility:hidden} .mw-editsection{white-space:nowrap}'; break; case 'timeless': css = '.copysectlink{background-color:#fff;margin-left:-1em} .copysectlink:first-of-type{margin-left:-20px;padding-left:0} .copysectlink::before{content:"";display:inline-block;width:16px;height:16px;background-size:16px 16px;vertical-align:bottom;opacity:0.5}'; } if (css) { mw.loader.addStyleTag(`.copysectlink::before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg width='20' height='20' version='1.1' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cg fill='%2354595d'%3E%3Cpath d='M16 0H5v2h11v14h2V2a2 2 0 0 0-2-2z'/%3E%3Cpath d='m4 20h9c1.1 0 2-0.9 2-2v-13c0-1.1-0.9-2-2-2h-9c-1.1 0-2 0.9-2 2v13c0 1.1 0.9 2 2 2zm0-15h9v13h-9z'/%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")} ${css}`); } let handler = function (e) { e.preventDefault(); let text = (mw.config.get('wgPageName') + (this.hash ? decodeURI(this.hash).replace( /[\[\]{|}]/g, s => '&#' + s.codePointAt(0) + ';' ) : '')).replace(/_/g, ' '); navigator.clipboard.writeText(text).then(() => { mw.notify(`Copied "${text}"`); }, () => { let $input = $('<input>').attr({ type: 'text', readonly: '', style: 'position:fixed;top:-100%' }).val(text).appendTo(document.body); $input[0].select(); document.execCommand('copy'); $input.remove(); mw.notify(`Probably copied "${text}"`); }); }; let addButton = function (isFirst) { isFirst = isFirst === true; let hn = isFirst ? this : this.parentElement; if (hn.querySelector('.copysectlink')) return; let url = mw.util.getUrl(); if (!isFirst) { let id = this.id || $(this).data('id'); if (!id) return; url += '#' + encodeURI(id); } let $button = $('<a>').attr({ class: 'copysectlink', href: url, role: 'button' }).text('copy').click(handler); if (mw.config.get('skin') === 'minerva') { $button.addClass('mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element').attr('title', 'Copy'); let wrapper = hn.querySelector('.mw-editsection'); if (wrapper) { $button.prependTo(wrapper); } else { $button.appendTo(hn); } } else { let bracket = hn.querySelector('.mw-editsection-bracket:last-child'); if (bracket) { bracket.insertAdjacentText('beforebegin', ' | '); } else { bracket = $('<span>').addClass('mw-editsection-bracket').text(']')[0]; $('<span>').addClass('mw-editsection').append( $('<span>').addClass('mw-editsection-bracket').text('['), bracket ).appendTo(hn); } $button.insertBefore(bracket); } }; let dependencies = ['mediawiki.util']; if (['view', 'purge'].includes(mw.config.get('wgAction'))) { ['ext.gadget.edittop', 'ext.gadget.edit0'].forEach(m => { let state = mw.loader.getState(m); if (state && state !== 'registered') dependencies.push(m); }); } $.when($.ready, mw.loader.using(dependencies)).then(() => { addButton.call(document.getElementById('firstHeading'), true); // if (mw.config.get('wgAction') !== 'view') return; mw.hook('wikipage.content').add($content => { $content.find('.mw-headline').each(addButton); }); }); }()); (mw.config.get('wgAction') === 'history' || mw.config.get('wgAction') === 'view' && (/[&?](?:diff|oldid)=(?!0*&)/.test(location.search) || [-1, 6, 14].includes(mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber')) && !document.body.classList.contains('mw-rcfilters-enabled'))) && mw.loader.using(['mediawiki.util', 'mediawiki.Uri'], function smoothPager(require) { let isHist = mw.config.get('wgAction') === 'history'; let isPerma = !isHist && ['oldid', 'diff'].some(s => mw.util.getParamValue(s)); let ns = !isHist && !isPerma && mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber'); let isFile = ns === 6; let isCat = ns === 14; let cspn = ns === -1 && mw.config.get('wgCanonicalSpecialPageName'); let isSearch = cspn === 'Search'; let isWl = cspn === 'Watchlist'; let isRc = cspn === 'Recentchanges' || cspn === 'Recentchangeslinked'; let useRender = isCat || isWl || isRc; let selector = isPerma ? '#bodyContent' : isFile ? '#mw-imagepage-section-filehistory' : isCat ? '.mw-category-generated' : '#mw-content-text'; let outerSelector = isPerma && mw.config.get('skin') === 'minerva' && '.minerva__subtitle'; let linkSelector = isPerma ? '#differences-prevlink, #differences-nextlink, #mw-diff-ntitle1 > strong > a, #mw-diff-otitle1 > strong > a, #mw-revision-nav > a, .fr-diff-to-stable > a' : isCat ? '#mw-subcategories > a, #mw-pages > a, #mw-category-media > a' : isWl ? '#ca-nstab-special > a, .mw-watchlist-toollinks > a:first-child, .mw-mf-watchlist-more' : isRc ? '#ca-nstab-special > a, .rclinks > a, .rcshowhideoption > a, .rclistfrom > a' : '#ca-nstab-special > a, a.mw-firstlink, a.mw-lastlink, a.mw-prevlink, a.mw-nextlink, a.mw-numlink, .mw-special-Whatlinkshere #mw-content-text > a, .mw-prefixindex-nav > a, .mw-allpages-nav > a, .TablePager_nav > .oo-ui-widget-enabled > a, .mw-datatable th > a, .CategoryTreeParents .CategoryTreeLabel, .mw-mf-watchlist-more, .mw-htmlform-submit-buttons + div > a'; if (isHist) linkSelector += ', #ca-history > a'; if (isSearch) linkSelector += ', .search-types a, .searchdidyoumean a'; let formSelector = isHist && '#mw-history-searchform' || isSearch && '#mw-content-text form[id$="search"]' || cspn && '#mw-content-text form:not([method="post"])'; let paramRe = isPerma && /^(?:diff|diffonly|direction|oldid)$/ || isSearch && /^(?:advancedSearch-current|limit|offset|profile|runsuggestion|search|sort|ns\d+)$/; let getHref = () => location.pathname + location.search; let getKey = href => { if (paramRe) { let uri = new mw.Uri(href); let newQuery = {}; Object.keys(uri.query).filter(k => paramRe.test(k)).sort().forEach(k => { newQuery[k] = uri.query[k]; }); uri.query = newQuery; return uri.getQueryString(); } return href; }; let o = {}, curKey, aborter; window.smpg = o; let getContent = (href, isPopState) => { if (aborter) aborter.abort(); if (!curKey) curKey = getKey(getHref()); let key = getKey(href); if (isPopState && key === curKey) return; let $oldCont = $(selector); if (!$oldCont.length) { showError(href, 'No element to replace'); return; } if ((isPopState || key !== curKey) && o.hasOwnProperty(key)) { if (paramRe) o[key].href = href; replaceContent(key, $oldCont, isPopState, true); return; } $oldCont.addClass('smoothpager-switching'); let $throbber = $('<div>').addClass('smoothpager-throbber') .appendTo(document.body); if (key !== curKey && !o.hasOwnProperty(curKey)) { let obj = { $cont: $oldCont, config: $.extend(true, {}, window.RLCONF), href: getHref() }; if (outerSelector) { let outer = document.querySelector(outerSelector); if (outer) obj.$outer = $(outer); } $('#firstHeading, #firstHeading *').contents().each(function () { if (this.nodeType !== 3) return; let text = this.textContent; if (!/\S/.test(text)) return; obj.title = text; return false; }); o[curKey] = obj; if (isPerma) { let params = new URLSearchParams(curKey); if (params.has('diff')) { obj.rev = mw.config.get('wgDiffNewId'); let title = $oldCont[0].querySelector('#mw-diff-ntitle1 a').title; if (title === mw.config.get('wgPageName').replace(/_/g, ' ') && !$oldCont[0].querySelector('.diff[data-mw="interface"] .diff-multi') ) { params.set('diff', 'prev'); params.set('oldid', obj.rev); o[params] = obj; let oldId = mw.config.get('wgDiffOldId'); if (oldId) { params.set('diff', 'next'); params.set('oldid', oldId); o[params] = obj; } } } else { obj.rev = mw.config.get('wgRevisionId'); if (params.has('direction')) obj['oldid=' + obj.rev] = obj; } } } aborter = new AbortController(); fetch( useRender ? new mw.Uri(href).extend({ action: 'render' }).getRelativePath() : href, { signal: aborter.signal } ).then(response => response.text()).then(text => { let obj = { href: href }; let $response = $($.parseHTML(text, !useRender)); if (isWl || isRc) { obj.$cont = $($oldCont[0].cloneNode()).append($response) .removeClass('smoothpager-switching'); } else { let $cont = $response.filter(selector).not('script'); if (!$cont.length) { $cont = $response.find(selector).not('script'); if (!$cont.length) throw Error(); } obj.$cont = $($cont[0]); } o[key] = obj; let modules; if (!useRender) { obj.$cont.find('script').remove(); let $scripts = $response.filter('script'); let match = $scripts.length && $scripts[0].textContent.replace(/\n/g, '') .match(/;RLCONF=({.+});RLSTATE=({.+});RLPAGEMODULES=(\[.+\]);$/); if (match) { try { obj.config = JSON.parse(match[1]); } catch (e) { console.warn(e); } try { modules = Object.keys(JSON.parse(match[2])); } catch (e) { console.warn(e); } try { modules = (modules || []).concat(JSON.parse(match[3])); } catch (e) { console.warn(e); } } let title = $response.find('#firstHeading').text(); if (title) obj.title = title; } modules = modules ? modules.filter(m => mw.loader.getState(m) === 'registered') : []; if (obj.config && ( obj.config.wgAction !== mw.config.get('wgAction') || obj.config.wgPageName.replace(/\/.*/, '') !== mw.config.get('wgPageName').replace(/\/.*/, '') )) { $oldCont.text('Redirecting...'); location.href = href; return; } if (outerSelector) { let $outer = $response.filter(outerSelector); if (!$outer.length) $outer = $response.find(outerSelector); if ($outer.length) obj.$outer = $($outer[0]); } if (isPerma) { let params = new URLSearchParams(key); if (params.has('diff')) { let dir = params.get('diff') === 'next' ? 'prev' : 'next'; let id = obj.config && obj.config[dir === 'prev' ? 'wgDiffNewId' : 'wgDiffOldId']; if (!id) { let perma = obj.$cont[0].querySelector( dir === 'prev' ? '#mw-diff-ntitle1 a' : '#mw-diff-otitle1 a' ); if (perma) id = mw.util.getParamValue('oldid', perma.search); } if (id) { obj.rev = dir === 'prev' ? id : params.get('oldid'); params.set('diff', dir); params.set('oldid', id); o[params] = obj; } } else if (params.has('direction')) { let id = obj.config && obj.config.wgRevisionId; if (!id) { let search = $response.find( '#t-permalink > a, #p-tb .menu__item--page-actions-overflow-permalink' ).prop('search'); if (search) id = mw.util.getParamValue('oldid', search); } if (id) { obj.rev = id; o['oldid=' + id] = obj; o[`direction=${ params.get('direction') === 'next' ? 'prev' : 'next' }&oldid=${id}`] = o[curKey]; } } else { obj.rev = params.get('oldid'); } } mw.loader.using(modules, () => { replaceContent(key, $oldCont, isPopState); }); console.log('modules: ' + modules.join(', ')); }).catch(e => { if (e.name !== 'AbortError') showError(href, e.message); }).finally(() => { aborter = null; $oldCont.removeClass('smoothpager-switching'); $throbber.remove(); }); let notif = $('.mw-notification-tag-smoothpager').data('mw-notification'); if (notif) notif.close(); }; let replaceContent = (key, $oldCont, isPopState, isRetrieval) => { let obj = o[key]; if (isRetrieval && obj.$cont[0] === $oldCont[0]) { showError(obj.href, 'Unknown error'); return; } if (!isPopState && key !== curKey) { history.pushState(null, '', obj.href); history.replaceState(null, '', obj.href); } $oldCont.before(obj.$cont).detach(); if (obj.$outer) $(outerSelector).first().before(obj.$outer).detach(); if (obj.title) { $('#firstHeading, #firstHeading *').contents().each(function () { if (this.nodeType !== 3) return; let text = this.textContent; if (!/\S/.test(text)) return; document.title = document.title.replace(text, obj.title); this.textContent = obj.title; return false; }); } if (obj.config) { mw.config.set(obj.config); let prevObj = o[curKey]; if (prevObj && prevObj.config) { Object.keys(prevObj.config).forEach(k => { if (!obj.config.hasOwnProperty(k)) { delete mw.config.values[k]; } }); } } if (!isRetrieval) { mw.hook('wikipage.content').fire(obj.$cont); if (isPerma) { let diff = obj.$cont[0].querySelector('.diff[data-mw="interface"]'); if (diff) mw.hook('wikipage.diff').fire($(diff)); let cats = obj.$cont[0].querySelector('.catlinks[data-mw="interface"]'); if (cats) mw.hook('wikipage.categories').fire($(cats)); } mw.hook('htmlform.enhance').fire(obj.$cont); if (isHist) { mw.loader.moduleRegistry['mediawiki.action.history'].script($); } if (isSearch && mw.loader.getState('mediawiki.special.search') === 'ready') { mw.loader.moduleRegistry['mediawiki.special.search'].script($); } if (isSearch && mw.loader.getState('ext.advancedSearch.init') === 'ready') { mw.loader.moduleRegistry['ext.advancedSearch.init'].script($); } if (mw.loader.getState('mediawiki.special.recentchanges') === 'ready') { require('mediawiki.special.recentchanges').init(); } let form = formSelector && obj.$cont[0].querySelector('form'); if (form) { let y = form.getBoundingClientRect().bottom; if (y < 0) window.scrollBy(0, y); } else if (obj.$cont[0].getBoundingClientRect().top < 0) { obj.$cont[0].scrollIntoView(); } } curKey = key; if (isPerma && obj.rev) { $('#ca-edit > a').attr( 'href', mw.util.getUrl(null, { action: 'edit', oldid: obj.rev }) ); $('#t-permalink > a, #p-tb .menu__item--page-actions-overflow-permalink').attr( 'href', mw.util.getUrl(null, { oldid: obj.rev }) ); } $('#ca-nstab-special > a').attr('href', obj.href); $('.printfooter > a').attr('href', location.href).text(location.href); $('#footer-places-mobileview > a, #mw-mf-display-toggle').attr('href', function () { return '//' + this.host + new mw.Uri().extend({ mobileaction: mw.util.getParamValue('mobileaction', this.search) }).getRelativePath(); }); $('.pt-logout > a').attr('href', function () { let uri = new mw.Uri(this.href); if (location.search) { uri.query.returntoquery = location.search.slice(1); } else { delete uri.query.returntoquery; } return uri.getRelativePath(); }); }; let showError = (href, msg) => { mw.notify($([ document.createTextNode(msg || 'Couldn\'t load the page'), $('<a>').attr({ href: href, target: '_blank' }).text('Open it in a new tab').wrap('<p>').parent()[0] ]), { autoHideSeconds: 'long', tag: 'smoothpager', type: 'error' }); }; $(document).on('click.smoothpager', linkSelector, function (e) { if (e.ctrlKey || e.shiftKey || e.metaKey || e.altKey || this.host.replace('.m.', '.') !== location.host.replace('.m.', '.') ) { return; } e.preventDefault(); getContent(this.pathname + this.search); }).on('keydown.smoothpager', e => { if (e.ctrlKey || e.shiftKey || e.metaKey || e.altKey || e.target.closest(':read-write') ) { return; } switch (e.which) { case 27: if (aborter) aborter.abort(); break; case 110: case 190: e.preventDefault(); getContent(getHref()); } }); $(window).on('popstate.smoothpager', e => { if (e.originalEvent.state) return; history.replaceState(null, '', location.href); getContent(getHref(), true); }); let css = mw.loader.addStyleTag(`${linkSelector}{color:#008064 !important} ${linkSelector.replace(/,(?![^(]*\))|$/g, ':visited$&')}{color:#006400 !important} ${linkSelector.replace(/,(?![^(]*\))|$/g, ':active$&')}{color:#faa700 !important} .smoothpager-switching{opacity:0.75} .smoothpager-throbber{width:20%;height:0.5vh;position:fixed;top:0;left:0;background-color:#36c;transform:translate(-100%);animation:smoothpager-throbber 1s infinite linear} @keyframes smoothpager-throbber{to{transform:translate(700%)}}`); if (isPerma) { let callback = () => { mw.trackUnsubscribe(callback); $(document).off('.smoothpager'); $(window).off('.smoothpager'); css.disabled = true; Object.keys(o).forEach(k => { delete o[k]; }); mw.notify('SmoothPager is not compatible with RevisionSlider.'); }; mw.trackSubscribe('counter.MediaWiki.RevisionSlider.event.init', callback); } if (!formSelector) return; $(document.body).on('submit', formSelector, function (e) { if (!e.originalEvent || !e.originalEvent.isTrusted || !isSearch && this.method !== 'get' ) { return; } let path = this.getAttribute('action'); let isScript = path === mw.config.get('wgScript'); let comps = [mw.config.get('wgPageName')]; if (comps[0].includes('/')) comps.push(comps[0].replace(/\/.*/, '')); comps.push((comps[1] || comps[0]) + '/'); if (!isScript && !comps.some(c => mw.util.getUrl(c) === path)) return; let formData = new FormData(this); if (isScript && !comps.includes(formData.get('title'))) return; e.preventDefault(); e.stopPropagation(); if (isSearch) { formData.set( 'search', OO.ui.infuse(document.getElementById('searchText')).getValue() ); } getContent(path + '?' + new URLSearchParams(formData)); }); mw.loader.addStyleTag(`${formSelector} input[type="submit"], ${formSelector} .oo-ui-buttonElement-framed.oo-ui-widget-enabled.oo-ui-flaggedElement-primary.oo-ui-flaggedElement-progressive > .oo-ui-buttonElement-button{color:#fff;background-color:#14866d;border-color:#14866d} ${formSelector} input[type="submit"]:hover, ${formSelector} .oo-ui-buttonElement-framed.oo-ui-widget-enabled.oo-ui-flaggedElement-primary.oo-ui-flaggedElement-progressive > .oo-ui-buttonElement-button:hover{background-color:#00af89;border-color:#00af89} ${formSelector} input[type="submit"]:focus, ${formSelector} .oo-ui-buttonElement-framed.oo-ui-widget-enabled.oo-ui-flaggedElement-primary.oo-ui-flaggedElement-progressive > .oo-ui-buttonElement-button:focus{border-color:#14866d} ${formSelector} .oo-ui-buttonElement-framed.oo-ui-widget-enabled.oo-ui-flaggedElement-primary.oo-ui-flaggedElement-progressive > .oo-ui-buttonElement-button:focus{box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #14866d,inset 0 0 0 2px #fff} ${formSelector} input[type="submit"]:active, ${formSelector} .oo-ui-buttonElement-framed.oo-ui-widget-enabled.oo-ui-flaggedElement-primary.oo-ui-flaggedElement-progressive > .oo-ui-buttonElement-button:active{background-color:#0e725a;border-color:#0e725a;box-shadow:none}`); }); (['edit', 'submit'].includes(mw.config.get('wgAction')) || document.documentElement.classList.contains('ve-available')) && (function ipaInput() { mw.loader.addStyleTag(`.oo-ui-icon-schwa{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg width='20' height='20' version='1.1' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='m0 3v14h4v-2h-2v-10h2v-2zm16 0v2h2v10h-2v2h4v-14zm-6 2c-2.41 0-4.43 1.73-4.9 4h2.08c0.41-1.17 1.5-2 2.82-2 1.67 0 3 1.33 3 3h-8c0 2.75 2.25 5 5 5 2.75 0 5-2.25 5-5 0-2.75-2.25-5-5-5zm-2.59 6.5h5.18c-0.516 0.895-1.47 1.5-2.59 1.5-1.12 0-2.07-0.605-2.59-1.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}`); let opening; let openDialog = () => { if (window.ipaInputDialog) { window.ipaInputDialog.open(); return; } if (opening) return; opening = true; mw.loader.load('//test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Nardog/sandbox4.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript'); }; mw.hook('wikiEditor.toolbarReady').add($textarea => { $textarea.wikiEditor('addToToolbar', { section: 'main', group: 'insert', tools: { dialog: { label: 'IPAInput', type: 'button', oouiIcon: 'schwa', action: { type: 'callback', execute: openDialog } } } }); }); mw.hook('ve.loadModules').add(addPlugin => { addPlugin(() => { ve.ui.IpaInputCommand = function VeUiIpaInputCommand() { ve.ui.IpaInputCommand.super.call(this, 'ipaInput'); }; OO.inheritClass(ve.ui.IpaInputCommand, ve.ui.Command); ve.ui.IpaInputCommand.prototype.execute = () => { openDialog(); return true; }; ve.ui.commandRegistry.register(new ve.ui.IpaInputCommand()); ve.ui.IpaInputTool = function VeUiIpaInputTool() { ve.ui.IpaInputTool.super.apply(this, arguments); }; OO.inheritClass(ve.ui.IpaInputTool, ve.ui.Tool); ve.ui.IpaInputTool.static.name = 'ipaInput'; ve.ui.IpaInputTool.static.group = 'insert'; ve.ui.IpaInputTool.static.icon = 'schwa'; ve.ui.IpaInputTool.static.title = 'IPA'; ve.ui.IpaInputTool.static.commandName = 'ipaInput'; ve.ui.toolFactory.register(ve.ui.IpaInputTool); }); }); })(); (['edit', 'submit'].includes(mw.config.get('wgAction')) || document.documentElement.classList.contains('ve-available')) && (function wiktIpa() { mw.loader.addStyleTag(`.oo-ui-icon-wiktionary{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='20' height='20'%3E%3Cpath d='M14.95 1c-.15 0-.3 0-.45.03L2.9 2.9a2.26 2.26 0 0 0-1.87 2.6L2.9 17.1a2.26 2.26 0 0 0 2.6 1.86l11.6-1.88a2.26 2.26 0 0 0 1.86-2.6L17.1 2.9A2.27 2.27 0 0 0 14.95 1zm-.03.9c.63.03 1.17.49 1.28 1.14l1.88 11.6c.12.75-.37 1.43-1.12 1.56l-11.6 1.88a1.34 1.34 0 0 1-1.56-1.12L1.92 5.36A1.34 1.34 0 0 1 3.04 3.8l11.6-1.88.28-.02zm.7 2.61-2.83.46.07.39c.6-.09.95-.14 1.08.36.1.6-.91 6.53-.91 6.53s-2.87-5.16-2.98-5.87c-.02-.34.02-.64.86-.7l-.06-.4-3.64.6.07.38c.5-.15 1.01.02 1.43.82l.7 1.33-.72 4.54s-2.93-5.3-3.03-5.9c-.07-.5.45-.64.8-.66l-.06-.38-3.46.56.06.39c.24-.1.84-.07 1.07.32.07.09 4.54 8.44 4.54 8.44l.33-.05 1.02-6.24 2.98 5.59.36-.06s1.42-9.14 1.48-9.3c.05-.26.28-.71.9-.76l-.07-.39z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}`); let opening, dialog, input, $result; let openDialog = context => { if (dialog) { let selection = context.$textarea.textSelection('getSelection'); if (selection) input.setValue(selection); if ($result) { $result.prev().addBack().remove(); $result = null; } dialog.open({ actions: [{ label: 'Close', flags: ['safe', 'close'] }] }); return; } if (opening) return; opening = true; mw.loader.using([ 'oojs-ui-windows', 'oojs-ui-widgets', 'mediawiki.ForeignApi' ], () => { let api = new mw.ForeignApi('//en.wiktionary.org/w/api.php'); api.get({ action: 'query', generator: 'categorymembers', gcmtitle: 'Category:Pronunciation templates', gcmnamespace: 10, gcmlimit: 'max', formatversion: 2 }).done(response => { let winMan = new OO.ui.WindowManager(); dialog = new OO.ui.MessageDialog(); winMan.addWindows([dialog]); let items = (((response || {}).query || {}).pages || []) .map(p => p.title.slice(9)) .filter(s => /^[a-z]{2,3}-(IPA|pron)$/.test(s) && s !== 'rfv-pron') .sort() .map(s => new OO.ui.MenuOptionWidget({ label: s })); let dropdown = new OO.ui.DropdownWidget({ $overlay: dialog.$overlay, menu: { items: items } }); let $doc = $('<p>'); dropdown.getMenu().on('select', item => { let template = item.getLabel(); let $link = $('<a>').attr({ href: '//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Template:' + template, target: '_blank', title: 'Template:' + template }).text('documentation'); $doc.empty().append('Loading ', $link, '...'); api.get({ action: 'query', titles: `Template:${template}/documentation`, prop: 'extracts', exsentences: 1, formatversion: 2 }).always(extractResponse => { let extract = ((((extractResponse || {}).query || {}).pages || [])[0] || {}).extract; if (!extract) { $doc.empty().append('Failed to load ', $link); return; } extract = $($.parseHTML(extract)).filter('p').first().text() .replace(/([.!?]) .*/, '$1'); $doc.text(extract).append( ' (', $link.text('read more'), ')' ); dialog.updateSize(); }); }).selectItem(items[0]); input = new OO.ui.TextInputWidget({ autocomplete: false, value: context.$textarea.textSelection('getSelection') || mw.config.get('wgTitle') }); let button = new OO.ui.ButtonWidget({ disabled: !input.getValue(), label: 'Get', flags: ['primary', 'progressive'] }).on('click', () => { button.setDisabled(true); let template = dropdown.getMenu().findSelectedItem().getLabel(); let text = input.getValue(); api.post({ action: 'parse', title: text.replace(/\|.*/, ''), text: `{{${template}|1=${text}}}`, prop: 'text', disablelimitreport: 1, contentmodel: 'wikitext', formatversion: 2 }).done(parseResponse => { if ($result) { $result.children().remove(); } else { $result = $('<div>').text('Result:') .insertAfter(fieldset.$element) .before('<hr>'); } $result.append(((parseResponse || {}).parse || {}).text) .find('a[href^="/"]:not([href^="//"])').attr('href', function () { return '//en.wiktionary.org' + this.getAttribute('href'); }); dialog.updateSize(); button.setDisabled(); }); }); input.on('change', value => { button.setDisabled(!value); }).on('enter', () => { button.emit('click'); }); let fieldset = new OO.ui.FieldsetLayout({ items: [ new OO.ui.FieldLayout(dropdown, { label: 'Template:', align: 'top' }), new OO.ui.FieldLayout(input, { label: 'Input:', align: 'top' }), new OO.ui.FieldLayout(button) ] }); dropdown.$element.after($doc); dialog.text.$element.append(fieldset.$element/*.on('keydown', e => { e.stopPropagation(); })*/); winMan.$element.appendTo(document.body); dialog.open({ actions: [{ label: 'Close', flags: ['safe', 'close'] }] }); }); }); }; mw.hook('wikiEditor.toolbarReady').add($textarea => { $textarea.wikiEditor('addToToolbar', { section: 'main', group: 'insert', tools: { dialog: { label: 'WiktIPA', type: 'button', oouiIcon: 'wiktionary', action: { type: 'callback', execute: openDialog } } } }); }); })(); window.scripttesterSkipWarning = true; mw.loader.using(['mediawiki.util', 'mediawiki.storage'], function scriptTester() { let get = () => new Set(mw.storage.getObject('scripttester')); if (mw.storage.get('scripttester')) { let unloading; window.addEventListener('beforeunload', () => { unloading = true; }); get().forEach(s => { let isCss = /\.css$/i.test(s); let url = /^(https?:)?\/\/./.test(s) ? s : mw.util.getUrl(s, { action: 'raw', ctype: isCss ? 'text/css' : 'text/javascript' }); if (isCss) { mw.loader.load(url, 'text/css'); return; } mw.loader.getScript(url).catch(() => { let msg = 'Failed to load temporarily installed ' + s; if (unloading) { console.warn(msg); } else { mw.notify(msg, { type: 'error' }); } }); }); } else if (!window.scripttesterSkipWarning) { mw.loader.using('oojs-ui-windows', () => { OO.ui.confirm('You take full responsibility for any consequences arising from using ScriptTester.').done(confirmed => { if (confirmed) mw.storage.setObject('scripttester', []); }); }); } if (!document.getElementById('p-tb')) return; mw.loader.addStyleTag('.scripttester-dialog .oo-ui-checkboxMultiselectWidget{margin:0.5em 0;word-break:break-all}'); let linksShown = mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') > 0 && mw.config.get('wgAction') === 'view'; let updateLinks = (s, unins) => { if (!linksShown) return; $(`.scripttester-link[data-scripttester="${s}"]`) .toggleClass('scripttester-installed', !unins); }; let dialog, multiselect, addButton, removeButton, clearButton; let openDialog = () => { if (!dialog) { dialog = new OO.ui.MessageDialog({ classes: ['scripttester-dialog'] }); let winMan = new OO.ui.WindowManager(); winMan.addWindows([dialog]); multiselect = new OO.ui.CheckboxMultiselectWidget().on('select', () => { removeButton.setDisabled(!multiselect.findSelectedItems().length); }); addButton = new OO.ui.ButtonWidget({ label: 'Add' }).on('click', () => { dialog.toggle(false); OO.ui.prompt('Add a script', { textInput: { placeholder: 'Script page name or URL' } }).then(s => { if (s) s = s.trim(); if (!s) { dialog.toggle(true); return; } if (!/^(https?:)?\/\/./.test(s) && !mw.Title.newFromText(s)) { OO.ui.alert(`"${s}" does not appear to be a valid page name or URL.`).done(() => { dialog.toggle(true); }); return; } mw.storage.setObject('scripttester', [...get().add(s)]); updateLinks(s); dialog.toggle(true); updateDialog(); }); }); removeButton = new OO.ui.ButtonWidget({ label: 'Remove' }).on('click', () => { let set = get(); multiselect.findSelectedItems().forEach(item => { let s = item.getLabel(); set.delete(s); updateLinks(s, true); }); mw.storage.setObject('scripttester', [...set]); updateDialog(); }); clearButton = new OO.ui.ButtonWidget({ label: 'Clear', flags: 'destructive' }).on('click', () => { dialog.toggle(false); OO.ui.confirm('Uninstall all scripts?').done(confirmed => { if (!confirmed) { dialog.toggle(true); return; } mw.storage.setObject('scripttester', []); if (linksShown) { $('.scripttester-installed').removeClass('scripttester-installed'); } dialog.toggle(true); updateDialog(); }); }); dialog.text.$element.append( multiselect.$element, new OO.ui.ButtonGroupWidget({ items: [addButton, removeButton] }).$element, clearButton.$element.css('float', 'right') ); winMan.$element.appendTo(document.body); } updateDialog(); dialog.open({ message: 'Temporarily installed scripts:', actions: [{ label: 'Done', flags: ['safe', 'close'] }] }); }; let updateDialog = () => { let set = get(); multiselect.clearItems().addItems( [...set].map(s => new OO.ui.CheckboxMultioptionWidget({ label: s })) ); removeButton.setDisabled(true); clearButton.toggle(set.size); dialog.updateSize(); updatePortlet(set.size); }; let updatePortlet = count => { $(portletLink).find('*').addBack().contents().each(function () { if (this.nodeType === 3 && /\S/.test(this.textContent)) { this.textContent = `Temporarily installed scripts (${count})`; return false; } }); }; let portletLink = mw.util.addPortletLink('p-tb', '#', `Temporarily installed scripts (${get().size})`) .firstElementChild; portletLink.addEventListener('click', e => { e.preventDefault(); mw.loader.using(['oojs-ui-windows', 'mediawiki.Title'], openDialog); }); window.addEventListener('storage', e => { if (e.key === 'scripttester') updatePortlet(get().size); }); if (!linksShown) return; mw.loader.addStyleTag('.scripttester{font-size:85%;user-select:none} .scripttester::before{content:" "} .scripttester-link::after{content:"[+]"} .scripttester-installed::after{content:"[−]"} #firstHeading > .scripttester{font-size:47%}'); let linkHandler = function () { let s = this.dataset.scripttester; let unins = this.classList.contains('scripttester-installed'); let set = get(); set[unins ? 'delete' : 'add'](s); let success = mw.storage.setObject('scripttester', [...set]); if (success) { mw.notify((unins ? 'Uninstalled ' : 'Installed ') + s, { tag: 'scripttester' }); updateLinks(s, unins); updatePortlet(set.size); } else { mw.notify('Couldn\'t ' + (unins ? 'uninstall ' : 'install ') + s, { tag: 'scripttester', type: 'error' }); } }; if ([2, 4, 8].includes(mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber')) && ['javascript', 'css'].includes(mw.config.get('wgPageContentModel')) ) { let s = mw.config.get('wgPageName').replace(/_/g, ' '); $('<span>').addClass('scripttester').append( $('<a>').attr({ class: 'scripttester-link' + (get().has(s) ? ' scripttester-installed' : ''), tabindex: 0, role: 'button', 'data-scripttester': s }).text('\u200e').click(linkHandler) ).appendTo(document.getElementById('firstHeading')); return; } mw.hook('wikipage.content').add($content => { let set = get(); let ns = mw.config.get('wgFormattedNamespaces'); let re = new RegExp(`^(${ns[2]}|${ns[4]}|${ns[8]}):.+\\.([Cc][Ss]|[Jj])[Ss]$`); $content.find('a:not(.external):not(.new)').after(function () { let s = this.title; if (!s || !re.test(s)) return; return $('<span>').addClass('scripttester').append( $('<a>').attr({ class: 'scripttester-link' + (set.has(s) ? ' scripttester-installed' : ''), tabindex: 0, role: 'button', 'data-scripttester': s }).text('\u200e').click(linkHandler) ); }); }); }); ['edit', 'submit'].includes(mw.config.get('wgAction')) && mw.hook('wikiEditor.toolbarReady').add($textarea => { $textarea.keydown(e => { if (e.which !== 72 || e.shiftKey || e.altKey || [e.ctrlKey, e.metaKey].filter(Boolean).length !== 1) return; e.preventDefault(); let context = $textarea.data('wikiEditorContext'); context.api.openDialog(context, 'search-and-replace'); mw.loader.using('jquery.textSelection', () => { let tb = document.getElementById('wikieditor-toolbar-replace-search'); let sel = $textarea.textSelection('getSelection'); if (sel) tb.value = sel; tb.focus(); }); }); $(document.body).on('dialogclose', '#wikieditor-toolbar-replace-dialog', () => { $textarea.focus(); }); }); { let run; mw.hook('wikipage.content').add(function catChangeHighlighter($content) { $content.find('.mw-changeslist-line.mw-changeslist-src-mw-categorize').each(function () { let text = this.querySelector('.comment').textContent; if (text.includes(' added ')) { this.classList.add('catchangehighlighter-addition'); } else if (text.includes(' removed ')) { this.classList.add('catchangehighlighter-removal'); } if (run) return; run = true; mw.loader.addStyleTag('.catchangehighlighter-addition :is(span, td) > .comment{background:#f5fff5} .catchangehighlighter-removal :is(span, td) > .comment{background:#fff5f5}'); }); }); } (mw.config.exists('wgDiffNewId') || mw.config.get('wgAction') !== 'view' || [-1, 14].includes(mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber'))) && (function diffFontSwitcher() { mw.loader.addStyleTag('.diff-lineno{cursor:pointer}'); $(document.body).on('click keydown', '.diff-lineno', function (e) { if (e.type === 'keydown' && ( e.which !== 13 && e.which !== 32 || e.ctrlKey || e.shiftKey || e.metaKey || e.altKey )) { return; } e.preventDefault(); this.closest('.diff').classList.toggle('difffontswitcher-enabled'); }); mw.hook('wikipage.diff').add($diff => { $diff.find('.diff-lineno').attr({ tabindex: 0, role: 'button' }); }); })(); e7k2i3vnqsdfor685nrzzsne52uhguy MediaWiki:GrowthExperimentsConfig.json 8 119635 540137 539766 2022-08-26T00:58:05Z Etonkovidova 27425 testing new options for Mentorship section json application/json { "GEHelpPanelAskMentor": true, "GEHelpPanelExcludedNamespaces": [], "GEHelpPanelHelpDeskPostOnTop": false, "GEHelpPanelHelpDeskTitle": "Wikipedia:Requests/Help_desk", "GEHelpPanelLinks": [ { "title": "EditingHelp", "text": "Write a Wikipedia article using the right style", "id": "EditingHelp" }, { "title": "Wikipedia:Creation_and_usage_of_media_files", "text": "Add an image", "id": "Wikipedia:Creation_and_usage_of_media_files" }, { "title": "Wikipedia:Citing_sources", "text": "Add a citation", "id": "Wikipedia:Citing_sources" }, { "title": "Help:External links", "text": "How to add an external link", "id": "Help:External_links" }, { "title": "Help:Infobox", "text": "How to add and edit the infobox", "id": "Help:Infobox" } ], "GEHelpPanelReadingModeNamespaces": [ 2, 4, 12 ], "GEHelpPanelSearchNamespaces": [ 4, 12 ], "GEHelpPanelViewMoreTitle": "Help:Contents", "GEHomepageManualAssignmentMentorsList": "Wikipedia:Requests/Help desk/Mentors/Manual", "GEHomepageMentorsList": "Wikipedia:Requests/Help desk/Mentors", "GEHomepageSuggestedEditsIntroLinks": { "create": "Help:Creating pages", "image": "Help:Images" }, "GEInfoboxTemplates": [], "GEMentorshipAutomaticEligibility": false, "GEMentorshipEnabled": true, "GEMentorshipMinimumAge": 0, "GEMentorshipMinimumEditcount": 0 } 2vfi5ydv5brkwwkv8lu8954pp89w45r 540139 540137 2022-08-26T01:14:16Z Etonkovidova 27425 json application/json { "GEHelpPanelAskMentor": true, "GEHelpPanelExcludedNamespaces": [], "GEHelpPanelHelpDeskPostOnTop": false, "GEHelpPanelHelpDeskTitle": "Wikipedia:Requests/Help_desk", "GEHelpPanelLinks": [ { "title": "EditingHelp", "text": "Write a Wikipedia article using the right style", "id": "EditingHelp" }, { "title": "Wikipedia:Creation_and_usage_of_media_files", "text": "Add an image", "id": "Wikipedia:Creation_and_usage_of_media_files" }, { "title": "Wikipedia:Citing_sources", "text": "Add a citation", "id": "Wikipedia:Citing_sources" }, { "title": "Help:External links", "text": "How to add an external link", "id": "Help:External_links" }, { "title": "Help:Infobox", "text": "How to add and edit the infobox", "id": "Help:Infobox" } ], "GEHelpPanelReadingModeNamespaces": [ 2, 4, 12 ], "GEHelpPanelSearchNamespaces": [ 4, 12 ], "GEHelpPanelViewMoreTitle": "Help:Contents", "GEHomepageManualAssignmentMentorsList": "Wikipedia:Requests/Help desk/Mentors/Manual", "GEHomepageMentorsList": "Wikipedia:Requests/Help desk/Mentors", "GEHomepageSuggestedEditsIntroLinks": { "create": "Help:Creating pages", "image": "Help:Images" }, "GEInfoboxTemplates": [], "GEMentorshipAutomaticEligibility": true, "GEMentorshipEnabled": true, "GEMentorshipMinimumAge": 0, "GEMentorshipMinimumEditcount": 0 } qng2lqwqudq65nikg2rqq8dmun6htcd Mwbot-rs/Save 0 122864 540117 540033 2022-08-25T18:13:09Z Mwbot-rs test 52001 Test suite edit wikitext text/x-wiki It has been 1661451189 seconds since the epoch. jpdzvd06vtclujfrqtdnr2fx0pl8n9m 540118 540117 2022-08-25T18:13:16Z Mwbot-rs test 52001 Test suite edit wikitext text/x-wiki It has been 1661451195 seconds since the epoch. e2h9ra1eejjebb0p7866y5h1zxw4xl5 540119 540118 2022-08-25T18:23:39Z Mwbot-rs test 52001 Test suite edit wikitext text/x-wiki It has been 1661451818 seconds since the epoch. gwke9ngdp0tfw6vf758ujjulv5ufkvt User:SongVĩ.Bot II 2 124239 540116 540028 2022-08-25T17:00:16Z SongVĩ.Bot II 52414 [[User:SongVĩ.Bot II|Task 0]]: Đã 241 ngày... wikitext text/x-wiki Cập nhật lần cuối: 25-08-2022 Đã 241 ngày... nkevyeo3dclwohkkkvoy68fwfuq3vv0 MediaWiki:GrowthMentors.json 8 127601 540136 539743 2022-08-26T00:53:42Z Etonkovidova 27425 json application/json { "Mentors": { "49911": { "message": null, "weight": 2, "automaticallyAssigned": true }, "44042": { "message": null, "weight": 2, "automaticallyAssigned": true }, "50263": { "message": "Testing", "weight": 2, "automaticallyAssigned": false }, "30874": { "message": "Testing", "weight": 2, "automaticallyAssigned": true }, "27425": { "message": "Welcome! Happy to help you. ", "weight": 4, "automaticallyAssigned": false }, "51711": { "message": "Test", "weight": 2, "automaticallyAssigned": true }, "752": { "message": "I will be happy to explore together all these new features!", "weight": 2, "automaticallyAssigned": true }, "1": { "message": "Sup?", "weight": 2, "automaticallyAssigned": true }, "39901": { "message": "Welcome to Wikipedia! 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''Historical dictionary of aviation'', History Press 2008.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/airport|title=Airport – Definition of airport by Merriam-Webster|access-date=September 1, 2015}}</ref> ବିମାନବନ୍ଦରଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସାଧାରଣତଃ ଏକ ଅବତରଣ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରକୁ ନେଇ ଗଠିତ, ଯେଉଁଥିରେ ଏକ ବିମାନର ଅବତରଣ/ଉତ୍ତୋଳନ ପାଇଁ ଉପଲବ୍ଧ ଖୋଲା ସ୍ଥାନ ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୂକ୍ତ ହୁଏ, ଅନ୍ତତଃ ପକ୍ଷେ ଗୋଟିଏ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ଷମ ସକ୍ରିୟ ପୃଷ୍ଠା ଯେପରିକି [[ବିମାନ|ବିମାନ ଉଡ଼ାଣ]] ଏବଂ ଅବତରଣ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ରନୱେ <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/runway?show=0&t=1422938979|title=Runway – Definition of runway by Merriam-Webster|access-date=September 1, 2015}}</ref> କିମ୍ବା ହେଲିପ୍ୟାଡ୍, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/helipad|title=Helipad – Definition of helipad by Merriam-Webster|access-date=September 1, 2015}}</ref> ଏବଂ ପ୍ରାୟତଃ ସଂଲଗ୍ନ ଉପଯୋଗୀତା ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ କରେ | ଏଥିରେ ବିମାନଗୁଡିକର ରକ୍ଷଣାବେକ୍ଷଣ ଏବଂ ତଦାରଖ କରିବା ପାଇଁ କଣ୍ଟ୍ରୋଲ୍ ଟାୱାର, ହ୍ୟାଙ୍ଗର୍ <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hangars|title=Hangar – Definition of hangar by Merriam-Webster|access-date=September 1, 2015}}</ref> ଏବଂ ଟର୍ମିନାଲ୍ ଭଳି କୋଠା ମଧ୍ୟ ରହିଥାଏ | ବଡ଼ ବିମାନ ବନ୍ଦରରେ ବିମାନବନ୍ଦର ଆପ୍ରୋନ୍, ଟ୍ୟାକ୍ସି ବ୍ରିଜ୍, ଏୟାର ଟ୍ରାଫିକ୍ ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ କେନ୍ଦ୍ର, ରେଷ୍ଟୁରାଣ୍ଟ ଏବଂ ଲାଉଞ୍ଜ ଭଳି ଯାତ୍ରୀ ସୁବିଧା ଏବଂ ଜରୁରୀକାଳୀନ ସେବା ଥାଇପାରେ | କେତେକ ଦେଶରେ, ବିଶେଷ ଭାବରେ [[ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ଆମେରିକା|ଯୁକ୍ତରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରରେ]], ବିମାନବନ୍ଦରଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ସାଧାରଣତଃ ଏକ କିମ୍ବା ଅଧିକ ଫିକ୍ସଡ-ବେସ୍ ଅପରେଟର ରହି ସାଧାରଣ ବିମାନ ଚଳାଚଳ କରନ୍ତି | ବିମାନ ସହାୟତା ସେବା, ଯାତ୍ରୀ ସେବା ଏବଂ ବିମାନ ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ ସେବାର ଏକ ଜଟିଳ ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା ସହିତ ବିମାନବନ୍ଦର ପରିଚାଳନା ଅତ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଜଟିଳ ଏହିପରି ବିମାନବନ୍ଦରଗୁଡ଼ିକ ପ୍ରମୁଖ ନିଯୁକ୍ତିଦାତା ହୋଇପାରେ, ଏବଂ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟଟନ ଏବଂ ଅନ୍ୟାନ୍ୟ ପ୍ରକାରର ଗମନାଗମନ ପାଇଁ ଗୁରୁତ୍ୱପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ କେନ୍ଦ୍ର ହୋଇପାରେ | ଯେହେତୁ ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଭାରୀ ଯନ୍ତ୍ରପାତି ପାଇଁ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟସ୍ଥଳ, ବିପଦ ହ୍ରାସ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ବିମାନବନ୍ଦରରେ ଅନେକ ନିୟମାବଳୀ ଏବଂ ନିରାପତ୍ତା ପଦକ୍ଷେପ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକାରୀ କରାଯାଇଛି | ଅତିରିକ୍ତ ଭାବରେ, ବିମାନବନ୍ଦରଗୁଡିକରେ ସ୍ଥାନୀୟ ପରିବେଶର ପ୍ରମୁଖ ପ୍ରଭାବ ରହିଛି, କାରଣ ଉଭୟ ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣର ବଡ଼ ଉତ୍ସ, ଶବ୍ଦ ପ୍ରଦୂଷଣ ଏବଂ ଅନ୍ୟାନ୍ୟ ପରିବେଶ ପ୍ରଭାବ, ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ ବିମାନ ଚଳାଚଳର ପରିବେଶ ପ୍ରଭାବକୁ ତୀବ୍ର ଅନୁଭବ କରିଥାଏ | ବିମାନବନ୍ଦରଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମଧ୍ୟ ଅତ୍ୟଧିକ ପାଣିପାଗ, ଜଳବାୟୁ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ଯୋଗୁଁ ସମୁଦ୍ର ସ୍ତର ବୃଦ୍ଧି ଏବଂ ଅନ୍ୟାନ୍ୟ ବିପର୍ଯ୍ୟୟ ପାଇଁ ଅସୁରକ୍ଷିତ ଭିତ୍ତିଭୂମି । [[File:KSNA_traffic_at_7am_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg|thumb|<nowiki>ଫେବୃଆରୀ 14, 2015 ରେ କାଲିଫର୍ନିଆର ଅରେଞ୍ଜ କାଉଣ୍ଟି (ସାଣ୍ଟା ଆନା)ର ଜନ୍ ୱେନ୍ ବିମାନବନ୍ଦରରୁ ଯିବା ପୂର୍ବରୁ ବାଣିଜ୍ୟିକ ଜେଟ୍ "ସକାଳ 7 ଟା ହୋଲ୍ଡ" ଅତିକ୍ରମ କରିବାକୁ ଅପେକ୍ଷା କରେ |</nowiki>]] ik68usre3ev8qqnv5ky9jolstniui95 User:John Vandenberg/createonly/1661504649.2878284 2 145744 540162 2022-08-26T09:04:18Z Pywikibot-test 23124 Pywikibot 7.7.0.dev0 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 Topic:X1xyw0dpp6tc73m9 2600 145745 540163 2022-08-26T09:04:29Z Flow talk page manager 26836 /* This page has been converted into a Structured Discussions board */ flow-board application/json {"flow-workflow":"x1xyw0dpp6tc73m9"} 09kwvy3pbssv8otykcysj5jdcxpz98b User:John Vandenberg/createonly/1661507004.1725934 2 145746 540170 2022-08-26T09:43:33Z Pywikibot-test 23124 Pywikibot 7.7.0.dev0 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 Topic:X1y12rnfk1950ah0 2600 145747 540171 2022-08-26T09:43:45Z Flow talk page manager 26836 /* This page has been converted into a Structured Discussions board */ flow-board application/json {"flow-workflow":"x1y12rnfk1950ah0"} 29n8v29vhzgjn1yffsoet19ptay4erd User:John Vandenberg/createonly/1661507274.9835217 2 145748 540176 2022-08-26T09:48:04Z Pywikibot-test 23124 Pywikibot 7.7.0.dev0 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 Topic:X1y1buud0y0lvu7a 2600 145749 540177 2022-08-26T09:48:17Z Flow talk page manager 26836 /* This page has been converted into a Structured Discussions board */ flow-board application/json {"flow-workflow":"x1y1buud0y0lvu7a"} 722c1lvyghy66cptu8arr5cptdgfob9 User:John Vandenberg/createonly/1661512351.0020823 2 145750 540182 2022-08-26T11:12:40Z Pywikibot-test 23124 Pywikibot 7.7.0.dev0 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 Topic:X1y61efk7hgwqdhl 2600 145751 540183 2022-08-26T11:12:51Z Flow talk page manager 26836 /* This page has been converted into a Structured Discussions board */ flow-board application/json {"flow-workflow":"x1y61efk7hgwqdhl"} 8m0yp9sh1fz7sbfwwoep659uobp3u8n