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  <page>
    <title>User:Unicodesnowman/DeleteMark</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>82252</id>
    <revision>
      <id>540276</id>
      <parentid>540206</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-27T12:22:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pywikibot-test</username>
        <id>23124</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>pywikibot unit test. Do NOT actually delete.</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="61" xml:space="preserve">{{delete|1=pywikibot unit test. Do NOT actually delete.}}
foo</text>
      <sha1>cymfz8u3wtlps4m6nlzq7086mgmr0cz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>540277</id>
      <parentid>540276</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-27T12:22:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pywikibot-test</username>
        <id>23124</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>unit test</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3" xml:space="preserve">foo</text>
      <sha1>1e6gpc3ehk0mu2jqu8cg42g009s796b</sha1>
    </revision>
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      <parentid>540277</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-27T13:48:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pywikibot-test</username>
        <id>23124</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>pywikibot unit test. Do NOT actually delete.</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="61" xml:space="preserve">{{delete|1=pywikibot unit test. Do NOT actually delete.}}
foo</text>
      <sha1>cymfz8u3wtlps4m6nlzq7086mgmr0cz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>540287</id>
      <parentid>540286</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-27T13:48:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pywikibot-test</username>
        <id>23124</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>unit test</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3" xml:space="preserve">foo</text>
      <sha1>1e6gpc3ehk0mu2jqu8cg42g009s796b</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>540332</id>
      <parentid>540287</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-27T18:12:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pywikibot-test</username>
        <id>23124</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>pywikibot unit test. Do NOT actually delete.</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="61" xml:space="preserve">{{delete|1=pywikibot unit test. Do NOT actually delete.}}
foo</text>
      <sha1>cymfz8u3wtlps4m6nlzq7086mgmr0cz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>540333</id>
      <parentid>540332</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-27T18:12:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pywikibot-test</username>
        <id>23124</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>unit test</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3" xml:space="preserve">foo</text>
      <sha1>1e6gpc3ehk0mu2jqu8cg42g009s796b</sha1>
    </revision>
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      <id>540339</id>
      <parentid>540333</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Pywikibot-test</username>
        <id>23124</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>pywikibot unit test. Do NOT actually delete.</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="61" xml:space="preserve">{{delete|1=pywikibot unit test. Do NOT actually delete.}}
foo</text>
      <sha1>cymfz8u3wtlps4m6nlzq7086mgmr0cz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>540340</id>
      <parentid>540339</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-27T18:14:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pywikibot-test</username>
        <id>23124</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>unit test</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3" xml:space="preserve">foo</text>
      <sha1>1e6gpc3ehk0mu2jqu8cg42g009s796b</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>540487</id>
      <parentid>540340</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-28T10:06:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pywikibot-test</username>
        <id>23124</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>pywikibot unit test. Do NOT actually delete.</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="61" xml:space="preserve">{{delete|1=pywikibot unit test. Do NOT actually delete.}}
foo</text>
      <sha1>cymfz8u3wtlps4m6nlzq7086mgmr0cz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>540488</id>
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| name   = Pride and Prejudice
| Author = Jane Austen
| Title = Pride and Prejudice
| Cover Image = PrideAndPrejudiceTitlePage.jpg
| Publish Date = 1813-01-28
}}

'''''Pride and Prejudice''''' is a romance novel by [[Jane Austen]], first published in 1813. The story charts the emotional development of the protagonist, [[Elizabeth Bennet]], who learns the error of making hasty judgements and comes to appreciate the difference between the superficial and the essential. The comedy of the writing lies in the depiction of [[manners]], [[education]], and [[marriage]] and [[money]] in the [[Regency era|British Regency]].

Mr Bennet of the Longbourn estate has five daughters, but his property is entailed, meaning that none of the girls can inherit it. Since his wife had no fortune, it is imperative that one of the girls marries well in order to support the others on his death. However, Jane Austen's opening line, “It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife&quot; is a sentence filled with irony and playfulness. The novel revolves around the necessity of marrying for love, not simply for monetary reasons, despite the social pressures to make a good (i.e. wealthy) match.

''Pride and Prejudice'' retains the fascination of modern readers, consistently appearing near the top of lists of &quot;most-loved books&quot; among both [[Literary critics|literary scholars]] and the general public. It has become one of the most popular novels in [[English literature]], with over 20 million copies sold, and paved the way{{specify|date=December 2016}} for many archetypes that abound in modern literature. Continuing interest in the book has resulted in a number of dramatic adaptations and an abundance of novels and stories imitating Austen's memorable characters or themes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/dvd/reviews/article_1475660.php/Pride_and_Prejudice_%E2%80%93_Blu-ray_Review|title=Monstersandcritics.com|date=7 May 2009|publisher=Monstersandcritics.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026154330/http://www.monstersandcritics.com:80/dvd/reviews/article_1475660.php/Pride_and_Prejudice_%E2%80%93_Blu-ray_Review|archive-date=26 October 2009|dead-url=yes|accessdate=27 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 2005 film, ''[[Pride &amp; Prejudice (2005 film)|Pride and Prejudice]]'', starring [[Keira Knightley]] and [[Matthew Macfadyen]] is the most recent Hollywood adaption of the book.

{{TOC limit|2}}

[https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/#/c/348673/ an example]

{{DEFAULTSORT:AAA}} vs {{מיון רגיל:AAA}} or {{SORTIERUNG:AAA}}.

==Plot summary==
{{Plot|date=September 2016}}

The novel opens with Mrs Bennet trying to persuade Mr Bennet to visit an [[eligible bachelor]], Mr Bingley, who has arrived in the neighbourhood. After some verbal sparring with Mr Bennet baiting his wife, it transpires that this visit has taken place at Netherfield (Mr Bingley's rented house). The visit is followed by an invitation to a ball at the local assembly rooms that the whole neighbourhood will attend.

At the ball, Mr Bingley is open and cheerful, popular with all the guests, and appears to be very attracted to the beautiful Miss Jane Bennet. His friend, [[Mr. Darcy|Mr Darcy]], is reputed to be twice as wealthy; however, he is haughty and aloof. He declines to dance with Elizabeth, suggesting that she is not pretty enough to tempt him.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Pride and Prejudice|last=Austen|first=Jane|publisher=Wordsworth Editions Limited|year=1993|isbn=9781853260001|location=Hertfordshire|pages=|quote=|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt; She finds this amusing and jokes about the statement with her friends. Jane also attracts the attention of Mr Bingley's sister Caroline, who invites her to visit.

Jane visits Miss Bingley and is caught in a rain shower on the way, catching a serious cold. Elizabeth, out of genuine concern for her sister's well being, visits her sister there. Mr Darcy begins showing more interest in Elizabeth, and Miss Bingley is shown to be jealous of Elizabeth since she wants to marry Darcy herself.

[[File:Houghton Typ 805.94.8320 - Pride and Prejudice, 1894, Hugh Thomson - Protested.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Illustration by [[Hugh Thomson]] representing Mr Collins, protesting that he never reads novels]]

Mr Collins, a cousin of Mr Bennet and heir to the Longbourn estate, visits the Bennet family. He is a pompous and obsequious clergyman, and expects each of the Bennet girls to wish to marry him due to his inheritance. He plans to propose to Elizabeth over Jane after he is led to believe Jane is taken.

Elizabeth and her family meet the dashing and charming Mr Wickham who singles out Elizabeth and tells her a story of the hardship that Mr Darcy has caused him by depriving him of a living (a position as clergyman in a prosperous parish with good revenue that, once granted, is for life) promised to him by Mr Darcy's late father. Elizabeth's dislike of Mr Darcy is confirmed.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

At a ball at which Mr Wickham is not present, Elizabeth dances with Mr Darcy rather against her will. Other than Jane and Elizabeth, all the members of the Bennet family show their lack of decorum. Mrs Bennet states loudly that she expects Jane and Bingley to become engaged and each member of the family exposes the whole to ridicule.

The following morning, Mr Collins proposes to Elizabeth. She rejects him, to the fury of her mother and the relief of her father. They receive news that the Bingleys are leaving for London, and that Mr Collins has proposed to Charlotte Lucas, a sensible young woman and Elizabeth's friend. She is slightly older and is grateful to receive a proposal that will guarantee her a home. Elizabeth is aghast at such pragmatism in matters of love.

Jane goes to visit her Aunt and Uncle Gardiner at an unfashionable address in London. Miss Bingley clearly does not want to continue the friendship and Jane is upset, but remains composed.

In the spring, Elizabeth visits Charlotte and Mr Collins in Kent. Elizabeth and her hosts are frequently invited to Rosings Park, the imposing home of  Lady Catherine de Bourgh. Lady Catherine is Mr Darcy's aunt and extremely wealthy. She expects Mr Darcy to marry her daughter. Mr Darcy and his cousin, Colonel Fitzwilliam, visit Lady Catherine. Colonel Fitzwilliam recounts to Elizabeth an occasion upon which Mr Darcy managed to save a friend from a bad match by convincing the friend of the lady's indifference, not realising the lady in question is Elizabeth's sister Jane. Elizabeth is horrified at Darcy's involvement in an affair which has caused her sister so much pain. Mr Darcy, however, has fallen in love with Elizabeth and proposes to her. She rejects him, stating that she could not love a man who has caused her sister such unhappiness, and also accuses him of treating Mr Wickham unjustly. Mr Darcy accuses her family of wanting propriety and suggests he has been kinder to Bingley. Both are furious and they part barely speaking.

The following morning, Mr Darcy gives Elizabeth a letter that explains that his treatment of Mr Wickham was caused by the fact that Mr Wickham refused the living and was compensated economically, but then proceeded to waste all the money and then, impoverished, demanded the living again with threats. After being refused, he tried to elope with Darcy's 15-year-old sister Georgiana for her great dowry, as Colonel Fitzwilliam could also attest. He also claimed that he believed that Jane who, despite her amiability, is actually a bit reserved, did not love Mr Bingley. Darcy apologises for hurting Jane and Elizabeth begins to rejudge Mr Darcy on a clearer basis.

[[File:Pickering - Greatbatch - Jane Austen - Pride and Prejudice - She then told him what Mr. Darcy had voluntarily done for Lydia.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Elizabeth Bennet|Elizabeth]] tells her father that Darcy was responsible for uniting Lydia and Wickham, one of the two earliest illustrations of ''Pride and Prejudice''.&lt;ref&gt;Janet M. Todd (2005), [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TVcNgW5uH5oC&amp;pg=PA127  Books.Google.com], Jane Austen in Context, [[Cambridge University Press]] p. 127&lt;/ref&gt; The clothing styles reflect the time the illustration was engraved (the 1830s), not the time in which the novel was written or set.]]

Some months later, Elizabeth and her Aunt and Uncle Gardiner visit Darcy's estate in Derbyshire, Pemberley. While there Elizabeth hears the housekeeper describe him as being kind and generous. When Mr Darcy returns unexpectedly, he is overwhelmingly kind and civil and invites Elizabeth and the Gardiners to meet his sister and go fishing. Elizabeth is surprised and delighted by the kindness to herself and her aunt and uncle. However, she suddenly has news from Longbourn that her sister Lydia had eloped with Mr Wickham. She tells Mr Darcy immediately and departs in haste, believing she will never see him again as Lydia's disgrace would ruin the family's good name.

After an agonizing wait, Mr Wickham is persuaded to marry Lydia with only the payment of debts required. With some degree of decency restored, Lydia visits Elizabeth and tells her that Mr Darcy was at the wedding. Mrs Gardiner informs Elizabeth that it is Mr Darcy who has made the match and hints that he may have a motive for doing so.

At this point, Mr Bingley and Mr Darcy return to Netherfield. Bingley proposes to Jane and is accepted, much to the delight of all. Lady Catherine, under the impression that she is going to marry Mr Darcy, visits Elizabeth and demands that she promise not to accept him.  Elizabeth makes no such promise and Lady Catherine leaves outraged by her perceived insolence. Darcy and Elizabeth go for a walk together and they become engaged. Elizabeth then has to convince her father that she is not marrying for money, and it is only after she speaks about Mr Darcy's true worth that he is happy about the wedding.

==Main characters==
[[File:Scenes from Pride and Prejudice.png|thumb|Scenes from &quot;Pride and Prejudice&quot;, by [[C. E. Brock]]]]
{| class=&quot;toccolours collapsible collapsed&quot;  style=&quot;width:330px; float:right; margin:1em;&quot;
|-
! Character genealogy
|-
| style=&quot;vertical-align:top; font-size:75%; text-align:right; width:350px;&quot;|
{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | MRH |MRH=Mr Hurst}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | |:|}}
{{familytree | | | | | |,| MRSH |MRSH=Mrs Louisa Hurst}}
{{familytree | | | MRP |!| | MRP=Mr Philips}}
{{familytree | | | |:| |)| CB |CB=Caroline Bingley}}
{{familytree | |,| MRSP |!|MRSP=Mrs Philips}}
{{familytree | |!| | | |`| MRB | MRB=Mr Charles Bingley}}
{{familytree | |!| MRSG | | |:|MRSG=Mrs Gardiner}}
{{familytree | |!| |:| |,| JB |JB=Jane Bennet}}
{{familytree | |)| MRG |!|MRG=Mr Edward Gardiner}}
{{familytree | |!| | | |)| EB |EB='''[[Elizabeth Bennet]]'''}}
{{familytree | |`| MRSB |!| |L|~|7|MRSB=Mrs Bennet}}
{{familytree | | | |E|-|+| MB |:|MB=Mary Bennet}}
{{familytree | |F| MRB |!| | | |:|MRB=Mr Bennet}}
{{familytree | |:| | | |)| KB |:|KB=Catherine &quot;Kitty&quot; Bennet}}
{{familytree | |L| MC |!| | | |:|MC=Mr William Collins}}
{{familytree | | | |:| |`| LB |:|LB=Lydia Bennet}}
{{familytree | | | CL| | |:| |:| CL=Charlotte Lucas}}
{{familytree | | | | | |F| GW |:|GW=Mr George Wickham}}
{{familytree | | | | | |:| |F|~|J|}}
{{familytree | | | MRD |)| FD |MRD=(Old) Mr Darcy |FD='''Mr [[Fitzwilliam Darcy]]'''}}
{{familytree | | | |E|-|(|}}
{{familytree | |,| LA |`| GD |LA=Lady Anne Darcy |GD=Georgiana Darcy}}
{{familytree | |!| }}
{{familytree | |)| LCDB |-| ADB |LCDB=Lady Catherine de Bourgh|ADB=Anne de Bourgh}}
{{familytree | |!| }}
{{familytree | |`| B |-| CF |B=Earl of Matlock|CF=Colonel Fitzwilliam}}
{{familytree | | | }}
{{familytree/end}}
|}
[[File:Thomson-PP14.jpg|thumb|Elizabeth and Mr Darcy by [[Hugh Thomson]], 1894]]
* '''[[Elizabeth Bennet]]''' - the second of the Bennet daughters, she is twenty years old and intelligent, lively, playful, attractive, and witty—but with a tendency to judge on first impressions. As the story progresses, so does her relationship with Mr Darcy. The course of Elizabeth and Darcy's relationship is ultimately decided when Darcy overcomes his pride, and Elizabeth overcomes her prejudice, leading them both to surrender to their love for each other.
* '''[[Mr Darcy|Mr Fitzwilliam Darcy]]''' - the wealthy friend of Mr Bingley.  A newcomer to the village, he is ultimately Elizabeth Bennet's love interest. Mr Darcy is the twenty-eight year old wealthy owner of the renowned family estate of [[Pemberley]] in [[Derbyshire]], and is rumoured to be worth at least £10,000 a year. While being handsome, tall, and intelligent, Darcy lacks ease and [[social graces]], and so others frequently mistake his aloof decorum and rectitude as further proof of excessive pride (which, in part, it is). 
* '''[[Bennet family#Mr. Bennet|Mr Bennet]]''' - A late-middle-aged [[Landed gentry|landed]] [[gentry|gentleman]] of a modest income of £2000 per annum, and the dryly sarcastic [[patriarch]] of the now-dwindling [[Bennet family]] (a family of [[Hertfordshire]] landed gentry), with five unmarried daughters. His estate, Longbourn, is entailed to the male line.
* '''[[Bennet family#Mrs. Bennet|Mrs Bennet]]''' - the middle-aged wife of her social superior, [[#Mr. Bennet|Mr Bennet]], and the mother of their five daughters.  Mrs Bennet is  a [[hypochondriac]] who imagines herself susceptible to attacks of tremors and palpitations (&quot;[her] poor nerves&quot;), whenever things are not going her way. Her main ambition in life is to marry her daughters off to wealthy men. Whether or not any such matches will give her daughters happiness is of little concern to her.
[[File:William Blake Mrs Q 1820 engraving after Francois Huet Villiers The British Museum.jpg|right|thumb|In a letter to Cassandra dated May 1813, Jane Austen describes a picture she saw at a gallery which was a good likeness of &quot;Mrs Bingley&quot; – Jane Bennet. Deirdre Le Faye in ''The World of Her Novels'' suggests that &quot;Portrait of Mrs Q-&quot; is the picture Austen was referring to. (pp. 201-203)]]
* '''[[Bennet family#Jane Bennet|Jane Bennet]]''' - the eldest Bennet sister. Twenty-two years old when the novel begins, she is considered the most beautiful young lady in the neighbourhood and is inclined to see only the good in others. She falls in love with Charles Bingley, a rich young gentleman recently moved to Hertfordshire and a close friend of Mr Darcy. 
* '''[[Bennet family#Mary Bennet|Mary Bennet]]''' - the middle Bennet sister, and the plainest of her siblings. Mary has a serious disposition and mostly reads and plays music, although she is often impatient to display her accomplishments and is rather vain about them. She frequently moralises to her family. According to James Edward Austen-Leigh's ''[[A Memoir of Jane Austen]]'', Mary ended up marrying one of her Uncle Philips' law clerks and moving into Meryton with him.
* '''[[Bennet family#Catherine Bennet|Catherine &quot;Kitty&quot; Bennet]]''' - The fourth Bennet daughter at 17 years old. Though older than Lydia, she is her shadow and follows her in her pursuit of the officers of the militia. She is often portrayed as envious of Lydia and is described a &quot;silly&quot; young woman. However, it is said that she improved when removed from Lydia's influence. According to James Edward Austen-Leigh's ''A Memoir of Jane Austen'', Kitty later married a clergyman who lived near Pemberley.
* '''[[Bennet family#Lydia Bennet|Lydia Bennet]]''' - the youngest Bennet sister, aged 15 when the novel begins. She is frivolous and headstrong. Her main activity in life is socializing, especially flirting with the officers of the militia. This leads to her running off with George Wickham, although he has no intention of marrying her. Lydia shows no regard for the moral code of her society; as Ashley Tauchert says, she &quot;feels without reasoning.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashley Tauchert&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Tauchert|first1=Ashley|title=Mary Wollstonecraft and Jane Austen: 'Rape' and 'Love' as (Feminist) Social Realism and Romance|journal=Women |location=Oxford, England|date=2003|volume=14|issue=2|page=144|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09574040310107|accessdate=December 1, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
* '''Charles Bingley''' - a handsome, amiable, wealthy young gentleman who leases Netherfield Park, an estate three miles from Longbourn, with the hopes of purchasing it. He is contrasted with Mr Darcy for having more generally pleasing manners, although he is reliant on his more experienced friend for advice. He lacks resolve and is easily influenced by others; his two sisters, Miss Caroline Bingley and Mrs Louisa Hurst, both disapprove of Bingley's growing affection for Miss Jane Bennet.
* '''Caroline Bingley''' - the [[Vainglory|vainglorious]], snobbish sister of Charles Bingley, with a dowry of £20,000. Miss Bingley harbours designs upon Mr Darcy, and therefore is jealous of his growing attachment to Elizabeth. She attempts to dissuade Mr Darcy from liking Elizabeth by ridiculing the Bennet family and criticising Elizabeth's comportment. Miss Bingley also disapproves of her brother's esteem for Jane Bennet, and is disdainful of society in Meryton.
* '''[[George Wickham]]''' - Wickham has been acquainted with Mr Darcy since infancy, being the son of Mr Darcy's father's steward. An officer in the militia, he is [[superficially charming]] and rapidly forms an attachment with Elizabeth Bennet. He later runs off with Lydia with no intention of marriage, which would have resulted in her complete disgrace, but for Darcy's intervention to bribe Wickham to marry her by paying off his immediate debts.
* '''[[Mr. William Collins|Mr William Collins]]''' -Mr Collins, aged 25 years old as the novel begins, is Mr Bennet's distant second cousin, a clergyman, and the current heir presumptive to his estate of Longbourn House. He is an obsequious and pompous man who is excessively devoted to his patroness, Lady Catherine de Bourgh.
* '''[[Lady Catherine de Bourgh (character)|Lady Catherine de Bourgh]]'''- the overbearing aunt of Mr Darcy. Lady Catherine is the wealthy owner of Rosings Park, where she resides with her daughter Anne and is fawned upon by her rector, Mr Collins. She is haughty, pompous, domineering, and condescending, and has long planned to marry off her sickly daughter to Darcy, to 'unite their two great estates', claiming it to be the dearest wish of both her AND her late sister, Lady Anne Darcy (née Fitzwilliam).
* '''Mr Edward and Mrs M Gardiner''' - Edward Gardiner is Mrs Bennet's brother and a successful tradesman of sensible and gentlemanly character. Aunt Gardiner is genteel and elegant, and is close to her nieces Jane and Elizabeth. The Gardiners are instrumental in bringing about the marriage between Darcy and Elizabeth.
*'''Georgiana Darcy''' - Georgiana is Mr Darcy's quiet, amiable (and shy) younger sister, with a [[dowry]] of £30,000, and is aged barely 16-years-old when the story begins. When still 15, Miss Darcy almost eloped with Mr Wickham, but was saved by her brother, who she idolises. Thanks to years of tutorage under masters, she is accomplished at the piano, singing, playing the harp, and drawing, and modern languages, and is therefore described as Caroline Bingley's idea of an 'accomplished woman'.
* '''Charlotte Lucas''' is Elizabeth's friend who, at 27 years old (and thus past prime marriage age), fears becoming a burden to her family and therefore agrees to marry Mr Collins to gain financial security. Though the novel stresses the importance of love and understanding in marriage, Austen never seems to condemn Charlotte's decision to marry for money. She uses Charlotte to convey how women of her time would adhere to society's expectation for women to marry even if it is not out of love, but convenience.&lt;ref&gt;[http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.3n.3p.76 &quot;The Impact of the Feminist Heroine: Elizabeth in ''Pride and Prejudice''&quot;] by Hui-Chun Chang, ''International Journal of Applied Linguistics &amp; English Literature'', vol.3, no. 3 (2014)&lt;/ref&gt; Charlotte is the daughter of Sir William Lucas and Lady Lucas, friends of Mrs Bennet.
* '''Louisa Hurst''' - the older sister to Caroline Bingley and Charles Bingley, and wife of Mr Hurst, coming into the marriage with a £20,000 [[dowry]]. She and her sister are described in the novel as  &quot;fine women, with an air of decided fashion&quot;,{{Cite quote|date=April 2017}} and are also disdainful of society in Meryton, Hertfordshire. Like Caroline, she does not encourage her brother's admiration of Jane Bennet because of her lack of connections, and co-conspired with Caroline and Mr Darcy to keep Charles and Jane apart.
*'''Mr Hurst''' - the husband of Louisa Hurst, and thus the [[brother-in-law]] of Charles Bingley and Caroline Bingley. He is described as 'a man of more fashion than fortune', and as an indolent man, often drunk, who lives only to eat, sleep, pass-out drunk, and consume alcohol.
* '''Mr. and Mrs. Philips''' - Mr. Phillips is an attorney, who has a practice in Meryton, which he inherited from his late father-in-law, Mr. Gardiner [[Suffix (name)#Generational titles|Sr.]], having formerly been one of his law clerks before marrying his boss's daughter. '''Mrs Philips (''née'' Gardiner)''' is much like her sister, Mrs Bennet; silly, unintelligent and a gossip. She often entertains her nieces, and other guests, in her [[parlour]] at her and her husband's residence in Meryton.

===Interrelationships===
&lt;center&gt;[[Image:Pride and Prejudice Character Map.png|left|720px|thumb|A comprehensive web showing the relationships between the main characters in ''Pride and Prejudice'']]&lt;/center&gt;

{{Clear}}

==Major themes==
Many critics take the novel's title as a starting point when analysing the major themes of ''Pride and Prejudice''; however, Robert Fox cautions against reading too much into the title because commercial factors may have played a role in its selection. &quot;After the success of ''[[Sense and Sensibility]]'', nothing would have seemed more natural than to bring out another novel of the same author using again the formula of antithesis and alliteration for the title. It should be pointed out that the qualities of the title are not exclusively assigned to one or the other of the protagonists; both Elizabeth and Darcy display pride and prejudice.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;fox-ncf&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last = Fox | first = Robert C. | title = Elizabeth Bennet: Prejudice or Vanity? | journal = Nineteenth-Century Fiction | volume = 17 | issue = 2 | pages = 185–187 | publisher = [[University of California Press]] | date = September 1962|jstor=2932520 | doi=10.2307/2932520}}&lt;/ref&gt; The title is very likely taken from a passage in [[Frances Burney|Fanny Burney]]'s popular 1782 novel ''[[Cecilia (Burney novel)|Cecilia]]'', a novel Austen is known to have admired:&lt;ref name=teltitle&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3558295/How-Pride-And-Prejudice-got-its-name.html|title=How Pride And Prejudice got its name |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] | first=Gary|last=Dexter|date=10 August 2008| accessdate=27 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Quotation|&quot;The whole of this unfortunate business,&quot; said Dr Lyster, &quot;has been the result of PRIDE and PREJUDICE.&amp;nbsp;... Yet this, however, remember: if to PRIDE and PREJUDICE you owe your miseries, so wonderfully is good and evil balanced, that to PRIDE and PREJUDICE you will also owe their termination&amp;nbsp;...&quot;&lt;ref name=teltitle/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Burney1782&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Fanny Burney|title=Cecilia: Or, Memoirs of an Heiress|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CCUJAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PA379|year=1782|publisher=T. Payne and son and T. Cadell|pages=379–380}}&lt;/ref&gt; (capitalisation as in the original.)}}

A major theme in much of Austen's work is the importance of environment and upbringing in developing young people's character and morality.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pinion&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Pinion|first=F B |title=A Jane Austen. Companion |publisher=Macmillan |year=1973 |isbn=0-333-12489-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Social standing and wealth are not necessarily advantages in her world, and a further theme common to Austen's work is ineffectual parents. In ''Pride and Prejudice'', the failure of Mr and Mrs Bennet as parents is blamed for Lydia's lack of moral judgment; Darcy, on the other hand, has been taught to be principled and scrupulously honourable, but he is also proud and overbearing.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pinion&quot; /&gt; Kitty, rescued from Lydia's bad influence and spending more time with her older sisters after they marry, is said to improve greatly in their superior society.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Austen|first=Jane |title=Pride and Prejudice, Ch 61}}&lt;/ref&gt;  American novelist Anna Quindlen observed, in an introduction to an edition of Austen's novel in 1995:

{{Quotation|''Pride and Prejudice'' is also about that thing that all great novels consider, the search for self. And it is the first great novel that teaches us this search is as surely undertaken in the [[drawing room]] making [[small talk]] as in the pursuit of a [[Moby-Dick|great white whale]] or the [[The Scarlet Letter|public punishment of adultery]].&lt;ref name= &quot;Intro&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last= Quindlen |first= Anna |authorlink= Anna Quindlen |chapter= Introduction |title= Pride and Prejudice |location= New York |publisher= [[Modern Library]] |year= 1995 |page= vii |isbn= 0-679-60168-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

===Marriage===
The opening line of the novel famously announces: &quot;It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Austen|first=Jane |title=Pride and Prejudice, Ch 1}}&lt;/ref&gt; This sets marriage as a central subject—and really, a central problem—for the novel generally. Readers are poised to question whether or not these single men are, in fact, in want of a wife, or if such desires are dictated by the &quot;neighbourhood&quot; families and their daughters who require a &quot;good fortune&quot;. Marriage is a complex social activity that takes political economy, and economy more generally, into account. In the case of Charlotte Lucas, for example, the seeming success of her marriage lies in the comfortable economy of their household, while the relationship between Mr and Mrs Bennet serves to illustrate bad marriages based on an initial attraction and surface over substance (economic and psychological). The Bennets' marriage is one such example that the youngest Bennet, Lydia, will come to re-enact with Wickham, and the results are far from felicitous. Though the central characters, Elizabeth and Darcy, begin the novel as hostile acquaintances and unlikely friends, they eventually work  to understand each other and themselves so that they can marry each other on compatible terms personally, even if their &quot;equal&quot; social status remains fraught. When Elizabeth rejects Darcy's first proposal, the argument of only marrying when one is in love is introduced. Elizabeth only accepts Darcy's proposal when she is certain she loves him and her feelings are reciprocated.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Gao|first=Haiyan|year=February 2013|title=Jane Austen's Ideal Man in Pride and Prejudice|url=http://fh6xn3yd3x.search.serialssolutions.com/?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Jane+Austen%27s+ideal+man+in+Pride+and+Prejudice&amp;rft.jtitle=Theory+and+Practice+in+Language+Studies&amp;rft.au=Gao%2C+Haiyan&amp;rft.date=2013-02-01&amp;rft.pub=Academy+Publisher&amp;rft.issn=1799-2591&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.spage=384&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.4304%2Ftpls.3.2.384-388&amp;rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&amp;rft.externalDocID=A351081923&amp;paramdict=en-US|journal=Theory and Practice in Language Studies|pages=384–388|via=ProQuest Literature Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; Austen's complex sketching of different marriages ultimately allows readers to question what forms of alliance are desirable, especially when it comes to privileging economic, sexual, companionate attraction.

===Wealth===
Money plays a key role in the marriage market, not only for the young ladies seeking a well-off husband, but also for men who wish to marry a woman of means. Two examples are George Wickham, who tried to elope with Georgiana Darcy, and Colonel Fitzwilliam. Marrying a woman of a rich family also ensured a linkage to a high family, as is visible in the desires of Bingley's sisters to have their brother married to Georgiana Darcy. Mrs Bennet is frequently seen encouraging her daughters to marry a wealthy man of high social class. In chapter 1, when Mr Bingley arrives, she declares &quot;I am thinking of his marrying one of them.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Austen|first1=Jane|title=Pride and Prejudice|date=1813|page=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Inheritance was by descent, but could be further restricted by [[Fee tail|entailment]], which would restrict inheritance to male heirs only. In the case of the Bennet family, Mr Collins was to inherit the family estate upon Mr Bennet's death and his proposal to Elizabeth would have ensured her future security. Nevertheless, she refuses his offer. Inheritance laws benefited males because most women did not have independent legal rights until the second half of the 19th century. As a consequence, women's financial security at that time depended on men. For the upper-middle and aristocratic classes, marriage to a man with a reliable income was almost the only route to security for the woman and her future children.&lt;ref name=Chung&gt;{{cite journal|last=Chung|first=Ching-Yi|title=Gender and class oppression in Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice|journal=IRWLE|date=July 2013|volume=9|issue=2|url=https://www.academia.edu/2612757/Gender_and_class_oppression_in_Jane_Austens_Pride_and_prejudice}}&lt;/ref&gt; The irony of the novel's opening line, therefore, is that generally within this society it would be a woman who would be looking for a wealthy husband in order to have prosperous life.

===Class===
[[File:LadyCatherine &amp; Elisabeth.jpg|thumb|right|Lady Catherine and Elizabeth by [[C. E. Brock]], 1895]]
[[File:Pickering - Greatbatch - Jane Austen - Pride and Prejudice - This is not to be borne, Miss Bennet.jpg|thumb|200px|Lady Catherine confronts Elizabeth about [[Fitzwilliam Darcy|Darcy]], on the title page of the first illustrated edition. This is the other of the first two illustrations of the novel.]]
Austen might be known now for her &quot;romances,&quot; but the marriages that take place in her novels engage with economics and class distinction. ''Pride and Prejudice'' is hardly the exception. When Darcy proposes to Elizabeth, he cites their economic and social differences as an obstacle his excessive love has had to overcome, though he still anxiously harps on the problems it poses for him within his social circle. His aunt, Lady Catherine, later characterises these differences in particularly harsh terms when she conveys what Elizabeth's marriage to Darcy will become: &quot;Will the shades of Pemberley be thus polluted?&quot; Though Elizabeth responds to Lady Catherine's accusations that hers is a potentially contaminating economic and social position (Elizabeth even insists she and Darcy are &quot;equals&quot;), Lady Catherine refuses to accept Darcy's actual marriage to Elizabeth even as the novel closes.

Meanwhile, the Bingleys present a particular problem for navigating social class. Though Caroline Bingley and Mrs Hurst behave and speak of others as if they have always belonged in the upper echelons of society, Austen makes a point to explain that the Bingleys acquired their wealth by trade rather than through the gentry's and aristocracy's methods of inheritance and making money off their tenants as landlords. The fact that Bingley rents Netherfield Hall—it is, after all, &quot;to let&quot;—distinguishes him significantly from Darcy, whose estate belonged to his father's family, and who, through his mother, is the grandson and nephew of an [[Earl]]. Bingley, unlike Darcy, does not own his property, but has portable and growing wealth that makes him a good catch on the marriage market for poorer daughters of the gentility, like Jane Bennet, ambitious cits (merchant class), etc. Class plays a central role in the evolution of the characters, and Jane Austen's radical approach to class is seen as the plot unfolds.&lt;ref&gt;Michie, Elsie B. &quot;Social Distinction in Jane Austen, ''Pride and Prejudice'', 1813, edited by Donald Gray and Mary A. Favret, fourth Norton critical edition (2016). pp. 370–81.&lt;/ref&gt;

In addition, there is an undercurrent of the old [[Anglo-Norman]] upper class hinted at in the story, as suggested by the names of Fitzwilliam Darcy and his aunt, Lady Catherine de Bourgh; Fitzwilliam, D'Arcy, and de Bourgh (Burke) are all traditional Norman surnames.

===Self knowledge===
Through their interactions and their critiques of each other, Darcy and Elizabeth come to recognise their own faults and work to correct them. Elizabeth meditates on her own mistakes thoroughly in chapter 36: &lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;How despicably have I acted!&quot; she cried; &quot;I, who have prided myself on my discernment! I, who have valued myself on my abilities! who have often disdained the generous candour of my sister, and gratified my vanity in useless or blameable distrust. How humiliating is this discovery! yet, how just a humiliation! Had I been in love, I could not have been more wretchedly blind. But vanity, not love, has been my folly. Pleased with the preference of one, and offended by the neglect of the other, on the very beginning of our acquaintance, I have courted prepossession and ignorance, and driven reason away, where either were concerned. Till this moment I never knew myself.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Other characters rarely exhibit this depth of self-reflection--or, at least, are not given the space within the novel for this sort of development. Tanner notes that Mrs Bennet in particular, &quot;has a very limited view of the requirements of that performance; lacking any introspective tendencies she is incapable of appreciating the feelings of others and is only aware of material objects.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Knowledge and Opinion: Pride and Prejudice|last=Tanner|first=Tony|publisher=Macmillan Education Ltd.|year=1986|isbn=0333323173|location=London|pages=124|quote=|via=JStor}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mrs Bennet's behaviour reflects the society in which she lives, as she knows that her daughters will not succeed if they don't get married: &quot;The business of her life was to get her daughters married: it's solace was visiting and news.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Pride and Prejudice|last=Austen|first=Jane|publisher=W.W. Norton &amp; Company Inc.|year=1966, 1993, 2001, 2016|isbn=9780393264883|location=United States of America|pages=7}}&lt;/ref&gt; This proves that Mrs Bennet is only aware of &quot;material objects&quot; and not of her own feelings and emotions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Knowledge and Opinion: Pride and Prejudice|last=Tanner|first=Tony|publisher=Macmillan Education Ltd.|year=1986|isbn=0333323173|location=London|pages=124|via=JSTOR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Style ===
''Pride and Prejudice'', like most of Austen's other works, employs the narrative technique of [[free indirect speech]], which has been defined as &quot;the free representation of a character's speech, by which one means, not words actually spoken by a character, but the words that typify the character's thoughts, or the way the character would think or speak, if she thought or spoke&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;miles&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Miles|first=Robert|title=Jane Austen|publisher=Northcote House in association with the British Council |location=Tavistock |year=2003|series=Writers and Their Work|isbn=0-7463-0876-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Austen creates her characters with fully developed personalities and unique voices. Though Darcy and Elizabeth are very alike, they are also considerably different.&lt;ref&gt;Baker, Amy. &quot;Caught In The Act Of Greatness: Jane Austen's Characterization Of Elizabeth And Darcy By Sentence Structure In PRIDE AND PREJUDICE.&quot; ''Explicator'' 72.3 (2014): 169-178. Academic Search Complete. Web. 16 Feb. 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; By using narrative that adopts the tone and vocabulary of a particular character (in this case, Elizabeth), Austen invites the reader to follow events from Elizabeth's viewpoint, sharing her prejudices and misapprehensions. &quot;The learning curve, while undergone by both protagonists, is disclosed to us solely through Elizabeth's point of view and her free indirect speech is essential&amp;nbsp;... for it is through it that we remain caught, if not stuck, within Elizabeth's misprisions.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;miles&quot; /&gt; The few times the reader is allowed to gain further knowledge of another character's feelings, is through the letters exchanged in this novel. Darcy's first letter to Elizabeth is an example of this as through his letter, the reader and Elizabeth are both given knowledge of Wickham's true character. Austen is known to use irony throughout the novel especially from viewpoint of the character of Elizabeth Bennet. She conveys the &quot;oppressive rules of femininity that actually dominate her life and work, and are covered by her beautifully carved trojan horse of ironic distance.&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashley Tauchert&quot; /&gt; Beginning with a historical investigation of the development of a particular literary form and then transitioning into empirical verifications, it reveals FID as a tool that emerged over time as practical means for addressing the physical distinctness of minds. Seen in this way, FID is a distinctly literary response to an environmental concern, providing a scientific justification that does not reduce literature to a mechanical extension of biology, but takes its value to be its own original form.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=Angus|year=2013|title=A Scientific Justification for Literature: Jane Austen's Free Indirect Style as Ethical Tool|url=|journal=Journal of Narrative Theory : JNT.|volume=43|pages=13|via=Literature Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Development of the novel==
[[File:Letter from Jane Austen to her sister Cassandra, 1799 June 11. Page 2 (NLA).tiff|thumb|upright=1.20|Page 2 of a letter from [[Jane Austen]] to her sister Cassandra (11 June 1799) in which she first mentions ''Pride and Prejudice'', using its working title ''First Impressions''. [[National Library of Australia|(NLA)]]]]
Austen began writing the novel after staying at [[Goodnestone Park]] in Kent with her brother Edward and his wife in 1796.&lt;ref name=&quot;History&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.goodnestoneparkgardens.co.uk/history-of-goodnestone.php|title=History of Goodnestone|publisher=Goodnestone Park Gardens|accessdate=26 August 2010|archive-date=17 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100217175804/http://www.goodnestoneparkgardens.co.uk/history-of-goodnestone.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was originally titled ''First Impressions'', and was written between October 1796 and August 1797.&lt;ref name=LeFaye&gt;{{cite book | author = Le Faye, Deidre | title = Jane Austen: The World of Her Novels| location = New York | publisher = Harry N. Abrams | year = 2002 | isbn = 0-8109-3285-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 November 1797 Austen's father sent a letter to London bookseller Thomas Cadell to ask if he had any interest in seeing the manuscript, but the offer was declined by return post.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rogers&quot;/&gt; The militia were mobilised after the French declaration of war on Britain in February 1793, and there was initially a lack of barracks for all the militia regiments, requiring the militia to set up huge camps in the countryside, which the novel refers to several times.&lt;ref&gt;Irvine, Robert ''Jane Austen'', London: Routledge, 2005 page 57.&lt;/ref&gt; The Brighton camp for which the militia regiment leaves for in May after spending the winter in Meryton was opened in August 1793, and the barracks for all the regiments of the militia were completed by 1796, placing the events of the novel between 1793-95.&lt;ref&gt;Irvine, Robert ''Jane Austen'', London: Routledge, 2005 pages 56-57.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Austen made significant revisions to the manuscript for ''First Impressions'' between 1811 and 1812.&lt;ref name=LeFaye/&gt; As nothing remains of the original manuscript, we are reduced to conjecture. From the large number of letters in the final novel, it is assumed that ''First Impressions'' was an [[epistolary novel]].&lt;ref&gt;This theory is defended in &quot;Character and Caricature in Jane Austen&quot; by DW Harding in ''Critical Essays on Jane Austen'' (BC Southam Edition, London 1968) and Brian Southam in {{cite book|last1=Southam|first1=B.C.|title=Jane Austen's literary manuscripts : a study of the novelist's development through the surviving papers|date=2001|publisher=the Athlone press / Continuum |location=London |isbn=9780826490704 |pages=58–59|edition=New}}&lt;/ref&gt; She later renamed the story ''Pride and Prejudice'' around about 1811-1812, which she sold the rights to publish the manuscript to Thomas Egerton for ‎£110.&lt;ref&gt;Irvine, Robert ''Jane Austen'', London: Routledge, 2005 page 56.&lt;/ref&gt; In renaming the novel, Austen probably had in mind the &quot;sufferings and oppositions&quot; summarised in the final chapter of [[Fanny Burney]]'s ''[[Cecilia (Burney novel)|Cecilia]]'', called &quot;Pride and Prejudice&quot;, where the phrase appears three times in block capitals.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pinion&quot; /&gt; It is possible that the novel's original title was altered to avoid confusion with other works. In the years between the completion of ''First Impressions'' and its revision into ''Pride and Prejudice'', two other works had been published under that name: a novel by [[Margaret Holford]] and a comedy by [[Horace Smith (poet)|Horace Smith]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Rogers&quot; /&gt;

==Publication history==
[[File:Brock Pride and Prejudice.jpg|thumb|Title page of a 1907 edition illustrated by [[C. E. Brock]]|link=Special:FilePath/Brock_Pride_and_Prejudice.jpg]]
Austen sold the copyright for the novel to Thomas Egerton from the Military Library, Whitehall in exchange for £110 (Austen had asked for £150).&lt;ref name=OWC&gt;{{cite book | author = Stafford, Fiona | chapter = Notes on the Text | title = Pride and Prejudice | series = Oxford World's Classics (ed. James Kinley) | location = Oxford | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-19-280238-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; This proved a costly decision. Austen had published ''[[Sense and Sensibility]]'' on a [[Commission (art)|commission]] basis, whereby she [[indemnity|indemnified]] the publisher against any losses and received any profits, less costs and the publisher's commission. Unaware that ''Sense and Sensibility'' would sell out its edition, making her £140,&lt;ref name=&quot;Rogers&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Rogers|first=Pat (ed.)|title=The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Jane Austen: Pride and Prejudice|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-521-82514-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; she passed the copyright to Egerton for a one-off payment, meaning that all the risk (and all the profits) would be his. Jan Fergus has calculated that Egerton subsequently made around £450 from just the first two editions of the book.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fergus&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Fergus|first=Jan|title=The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen|editor=E Copeland and J McMaster|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1997|chapter=The professional woman writer|isbn=0-521-49867-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Egerton published the first edition of ''Pride and Prejudice'' in three hardcover volumes on 27 January 1813.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Anniversaries of 2013|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/9770133/Anniversaries-of-2013.html|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=28 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was advertised in the ''[[Morning Chronicle]]'', priced at 18s.&lt;ref name=LeFaye/&gt; Favourable reviews saw this edition sold out, with a second edition published in November that year. A third edition was published in 1817.&lt;ref name=OWC/&gt;

Foreign language translations first appeared in 1813 in French; subsequent translations were published in German, Danish, and Swedish.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first1=Valérie |last1=Cossy |first2=Diego |last2=Saglia |title=Translations |work=Jane Austen in Context |editor-last=Todd |editor-first=Janet |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2005 |isbn=0-521-82644-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Pride and Prejudice'' was first published in the United States in August 1832 as ''Elizabeth Bennet or, Pride and Prejudice''.&lt;ref name=OWC/&gt; The novel was also included in [[Richard Bentley (publisher)|Richard Bentley]]'s Standard Novel series in 1833. R W Chapman's scholarly edition of ''Pride and Prejudice'', first published in 1923, has become the standard edition on which many modern published versions of the novel are based.&lt;ref name=OWC/&gt;

The novel was originally published without Austen's name. It was instead written &quot;By the Author of ''Sense and Sensibility''&quot;. This carried responsibility for Austen, unlike when ''Sense and Sensibility'' was released as being written &quot;By A Lady&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Jane Austen and the Morality of Conversation|last=Tandon|first=Bharat|publisher=Anthem Press|year=2003|isbn=|location=|pages=82|quote=|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Reception==

{{Main article|Reception history of Jane Austen}}

===At first publication===
The novel was well received, with three favourable reviews in the first months following publication.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fergus&quot; /&gt; [[Anne Isabella Milbanke]], later to be the wife of [[Lord Byron]], called it &quot;the fashionable novel&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fergus&quot; /&gt; Noted critic and reviewer [[George Henry Lewes]] declared that he &quot;would rather have written ''Pride and Prejudice'', or ''[[The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling|Tom Jones]]'', than any of the [[Waverley Novels]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Southam&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Southam|first=B. C. (ed)|title=Jane Austen: The Critical Heritage|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|year=1995|volume=1|isbn=978-0-415-13456-9 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Charlotte Brontë]], however, in a letter to Lewes, wrote that ''Pride and Prejudice'' was a disappointment, &quot;a carefully fenced, highly cultivated garden, with neat borders and delicate flowers; but&amp;nbsp;... no open country, no fresh air, no blue hill, no bonny beck&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Southam&quot; /&gt;

===Late 19th to 21st centuries===
{{Quote box
|width     = 25em
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|salign    = right
|quote     =
&lt;poem&gt;
You could not shock her more than she shocks me,
Beside her [[James Joyce|Joyce]] seems innocent as grass.
It makes me most uncomfortable to see 
An English spinster of the middle class 
Describe the amorous effects of 'brass',
Reveal so frankly and with such sobriety 
The economic basis of society.
&lt;/poem&gt;
[[W. H. Auden]] (1937) on Austen&lt;ref name=&quot;Southam&quot; /&gt;
}}
* In 2003 the BBC conducted a poll for the &quot;[[Big Read|UK's Best-Loved Book]]&quot; in which ''Pride and Prejudice'' came second, behind ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/bigread/top100.shtml|title=BBC – The Big Read – Top 100 Books|date=May 2003|accessdate=12 May 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* In a 2008 survey of more than 15,000 Australian readers, ''Pride and Prejudice'' came first in a list of the 101 best books ever written.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.thewest.com.au/default.aspx?MenuID=182&amp;ContentID=59459 |title=Aussie readers vote Pride and Prejudice best book |publisher=thewest.com.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The 200th anniversary of ''Pride and Prejudice'' on 28 January 2013 was celebrated around the globe by media networks such as the ''[[Huffington Post]]'', the ''[[New York Times]]'', and the ''[[Daily Telegraph]]'', among others.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/28/200th-anniversary-of-pride-prejudice_n_2563806.html|title=200th Anniversary Of 'Pride And Prejudice': A HuffPost Books Austenganza|work=The Huffington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schuessler&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/01/28/austen-fans-to-celebrate-200-years-of-pride-and-prejudice/?_r=0 |title=Austen Fans to Celebrate 200 Years of ''Pride and Prejudice''|first1=Jennifer |last1=Schuessler |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 28, 2013 |accessdate=February 7, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturevideo/booksvideo/9830981/Jane-Austen-celebrated-on-200th-anniversary-of-Pride-and-Prejudice-publication.html|title=Video: Jane Austen celebrated on 200th anniversary of Pride and Prejudice publication|date=28 January 2013|work=Telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/WNT/video/pride-prejudice-200th-anniversary-18339770|title='Pride and Prejudice' 200th Anniversary|author=ABC News|work=ABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.queensbridgepublishing.com/p/prideandprejudicebyjaneausten.html|title=Queensbridge Publishing: Pride and Prejudice 200th Anniversary Edition by Jane Austen|work=queensbridgepublishing.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://blog.ted.com/2013/01/28/talks-to-celebrate-the-200th-anniversary-of-pride-and-prejudice/|title=TED Talks to celebrate the 200th anniversary of ''Pride and Prejudice''|work=TED Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.time.com/2013/01/28/qa-as-pride-and-prejudice-turns-200-austenland-emerges-as-a-sundance-hit/|newspaper=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |title=Happy 200th Birthday, Pride &amp; Prejudice…and Happy Sundance, Too: The writer/director of the Sundance hit 'Austenland' talks to TIME about why we still love Mr Darcy centuries years later |first1=Lily |last1=Rothman |accessdate=February 7, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Adaptations==

===Film, television and theatre===
{{See also|Jane Austen in popular culture#Pride and Prejudice (1813)|l1=Jane Austen in popular culture – Pride and Prejudice}}
''Pride and Prejudice'' has engendered numerous adaptations. Some of the notable film versions include [[Pride and Prejudice (1940 film)|that of 1940]], starring [[Greer Garson]] and [[Laurence Olivier]]&lt;ref&gt;{{IMDb title | id = 0032943 | title = Pride and Prejudice (1940) }}&lt;/ref&gt; (based in part on Helen Jerome's 1936 stage adaptation) and [[Pride &amp; Prejudice (2005 film)|that of 2005]], starring [[Keira Knightley]] (an Oscar-nominated performance) and [[Matthew Macfadyen]].&lt;ref&gt;{{IMDb title | id = 0414387 | title = Pride and Prejudice (2005) }}&lt;/ref&gt; Notable television versions include two by the [[BBC]]: a [[Pride and Prejudice (1980 TV serial)|1980 version]] starring [[Elizabeth Garvie]] and [[David Rintoul]] and the popular [[Pride and Prejudice (1995 TV series)|1995 version]], starring [[Jennifer Ehle]] and [[Colin Firth]].

A 1936 stage version was created by Helen Jerome played at the [[St James's Theatre]] in London, starring [[Celia Johnson]] and [[Hugh Williams]]. ''[[First Impressions (musical)|First Impressions]]'' was a 1959 Broadway musical version starring [[Polly Bergen]], [[Farley Granger]], and [[Hermione Gingold]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://janeaustensworld.wordpress.com/2008/11/06/first-impressions-a-pride-and-prejudice-broadway-musical-that-failed-in-the-1958-1959-season/ |title='&amp;#39;First Impressions'&amp;#39; the Broadway Musical |publisher=Janeaustensworld.wordpress.com |date=6 November 2008 |accessdate=27 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In 1995, a musical concept album was written by [[Bernard J. Taylor]], with Claire Moore in the role of Elizabeth Bennet and Peter Karrie in the role of Mr Darcy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bernardjtaylor.com/PridePrejudice/pp.html |title='&amp;#39;Pride and Prejudice'&amp;#39; (1995) |publisher=Bernardjtaylor.com |accessdate=27 January 2012 |archive-date=7 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207085359/http://www.bernardjtaylor.com/PridePrejudice/pp.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;  A new stage production, ''Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice, The New Musical'', was presented in concert on 21 October 2008 in [[Rochester, New York]], with Colin Donnell as Darcy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.prideandprejudicemusical.com/|title=PRIDE AND PREJUDICE, the Musical|work=prideandprejudicemusical.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Swedish composer [[Daniel Nelson (Swedish composer)|Daniel Nelson]] based his 2011 [[opera]] ''[[Stolthet &amp; fördom|Stolthet och fördom]]'' on ''Pride and Prejudice''.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.composernelson.com/pride-prejudicestolthet-och-fordom/ ''Stolthet och fördom'' / ''Pride and Prejudice'' (2011)], work details&lt;/ref&gt;

===Literature===
{{main article|List of literary adaptations of Pride and Prejudice}}

The novel has inspired a number of other works that are not direct adaptations. Books inspired by ''Pride and Prejudice'' include the following:
''[[Mr. Darcy's Daughters]]'' and ''The Exploits and Adventures of Miss Alethea Darcy'' by [[Elizabeth Aston]]; 
''[[Darcy's Story]]'' (a best seller) and ''Dialogue with Darcy'' by Janet Aylmer; 
''Pemberley: Or Pride and Prejudice Continued'' and ''An Unequal Marriage: Or Pride and Prejudice Twenty Years Later'' by [[Emma Tennant]]; 
''The Book of Ruth'' by [[Helen Baker (author)]]; 
''Jane Austen Ruined My Life'' and ''Mr Darcy Broke My Heart'' by Beth Pattillo;  
'' Precipitation – A Continuation of Miss Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice '' by [[Helen Baker (author)]];  
''Searching for Pemberley'' by Mary Simonsen and ''Mr Darcy Takes a Wife'' and its sequel 
''Darcy &amp; Elizabeth: Nights and Days at Pemberly'' by Linda Berdoll.

In [[Gwyn Cready]]'s comedic romance novel, ''Seducing Mr Darcy'', the heroine lands in ''Pride and Prejudice'' by way of magic massage, has a fling with Darcy and unknowingly changes the rest of the story.

[[Abigail Reynolds]] is the author of 7 Regency-set variations on ''Pride and Prejudice''. Her Pemberley Variations series includes ''Mr Darcy's Obsession'', ''To Conquer Mr Darcy'', ''What Would Mr Darcy Do'' and ''Mr Fitzwilliam Darcy: The Last Man in the World''.  Her modern adaptation, ''The Man Who Loved Pride and Prejudice'', is set on Cape Cod.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=Amazon.com|title=Abigail Reynolds Author Page|url=http://www.amazon.com/Abigail-Reynolds/e/B001JRZP8K/ref=sr_tc_2_0?qid=1343412301&amp;sr=1-2-ent|accessdate=27 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Helen Fielding's 1996 novel ''[[Bridget Jones's Diary]]'' is also based on ''Pride and Prejudice'' and spawned a [[Bridget Jones's Diary (film)|feature film of the same name]], released in 2001.

In March 2009, [[Quirk Books]] released ''[[Pride and Prejudice and Zombies]]'', which takes Austen's actual, original work and [[mashup (book)|mashes]] it up with [[zombie (fictional)|zombie]] hordes, [[cannibalism]], [[ninja]]  and ultraviolent mayhem.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Grossman |first=Lev |title=Pride and Prejudice, Now with Zombies |work=TIME Magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1889075,00.html |date=April 2009 |accessdate=26 April 2009 |archive-date=4 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090404014528/http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1889075,00.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; In March 2010, Quirk Books published a prequel that deals with Elizabeth Bennet's early days as a zombie hunter, ''[[Pride and Prejudice and Zombies: Dawn of the Dreadfuls]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.quirkclassics.com |title=Quirkclassics.com |publisher=Quirkclassics.com |accessdate=27 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2016, a [[Pride and Prejudice and Zombies (film)|movie]] of the aforementioned contemporary literature adaptation was released starring Lily James and Matt Smith.

In 2011, author [[Mitzi Szereto]] expanded on the novel in ''Pride and Prejudice: Hidden Lusts'', a historical sex parody that parallels the original plot and writing style of Jane Austen.

Marvel has also published their take on this classic by releasing a short comic series of five issues that stays true to the original storyline. The first issue was published on 1 April 2009 and was written by Nancy Hajeski.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://marvel.com/catalog/?writer=Nancy%20Hajeski |title=Marvel.com |publisher=Marvel.com |accessdate=27 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was published as a graphic novel in 2010 with artwork by Hugo Petrus.

[[Pamela Aidan]] is the author of a trilogy of books telling the story of ''Pride and Prejudice'' from Mr Darcy's point of view: ''[[Fitzwilliam Darcy, Gentleman]]''. The books are ''An Assembly Such as This'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | authorlink = Pamela Aidan | first = Pamela | last = Aidan | title = An Assembly Such as This | isbn = 978-0-7432-9134-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Duty and Desire''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | authorlink = Pamela Aidan | first = Pamela | last = Aidan | title = Duty and Desire | isbn = 978-0-9728529-1-3 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and ''These Three Remain''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | authorlink = Pamela Aidan | first = Pamela | last = Aidan | title = These Three Remain | isbn = 978-0-7432-9137-8 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Detective novel author [[P.D. James]] has written a book titled ''[[Death Comes to Pemberley]]'', which is a murder mystery set six years after Elizabeth and Darcy's marriage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hislop |first=Victoria |url=http://www.amazon.co.uk/Death-Comes-Pemberley-Baroness-James/dp/0571283578 |title=Death Comes to Pemberley: Amazon.co.uk: Baroness P. D. James: 9780571283576: Books |publisher=Amazon.co.uk |accessdate=27 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Sandra Lerner]]'s sequel to ''Pride and Prejudice'', ''Second Impressions'', develops the story and imagined what might have happened to the original novel's characters. It is written in the style of Austen after extensive research into the period and language and published in 2011 under the [[pen name]] of Ava Farmer.&lt;ref name=Farmer&gt;{{cite book|last=Farmer|first=Ava|title=Second Impressions|date=2011|publisher=Chawton House Press|location=Chawton, Hampshire, England|isbn=1613647506}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jo Baker's 2013 novel ''Longbourn'' imagines the lives of the servants of ''Pride and Prejudice''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Baker |first1=Jo| title=Longbourn|isbn=978-0385351232 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |date=8 October 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Curtis Sittenfeld]] set the characters of ''Pride and Prejudice'' in modern-day Cincinnati, where the Bennet parents, erstwhile Cincinnati social climbers, have fallen on hard times. Elizabeth, a successful and independent New York journalist, and her single older sister Jane must intervene to salvage the family's financial situation and get their unemployed adult sisters to move out of the house and onward in life. In the process they encounter Chip Bingley, a young doctor and reluctant reality TV celebrity, and his medical school classmate, Fitzwilliam Darcy, a cynical neurosurgeon.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sittenfeld |first1=Curtis| title=Eligible|isbn=978-1400068326 |publisher=Random House |date=19 April 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Pride and Prejudice'' has also inspired works of scientific writing. In 2010, scientists named a pheromone identified in male mouse urine ''darcin'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Roberts|first=Sarah A.|last2=Simpson|first2=Deborah M.|last3=Armstrong|first3=Stuart D.|last4=Davidson|first4=Amanda J.|last5=Robertson|first5=Duncan H.|last6=McLean|first6=Lynn|last7=Beynon|first7=Robert J.|last8=Hurst|first8=Jane L.|date=2010-01-01|title=Darcin: a male pheromone that stimulates female memory and sexual attraction to an individual male's odour|journal=BMC biology|volume=8|pages=75|doi=10.1186/1741-7007-8-75|issn=1741-7007|pmc=2890510|pmid=20525243}}&lt;/ref&gt; after Mr Darcy, because it strongly attracted females. In 2016, a scientific paper published in the Journal of Inherited Metabolic Diseases speculated that Mrs Bennet may have been a carrier of a rare genetic disease, explaining why the Bennets didn't have any sons, and why some of the Bennet sisters are so silly.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Stern|first=William|date=2016-03-01|title=Pride and protein|journal=Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease|volume=39|issue=2|pages=321–324|doi=10.1007/s10545-015-9908-7|issn=1573-2665|pmid=26743057}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==See also==
* [[Eros and Psyche|Eros/Cupid and Psyche]]
* [[Beauty and the Beast]]
* [[The Frog Prince]]
* [[East of the Sun and West of the Moon]]
* [[Tarzan|Tarzan and Jane]]

==References==
&lt;references responsive /&gt;

==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikisource-multi|Pride and Prejudice|below=[http://wsexport.wmflabs.org/tool/book.php?lang=en&amp;format=epub&amp;page=Pride_and_Prejudice Download as ePub from Wikisource]}}
{{wikiquote|Pride and Prejudice}}
* [http://www.bl.uk/people/jane-austen Digital resources relating to Jane Austen] from the British Library's Discovering Literature website
* {{gutenberg|no=42671|name=Pride and Prejudice (Chapman edition)}}
* [http://epublib.info/pride-and-prejudice-by-jane-austen Pride and Prejudice] ePub/Mobi version
* [http://www.pemberley.com/janeinfo/pridprej.html#toc Annotated HTML hypertext of ''Pride and Prejudice'']
* {{librivox book | title=Pride and Prejudice | author=Jane Austen}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>To Anacreon in Heaven</title>
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      <text bytes="31286" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox song
| name       = The Anacreontic Song
| cover      = The Anacreontic Song page1.jpg
| alt        = First page of the A. Blands edition (c. 1784-1790).
| border     = yes
| caption    = First page of the A. Blands edition (c.  1784–1790)
| type       =
| artist     = The [[Anacreontic Society]]
| album      =
| EP         =
| written    =
| published  = {{Start date|1778}} (words only) {{Start date|c. 1780}} (music)
| released   =
| format     =
| recorded   =
| studio     =
| venue      =
| genre      =
| length     =
| label      =
| writer     = [[Ralph Tomlinson]]
| composer   = [[John Stafford Smith]]
| lyricist   =
| producer   =
| prev_title =
| prev_year  =
| title      =
| next_title =
| next_year  =
| misc       = {{audio|The Anacreontic Song (1780), by John Stafford Smith.oga|play}}
}}
&quot;'''The Anacreontic Song'''&quot;, also known by its [[incipit]] &quot;'''To Anacreon in Heaven'''&quot;, was the official song of the [[Anacreontic Society]], an 18th-century gentlemen's club of amateur musicians in [[London]]. Composed by [[John Stafford Smith]], the tune was later used by several writers as a setting for their patriotic lyrics. These included two songs by [[Francis Scott Key]], most famously his poem &quot;Defence of Fort McHenry&quot;. The combination of Key's poem and Smith's composition became known as &quot;[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]&quot;, which was adopted as the [[national anthem]] of the [[United States|United States of America]] in 1931.

==The Anacreontic Society==
[[Image:Anacreon Louvre.jpg|thumb|200px|A bust of Anacreon]]
The [[Anacreontic Society]] was a [[gentlemen's club]] of the kind that was popular in London in the late eighteenth century.  In existence from approximately 1766 to 1792, the Society was dedicated to the ancient Greek poet [[Anacreon]], who was renowned for his drinking songs and odes to love.  Its members, who consisted mainly of wealthy men of high social rank, would meet on Wednesday evenings to combine musical appreciation with eating and drinking.

The Society met twelve times a year.&lt;ref name=&quot;gentlemans&quot;/&gt;  Each meeting began at half past seven with a lengthy concert, featuring &quot;the best performers in London&quot;, who were made honorary members of the Society.&lt;ref name=&quot;gentlemans&quot;&gt;Anonymous, &quot;History of the Anacreontic Society&quot;, in {{cite book|title=The Gentleman's Magazine And Historical Chronicle, for May 1780 |year=1780 |pages=224–225 |publisher=D. Henry |location=London |url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hw2945;view=1up;seq=244}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Society came to an end after the [[Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire|Duchess of Devonshire]] attended one of its meetings.  Because &quot;some of the comic songs [were not] exactly calculated for the entertainment of ladies, the singers were restrained; which displeasing many of the members, they resigned one after another; and a general meeting being called, the society was dissolved.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433082252267|title=Musical memoirs;comprising an account of the general state of music in England, from ... 1784, to the year 1830 ...|first=William Thomas|last=Parke|date=26 February 2018|publisher=London|accessdate=26 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;  It is not clear exactly when this incident occurred, but in October 1792 it was reported that &quot;The Anacreontick Society meets no more; it has long been struggling with symptoms of internal decay&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''St James's Chronicle'' 18-20.10.92, reported at McVeigh (2012)&lt;/ref&gt;

==The original role of the Song==
An early reference to the Anacreontic Song is found in the long-unpublished journals of gentleman-composer [[John Marsh (composer)|John Marsh]] (1752-1828).  Writing of 11 December 1773, he recalls: {{quote| Mr Bowen... invited me to accompany him on the Saturday following to a concert at the London Coffee House called the Anacreontic Meeting, which I of course readily accepted of &amp; played with Mr Smith the leader after wh'ch we sat down a pretty many of us to supper after which catches &amp; glees were performed, in which a Mr Webster, a young man with a very fine bass voice much distinguish'd himself.  The Anacreontic Song was also sung by him, in the last verse of which we stood hand in hand all around the table, this concert being in fact the origin of the Society held afterwards for many years at the Crown and Anchor.&lt;ref name=&quot;marsh&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=The John Marsh Journals:  the life and times of a gentleman composer |first=Brian |last=Robins (ed.) |location=Styuvesant, NY |publisher=Pendragon Press |year=1988 |isbn=0945193947 |pages=115–116 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uoyFI0m7WQsC&amp;pg=PT115&amp;lpg=PT116}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

Another reference is found in the long-unpublished ''Recollections'' of  Richard John Samuel Stevens (1757-1837).  In this passage, Stevens is speaking of the year 1777:
{{quote|The Evenings entertainment began at seven O Clock, with a Concert, chiefly of instrumental Music; it was not very uncommon to have some Vocal Music interspersed with the Instrumental. Mr. Sabattier was the Manager of this department, and generally stood behind the Person who was at the Piano Forte. At ten O Clock the Instrumental Concert ended, when we retired to the Supper rooms. After Supper, having sung &quot;''[[Non nobis|Non nobis Domine]]''&quot; we returned to the Concert Room, which in the mean time had been differently arranged. The President, then took his seat in the center of the elevated table, at the upper end of the room, supported on each side, by the various Vocal performers. After the Anacreontic Song had been sung, in the Chorus of the last verse of which, all the Members, Visitors, and Performers, joined, &quot;hand in hand,&quot; we were entertained by the performance of various celebrated Catches, Glees, Songs, Duettos, and other Vocal, with some Rhetorical compositions, till twelve O Clock.&lt;ref name=&quot;stevens&quot;/&gt;}}

Parke, writing in the early nineteenth century, recalls: {{quote|After the concert an elegant supper was served up; and when the cloth was removed, the constitutional song, beginning, 'To Anacreon in Heaven,' was sung by the chairman or his deputy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433082252267|title=Musical memoirs;comprising an account of the general state of music in England, from ... 1784, to the year 1830 ...|first=William Thomas|last=Parke|date=26 February 2018|publisher=London|accessdate=26 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

The Anacreontic Song served as the &quot;constitutional song&quot; of the Society.  After the initial concert and meal, the Song would be sung in order to open the after-supper, more light-hearted part of proceedings.  The verses, which are difficult to sing because of their wide range, would be sung by a solo singer, with the entire Society joining in the refrain.&lt;ref name=&quot;lichtenwanger_23-24&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/loc.natlib.ihas.200033401/enlarge.html?page=23&amp;size=1024&amp;from=pageturner|title=The  music of the Star-spangled banner from Ludgate Hill to Capitol Hill|publisher=|accessdate=26 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Although it is often described as a &quot;drinking song&quot;, Lichtenwanger states that ''To Anacreon in Heaven'' &quot;was not a barroom ballad, a drinking ditty to be chorused with glasses swung in rhythm&quot;, but &quot;convivial, ... in a special and stately way&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;lichtenwanger_23-24&quot;/&gt;

==Composition and authorship==

===Words===
Early publications of the song ascribe its lyrics to the Society's president, Ralph Tomlinson. Tomlinson was baptized in [[Plemstall]], Cheshire, in 1744; by 1766 he was a lawyer working in London. Tomlinson likely became president of the Society following the death of the previous president, George Bellas, in January 1776.&lt;ref name=&quot;lichtenwanger_23-24&quot;/&gt;  He died in March 1778 at the age of thirty-three.&lt;ref name=&quot;lichtenwanger_10&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/loc.natlib.ihas.200033401/enlarge.html?page=10&amp;size=1024&amp;from=pageturner|title=The  music of the Star-spangled banner from Ludgate Hill to Capitol Hill|publisher=|accessdate=26 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Music===
[[File:Stafford Smith.png|thumb|Portrait of John Stafford Smith, around 1820]]
While many early publications of the Song attribute the words to Tomlinson, none name the creator of the music.  The identity of the composer was a subject of controversy until the discovery, in the mid-twentieth century, of a passage in a then-unpublished manuscript of ''Recollections'' written by Richard John Samuel Stevens (1757-1837), a member of the Anacreontic Society.  Writing of the year 1777, Stevens recalled:

{{quote|As I have mentioned the Anacreontic Society, it may not be improper to give some account of that Popular meeting. It was first held at the London Coffee House, on Ludgate Hill, but the room being found too small, it was removed to the Crown and Anchor Tavern in the Strand, then kept by one Holloway. The President was Ralph Tomlinson Esqre, very much of a Gentleman, and a sensible, sedate, quiet man: I believe that he was a Solicitor in Chancery. He wrote the Poetry of the Anacreontic Song; '''which Stafford Smith set to Music''': this Song was sung by Webster, when I first attended the Society.&lt;ref name=&quot;stevens&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Recollections of R.J.S. Stevens: An Organist in Georgian London |first=Mark |last=Argent (ed.) |location=Carbondale, IL |publisher=Southern Illinois University Press |year=1992 |isbn=0809317907 |pages=24–26 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DjZ1lwwjqeoC&amp;pg=PA25}}; emphasis added&lt;/ref&gt;}}

[[File:Smith O Remember.png|thumb|Beginning of the Canon &quot;O Remember&quot; by John Stafford Smith.  It &quot;gain'd a Prize Medal&quot; from the London Catch Club in 1773.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Thos. |last=Warren |title=A Twelfth Collection of Catches, Canons and Glees |location=London |publisher=Longman and Broderip |year=c. 1773 |url=http://ks.imslp.info/files/imglnks/usimg/7/77/IMSLP260688-PMLP421496-Various(Warren)-CatchesEtc9-12.pdf |pages=26–27 |oclc=317698257 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

In this passage, Stevens identified the composer as [[John Stafford Smith]] (1750-1836).  Smith, the son of the organist of Gloucester Cathedral, was sent at a young age to sing in the [[Chapel Royal]], and thereafter soon established himself in the capital.  Like Stevens himself, Smith was a young professional musician active primarily in the chapels and churches of London.  Smith was a published composer by 1772, subsequently winning two composition prizes from the London Catch Club in 1773.&lt;ref name=&quot;grove&quot;/&gt;  Both Smith and Stevens were likely among the &quot;honorary members&quot; of the Anacreontic Society who played in its concerts without having to pay the subscription fee;&lt;ref name=&quot;licht_21&quot;/&gt;  Smith is probably the &quot;leader&quot; identified by Marsh in his recollection of 1773 excerpted above.

Smith outlived both Ralph Tomlinson and the Anacreontic Society by several decades before dying in 1836.  During his lifetime, the melody of the Song was set to other texts (most notably the &quot;Defence of Fort McHenry&quot; as discussed below) and became extremely popular.  Despite this, Smith does not seem to have been eager to publicize the fact that he had composed the Song.  The best evidence we have for a claim of authorship occurs in his ''Fifth Book of Canzonets'' (1799),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
|title=A Fifth Book of Canzonets, Canons &amp; Glees, Sprightly and Plaintive
|first=John Stafford
|last=Smith
|date=1799
|location=London
|publisher=the author
|oclc=181765310
}}&lt;/ref&gt; which included an arrangement of the Anacreontic Song with the ambiguous notation &quot;harmonized by the Author&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/ihas.100010463/|title=The  Anacreontick Song|publisher=|accessdate=26 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;the ambiguity inheres in whether the word &quot;Author&quot; refers to the author of the ''Anacreontic Song'', or merely to the author of the ''Fifth Book of Canzonets''; see [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/loc.natlib.ihas.200033401/enlarge.html?page=13&amp;section=&amp;size=1024 Lichtenwanger (1978), pp. 13-15]&lt;/ref&gt;

It remains puzzling why Smith did not make more effort to associate himself with the Song.  Until the discovery of Stevens's ''Recollections'', there  was some controversy over whether Smith was in fact the composer.&lt;ref&gt;Lichtenwanger (1977), pp. 12-16&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lichtenwanger, p. 15: {{quote|[Library of Congress music librarian Richard S. Hill (1901-1961)] did not accept the alleged claim of the Fifth Book, nor did he believe that any composer alive could have failed to identify himself at some point with a tune that became so popular in Britain and America, latterly in a way completely unforeseen. Not finding any evidence for ... anyone else in the picture, Hill concluded by elimination that Tomlinson must have put his words to a melody that already existed. Because of the tune's considerable dependence on the tonic triad—which, for example, supplies fourteen out of the first seventeen notes in the modern &quot;Star-Spangled Banner&quot; version—Hill wondered whether the tune had not come from military music, where trumpets and horns at that time were still limited by the lack of valves and pistons to the natural overtone series in which they do not achieve all the tones of the diatonic scale until they reach up almost to the height of &quot;the rocket's red glare.&quot; With much help in Britain and America, Hill searched a large part of the pre-1775 tune repertory; but, as with Kidson and Sonneck, no prototype was found. Hill was tantalized by a bandsman's book in the [[Sutro Library]] of San Francisco that contains the Anacreontic tune captioned &quot;Royal Inniskilling.&quot; He could show that the book had once belonged to a musician in the band of the Sixth Enniskillen Dragoons (the Irish and the colloquial English spellings are different). An Irish correspondent swore that his mother always said that the &quot;'Royal Inniskilling' was mother to 'The Star-Spangled Banner.'&quot; But Hill could find no evidence of the tune's existence under this title before 1799. He was too sound a scholar to publish without conclusive evidence, and during that impasse he tragically died.}}&lt;/ref&gt;  However, no alternative story for the music's origins (whether as the work of a different composer or as a pre-existing tune) ever gained a consensus among historians.  Lichtenwanger suggests that &quot;[p]erhaps Smith composed the song for Tomlinson for money, for a flat fee, which meant yielding his legal rights in it to Tomlinson or the Society&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;licht_21&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/loc.natlib.ihas.200033401/enlarge.html?page=21&amp;size=1024&amp;from=pageturner|title=The  music of the Star-spangled banner from Ludgate Hill to Capitol Hill|publisher=|accessdate=26 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Date===
The date of the composition of the Song is uncertain.  It cannot predate the foundation of the Anacreontic Society (around 1766).  Lichtenwanger suggests a composition date as late as 1776;&lt;ref&gt;Lichtenwanger, p. 24&lt;/ref&gt; but if the Marsh journal is accurate then the Song must have existed by December 1773.&lt;ref&gt;Lichtenwanger's article predates the publication of Marsh's journals.  He does quote the journals from manuscripts available in Cambridge University Library, but does not seem to be aware of the journal entry of 11 December 1773&lt;/ref&gt;  The age of John Stafford Smith may also be of interest;  Smith was in his mid-teens in 1766, while by 1773 he was in his early twenties and a published, prize-winning composer.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; 
|+ Chronology of The Anacreontic Song
|-
! |Date
! |Event
|-
| 17 August 1744 
| Ralph Tomlinson baptised in [[Plemstall]], Cheshire.&lt;ref name=&quot;lichtenwanger_10&quot;/&gt;
|-
| 30 March 1750
| John Stafford Smith baptised in Gloucester Cathedral.&lt;ref name=&quot;lichtenwanger_19&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/loc.natlib.ihas.200033401/enlarge.html?page=19&amp;size=1024&amp;from=pageturner|title=The  music of the Star-spangled banner from Ludgate Hill to Capitol Hill|publisher=|accessdate=26 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 1761
| John Stafford Smith becomes a chorister at the Chapel Royal, London.&lt;ref name=&quot;lichtenwanger_19&quot;/&gt;
|-
| 19 June 1766
| Ralph Tomlinson is admitted to the Society of Gentlemen Practisers in the Courts of Law and Equity, London.&lt;ref name=&quot;lichtenwanger_10&quot;/&gt;
|-

| 1766

| Approximate date of the founding of the Anacreontic Society, by Jack Smith.&lt;ref name=&quot;gentlemans&quot;/&gt;

|-

| 1773

| John Stafford Smith is awarded two composition prizes by the [[Glee (music)#Glee clubs|Catch Club of London]].&lt;ref name=&quot;grove&quot;&gt;{{cite book
|first=George
|last=Grove
|author2=J. A. Fuller-Maitland
|location=London
|publisher=Macmillan
|title=Grove's dictionary of music and musicians, volume 4
|year=1904
|pages=488–489
|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hn4qhj;view=1up;seq=501

|oclc=407077

}}&lt;/ref&gt;

|-

| 11 December 1773

| John Marsh records that he attended a meeting of the Anacreontic Society at the London Coffee House.  The Anacreontic Song was sung by Webster.  &quot;Mr Smith&quot; leads the musicians.&lt;ref name=&quot;marsh&quot;/&gt;

|-

| 15 January 1776

| Death of George Bellas (president of the Society).&lt;ref name=&quot;lichtenwanger_23-24&quot;/&gt;  Latest possible date for Ralph Tomlinson to become President.

|-

| 1777

| Latest possible date for the move from the London Coffee House to the Crown and Anchor tavern.  This move took place under Ralph Tomlinson's presidency.&lt;ref name=&quot;gentlemans&quot;/&gt;

|-

| 1777

| Stevens writes that he &quot;regularly attended&quot; the Society around this time.  Tomlinson was President.&lt;ref name=&quot;stevens&quot;/&gt;

|-

| 17 March 1778

| Death of Ralph Tomlinson.&lt;ref name=&quot;lichtenwanger_10&quot;/&gt;

|-
| 1 August 1778
| Words of the Anacreontic Song (earlier version, with references to the meeting-place at the London Coffee House) published in ''The Vocal'' magazine.  Attributed to &quot;Ralph Tomlinson, Esq.&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;gentlemans&quot;/&gt;
|-
| March 1780
| Words of the Anacreontic Song (later version) published in ''The London Magazine''.  Attribute to &quot;the late R. Tomlinson&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Star Spangled Banner&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924021778125|title=&quot;The Star Spangled Banner&quot;|first1=Oscar George Theodore|last1=Sonneck|first2=|last2=Library of Congress. Music Division|date=26 February 2018|publisher=Washington, [D.C.] : Government Printing Office|accessdate=26 February 2018|via=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| May 1780
| Anonymous &quot;History of the Anacreontic Society&quot; published in ''The Gentleman's Magazine''.  Includes the words of the song (later version), attributed to &quot;poor Ralph Tomlinson, their late President&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;gentlemans&quot;/&gt;
|-
| Some time between 1777 and 1781&lt;ref name=&quot;lichtenwanger_n22&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/loc.natlib.ihas.200033401/enlarge.html?page=31&amp;section=&amp;size=1024|title=The  music of the Star-spangled banner from Ludgate Hill to Capitol Hill|publisher=|accessdate=26 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| First Longman &amp; Broderip edition of the Song with music and text (later version) published.  Words attributed to &quot;Ralph Tomlinson Esq. late President of that Society&quot;; music unattributed.  Refers to the Song as &quot;Sung at the Crown And Anchor Tavern in the Strand&quot;.
|-
| 1783
| First known dated publication of the music of the Song, in ''The Vocal Enchantress''.  Both words and music are unattributed.
|-
|1792
| Anacreontic Society &quot;meets no more&quot;
|-
| 1799
| John Stafford Smith publishes his ''Fifth Book of Canzonets'', with a possible oblique claim to authorship of the Song
|-
| 21 September 1836
| Death of John Stafford Smith.&lt;ref name=&quot;lichtenwanger_19&quot;/&gt;
|}

==Publication==
[[File:Vocal Enchantress.png|thumb|First page of the song as published in ''The Vocal Enchantress'' (1783)]]

The lyrics of the song were published in ''The Vocal Magazine'', 1778, attributed to &quot;Ralph Tomlinson, Esq.&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
|title=The Vocal Magazine
|date=1778-08-01
|pages=147
|location=London
|publisher=J. Bew
|oclc=221370776
|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/ihas.100010459/
}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The music, along with the words, was published in ''[[The Vocal Enchantress]]'', a collection published in 1783.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
|title=The Vocal Enchantress
|date=1783
|location=London
|publisher=J. Fielding
|pages=336–338
|oclc=728290655
|url=http://imslp.org/wiki/The_Vocal_Enchantress_(Various)
}}&lt;/ref&gt;  There are also various undated publications of the music which likely date to the early 1780s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/ihas.100000012/|title=The  Anacreontic song|publisher=|accessdate=26 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;  None of these publications name the composer of the music.

Particular interest attaches to the first Longman &amp; Broderip edition of the music, published between 1777 and 1781.&lt;ref name=&quot;lichtenwanger_n22&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A facsimile of this edition is available [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/loc.natlib.ihas.100000012/default.html at the Library of Congress].&lt;/ref&gt;  This was likely the first publication of the music and the official edition from which others were copied.  Broderip, a partner at the firm, is known to have attended meetings of the Society.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uoyFI0m7WQsC&amp;pg=PT115&amp;lpg=PT116#v=onepage&amp;q=anacreontic&amp;f=false|title=The John Marsh Journals: The Life and Times of a Gentleman Composer (1752-1828)|first=John|last=Marsh|date=26 February 1998|publisher=Pendragon Press|accessdate=26 February 2018|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lyrics ==
The lyrics are &quot;a good-natured takeoff on a bit of pseudoclassical mythology&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;lichtenwanger_23-24&quot;/&gt;  The following is taken from the first Longman and Broderip edition:&lt;ref&gt;Orthography as in original, except that closing quotation marks have been added.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Anacreontic Vocal.png|thumb|First known publication of the lyrics of &quot;The Anacreontic Song&quot;, from ''The Vocal'' magazine, 1778.  The reference to &quot;Rowley's&quot; was removed in later versions.]]
;1
:To {{Smallcaps|Anacreon}} in Heav'n, where he sat in full Glee,
:A few Sons of Harmony sent a Petition,
:That he their Inspirer and Patron would be;
:When this answer arriv'd from the {{Smallcaps|Jolly Old Grecian}}
:&quot;Voice, Fiddle, and Flute, 
:&quot;no longer be mute,
:&quot;I'll lend you my Name and inspire you to boot,
:&quot;And, besides I'll instruct you, like me, to {{As written|intwine}}
:&quot;The [[Myrtus|Myrtle]] of {{Smallcaps|[[Venus (mythology)|Venus]]}} with {{Smallcaps|[[Dionysus|Bacchus]]}}'s Vine.&quot;
;2
:The news through {{Smallcaps|[[Mount Olympus|Olympus]]}} immediately flew;
:When {{Smallcaps|[[Jupiter (mythology)|Old Thunder]]}} pretended to give himself Airs.
:&quot;If these Mortals are suffer'd their Scheme to {{As written|persue}},
:&quot;The Devil a Goddess will stay above Stairs.
:&quot;Hark! already they cry,
:&quot;In transports of Joy,
:&quot;Away to the Sons of {{Smallcaps|Anacreon}} we'll fly,&lt;ref&gt;First version:  ''A fig for Parnassus!  To Rowley's we'll fly;''&lt;/ref&gt;
:&quot;And there, with good Fellows, we'll learn to {{As written|intwine}}
:&quot;The Myrtle of {{Smallcaps|Venus}} with {{Smallcaps|Bacchus}}'s Vine.
;3
:&quot;The {{Smallcaps|[[Apollo|Yellow-Hair'd God]]}} and his [[Muse|nine fusty Maids]],
:&quot;From {{Smallcaps|[[Mount Helicon|Helicon]]}}'s banks will incontinent flee,&lt;ref&gt;First version: ''To the hill of old Lud will incontinent flee,''&lt;/ref&gt;
:&quot;{{Smallcaps|[[Idalium|Idalia]]}} will boast but of tenantless Shades,
:&quot;And the [[Mount Parnassus|bi-forked Hill]] a mere {{As written|Desart}} will be
:&quot;My Thunder no fear on't, 
:&quot;Shall soon do {{As written|it's}} Errand,
:&quot;And dam'me! I'll swinge the Ringleaders, I warrant.
:&quot;I'll trim the young Dogs, for thus daring to twine
:&quot;The Myrtle of {{Smallcaps|Venus}} with {{Smallcaps|Bacchus}}'s Vine.&quot;
;4
:{{Smallcaps|[[Apollo]]}} rose up, and said, &quot;Pry'thee ne'er quarrel,
:&quot;Good King of the Gods, with my Vot'ries below:
:&quot;Your Thunder is useless&quot;—then {{As written|shewing}} his Laurel,
:Cry'd &quot;''Sic evitabile fulmen'',&lt;ref&gt;According to [http://www.potw.org/archive/potw234.html]: &quot;''Sic evitabile fulmen'' roughly translates to &quot;this repels thunderbolts&quot; (It was a common Roman belief that laurel provided protection from lightning.)&lt;/ref&gt; you know!
:&quot;Then over each head
:&quot;My Laurels I'll spread;
:&quot;So my Sons from your Crackers no Mischief shall dread,
:&quot;Whilst snug in their Club-Room, they jovially twine
:&quot;The Myrtle of {{Smallcaps|Venus}} with {{Smallcaps|Bacchus}}'s Vine.&quot;
;5
:Next {{Smallcaps|[[Momus]]}} got up with his risible Phiz,
:And swore with {{Smallcaps|Apollo}} he'd {{As written|chearfully}} join—
:&quot;The full Tide of Harmony still shall be his,
:&quot;But the Song, and the Catch, and the Laugh shall be mine.
:&quot;Then, {{Smallcaps|[[Jupiter (mythology)|Jove]]}}, be not jealous
:&quot;Of these honest fellows.&quot;
:Cry'd {{Smallcaps|Jove}}, &quot;We relent, since the Truth you now tell us;
:&quot;And swear by {{Smallcaps|[[Styx|Old Styx]]}}, that they long shall {{As written|intwine}}
:&quot;The Myrtle of {{Smallcaps|Venus}} with {{Smallcaps|Bacchus}}'s Vine.&quot;
;6
:Ye Sons of {{Smallcaps|Anacreon}}, then join Hand in Hand;
:Preserve Unanimity, Friendship, and Love!
:'Tis {{As written|your's}} to support what's so happily plann'd;
:You've the sanction of Gods, and the {{Smallcaps|Fiat}} of {{Smallcaps|Jove}}.
:While thus we agree,
:Our Toast let it be.
:May our Club flourish happy, united, and free!
:And long may the Sons of {{Smallcaps|Anacreon}} {{As written|intwine}}
:The Myrtle of {{Smallcaps|Venus}} with {{Smallcaps|Bacchus}}'s Vine.

===The earlier version of the lyrics===
In the first known version of the lyrics, as published in ''The Vocal'' magazine of 1778, there are two significant textual discrepancies from later publications.

* In the second verse, ''A fig for Parnassus!  To Rowley's we'll fly;'' appears in place of ''Away to the Sons of Anacreon we'll fly''
* In the third verse, ''To the hill of old Lud will incontinent flee,'' appears in place of ''From Helicon's banks will incontinent flee,''

The two replaced lines refer to the Society's earlier meeting-place at the London Coffee-House, which was situated on Ludgate Hill and seems to have occupied the same premises as Rowley and Leech, a wine merchant.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Star Spangled Banner&quot;/&gt;

==Music==
{{scalable image|The Anacreontic Song (corrected version).png|1000px|Melody of The Anacreontic Song, from the first Longman &amp; Broderip edition}}

==Subsequent history==

The song, through its bawdy lyrics, gained popularity in London and elsewhere beyond the Anacreontic Society. New lyrics were also fashioned for it, including several patriotic titles in the United States. The most popular of these at the time was [[Robert Treat Paine Jr.]]'s &quot;[[Adams and Liberty]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.potw.org/archive/potw233.html | title=Adams and Liberty}}&lt;/ref&gt; (1798).

===&quot;The Star-Spangled Banner&quot;===
[[Francis Scott Key]] wrote &quot;Defence of [[Fort McHenry]]&quot; during the [[War of 1812]], while detained on a [[United Kingdom|British]] ship during the night of 13 September 1814, as the British forces bombarded the [[United States|American]] fort. Key specifically wrote the lyrics with this familiar patriotic tune in mind, just as he had done with an earlier set of his lyrics, &quot;When the Warrior Returns&quot;, in which he had made similar use of &quot;star-spangled banner&quot; imagery.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=When the Warrior Returns|url=http://www.potw.org/archive/potw340.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later retitled &quot;[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]&quot;, Key's lyrics, set to Stafford Smith's music, became a well-known and recognized patriotic song throughout the United States, and was officially designated as the U.S. national anthem on 3 March 1931.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title       = John Stafford Smith: Composer of the Star Spangled Banner
| url         = http://www.visit-gloucestershire.co.uk/gloucester-history/john-stafford-smith-composer-of-the-star-spangled-banner/
| publisher   =
| accessdate  =
}}&lt;/ref&gt; The setting of new lyrics to an existing tune is called a [[contrafactum]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.robertgreenbergmusic.com/2012/06/22/as-american-as-tarte-aux-pommes-celebrating-the-fourth-with-some-american-music/ As American as tarte aux pommes! Celebrating the Fourth with some American Music] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20130201092629/http://www.robertgreenbergmusic.com/2012/06/22/as-american-as-tarte-aux-pommes-celebrating-the-fourth-with-some-american-music/ |date=1 February 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |first=William |last=Lichtenwanger |title=The Music of &quot;The Star-Spangled Banner&quot;: From Ludgate Hill to Capitol Hill |publisher=Government Printing Office |location=Washington DC |year=1977 |oclc=843588215 |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/loc.natlib.ihas.200033401/default.html}}.  Also available online [http://symposium.music.org/index.php?option=com_k2&amp;view=item&amp;id=1793:the-music-of-the-star-spangled-banner%E2%80%94whence-and-whither?&amp;Itemid=124 here].
* McVeigh, Simon. &quot;Trial by Dining Club: the Instrumental Music of Haydn, Clementi and Mozart at London's Anacreontic Society&quot; in {{cite book |last=Zon (ed.)|first=Bennett |year=2012 |title=Music and Performance Culture in Nineteenth-Century Britain: Essays in Honour of Nicholas Temperley |location=Farnham |publisher=Ashgate |pages=105–138 |isbn=9781409495536 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lFTk7_zzdEYC&amp;lpg=PT137&amp;vq=%22trial%20by%20dining-club%22&amp;pg=PT137#v=snippet&amp;q=%22chapter%206%20trial%20by%20dining-club%3A%20the%20instrumental%20music%22&amp;f=false}}
* {{cite book |title=Musical Memoirs, vol. 1 |year=1830 |first=William Thomas |last=Parke |publisher=Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley |location=London |oclc=22715472 |url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433082252267}}
* {{cite book
|first=Oscar George Theodore
|last=Sonneck
|title=The Star Spangled Banner
|location=Washington, DC
|publisher=Government Printing Office
|year=1914
|oclc=402041
|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924021778125

}}

==External links==
{{wikisource|The Anacreontic Song}}

===Lyrics===
*{{citation
   |url=http://www.potw.org/archive/potw234.html
   |title=To Anacreon in Heaven
   |last=Tomlinson
   |first=Ralph
   |publisher=Poem of the Week
   |id=#234
   |accessdate=2008-06-01
}}
*{{citation
   |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k0UJAAAAIAAJ&amp;dq=%22To+Anacreon+in+Heaven,+where+he+sat+in+full+glee%22&amp;cad=0
   |title=The American Historical Record
   |editor-first=Benson J.
   |editor-last=Lossing
   |volume=II
   |publisher=Samuel P. Town, Publisher
   |location=Philadelphia
   |year=1873
   |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=k0UJAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA129&amp;lpg=PA129&amp;dq=%22To+Anacreon+in+Heaven,+where+he+sat+in+full+glee%22 129]
}}

===&quot;The Star-Spangled Banner&quot;===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20021024042343/http://www.lib.virginia.edu/speccol/exhibits/music/patriotic.html UVa Library: Exhibits: Lift Every Voice: Patriotic Odes]

===Media===
* [http://www.astrococktail.com/anacreon.html Link to .mp3] as sung by [[John Townley]] on ''The Top Hits Of 1776.''
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OqyQO3xhNx0 Link to video] as performed by the [[Georgia Tech Glee Club]].

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anacreontic Song}}
[[Category:18th-century songs]]
[[Category:Drinking songs]]
[[Category:The Star-Spangled Banner]]</text>
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{{Underlinked|date=August 2018}}
{{Self-published|date=January 2020}}
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{{Infobox person
| image              = Pier_luigi_capucci.jpg
| name               = Pier Luigi Capucci
| birth_place        = Lugo (RA), Italy
| residence          = Milano Marittima (RA), Italy
| nationality        = Italian
| employer           = Fine Arts Academy of Urbino; Università degli Studi di Udine; Noema
| occupation         = {{flatlist|
*Educator
*writer
*theorist
}}
| website            = http://capucci.org
}}

'''Pier Luigi Capucci''' is an [[Italians|Italian]] [[Teacher|educator]], theorist and writer in the fields of media (both in communication and art realms) and of the relationships among culture, sciences and technologies, as well as an active contributor to the international debate about culture-sciences-technologies-arts.

== Biography ==
Since the early '80s Capucci has been concerned with the communication’s studies, the new media and the new art forms, and with the relations among arts, sciences and technologies. He has been professor at the [[University of Rome|Universities of Rome]] {{تم}}“La Sapienza”, Bologna, Florence, at SUPSI - [[SUPSI|University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland]], at the [[University of Urbino]] and at NABA in Milan. Currently, he is a teacher at the Fine Art Academy of [[Urbino]], at the [[University of Udine]] and in other institutions. Since 2008 he has been working as a supervisor in the (M)T-Node PhD Research Program&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.t-node.org/index.html|title=t-node.org|website=www.t-node.org|access-date=2019-11-15|archive-date=2014-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907033317/http://www.t-node.org/index.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; of the [[Planetary Collegium]] ([[University of Plymouth]]),&lt;ref&gt;Planetary Collegium (University of Plymouth), http://www.plymouth.ac.uk/research/273&lt;/ref&gt; and in May 2013 he has been appointed as (M)T-Node's DoS (Director of Studies).&lt;ref&gt;Here Capucci's curriculum : http://capucci.org/complete-bio/&lt;/ref&gt;

His theoretical activity is concerned with the technologies of representation and communication, with the technoscience-based art forms, and with media archaeology studies. In the field of applied research, he works on the opportunities of social relationships raised by online communications and new media.

In 1993–96, Capucci authored 3 books on virtual reality, arts and communication.

He published more than 300 texts in books, magazines and conference papers in Italy and abroad.&lt;ref&gt;For a list of the publications it is possible to refer to Capucci personal website http://capucci.org/publications/&lt;/ref&gt; He has organized exhibitions, managed projects and participated to many conferences in Italy and abroad. He has been working in European projects on technological communications. From 2004 to 2007 and from 2009 to 2011 he has been in the International [[Advisory board|Advisory Board]] {{لا}}of [[Ars Electronica|Ars Electronica]] {{تم}}of the Net Communities category.&lt;ref&gt;Here the curriculum of the scientific activity: http://capucci.org/complete-bio/&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1994 Capucci founded and directed the first Italian online magazine, ''[[Net (magazine)|NetMagazine]]'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://noemalab.eu/org/sections/specials/netmag_magnet/main.html|title=NOEMA &gt; SPECIALS &gt; NETMAG/MAGNET - ALLE ORIGINI DEL NET-PUBLISHING|website=noemalab.eu|access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; later ''MagNet'', a research project on the relations between culture and technologies made in conjunction with the universities of Bologna and Rome “La Sapienza”.

In 2000, he founded Noemalab.eu website devoted to culture-new technologies interrelations and influences and became its editor-in-chief. In 2004, Capucci founded &lt;mediaversi&gt;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mediaversi.it|title=&lt;mediaversi&gt; – Media, tecnologie, cultura e società|website=www.mediaversi.it|language=it-IT|access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; a book series which he is the director of, coproduced by ''Noema'' and published by Clueb University Press,&lt;ref&gt;[https://clueb.it/catalogo/mediaversi/]{{Dead link|date=November 2019|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; focused on new media, arts, sciences, technologies and society, with an international Scientific Committee. In 2012 he founded fivewordsforthefuture,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://fivewordsforthefuture.eu/|title=FiveWordsForTheFuture|website=FiveWordsForTheFuture|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; a project which aims at helping to recognize and understand what is &quot;new&quot;, innovation, to imagine the future. In 2017 in Bologna he designed, curated and coordinated art*science 2017/Leonardo 50 - The New and History,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://artscience.online/|title=art*science|website=art*science|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; an International Conference on the relations between art and science, which also celebrated the 50th anniversary of [[Leonardo (journal)|Leonardo journal]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.leonardo.info/civicrm/event/info?reset=1&amp;id=22|title=art*science - The New and History|last=Italy|first=B. O.|website=Leonardo/ISAST|language=en|access-date=2019-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; published by [[MIT Press]].

His theoretical activity is concerned with techniques and technologies of representation and communication in the communication and art realms, with the technoscience-based art forms and with the media archaeology studies. In the field of applied research he works on the opportunities of social relationships raised by online communications and new media.

== Books ==
* {{cite book|year=1993|last=Capucci|first=Pier Luigi|title=Realtà del virtuale. Rappresentazioni tecnologiche, comunicazione, arte|trans-title=Reality of the virtual. Technological representations, communication, art)|language=Italian|location=Bologna|publisher=Clueb|isbn=88-8091-215-1}} (republished in 2015 as eBook)
* {{cite book|year=1994|last=Capucci|first=Pier Luigi|title=Il corpo tecnologico. L'influenza delle tecnologie sul corpo e sulle sue facoltà|trans-title=The technological body. Technologies’ influence on the body and its faculties|language=Italian|location=Bologna|publisher=Baskerville|isbn=978-88-800-0008-2}}
* {{cite book|year=1996|last=Capucci|first=Pier Luigi|title=Arte e tecnologie. Comunicazione estetica e tecnoscienze|trans-title=Art and technologies. Aesthetic communication and technosciences|language=Italian|location=Bologna|publisher=Ed. dell'Ortica|isbn=978-88-909189-0-2}}

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://capucci.org Pier Luigi Capucci personal website]
* [https://noemalab.eu/author/plc/ Capucci articles on NOEMA]
* [https://fivewordsforthefuture.eu ''fivewordsforthefuture'' website]
* [https://independent.academia.edu/PierLuigiCapucci Pier Luigi Capucci articles on Academia.edu]

== Some texts on the Web ==
* &quot;Noema, un’analisi su quindici anni di innovazione&quot; (Noema, an analysis on 15 years of innovation) (written with Paolo Chighine) - http://www.darsmagazine.it/?p=17717
* &quot;Art can save us. L’arte tra sostenibilità, ecologia, economia&quot; (Art can save us. Art Among Sustainability, Ecology, Economy) [part.1 and 2] -  http://www.anjapuntari.com/blog/Entries/2012/11/5_ART_BETWEEN_SUSTAINABILITY,_ECOLOGY,ECONOMICS_BY_PIER_LUIGI_CAPUCCI_Part_1_2.html{{Dead link|date=August 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* &quot;[[Internet of things|The Internet of Things]] {{لا}}from the user’s perspective&quot; - http://www.theinternetofthings.eu/content/pier-luigi-capucci-internet-things-user’s-perspective {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113651/http://www.theinternetofthings.eu/content/pier-luigi-capucci-internet-things-user%E2%80%99s-perspective |date=2016-03-04 }}
* &quot;Simulation beyond perspective. The discourse of holography as a tool for imagery, art, media studies and science&quot; - http://isea2011.sabanciuniv.edu/paper/simulation-beyond-perspective-discourse-holography-tool-imagery-art-media-studies-and-science {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000910/http://isea2011.sabanciuniv.edu/paper/simulation-beyond-perspective-discourse-holography-tool-imagery-art-media-studies-and-science |date=2016-03-04 }}
* &quot;Interviewing new [[New media art|media art]] {{لا}}didactics with Pier Luigi Capucci&quot; - http://www.artsblog.it/post/6600/interviewing-new-media-art-didactics-with-pier-luigi-capucci-part-5
* &quot;La 'Terza vita'. Ipotesi sulla molteplicità del vivente&quot; (The ‘Third Life’. Hypothesis on the Multiplicity of the Living) -  http://www.scienzaefilosofia.it/res/site70201/res508001_17-CAPUCCI.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425143907/http://www.scienzaefilosofia.it/res/site70201/res508001_17-CAPUCCI.pdf |date=2012-04-25 }}
* &quot;La simulación como recurso global&quot; (Simulation as a Global Resource) - http://www.tintank.es/?p=223 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913043359/http://www.tintank.es/?p=223 |date=2016-09-13 }}


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    <title>Poselství Grálu</title>
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      <text bytes="21983" xml:space="preserve">'''Poselství Grálu''' je stěžejní dílo německého spisovatele Oskara Ernsta Bernhardta píšícího pod pseudonymem [[Abd-ru-shin]]. Je to světonázorové dílo na pomezí filosofie a náboženství, vyjadřující se k základním životním otázkám s jejich využitím v každodenním životě. Napsáno bylo v letech 1924 – 1937.

Podrobnosti viz „Historie vzniku“.

== Základní myšlenky díla ==
Hned v úvodu díla [[Abd-ru-shin]] zdůrazňuje, že nepřináší nové náboženství&lt;ref&gt;[http://poselstvigralu.cz/k-doprovodu-100/ K DOPROVODU!]&lt;/ref&gt;, ale že jeho učení má možnost jednotlivec využít v každodenním životě prostřednictvím svých vlastních schopností, které jsou u každého člověka jedinečné.
Ukazuje společné záchytné body různých způsobů chápání pojmu „Bůh“ a „Božství“&lt;ref&gt;[https://poselstvigralu.cz/mlceni-106/ Mlčení]&lt;/ref&gt;, aniž by si vzájemně odporovaly, navzdory zcela odlišnému slovnímu vyjádření.
Vykresluje přímou souvislost mezi zřetelně působícími fyzikálními zákony a „vůlí Boží“, vyjádřenou v dosavadních náboženstvích.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.abdrushin.cz/ve-svetle-pravdy/poselstvi-gralu-od-abdrushina-014.php Vykupitel]&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Abd-ru-shin]] také zcela odmítá úlohu církví a náboženských společností všeho druhu, jakožto prostředníka mezi Bohem a lidmi. Nenachází pro to žádné oprávnění.
Autor Poselství Grálu dává vnitřní vzestup jednotlivce vždy do souvislosti pouze s použitím vlastních schopností člověka, k čemuž nezanedbatelně pomáhá prosté chtění dobra.&lt;ref&gt;[https://poselstvigralu.cz/co-hledate-101/ Co hledáte?]&lt;/ref&gt;
Zatímco celé [[Abd-ru-shin]]ovo dílo je protkáno myšlenkami zdůrazňujícími důležitost všestranné samostatnosti člověka a odmítání jakéhokoliv spolkaření a sdružování se do pozemských organizací, objevovaly se již za jeho života v jeho okolí snahy lidí vytěžit z jeho učení pozemský i duchovní [[kapitál]], což se ostatně projevuje dodnes.
Nezaujatý čtenář však brzy pozná, že skutečnou hodnotu pro něj má jen to, co si sám v životě vyzkouší a prožije, což mu nemůže zprostředkovat žádná organizace.
[[Abd-ru-shin]] doporučuje, aby při studiu jeho díla čtenáři postupovali přednášku za přednáškou a postupně, jako po pomyslném žebříku, chápali pojmy ve zcela novém světle a zároveň si vše ověřovali v každodenním životě, pečlivě a kriticky zkoumali, a nepřijímali věci bez předchozího úplného pochopení. Jednou z nejvíce odsuzovaných věcí Abdrushinem je právě [[slepá víra]].
Navzdory autorovu nesmlouvavému postoji k církvím&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.abdrushin.cz/ve-svetle-pravdy/poselstvi-gralu-od-abdrushina-080.php Bylo jednou…!]&lt;/ref&gt;, však jako vzor čistého života na Zemi vyzdvihuje právě postavu [[Ježíš Kristus|Ježíše]] z [[Nazaret]]a. Ne však z hlediska jeho „nadpozemských“ schopností, ale jeho jasného pohledu na zdánlivě složité životní situace, z nichž v každém případě existuje východisko&lt;ref&gt;[http://poselstvigralu.cz/vzestup-107/ Vzestup]&lt;/ref&gt;. Poukazuje, že právě [[Ježíš Kristus|Ježíšova]] prostá a jasná vyjádření byla tím nejcennějším, co každý člověk může i dnes využít v každodenním životě. Jako například:
* Co člověk zasévá, to desateronásobně sklidí.
* Co nechceš, aby bližní činili tobě, nečiň ty jim.
* Miluj bližního svého jako sebe sama.

== Citáty ==
* ''Jen ten, kdo se sám pohybuje, může duchovně postoupit kupředu.''    
* ''Duchovní chléb osvěžuje bezprostředně. Pravda občerstvuje a Světlo oživuje!''
* ''Cesta k Nejvyššímu je otevřena každému člověku! Učenost není její vstupní branou!''
* ''Kdo má v sobě pevnou vůli k dobru a snaží se dodat svým myšlenkám čistotu, ten již našel cestu k Nejvyššímu!''

=== Tři základní zákony ===

Člověku není možné Boha skutečně poznat, může však vycítit a vytušit svého Stvořitele z jeho dokonalé vůle, vložené do světa. Tato vůle má podobu zákonů, podle nichž se řídí celý svět, viditelný svět fyziky stejně jako neviditelné dění, zasahující do lidských osudů. Zákony jsou nezměnitelné a nelze je obejít, člověk je musí poznat a podle nich žít, chce-li žít podle vůle Nejvyššího. Hlavní zákony jsou tři:

==== Zákon přitažlivosti stejnorodého&lt;ref&gt;Poselství Grálu I/6 Mlčení, II/19 Modlitba, III/29 Pokřivené duše, II/51 Pohlavní síla a její význam pro duchovní vzestup, aj.&lt;/ref&gt; ====

Stejnorodé se navzájem přitahuje a posiluje. Jestliže člověk pocítí např. závist, přitahuje stejnorodé city a myšlenky závisti jiných lidí, takže nich postupně vzniknou celá centra závisti. Odtud se vlastní závist původce dále posiluje, až nakonec zesílí v konkrétní čin závisti. Člověk tak zůstává spojen stejnorodostí s centrem závisti. Stejným způsobem se posiluje dobré smýšlení, například láska k bližním, a z centra lásky proudí k původci síla, posilující jeho původní láskyplnost. Zákon přitažlivosti stejnorodého tak vlastně zesiluje to, co sám člověk původně chtěl, a pomáhá mu uskutečnit jeho úmysly.

==== Zákon zpětného působení&lt;ref&gt;Poselství Grálu I/5 Probuďte se, I/6 Mlčení, II/49 Lidské smýšlení a Boží vůle v zákoně zpětného působení aj.&lt;/ref&gt; ====

Co kdo zaseje, to sklidí. Souvisí s předchozím zákonem. Po čase se z centra závisti nebo lásky vrátí k původci zesílené účinky jeho vlastního cítění nebo smýšlení a přinesou mu mnohokrát zesílené plody toho, co dříve zasel. Tak si člověk vytváří svůj budoucí život. Dobré i zlé, jež ho v životě potkává, je následkem jeho dřívějšího jednání a smýšlení. Není to osobně Bohem seslaná odměna nebo trest, ale splnění jeho vlastního směřování, i když mohlo být namířeno k jiným lidem. Když například jinému ublíží, ovlivní zákon zpětného působení někoho v jeho okolí, tak že ublíží zase jemu. Stejně je tomu s pozitivním jednáním. Zákon zpětného působení dává člověku poznat následky jeho cítění, myšlení, mluvení a jednání a tříbit si smysl k rozlišení správného a nesprávného.

==== Zákon tíže&lt;ref&gt;[https://poselstvigralu.cz/bloudeni-120/ Poselství Grálu I/20 Bloudění] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912025044/https://poselstvigralu.cz/bloudeni-120/ |date=2016-09-12 }}, aj.&lt;/ref&gt; ====

Lehké stoupá vzhůru, těžké klesá. Ve fyzikální oblasti tento zákon řídí uspořádání celého viditelného světa. Kromě tzv. hrubohmotnosti (běžně pozorovaný svět) existují však i úrovně jemnějších druhů hmotnosti, v nichž se pohybují myšlenky, duše zemřelých lidí aj. Dobrým smýšlením a činy se stává člověk lehčím, zlé ho naopak zatěžuje. Zákon tíže umožňuje vysvětlit život člověka po pozemské smrti: smrt není zánik osobnosti, ale jen odložení nejtěžšího obalu – těla, bez něj pak pokračuje člověk v dalším životě v jemnějším druhu těla (přirovnání s odložením kabátu a pobytem jen v košili). Přitom klesne nebo stoupne do takové úrovně, jaká odpovídá jeho lehkosti nebo tíze. Podle toho vypadá i jeho stejnorodé nebo stejně těžké prostředí: např. násilník se po smrti ocitá mezi násilníky a navzájem si spolu ztěžují život; dobrý člověk pokračuje v dalším životě mezi jinými dobrými lidmi.

=== Reinkarnace&lt;ref&gt;Poselství Grálu II/10 Tajemství zrození aj.&lt;/ref&gt; ===

Poselství Grálu vysvětluje reinkarnaci jako nutný nástroj k duchovnímu uzrávání člověka. Pokud umírá zatížen vinou a „nečistými“ sklony, musí se znovu narodit na zemi, odčinit svá pochybení a pokračovat ve zušlechťování, zdokonalování. Narodí se do takových poměrů, jaké si „vysloužil“ předchozím životem a jaké potřebuje k dalšímu vývoji. Na rozdíl od východních náboženství Poselství Grálu vysvětluje, že člověk zůstává stále člověkem, a vylučuje, aby se inkarnoval jako cokoliv jiného – třeba jako zvíře nebo rostlina.

=== Svobodná vůle&lt;ref&gt;Poselství Grálu II/22 Člověk a jeho svobodná vůle&lt;/ref&gt; ===

Člověk dostal od svého Stvořitele svobodnou vůli k rozhodování o svých záměrech a jednání. Následkům svého rozhodování je však potom již nevyhnutelně podroben, a to podle zmíněných tří zákonů. Může se např. rozhodnout k nepoctivému jednání, kterým uškodí svému bližnímu, ale po čase se k němu vrátí následky takového jednání tak, že sám utrpí mnohem větší škodu; má tak možnost poznat, k čemu se vlastně rozhodl. Stejně je tomu s pozitivním rozhodováním.

Pokud se člověk již narodí do prostředí s omezenou svobodou (třeba do totalitního státu nebo chudé rodiny), pravděpodobně má toto omezení prožít jako následek svého předchozího života; životní tkanivo je však velmi provázané, rozsáhlé, a příčiny mohou být i jiné.

=== Smysl života ===

&quot;Pozemská životní dráha je krátkou školou a odložením těla nenastává pro vás samé konec.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://poselstvigralu.cz/vzestup-107/ Vzestup]&lt;/ref&gt; Zkušenostmi a námahou pozemského života se má člověk stát zralejším, dospělejším, ušlechtilejším a sebe vědomým tvorem. Po smrti pozemského těla má jeho život pokračovat v lehčích a světlejších úrovních a postupně se má dostat do ráje, z něhož kdysi vyšel jako nevědomé lidské seménko, prosící o možnost života. Ráj přitom leží mimo vesmír, v ještě lehčích úrovních, než je veškerá hmotnost.

=== Grál ===

Podle Poselství Grálu není &quot;svatý Grál&quot; kalich a symbol, o kterém hovoří středověké legendy. Je to místo, ze kterého se rozlila Boží síla do stvoření při jeho vzniku, když Stvořitel projevil svou vůli slovy &quot;Budiž Světlo!&quot; Leží mimo hmotný vesmír.&lt;ref&gt;Poselství Grálu II/34 Svatý Grál&lt;/ref&gt; O. E. Bernhardt vysvětluje, že s pokračujícím rozvojem svých schopností má lidstvo dostat i pokračující vědění; k němu náleží mj. i vědění o Grálu.

=== Poslední soud ===

Podle učení Poselství Grálu se dnes nacházíme v období tzv. &quot;posledního soudu&quot;. Není dobou zániku světa, ale dobou zrychleného třídění, v níž se zesíleně projevuje všechno, co dosud jen doutnalo nebo dřímalo. Především vlastnosti a jednání lidí. Přírodní i společenské katastrofy vyústí nakonec ve &quot;velkou očistu&quot;, odtřídění &quot;zrna od plev&quot;, a to přirozeným způsobem podle zákona tíže. Na očištěné Zemi zůstanou jen lidé s vůlí k dobrému smýšlení a jednání a s úctou k Bohu; duše ostatních poklesnou do hutnějších a temnějších úrovní.&lt;ref&gt;Poselství Grálu I/13 Svět, I/27 Kniha života aj.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Vztah Poselství Grálu a křesťanství ==

Poselství Grálu uznává Ježíše jako Syna Božího a Spasitele. Neuznává však ukřižování jako akt smíření s lidstvem a odpuštění jeho hříchů. Autor Poselství Grálu tvrdí, že ukřižování bylo důsledkem odmítnutí jeho učení, nenávisti a intrik tehdejších židovských kněží, podle zmíněných Božích zákonů tedy nemůže vést k žádnému vykoupení. Spásu může přinést jen následování Ježíšových slov a život podle nich.&lt;ref&gt;Poselství Grálu II/66 Otče, odpusť jim, neboť nevědí, co činí aj.&lt;/ref&gt; Rovněž s myšlenkou Pavlovou, že člověk nemůže dospět k odpuštění svých hříchů vlastními silami, ale jen prosbou Boha za odpuštění, Poselství Grálu nesouhlasí. Podle zákonů je naopak třeba, aby se člověk sám energicky přičinil, odčiňoval své chyby a zušlechťoval své sklony; teprve pak mu může být pomoženo.&lt;ref&gt;Poselství Grálu II/43 Já jsem Hospodin, tvůj Bůh!&lt;/ref&gt; Abd-ru-shinova kniha je také silně proticírkevní: církve se vsunuly do role prostředníka mezi Bohem a člověkem a postupně se vyvinuly v politické strany, usilující o vlastní moc, vliv a bohatství. Člověk má poznávat Boha a svět bez prostředníka, vlastní námahou a dospět k vlastním názorům. Jejich správnost nebo chybnost může poznávat pozorováním života kolem sebe a srovnáváním s věděním v Poselství.

== Historie vzniku ==

Poselství Grálu vznikalo formou přednášek, vydávaných nejprve časopisecky samým autorem. Knižně vyšlo poprvé v r. 1926 pod názvem &quot;Ve světle Pravdy – Nové Poselství Grálu od Abdruschina&quot;. Obsahovalo 43 přednášek. O pět let později, v r. 1931, vyšlo znovu jako tzv. Velké vydání (Grosse Ausgabe), rozšířené na 93 přednášek, doplněných o Desatero Božích přikázání. Postupně vznikaly další přednášky, ty vyšly v r. 1934 vyšly v knize &quot;Poselství Grálu doznívá&quot; (Nachklänge zur Gralsbotschaft von Abdruschin, Band I.). Další díl již nemohl být vytištěn vzhledem k politickému vývoji, který ve 30. letech minulého století zasáhl Německo a Rakousko. Ihned po připojení Rakouska k Německé říši v březnu 1938 byl Abd-ru-shin zatčen a jen díky úsilí jeho stoupenců se podařilo zmírnit jeho uvěznění na nucené domácí vězení pod dozorem gestapa.

Podle poválečného Hnutí Grálu byl Abd-ru-shin v posledních letech svého života zklamán vývojem v německém národě i ve světě, přepracoval tedy své Poselství Grálu do novější třísvazkové formy a určil jako platné pro příští časy. Tak vznikl poválečný tvar, zvaný „Vydání poslední ruky“. Pro toto tvrzení však nepředložili autorovi pozůstalí písemné důkazy.

V současné době tedy lze nalézt Poselství Grálu ve dvou formách – „Velké vydání“ a „Vydání poslední ruky“, obě mají své zastánce:

Stoupenci předválečného „velkého vydání“ se opírají o skutečnost, že neexistují dokumenty autora o záměru přepracovat své dílo, a považují za autentický pouze předválečný tvar. Zastánci „vydání poslední ruky“ poukazují na autoritu vdovy M. Bernhardtové, která po válce předložila upravené autorovo dílo k vytisknutí, a na skutečnost, že podstatou zůstává pozdější forma stejná, reaguje však na tehdejší duchovní propad Evropy a nesplněná Abd-ru-shinova očekávání.

Dnes je předválečná forma Poselství k dispozici v češtině jednak online, jednak v knižní formě (viz Externí odkazy). Třísvazkový tvar „vydání poslední ruky“ je vydáván pod záštitou nadace Stiftung Gralsbotschaft Stuttgart pouze v knižní formě (s výjimkou několika ukázkových kapitol&lt;ref&gt;[https://poselstvigralu.cz/ve-svetle-pravdy-obsah-knihy/ Poselství Grálu – obsah knihy]&lt;/ref&gt;) a je k dostání v knihkupectvích.

== Překlad do českého jazyka, dalších jazyků a vydávání knih     ==
Již ve 30. letech probíhalo překládání do jiných jazyků; v tehdejším Československu se jej ujali Josef a Jan Kovářové ze Zlína se spolupracovníky, ve velmi krátké době dílo přeložili a připravili k tisku, takže v r. 1932 bylo českým čtenářům k dispozici.

Také třísvazkové „vydání poslední ruky“ bylo rychle připraveno k tisku a vydáno česky již v roce 1948; část vydání už tehdejší čs. orgány zabavily a knihu zakázaly. Podkladem textu byl dosavadní překlad J. a J. Kovářových.

Prvé dva překlady se snažily o co možná doslovné znění, s těsnou vazbou na německý originál. V 60. letech se pak za účasti Jana Kováře připravil další překlad třísvazkového „vydání poslední ruky“ ve snaze o upřesnění pojmů a lepší češtinu textu. Překlad vyšel od r. 1967 dvakrát v Německu, po roce 1990 pak opakovaně v ČR v licenci nadace Stiftung Gralsbotschaft. Od roku 1990 se jej vydalo asi 45 000 výtisků. Poslední český překlad „Vydání poslední ruky“ v licenci nadace Stiftung Gralsbotschaft je z roku 2011, s důrazem na přesnost vyjádření a pokud možno čistý český jazyk.

Předválečné Velké vydání a „Doznívání“ má kromě původního předválečného překladu i novější český překlad z roku 2012, knižně je vydáván nakladatelstvím Plamen, které ho současně poskytuje čtenářům online zdarma (viz „Externí odkazy“). Tyto knihy se v nezkrácené formě v současnosti nově překládají do řady světových jazyků a nezávislí překladatelé tyto překlady většinou poskytují veřejnosti zdarma.

== Autorská práva ==

O autorská práva k Poselství Grálu a dalším Abd-ru-shinovým spisům se v minulosti vedly dva soudní spory.

Autor ustanovil, že „vydávání a šíření Poselství Grálu musí samozřejmě zůstat na celé zemi v jedněch vedoucích rukou“&lt;ref&gt;Dopis O. E. Bernhardta Carlosi Frischkornovi, Sao Paolo, z 10. ledna 1931&lt;/ref&gt;.

Po jeho smrti 1941 přešla autorská práva na jeho ženu Marii Bernhardtovou, a po jejím úmrtí v roce 1957 v souladu s rakouskými zákony na její děti. Již předtím, v roce 1952 však založila Marie Bernhardtová pro podporu šíření Poselství nadaci Stiftung Gralsbotschaft&lt;ref&gt;{{Citace elektronického periodika |titul=Archivovaná kopie |url=http://www.hnutiegralu.sk/sk/hnutie-gralu-uvod.php |datum přístupu=2016-09-10 |url archivu=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090914/http://www.hnutiegralu.sk/sk/hnutie-gralu-uvod.php |datum archivace=2016-03-04 |nedostupné=ano }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Její dcera Irmingard Bernhardtová před svou smrtí v r. 1990 na nadaci převedla všechna autorská práva Poselství Grálu.

Z hlediska práva evropských zemí je tento postup bezchybný. V Brazílii však Irmingard Bernhardtová soudní spor s tamější organizací „Řád Grálu na Zemi“ v roce 1989 prohrála.

V druhém soudním sporu o zpochybnění autorských práv Stiftung Gralsbotschaft potvrdil Vrchní zemský soud ve Stuttgartu v březnu 2008 autorská práva na
Poselství Grálu nadaci Stiftung Gralsbotschaft&lt;ref&gt;https://shop-gral.com/cz/ &lt;/ref&gt;.

Dnes jsou podle evropského práva autorská práva na dílo již zaniklá (70 let od smrti autora), v platnosti přitom zůstávají práva na autorství pozdějších překladů. Nadace Stiftung Gralsbotschaft Stuttgart však i nadále zajišťuje kromě vydávání i překlady do dalších jazyků. Dosud vyšlo Poselství („vydání poslední ruky“) v 18 jazycích v nákladu více než 1 milion výtisků. Z toho v češtině asi 45 000.

== Náboženské společnosti ==
Sám O. E. Bernhardt nezaložil žádnou společnost. V roce 1927 se vyjádřil: &quot;I když radostně zdravím tato sdružení, přesto je nemohu vést, ani se účastnit jejich činnosti.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;https://gralsbotschaft.org/stiftung-gralsbotschaft-2/&lt;/ref&gt; V roce 1938 dal O. E. Bernhardt, v té době již zatčený gestapem a vědomý si rostoucího nebezpečí ze strany nacistů, dokonce pokyn ke zrušení všech stávajících spolků.&lt;ref&gt;Prohlášení O.E. Bernhardta z 19.7.1938 v Innsbrucku, uložené u advokáta Dr. K. Polaczeka&lt;/ref&gt;

Dnes je největší náboženskou společností, vycházející z Poselství Grálu, [[Hnutí Grálu]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.hnutigralu.cz&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Vojtíšek: Náboženství a sekty v České republice. Policista, 1998. Např. [http://charlijen.net/wp-content/uploads/N%C3%A1bo%C5%BEenstv%C3%AD_a_sekty_v_%C4%8CR.pdf charlijen.net/wp-content/uploads/Náboženství_a_sekty_v_ČR.pdf]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.grail-uk.net/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-07-21 |archive-date=2021-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515173056/http://www.grail-uk.net/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://gralsbotschaft.org/stiftung-gralsbotschaft-2/&lt;/ref&gt;). Založila je po válce Marie Bernhardtová jako obnovení předválečných sdružení. Existuje v mnoha zemích. Nechce být církví a respektuje samostatné smýšlení svých stoupenců.

Podle vyjádření českého religionisty [[Zdeněk Vojtíšek|Dr. Z. Vojtíška]] &quot;příslušníky Hnutí Grálu bývají lidé s vyvinutým smyslem pro mravnost, pořádní a až trochu zákoničtí a upjatí. Bývá jim vlastní myšlenka práce na sobě a sebezlepšování.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;http://krizovatka.skaut.cz/organizace/ustredni-organy/odbory-a-komise/odbor_duchovni_vychovy/dokumenty/1389-hnuti_gralu/&lt;/ref&gt;

Kromě Hnutí Grálu existuje řada menších vzájemně odlišných seskupení.

Nutno dodat, že autorův požadavek svobody a samostatnosti v rozhodování, obsažený v knize, vede i problematicky smýšlející lidi k prezentování vlastních představ a zakládání vlastních skupin, v nichž kromě myšlenek Poselství Grálu někdy předkládají i vlastní, třebas i pochybné názory. Odtud pramení i tzv. &quot;kuřimská kauza týraných dětí&quot; z roku 2007; viz [[Hnutí Grálu]].

== Externí odkazy ==
* [http://www.plamen.cz/abdrushin/ve-svetle-pravdy-poselstvi-gralu/ Nejnovější český překlad knihy &quot;Ve Světle Pravdy - Poselství Grálu&quot; a &quot;Doznívání k Poselství Grálu&quot; od Abdrushina z roku 2012 online]
* [http://poselstvigralu.cz Nový český překlad „Vydání poslední ruky“ 2011 – ukázky z knihy] 
* [http://www.abdrushin.cz Abdrushin - „Ve Světle Pravdy - Poselství Grálu“]
* [http://www.abdrushin.cz/odpovedi-na-otazky/ Odpovědi na otázky od Abdrushina online]
* [http://www.vesvetlepravdy.cz/ Syn Člověka - Ve Světle Pravdy - Poselství Grálu]

== Reference ==
&lt;references/&gt;
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'''Su Jok''' je podle svých propagátorů univerzální diagnostická a bezléková léčebná metoda, která zmírňuje bolest, umožňuje první pomoc při akutních onemocněních, úrazech, léčbu funkčních poruch v těle, stabilizaci stavu a zlepšení při nemocfech s chronickým ptestrůběhem.  
 
Autorem metody Su Jok je jihokorejský vědec, profesor [[Park Jae Woo]], který na základě hlubokých znalostí východní filosofie a medicíny, shromažďovaných tisíce let a medicíny západní zpracoval přehled léčebných alternativních metod a vytvořil v nich systém a řád. Jeho hlavní zásluhou je kompletní přístup v diagnostice a léčbě člověka. Jasně a srozumitelně sjednotil tři školy přírodní medicíny — indickou, čínskou a egyptskou.  

== Su Jok ==
Tradiční přírodní orientální medicína má komplexní přístup. Předpokládá, že člověk je bioenergetický systém s fyzickou, emocionální a mentální složkou a respektuje jej jako nedílnou část vesmíru podléhající jeho obecně platným a jednoduchým zákonům.

Léčebný systém komplexní medicíny je založen na respektování následujících principů, které považuje za neměnné a obecně platné:

* harmonie, rovnováha ([[Akupunktura#Princip Jin-Jang|princip Jin-Jang]])
* homosystémy člověka, systémy podobnosti, holografie
* energetický systém

Su Jok terapie využívá podobnosti ruky a nohy k celému tělu člověka (holografie) a předpokládá, že pomoci si lze přes jejich aktivní přirozené využívaní. Podle Su Jok mají ruce a nohy dvě základní funkce — první zabezpečuje úchop a vertikální stabilitu těla, druhá je léčebně-preventivní.

Su Jok terapie využívá tři základní systémy podobnosti:

* Základní analogický systém — projekce na ruku od zápěstí a na nohu od kotníku k prstům

* Systém hmyzu — projekce na jednotlivé prsty

* Minisystém — projekce na poslední článek prstu

Navíc se využívají další systémy částečných projekcí.

=== Základní systém podobnosti terapie Su Jok ===

Tělo má trup a pět vystupujících částí — hlavu s krkem a čtyři končetiny. Ruka má dlaň a pět vystupujících částí — palec a čtyři prsty. Hlava je směrována na jednu stranu, končetiny na opačnou. Na dlani je palec postaven stranou od ostatních prstů. Horní a dolní končetiny mají po třech článcích a po třech velkých kloubech, rovněž tak prsty. Hlava a krk, stejně jako palec, tvoří dvoučlánkovou vystupující soustavu. Palec je, obdobně jako hlava, nejaktivnější a nejvýznamnější. Nejdelší, vnitřní prsty rukou (prostředníček a prsteníček) jsou projekcí nohou, krajní a kratší prsty (ukazováček a malíček) jsou projekcí rukou. U člověka je palec orientován do strany z hlediska úchopu. Představíme-li si na ruce palec otočený opačným směrem než jsou ostatní prsty tak, jak ho mají opice, vidíme analogii ruky a těla zřetelněji. Rozumíme-li mapě ruky a nohy jako projekci těla člověka, můžeme ji využít pro pomoc a léčbu.

Podle učení Su Jok jsou při vzniku patologického procesu v těle tyto změny reflektovány v bodech podobnosti příslušných homosystémů (systémů podobnosti). Tyto body na „mapě“ ruky a nohy se liší od ostatního povrchu — mají zvýšenou bolestivost, histologické (mikroskopické) změny, jinou teplotu, jiné elektrické parametry než zdravá pokožka, občas mají i klinické změny (skvrny, bradavice atd.). Body jsou důležitým informačním vstupem do těla. Při jejich ošetření je posílána informace poškozenému orgánu k normalizaci jeho činnosti.

Homosystémů, mapujících jednotlivé části těla na body podobnosti, je známo více. Každý z nich je vhodnější k léčbě jiných problémů.

=== Systém hmyzu ===

Tento systém projektuje orgány celého těla na tři články každého prstu.

V systému hmyzu odpovídá poslední článek prstu (nehtový) hlavě, projekce krku je zhuštěna, promítá se na kloub a poslední rýhu. Střední článek prstů odpovídá hrudnímu koši, včetně projekce všech orgánů, sedmi hrudním obratlům, sedmi párům žeber. Na prostřední kloub prstu se promítá bránice. Nejbližší článek k dlani (chodidlu) odpovídá dutině břišní, včetně všech jejích orgánů, části hrudní páteře (8. až 12. obratli), bederní páteři, kříži a kostrči. „Končetiny“ jsou umístěny po stranách prstů. Tato mapka se jmenuje '''homosystém „prst“ (systém hmyzu)'''. Je vhodný a pohodlný především pro léčbu kloubů, páteře, větších orgánů jako jsou srdce, plíce, játra atd.

=== Minisystém ===

V základním systému podobnosti na posledním (nehtovém) článku každého prstu je projekce nohy nebo ruky. Tak, jak je v základním systému podobnosti na ruce nebo noze mapa orgánů celého těla, tak v minisystému je tato na posledních článcích těchto prstů. Tak vznikají miniaturní mapky těla člověka (minisystémy).

== Princip léčby ==

Princip léčby přes body podobnosti spočívá ve stimulaci potřebných bodů, souvisejících s léčeným onemocněním. Při problémech (onemocněních) je nutno najít příslušný patologický bod, který je bolestivý, signalizuje poruchu a ošetřit jej. Analýzou pozice a stavu bodu podobnosti lze diagnostikovat a léčit související problémy.

== Léčebné postupy ==

=== Jak najít bod ===

Bod lze nalézt diagnostickou tyčinkou nebo jiným předmětem s kulatým zakončením (v průměru asi 2 mm). Tlačíme mírným tlakem v předpokládaném místě patologického bodu. Výrazně bolestivý bod (tlak na tkáň je stále stejný) je bodem podobnosti porušeného orgánu (místa) a léčebným bodem.

=== Způsoby ošetření bodu ===

==== Tlaková masáž bodu podobnosti (akupresura) ====

Při akutních problémech se používá uvolňující masáž kruhovými pohyby asi 1-2 minuty, do odeznění nebo výrazného zmenšení bolesti. Při chronických problémech se používá stimulační masáž – intenzivní, rychlá, 5-10 sekund, víckrát denně.

Dá se masírovat konkrétní bod nebo skupina bodů v zóně podobnosti, oblast se masíruje masážním prstýnkem nebo válečkem. Pro akupresuru se dají použít umělé i přírodní pomůcky: kovové kuličky, hvězdičky, semínka různých rostlin (fazolky mungo, adzuky, „ledvinky“, pohanka, kukuřice, pepř, jádra jablek, hroznového vína), která se připevňují k bodu náplastí a občas se mačkají. Semínka kromě akupresurního účinku působí svojí biologickou silou – mají i bioenergetický účinek. Používání semínek různých barev a tvarů pomáhá konkretizovat působení.

==== Působení magnetického pole ====

Na bolestivé body se přikládají speciální magnetky tvaru čočky. Při kontaktu bolestivého bodu se severním pólem magnetu probíhá podle Su Jok v poškozeném místě stimulace, aktivace, zlepšení funkce. Při kontaktu s jižním pólem se odebírá přebytek energie, a tím se zmírňují bolesti, odeznívají záněty. Kombinací magnetu s akupresurními hvězdičkami dochází ke zdvojenému účinku magnetického pole a akupresury.

Kromě toho se přikládají na bod speciální prstencové magnety, které buď koncentrují patologický proces a vytahují jej na povrch (např. rozšířený zánět, vyrážka) nebo jej rozptylují (např. bolest v konkrétním místě).

==== Působení tepla a chladu ====

Teplo má stimulační účinky, proto při onemocněních, které souvisí s celkovým nedostatkem energií nebo nadbytkem chladu v těle, má dobrý efekt prohřívání bodu. Patologický bod prohříváme nějakým zdrojem tepla, nejlépe zapálenou [[moxa|moxou]], kdy současně s teplem působí léčivě i [[moxovací olej]] z moxy. Moxa je lisovaný, sušený, různě tvarovaný [[pelyněk]]. K bodu, na který máme působit, přiblížíme zapálenou moxu a bod prohříváme. Lze použít i minimoxu v podstavci, který se přikládá na bolestivý bod. Moxa se zapaluje a kouř jde jejím kanálkem a otvorem v podstavci a ovlivňuje bod. Na kůži se objeví skvrna od moxového oleje, který má léčebný účinek. Moxování je univerzální metoda, použitelná u chronických problémů, ve stavech vyčerpanosti, při bolestech páteře, při nachlazení, virových infekcích atd. Při prvních příznacích nachlazení je dobré namoxovat 1 až 3 krát aktivní body na ruce nebo noze v intervalu 6-12 hodin.

Chlad (led) na body podobnosti přikládáme při krvácení, zánětu, horečce v těle člověka.

==== Barvoléčba ====

Podle Ju Sok se  dají ovlivňovat patologické změny v těle i působením na aktivní body ruky nebo nohy pomocí barev (nabarvení fixem). Např. při zčervenání pokožky je dobré ošetřit bod podobnosti černou barvou, při otoku, svědění a tupých bolestech zelenou barvou. Při bolestech páteře, při zhoršení funkce orgánu, artrózách se používá na body podobnosti barva červená.

Kromě uvedených způsobů léčby Su Jok lékař používá mikrojehličky pro ošetření energetických bodů, provádí diagnostiku energetického systému celého těla nebo jeho částí, konkrétních orgánů a harmonizaci energie v těle (např. pomocí akupunktury, magnetického pole, laseru atd.)

== Praktikování Su Jok terapie ==

Použití Su Jok terapie je bezpečné, univerzální, má vysoký efekt, rozšiřuje diagnostické a léčebné možnosti. Nemůže zhoršit stav. Su Jok terapií lze zmírnit bolest, podpořit uzdravení, mobilizovat síly organizmu na boj s nemocí. Podle potřeby kontaktujte lékaře, aby odborně ohodnotil váš stav a případně doporučil léčbu, případně se můžete přihlásit na kurzy Su Jok terapie a dalších terapií. Kromě uvedených způsobů léčby Su Jok lékař používá mikrojehličky pro ošetření energetických bodů, provádí diagnostiku energetického systému celého těla nebo jeho částí, konkrétních orgánů a harmonizaci energie v těle (např. pomocí [[akupunktura|akupunktury]], magnetického pole, [[laser]]u atd.)

Pozor! Závažná onemocnění patří do rukou lékařů! Nevíte-li přesně, co děláte, poraďte se s lékařem!

== Externí odkazy ==
* [http://sujok-biljakova.cz/Su-Jok_terapie.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310122823/http://sujok-biljakova.cz/Su-Jok_terapie.html |date=2007-03-10 }} článek Su Jok lékařky, který je (se souhlasem autorky) základem tohoto článku
* [http://sujok-biljakova.cz/publication/Zaklady_Su-Jok_terapie.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310122346/http://sujok-biljakova.cz/publication/Zaklady_Su-Jok_terapie.html |date=2007-03-10 }} podrobnější popis Su Jok terapie, kurzy, diagnostika a léčba v ČR

[[Kategorie:Alternativní medicína]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Šógi</title>
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      <text bytes="35127" xml:space="preserve">[[Soubor:Shogi Ban Koma.jpg|vpravo|náhled|300px|Tradiční ''šógi-ban'' (šógi deska) ukazující sestavu ''koma'' (kamenů). Kameny na vzdálené straně jsou v pozici, která ukazuje jejich povýšenou hodnotu, kameny na bližší straně mají základní výchozí hodnoty. Hrací deska je zvýšena pro větší pohodlí hráčů, kteří sedí na ''[[tatami]]'' rohožích, a po stranách stojí odkládací stoličky ''[[komadai]]'' pro zajaté kameny.]]
'''Šógi''' ([[Japonština|japonsky]]: 将棋), nebo též '''japonské šachy''', jsou nejpopulárnější variantou šachové hry v [[Japonsko|Japonsku]]. V [[Česko|Česku]] se také setkáme s [[Angličtina|anglickým]] názvem hry '''shogi''', který je používán mezinárodně. V Japonsku je hra šógi velmi populární, počet amatérských hráčů přesahuje 10 milionů, profesionálních hráčů je přibližně 200. Slovo šógi v překladu znamená „hra generálů“ a odvozuje se od slova [[šógun]].

Základní, nejrozšířenější a nejhranější variantou šógi je verze 9x9 polí (zde popisovaná). Existují ale i další [[:Kategorie:Šógi varianty|varianty hry šógi]].

== Pravidla hry ==
=== Cíl hry ===
Cílem hry je teoreticky vzato zajetí krále protihráče, ačkoli v praxi hra končí [[mat]]em nebo když je mat nevyhnutelný – stejná situace jako v klasických [[Šachy|šachách]].

=== Výbava ===
Dva hráči, černý a bílý (nebo ''sente'' 先手 a ''gote'' 後手), hrají na desce obsahující malé čtverce (přesněji obdélníky) v mřížce 9 ''ranks'' (řádků) krát 9 ''files'' (sloupců). Čtverce nejsou barevně rozlišeny.

Každý hráč má sestavu dvaceti klínových kamenů nepatrně rozlišených velikostí. Kromě krále jsou nepřátelské kameny odlišné jen orientací, ne barvou ani jiným označením. Od největšího k nejmenšímu (od nejsilnějšího k nejméně silnému) se jedná o tyto kameny:

* 1 král
* 1 věž
* 1 střelec
* 2 zlatí generálové
* 2 stříbrní generálové
* 2 jezdci
* 2 kopiníci
* 9 pěšců

Některé názvy kamenů jsou zvoleny dle českého standardu, který odpovídá klasickým šachům, nejde o doslovné překlady z japonštiny.

Každý hrací kámen má svoji hodnotu napsanou na povrchu ve formě dvou japonských znaků ([[kandži]]), obvykle černým inkoustem. Na zadní straně, kromě krále a zlatého generála, je pak zobrazen jeden nebo dva znaky označující povýšenou hodnotu kamene – v amatérské verzi často v jiné barvě (obvykle červené). Pokud dojde k herní situaci, kdy může být kámen povýšen, jednoduše se otočí. Kameny dvou hráčů se neliší v barvě, ale jsou obráceny hrotem a sešikmenou stranou proti druhému hráči, tak je jednoznačně určeno komu který kámen patří.

Japonské znaky jsou však pro evropana příliš složité pro zapamatování, což odrazovalo začátečníky od hlubšího zájmu o tuto hru. Proto byly tradiční hrací kameny „pozápadněny“ nebo „zmezinárodněny“ tak, že se japonské znaky nahradily ikonickými symboly. Toto značení se však příliš neujalo, protože tradiční kameny jsou také rozlišeny velikostí a pro vážného zájemce o hru není problém po krátké době naučit se je rozpoznávat. Krom toho většina literatury pro šógi používá při svém výkladu tradiční japonské značení, proto se „mezinárodní“ značení kamenů používá jen při výkladu pro naprosté začátečníky.

Následuje tabulka kamenů s tradiční symbolikou i s variantou mezinárodních verzí, jak se s nimi můžete setkat například na českém herním serveru [http://www.BrainKing.com BrainKing.com]:

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Český název
! Tradiční&lt;br /&gt;verze
! Mezinárodní&lt;br /&gt;verze
! [[Kandži]]
! [[Rómadži]]
! colspan=3| Zkratky
|-
| Král || align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Soubor:Shogi osho.png|50px|Král]] || align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Soubor:Int shogi kral.gif|Král]] || 王将 || óšó (ōshō) || '''K''' || 王 || ''ō''
|-
| Věž || align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Soubor:Shogi hisha.png|50px|Věž]] || align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Soubor:Int shogi vez.gif|Věž]] || 飛車 || hiša (hisha) || '''R''' || 飛 || ''hi''
|-
| Povýšená věž || align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Soubor:Shogi ryuo.png|50px|Povýšená věž]] || align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Soubor:Int shogi pov vez.gif|Povýšená věž]] || 龍王 || rjúó (ryūō) || '''+R''' || 龍 nebo 竜* || ''ryū''
|-
| Střelec || align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Soubor:Shogi kakugyo.png|50px|Střelec]] || align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Soubor:Int shogi strelec.gif|Střelec]] || 角行 || kakugjó (kakugyō) || '''B''' || 角 || ''kaku''
|-
| Povýšený střelec || align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Soubor:Shogi ryuma.png|50px|Povýšený střelec]] || align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Soubor:Int shogi pov strelec.gif|Povýšený střelec]] || 龍馬 || rjúme (ryūme) || '''+B''' || 馬 || ''uma''
|-
| Zlatý generál || align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Soubor:Shogi kinsho.png|50px|Zlatý generál]] || align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Soubor:Int shogi zl general.gif|Zlatý generál]] || 金将 || kinšó (kinshō) || '''G''' || 金 || ''kin''
|-
| Stříbrný generál || align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Soubor:Shogi ginsho.png|50px|Stříbrný generál]] || align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Soubor:Int shogi st general.gif|Stříbrný generál]] || 銀将 || ginšó (ginshō) || '''S''' || 銀 || ''gin''
|-
| Povýšený&lt;br /&gt;stříbrný generál || align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Soubor:Shogi narigin.png|50px|Povýšený stříbrný generál]] || align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Soubor:Int shogi pov st general.gif|Povýšený stříbrný generál]] || 成銀 || narigin (narigin) || '''+S''' || 全 || —
|-
| Jezdec || align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Soubor:Shogi keima.png|50px|Jezdec]] || align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Soubor:Int shogi jezdec.gif|Jezdec]] || 桂馬 || keima (keima) || '''N''' || 桂 || kei (kei)
|-
| Povýšený jezdec || align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Soubor:Shogi narikei.png|50px|Povýšený jezdec]] || align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Soubor:Int shogi pov jezdec.gif|Povýšený jezdec]] || 成桂 || narikei (narikei) || '''+N''' || 圭 nebo 今 || —
|-
| Kopiník || align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Soubor:Shogi kyosha.png|50px|Kopiník]] || align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Soubor:Int shogi kopi.gif|Kopiník]] || 香車 || kjóša (kyōsha) || '''L''' || 香 || ''kyō''
|-
| Povýšený kopiník || align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Soubor:Shogi narikyo.png|50px|Povýšený kopiník]] || align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Soubor:Int shogi pov kopi.gif|Povýšený kopiník]] || 成香 || narikjó (narikyō) || '''+L''' || 杏 nebo 仝 || —
|-
| Pěšec || align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Soubor:Shogi fuhyo.png|50px|Pěšec]] || align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Soubor:Int shogi pesec.gif|Pěšec]] || 歩兵 || fuhjó (fuhyō) || '''p''' || 歩 || ''fu''
|-
| Povýšený pěšec || align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Soubor:Shogi tokin.png|50px|Povýšený pěšec]] || align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Soubor:Int shogi pov pesec.gif|Povýšený pěšec]] || と金 || tokin (tokin) || '''+p''' || と nebo 个 || ''to''
|}
&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Kandži 竜 je zjednodušené 龍

=== Hodnocení hráčů ===
Hráči jsou zařazeni od 15 kjú (kyū) do 1 kjú a pak od 1 dan (dan) a výše; jde o podobnou terminologii jako v [[karate]] a mnoho jiných umění v Japonsku. Profesionální hráči jsou řazeni ve svých vlastních kategoriích, od profesionální úrovně 4 dan až do úrovně 9 dan pro elitní hráče. Amatérské a profesionální úrovně jsou navzájem porovnatelné dle následující [https://web.archive.org/web/20060625023728/http://web-japan.org/kidsweb/news/04-12/image/kyudan.gif tabulky].

=== Rozestavení kamenů ===
Při pohledu ze své vlastní strany stavíme herní kameny následujícím způsobem:

První řada:
* kopiník | jezdec| stříbrný generál | zlatý generál | král | zlatý generál | stříbrný generál | jezdec | kopiník

Druhá řada:
* druhá pozice zleva: střelec
* druhá pozice zprava: věž

Třetí řada:
* celá řada je zastavěna pěšci

Protihráč staví své kameny stejným způsobem ze svého pohledu, sestava je tedy zrcadlově obrácená, jen střelec stojí vždy proti věži a naopak.

=== Hra ===
Hru začíná černý hráč (označení „černý a bílý hráč“ se používá jen pro usnadnění rozlišení dvou soupeřů, ve skutečnosti jsou stejné barvy), následně se oba hráči střídají ve hře vždy po jednom tahu. V jednom tahu může hráč přemístit nebo vložit jen jeden kámen (musí – nelze se vzdát tahu). Hra pokračuje tak dlouho dokud neskončí matem, popř. jeden z hráčů nevzdá hru nebo se soupeři nedohodnou na remíze.

=== Pohyb a zajetí kamenů ===
Jestliže nepřátelský kámen zaujímá místo, které může být cílem přátelského kamene, může být zajat odsunutím z hrací desky a její místo zaujme přátelský kámen. Zajatý kámen získává hráč, který kámen zajal a odloží ho na plochu vedle hrací desky (tradičně na ''komadai'') tak, aby měl i protihráč jasný přehled o tom, jaké kameny mu byly zajaty. Je zakázáno jakýmkoli způsobem zajaté kameny skrývat, trvale držet v ruce apod. Pohyb jakéhokoli kamene kromě jezdce není možný přes jiný přátelský i nepřátelský kámen, který stojí na trase možného pohybu.

Hráč nesmí během jedné hry s jedním kamenem dosáhnout stejné pozice 4x po sobě, aby tak způsobil věčný šach. Věčný šach není povolen.

Hráč není povinen táhnout kamenem, kterého se již dotkl.

=== Pohyb základních kamenů ===
==== Král ====
Král se může přesunout o jedno pole kterýmkoli směrem, pokud mu v tom nebrání šach protihráče.

[[Soubor:Shogi king.jpg|vlevo|náhled|100px|Král]]

{| border=&quot;1&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:107px; font-size:95%&quot;
|- align=center
| width=&quot;20&quot; | &amp;nbsp; || width=&quot;20&quot; | &amp;nbsp; || width=&quot;20&quot; | &amp;nbsp; || width=&quot;20&quot; | &amp;nbsp; || width=&quot;20&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|- align=center
| &amp;nbsp; || BGCOLOR=&quot;#D0D0F0&quot; | ○ || BGCOLOR=&quot;#D0D0F0&quot; | ○ || BGCOLOR=&quot;#D0D0F0&quot; | ○ || &amp;nbsp;
|- align=center
| &amp;nbsp; || BGCOLOR=&quot;#D0D0F0&quot; | ○ || BGCOLOR=&quot;#E0E0E0&quot; | 玉 || BGCOLOR=&quot;#D0D0F0&quot; | ○ || &amp;nbsp;
|- align=center
| &amp;nbsp; || BGCOLOR=&quot;#D0D0F0&quot; | ○ || BGCOLOR=&quot;#D0D0F0&quot; | ○ || BGCOLOR=&quot;#D0D0F0&quot; | ○ || &amp;nbsp;
|- align=center
| &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp;
|}
{{clear}}
==== Věž ====
Věž se může přesunout o libovolný počet polí svislým nebo vodorovným směrem.

[[Soubor:Shogi rook.jpg|vlevo|náhled|100px|Věž]]

{| border=&quot;1&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:107px; font-size:95%&quot;
|- align=center
| width=&quot;20&quot; | &amp;nbsp; || width=&quot;20&quot; | &amp;nbsp; || width=&quot;20&quot; BGCOLOR=&quot;#F0C0C0&quot; | │ || width=&quot;20&quot; | &amp;nbsp; || width=&quot;20&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|- align=center
| &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp; || BGCOLOR=&quot;#F0C0C0&quot; | │ || &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp;
|- align=center
| BGCOLOR=&quot;#F0C0C0&quot; | ─ || BGCOLOR=&quot;#F0C0C0&quot; | ─ || BGCOLOR=&quot;#E0E0E0&quot; | 飛 || BGCOLOR=&quot;#F0C0C0&quot; | ─ || BGCOLOR=&quot;#F0C0C0&quot; | ─
|- align=center
| &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp; || BGCOLOR=&quot;#F0C0C0&quot; | │ || &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp;
|- align=center
| &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp; || BGCOLOR=&quot;#F0C0C0&quot; | │ || &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp;
|}
{{clear}}

==== Střelec ====
Střelec se může přesunout o libovolný počet polí šikmým směrem.

[[Soubor:Shogi bishop.jpg|vlevo|náhled|100px|Střelec]]

{| border=&quot;1&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:107px; font-size:95%&quot;
|- align=center
| width=&quot;20&quot; BGCOLOR=&quot;#F0C0C0&quot; | ＼ || width=&quot;20&quot; | &amp;nbsp; || width=&quot;20&quot; | &amp;nbsp; || width=&quot;20&quot; | &amp;nbsp; || width=&quot;20&quot; BGCOLOR=&quot;#F0C0C0&quot; | ／
|- align=center
| &amp;nbsp; || BGCOLOR=&quot;#F0C0C0&quot; | ＼ || &amp;nbsp; || BGCOLOR=&quot;#F0C0C0&quot; | ／ || &amp;nbsp;
|- align=center
| &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp; || BGCOLOR=&quot;#E0E0E0&quot; | 角 || &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp;
|- align=center
| &amp;nbsp; || BGCOLOR=&quot;#F0C0C0&quot; | ／ || &amp;nbsp; || BGCOLOR=&quot;#F0C0C0&quot; | ＼ || &amp;nbsp;
|- align=center
| BGCOLOR=&quot;#F0C0C0&quot; | ／ || &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp; || BGCOLOR=&quot;#F0C0C0&quot; | ＼
|}
{{clear}}

==== Zlatý generál ====
Zlatý generál se může přesunout o jedno pole svisle nebo vodorovně libovolným směrem, nebo jedno pole šikmo pouze vpřed.

[[Soubor:Shogi gold.jpg|vlevo|náhled|100px|Zlatý generál]]

{| border=&quot;1&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:107px; font-size:95%&quot;
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==== Stříbrný generál ====
Stříbrný generál se může přesunout o jedno pole šikmo libovolným směrem, nebo o jedno pole svisle pouze vpřed.

[[Soubor:Shogi silver.jpg|vlevo|náhled|100px|Stříbrný generál]]

{| border=&quot;1&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:107px; font-size:95%&quot;
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|- align=center
| &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp; || BGCOLOR=&quot;#E0E0E0&quot; | 銀 || &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp;
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{{clear}}

==== Jezdec ====
Jezdec skáče přes jedno pole vpřed svisle před sebou na následující pole šikmo do strany. Na rozdíl od jezdce v klasickém šachu se nemůže pohybovat jiným směrem než vpřed.

[[Soubor:Shogi knight.jpg|vlevo|náhled|100px|Jezdec]]

{| border=&quot;1&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:107px; font-size:95%&quot;
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|}
{{clear}}

==== Kopiník ====
Kopiník se může přesunout o libovolný počet polí svisle vpřed. Nemůže se pohybovat žádným jiným směrem.

[[Soubor:Shogi lance.jpg|vlevo|náhled|100px|Kopiník]]

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| &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp;
|}
{{clear}}

==== Pěšec ====
Pěšec se může přesunout o jedno pole svisle vpřed. Nemůže se pohybovat žádným jiným směrem.

[[Soubor:Shogi pawn.jpg|vlevo|náhled|100px|Pěšec]]

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{{clear}}

=== Povýšení kamenů ===
Pro každého z obou hráčů představují poslední tři nejvzdálenější řady herních polí tzv. zónu povýšení. Jsou to tři řady polí, ze kterých soupeř se svými kameny zahajoval hru. V okamžiku kdy se hráč s kamenem dostal na toto území, má možnost na konci téhož tahu rozhodnout se pro jeho povýšení – což provede otočením kamene a získá tak jeho nové vlastnosti. Má také možnost ponechat mu stávající hodnost; v tom případě se může rozhodnout k povýšení v kterémkoli dalším tahu, dokud se počáteční pozice před provedeným tahem nachází stále v zóně povýšení. Povýšení kamene je povinné pouze tehdy, pokud již tento ze své nové pozice nemá možnost dalšího pohybu, aniž by byl povýšen. Je to tedy pozice pro pěšce a kopí v poslední řadě polí, nebo pro jezdce předposlední a poslední řada polí.

Povýšení je trvalé dokud není kámen zajat; zajetím ztrácí svoji povýšenou hodnost a nabývá hodnosti původní.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Zelenou barvou je vyznačena&lt;br /&gt;zóna povýšení
|- align=center BGCOLOR=#D0F0D0
|width=20|&amp;nbsp;||width=20|&amp;nbsp;||width=20|&amp;nbsp;||width=20|&amp;nbsp;||width=20|&amp;nbsp;||width=20|&amp;nbsp;||width=20|&amp;nbsp;||width=20|&amp;nbsp;||width=20|&amp;nbsp;
|- align=center BGCOLOR=#D0F0D0
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|- align=center BGCOLOR=#D0F0D0
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
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|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
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|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
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|歩||歩||歩||歩||歩||歩||歩||歩||歩
|- align=center
|&amp;nbsp;||角||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||飛||&amp;nbsp;
|- align=center
|香||桂||銀||金||王||金||銀||桂||香
|}

=== Pohyb povýšených kamenů ===

==== Povýšená věž ====
Povýšená věž se pohybuje jako věž nebo král, ale v každém tahu jen jedním z těchto dvou způsobů.

[[Soubor:Shogi rook p.jpg|vlevo|náhled|100px|Povýšená věž]]

{| border=&quot;1&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:107px; font-size:95%&quot;
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|- align=center
| BGCOLOR=&quot;#F0C0C0&quot; | ─ || BGCOLOR=&quot;#F0C0C0&quot; | ─ || BGCOLOR=&quot;#E0E0E0&quot; | 龍 || BGCOLOR=&quot;#F0C0C0&quot; | ─ || BGCOLOR=&quot;#F0C0C0&quot; | ─
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{{clear}}

==== Povýšený střelec ====
Povýšený střelec se pohybuje jako střelec nebo král, ale v každém tahu jen jedním z těchto dvou způsobů.

[[Soubor:Shogi bishop p.jpg|vlevo|náhled|100px|Povýšený střelec]]

{| border=&quot;1&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:107px; font-size:95%&quot;
|- align=center
| width=&quot;20&quot; BGCOLOR=&quot;#F0C0C0&quot; | ＼ || width=&quot;20&quot; | &amp;nbsp; || width=&quot;20&quot; | &amp;nbsp; || width=&quot;20&quot; | &amp;nbsp; || width=&quot;20&quot; BGCOLOR=&quot;#F0C0C0&quot; | ／
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|- align=center
| &amp;nbsp; || BGCOLOR=&quot;#D0D0F0&quot; | ○ || BGCOLOR=&quot;#E0E0E0&quot; | 馬 || BGCOLOR=&quot;#D0D0F0&quot; | ○ || &amp;nbsp;
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| BGCOLOR=&quot;#F0C0C0&quot; | ／ || &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp; || &amp;nbsp; || BGCOLOR=&quot;#F0C0C0&quot; | ＼
|}
{{clear}}

==== Povýšený stříbrný generál, jezdec, kopiník a pěšec ====
Povýšený stříbrný generál, jezdec, kopiník a pěšec ztrácí své dosavadní schopnosti pohybu a získávají vlastnosti zlatého generála.

{|
|[[Soubor:Shogi silver p.jpg|vlevo|náhled|100px|Povýšený stříbrný generál]]
|[[Soubor:Shogi knight p.jpg|vlevo|náhled|100px|Povýšený jezdec]]
|[[Soubor:Shogi lance p.jpg|vlevo|náhled|100px|Povýšený kopiník]]
|[[Soubor:Shogi pawn p.jpg|vlevo|náhled|100px|Povýšený pěšec]]
|}

{| border=&quot;1&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:107px; font-size:95%&quot;
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Krále ani zlatého generála nelze povýšit.

=== Vkládání kamenů do hry ===
Zajaté kameny jsou v šógi skutečně zajatými. Jsou to zajatci, kteří budou sloužit novému pánu a ten má nyní možnost vložit je zpět do hry na téměř libovolné neobsazené pole hrací desky. Učiní tak na úkor tahu kamenem, který se ve hře již nachází. Hráč tedy táhne kamenem nebo kámen vkládá – obojí během jednoho tahu nelze. Tato možnost je tím, co činí ze hry napínavý souboj plný zvratů až do konce.

Vložením kamene nelze zajmout jiný kámen, musí být vložen na neobsazené pole, lze však jeho vložením provést šach nebo dokonce mat. Vložení kamene má však v pravidlech také svá omezení:

* vložením pěšce nelze provést mat, na takové pole nesmí být pěšec vložen (ostatní kameny ano), nicméně v následujícím tahu po vložení již provést mat může
* pěšec nesmí být vložen do sloupce na kterém se již nachází jiný přátelský pěšec – v každém sloupci se po celou dobu hry může nacházet pouze jeden pěšec od každého z hráčů
* pěšec, jezdec a kopiník nesmí být vloženi na pole, ze kterého by neměli možnost dalšího pohybu (přátelské i nepřátelské figury v cestě se nepočítají) – pěšec a kopí tedy nesmí být vloženi na poslední řadu polí hrací desky, jezdec nesmí být vložen na předposlední a poslední řadu
* kámen vložený přímo do zóny povýšení nemůže být ihned v tomtéž tahu povýšen, tato možnost nastává teprve při dalším tahu

=== Konec hry ===
Hráč, který zajme soupeřova krále, vyhrává hru. V praxi se však často stává, že jeden z hráčů hru vzdá pokud je zajetí jeho krále nevyhnutelné.

V profesionálních i vážných amatérských utkáních hráč, který provede nepovolený pohyb prohrává bezprostředně.

Jsou ještě dva možné způsoby ukončení hry, i když velmi neobvyklé: opakování (千日手 ''sennichite'') a slepá cesta (持将棋 ''jishōgi'').

Opakováním hra skončí, jestliže stejná herní pozice nastane čtyřikrát po sobě – hra je ukončena remízou. Nicméně jestliže při této situaci nastal věčný šach, hráč který tuto situaci způsobil prohrává.

Hra dosáhne slepé cesty, jestliže oba králové postoupili do zóny proměny tak, že ani jeden z hráčů nemá možnost dát mat a nemůže doufat, že získá nějaké další kameny. Jestliže tato situace nastane, o vítězi se rozhodne takto: zruší se všechny povýšené hodnosti a sečtou se body za jednotlivé kameny. Každá věž a střelec se počítá za 5 bodů a všechny ostatní kameny kromě králů po jednom bodu. Hráč, který má méně než 24 bodů prohrává, jinak hra končí remízou.

== Handicapy ==
Hry mezi různě silnými hráči se často hrají s handicapy pro silnějšího z nich. V takové hře jsou některé kameny bílého hráče odstraněny před začátkem hry a bílý hru začíná. Odstraněné kameny již nejsou použity k další hře, nestávají se zajatými kameny černého hráče.

Běžné handicapy jsou tyto (seřazeny v rostoucí řadě od nejmenšího):

* levý kopiník
* střelec
* věž
* věž a levý kopiník
* věž a střelec
* čtyři kameny: věž, střelec a oba kopiníci
* šest kamenů: věž, střelec, oba kopiníci a oba jezdci
* osm kamenů: věž, střelec, oba kopiníci, oba jezdci a oba stříbrní generálové

Jiné handicapy jsou také možné, není však univerzálně stanovena jejich náročnost vzhledem k herním systémům.

== Notace ==
Metoda vycházející z [[Čeština|českého jazyka]] pro popis tahů v šógi dosud nebyla definována, proto se v současné době používá notace vycházející z [[Angličtina|angličtiny]], kterou v roce [[1976]] zavedl [[George Hodges]]. Je odvozena z algebraické notace v klasickém šachu, ale rozdílná v několika aspektech (viz tabulka výše). Nevychází z japonského jazyka, protože anglické výrazy pro hrací kameny neodpovídají přesně japonským znakům kandži.

Typický tah by mohl být označen např. '''P-8f'''. První symbol označuje kámen, kterým je taženo ('''P''' = pawn, pěšec). Povýšené kameny jsou označovány symbolem '''+''', např. '''+P''' je povýšený pěšec. Následuje symbol označující druh pohybu:
* '''-''' pro jednoduchý pohyb
* '''x''' pro zajetí nepřátelského kamene
* '''*''' pro vložení kamene

Další dva symboly označují cílový čtverec – kombinace čísla sloupce a písmeno řádku. Pravý horní čtverec (z pohledu černého) je tedy označen '''1a''', levý dolní '''9i''' – toto značení je založeno na japonské konvenci kde se např. '''2c''' čtverec označuje '''2三'''.

Jestliže je hráč v provedeném tahu oprávněn k povýšení kamene, napíše se za tento tah symbol symbol '''+''', např. '''P-8c +''' , pokud je hráč oprávněn k povýšení, ale vzdá se této možnosti, píše se symbol '''=''', např. '''P-8c ='''.

Jestliže je označení kamene dvojznačné a jednoduchým zápisem '''G-8f''' nelze jednoznačně určit o který z kamenů se jedná (dva zlatí generálové se mohou přesunout na stejný čtverec), přidává se k notaci označení výchozího čtverce, např. '''G8e-8f'''.

Tahy se počítají jako v šachu, zahájení hry může vypadat například takto:
&lt;pre&gt;
 1. P-7f P-3d
 2. P-2f G-3b
 3. P-2e Bx8h+
 4. Sx8h S-2b
&lt;/pre&gt;

V handicapovaných hrách bílý začíná hru takže se první tah černého nahrazuje [[Elipsa|elipsou]].

== Taktika a strategie ==
Šógi jsou podobné [[šachy|šachům]], ale mají mnohem více herních možností. A to díky možnosti vložit zajatou figurku do hry. Ale i přes to, hra může být rozdělena na zahájení, hru a koncovku. Z toho každá část vyžaduje odlišnou strategii.

Zahájení ve hře šógi je obecně pomalejší nežli je tomu u šachů. To je zapříčiněno větší hrací plochou a méně pohyblivými figurami. Ale proto, že rychlý útok umožní pokládat zajaté figurky za hráčovy linie, je cílem zahájení vybudovat hrad se třemi generály. Existují dva druhy zahájení , které jsou typické ve hře Šógi – statická věž a pohybující se věž.

Protože pěšci útočí přímo a nemohou bránit jeden druhého, bývají často zajímáni v rané fázi hry, čímž se stávají municí pro takové útoky. Vložení zajatého pěšce za protihráčovu obranu, jeho povýšení na ''tokin'' (zlatý generál) a vložení druhého těsně za povýšeného pěšce, tak že jeden brání druhého, je silným útokem. Ohrožují celou protihráčovu obranu, ale je z takového útoku jen malý užitek, pokud selže a figury jsou zajaty.

Hráči, kteří vyrostli na mezinárodních šachách většinou málo používají možnost vložení figury do hry. A to je špatně, jelikož vkládání zajatých figur je celou polovinou hry. Jestliže má hráč více jak dvě zajaté figury v ruce, je nanejvýš pravděpodobné, že opomíjí útoky vkládáním zajatých figur. Na druhou stranu je moudré ponechat si v ruce pěšce a často také vyměňovat figury, pokud nějakou chcete získat. V porovnání s mezinárodními šachy, hráči Šógi více obětují figury (dokonce cenné), pokud to vede k zajetí figury, která je potřebná pro podpoření útoku, či jiné strategie.

Útočící figury mohou být jednoduše uvězněny za nepřátelskou linií tím, že protihráč vloží do hry pěšce na chráněné pole, čímž zamezí možnosti útěku. Z tohoto důvodu, věže, které mohou utéci pouze jedním směrem, jsou většinou drženy v bezpečné vzdálenosti v počátečních fázích hry a podporují z dálky útok slabších figur. Ale jakmile se hra otevře, povýšená věž je zvláště nebezpečnou figurou, pokud se dostane nepříteli do týla. Král je také velmi náchylný k tomu, aby byl zabarikádovaný svými vlastními pěšci bez možnosti úniku. Takže poslední záchranou krále je otevřít mu cestu mezi pěšci. Král je na volném prostoru více odolný proti šach-matu, zvláště pokud protihráč nemá ve hře dostatek figur pohybujících se o více než jedno políčko.

Mnoho počátečních útoků počítá s posunem stříbrného generála, ideálně pak pěšce, ve sloupci, který je krytý věží. Toto je nazýváno ''„climbing silver attack“''. Protože stříbrní generálové mají více možností k ústupu, zatímco zlatí generálové lépe brání figury po svém boku, jsou považováni za útočné figury, zatímco zlatí generálové jsou figurami obrannými. Je tedy časté, že král je bráněn třemi generály, dvěma zlatými a jedním stříbrným.

Existují různé ''furibisha'' čili zahájení s podporou věže, kdy se věž posune do středu či na levou stranu hrací plochy, aby zde podpořila útok. Nejčastěji s úmyslem dovolit protivníkovi zaútočit, zatímco vy si připravujete lepší obranu a chystáte se na protiútok. Avšak věž je nejsilnější figurou na hrací ploše a tak poutá protivníkovu pozornost. Ve většině případů, zvláště pak u slabších hráčů, je proto dobré držet věž dále od krále. Ponechání krále na jeho počátečním místě (''igyoku'' neboli sedící král) je obzvláště nebezpečné.

Posunutí pěšce před kopiníkem může otevřít dané křídlo útoku. A proto, když hráč poprvé posune pěšce před kopiníkem, je obvyklé, že protihráč odpoví posunutím protějšího pěšce, za účelem předejít komplikacím později během hry. Také to umožňuje králi útěk, pokud je napaden ze strany.

Protože obrana je při hře Šógi velmi důležitá, a protože jsou figury v této hře relativně pomalé, zahájení má tendenci být mnohem delší nežli je tomu u mezinárodních šachů. Běžně je pro rozestavění obrany potřeba tucet či více tahů a teprve poté dochází k prvnímu útoku. Existuje několik velmi silných obranných postavení, které jsou známy jako hrady.

=== Hrad Yagura ===
[[Soubor:Yagura castle.jpg|náhled|vpravo|'''Hrad Yagura''']]
Hrad Yagura je mnohými považován za nejsilnější obrannou pozici ve hře Šógi. Má velmi dobře bráněného krále, velmi dobře krytou řadu pěšců a střelec, věž a pěšec může později ve hře podpořit útok jezdce či stříbrného generála na původní straně věže. Je velmi těžké prolomit tento hrad zepředu, ale je zranitelný ze strany. Většinou se používá proti zahájení se statickou věží (''ibisha''), které zahrnuje posun pěšce před věží. Avšak protivník může lehce zaujmout stejné obranné postavení, čímž nedá ani jedné straně výhodu.

Zatímco pěšec před věží je posouván v tomto zahájení o dvě políčka (ve dvou tazích, samozřejmě), sousední pěšec před stříbrným generálem je posunut jen o jedno, čímž umožňuje jezdci a stříbrnému generálovi na straně věže pohyb kupředu. Tyto útočné tahy nejsou správnou součástí hradu Yagura, avšak posun pěšce o dvě políčka kupředu musí být učiněno brzy, dokud je na to prostor, takže k tomu často dochází během stavění hradu.

Existuje mnoho možností jakými tahy hrad Yagura postavit, a tyto možnosti zde nebudou vypsány. Jediné, co musíte mít na mysli je, že generálové by se měli pohybovat diagonálně, nikoli přímo kupředu. Existuje silná „mezipozice“ nazývaná ''kani'' (krab). Ta má tři pěšce na levé straně posunuté na jejich konečnou pozici v hradě Yagura, a v druhé řadě všechny čtyři generály vyrovnané vedle střelce, který je stále ve své počáteční pozici: |B|G|S|G|S|;
střelec,zlatý,stříbrný,zlatý,stříbrný. Král je posunut o jedno políčko doleva, za prostředního stříbrného generála.

Běžným útokem proti hradu Yagura je posunout koně na straně věže kupředu s pěšcem v ruce a napadnout hrad z jedné či druhé strany. Jestliže bránící odpověděl posunutím pěšcem před kopiníkem, pěšec v ruce útočícího může být vložen na místo protivníkova posunutého pěšce. Pokud se stříbrný generál již pohnul, nebo ještě není na svém místě, může být pěšec vložen i na jeho místo.

=== Hrad Mino-Gakoi ===
[[Soubor:Mino gakoi.jpg|náhled|vpravo|'''Hrad Mino-Gakoi''']]
Obranná pozice, která je považovaná za lehčí pro začátečníky, ale stále populární i mezi profesionálními hráči. Král je umístěn na bezpečné pozici, zatímco tři generálové se navzájem dobře kryjí. Je někdy používán, pokud si hráč zvolí zahájení střelcem, namísto zahájení s pěšcem před věží.

Hrad Mino-Gakoi se dá zbudovat v šesti tazích. Není nutné dodržet uvedený sled:

1. posunout věž na levou stranu hrací plochy, nejlépe do čtvrtého sloupce. Tento tah musí být prvním.
2. Přesunout krále na původní místo věže. To zabere tři tahy.
3. Přesunout stříbrného generála vedle krále, tedy o jedno políčko kupředu.
4. Přesunout zlatého generála na levé straně diagonálně nahoru doprava, tak, že je chráněn druhým zlatým generálem, který se doposud nepohnul.

Další tahy, které mohou vylepšit pozici:

1. posunout krajního pěšce o jedno, nebo lépe o dvě políčka kupředu. Tím umožníte králi v koncovce uniknout.

== Související články ==
* [[Obrana Yagura]]
* [[Čú šógi]] (Chu Shogi)

== Externí odkazy ==
* {{Commonscat}}
=== Obecné informace ===
* [http://www.shogi.net/shogi.html Shogi.net]
* [http://www.chessvariants.org/shogi.html Chessvariants.org]
* [http://www.shogi.cz/ Shogi.cz] – Informace, pravidla hry a spojení mezinárodního a japonského značení.

=== Online herní servery ===
* [http://BrainKing.cz/ BrainKing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927183719/http://brainking.cz/ |date=2020-09-27 }}
* [http://www.kurnik.org/ Kurnik.org]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130701135655/http://www.shogidojo.com/eng/engindex.htm Shogi Club 24]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060815015741/http://www.thaibg.com/ Thai Board Games Online]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060527003206/http://play.chessvariants.org/pbm/presets/shogi.html Game Courier]

{{Portály|Šachy}}

[[Kategorie:Šógi| ]]
[[Kategorie:Abstraktní deskové hry]]
[[Kategorie:Japonské hry]]
[[Kategorie:Japonská slova a fráze]]
[[Kategorie:Šachové varianty]]</text>
      <sha1>my101v6y8bj5hiiw5wv7y4bty5npcrf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Hamish/Twinkle/morebits.js</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>112068</id>
    <revision>
      <id>540423</id>
      <parentid>539761</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-28T00:03:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hamish</username>
        <id>40220</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Initialise to 775186d4de747f1e336be396ae8d6976023e1bc8 at xi-plus/master</comment>
      <model>javascript</model>
      <format>text/javascript</format>
      <text bytes="216494" xml:space="preserve">// &lt;nowiki&gt;
/**
 * A library full of lots of goodness for user scripts on MediaWiki wikis, including Wikipedia.
 *
 * The highlights include:
 * - {@link Morebits.wiki.api} - make calls to the MediaWiki API
 * - {@link Morebits.wiki.page} - modify pages on the wiki (edit, revert, delete, etc.)
 * - {@link Morebits.date} - enhanced date object processing, sort of a light moment.js
 * - {@link Morebits.quickForm} - generate quick HTML forms on the fly
 * - {@link Morebits.simpleWindow} - a wrapper for jQuery UI Dialog with a custom look and extra features
 * - {@link Morebits.status} - a rough-and-ready status message displayer, used by the Morebits.wiki classes
 * - {@link Morebits.wikitext} - utilities for dealing with wikitext
 * - {@link Morebits.string} - utilities for manipulating strings
 * - {@link Morebits.array} - utilities for manipulating arrays
 * - {@link Morebits.ip} - utilities to help process IP addresses
 *
 * Dependencies:
 * - The whole thing relies on jQuery.  But most wikis should provide this by default.
 * - {@link Morebits.quickForm}, {@link Morebits.simpleWindow}, and {@link Morebits.status} rely on the &quot;morebits.css&quot; file for their styling.
 * - {@link Morebits.simpleWindow} and {@link Morebits.quickForm} tooltips rely on jQuery UI Dialog (from ResourceLoader module name 'jquery.ui').
 * - To create a gadget based on morebits.js, use this syntax in MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition:
 *     - `*GadgetName[ResourceLoader|dependencies=mediawiki.user,mediawiki.util,mediawiki.Title,jquery.ui]|morebits.js|morebits.css|GadgetName.js`
 * - Alternatively, you can configure morebits.js as a hidden gadget in MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition:
 *     - `*morebits[ResourceLoader|dependencies=mediawiki.user,mediawiki.util,mediawiki.Title,jquery.ui|hidden]|morebits.js|morebits.css`
 *     and then load ext.gadget.morebits as one of the dependencies for the new gadget.
 *
 * All the stuff here works on all browsers for which MediaWiki provides JavaScript support.
 *
 * This library is maintained by the maintainers of Twinkle.
 * For queries, suggestions, help, etc., head to [Wikipedia talk:Twinkle on English Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WT:TW).
 * The latest development source is available at {@link https://github.com/wikimedia-gadgets/twinkle/blob/master/morebits.js|GitHub}.
 *
 * @namespace Morebits
 */


(function (window, document, $) { // Wrap entire file with anonymous function

/** @lends Morebits */
var Morebits = {};
window.Morebits = Morebits;  // allow global access

// zhwiki: No Morebits.i18n at this time


/**
 * Wiki-specific configurations for Morebits
 */
Morebits.l10n = {
	/**
	 * Local aliases for &quot;redirect&quot; magic word.
	 * Check using api.php?action=query&amp;format=json&amp;meta=siteinfo&amp;formatversion=2&amp;siprop=magicwords
	 */
	redirectTagAliases: ['#REDIRECT', '#重定向'],

	/**
	 * Takes a string as argument and checks if it is a timestamp or not
	 * If not, it returns null. If yes, it returns an array of integers
	 * in the format [year, month, date, hour, minute, second]
	 * which can be passed to Date.UTC()
	 * @param {string} str
	 * @returns {number[] | null}
	 */
	signatureTimestampFormat: function (str) {
		// YYYY年Month月DD日 (w) HH:mm (UTC)
		var rgx = /(\d{4})年(\d{1,2})月(\d{1,2})日 \(.\) (\d{2}):(\d{2}) \(UTC\)/;
		var match = rgx.exec(str);
		if (!match) {
			return null;
		}
		// ..... year .... month ... date .... hour ... minute
		return [match[1], match[2] - 1, match[3], match[4], match[5]];
	}
};


/**
 * Simple helper function to see what groups a user might belong.
 *
 * @param {string} group - e.g. `sysop`, `extendedconfirmed`, etc.
 * @returns {boolean}
 */
Morebits.userIsInGroup = function (group) {
	return mw.config.get('wgUserGroups').indexOf(group) !== -1;
};
/** Hardcodes whether the user is a sysop, used a lot.
 *
 * @type {boolean}
 */
Morebits.userIsSysop = Morebits.userIsInGroup('sysop');

/**
 * Deprecated as of February 2021, use {@link Morebits.ip.sanitizeIPv6}.
 *
 * @deprecated Use {@link Morebits.ip.sanitizeIPv6}.
 * Converts an IPv6 address to the canonical form stored and used by MediaWiki.
 * JavaScript translation of the {@link https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/plugins/gitiles/mediawiki/core/+/8eb6ac3e84ea3312d391ca96c12c49e3ad0753bb/includes/utils/IP.php#131|`IP::sanitizeIP()`}
 * function from the IPUtils library.  Addresses are verbose, uppercase,
 * normalized, and expanded to 8 words.
 *
 * @param {string} address - The IPv6 address, with or without CIDR.
 * @returns {string}
 */
Morebits.sanitizeIPv6 = function (address) {
	console.warn('NOTE: Morebits.sanitizeIPv6 was renamed to Morebits.ip.sanitizeIPv6 in February 2021, please use that instead'); // eslint-disable-line no-console
	return Morebits.ip.sanitizeIPv6(address);
};

/**
 * Determines whether the current page is a redirect or soft redirect. Fails
 * to detect soft redirects on edit, history, etc. pages.  Will attempt to
 * detect Module:RfD, with the same failure points.
 *
 * @returns {boolean}
 */
Morebits.isPageRedirect = function() {
	return !!(mw.config.get('wgIsRedirect') || document.getElementById('softredirect') || $('.box-RfD').length || $('.box-Redirect_category_shell').length);
};

/**
 * Stores a normalized (underscores converted to spaces) version of the
 * `wgPageName` variable.
 *
 * @type {string}
 */
Morebits.pageNameNorm = mw.config.get('wgPageName').replace(/_/g, ' ');


/**
 * Create a string for use in regex matching a page name.  Accounts for
 * leading character's capitalization, underscores as spaces, and special
 * characters being escaped.  See also {@link Morebits.namespaceRegex}.
 *
 * @param {string} pageName - Page name without namespace.
 * @returns {string} - For a page name `Foo bar`, returns the string `[Ff]oo[_ ]bar`.
 */
Morebits.pageNameRegex = function(pageName) {
	if (pageName === '') {
		return '';
	}
	var firstChar = pageName[0],
		remainder = Morebits.string.escapeRegExp(pageName.slice(1));
	if (mw.Title.phpCharToUpper(firstChar) !== firstChar.toLowerCase()) {
		return '[' + mw.Title.phpCharToUpper(firstChar) + firstChar.toLowerCase() + ']' + remainder;
	}
	return Morebits.string.escapeRegExp(firstChar) + remainder;
};

/**
 * Converts string or array of DOM nodes into an HTML fragment.
 * Wikilink syntax (`[[...]]`) is transformed into HTML anchor.
 * Used in Morebits.quickForm and Morebits.status
 * @internal
 * @param {string|Node|(string|Node)[]} input
 * @returns {DocumentFragment}
 */
Morebits.createHtml = function(input) {
	var fragment = document.createDocumentFragment();
	if (!input) {
		return fragment;
	}
	if (!Array.isArray(input)) {
		input = [ input ];
	}
	for (var i = 0; i &lt; input.length; ++i) {
		if (input[i] instanceof Node) {
			fragment.appendChild(input[i]);
		} else {
			$.parseHTML(Morebits.createHtml.renderWikilinks(input[i])).forEach(function(node) {
				fragment.appendChild(node);
			});
		}
	}
	return fragment;
};

/**
 * Converts wikilinks to HTML anchor tags.
 * @param text
 * @returns {*}
 */
Morebits.createHtml.renderWikilinks = function (text) {
	var ub = new Morebits.unbinder(text);
	// Don't convert wikilinks within code tags as they're used for displaying wiki-code
	ub.unbind('&lt;code&gt;', '&lt;/code&gt;');
	ub.content = ub.content.replace(
		/\[\[:?(?:([^|\]]+?)\|)?([^\]|]+?)\]\]/g,
		function(_, target, text) {
			if (!target) {
				target = text;
			}
			return '&lt;a target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;' + mw.util.getUrl(target) +
				'&quot; title=&quot;' + target.replace(/&quot;/g, '&amp;#34;') + '&quot;&gt;' + text + '&lt;/a&gt;';
		});
	return ub.rebind();
};

/**
 * Create a string for use in regex matching all namespace aliases, regardless
 * of the capitalization and underscores/spaces.  Doesn't include the optional
 * leading `:`, but if there's more than one item, wraps the list in a
 * non-capturing group.  This means you can do `Morebits.namespaceRegex([4]) +
 * ':' + Morebits.pageNameRegex('Twinkle')` to match a full page.  Uses
 * {@link Morebits.pageNameRegex}.
 *
 * @param {number[]} namespaces - Array of namespace numbers.  Unused/invalid
 * namespace numbers are silently discarded.
 * @example
 * // returns '(?:[Ff][Ii][Ll][Ee]|[Ii][Mm][Aa][Gg][Ee])'
 * Morebits.namespaceRegex([6])
 * @returns {string} - Regex-suitable string of all namespace aliases.
 */
Morebits.namespaceRegex = function(namespaces) {
	if (!Array.isArray(namespaces)) {
		namespaces = [namespaces];
	}
	var aliases = [], regex;
	$.each(mw.config.get('wgNamespaceIds'), function(name, number) {
		if (namespaces.indexOf(number) !== -1) {
			// Namespaces are completely agnostic as to case,
			// and a regex string is more useful/compatible than a RegExp object,
			// so we accept any casing for any letter.
			aliases.push(name.split('').map(function(char) {
				return Morebits.pageNameRegex(char);
			}).join(''));
		}
	});
	switch (aliases.length) {
		case 0:
			regex = '';
			break;
		case 1:
			regex = aliases[0];
			break;
		default:
			regex = '(?:' + aliases.join('|') + ')';
			break;
	}
	return regex;
};


/* **************** Morebits.quickForm **************** */
/**
 * Creation of simple and standard forms without much specific coding.
 *
 * @namespace Morebits.quickForm
 * @memberof Morebits
 * @class
 * @param {event} event - Function to execute when form is submitted.
 * @param {string} [eventType=submit] - Type of the event.
 */
Morebits.quickForm = function QuickForm(event, eventType) {
	this.root = new Morebits.quickForm.element({ type: 'form', event: event, eventType: eventType });
};

/**
 * Renders the HTML output of the quickForm.
 *
 * @memberof Morebits.quickForm
 * @returns {HTMLElement}
 */
Morebits.quickForm.prototype.render = function QuickFormRender() {
	var ret = this.root.render();
	ret.names = {};
	return ret;
};

/**
 * Append element to the form.
 *
 * @memberof Morebits.quickForm
 * @param {(object|Morebits.quickForm.element)} data - A quickform element, or the object with which
 * a quickform element is constructed.
 * @returns {Morebits.quickForm.element} - Same as what is passed to the function.
 */
Morebits.quickForm.prototype.append = function QuickFormAppend(data) {
	return this.root.append(data);
};

/**
 * Create a new element for the the form.
 *
 * Index to Morebits.quickForm.element types:
 * - Global attributes: id, className, style, tooltip, extra, $data, adminonly
 * - `select`: A combo box (aka drop-down).
 *     - Attributes: name, label, multiple, size, list, event, disabled
 *  - `option`: An element for a combo box.
 *      - Attributes: value, label, selected, disabled
 *  - `optgroup`: A group of &quot;option&quot;s.
 *      - Attributes: label, list
 *  - `field`: A fieldset (aka group box).
 *      - Attributes: name, label, disabled
 *  - `checkbox`: A checkbox. Must use &quot;list&quot; parameter.
 *      - Attributes: name, list, event
 *      - Attributes (within list): name, label, value, checked, disabled, event, subgroup
 *  - `radio`: A radio button. Must use &quot;list&quot; parameter.
 *      - Attributes: name, list, event
 *      - Attributes (within list): name, label, value, checked, disabled, event, subgroup
 *  - `input`: A text input box.
 *      - Attributes: name, label, value, size, placeholder, maxlength, disabled, required, readonly, event
 *  - `number`: A number input box.
 *      - Attributes: Everything the text `input` has, as well as: min, max, step, list
 *  - `dyninput`: A set of text boxes with &quot;Remove&quot; buttons and an &quot;Add&quot; button.
 *      - Attributes: name, label, min, max, sublabel, value, size, maxlength, event
 *  - `hidden`: An invisible form field.
 *      - Attributes: name, value
 *  - `header`: A level 5 header.
 *      - Attributes: label
 *  - `div`: A generic placeholder element or label.
 *      - Attributes: name, label
 *  - `submit`: A submit button. Morebits.simpleWindow moves these to the footer of the dialog.
 *      - Attributes: name, label, disabled
 *  - `button`: A generic button.
 *      - Attributes: name, label, disabled, event
 *  - `textarea`: A big, multi-line text box.
 *      - Attributes: name, label, value, cols, rows, disabled, required, readonly
 *  - `fragment`: A DocumentFragment object.
 *      - No attributes, and no global attributes except adminonly.
 * There is some difference on how types handle the `label` attribute:
 * - `div`, `select`, `field`, `checkbox`/`radio`, `input`, `textarea`, `header`, and `dyninput` can accept an array of items,
 * and the label item(s) can be `Element`s.
 * - `option`, `optgroup`, `_dyninput_element`, `submit`, and `button` accept only a single string.
 *
 * @memberof Morebits.quickForm
 * @class
 * @param {object} data - Object representing the quickform element. Should
 * specify one of the available types from the index above, as well as any
 * relevant and available attributes.
 * @example new Morebits.quickForm.element({
 *     name: 'target',
 *     type: 'input',
 *     label: 'Your target:',
 *     tooltip: 'Enter your target. Required.',
 *     required: true
 * });
 */
Morebits.quickForm.element = function QuickFormElement(data) {
	this.data = data;
	this.childs = [];
};

/**
 * @memberof Morebits.quickForm.element
 * @type {number}
 */
Morebits.quickForm.element.id = 0;

/**
 * Appends an element to current element.
 *
 * @memberof Morebits.quickForm.element
 * @param {Morebits.quickForm.element} data - A quickForm element or the object required to
 * create the quickForm element.
 * @returns {Morebits.quickForm.element} The same element passed in.
 */
Morebits.quickForm.element.prototype.append = function QuickFormElementAppend(data) {
	var child;
	if (data instanceof Morebits.quickForm.element) {
		child = data;
	} else {
		child = new Morebits.quickForm.element(data);
	}
	this.childs.push(child);
	return child;
};

/**
 * Renders the HTML output for the quickForm element.  This should be called
 * without parameters: `form.render()`.
 *
 * @memberof Morebits.quickForm.element
 * @returns {HTMLElement}
 */
Morebits.quickForm.element.prototype.render = function QuickFormElementRender(internal_subgroup_id) {
	var currentNode = this.compute(this.data, internal_subgroup_id);

	for (var i = 0; i &lt; this.childs.length; ++i) {
		// do not pass internal_subgroup_id to recursive calls
		currentNode[1].appendChild(this.childs[i].render());
	}
	return currentNode[0];
};


/** @memberof Morebits.quickForm.element */
Morebits.quickForm.element.prototype.compute = function QuickFormElementCompute(data, in_id) {
	var node;
	var childContainer = null;
	var label;
	var id = (in_id ? in_id + '_' : '') + 'node_' + Morebits.quickForm.element.id++;
	if (data.adminonly &amp;&amp; !Morebits.userIsSysop) {
		// hell hack alpha
		data.type = 'hidden';
	}

	var i, current, subnode;
	switch (data.type) {
		case 'form':
			node = document.createElement('form');
			node.className = 'quickform';
			node.setAttribute('action', 'javascript:void(0);');
			if (data.event) {
				node.addEventListener(data.eventType || 'submit', data.event, false);
			}
			break;
		case 'fragment':
			node = document.createDocumentFragment();
			// fragments can't have any attributes, so just return it straight away
			return [ node, node ];
		case 'select':
			node = document.createElement('div');

			node.setAttribute('id', 'div_' + id);
			if (data.label) {
				label = node.appendChild(document.createElement('label'));
				label.setAttribute('for', id);
				label.appendChild(Morebits.createHtml(data.label));
				// zhwiki: No margin
			}
			var select = node.appendChild(document.createElement('select'));
			if (data.event) {
				select.addEventListener('change', data.event, false);
			}
			if (data.multiple) {
				select.setAttribute('multiple', 'multiple');
			}
			if (data.size) {
				select.setAttribute('size', data.size);
			}
			if (data.disabled) {
				select.setAttribute('disabled', 'disabled');
			}
			select.setAttribute('name', data.name);

			if (data.list) {
				for (i = 0; i &lt; data.list.length; ++i) {

					current = data.list[i];

					if (current.list) {
						current.type = 'optgroup';
					} else {
						current.type = 'option';
					}

					subnode = this.compute(current);
					select.appendChild(subnode[0]);
				}
			}
			childContainer = select;
			break;
		case 'option':
			node = document.createElement('option');
			node.values = data.value;
			node.setAttribute('value', data.value);
			if (data.selected) {
				node.setAttribute('selected', 'selected');
			}
			if (data.disabled) {
				node.setAttribute('disabled', 'disabled');
			}
			node.setAttribute('label', data.label);
			node.appendChild(document.createTextNode(data.label));
			break;
		case 'optgroup':
			node = document.createElement('optgroup');
			node.setAttribute('label', data.label);

			if (data.list) {
				for (i = 0; i &lt; data.list.length; ++i) {

					current = data.list[i];
					current.type = 'option'; // must be options here

					subnode = this.compute(current);
					node.appendChild(subnode[0]);
				}
			}
			break;
		case 'field':
			node = document.createElement('fieldset');
			label = node.appendChild(document.createElement('legend'));
			label.appendChild(Morebits.createHtml(data.label));
			if (data.name) {
				node.setAttribute('name', data.name);
			}
			if (data.disabled) {
				node.setAttribute('disabled', 'disabled');
			}
			break;
		case 'checkbox':
		case 'radio':
			node = document.createElement('div');
			if (data.list) {
				for (i = 0; i &lt; data.list.length; ++i) {
					var cur_id = id + '_' + i;
					current = data.list[i];
					var cur_div;
					if (current.type === 'header') {
					// inline hack
						cur_div = node.appendChild(document.createElement('h6'));
						cur_div.appendChild(document.createTextNode(current.label));
						if (current.tooltip) {
							Morebits.quickForm.element.generateTooltip(cur_div, current);
						}
						continue;
					}
					cur_div = node.appendChild(document.createElement('div'));
					// zhwiki: Add hidden attr
					if (current.hidden) {
						cur_div.setAttribute('hidden', '');
					}
					subnode = cur_div.appendChild(document.createElement('input'));
					subnode.values = current.value;
					subnode.setAttribute('value', current.value);
					subnode.setAttribute('type', data.type);
					subnode.setAttribute('id', cur_id);
					subnode.setAttribute('name', current.name || data.name);

					// If name is provided on the individual checkbox, add a data-single
					// attribute which indicates it isn't part of a list of checkboxes with
					// same name. Used in getInputData()
					if (current.name) {
						subnode.setAttribute('data-single', 'data-single');
					}

					if (current.checked) {
						subnode.setAttribute('checked', 'checked');
					}
					if (current.disabled) {
						subnode.setAttribute('disabled', 'disabled');
					}
					label = cur_div.appendChild(document.createElement('label'));

					label.appendChild(Morebits.createHtml(current.label));
					label.setAttribute('for', cur_id);
					if (current.tooltip) {
						Morebits.quickForm.element.generateTooltip(label, current);
					}
					// styles go on the label, doesn't make sense to style a checkbox/radio
					if (current.style) {
						label.setAttribute('style', current.style);
					}

					var event;
					if (current.subgroup) {
						var tmpgroup = current.subgroup;

						if (!Array.isArray(tmpgroup)) {
							tmpgroup = [ tmpgroup ];
						}

						var subgroupRaw = new Morebits.quickForm.element({
							type: 'div',
							id: id + '_' + i + '_subgroup'
						});
						$.each(tmpgroup, function(idx, el) {
							var newEl = $.extend({}, el);
							if (!newEl.type) {
								newEl.type = data.type;
							}
							newEl.name = (current.name || data.name) + '.' + newEl.name;
							subgroupRaw.append(newEl);
						});

						var subgroup = subgroupRaw.render(cur_id);
						subgroup.className = 'quickformSubgroup';
						subnode.subgroup = subgroup;
						subnode.shown = false;

						event = function(e) {
							if (e.target.checked) {
								e.target.parentNode.appendChild(e.target.subgroup);
								if (e.target.type === 'radio') {
									var name = e.target.name;
									if (e.target.form.names[name] !== undefined) {
										e.target.form.names[name].parentNode.removeChild(e.target.form.names[name].subgroup);
									}
									e.target.form.names[name] = e.target;
								}
							} else {
								e.target.parentNode.removeChild(e.target.subgroup);
							}
						};
						subnode.addEventListener('change', event, true);
						if (current.checked) {
							subnode.parentNode.appendChild(subgroup);
						}
					} else if (data.type === 'radio') {
						event = function(e) {
							if (e.target.checked) {
								var name = e.target.name;
								if (e.target.form.names[name] !== undefined) {
									e.target.form.names[name].parentNode.removeChild(e.target.form.names[name].subgroup);
								}
								delete e.target.form.names[name];
							}
						};
						subnode.addEventListener('change', event, true);
					}
					// add users' event last, so it can interact with the subgroup
					if (data.event) {
						subnode.addEventListener('change', data.event, false);
					} else if (current.event) {
						subnode.addEventListener('change', current.event, true);
					}
				}
			}
			if (data.shiftClickSupport &amp;&amp; data.type === 'checkbox') {
				Morebits.checkboxShiftClickSupport(Morebits.quickForm.getElements(node, data.name));
			}
			break;
		// input is actually a text-type, so number here inherits the same stuff
		case 'number':
		case 'input':
			node = document.createElement('div');
			node.setAttribute('id', 'div_' + id);
			// zhwiki: Add hidden attr
			if (data.hidden) {
				node.setAttribute('hidden', '');
			}

			if (data.label) {
				label = node.appendChild(document.createElement('label'));
				label.appendChild(Morebits.createHtml(data.label));
				label.setAttribute('for', data.id || id);
				// zhwiki: No margin
			}

			subnode = node.appendChild(document.createElement('input'));
			// zhwiki: Add value and placeholder attrs
			if (data.value) {
				subnode.setAttribute('value', data.value);
			}
			if (data.placeholder) {
				subnode.setAttribute('placeholder', data.placeholder);
			}
			subnode.setAttribute('name', data.name);

			if (data.type === 'input') {
				subnode.setAttribute('type', 'text');
			} else {
				subnode.setAttribute('type', 'number');
				['min', 'max', 'step', 'list'].forEach(function(att) {
					if (data[att]) {
						subnode.setAttribute(att, data[att]);
					}
				});
			}

			['value', 'size', 'placeholder', 'maxlength'].forEach(function(att) {
				if (data[att]) {
					subnode.setAttribute(att, data[att]);
				}
			});
			['disabled', 'required', 'readonly'].forEach(function(att) {
				if (data[att]) {
					subnode.setAttribute(att, att);
				}
			});
			if (data.event) {
				subnode.addEventListener('keyup', data.event, false);
			}

			childContainer = subnode;
			break;
		case 'dyninput':
			var min = data.min || 1;
			var max = data.max || Infinity;

			node = document.createElement('div');

			label = node.appendChild(document.createElement('h5'));
			label.appendChild(Morebits.createHtml(data.label));
			var listNode = node.appendChild(document.createElement('div'));

			var more = this.compute({
				type: 'button',
				label: '更多',
				disabled: min &gt;= max,
				event: function(e) {
					var new_node = new Morebits.quickForm.element(e.target.sublist);
					e.target.area.appendChild(new_node.render());

					if (++e.target.counter &gt;= e.target.max) {
						e.target.setAttribute('disabled', 'disabled');
					}
					e.stopPropagation();
				}
			});

			node.appendChild(more[0]);
			var moreButton = more[1];

			var sublist = {
				type: '_dyninput_element',
				label: data.sublabel || data.label,
				name: data.name,
				value: data.value,
				size: data.size,
				remove: false,
				maxlength: data.maxlength,
				event: data.event
			};

			for (i = 0; i &lt; min; ++i) {
				var elem = new Morebits.quickForm.element(sublist);
				listNode.appendChild(elem.render());
			}
			sublist.remove = true;
			sublist.morebutton = moreButton;
			sublist.listnode = listNode;

			moreButton.sublist = sublist;
			moreButton.area = listNode;
			moreButton.max = max - min;
			moreButton.counter = 0;
			break;
		case '_dyninput_element': // Private, similar to normal input
			node = document.createElement('div');

			if (data.label) {
				label = node.appendChild(document.createElement('label'));
				label.appendChild(document.createTextNode(data.label));
				label.setAttribute('for', id);
				// zhwiki: No margin
			}

			subnode = node.appendChild(document.createElement('input'));
			if (data.value) {
				subnode.setAttribute('value', data.value);
			}
			subnode.setAttribute('name', data.name);
			subnode.setAttribute('type', 'text');
			if (data.size) {
				subnode.setAttribute('size', data.size);
			}
			if (data.maxlength) {
				subnode.setAttribute('maxlength', data.maxlength);
			}
			if (data.event) {
				subnode.addEventListener('keyup', data.event, false);
			}
			if (data.remove) {
				var remove = this.compute({
					type: 'button',
					label: '移除',
					event: function(e) {
						var list = e.target.listnode;
						var node = e.target.inputnode;
						var more = e.target.morebutton;

						list.removeChild(node);
						--more.counter;
						more.removeAttribute('disabled');
						e.stopPropagation();
					}
				});
				node.appendChild(remove[0]);
				var removeButton = remove[1];
				removeButton.inputnode = node;
				removeButton.listnode = data.listnode;
				removeButton.morebutton = data.morebutton;
			}
			break;
		case 'hidden':
			node = document.createElement('input');
			node.setAttribute('type', 'hidden');
			node.values = data.value;
			node.setAttribute('value', data.value);
			node.setAttribute('name', data.name);
			break;
		case 'header':
			node = document.createElement('h5');
			node.appendChild(Morebits.createHtml(data.label));
			break;
		case 'div':
			node = document.createElement('div');
			if (data.name) {
				node.setAttribute('name', data.name);
			}
			if (data.label) {
				var result = document.createElement('span');
				result.className = 'quickformDescription';
				result.appendChild(Morebits.createHtml(data.label));
				node.appendChild(result);
			}
			break;
		case 'submit':
			node = document.createElement('span');
			childContainer = node.appendChild(document.createElement('input'));
			childContainer.setAttribute('type', 'submit');
			if (data.label) {
				childContainer.setAttribute('value', data.label);
			}
			childContainer.setAttribute('name', data.name || 'submit');
			if (data.disabled) {
				childContainer.setAttribute('disabled', 'disabled');
			}
			break;
		case 'button':
			node = document.createElement('span');
			childContainer = node.appendChild(document.createElement('input'));
			childContainer.setAttribute('type', 'button');
			if (data.label) {
				childContainer.setAttribute('value', data.label);
			}
			childContainer.setAttribute('name', data.name);
			if (data.disabled) {
				childContainer.setAttribute('disabled', 'disabled');
			}
			if (data.event) {
				childContainer.addEventListener('click', data.event, false);
			}
			break;
		case 'textarea':
			node = document.createElement('div');
			node.setAttribute('id', 'div_' + id);
			// zhwiki: Add hidden attr
			if (data.hidden) {
				node.setAttribute('hidden', '');
			}
			if (data.label) {
				label = node.appendChild(document.createElement('h5'));
				var labelElement = document.createElement('label');
				labelElement.appendChild(Morebits.createHtml(data.label));
				labelElement.setAttribute('for', data.id || id);
				label.appendChild(labelElement);
			}
			subnode = node.appendChild(document.createElement('textarea'));
			subnode.setAttribute('name', data.name);
			if (data.cols) {
				subnode.setAttribute('cols', data.cols);
			}
			if (data.rows) {
				subnode.setAttribute('rows', data.rows);
			}
			if (data.disabled) {
				subnode.setAttribute('disabled', 'disabled');
			}
			if (data.required) {
				subnode.setAttribute('required', 'required');
			}
			if (data.readonly) {
				subnode.setAttribute('readonly', 'readonly');
			}
			if (data.value) {
				subnode.value = data.value;
			}
			// zhwiki: Add placeholder attr
			if (data.placeholder) {
				subnode.placeholder = data.placeholder;
			}
			childContainer = subnode;
			break;
		default:
			throw new Error('Morebits.quickForm: unknown element type ' + data.type.toString());
	}

	if (!childContainer) {
		childContainer = node;
	}
	if (data.tooltip) {
		Morebits.quickForm.element.generateTooltip(label || node, data);
	}

	if (data.extra) {
		childContainer.extra = data.extra;
	}
	if (data.$data) {
		$(childContainer).data(data.$data);
	}
	if (data.style) {
		childContainer.setAttribute('style', data.style);
	}
	if (data.className) {
		childContainer.className = childContainer.className ?
			childContainer.className + ' ' + data.className :
			data.className;
	}
	childContainer.setAttribute('id', data.id || id);

	return [ node, childContainer ];
};

/**
 * Create a jQuery UI-based tooltip.
 *
 * @memberof Morebits.quickForm.element
 * @requires jquery.ui
 * @param {HTMLElement} node - The HTML element beside which a tooltip is to be generated.
 * @param {object} data - Tooltip-related configuration data.
 */
Morebits.quickForm.element.generateTooltip = function QuickFormElementGenerateTooltip(node, data) {
	var tooltipButton = node.appendChild(document.createElement('span'));
	tooltipButton.className = 'morebits-tooltipButton';
	tooltipButton.title = data.tooltip; // Provides the content for jQuery UI
	tooltipButton.appendChild(document.createTextNode('?'));
	$(tooltipButton).tooltip({
		position: { my: 'left top', at: 'center bottom', collision: 'flipfit' },
		// Deprecated in UI 1.12, but MW stuck on 1.9.2 indefinitely; see #398 and T71386
		tooltipClass: 'morebits-ui-tooltip'
	});
};


// Some utility methods for manipulating quickForms after their creation:
// (None of these work for &quot;dyninput&quot; type fields at present)

/**
 * Returns an object containing all filled form data entered by the user, with the object
 * keys being the form element names. Disabled fields will be ignored, but not hidden fields.
 *
 * @memberof Morebits.quickForm
 * @param {HTMLFormElement} form
 * @returns {object} With field names as keys, input data as values.
 */
Morebits.quickForm.getInputData = function(form) {
	var result = {};

	for (var i = 0; i &lt; form.elements.length; i++) {
		var field = form.elements[i];
		if (field.disabled || !field.name || !field.type ||
			field.type === 'submit' || field.type === 'button') {
			continue;
		}

		// For elements in subgroups, quickform prepends element names with
		// name of the parent group followed by a period, get rid of that.
		var fieldNameNorm = field.name.slice(field.name.indexOf('.') + 1);

		switch (field.type) {
			case 'radio':
				if (field.checked) {
					result[fieldNameNorm] = field.value;
				}
				break;
			case 'checkbox':
				if (field.dataset.single) {
					result[fieldNameNorm] = field.checked; // boolean
				} else {
					result[fieldNameNorm] = result[fieldNameNorm] || [];
					if (field.checked) {
						result[fieldNameNorm].push(field.value);
					}
				}
				break;
			case 'select-multiple':
				result[fieldNameNorm] = $(field).val(); // field.value doesn't work
				break;
			case 'text': // falls through
			case 'textarea':
				result[fieldNameNorm] = field.value.trim();
				break;
			default: // could be select-one, date, number, email, etc
				if (field.value) {
					result[fieldNameNorm] = field.value;
				}
				break;
		}
	}
	return result;
};


/**
 * Returns all form elements with a given field name or ID.
 *
 * @memberof Morebits.quickForm
 * @param {HTMLFormElement} form
 * @param {string} fieldName - The name or id of the fields.
 * @returns {HTMLElement[]} - Array of matching form elements.
 */
Morebits.quickForm.getElements = function QuickFormGetElements(form, fieldName) {
	var $form = $(form);
	fieldName = $.escapeSelector(fieldName); // sanitize input
	var $elements = $form.find('[name=&quot;' + fieldName + '&quot;]');
	if ($elements.length &gt; 0) {
		return $elements.toArray();
	}
	$elements = $form.find('#' + fieldName);
	return $elements.toArray();
};

/**
 * Searches the array of elements for a checkbox or radio button with a certain
 * `value` attribute, and returns the first such element. Returns null if not found.
 *
 * @memberof Morebits.quickForm
 * @param {HTMLInputElement[]} elementArray - Array of checkbox or radio elements.
 * @param {string} value - Value to search for.
 * @returns {HTMLInputElement}
 */
Morebits.quickForm.getCheckboxOrRadio = function QuickFormGetCheckboxOrRadio(elementArray, value) {
	var found = $.grep(elementArray, function(el) {
		return el.value === value;
	});
	if (found.length &gt; 0) {
		return found[0];
	}
	return null;
};

/**
 * Returns the &amp;lt;div&gt; containing the form element, or the form element itself
 * May not work as expected on checkboxes or radios.
 *
 * @memberof Morebits.quickForm
 * @param {HTMLElement} element
 * @returns {HTMLElement}
 */
Morebits.quickForm.getElementContainer = function QuickFormGetElementContainer(element) {
	// for divs, headings and fieldsets, the container is the element itself
	if (element instanceof HTMLFieldSetElement || element instanceof HTMLDivElement ||
			element instanceof HTMLHeadingElement) {
		return element;
	}

	// for others, just return the parent node
	return element.parentNode;
};

/**
 * Gets the HTML element that contains the label of the given form element
 * (mainly for internal use).
 *
 * @memberof Morebits.quickForm
 * @param {(HTMLElement|Morebits.quickForm.element)} element
 * @returns {HTMLElement}
 */
Morebits.quickForm.getElementLabelObject = function QuickFormGetElementLabelObject(element) {
	// for buttons, divs and headers, the label is on the element itself
	if (element.type === 'button' || element.type === 'submit' ||
			element instanceof HTMLDivElement || element instanceof HTMLHeadingElement) {
		return element;
	// for fieldsets, the label is the child &lt;legend&gt; element
	} else if (element instanceof HTMLFieldSetElement) {
		return element.getElementsByTagName('legend')[0];
	// for textareas, the label is the sibling &lt;h5&gt; element
	} else if (element instanceof HTMLTextAreaElement) {
		return element.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('h5')[0];
	}
	// for others, the label is the sibling &lt;label&gt; element
	return element.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('label')[0];
};

/**
 * Gets the label text of the element.
 *
 * @memberof Morebits.quickForm
 * @param {(HTMLElement|Morebits.quickForm.element)} element
 * @returns {string}
 */
Morebits.quickForm.getElementLabel = function QuickFormGetElementLabel(element) {
	var labelElement = Morebits.quickForm.getElementLabelObject(element);

	if (!labelElement) {
		return null;
	}
	return labelElement.firstChild.textContent;
};

/**
 * Sets the label of the element to the given text.
 *
 * @memberof Morebits.quickForm
 * @param {(HTMLElement|Morebits.quickForm.element)} element
 * @param {string} labelText
 * @returns {boolean} True if succeeded, false if the label element is unavailable.
 */
Morebits.quickForm.setElementLabel = function QuickFormSetElementLabel(element, labelText) {
	var labelElement = Morebits.quickForm.getElementLabelObject(element);

	if (!labelElement) {
		return false;
	}
	labelElement.firstChild.textContent = labelText;
	return true;
};

/**
 * Stores the element's current label, and temporarily sets the label to the given text.
 *
 * @memberof Morebits.quickForm
 * @param {(HTMLElement|Morebits.quickForm.element)} element
 * @param {string} temporaryLabelText
 * @returns {boolean} `true` if succeeded, `false` if the label element is unavailable.
 */
Morebits.quickForm.overrideElementLabel = function QuickFormOverrideElementLabel(element, temporaryLabelText) {
	if (!element.hasAttribute('data-oldlabel')) {
		element.setAttribute('data-oldlabel', Morebits.quickForm.getElementLabel(element));
	}
	return Morebits.quickForm.setElementLabel(element, temporaryLabelText);
};

/**
 * Restores the label stored by overrideElementLabel.
 *
 * @memberof Morebits.quickForm
 * @param {(HTMLElement|Morebits.quickForm.element)} element
 * @returns {boolean} True if succeeded, false if the label element is unavailable.
 */
Morebits.quickForm.resetElementLabel = function QuickFormResetElementLabel(element) {
	if (element.hasAttribute('data-oldlabel')) {
		return Morebits.quickForm.setElementLabel(element, element.getAttribute('data-oldlabel'));
	}
	return null;
};

/**
 * Shows or hides a form element plus its label and tooltip.
 *
 * @memberof Morebits.quickForm
 * @param {(HTMLElement|jQuery|string)} element - HTML/jQuery element, or jQuery selector string.
 * @param {boolean} [visibility] - Skip this to toggle visibility.
 */
Morebits.quickForm.setElementVisibility = function QuickFormSetElementVisibility(element, visibility) {
	$(element).toggle(visibility);
};

/**
 * Shows or hides the question mark icon (which displays the tooltip) next to a form element.
 *
 * @memberof Morebits.quickForm
 * @param {(HTMLElement|jQuery)} element
 * @param {boolean} [visibility] - Skip this to toggle visibility.
 */
Morebits.quickForm.setElementTooltipVisibility = function QuickFormSetElementTooltipVisibility(element, visibility) {
	$(Morebits.quickForm.getElementContainer(element)).find('.morebits-tooltipButton').toggle(visibility);
};


/**
 * @external HTMLFormElement
 */
/**
 * Get checked items in the form.
 *
 * @function external:HTMLFormElement.getChecked
 * @param {string} name - Find checked property of elements (i.e. a checkbox
 * or a radiobutton) with the given name, or select options that have selected
 * set to true (don't try to mix selects with radio/checkboxes).
 * @param {string} [type] - Optionally specify either radio or checkbox (for
 * the event that both checkboxes and radiobuttons have the same name).
 * @returns {string[]} - Contains the values of elements with the given name
 * checked property set to true.
 */
HTMLFormElement.prototype.getChecked = function(name, type) {
	var elements = this.elements[name];
	if (!elements) {
		return [];
	}
	var return_array = [];
	var i;
	if (elements instanceof HTMLSelectElement) {
		var options = elements.options;
		for (i = 0; i &lt; options.length; ++i) {
			if (options[i].selected) {
				if (options[i].values) {
					return_array.push(options[i].values);
				} else {
					return_array.push(options[i].value);
				}

			}
		}
	} else if (elements instanceof HTMLInputElement) {
		if (type &amp;&amp; elements.type !== type) {
			return [];
		} else if (elements.checked) {
			return [ elements.value ];
		}
	} else {
		for (i = 0; i &lt; elements.length; ++i) {
			if (elements[i].checked) {
				if (type &amp;&amp; elements[i].type !== type) {
					continue;
				}
				if (elements[i].values) {
					return_array.push(elements[i].values);
				} else {
					return_array.push(elements[i].value);
				}
			}
		}
	}
	return return_array;
};

/**
 * Does the same as {@link HTMLFormElement.getChecked|getChecked}, but with unchecked elements.
 *
 * @function external:HTMLFormElement.getUnchecked
 * @param {string} name - Find checked property of elements (i.e. a checkbox
 * or a radiobutton) with the given name, or select options that have selected
 * set to true (don't try to mix selects with radio/checkboxes).
 * @param {string} [type] - Optionally specify either radio or checkbox (for
 * the event that both checkboxes and radiobuttons have the same name).
 * @returns {string[]} - Contains the values of elements with the given name
 * checked property set to true.
 */
HTMLFormElement.prototype.getUnchecked = function(name, type) {
	var elements = this.elements[name];
	if (!elements) {
		return [];
	}
	var return_array = [];
	var i;
	if (elements instanceof HTMLSelectElement) {
		var options = elements.options;
		for (i = 0; i &lt; options.length; ++i) {
			if (!options[i].selected) {
				if (options[i].values) {
					return_array.push(options[i].values);
				} else {
					return_array.push(options[i].value);
				}

			}
		}
	} else if (elements instanceof HTMLInputElement) {
		if (type &amp;&amp; elements.type !== type) {
			return [];
		} else if (!elements.checked) {
			return [ elements.value ];
		}
	} else {
		for (i = 0; i &lt; elements.length; ++i) {
			if (!elements[i].checked) {
				if (type &amp;&amp; elements[i].type !== type) {
					continue;
				}
				if (elements[i].values) {
					return_array.push(elements[i].values);
				} else {
					return_array.push(elements[i].value);
				}
			}
		}
	}
	return return_array;
};

/**
 * Utilities to help process IP addresses.
 *
 * @namespace Morebits.ip
 * @memberof Morebits
 */
Morebits.ip = {
	/**
	 * Converts an IPv6 address to the canonical form stored and used by MediaWiki.
	 * JavaScript translation of the {@link https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/plugins/gitiles/mediawiki/core/+/8eb6ac3e84ea3312d391ca96c12c49e3ad0753bb/includes/utils/IP.php#131|`IP::sanitizeIP()`}
	 * function from the IPUtils library.  Addresses are verbose, uppercase,
	 * normalized, and expanded to 8 words.
	 *
	 * @param {string} address - The IPv6 address, with or without CIDR.
	 * @returns {string}
	 */
	sanitizeIPv6: function (address) {
		address = address.trim();
		if (address === '') {
			return null;
		}
		if (!mw.util.isIPv6Address(address, true)) {
			return address; // nothing else to do for IPv4 addresses or invalid ones
		}
		// Remove any whitespaces, convert to upper case
		address = address.toUpperCase();
		// Expand zero abbreviations
		var abbrevPos = address.indexOf('::');
		if (abbrevPos &gt; -1) {
			// We know this is valid IPv6. Find the last index of the
			// address before any CIDR number (e.g. &quot;a:b:c::/24&quot;).
			var CIDRStart = address.indexOf('/');
			var addressEnd = CIDRStart !== -1 ? CIDRStart - 1 : address.length - 1;
			// If the '::' is at the beginning...
			var repeat, extra, pad;
			if (abbrevPos === 0) {
				repeat = '0:';
				extra = address === '::' ? '0' : ''; // for the address '::'
				pad = 9; // 7+2 (due to '::')
				// If the '::' is at the end...
			} else if (abbrevPos === (addressEnd - 1)) {
				repeat = ':0';
				extra = '';
				pad = 9; // 7+2 (due to '::')
				// If the '::' is in the middle...
			} else {
				repeat = ':0';
				extra = ':';
				pad = 8; // 6+2 (due to '::')
			}
			var replacement = repeat;
			pad -= address.split(':').length - 1;
			for (var i = 1; i &lt; pad; i++) {
				replacement += repeat;
			}
			replacement += extra;
			address = address.replace('::', replacement);
		}
		// Remove leading zeros from each bloc as needed
		return address.replace(/(^|:)0+([0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})/g, '$1$2');
	},

	/**
	 * Determine if the given IP address is a range.  Just conjoins
	 * `mw.util.isIPAddress` with and without the `allowBlock` option.
	 *
	 * @param {string} ip
	 * @returns {boolean} - True if given a valid IP address range, false otherwise.
	 */
	isRange: function (ip) {
		return mw.util.isIPAddress(ip, true) &amp;&amp; !mw.util.isIPAddress(ip);
	},

	/**
	 * Check that an IP range is within the CIDR limits.  Most likely to be useful
	 * in conjunction with `wgRelevantUserName`.  CIDR limits are hardcoded as /16
	 * for IPv4 and /32 for IPv6.
	 *
	 * @returns {boolean} - True for valid ranges within the CIDR limits,
	 * otherwise false (ranges outside the limit, single IPs, non-IPs).
	 */
	validCIDR: function (ip) {
		if (Morebits.ip.isRange(ip)) {
			var subnet = parseInt(ip.match(/\/(\d{1,3})$/)[1], 10);
			if (subnet) { // Should be redundant
				if (mw.util.isIPv6Address(ip, true)) {
					if (subnet &gt;= 32) {
						return true;
					}
				} else {
					if (subnet &gt;= 16) {
						return true;
					}
				}
			}
		}
		return false;
	},

	/**
	 * Get the /64 subnet for an IPv6 address.
	 *
	 * @param {string} ipv6 - The IPv6 address, with or without a subnet.
	 * @returns {boolean|string} - False if not IPv6 or bigger than a 64,
	 * otherwise the (sanitized) /64 address.
	 */
	get64: function (ipv6) {
		if (!ipv6 || !mw.util.isIPv6Address(ipv6, true)) {
			return false;
		}
		var subnetMatch = ipv6.match(/\/(\d{1,3})$/);
		if (subnetMatch &amp;&amp; parseInt(subnetMatch[1], 10) &lt; 64) {
			return false;
		}
		ipv6 = Morebits.ip.sanitizeIPv6(ipv6);
		var ip_re = /^((?:[0-9A-F]{1,4}:){4})(?:[0-9A-F]{1,4}:){3}[0-9A-F]{1,4}(?:\/\d{1,3})?$/;
		return ipv6.replace(ip_re, '$1' + '0:0:0:0/64');
	}
};


/**
 * Helper functions to manipulate strings.
 *
 * @namespace Morebits.string
 * @memberof Morebits
 */
Morebits.string = {
	/**
	 * @param {string} str
	 * @returns {string}
	 */
	toUpperCaseFirstChar: function(str) {
		str = str.toString();
		return str.substr(0, 1).toUpperCase() + str.substr(1);
	},
	/**
	 * @param {string} str
	 * @returns {string}
	 */
	toLowerCaseFirstChar: function(str) {
		str = str.toString();
		return str.substr(0, 1).toLowerCase() + str.substr(1);
	},

	/**
	 * Gives an array of substrings of `str` - starting with `start` and
	 * ending with `end` - which is not in `skiplist`.  Intended for use
	 * on wikitext with templates or links.
	 *
	 * @param {string} str
	 * @param {string} start
	 * @param {string} end
	 * @param {(string[]|string)} [skiplist]
	 * @returns {string[]}
	 * @throws If the `start` and `end` strings aren't of the same length.
	 * @throws If `skiplist` isn't an array or string
	 */
	splitWeightedByKeys: function(str, start, end, skiplist) {
		if (start.length !== end.length) {
			throw new Error('start marker and end marker must be of the same length');
		}
		var level = 0;
		var initial = null;
		var result = [];
		if (!Array.isArray(skiplist)) {
			if (skiplist === undefined) {
				skiplist = [];
			} else if (typeof skiplist === 'string') {
				skiplist = [ skiplist ];
			} else {
				throw new Error('non-applicable skiplist parameter');
			}
		}
		for (var i = 0; i &lt; str.length; ++i) {
			for (var j = 0; j &lt; skiplist.length; ++j) {
				if (str.substr(i, skiplist[j].length) === skiplist[j]) {
					i += skiplist[j].length - 1;
					continue;
				}
			}
			if (str.substr(i, start.length) === start) {
				if (initial === null) {
					initial = i;
				}
				++level;
				i += start.length - 1;
			} else if (str.substr(i, end.length) === end) {
				--level;
				i += end.length - 1;
			}
			if (!level &amp;&amp; initial !== null) {
				result.push(str.substring(initial, i + 1));
				initial = null;
			}
		}

		return result;
	},

	/**
	 * Formats freeform &quot;reason&quot; (from a textarea) for deletion/other
	 * templates that are going to be substituted, (e.g. PROD, XFD, RPP).
	 * Handles `|` outside a nowiki tag.
	 * Optionally, also adds a signature if not present already.
	 *
	 * @param {string} str
	 * @param {boolean} [addSig]
	 * @returns {string}
	 */
	formatReasonText: function(str, addSig) {
		var reason = (str || '').toString().trim();
		var unbinder = new Morebits.unbinder(reason);
		unbinder.unbind('&lt;no' + 'wiki&gt;', '&lt;/no' + 'wiki&gt;');
		unbinder.content = unbinder.content.replace(/\|/g, '{{subst:!}}');
		reason = unbinder.rebind();
		if (addSig) {
			var sig = '~~~~', sigIndex = reason.lastIndexOf(sig);
			if (sigIndex === -1 || sigIndex !== reason.length - sig.length) {
				reason += ' ' + sig;
			}
		}
		return reason.trim();
	},

	/**
	 * Formats a &quot;reason&quot; (from a textarea) for inclusion in a userspace
	 * log.  Replaces newlines with {{Pb}}, and adds an extra `#` before
	 * list items for proper formatting.
	 *
	 * @param {string} str
	 * @returns {string}
	 */
	formatReasonForLog: function(str) {
		return str
			// handle line breaks, which otherwise break numbering
			.replace(/\n+/g, '{{pb}}')
			// put an extra # in front before bulleted or numbered list items
			.replace(/^(#+)/mg, '#$1')
			.replace(/^(\*+)/mg, '#$1');
	},

	/**
	 * Like `String.prototype.replace()`, but escapes any dollar signs in
	 * the replacement string.  Useful when the the replacement string is
	 * arbitrary, such as a username or freeform user input, and could
	 * contain dollar signs.
	 *
	 * @param {string} string - Text in which to replace.
	 * @param {(string|RegExp)} pattern
	 * @param {string} replacement
	 * @returns {string}
	 */
	safeReplace: function morebitsStringSafeReplace(string, pattern, replacement) {
		return string.replace(pattern, replacement.replace(/\$/g, '$$$$'));
	},

	/**
	 * Determine if the user-provided expiration will be considered an
	 * infinite-length by MW.
	 *
	 * @see {@link https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T68646}
	 *
	 * @param {string} expiry
	 * @returns {boolean}
	 */
	isInfinity: function morebitsStringIsInfinity(expiry) {
		return ['indefinite', 'infinity', 'infinite', 'never'].indexOf(expiry) !== -1;
	},

	/**
	 * Escapes a string to be used in a RegExp, replacing spaces and
	 * underscores with `[_ ]` as they are often equivalent.
	 *
	 * @param {string} text - String to be escaped.
	 * @returns {string} - The escaped text.
	 */
	escapeRegExp: function(text) {
		return mw.util.escapeRegExp(text).replace(/ |_/g, '[_ ]');
	},

	/**
	 * zhwiki: formatTime
	 * @param {*} time The string to foramt
	 * @returns {string}
	 */
	formatTime: function morebitsStringFormatTime(time) {
		var m;
		if ((m = time.match(/^\s*(\d+)\s*sec(ond)?s?\s*$/)) !== null) {
			return m[1] + '秒';
		}
		if ((m = time.match(/^\s*(\d+)\s*min(ute)?s?\s*$/)) !== null) {
			return m[1] + '分';
		}
		if ((m = time.match(/^\s*(\d+)\s*hours?\s*$/)) !== null) {
			return m[1] + wgULS('小时', '小時');
		}
		if ((m = time.match(/^\s*(\d+)\s*days?\s*$/)) !== null) {
			return m[1] + '天';
		}
		if ((m = time.match(/^\s*(\d+)\s*weeks?\s*$/)) !== null) {
			return m[1] + wgULS('周', '週');
		}
		if ((m = time.match(/^\s*(\d+)\s*months?\s*$/)) !== null) {
			return m[1] + wgULS('个月', '個月');
		}
		if ((m = time.match(/^\s*(\d+)\s*years?\s*$/)) !== null) {
			return m[1] + '年';
		}
		if (Morebits.string.isInfinity(time.trim())) {
			return wgULS('无限期', '無限期');
		}
		return time;
	},

	/**
	 * zhwiki: Append punctuation to a string when it's missing
	 * @param {string} str
	 * @param {string} punctuation
	 * @returns {String}
	 */
	appendPunctuation: function(str, punctuation) {
		if (punctuation === undefined) {
			punctuation = '。';
		}
		if (str.search(/[.?!;。？！；]$/) === -1) {
			str += punctuation;
		}
		return str;
	}
};


/**
 * Helper functions to manipulate arrays.
 *
 * @namespace Morebits.array
 * @memberof Morebits
 */
Morebits.array = {
	/**
	 * Remove duplicated items from an array.
	 *
	 * @param {Array} arr
	 * @returns {Array} A copy of the array with duplicates removed.
	 * @throws When provided a non-array.
	 */
	uniq: function(arr) {
		if (!Array.isArray(arr)) {
			throw 'A non-array object passed to Morebits.array.uniq';
		}
		return arr.filter(function(item, idx) {
			return arr.indexOf(item) === idx;
		});
	},

	/**
	 * Remove non-duplicated items from an array.
	 *
	 * @param {Array} arr
	 * @returns {Array} A copy of the array with the first instance of each value
	 * removed; subsequent instances of those values (duplicates) remain.
	 * @throws When provided a non-array.
	 */
	dups: function(arr) {
		if (!Array.isArray(arr)) {
			throw 'A non-array object passed to Morebits.array.dups';
		}
		return arr.filter(function(item, idx) {
			return arr.indexOf(item) !== idx;
		});
	},


	/**
	 * Break up an array into smaller arrays.
	 *
	 * @param {Array} arr
	 * @param {number} size - Size of each chunk (except the last, which could be different).
	 * @returns {Array[]} An array containing the smaller, chunked arrays.
	 * @throws When provided a non-array.
	 */
	chunk: function(arr, size) {
		if (!Array.isArray(arr)) {
			throw 'A non-array object passed to Morebits.array.chunk';
		}
		if (typeof size !== 'number' || size &lt;= 0) { // pretty impossible to do anything :)
			return [ arr ]; // we return an array consisting of this array.
		}
		var numChunks = Math.ceil(arr.length / size);
		var result = new Array(numChunks);
		for (var i = 0; i &lt; numChunks; i++) {
			result[i] = arr.slice(i * size, (i + 1) * size);
		}
		return result;
	}
};

/**
 * Utilities to enhance select2 menus. See twinklewarn, twinklexfd,
 * twinkleblock for sample usages.
 *
 * @see {@link https://select2.org/}
 *
 * @namespace Morebits.select2
 * @memberof Morebits
 * @requires jquery.select2
 */
Morebits.select2 = {
	matchers: {
		/**
		 * Custom matcher in which if the optgroup name matches, all options in that
		 * group are shown, like in jquery.chosen.
		 */
		optgroupFull: function(params, data) {
			var originalMatcher = $.fn.select2.defaults.defaults.matcher;
			var result = originalMatcher(params, data);

			if (result &amp;&amp; params.term &amp;&amp;
				data.text.toUpperCase().indexOf(params.term.toUpperCase()) !== -1) {
				result.children = data.children;
			}
			return result;
		},

		/** Custom matcher that matches from the beginning of words only. */
		wordBeginning: function(params, data) {
			var originalMatcher = $.fn.select2.defaults.defaults.matcher;
			var result = originalMatcher(params, data);
			if (!params.term || (result &amp;&amp;
				new RegExp('\\b' + mw.util.escapeRegExp(params.term), 'i').test(result.text))) {
				return result;
			}
			return null;
		}
	},

	/** Underline matched part of options. */
	highlightSearchMatches: function(data) {
		var searchTerm = Morebits.select2SearchQuery;
		if (!searchTerm || data.loading) {
			return data.text;
		}
		var idx = data.text.toUpperCase().indexOf(searchTerm.toUpperCase());
		if (idx &lt; 0) {
			return data.text;
		}

		return $('&lt;span&gt;').append(
			data.text.slice(0, idx),
			$('&lt;span&gt;').css('text-decoration', 'underline').text(data.text.slice(idx, idx + searchTerm.length)),
			data.text.slice(idx + searchTerm.length)
		);
	},

	/** Intercept query as it is happening, for use in highlightSearchMatches. */
	queryInterceptor: function(params) {
		Morebits.select2SearchQuery = params &amp;&amp; params.term;
	},

	/**
	 * Open dropdown and begin search when the `.select2-selection` has
	 * focus and a key is pressed.
	 *
	 * @see {@link https://github.com/select2/select2/issues/3279#issuecomment-442524147}
	 */
	autoStart: function(ev) {
		if (ev.which &lt; 48) {
			return;
		}
		var target = $(ev.target).closest('.select2-container');
		if (!target.length) {
			return;
		}
		target = target.prev();
		target.select2('open');
		var search = target.data('select2').dropdown.$search ||
			target.data('select2').selection.$search;
		// Use DOM .focus() to work around a jQuery 3.6.0 regression (https://github.com/select2/select2/issues/5993)
		search[0].focus();
	}

};


/**
 * Temporarily hide a part of a string while processing the rest of it.
 * Used by {@link Morebits.wikitext.page#commentOutImage|Morebits.wikitext.page.commentOutImage}.
 *
 * @memberof Morebits
 * @class
 * @param {string} string - The initial text to process.
 * @example var u = new Morebits.unbinder('Hello world &lt;!-- world --&gt; world');
 * u.unbind('&lt;!--', '--&gt;'); // text inside comment remains intact
 * u.content = u.content.replace(/world/g, 'earth');
 * u.rebind(); // gives 'Hello earth &lt;!-- world --&gt; earth'
 */
Morebits.unbinder = function Unbinder(string) {
	if (typeof string !== 'string') {
		throw new Error('not a string');
	}
	/** The text being processed. */
	this.content = string;
	this.counter = 0;
	this.history = {};
	this.prefix = '%UNIQ::' + Math.random() + '::';
	this.postfix = '::UNIQ%';
};

Morebits.unbinder.prototype = {
	/**
	 * Hide the region encapsulated by the `prefix` and `postfix` from
	 * string processing.  `prefix` and `postfix` will be used in a
	 * RegExp, so items that need escaping should be use `\\`.
	 *
	 * @param {string} prefix
	 * @param {string} postfix
	 * @throws If either `prefix` or `postfix` is missing.
	 */
	unbind: function UnbinderUnbind(prefix, postfix) {
		if (!prefix || !postfix) {
			throw new Error('Both prefix and postfix must be provided');
		}
		var re = new RegExp(prefix + '([\\s\\S]*?)' + postfix, 'g');
		this.content = this.content.replace(re, Morebits.unbinder.getCallback(this));
	},

	/**
	 * Restore the hidden portion of the `content` string.
	 *
	 * @returns {string} The processed output.
	 */
	rebind: function UnbinderRebind() {
		var content = this.content;
		content.self = this;
		for (var current in this.history) {
			if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(this.history, current)) {
				content = content.replace(current, this.history[current]);
			}
		}
		return content;
	},
	prefix: null, // %UNIQ::0.5955981644938324::
	postfix: null, // ::UNIQ%
	content: null, // string
	counter: null, // 0++
	history: null // {}
};
/** @memberof Morebits.unbinder */
Morebits.unbinder.getCallback = function UnbinderGetCallback(self) {
	return function UnbinderCallback(match) {
		var current = self.prefix + self.counter + self.postfix;
		self.history[current] = match;
		++self.counter;
		return current;
	};
};


/* **************** Morebits.date **************** */
/**
 * Create a date object with enhanced processing capabilities, a la
 * {@link https://momentjs.com/|moment.js}. MediaWiki timestamp format is also
 * acceptable, in addition to everything that JS Date() accepts.
 *
 * @memberof Morebits
 * @class
 */
Morebits.date = function() {
	var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments);

	// Check MediaWiki formats
	// Must be first since firefox erroneously accepts the timestamp
	// format, sans timezone (See also: #921, #936, #1174, #1187), and the
	// 14-digit string will be interpreted differently.
	if (args.length === 1) {
		var param = args[0];
		if (/^\d{14}$/.test(param)) {
			// YYYYMMDDHHmmss
			var digitMatch = /(\d{4})(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})/.exec(param);
			if (digitMatch) {
				// ..... year ... month .. date ... hour .... minute ..... second
				this._d = new Date(Date.UTC.apply(null, [digitMatch[1], digitMatch[2] - 1, digitMatch[3], digitMatch[4], digitMatch[5], digitMatch[6]]));
			}
		} else if (typeof param === 'string') {
			// Wikitext signature timestamp
			var dateParts = Morebits.l10n.signatureTimestampFormat(param);
			if (dateParts) {
				this._d = new Date(Date.UTC.apply(null, dateParts));
			}
		}
	}

	if (!this._d) {
		// Try standard date
		this._d = new (Function.prototype.bind.apply(Date, [Date].concat(args)));
	}

	// Still no?
	if (!this.isValid()) {
		mw.log.warn('Invalid Morebits.date initialisation:', args);
	}
};

/**
 * Localized strings for date processing.
 *
 * @memberof Morebits.date
 * @type {object.&lt;string, string&gt;}
 * @property {string[]} months
 * @property {string[]} monthsShort
 * @property {string[]} days
 * @property {string[]} daysShort
 * @property {object.&lt;string, string&gt;} relativeTimes
 * @private
 */
Morebits.date.localeData = {
	// message names here correspond to MediaWiki message names
	// zhwiki: No i18n at this time
	months: ['1月', '2月', '3月', '4月', '5月', '6月', '7月', '8月', '9月', '10月', '11月', '12月'],
	monthsShort: ['1月', '2月', '3月', '4月', '5月', '6月', '7月', '8月', '9月', '10月', '11月', '12月'],
	days: ['星期日', '星期一', '星期二', '星期三', '星期四', '星期五', '星期六'],
	daysShort: ['日', '一', '二', '三', '四', '五', '六'],

	relativeTimes: {
		thisDay: '[今天]A hh:mm',
		prevDay: '[昨天]A hh:mm',
		nextDay: '[明天]A hh:mm',
		thisWeek: 'ddddA hh:mm',
		pastWeek: '[上]ddddA hh:mm',
		other: 'YYYY-MM-DD'
	}
};

/**
 * Map units with getter/setter function names, for `add` and `subtract`
 * methods.
 *
 * @memberof Morebits.date
 * @type {object.&lt;string, string&gt;}
 * @property {string} seconds
 * @property {string} minutes
 * @property {string} hours
 * @property {string} days
 * @property {string} weeks
 * @property {string} months
 * @property {string} years
 */
Morebits.date.unitMap = {
	seconds: 'Seconds',
	minutes: 'Minutes',
	hours: 'Hours',
	days: 'Date',
	weeks: 'Week', // Not a function but handled in `add` through cunning use of multiplication
	months: 'Month',
	years: 'FullYear'
};

Morebits.date.prototype = {
	/** @returns {boolean} */
	isValid: function() {
		return !isNaN(this.getTime());
	},

	/**
	 * @param {(Date|Morebits.date)} date
	 * @returns {boolean}
	 */
	isBefore: function(date) {
		return this.getTime() &lt; date.getTime();
	},
	/**
	 * @param {(Date|Morebits.date)} date
	 * @returns {boolean}
	 */
	isAfter: function(date) {
		return this.getTime() &gt; date.getTime();
	},

	/** @returns {string} */
	getUTCMonthName: function() {
		return Morebits.date.localeData.months[this.getUTCMonth()];
	},
	/** @returns {string} */
	getUTCMonthNameAbbrev: function() {
		return Morebits.date.localeData.monthsShort[this.getUTCMonth()];
	},
	/** @returns {string} */
	getMonthName: function() {
		return Morebits.date.localeData.months[this.getMonth()];
	},
	/** @returns {string} */
	getMonthNameAbbrev: function() {
		return Morebits.date.localeData.monthsShort[this.getMonth()];
	},
	/** @returns {string} */
	getUTCDayName: function() {
		return Morebits.date.localeData.days[this.getUTCDay()];
	},
	/** @returns {string} */
	getUTCDayNameAbbrev: function() {
		return Morebits.date.localeData.daysShort[this.getUTCDay()];
	},
	/** @returns {string} */
	getDayName: function() {
		return Morebits.date.localeData.days[this.getDay()];
	},
	/** @returns {string} */
	getDayNameAbbrev: function() {
		return Morebits.date.localeData.daysShort[this.getDay()];
	},

	/**
	 * Add a given number of minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, or years to the date.
	 * This is done in-place. The modified date object is also returned, allowing chaining.
	 *
	 * @param {number} number - Should be an integer.
	 * @param {string} unit
	 * @throws If invalid or unsupported unit is given.
	 * @returns {Morebits.date}
	 */
	add: function(number, unit) {
		var num = parseInt(number, 10); // normalize
		if (isNaN(num)) {
			throw new Error('Invalid number &quot;' + number + '&quot; provided.');
		}
		unit = unit.toLowerCase(); // normalize
		var unitMap = Morebits.date.unitMap;
		var unitNorm = unitMap[unit] || unitMap[unit + 's']; // so that both singular and  plural forms work
		if (unitNorm) {
			// No built-in week functions, so rather than build out ISO's getWeek/setWeek, just multiply
			// Probably can't be used for Julian-&gt;Gregorian changeovers, etc.
			if (unitNorm === 'Week') {
				unitNorm = 'Date', num *= 7;
			}
			this['set' + unitNorm](this['get' + unitNorm]() + num);
			return this;
		}
		throw new Error('Invalid unit &quot;' + unit + '&quot;: Only ' + Object.keys(unitMap).join(', ') + ' are allowed.');
	},

	/**
	 * Subtracts a given number of minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, or years to the date.
	 * This is done in-place. The modified date object is also returned, allowing chaining.
	 *
	 * @param {number} number - Should be an integer.
	 * @param {string} unit
	 * @throws If invalid or unsupported unit is given.
	 * @returns {Morebits.date}
	 */
	subtract: function(number, unit) {
		return this.add(-number, unit);
	},

	/**
	 * Format the date into a string per the given format string.
	 * Replacement syntax is a subset of that in moment.js:
	 *
	 * | Syntax | Output |
	 * |--------|--------|
	 * | H | Hours (24-hour) |
	 * | HH | Hours (24-hour, padded to 2 digits) |
	 * | h | Hours (12-hour) |
	 * | hh | Hours (12-hour, padded to 2 digits) |
	 * | A | AM or PM |
	 * | m | Minutes |
	 * | mm | Minutes (padded to 2 digits) |
	 * | s | Seconds |
	 * | ss | Seconds (padded to 2 digits) |
	 * | SSS | Milliseconds fragment, 3 digits |
	 * | d | Day number of the week (Sun=0) |
	 * | ddd | Abbreviated day name |
	 * | dddd | Full day name |
	 * | D | Date |
	 * | DD | Date (padded to 2 digits) |
	 * | M | Month number (1-indexed) |
	 * | MM | Month number (1-indexed, padded to 2 digits) |
	 * | MMM | Abbreviated month name |
	 * | MMMM | Full month name |
	 * | Y | Year |
	 * | YY | Final two digits of year (20 for 2020, 42 for 1942) |
	 * | YYYY | Year (same as `Y`) |
	 *
	 * @param {string} formatstr - Format the date into a string, using
	 * the replacement syntax.  Use `[` and `]` to escape items.  If not
	 * provided, will return the ISO-8601-formatted string.
	 * @param {(string|number)} [zone=system] - `system` (for browser-default time zone),
	 * `utc`, or specify a time zone as number of minutes relative to UTC.
	 * @returns {string}
	 */
	format: function(formatstr, zone) {
		if (!this.isValid()) {
			return 'Invalid date'; // Put the truth out, preferable to &quot;NaNNaNNan NaN:NaN&quot; or whatever
		}
		var udate = this;
		// create a new date object that will contain the date to display as system time
		if (zone === 'utc') {
			udate = new Morebits.date(this.getTime()).add(this.getTimezoneOffset(), 'minutes');
		} else if (typeof zone === 'number') {
			// convert to utc, then add the utc offset given
			udate = new Morebits.date(this.getTime()).add(this.getTimezoneOffset() + zone, 'minutes');
		}

		// default to ISOString
		if (!formatstr) {
			return udate.toISOString();
		}

		var pad = function(num, len) {
			len = len || 2; // Up to length of 00 + 1
			return ('00' + num).toString().slice(0 - len);
		};
		var h24 = udate.getHours(), m = udate.getMinutes(), s = udate.getSeconds(), ms = udate.getMilliseconds();
		var D = udate.getDate(), M = udate.getMonth() + 1, Y = udate.getFullYear();
		var h12 = h24 % 12 || 12, amOrPm = h24 &gt;= 12 ? '下午' : '上午';
		var replacementMap = {
			HH: pad(h24), H: h24, hh: pad(h12), h: h12, A: amOrPm,
			mm: pad(m), m: m,
			ss: pad(s), s: s,
			SSS: pad(ms, 3),
			dddd: udate.getDayName(), ddd: udate.getDayNameAbbrev(), d: udate.getDay(),
			DD: pad(D), D: D,
			MMMM: udate.getMonthName(), MMM: udate.getMonthNameAbbrev(), MM: pad(M), M: M,
			YYYY: Y, YY: pad(Y % 100), Y: Y
		};

		var unbinder = new Morebits.unbinder(formatstr); // escape stuff between [...]
		unbinder.unbind('\\[', '\\]');
		unbinder.content = unbinder.content.replace(
			/* Regex notes:
			 * d(d{2,3})? matches exactly 1, 3 or 4 occurrences of 'd' ('dd' is treated as a double match of 'd')
			 * Y{1,2}(Y{2})? matches exactly 1, 2 or 4 occurrences of 'Y'
			 */
			/H{1,2}|h{1,2}|m{1,2}|s{1,2}|SSS|d(d{2,3})?|D{1,2}|M{1,4}|Y{1,2}(Y{2})?|A/g,
			function(match) {
				return replacementMap[match];
			}
		);
		return unbinder.rebind().replace(/\[(.*?)\]/g, '$1');
	},

	/**
	 * Gives a readable relative time string such as &quot;Yesterday at 6:43 PM&quot; or &quot;Last Thursday at 11:45 AM&quot;.
	 * Similar to `calendar` in moment.js, but with time zone support.
	 *
	 * @param {(string|number)} [zone=system] - 'system' (for browser-default time zone),
	 * 'utc' (for UTC), or specify a time zone as number of minutes past UTC.
	 * @returns {string}
	 */
	calendar: function(zone) {
		// Zero out the hours, minutes, seconds and milliseconds - keeping only the date;
		// find the difference. Note that setHours() returns the same thing as getTime().
		var dateDiff = (new Date().setHours(0, 0, 0, 0) -
			new Date(this).setHours(0, 0, 0, 0)) / 8.64e7;
		switch (true) {
			case dateDiff === 0:
				return this.format(Morebits.date.localeData.relativeTimes.thisDay, zone);
			case dateDiff === 1:
				return this.format(Morebits.date.localeData.relativeTimes.prevDay, zone);
			case dateDiff &gt; 0 &amp;&amp; dateDiff &lt; 7:
				return this.format(Morebits.date.localeData.relativeTimes.pastWeek, zone);
			case dateDiff === -1:
				return this.format(Morebits.date.localeData.relativeTimes.nextDay, zone);
			case dateDiff &lt; 0 &amp;&amp; dateDiff &gt; -7:
				return this.format(Morebits.date.localeData.relativeTimes.thisWeek, zone);
			default:
				return this.format(Morebits.date.localeData.relativeTimes.other, zone);
		}
	},

	/**
	 * Get a regular expression that matches wikitext section titles, such
	 * as `==December 2019==` or `=== Jan 2018 ===`.
	 *
	 * @returns {RegExp}
	 */
	monthHeaderRegex: function() {
		return new RegExp('^(==+)\\s*' + this.getUTCFullYear() + '年(?:' + this.getUTCMonthName() + '|' +
			this.getUTCMonthNameAbbrev() + ')\\s*\\1', 'mg');
	},

	/**
	 * Creates a wikitext section header with the month and year.
	 *
	 * @param {number} [level=2] - Header level.  Pass 0 for just the text
	 * with no wikitext markers (==).
	 * @returns {string}
	 */
	monthHeader: function(level) {
		// Default to 2, but allow for 0 or stringy numbers
		level = parseInt(level, 10);
		level = isNaN(level) ? 2 : level;

		var header = Array(level + 1).join('='); // String.prototype.repeat not supported in IE 11
		var text = this.getUTCFullYear() + '年' + this.getUTCMonthName();

		if (header.length) { // wikitext-formatted header
			return header + ' ' + text + ' ' + header;
		}
		return text; // Just the string

	}

};

// Allow native Date.prototype methods to be used on Morebits.date objects
Object.getOwnPropertyNames(Date.prototype).forEach(function(func) {
	// Exclude methods that collide with PageTriage's Date.js external, which clobbers native Date: [[phab:T268513]]
	if (['add', 'getDayName', 'getMonthName'].indexOf(func) === -1) {
		Morebits.date.prototype[func] = function() {
			return this._d[func].apply(this._d, Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments));
		};
	}
});


/* **************** Morebits.wiki **************** */
/**
 * Various objects for wiki editing and API access, including
 * {@link Morebits.wiki.api} and {@link Morebits.wiki.page}.
 *
 * @namespace Morebits.wiki
 * @memberof Morebits
 */
Morebits.wiki = {};

/**
 * @deprecated in favor of Morebits.isPageRedirect as of November 2020
 * @memberof Morebits.wiki
 * @returns {boolean}
 */
Morebits.wiki.isPageRedirect = function wikipediaIsPageRedirect() {
	console.warn('NOTE: Morebits.wiki.isPageRedirect has been deprecated, use Morebits.isPageRedirect instead.'); // eslint-disable-line no-console
	return Morebits.isPageRedirect();
};


/* **************** Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted **************** */
/**
 * @memberof Morebits.wiki
 * @type {number}
 */
Morebits.wiki.numberOfActionsLeft = 0;
/**
 * @memberof Morebits.wiki
 * @type {number}
 */
Morebits.wiki.nbrOfCheckpointsLeft = 0;

/**
 * Display message and/or redirect to page upon completion of tasks.
 *
 * Every call to Morebits.wiki.api.post() results in the dispatch of an
 * asynchronous callback. Each callback can in turn make an additional call to
 * Morebits.wiki.api.post() to continue a processing sequence. At the
 * conclusion of the final callback of a processing sequence, it is not
 * possible to simply return to the original caller because there is no call
 * stack leading back to the original context. Instead,
 * Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted.event() is called to display the result to
 * the user and to perform an optional page redirect.
 *
 * The determination of when to call Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted.event() is
 * managed through the globals Morebits.wiki.numberOfActionsLeft and
 * Morebits.wiki.nbrOfCheckpointsLeft. Morebits.wiki.numberOfActionsLeft is
 * incremented at the start of every Morebits.wiki.api call and decremented
 * after the completion of a callback function. If a callback function does
 * not create a new Morebits.wiki.api object before exiting, it is the final
 * step in the processing chain and Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted.event() will
 * then be called.
 *
 * Optionally, callers may use Morebits.wiki.addCheckpoint() to indicate that
 * processing is not complete upon the conclusion of the final callback
 * function.  This is used for batch operations. The end of a batch is
 * signaled by calling Morebits.wiki.removeCheckpoint().
 *
 * @memberof Morebits.wiki
 */
Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted = function(self) {
	if (--Morebits.wiki.numberOfActionsLeft &lt;= 0 &amp;&amp; Morebits.wiki.nbrOfCheckpointsLeft &lt;= 0) {
		Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted.event(self);
	}
};

// Change per action wanted
/** @memberof Morebits.wiki */
Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted.event = function() {
	if (Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted.notice) {
		Morebits.status.actionCompleted(Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted.notice);
	}
	if (Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted.redirect) {
		// if it isn't a URL, make it one. TODO: This breaks on the articles 'http://', 'ftp://', and similar ones.
		if (!(/^\w+:\/\//).test(Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted.redirect)) {
			Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted.redirect = mw.util.getUrl(Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted.redirect);
			if (Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted.followRedirect === false) {
				Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted.redirect += '?redirect=no';
			}
		}
		window.setTimeout(function() {
			window.location = Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted.redirect;
		}, Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted.timeOut);
	}
};

/** @memberof Morebits.wiki */
Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted.timeOut = typeof window.wpActionCompletedTimeOut === 'undefined' ? 5000 : window.wpActionCompletedTimeOut;
/** @memberof Morebits.wiki */
Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted.redirect = null;
/** @memberof Morebits.wiki */
Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted.notice = null;

/** @memberof Morebits.wiki */
Morebits.wiki.addCheckpoint = function() {
	++Morebits.wiki.nbrOfCheckpointsLeft;
};

/** @memberof Morebits.wiki */
Morebits.wiki.removeCheckpoint = function() {
	if (--Morebits.wiki.nbrOfCheckpointsLeft &lt;= 0 &amp;&amp; Morebits.wiki.numberOfActionsLeft &lt;= 0) {
		Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted.event();
	}
};


/* **************** Morebits.wiki.api **************** */
/**
 * An easy way to talk to the MediaWiki API.  Accepts either json or xml
 * (default) formats; if json is selected, will default to `formatversion=2`
 * unless otherwise specified.  Similarly, enforces newer `errorformat`s,
 * defaulting to `html` if unspecified.  `uselang` enforced to the wiki's
 * content language.
 *
 * In new code, the use of the last 3 parameters should be avoided, instead
 * use {@link Morebits.wiki.api#setStatusElement|setStatusElement()} to bind
 * the status element (if needed) and use `.then()` or `.catch()` on the
 * promise returned by `post()`, rather than specify the `onSuccess` or
 * `onFailure` callbacks.
 *
 * @memberof Morebits.wiki
 * @class
 * @param {string} currentAction - The current action (required).
 * @param {object} query - The query (required).
 * @param {Function} [onSuccess] - The function to call when request is successful.
 * @param {Morebits.status} [statusElement] - A Morebits.status object to use for status messages.
 * @param {Function} [onError] - The function to call if an error occurs.
 */
Morebits.wiki.api = function(currentAction, query, onSuccess, statusElement, onError) {
	this.currentAction = currentAction;
	this.query = query;
	this.query.assert = 'user';
	// Enforce newer error formats, preferring html
	if (!query.errorformat || ['wikitext', 'plaintext'].indexOf(query.errorformat) === -1) {
		this.query.errorformat = 'html';
	}
	// Explicitly use the wiki's content language to minimize confusion,
	// see #1179 for discussion
	this.query.uselang = this.query.uselang || 'content'; // zhwiki: Use wgUserLanguage for preview
	this.query.errorlang = 'uselang';
	this.query.errorsuselocal = 1;

	this.onSuccess = onSuccess;
	this.onError = onError;
	if (statusElement) {
		this.setStatusElement(statusElement);
	} else {
		this.statelem = new Morebits.status(currentAction);
	}
	// JSON is used throughout Morebits/Twinkle, but xml remains the default for backwards compatibility
	if (!query.format) {
		this.query.format = 'xml';
	} else if (query.format === 'json' &amp;&amp; !query.formatversion) {
		this.query.formatversion = '2';
	} else if (['xml', 'json'].indexOf(query.format) === -1) {
		this.statelem.error('Invalid API format: only xml and json are supported.');
	}

	// Ignore tags for queries and most common unsupported actions, produces warnings
	if (query.action &amp;&amp; ['query', 'review', 'stabilize', 'pagetriageaction', 'watch'].indexOf(query.action) !== -1) {
		delete query.tags;
	} else if (!query.tags &amp;&amp; morebitsWikiChangeTag) {
		query.tags = morebitsWikiChangeTag;
	}
};

Morebits.wiki.api.prototype = {
	currentAction: '',
	onSuccess: null,
	onError: null,
	parent: window,  // use global context if there is no parent object
	query: null,
	response: null,
	responseXML: null,  // use `response` instead; retained for backwards compatibility
	statelem: null,  // this non-standard name kept for backwards compatibility
	statusText: null, // result received from the API, normally &quot;success&quot; or &quot;error&quot;
	errorCode: null, // short text error code, if any, as documented in the MediaWiki API
	errorText: null, // full error description, if any
	badtokenRetry: false, // set to true if this on a retry attempted after a badtoken error

	/**
	 * Keep track of parent object for callbacks.
	 *
	 * @param {*} parent
	 */
	setParent: function(parent) {
		this.parent = parent;
	},

	/** @param {Morebits.status} statusElement */
	setStatusElement: function(statusElement) {
		this.statelem = statusElement;
		this.statelem.status(this.currentAction);
	},

	/**
	 * Carry out the request.
	 *
	 * @param {object} callerAjaxParameters - Do not specify a parameter unless you really
	 * really want to give jQuery some extra parameters.
	 * @returns {promise} - A jQuery promise object that is resolved or rejected with the api object.
	 */
	post: function(callerAjaxParameters) {

		++Morebits.wiki.numberOfActionsLeft;

		var queryString = $.map(this.query, function(val, i) {
			if (Array.isArray(val)) {
				return encodeURIComponent(i) + '=' + val.map(encodeURIComponent).join('|');
			} else if (val !== undefined) {
				return encodeURIComponent(i) + '=' + encodeURIComponent(val);
			}
		}).join('&amp;').replace(/^(.*?)(\btoken=[^&amp;]*)&amp;(.*)/, '$1$3&amp;$2');
		// token should always be the last item in the query string (bug TW-B-0013)

		var ajaxparams = $.extend({}, {
			context: this,
			type: this.query.action === 'query' ? 'GET' : 'POST',
			url: mw.util.wikiScript('api'),
			data: queryString,
			dataType: this.query.format,
			headers: {
				'Api-User-Agent': morebitsWikiApiUserAgent
			}
		}, callerAjaxParameters);

		return $.ajax(ajaxparams).then(

			function onAPIsuccess(response, statusText) {
				this.statusText = statusText;
				this.response = this.responseXML = response;
				// Limit to first error
				if (this.query.format === 'json') {
					this.errorCode = response.errors &amp;&amp; response.errors[0].code;
					if (this.query.errorformat === 'html') {
						this.errorText = response.errors &amp;&amp; response.errors[0].html;
					} else if (this.query.errorformat === 'wikitext' || this.query.errorformat === 'plaintext') {
						this.errorText = response.errors &amp;&amp; response.errors[0].text;
					}
				} else {
					this.errorCode = $(response).find('errors error').eq(0).attr('code');
					// Sufficient for html, wikitext, or plaintext errorformats
					this.errorText = $(response).find('errors error').eq(0).text();
				}

				if (typeof this.errorCode === 'string') {
					// the API didn't like what we told it, e.g., bad edit token or an error creating a page
					return this.returnError(callerAjaxParameters);
				}

				// invoke success callback if one was supplied
				if (this.onSuccess) {
					// set the callback context to this.parent for new code and supply the API object
					// as the first argument to the callback (for legacy code)
					this.onSuccess.call(this.parent, this);
				} else {
					this.statelem.info('完成');
				}

				Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted();

				return $.Deferred().resolveWith(this.parent, [this]);
			},

			// only network and server errors reach here - complaints from the API itself are caught in success()
			function onAPIfailure(jqXHR, statusText, errorThrown) {
				this.statusText = statusText;
				this.errorThrown = errorThrown; // frequently undefined
				this.errorText = statusText + wgULS('在调用API时发生了错误“', '在呼叫API時發生了錯誤「') + jqXHR.statusText + wgULS('”。', '」。');
				return this.returnError();
			}

		);
	},

	returnError: function(callerAjaxParameters) {
		if (this.errorCode === 'badtoken' &amp;&amp; !this.badtokenRetry) {
			this.statelem.warn(wgULS('无效令牌，获取新的令牌并重试…', '無效權杖，取得新的權杖並重試…'));
			this.badtokenRetry = true;
			// Get a new CSRF token and retry. If the original action needs a different
			// type of action than CSRF, we do one pointless retry before bailing out
			return Morebits.wiki.api.getToken().then(function(token) {
				this.query.token = token;
				return this.post(callerAjaxParameters);
			}.bind(this));
		}

		this.statelem.error(this.errorText + '（' + this.errorCode + '）');

		// invoke failure callback if one was supplied
		if (this.onError) {

			// set the callback context to this.parent for new code and supply the API object
			// as the first argument to the callback for legacy code
			this.onError.call(this.parent, this);
		}
		// don't complete the action so that the error remains displayed

		return $.Deferred().rejectWith(this.parent, [this]);
	},

	getStatusElement: function() {
		return this.statelem;
	},

	getErrorCode: function() {
		return this.errorCode;
	},

	getErrorText: function() {
		return this.errorText;
	},

	getXML: function() { // retained for backwards compatibility, use getResponse() instead
		return this.responseXML;
	},

	getResponse: function() {
		return this.response;
	}

};

/** Retrieves wikitext from a page. Caching enabled, duration 1 day. */
Morebits.wiki.getCachedJson = function(title) {
	var query = {
		action: 'query',
		prop: 'revisions',
		titles: title,
		rvslots: '*',
		rvprop: 'content',
		format: 'json',
		smaxage: '86400', // cache for 1 day
		maxage: '86400' // cache for 1 day
	};
	return new Morebits.wiki.api('', query).post().then(function(apiobj) {
		apiobj.getStatusElement().unlink();
		var response = apiobj.getResponse();
		var wikitext = response.query.pages[0].revisions[0].slots.main.content;
		return JSON.parse(wikitext);
	});
};

var morebitsWikiApiUserAgent = 'morebits.js~zh ([[w:zh:WT:TW]])';
/**
 * Set the custom user agent header, which is used for server-side logging.
 * Note that doing so will set the useragent for every `Morebits.wiki.api`
 * process performed thereafter.
 *
 * @see {@link https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/mediawiki-api-announce/2014-November/000075.html}
 * for original announcement.
 *
 * @memberof Morebits.wiki.api
 * @param {string} [ua=morebits.js~zh ([[w:zh:WT:TW]])] - User agent.  The default
 * value of `morebits.js ([[w:WT:TW]])` will be appended to any provided
 * value.
 */
Morebits.wiki.api.setApiUserAgent = function(ua) {
	morebitsWikiApiUserAgent = (ua ? ua + ' ' : '') + 'morebits.js~zh ([[w:zh:WT:TW]])';
};


/**
 * Change/revision tag applied to Morebits actions when no other tags are specified.
 * Unused by default per {@link https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=970618849#Adding_tags_to_Twinkle_edits_and_actions|EnWiki consensus}.
 *
 * @constant
 * @memberof Morebits.wiki.api
 * @type {string}
 */
var morebitsWikiChangeTag = '';


/**
 * Get a new CSRF token on encountering token errors.
 *
 * @memberof Morebits.wiki.api
 * @returns {string} MediaWiki CSRF token.
 */
Morebits.wiki.api.getToken = function() {
	var tokenApi = new Morebits.wiki.api(wgULS('获取令牌', '取得權杖'), {
		action: 'query',
		meta: 'tokens',
		type: 'csrf',
		format: 'json'
	});
	return tokenApi.post().then(function(apiobj) {
		return apiobj.response.query.tokens.csrftoken;
	});
};


/* **************** Morebits.wiki.page **************** */
/**
 * Use the MediaWiki API to load a page and optionally edit it, move it, etc.
 *
 * Callers are not permitted to directly access the properties of this class!
 * All property access is through the appropriate get___() or set___() method.
 *
 * Callers should set {@link Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted.notice} and {@link Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted.redirect}
 * before the first call to {@link Morebits.wiki.page.load()}.
 *
 * Each of the callback functions takes one parameter, which is a
 * reference to the Morebits.wiki.page object that registered the callback.
 * Callback functions may invoke any Morebits.wiki.page prototype method using this reference.
 *
 *
 * Call sequence for common operations (optional final user callbacks not shown):
 *
 * - Edit current contents of a page (no edit conflict):
 * `.load(userTextEditCallback) -&gt; ctx.loadApi.post() -&gt;
 * ctx.loadApi.post.success() -&gt; ctx.fnLoadSuccess() -&gt; userTextEditCallback() -&gt;
 * .save() -&gt; ctx.saveApi.post() -&gt; ctx.loadApi.post.success() -&gt; ctx.fnSaveSuccess()`
 *
 * - Edit current contents of a page (with edit conflict):
 * `.load(userTextEditCallback) -&gt; ctx.loadApi.post() -&gt;
 * ctx.loadApi.post.success() -&gt; ctx.fnLoadSuccess() -&gt; userTextEditCallback() -&gt;
 * .save() -&gt; ctx.saveApi.post() -&gt; ctx.loadApi.post.success() -&gt;
 * ctx.fnSaveError() -&gt; ctx.loadApi.post() -&gt; ctx.loadApi.post.success() -&gt;
 * ctx.fnLoadSuccess() -&gt; userTextEditCallback() -&gt; .save() -&gt;
 * ctx.saveApi.post() -&gt; ctx.loadApi.post.success() -&gt; ctx.fnSaveSuccess()`
 *
 * - Append to a page (similar for prepend and newSection):
 * `.append() -&gt; ctx.loadApi.post() -&gt; ctx.loadApi.post.success() -&gt;
 * ctx.fnLoadSuccess() -&gt; ctx.fnAutoSave() -&gt; .save() -&gt; ctx.saveApi.post() -&gt;
 * ctx.loadApi.post.success() -&gt; ctx.fnSaveSuccess()`
 *
 * Notes:
 * 1. All functions following Morebits.wiki.api.post() are invoked asynchronously from the jQuery AJAX library.
 * 2. The sequence for append/prepend/newSection could be slightly shortened,
 * but it would require significant duplication of code for little benefit.
 *
 *
 * @memberof Morebits.wiki
 * @class
 * @param {string} pageName - The name of the page, prefixed by the namespace (if any).
 * For the current page, use `mw.config.get('wgPageName')`.
 * @param {string|Morebits.status} [status] - A string describing the action about to be undertaken,
 * or a Morebits.status object
 */
Morebits.wiki.page = function(pageName, status) {

	if (!status) {
		status = wgULS('打开页面“', '打開頁面「') + pageName + wgULS('”', '」');
	}

	/**
	 * Private context variables.
	 *
	 * This context is not visible to the outside, thus all the data here
	 * must be accessed via getter and setter functions.
	 *
	 * @private
	 */
	var ctx = {
		// backing fields for public properties
		pageName: pageName,
		pageExists: false,
		editSummary: null,
		changeTags: null,
		testActions: null,  // array if any valid actions
		callbackParameters: null,
		statusElement: status instanceof Morebits.status ? status : new Morebits.status(status),

		// - edit
		pageText: null,
		editMode: 'all',  // save() replaces entire contents of the page by default
		appendText: null,   // can't reuse pageText for this because pageText is needed to follow a redirect
		prependText: null,  // can't reuse pageText for this because pageText is needed to follow a redirect
		newSectionText: null,
		newSectionTitle: null,
		createOption: null,
		minorEdit: false,
		botEdit: false,
		pageSection: null,
		maxConflictRetries: 2,
		maxRetries: 2,
		followRedirect: false,
		followCrossNsRedirect: true,
		watchlistOption: 'nochange',
		watchlistExpiry: null,
		creator: null,
		timestamp: null,

		// - revert
		revertOldID: null,

		// - move
		moveDestination: null,
		moveTalkPage: false,
		moveSubpages: false,
		moveSuppressRedirect: false,

		// - protect
		protectEdit: null,
		protectMove: null,
		protectCreate: null,
		protectCascade: null,

		// - creation lookup
		lookupNonRedirectCreator: false,

		// - stabilize (FlaggedRevs)
		flaggedRevs: null,

		// internal status
		pageLoaded: false,
		csrfToken: null,
		loadTime: null,
		lastEditTime: null,
		pageID: null,
		contentModel: null,
		revertCurID: null,
		revertUser: null,
		watched: false,
		fullyProtected: false,
		suppressProtectWarning: false,
		conflictRetries: 0,
		retries: 0,

		// callbacks
		onLoadSuccess: null,
		onLoadFailure: null,
		onSaveSuccess: null,
		onSaveFailure: null,
		onLookupCreationSuccess: null,
		onLookupCreationFailure: null,
		onMoveSuccess: null,
		onMoveFailure: null,
		onDeleteSuccess: null,
		onDeleteFailure: null,
		onUndeleteSuccess: null,
		onUndeleteFailure: null,
		onProtectSuccess: null,
		onProtectFailure: null,
		onStabilizeSuccess: null,
		onStabilizeFailure: null,

		// internal objects
		loadQuery: null,
		loadApi: null,
		saveApi: null,
		lookupCreationApi: null,
		moveApi: null,
		moveProcessApi: null,
		patrolApi: null,
		patrolProcessApi: null,
		triageApi: null,
		triageProcessListApi: null,
		triageProcessApi: null,
		deleteApi: null,
		deleteProcessApi: null,
		undeleteApi: null,
		undeleteProcessApi: null,
		protectApi: null,
		protectProcessApi: null,
		stabilizeApi: null,
		stabilizeProcessApi: null
	};

	var emptyFunction = function() { };

	/**
	 * Loads the text for the page.
	 *
	 * @param {Function} onSuccess - Callback function which is called when the load has succeeded.
	 * @param {Function} [onFailure] - Callback function which is called when the load fails.
	 */
	this.load = function(onSuccess, onFailure) {
		ctx.onLoadSuccess = onSuccess;
		ctx.onLoadFailure = onFailure || emptyFunction;

		// Need to be able to do something after the page loads
		if (!onSuccess) {
			ctx.statusElement.error('Internal error: no onSuccess callback provided to load()!');
			ctx.onLoadFailure(this);
			return;
		}

		ctx.loadQuery = {
			action: 'query',
			prop: 'info|revisions',
			inprop: 'watched',
			intestactions: 'edit', // can be expanded
			curtimestamp: '',
			meta: 'tokens',
			type: 'csrf',
			titles: ctx.pageName,
			format: 'json'
			// don't need rvlimit=1 because we don't need rvstartid here and only one actual rev is returned by default
		};

		if (ctx.editMode === 'all') {
			ctx.loadQuery.rvprop = 'content|timestamp';  // get the page content at the same time, if needed
		} else if (ctx.editMode === 'revert') {
			ctx.loadQuery.rvprop = 'timestamp';
			ctx.loadQuery.rvlimit = 1;
			ctx.loadQuery.rvstartid = ctx.revertOldID;
		}

		if (ctx.followRedirect) {
			ctx.loadQuery.redirects = '';  // follow all redirects
		}
		if (typeof ctx.pageSection === 'number') {
			ctx.loadQuery.rvsection = ctx.pageSection;
		}
		if (Morebits.userIsSysop) {
			ctx.loadQuery.inprop += '|protection';
		}

		ctx.loadApi = new Morebits.wiki.api(wgULS('抓取页面…', '抓取頁面…'), ctx.loadQuery, fnLoadSuccess, ctx.statusElement, ctx.onLoadFailure);
		ctx.loadApi.setParent(this);
		ctx.loadApi.post();
	};

	/**
	 * Saves the text for the page to Wikipedia.
	 * Must be preceded by successfully calling `load()`.
	 *
	 * Warning: Calling `save()` can result in additional calls to the
	 * previous `load()` callbacks to recover from edit conflicts! In this
	 * case, callers must make the same edit to the new pageText and
	 * re-invoke `save()`.  This behavior can be disabled with
	 * `setMaxConflictRetries(0)`.
	 *
	 * @param {Function} [onSuccess] - Callback function which is called when the save has succeeded.
	 * @param {Function} [onFailure] - Callback function which is called when the save fails.
	 */
	this.save = function(onSuccess, onFailure) {
		ctx.onSaveSuccess = onSuccess;
		ctx.onSaveFailure = onFailure || emptyFunction;

		// are we getting our editing token from mw.user.tokens?
		var canUseMwUserToken = fnCanUseMwUserToken('edit');

		if (!ctx.pageLoaded &amp;&amp; !canUseMwUserToken) {
			ctx.statusElement.error('Internal error: attempt to save a page that has not been loaded!');
			ctx.onSaveFailure(this);
			return;
		}
		if (!ctx.editSummary) {
			// new section mode allows (nay, encourages) using the
			// title as the edit summary, but the query needs
			// editSummary to be undefined or '', not null
			if (ctx.editMode === 'new' &amp;&amp; ctx.newSectionTitle) {
				ctx.editSummary = '';
			} else {
				ctx.statusElement.error('Internal error: edit summary not set before save!');
				ctx.onSaveFailure(this);
				return;
			}
		}

		// shouldn't happen if canUseMwUserToken === true
		if (ctx.fullyProtected &amp;&amp; !ctx.suppressProtectWarning &amp;&amp;
			!confirm(
				ctx.fullyProtected === 'infinity'
					? wgULS('您即将编辑全保护页面“', '您即將編輯全保護頁面「') + ctx.pageName + wgULS('”（无限期）。\n\n单击确定以确定，或单击取消以取消操作。', '」（無限期）。\n\n點擊確定以確定，或點擊取消以取消操作。')
					: wgULS('您即将编辑全保护页面“', '您即將編輯全保護頁面「') + ctx.pageName +
					wgULS('”（到期：', '」（到期：') + new Morebits.date(ctx.fullyProtected).calendar('utc') + ' (UTC)）。\n\n' + wgULS('单击确定以确定，或单击取消以取消操作。', '點擊確定以確定，或點擊取消以取消操作。')
			)
		) {
			ctx.statusElement.error(wgULS('已取消对全保护页面的编辑。', '已取消對全保護頁面的編輯。'));
			ctx.onSaveFailure(this);
			return;
		}

		ctx.retries = 0;

		var query = {
			action: 'edit',
			title: ctx.pageName,
			summary: ctx.editSummary,
			token: canUseMwUserToken ? mw.user.tokens.get('csrfToken') : ctx.csrfToken,
			watchlist: ctx.watchlistOption,
			format: 'json'
		};
		if (ctx.changeTags) {
			query.tags = ctx.changeTags;
		}

		if (fnApplyWatchlistExpiry()) {
			query.watchlistexpiry = ctx.watchlistExpiry;
		}

		if (typeof ctx.pageSection === 'number') {
			query.section = ctx.pageSection;
		}

		// Set minor edit attribute. If these parameters are present with any value, it is interpreted as true
		if (ctx.minorEdit) {
			query.minor = true;
		} else {
			query.notminor = true;  // force Twinkle config to override user preference setting for &quot;all edits are minor&quot;
		}

		// Set bot edit attribute. If this parameter is present with any value, it is interpreted as true
		if (ctx.botEdit) {
			query.bot = true;
		}

		switch (ctx.editMode) {
			case 'append':
				if (ctx.appendText === null) {
					ctx.statusElement.error('Internal error: append text not set before save!');
					ctx.onSaveFailure(this);
					return;
				}
				query.appendtext = ctx.appendText;  // use mode to append to current page contents
				break;
			case 'prepend':
				if (ctx.prependText === null) {
					ctx.statusElement.error('Internal error: prepend text not set before save!');
					ctx.onSaveFailure(this);
					return;
				}
				query.prependtext = ctx.prependText;  // use mode to prepend to current page contents
				break;
			case 'new':
				if (!ctx.newSectionText) { // API doesn't allow empty new section text
					ctx.statusElement.error('Internal error: new section text not set before save!');
					ctx.onSaveFailure(this);
					return;
				}
				query.section = 'new';
				query.text = ctx.newSectionText;  // add a new section to current page
				query.sectiontitle = ctx.newSectionTitle || ctx.editSummary; // done by the API, but non-'' values would get treated as text
				break;
			case 'revert':
				query.undo = ctx.revertCurID;
				query.undoafter = ctx.revertOldID;
				if (ctx.lastEditTime) {
					query.basetimestamp = ctx.lastEditTime; // check that page hasn't been edited since it was loaded
				}
				query.starttimestamp = ctx.loadTime; // check that page hasn't been deleted since it was loaded (don't recreate bad stuff)
				break;
			default: // 'all'
				query.text = ctx.pageText; // replace entire contents of the page
				if (ctx.lastEditTime) {
					query.basetimestamp = ctx.lastEditTime; // check that page hasn't been edited since it was loaded
				}
				query.starttimestamp = ctx.loadTime; // check that page hasn't been deleted since it was loaded (don't recreate bad stuff)
				break;
		}

		if (['recreate', 'createonly', 'nocreate'].indexOf(ctx.createOption) !== -1) {
			query[ctx.createOption] = '';
		}

		if (canUseMwUserToken &amp;&amp; ctx.followRedirect) {
			query.redirect = true;
		}

		ctx.saveApi = new Morebits.wiki.api(wgULS('保存页面…', '儲存頁面…'), query, fnSaveSuccess, ctx.statusElement, fnSaveError);
		ctx.saveApi.setParent(this);
		ctx.saveApi.post();
	};

	/**
	 * Adds the text provided via `setAppendText()` to the end of the
	 * page.  Does not require calling `load()` first, unless a watchlist
	 * expiry is used.
	 *
	 * @param {Function} [onSuccess] - Callback function which is called when the method has succeeded.
	 * @param {Function} [onFailure] - Callback function which is called when the method fails.
	 */
	this.append = function(onSuccess, onFailure) {
		ctx.editMode = 'append';

		if (fnCanUseMwUserToken('edit')) {
			this.save(onSuccess, onFailure);
		} else {
			ctx.onSaveSuccess = onSuccess;
			ctx.onSaveFailure = onFailure || emptyFunction;
			this.load(fnAutoSave, ctx.onSaveFailure);
		}
	};

	/**
	 * Adds the text provided via `setPrependText()` to the start of the
	 * page.  Does not require calling `load()` first, unless a watchlist
	 * expiry is used.
	 *
	 * @param {Function}  [onSuccess] - Callback function which is called when the method has succeeded.
	 * @param {Function}  [onFailure] - Callback function which is called when the method fails.
	 */
	this.prepend = function(onSuccess, onFailure) {
		ctx.editMode = 'prepend';

		if (fnCanUseMwUserToken('edit')) {
			this.save(onSuccess, onFailure);
		} else {
			ctx.onSaveSuccess = onSuccess;
			ctx.onSaveFailure = onFailure || emptyFunction;
			this.load(fnAutoSave, ctx.onSaveFailure);
		}
	};

	/**
	 * Creates a new section with the text provided by `setNewSectionText()`
	 * and section title from `setNewSectionTitle()`.
	 * If `editSummary` is provided, that will be used instead of the
	 * autogenerated &quot;-&gt;Title (new section&quot; edit summary.
	 * Does not require calling `load()` first, unless a watchlist expiry
	 * is used.
	 *
	 * @param {Function}  [onSuccess] - Callback function which is called when the method has succeeded.
	 * @param {Function}  [onFailure] - Callback function which is called when the method fails.
	 */
	this.newSection = function(onSuccess, onFailure) {
		ctx.editMode = 'new';

		if (fnCanUseMwUserToken('edit')) {
			this.save(onSuccess, onFailure);
		} else {
			ctx.onSaveSuccess = onSuccess;
			ctx.onSaveFailure = onFailure || emptyFunction;
			this.load(fnAutoSave, ctx.onSaveFailure);
		}
	};

	/** @returns {string} The name of the loaded page, including the namespace */
	this.getPageName = function() {
		return ctx.pageName;
	};

	/** @returns {string} The text of the page after a successful load() */
	this.getPageText = function() {
		return ctx.pageText;
	};

	/** @param {string} pageText - Updated page text that will be saved when `save()` is called */
	this.setPageText = function(pageText) {
		ctx.editMode = 'all';
		ctx.pageText = pageText;
	};

	/** @param {string} appendText - Text that will be appended to the page when `append()` is called */
	this.setAppendText = function(appendText) {
		ctx.editMode = 'append';
		ctx.appendText = appendText;
	};

	/** @param {string} prependText - Text that will be prepended to the page when `prepend()` is called */
	this.setPrependText = function(prependText) {
		ctx.editMode = 'prepend';
		ctx.prependText = prependText;
	};

	/** @param {string} newSectionText - Text that will be added in a new section on the page when `newSection()` is called */
	this.setNewSectionText = function(newSectionText) {
		ctx.editMode = 'new';
		ctx.newSectionText = newSectionText;
	};

	/**
	 * @param {string} newSectionTitle - Title for the new section created when `newSection()` is called
	 * If missing, `ctx.editSummary` will be used. Issues may occur if a substituted template is used.
	 */
	this.setNewSectionTitle = function(newSectionTitle) {
		ctx.editMode = 'new';
		ctx.newSectionTitle = newSectionTitle;
	};


	// Edit-related setter methods:
	/**
	 * Set the edit summary that will be used when `save()` is called.
	 * Unnecessary if editMode is 'new' and newSectionTitle is provided.
	 *
	 * @param {string} summary
	 */
	this.setEditSummary = function(summary) {
		ctx.editSummary = summary;
	};

	/**
	 * Set any custom tag(s) to be applied to the API action.
	 * A number of actions don't support it, most notably watch, review,
	 * and stabilize ({@link https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T247721|T247721}), and
	 * pagetriageaction ({@link https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T252980|T252980}).
	 *
	 * @param {string|string[]} tags - String or array of tag(s).
	 */
	this.setChangeTags = function(tags) {
		ctx.changeTags = tags;
	};


	/**
	 * @param {string} [createOption=null] - Can take the following four values:
	 * - recreate: create the page if it does not exist, or edit it if it exists.
	 * - createonly: create the page if it does not exist, but return an
	 * error if it already exists.
	 * - nocreate: don't create the page, only edit it if it already exists.
	 * - `null`: create the page if it does not exist, unless it was deleted
	 * in the moment between loading the page and saving the edit (default).
	 *
	 */
	this.setCreateOption = function(createOption) {
		ctx.createOption = createOption;
	};

	/** @param {boolean} minorEdit - Set true to mark the edit as a minor edit. */
	this.setMinorEdit = function(minorEdit) {
		ctx.minorEdit = minorEdit;
	};

	/** @param {boolean} botEdit - Set true to mark the edit as a bot edit */
	this.setBotEdit = function(botEdit) {
		ctx.botEdit = botEdit;
	};

	/**
	 * @param {number} pageSection - Integer specifying the section number to load or save.
	 * If specified as `null`, the entire page will be retrieved.
	 */
	this.setPageSection = function(pageSection) {
		ctx.pageSection = pageSection;
	};

	/**
	 * @param {number} maxConflictRetries - Number of retries for save errors involving an edit conflict or
	 * loss of token. Default: 2.
	 */
	this.setMaxConflictRetries = function(maxConflictRetries) {
		ctx.maxConflictRetries = maxConflictRetries;
	};

	/**
	 * @param {number} maxRetries - Number of retries for save errors not involving an edit conflict or
	 * loss of token. Default: 2.
	 */
	this.setMaxRetries = function(maxRetries) {
		ctx.maxRetries = maxRetries;
	};

	/**
	 * Set whether and how to watch the page, including setting an expiry.
	 *
	 * @param {boolean|string|Morebits.date|Date} [watchlistOption=false] -
	 * Basically a mix of MW API and Twinkley options available pre-expiry:
	 * - `true`|`'yes'`|`'watch'`: page will be added to the user's
	 * watchlist when the action is called. Defaults to an indefinite
	 * watch unless `watchlistExpiry` is provided.
	 * - `false`|`'no'`|`'nochange'`: watchlist status of the page (including expiry) will not be changed.
	 * - `'default'`|`'preferences'`: watchlist status of the page will be
	 * set based on the user's preference settings when the action is
	 * called. Defaults to an indefinite watch unless `watchlistExpiry` is
	 * provided.
	 * - `'unwatch'`: explicitly unwatch the page.
	 * - Any other `string` or `number`, or a `Morebits.date` or `Date`
	 * object: watch page until the specified time, deferring to
	 * `watchlistExpiry` if provided.
	 * @param {string|number|Morebits.date|Date} [watchlistExpiry=infinity] -
	 * A date-like string or number, or a date object.  If a string or number,
	 * can be relative (2 weeks) or other similarly date-like (i.e. NOT &quot;potato&quot;):
	 * ISO 8601: 2038-01-09T03:14:07Z
	 * MediaWiki: 20380109031407
	 * UNIX: 2147483647
	 * SQL: 2038-01-09 03:14:07
	 * Can also be `infinity` or infinity-like (`infinite`, `indefinite`, and `never`).
	 * See {@link https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-libs-Timestamp/browse/master/src/ConvertibleTimestamp.php;4e53b859a9580c55958078f46dd4f3a44d0fcaa0$57-109?as=source&amp;blame=off}
	 */
	this.setWatchlist = function(watchlistOption, watchlistExpiry) {
		if (watchlistOption instanceof Morebits.date || watchlistOption instanceof Date) {
			watchlistOption = watchlistOption.toISOString();
		}
		if (typeof watchlistExpiry === 'undefined') {
			watchlistExpiry = 'infinity';
		} else if (watchlistExpiry instanceof Morebits.date || watchlistExpiry instanceof Date) {
			watchlistExpiry = watchlistExpiry.toISOString();
		}

		switch (watchlistOption) {
			case 'nochange':
			case 'no':
			case false:
			case undefined:
				ctx.watchlistOption = 'nochange';
				// The MW API allows for changing expiry with nochange (as &quot;nochange&quot; refers to the binary status),
				// but by keeping this null it will default to any existing expiry, ensure there is actually &quot;no change.&quot;
				ctx.watchlistExpiry = null;
				break;
			case 'unwatch':
				// expiry unimportant
				ctx.watchlistOption = 'unwatch';
				break;
			case 'preferences':
			case 'default':
				ctx.watchlistOption = 'preferences';
				// The API allows an expiry here, but there is as of yet (T265716)
				// no expiry preference option, so it's a bit devoid of context.
				ctx.watchlistExpiry = watchlistExpiry;
				break;
			case 'watch':
			case 'yes':
			case true:
				ctx.watchlistOption = 'watch';
				ctx.watchlistExpiry = watchlistExpiry;
				break;
			default: // Not really a &quot;default&quot; per se but catches &quot;any other string&quot;
				ctx.watchlistOption = 'watch';
				ctx.watchlistExpiry = watchlistOption;
				break;
		}
	};

	/**
	 * Set a watchlist expiry. setWatchlist can mostly handle this by
	 * itself, so this is here largely for completeness and compatibility
	 * with the full suite of options.
	 *
	 * @param {string|number|Morebits.date|Date} [watchlistExpiry=infinity] -
	 * A date-like string or number, or a date object.  If a string or number,
	 * can be relative (2 weeks) or other similarly date-like (i.e. NOT &quot;potato&quot;):
	 * ISO 8601: 2038-01-09T03:14:07Z
	 * MediaWiki: 20380109031407
	 * UNIX: 2147483647
	 * SQL: 2038-01-09 03:14:07
	 * Can also be `infinity` or infinity-like (`infinite`, `indefinite`, and `never`).
	 * See {@link https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-libs-Timestamp/browse/master/src/ConvertibleTimestamp.php;4e53b859a9580c55958078f46dd4f3a44d0fcaa0$57-109?as=source&amp;blame=off}
	 */
	this.setWatchlistExpiry = function(watchlistExpiry) {
		if (typeof watchlistExpiry === 'undefined') {
			watchlistExpiry = 'infinity';
		} else if (watchlistExpiry instanceof Morebits.date || watchlistExpiry instanceof Date) {
			watchlistExpiry = watchlistExpiry.toISOString();
		}
		ctx.watchlistExpiry = watchlistExpiry;
	};

	/**
	 * @deprecated As of December 2020, use setWatchlist.
	 * @param {boolean} [watchlistOption=false] -
	 * - `True`: page watchlist status will be set based on the user's
	 * preference settings when `save()` is called.
	 * - `False`: watchlist status of the page will not be changed.
	 *
	 * Watchlist notes:
	 * 1. The MediaWiki API value of 'unwatch', which explicitly removes
	 * the page from the user's watchlist, is not used.
	 * 2. If both `setWatchlist()` and `setWatchlistFromPreferences()` are
	 * called, the last call takes priority.
	 * 3. Twinkle modules should use the appropriate preference to set the watchlist options.
	 * 4. Most Twinkle modules use `setWatchlist()`. `setWatchlistFromPreferences()`
	 * is only needed for the few Twinkle watchlist preferences that
	 * accept a string value of `default`.
	 */
	this.setWatchlistFromPreferences = function(watchlistOption) {
		console.warn('NOTE: Morebits.wiki.page.setWatchlistFromPreferences was deprecated December 2020, please use setWatchlist'); // eslint-disable-line no-console
		if (watchlistOption) {
			ctx.watchlistOption = 'preferences';
		} else {
			ctx.watchlistOption = 'nochange';
		}
	};

	/**
	 * @param {boolean} [followRedirect=false] -
	 * - `true`: a maximum of one redirect will be followed. In the event
	 * of a redirect, a message is displayed to the user and the redirect
	 * target can be retrieved with getPageName().
	 * - `false`: (default) the requested pageName will be used without regard to any redirect.
	 * @param {boolean} [followCrossNsRedirect=true] - Not applicable if `followRedirect` is not set true.
	 * - `true`: (default) follow redirect even if it is a cross-namespace redirect
	 * - `false`: don't follow redirect if it is cross-namespace, edit the redirect itself.
	 */
	this.setFollowRedirect = function(followRedirect, followCrossNsRedirect) {
		if (ctx.pageLoaded) {
			ctx.statusElement.error('Internal error: cannot change redirect setting after the page has been loaded!');
			return;
		}
		ctx.followRedirect = followRedirect;
		ctx.followCrossNsRedirect = typeof followCrossNsRedirect !== 'undefined' ? followCrossNsRedirect : ctx.followCrossNsRedirect;
	};

	// lookup-creation setter function
	/**
	 * @param {boolean} flag - If set true, the author and timestamp of
	 * the first non-redirect version of the page is retrieved.
	 *
	 * Warning:
	 * 1. If there are no revisions among the first 50 that are
	 * non-redirects, or if there are less 50 revisions and all are
	 * redirects, the original creation is retrieved.
	 * 2. Revisions that the user is not privileged to access
	 * (revdeled/suppressed) will be treated as non-redirects.
	 * 3. Must not be used when the page has a non-wikitext contentmodel
	 * such as Modulespace Lua or user JavaScript/CSS.
	 */
	this.setLookupNonRedirectCreator = function(flag) {
		ctx.lookupNonRedirectCreator = flag;
	};

	// Move-related setter functions
	/** @param {string} destination */
	this.setMoveDestination = function(destination) {
		ctx.moveDestination = destination;
	};

	/** @param {boolean} flag */
	this.setMoveTalkPage = function(flag) {
		ctx.moveTalkPage = !!flag;
	};

	/** @param {boolean} flag */
	this.setMoveSubpages = function(flag) {
		ctx.moveSubpages = !!flag;
	};

	/** @param {boolean} flag */
	this.setMoveSuppressRedirect = function(flag) {
		ctx.moveSuppressRedirect = !!flag;
	};

	// Protect-related setter functions
	/**
	 * @param {string} level - The right required for the specific action
	 * e.g. autoconfirmed, sysop, templateeditor, extendedconfirmed
	 * (enWiki-only).
	 * @param {string} [expiry=infinity]
	 */
	this.setEditProtection = function(level, expiry) {
		ctx.protectEdit = { level: level, expiry: expiry || 'infinity' };
	};

	this.setMoveProtection = function(level, expiry) {
		ctx.protectMove = { level: level, expiry: expiry || 'infinity' };
	};

	this.setCreateProtection = function(level, expiry) {
		ctx.protectCreate = { level: level, expiry: expiry || 'infinity' };
	};

	this.setCascadingProtection = function(flag) {
		ctx.protectCascade = !!flag;
	};

	this.suppressProtectWarning = function() {
		ctx.suppressProtectWarning = true;
	};

	// Revert-related getters/setters:
	this.setOldID = function(oldID) {
		ctx.revertOldID = oldID;
	};

	/** @returns {string} The current revision ID of the page */
	this.getCurrentID = function() {
		return ctx.revertCurID;
	};

	/** @returns {string} Last editor of the page */
	this.getRevisionUser = function() {
		return ctx.revertUser;
	};

	/** @returns {string} ISO 8601 timestamp at which the page was last edited. */
	this.getLastEditTime = function() {
		return ctx.lastEditTime;
	};

	// Miscellaneous getters/setters:

	/**
	 * Define an object for use in a callback function.
	 *
	 * `callbackParameters` is for use by the caller only. The parameters
	 * allow a caller to pass the proper context into its callback
	 * function.  Callers must ensure that any changes to the
	 * callbackParameters object within a `load()` callback still permit a
	 * proper re-entry into the `load()` callback if an edit conflict is
	 * detected upon calling `save()`.
	 *
	 * @param {object} callbackParameters
	 */
	this.setCallbackParameters = function(callbackParameters) {
		ctx.callbackParameters = callbackParameters;
	};

	/**
	 * @returns {object} - The object previously set by `setCallbackParameters()`.
	 */
	this.getCallbackParameters = function() {
		return ctx.callbackParameters;
	};

	/**
	 * @param {Morebits.status} statusElement
	 */
	this.setStatusElement = function(statusElement) {
		ctx.statusElement = statusElement;
	};

	/**
	 * @returns {Morebits.status} Status element created by the constructor.
	 */
	this.getStatusElement = function() {
		return ctx.statusElement;
	};

	/**
	 * @param {string} level - The right required for edits not to require
	 * review. Possible options: none, autoconfirmed, review (not on enWiki).
	 * @param {string} [expiry=infinity]
	 */
	this.setFlaggedRevs = function(level, expiry) {
		ctx.flaggedRevs = { level: level, expiry: expiry || 'infinity' };
	};

	/**
	 * @returns {boolean} True if the page existed on the wiki when it was last loaded.
	 */
	this.exists = function() {
		return ctx.pageExists;
	};

	/**
	 * @returns {string} Page ID of the page loaded. 0 if the page doesn't
	 * exist.
	 */
	this.getPageID = function() {
		return ctx.pageID;
	};

	/**
	 * @returns {string} - Content model of the page.  Possible values
	 * include (but may not be limited to): `wikitext`, `javascript`,
	 * `css`, `json`, `Scribunto`, `sanitized-css`, `MassMessageListContent`.
	 * Also gettable via `mw.config.get('wgPageContentModel')`.
	 */
	this.getContentModel = function() {
		return ctx.contentModel;
	};

	/**
	 * @returns {boolean|string} - Watched status of the page. Boolean
	 * unless it's being watched temporarily, in which case returns the
	 * expiry string.
	 */
	this.getWatched = function () {
		return ctx.watched;
	};

	/**
	 * @returns {string} ISO 8601 timestamp at which the page was last loaded.
	 */
	this.getLoadTime = function() {
		return ctx.loadTime;
	};

	/**
	 * @returns {string} The user who created the page following `lookupCreation()`.
	 */
	this.getCreator = function() {
		return ctx.creator;
	};

	/**
	 * @returns {string} The ISOString timestamp of page creation following `lookupCreation()`.
	 */
	this.getCreationTimestamp = function() {
		return ctx.timestamp;
	};

	/** @returns {boolean} whether or not you can edit the page */
	this.canEdit = function() {
		return !!ctx.testActions &amp;&amp; ctx.testActions.indexOf('edit') !== -1;
	};

	/**
	 * Retrieves the username of the user who created the page as well as
	 * the timestamp of creation.  The username can be retrieved using the
	 * `getCreator()` function; the timestamp can be retrieved using the
	 * `getCreationTimestamp()` function.
	 * Prior to June 2019 known as `lookupCreator()`.
	 *
	 * @param {Function} onSuccess - Callback function to be called when
	 * the username and timestamp are found within the callback.
	 * @param {Function} [onFailure] - Callback function to be called when
	 * the lookup fails
	 */
	this.lookupCreation = function(onSuccess, onFailure) {
		ctx.onLookupCreationSuccess = onSuccess;
		ctx.onLookupCreationFailure = onFailure || emptyFunction;
		if (!onSuccess) {
			ctx.statusElement.error('Internal error: no onSuccess callback provided to lookupCreation()!');
			ctx.onLookupCreationFailure(this);
			return;
		}

		var query = {
			action: 'query',
			prop: 'revisions',
			titles: ctx.pageName,
			rvlimit: 1,
			rvprop: 'user|timestamp',
			rvdir: 'newer',
			format: 'json'
		};

		// Only the wikitext content model can reliably handle
		// rvsection, others return an error when paired with the
		// content rvprop. Relatedly, non-wikitext models don't
		// understand the #REDIRECT concept, so we shouldn't attempt
		// the redirect resolution in fnLookupCreationSuccess
		if (ctx.lookupNonRedirectCreator) {
			query.rvsection = 0;
			query.rvprop += '|content';
		}

		if (ctx.followRedirect) {
			query.redirects = '';  // follow all redirects
		}

		ctx.lookupCreationApi = new Morebits.wiki.api(wgULS('抓取页面创建者信息', '抓取頁面建立者資訊'), query, fnLookupCreationSuccess, ctx.statusElement, ctx.onLookupCreationFailure);
		ctx.lookupCreationApi.setParent(this);
		ctx.lookupCreationApi.post();
	};

	/**
	 * Reverts a page to `revertOldID` set by `setOldID`.
	 *
	 * @param {Function} [onSuccess] - Callback function to run on success.
	 * @param {Function} [onFailure] - Callback function to run on failure.
	 */
	this.revert = function(onSuccess, onFailure) {
		ctx.onSaveSuccess = onSuccess;
		ctx.onSaveFailure = onFailure || emptyFunction;

		if (!ctx.revertOldID) {
			ctx.statusElement.error('Internal error: revision ID to revert to was not set before revert!');
			ctx.onSaveFailure(this);
			return;
		}

		ctx.editMode = 'revert';
		this.load(fnAutoSave, ctx.onSaveFailure);
	};

	/**
	 * Moves a page to another title.
	 *
	 * @param {Function} [onSuccess] - Callback function to run on success.
	 * @param {Function} [onFailure] - Callback function to run on failure.
	 */
	this.move = function(onSuccess, onFailure) {
		ctx.onMoveSuccess = onSuccess;
		ctx.onMoveFailure = onFailure || emptyFunction;

		if (!fnPreflightChecks.call(this, 'move', ctx.onMoveFailure)) {
			return; // abort
		}

		if (!ctx.moveDestination) {
			ctx.statusElement.error('Internal error: destination page name was not set before move!');
			ctx.onMoveFailure(this);
			return;
		}

		if (fnCanUseMwUserToken('move')) {
			fnProcessMove.call(this, this);
		} else {
			var query = fnNeedTokenInfoQuery('move');

			ctx.moveApi = new Morebits.wiki.api(wgULS('获取令牌…', '取得權杖…'), query, fnProcessMove, ctx.statusElement, ctx.onMoveFailure);
			ctx.moveApi.setParent(this);
			ctx.moveApi.post();
		}
	};

	/**
	 * Marks the page as patrolled, using `rcid` (if available) or `revid`.
	 *
	 * Patrolling as such doesn't need to rely on loading the page in
	 * question; simply passing a revid to the API is sufficient, so in
	 * those cases just using {@link Morebits.wiki.api} is probably preferable.
	 *
	 * No error handling since we don't actually care about the errors.
	 */
	this.patrol = function() {
		if (!Morebits.userIsSysop &amp;&amp; !Morebits.userIsInGroup('patroller')) {
			return;
		}

		// If a link is present, don't need to check if it's patrolled
		if ($('.patrollink').length) {
			var patrolhref = $('.patrollink a').attr('href');
			ctx.rcid = mw.util.getParamValue('rcid', patrolhref);
			fnProcessPatrol(this, this);
		} else {
			var patrolQuery = {
				action: 'query',
				prop: 'info',
				meta: 'tokens',
				type: 'patrol', // as long as we're querying, might as well get a token
				list: 'recentchanges', // check if the page is unpatrolled
				titles: ctx.pageName,
				rcprop: 'patrolled',
				rctitle: ctx.pageName,
				rclimit: 1,
				format: 'json'
			};

			ctx.patrolApi = new Morebits.wiki.api(wgULS('获取令牌…', '取得權杖…'), patrolQuery, fnProcessPatrol);
			ctx.patrolApi.setParent(this);
			ctx.patrolApi.post();
		}
	};

	/**
	 * Marks the page as reviewed by the PageTriage extension.
	 *
	 * Will, by it's nature, mark as patrolled as well. Falls back to
	 * patrolling if not in an appropriate namespace.
	 *
	 * Doesn't inherently rely on loading the page in question; simply
	 * passing a `pageid` to the API is sufficient, so in those cases just
	 * using {@link Morebits.wiki.api} is probably preferable.
	 *
	 * Will first check if the page is queued via
	 * {@link Morebits.wiki.page~fnProcessTriageList|fnProcessTriageList}.
	 *
	 * No error handling since we don't actually care about the errors.
	 *
	 * @see {@link https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:PageTriage} Referred to as &quot;review&quot; on-wiki.
	 */
	this.triage = function() {
		// Fall back to patrol if not a valid triage namespace
		if (mw.config.get('pageTriageNamespaces').indexOf(new mw.Title(ctx.pageName).getNamespaceId()) === -1) {
			this.patrol();
		} else {
			if (!Morebits.userIsSysop &amp;&amp; !Morebits.userIsInGroup('patroller')) {
				return;
			}

			// If on the page in question, don't need to query for page ID
			if (new mw.Title(Morebits.pageNameNorm).getPrefixedText() === new mw.Title(ctx.pageName).getPrefixedText()) {
				ctx.pageID = mw.config.get('wgArticleId');
				fnProcessTriageList(this, this);
			} else {
				var query = fnNeedTokenInfoQuery('triage');

				ctx.triageApi = new Morebits.wiki.api(wgULS('获取令牌…', '取得權杖…'), query, fnProcessTriageList);
				ctx.triageApi.setParent(this);
				ctx.triageApi.post();
			}
		}
	};

	// |delete| is a reserved word in some flavours of JS
	/**
	 * Deletes a page (for admins only).
	 *
	 * @param {Function} [onSuccess] - Callback function to run on success.
	 * @param {Function} [onFailure] - Callback function to run on failure.
	 */
	this.deletePage = function(onSuccess, onFailure) {
		ctx.onDeleteSuccess = onSuccess;
		ctx.onDeleteFailure = onFailure || emptyFunction;

		if (!fnPreflightChecks.call(this, 'delete', ctx.onDeleteFailure)) {
			return; // abort
		}

		if (fnCanUseMwUserToken('delete')) {
			fnProcessDelete.call(this, this);
		} else {
			var query = fnNeedTokenInfoQuery('delete');

			ctx.deleteApi = new Morebits.wiki.api(wgULS('获取令牌…', '取得權杖…'), query, fnProcessDelete, ctx.statusElement, ctx.onDeleteFailure);
			ctx.deleteApi.setParent(this);
			ctx.deleteApi.post();
		}
	};

	/**
	 * Undeletes a page (for admins only).
	 *
	 * @param {Function} [onSuccess] - Callback function to run on success.
	 * @param {Function} [onFailure] - Callback function to run on failure.
	 */
	this.undeletePage = function(onSuccess, onFailure) {
		ctx.onUndeleteSuccess = onSuccess;
		ctx.onUndeleteFailure = onFailure || emptyFunction;

		if (!fnPreflightChecks.call(this, 'undelete', ctx.onUndeleteFailure)) {
			return; // abort
		}

		if (fnCanUseMwUserToken('undelete')) {
			fnProcessUndelete.call(this, this);
		} else {
			var query = fnNeedTokenInfoQuery('undelete');

			ctx.undeleteApi = new Morebits.wiki.api(wgULS('获取令牌…', '取得權杖…'), query, fnProcessUndelete, ctx.statusElement, ctx.onUndeleteFailure);
			ctx.undeleteApi.setParent(this);
			ctx.undeleteApi.post();
		}
	};

	/**
	 * Protects a page (for admins only).
	 *
	 * @param {Function} [onSuccess] - Callback function to run on success.
	 * @param {Function} [onFailure] - Callback function to run on failure.
	 */
	this.protect = function(onSuccess, onFailure) {
		ctx.onProtectSuccess = onSuccess;
		ctx.onProtectFailure = onFailure || emptyFunction;

		if (!fnPreflightChecks.call(this, 'protect', ctx.onProtectFailure)) {
			return; // abort
		}

		if (!ctx.protectEdit &amp;&amp; !ctx.protectMove &amp;&amp; !ctx.protectCreate) {
			ctx.statusElement.error('Internal error: you must set edit and/or move and/or create protection before calling protect()!');
			ctx.onProtectFailure(this);
			return;
		}

		// because of the way MW API interprets protection levels
		// (absolute, not differential), we always need to request
		// protection levels from the server
		var query = fnNeedTokenInfoQuery('protect');

		ctx.protectApi = new Morebits.wiki.api(wgULS('获取令牌…', '取得權杖…'), query, fnProcessProtect, ctx.statusElement, ctx.onProtectFailure);
		ctx.protectApi.setParent(this);
		ctx.protectApi.post();
	};

	/**
	 * Apply FlaggedRevs protection settings.  Only works on wikis where
	 * the extension is installed (`$wgFlaggedRevsProtection = true`
	 * i.e. where FlaggedRevs settings appear on the &quot;protect&quot; tab).
	 *
	 * @see {@link https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:FlaggedRevs}
	 * Referred to as &quot;pending changes&quot; on-wiki.
	 *
	 * @param {Function} [onSuccess]
	 * @param {Function} [onFailure]
	 */
	this.stabilize = function(onSuccess, onFailure) {
		ctx.onStabilizeSuccess = onSuccess;
		ctx.onStabilizeFailure = onFailure || emptyFunction;

		if (!fnPreflightChecks.call(this, 'FlaggedRevs', ctx.onStabilizeFailure)) {
			return; // abort
		}

		if (!ctx.flaggedRevs) {
			ctx.statusElement.error('Internal error: you must set flaggedRevs before calling stabilize()!');
			ctx.onStabilizeFailure(this);
			return;
		}

		if (fnCanUseMwUserToken('stabilize')) {
			fnProcessStabilize.call(this, this);
		} else {
			var query = fnNeedTokenInfoQuery('stabilize');

			ctx.stabilizeApi = new Morebits.wiki.api(wgULS('获取令牌…', '取得權杖…'), query, fnProcessStabilize, ctx.statusElement, ctx.onStabilizeFailure);
			ctx.stabilizeApi.setParent(this);
			ctx.stabilizeApi.post();
		}
	};

	/*
	 * Private member functions
	 * These are not exposed outside
	 */

	/**
	 * Determines whether we can save an API call by using the csrf token
	 * sent with the page HTML, or whether we need to ask the server for
	 * more info (e.g. protection or watchlist expiry).
	 *
	 * Currently used for `append`, `prepend`, `newSection`, `move`,
	 * `stabilize`, `deletePage`, and `undeletePage`. Not used for
	 * `protect` since it always needs to request protection status.
	 *
	 * @param {string} [action=edit] - The action being undertaken, e.g.
	 * &quot;edit&quot; or &quot;delete&quot;. In practice, only &quot;edit&quot; or &quot;notedit&quot; matters.
	 * @returns {boolean}
	 */
	var fnCanUseMwUserToken = function(action) {
		action = typeof action !== 'undefined' ? action : 'edit'; // IE doesn't support default parameters

		// If a watchlist expiry is set, we must always load the page
		// to avoid overwriting indefinite protection.  Of course, not
		// needed if setting indefinite watching!
		if (ctx.watchlistExpiry &amp;&amp; !Morebits.string.isInfinity(ctx.watchlistExpiry)) {
			return false;
		}

		// API-based redirect resolution only works for action=query and
		// action=edit in append/prepend/new modes
		if (ctx.followRedirect) {
			if (!ctx.followCrossNsRedirect) {
				return false; // must load the page to check for cross namespace redirects
			}
			if (action !== 'edit' || (ctx.editMode === 'all' || ctx.editMode === 'revert')) {
				return false;
			}
		}

		// do we need to fetch the edit protection expiry?
		if (Morebits.userIsSysop &amp;&amp; !ctx.suppressProtectWarning) {
			if (new mw.Title(Morebits.pageNameNorm).getPrefixedText() !== new mw.Title(ctx.pageName).getPrefixedText()) {
				return false;
			}

			// wgRestrictionEdit is null on non-existent pages,
			// so this neatly handles nonexistent pages
			var editRestriction = mw.config.get('wgRestrictionEdit');
			if (!editRestriction || editRestriction.indexOf('sysop') !== -1) {
				return false;
			}
		}

		return !!mw.user.tokens.get('csrfToken');
	};

	/**
	 * When functions can't use
	 * {@link Morebits.wiki.page~fnCanUseMwUserToken|fnCanUseMwUserToken}
	 * or require checking protection or watched status, maintain the query
	 * in one place. Used for {@link Morebits.wiki.page#deletePage|delete},
	 * {@link Morebits.wiki.page#undeletePage|undelete},
	 * {@link* Morebits.wiki.page#protect|protect},
	 * {@link Morebits.wiki.page#stabilize|stabilize},
	 * and {@link Morebits.wiki.page#move|move}
	 * (basically, just not {@link Morebits.wiki.page#load|load}).
	 *
	 * @param {string} action - The action being undertaken, e.g. &quot;edit&quot; or
	 * &quot;delete&quot;.
	 * @returns {object} Appropriate query.
	 */
	var fnNeedTokenInfoQuery = function(action) {
		var query = {
			action: 'query',
			meta: 'tokens',
			type: 'csrf',
			titles: ctx.pageName,
			prop: 'info',
			inprop: 'watched',
			format: 'json'
		};
		// Protection not checked for flagged-revs or non-sysop moves
		if (action !== 'stabilize' &amp;&amp; (action !== 'move' || Morebits.userIsSysop)) {
			query.inprop += '|protection';
		}
		if (ctx.followRedirect &amp;&amp; action !== 'undelete') {
			query.redirects = ''; // follow all redirects
		}
		return query;
	};

	// callback from loadSuccess() for append(), prepend(), and newSection() threads
	var fnAutoSave = function(pageobj) {
		pageobj.save(ctx.onSaveSuccess, ctx.onSaveFailure);
	};

	// callback from loadApi.post()
	var fnLoadSuccess = function() {
		var response = ctx.loadApi.getResponse().query;

		if (!fnCheckPageName(response, ctx.onLoadFailure)) {
			return; // abort
		}

		var page = response.pages[0], rev;
		ctx.pageExists = !page.missing;
		if (ctx.pageExists) {
			rev = page.revisions[0];
			ctx.lastEditTime = rev.timestamp;
			ctx.pageText = rev.content;
			ctx.pageID = page.pageid;
		} else {
			ctx.pageText = '';  // allow for concatenation, etc.
			ctx.pageID = 0; // nonexistent in response, matches wgArticleId
		}
		ctx.csrfToken = response.tokens.csrftoken;
		if (!ctx.csrfToken) {
			ctx.statusElement.error(wgULS('未能获取编辑令牌。', '未能取得編輯權杖。'));
			ctx.onLoadFailure(this);
			return;
		}
		ctx.loadTime = ctx.loadApi.getResponse().curtimestamp;
		if (!ctx.loadTime) {
			ctx.statusElement.error(wgULS('未能获取当前时间戳。', '未能取得當前時間戳。'));
			ctx.onLoadFailure(this);
			return;
		}

		ctx.contentModel = page.contentmodel;
		ctx.watched = page.watchlistexpiry || page.watched;

		// extract protection info, to alert admins when they are about to edit a protected page
		// Includes cascading protection
		if (Morebits.userIsSysop) {
			var editProt = page.protection.filter(function(pr) {
				return pr.type === 'edit' &amp;&amp; pr.level === 'sysop';
			}).pop();
			if (editProt) {
				ctx.fullyProtected = editProt.expiry;
			} else {
				ctx.fullyProtected = false;
			}
		}

		ctx.revertCurID = page.lastrevid;

		var testactions = page.actions;
		ctx.testActions = []; // was null
		Object.keys(testactions).forEach(function(action) {
			if (testactions[action]) {
				ctx.testActions.push(action);
			}
		});

		if (ctx.editMode === 'revert') {
			ctx.revertCurID = rev &amp;&amp; rev.revid;
			if (!ctx.revertCurID) {
				ctx.statusElement.error(wgULS('未能获取当前修订版本ID。', '未能取得目前修訂版本ID。'));
				ctx.onLoadFailure(this);
				return;
			}
			ctx.revertUser = rev &amp;&amp; rev.user;
			if (!ctx.revertUser) {
				if (rev &amp;&amp; rev.userhidden) {  // username was RevDel'd or oversighted
					ctx.revertUser = wgULS('&lt;用户名已隐藏&gt;', '&lt;使用者名稱已隱藏&gt;');
				} else {
					ctx.statusElement.error(wgULS('未能获取此修订版本的编辑者。', '未能取得此修訂版本的編輯者。'));
					ctx.onLoadFailure(this);
					return;
				}
			}
			// set revert edit summary
			ctx.editSummary = '[[WP:UNDO|取消]]由 ' + ctx.revertUser + ' 所做出的' + wgULS('修订 ', '修訂 ') + ctx.revertOldID + '：' + ctx.editSummary;
		}

		ctx.pageLoaded = true;

		// alert(&quot;Generate edit conflict now&quot;);  // for testing edit conflict recovery logic
		ctx.onLoadSuccess(this);  // invoke callback
	};

	// helper function to parse the page name returned from the API
	var fnCheckPageName = function(response, onFailure) {
		if (!onFailure) {
			onFailure = emptyFunction;
		}

		var page = response.pages &amp;&amp; response.pages[0];
		if (page) {
			// check for invalid titles
			if (page.invalid) {
				ctx.statusElement.error(wgULS('标题不合法：', '標題不合法：' + ctx.pageName));
				onFailure(this);
				return false; // abort
			}

			// retrieve actual title of the page after normalization and redirects
			var resolvedName = page.title;

			if (response.redirects) {
				// check for cross-namespace redirect:
				var origNs = new mw.Title(ctx.pageName).namespace;
				var newNs = new mw.Title(resolvedName).namespace;
				if (origNs !== newNs &amp;&amp; !ctx.followCrossNsRedirect) {
					ctx.statusElement.error(ctx.pageName + wgULS('是跨命名空间重定向到', '是跨命名空間重新導向到') + resolvedName + wgULS('，略过', '，略過'));
					onFailure(this);
					return false;
				}

				// only notify user for redirects, not normalization
				new Morebits.status(wgULS('信息', '資訊'), wgULS('从 ', '從 ') + ctx.pageName + wgULS(' 重定向到 ', ' 重新導向到 ') + resolvedName);
			}

			ctx.pageName = resolvedName; // update to redirect target or normalized name

		} else {
			// could be a circular redirect or other problem
			ctx.statusElement.error(wgULS('不能解析页面的重定向：', '不能解析頁面的重新導向：') + ctx.pageName);
			onFailure(this);

			// force error to stay on the screen
			++Morebits.wiki.numberOfActionsLeft;
			return false; // abort
		}
		return true; // all OK
	};

	/**
	 * Determine whether we should provide a watchlist expiry.  Will not
	 * do so if the page is currently permanently watched, or the current
	 * expiry is *after* the new, provided expiry.  Only handles strings
	 * recognized by {@link Morebits.date} or relative timeframes with
	 * unit it can process.  Relies on the fact that fnCanUseMwUserToken
	 * requires page loading if a watchlistexpiry is provided, so we are
	 * ensured of knowing the watch status by the use of this.
	 *
	 * @returns {boolean}
	 */
	var fnApplyWatchlistExpiry = function() {
		if (ctx.watchlistExpiry) {
			if (!ctx.watched || Morebits.string.isInfinity(ctx.watchlistExpiry)) {
				return true;
			} else if (typeof ctx.watched === 'string') {
				var newExpiry;
				// Attempt to determine if the new expiry is a
				// relative (e.g. `1 month`) or absolute datetime
				var rel = ctx.watchlistExpiry.split(' ');
				try {
					newExpiry = new Morebits.date().add(rel[0], rel[1]);
				} catch (e) {
					newExpiry = new Morebits.date(ctx.watchlistExpiry);
				}

				// If the date is valid, only use it if it extends the current expiry
				if (newExpiry.isValid()) {
					if (newExpiry.isAfter(new Morebits.date(ctx.watched))) {
						return true;
					}
				} else {
					// If it's still not valid, hope it's a valid MW expiry format that
					// Morebits.date doesn't recognize, so just default to using it.
					// This will also include minor typos.
					return true;
				}
			}
		}
		return false;
	};

	// callback from saveApi.post()
	var fnSaveSuccess = function() {
		ctx.editMode = 'all';  // cancel append/prepend/newSection/revert modes
		var response = ctx.saveApi.getResponse();

		// see if the API thinks we were successful
		if (response.edit.result === 'Success') {

			// real success
			// default on success action - display link for edited page
			var link = document.createElement('a');
			link.setAttribute('href', mw.util.getUrl(ctx.pageName));
			link.appendChild(document.createTextNode(ctx.pageName));
			ctx.statusElement.info(['完成（', link, '）']);
			if (ctx.onSaveSuccess) {
				ctx.onSaveSuccess(this);  // invoke callback
			}
			return;
		}

		// errors here are only generated by extensions which hook APIEditBeforeSave within MediaWiki,
		// which as of 1.34.0-wmf.23 (Sept 2019) should only encompass captcha messages
		if (response.edit.captcha) {
			ctx.statusElement.error(wgULS('不能保存页面，因维基服务器要求您输入验证码。', '不能儲存頁面，因維基伺服器要求您輸入驗證碼。'));
		} else {
			ctx.statusElement.error(wgULS('保存页面时由API得到未知错误', '儲存頁面時由API得到未知錯誤'));
		}

		// force error to stay on the screen
		++Morebits.wiki.numberOfActionsLeft;

		ctx.onSaveFailure(this);
	};

	// callback from saveApi.post()
	var fnSaveError = function() {
		var errorCode = ctx.saveApi.getErrorCode();

		// check for edit conflict
		if (errorCode === 'editconflict' &amp;&amp; ctx.conflictRetries++ &lt; ctx.maxConflictRetries) {

			// edit conflicts can occur when the page needs to be purged from the server cache
			var purgeQuery = {
				action: 'purge',
				titles: ctx.pageName  // redirects are already resolved
			};

			var purgeApi = new Morebits.wiki.api(wgULS('检测到编辑冲突，正在更新服务器缓存', '檢測到編輯衝突，正在更新伺服器快取'), purgeQuery, function() {
				--Morebits.wiki.numberOfActionsLeft;  // allow for normal completion if retry succeeds

				ctx.statusElement.info(wgULS('检测到编辑冲突，重试修改', '檢測到編輯衝突，重試修改'));
				if (fnCanUseMwUserToken('edit')) {
					ctx.saveApi.post(); // necessarily append, prepend, or newSection, so this should work as desired
				} else {
					ctx.loadApi.post(); // reload the page and reapply the edit
				}
			}, ctx.statusElement);
			purgeApi.post();

		// check for network or server error
		} else if ((errorCode === null || errorCode === undefined) &amp;&amp; ctx.retries++ &lt; ctx.maxRetries) {

			// the error might be transient, so try again
			ctx.statusElement.info(wgULS('保存失败，在2秒后重试…', '儲存失敗，在2秒後重試…'));
			--Morebits.wiki.numberOfActionsLeft;  // allow for normal completion if retry succeeds

			// wait for sometime for client to regain connectivity
			sleep(2000).then(function() {
				ctx.saveApi.post(); // give it another go!
			});

		// hard error, give up
		} else {

			switch (errorCode) {

				case 'protectedpage':
					// non-admin attempting to edit a protected page - this gives a friendlier message than the default
					ctx.statusElement.error(wgULS('不能保存修改：页面被保护', '不能儲存修改：頁面被保護'));
					break;

				case 'abusefilter-disallowed':
					ctx.statusElement.error(wgULS('编辑被防滥用过滤器规则“', '編輯被防濫用過濾器規則「') + ctx.saveApi.getResponse().error.abusefilter.description + wgULS('”阻止。如果您认为您的该次编辑是有意义的，请至 Wikipedia:防滥用过滤器/错误报告 提报。', '」阻止。如果您認為您的該次編輯是有意義的，請至 Wikipedia:防濫用過濾器/錯誤報告 提報。'));
					break;

				case 'abusefilter-warning':
					ctx.statusElement.error([ wgULS('编辑被防滥用过滤器规则“', '編輯被防濫用過濾器規則「'), ctx.saveApi.getResponse().error.abusefilter.description, wgULS('”警告，如果您仍希望做出该编辑，请尝试重新提交，根据过滤器的设置您可能可以作出此编辑。', '」警告，如果您仍希望做出該編輯，請嘗試重新提交，根據過濾器的設定您可能可以作出此編輯。') ]);
					// We should provide the user with a way to automatically retry the action if they so choose -
					// I can't see how to do this without creating a UI dependency on Morebits.wiki.page though -- TTO
					break;

				case 'spamblacklist':
					// If multiple items are blacklisted, we only return the first
					var spam = ctx.saveApi.getResponse().error.spamblacklist.matches[0];
					ctx.statusElement.error(wgULS('不能保存页面，因URL ', '不能儲存頁面，因URL ') + spam + wgULS(' 在垃圾链接黑名单中。', ' 在垃圾連結黑名單中。'));
					break;

				default:
					ctx.statusElement.error(wgULS('不能保存修改：', '不能儲存修改：') + ctx.saveApi.getErrorText());
			}

			ctx.editMode = 'all';  // cancel append/prepend/newSection/revert modes
			if (ctx.onSaveFailure) {
				ctx.onSaveFailure(this);  // invoke callback
			}
		}
	};

	var isTextRedirect = function(text) {
		if (!text) { // no text - content empty or inaccessible (revdelled or suppressed)
			return false;
		}
		return Morebits.l10n.redirectTagAliases.some(function(tag) {
			return new RegExp('^\\s*' + tag + '\\W', 'i').test(text);
		});
	};

	var fnLookupCreationSuccess = function() {
		var response = ctx.lookupCreationApi.getResponse().query;

		if (!fnCheckPageName(response, ctx.onLookupCreationFailure)) {
			return; // abort
		}

		var rev = response.pages[0].revisions &amp;&amp; response.pages[0].revisions[0];
		if (!rev) {
			ctx.statusElement.error(wgULS('无法找到', '無法找到') + ctx.pageName + wgULS('的任何修订版本', '的任何修訂版本'));
			ctx.onLookupCreationFailure(this);
			return;
		}

		if (!ctx.lookupNonRedirectCreator || !isTextRedirect(rev.content)) {

			ctx.creator = rev.user;
			if (!ctx.creator) {
				ctx.statusElement.error(wgULS('无法获取页面创建者的名字', '無法取得頁面建立者的名字'));
				ctx.onLookupCreationFailure(this);
				return;
			}
			ctx.timestamp = rev.timestamp;
			if (!ctx.timestamp) {
				ctx.statusElement.error(wgULS('无法获取页面创建时间', '無法取得頁面建立時間'));
				ctx.onLookupCreationFailure(this);
				return;
			}

			ctx.statusElement.info(wgULS('已获取页面创建信息', '已取得頁面建立資訊'));
			ctx.onLookupCreationSuccess(this);

		} else {
			ctx.lookupCreationApi.query.rvlimit = 50; // modify previous query to fetch more revisions
			ctx.lookupCreationApi.query.titles = ctx.pageName; // update pageName if redirect resolution took place in earlier query

			ctx.lookupCreationApi = new Morebits.wiki.api(wgULS('获取页面创建信息', '取得頁面建立資訊'), ctx.lookupCreationApi.query, fnLookupNonRedirectCreator, ctx.statusElement, ctx.onLookupCreationFailure);
			ctx.lookupCreationApi.setParent(this);
			ctx.lookupCreationApi.post();
		}

	};

	var fnLookupNonRedirectCreator = function() {
		var response = ctx.lookupCreationApi.getResponse().query;
		var revs = response.pages[0].revisions;

		for (var i = 0; i &lt; revs.length; i++) {

			if (!isTextRedirect(revs[i].content)) {
				ctx.creator = revs[i].user;
				ctx.timestamp = revs[i].timestamp;
				break;
			}
		}

		if (!ctx.creator) {
			// fallback to give first revision author if no non-redirect version in the first 50
			ctx.creator = revs[0].user;
			ctx.timestamp = revs[0].timestamp;
			if (!ctx.creator) {
				ctx.statusElement.error(wgULS('无法获取页面创建者的名字', '無法取得頁面建立者的名字'));
				ctx.onLookupCreationFailure(this);
				return;
			}

		}
		if (!ctx.timestamp) {
			ctx.statusElement.error(wgULS('无法获取页面创建时间', '無法取得頁面建立時間'));
			ctx.onLookupCreationFailure(this);
			return;
		}

		ctx.statusElement.info(wgULS('已获取页面创建信息', '已取得頁面建立資訊'));
		ctx.onLookupCreationSuccess(this);

	};

	/**
	 * Common checks for action methods. Used for move, undelete, delete,
	 * protect, stabilize.
	 *
	 * @param {string} action - The action being checked.
	 * @param {string} onFailure - Failure callback.
	 * @returns {boolean}
	 */
	var fnPreflightChecks = function(action, onFailure) {
		// if a non-admin tries to do this, don't bother
		if (!Morebits.userIsSysop &amp;&amp; action !== 'move') {
			ctx.statusElement.error(wgULS('无法对页面进行“', '無法對頁面進行「') + action + wgULS('”操作：只有管理员可以进行此操作', '」操作：只有管理員可以進行此操作'));
			onFailure(this);
			return false;
		}

		if (!ctx.editSummary) {
			ctx.statusElement.error('Internal error: ' + action + ' reason not set (use setEditSummary function)!');
			onFailure(this);
			return false;
		}
		return true; // all OK
	};

	/**
	 * Common checks for fnProcess functions (`fnProcessDelete`, `fnProcessMove`, etc.
	 * Used for move, undelete, delete, protect, stabilize.
	 *
	 * @param {string} action - The action being checked.
	 * @param {string} onFailure - Failure callback.
	 * @param {string} response - The response document from the API call.
	 * @returns {boolean}
	 */
	var fnProcessChecks = function(action, onFailure, response) {
		var missing = response.pages[0].missing;

		// No undelete as an existing page could have deleted revisions
		var actionMissing = missing &amp;&amp; ['delete', 'stabilize', 'move'].indexOf(action) !== -1;
		var protectMissing = action === 'protect' &amp;&amp; missing &amp;&amp; (ctx.protectEdit || ctx.protectMove);
		var saltMissing = action === 'protect' &amp;&amp; !missing &amp;&amp; ctx.protectCreate;

		if (actionMissing || protectMissing || saltMissing) {
			ctx.statusElement.error(wgULS('无法对页面进行“', '無法對頁面進行「') + action + wgULS('”操作，因为页面', '」操作，因為頁面') + (missing ? '已不' : wgULS('已经', '已經')) + '存在');
			onFailure(this);
			return false;
		}

		// Delete, undelete, move
		// extract protection info
		var editprot;
		if (action === 'undelete') {
			editprot = response.pages[0].protection.filter(function(pr) {
				return pr.type === 'create' &amp;&amp; pr.level === 'sysop';
			}).pop();
		} else if (action === 'delete' || action === 'move') {
			editprot = response.pages[0].protection.filter(function(pr) {
				return pr.type === 'edit' &amp;&amp; pr.level === 'sysop';
			}).pop();
		}
		if (editprot &amp;&amp; !ctx.suppressProtectWarning &amp;&amp;
			!confirm(wgULS('您即将对全保护页面“', '您即將對全保護頁面「') + ctx.pageName +
			(editprot.expiry === 'infinity' ? wgULS('”（永久）', '」（永久）') : wgULS('”（到期：', '」（到期：') + new Morebits.date(editprot.expiry).calendar('utc') + ' (UTC)）') +
			wgULS('”进行“', '」進行「') + action + wgULS('”操作', '」操作') +
			wgULS('。\n\n单击确定以继续操作，或单击取消以取消操作。', '。\n\n點擊確定以繼續操作，或點擊取消以取消操作。'))) {
			ctx.statusElement.error(wgULS('已取消对全保护页面的操作。', '已取消對全保護頁面的操作。'));
			onFailure(this);
			return false;
		}

		if (!response.tokens.csrftoken) {
			ctx.statusElement.error(wgULS('无法获取令牌。', '無法取得權杖。'));
			onFailure(this);
			return false;
		}
		return true; // all OK
	};

	var fnProcessMove = function() {
		var pageTitle, token;

		if (fnCanUseMwUserToken('move')) {
			token = mw.user.tokens.get('csrfToken');
			pageTitle = ctx.pageName;
		} else {
			var response = ctx.moveApi.getResponse().query;

			if (!fnProcessChecks('move', ctx.onMoveFailure, response)) {
				return; // abort
			}

			token = response.tokens.csrftoken;
			var page = response.pages[0];
			pageTitle = page.title;
			ctx.watched = page.watchlistexpiry || page.watched;
		}

		var query = {
			action: 'move',
			from: pageTitle,
			to: ctx.moveDestination,
			token: token,
			reason: ctx.editSummary,
			watchlist: ctx.watchlistOption,
			format: 'json'
		};
		if (ctx.changeTags) {
			query.tags = ctx.changeTags;
		}

		if (fnApplyWatchlistExpiry()) {
			query.watchlistexpiry = ctx.watchlistExpiry;
		}
		if (ctx.moveTalkPage) {
			query.movetalk = 'true';
		}
		if (ctx.moveSubpages) {
			query.movesubpages = 'true';
		}
		if (ctx.moveSuppressRedirect) {
			query.noredirect = 'true';
		}

		ctx.moveProcessApi = new Morebits.wiki.api(wgULS('移动页面…', '移動頁面…'), query, ctx.onMoveSuccess, ctx.statusElement, ctx.onMoveFailure);
		ctx.moveProcessApi.setParent(this);
		ctx.moveProcessApi.post();
	};

	var fnProcessPatrol = function() {
		var query = {
			action: 'patrol',
			format: 'json'
		};

		// Didn't need to load the page
		if (ctx.rcid) {
			query.rcid = ctx.rcid;
			query.token = mw.user.tokens.get('patrolToken');
		} else {
			var response = ctx.patrolApi.getResponse().query;

			// Don't patrol if not unpatrolled
			if (!response.recentchanges[0].unpatrolled) {
				return;
			}

			var lastrevid = response.pages[0].lastrevid;
			if (!lastrevid) {
				return;
			}
			query.revid = lastrevid;

			var token = response.tokens.csrftoken;
			if (!token) {
				return;
			}
			query.token = token;
		}
		if (ctx.changeTags) {
			query.tags = ctx.changeTags;
		}

		var patrolStat = new Morebits.status(wgULS('标记页面为已巡查', '標記頁面為已巡查'));

		ctx.patrolProcessApi = new Morebits.wiki.api(wgULS('巡查页面…', '巡查頁面…'), query, null, patrolStat);
		ctx.patrolProcessApi.setParent(this);
		ctx.patrolProcessApi.post();
	};

	// Ensure that the page is curatable
	var fnProcessTriageList = function() {
		if (ctx.pageID) {
			ctx.csrfToken = mw.user.tokens.get('csrfToken');
		} else {
			var response = ctx.triageApi.getResponse().query;

			ctx.pageID = response.pages[0].pageid;
			if (!ctx.pageID) {
				return;
			}

			ctx.csrfToken = response.tokens.csrftoken;
			if (!ctx.csrfToken) {
				return;
			}
		}

		var query = {
			action: 'pagetriagelist',
			page_id: ctx.pageID,
			format: 'json'
		};

		ctx.triageProcessListApi = new Morebits.wiki.api('checking curation status...', query, fnProcessTriage);
		ctx.triageProcessListApi.setParent(this);
		ctx.triageProcessListApi.post();
	};

	// callback from triageProcessListApi.post()
	var fnProcessTriage = function() {
		var responseList = ctx.triageProcessListApi.getResponse().pagetriagelist;
		// Exit if not in the queue
		if (!responseList || responseList.result !== 'success') {
			return;
		}
		var page = responseList.pages &amp;&amp; responseList.pages[0];
		// Do nothing if page already triaged/patrolled
		if (!page || !parseInt(page.patrol_status, 10)) {
			var query = {
				action: 'pagetriageaction',
				pageid: ctx.pageID,
				reviewed: 1,
				// tags: ctx.changeTags, // pagetriage tag support: [[phab:T252980]]
				// Could use an adder to modify/create note:
				// summaryAd, but that seems overwrought
				token: ctx.csrfToken,
				format: 'json'
			};
			var triageStat = new Morebits.status('Marking page as curated');
			ctx.triageProcessApi = new Morebits.wiki.api('curating page...', query, null, triageStat);
			ctx.triageProcessApi.setParent(this);
			ctx.triageProcessApi.post();
		}
	};

	var fnProcessDelete = function() {
		var pageTitle, token;

		if (fnCanUseMwUserToken('delete')) {
			token = mw.user.tokens.get('csrfToken');
			pageTitle = ctx.pageName;
		} else {
			var response = ctx.deleteApi.getResponse().query;

			if (!fnProcessChecks('delete', ctx.onDeleteFailure, response)) {
				return; // abort
			}

			token = response.tokens.csrftoken;
			var page = response.pages[0];
			pageTitle = page.title;
			ctx.watched = page.watchlistexpiry || page.watched;
		}

		var query = {
			action: 'delete',
			title: pageTitle,
			token: token,
			reason: ctx.editSummary,
			watchlist: ctx.watchlistOption,
			format: 'json'
		};
		if (ctx.changeTags) {
			query.tags = ctx.changeTags;
		}

		if (fnApplyWatchlistExpiry()) {
			query.watchlistexpiry = ctx.watchlistExpiry;
		}

		ctx.deleteProcessApi = new Morebits.wiki.api(wgULS('删除页面…', '刪除頁面…'), query, ctx.onDeleteSuccess, ctx.statusElement, fnProcessDeleteError);
		ctx.deleteProcessApi.setParent(this);
		ctx.deleteProcessApi.post();
	};

	// callback from deleteProcessApi.post()
	var fnProcessDeleteError = function() {

		var errorCode = ctx.deleteProcessApi.getErrorCode();

		// check for &quot;Database query error&quot;
		if (errorCode === 'internal_api_error_DBQueryError' &amp;&amp; ctx.retries++ &lt; ctx.maxRetries) {
			ctx.statusElement.info(wgULS('数据库查询错误，重试', '資料庫查詢錯誤，重試'));
			--Morebits.wiki.numberOfActionsLeft;  // allow for normal completion if retry succeeds
			ctx.deleteProcessApi.post(); // give it another go!

		} else if (errorCode === 'missingtitle') {
			ctx.statusElement.error(wgULS('不能删除页面，因其已不存在', '不能刪除頁面，因其已不存在'));
			if (ctx.onDeleteFailure) {
				ctx.onDeleteFailure.call(this, ctx.deleteProcessApi);  // invoke callback
			}
		// hard error, give up
		} else {
			ctx.statusElement.error(wgULS('无法删除页面：', '無法刪除頁面：') + ctx.deleteProcessApi.getErrorText());
			if (ctx.onDeleteFailure) {
				ctx.onDeleteFailure.call(this, ctx.deleteProcessApi);  // invoke callback
			}
		}
	};

	var fnProcessUndelete = function() {
		var pageTitle, token;

		if (fnCanUseMwUserToken('undelete')) {
			token = mw.user.tokens.get('csrfToken');
			pageTitle = ctx.pageName;
		} else {
			var response = ctx.undeleteApi.getResponse().query;

			if (!fnProcessChecks('undelete', ctx.onUndeleteFailure, response)) {
				return; // abort
			}

			token = response.tokens.csrftoken;
			var page = response.pages[0];
			pageTitle = page.title;
			ctx.watched = page.watchlistexpiry || page.watched;
		}

		var query = {
			action: 'undelete',
			title: pageTitle,
			token: token,
			reason: ctx.editSummary,
			watchlist: ctx.watchlistOption,
			format: 'json'
		};
		if (ctx.changeTags) {
			query.tags = ctx.changeTags;
		}

		if (fnApplyWatchlistExpiry()) {
			query.watchlistexpiry = ctx.watchlistExpiry;
		}

		ctx.undeleteProcessApi = new Morebits.wiki.api(wgULS('还原页面…', '還原頁面…'), query, ctx.onUndeleteSuccess, ctx.statusElement, fnProcessUndeleteError);
		ctx.undeleteProcessApi.setParent(this);
		ctx.undeleteProcessApi.post();
	};

	// callback from undeleteProcessApi.post()
	var fnProcessUndeleteError = function() {

		var errorCode = ctx.undeleteProcessApi.getErrorCode();

		// check for &quot;Database query error&quot;
		if (errorCode === 'internal_api_error_DBQueryError') {
			if (ctx.retries++ &lt; ctx.maxRetries) {
				ctx.statusElement.info(wgULS('数据库查询错误，重试', '資料庫查詢錯誤，重試'));
				--Morebits.wiki.numberOfActionsLeft;  // allow for normal completion if retry succeeds
				ctx.undeleteProcessApi.post(); // give it another go!
			} else {
				ctx.statusElement.error(wgULS('持续的数据库查询错误，重新加载页面并重试', '持續的資料庫查詢錯誤，重新載入頁面並重試'));
				if (ctx.onUndeleteFailure) {
					ctx.onUndeleteFailure.call(this, ctx.undeleteProcessApi);  // invoke callback
				}
			}
		} else if (errorCode === 'cantundelete') {
			ctx.statusElement.error(wgULS('无法还原删除页面，因没有版本供还原或已被还原', '無法還原刪除頁面，因沒有版本供還原或已被還原'));
			if (ctx.onUndeleteFailure) {
				ctx.onUndeleteFailure.call(this, ctx.undeleteProcessApi);  // invoke callback
			}
		// hard error, give up
		} else {
			ctx.statusElement.error(wgULS('无法还原页面：', '無法還原頁面：') + ctx.undeleteProcessApi.getErrorText());
			if (ctx.onUndeleteFailure) {
				ctx.onUndeleteFailure.call(this, ctx.undeleteProcessApi);  // invoke callback
			}
		}
	};

	var fnProcessProtect = function() {
		var response = ctx.protectApi.getResponse().query;

		if (!fnProcessChecks('protect', ctx.onProtectFailure, response)) {
			return; // abort
		}

		var token = response.tokens.csrftoken;
		var page = response.pages[0];
		var pageTitle = page.title;
		ctx.watched = page.watchlistexpiry || page.watched;

		// Fetch existing protection levels
		var prs = response.pages[0].protection;
		var editprot, moveprot, createprot;
		prs.forEach(function(pr) {
			// Filter out protection from cascading
			if (pr.type === 'edit' &amp;&amp; !pr.source) {
				editprot = pr;
			} else if (pr.type === 'move') {
				moveprot = pr;
			} else if (pr.type === 'create') {
				createprot = pr;
			}
		});


		// Fall back to current levels if not explicitly set
		if (!ctx.protectEdit &amp;&amp; editprot) {
			ctx.protectEdit = { level: editprot.level, expiry: editprot.expiry };
		}
		if (!ctx.protectMove &amp;&amp; moveprot) {
			ctx.protectMove = { level: moveprot.level, expiry: moveprot.expiry };
		}
		if (!ctx.protectCreate &amp;&amp; createprot) {
			ctx.protectCreate = { level: createprot.level, expiry: createprot.expiry };
		}

		// Default to pre-existing cascading protection if unchanged (similar to above)
		if (ctx.protectCascade === null) {
			ctx.protectCascade = !!prs.filter(function(pr) {
				return pr.cascade;
			}).length;
		}
		// Warn if cascading protection being applied with an invalid protection level,
		// which for edit protection will cause cascading to be silently stripped
		if (ctx.protectCascade) {
			// On move protection, this is technically stricter than the MW API,
			// but seems reasonable to avoid dumb values and misleading log entries (T265626)
			if (((!ctx.protectEdit || ctx.protectEdit.level !== 'sysop') ||
				(!ctx.protectMove || ctx.protectMove.level !== 'sysop')) &amp;&amp;
				!confirm(wgULS('您已对“', '您已對「') + ctx.pageName + wgULS('”启用了连锁保护', '」啟用了連鎖保護') +
				wgULS('，但没有设置仅管理员的保护级别。\n\n', '，但沒有設定僅管理員的保護級別。\n\n') +
				wgULS('单击确认以自动调整并继续连锁全保护，单击取消以跳过此操作', '點擊確認以自動調整並繼續連鎖全保護，點擊取消以跳過此操作'))) {
				ctx.statusElement.error(wgULS('连锁保护已取消。', '連鎖保護已取消。'));
				ctx.onProtectFailure(this);
				return;
			}

			ctx.protectEdit.level = 'sysop';
			ctx.protectMove.level = 'sysop';
		}

		// Build protection levels and expirys (expiries?) for query
		var protections = [], expirys = [];
		if (ctx.protectEdit) {
			protections.push('edit=' + ctx.protectEdit.level);
			expirys.push(ctx.protectEdit.expiry);
		}

		if (ctx.protectMove) {
			protections.push('move=' + ctx.protectMove.level);
			expirys.push(ctx.protectMove.expiry);
		}

		if (ctx.protectCreate) {
			protections.push('create=' + ctx.protectCreate.level);
			expirys.push(ctx.protectCreate.expiry);
		}

		var query = {
			action: 'protect',
			title: pageTitle,
			token: token,
			protections: protections.join('|'),
			expiry: expirys.join('|'),
			reason: ctx.editSummary,
			watchlist: ctx.watchlistOption,
			format: 'json'
		};
		// Only shows up in logs, not page history [[phab:T259983]]
		if (ctx.changeTags) {
			query.tags = ctx.changeTags;
		}

		if (fnApplyWatchlistExpiry()) {
			query.watchlistexpiry = ctx.watchlistExpiry;
		}
		if (ctx.protectCascade) {
			query.cascade = 'true';
		}

		ctx.protectProcessApi = new Morebits.wiki.api(wgULS('保护页面…', '保護頁面…'), query, ctx.onProtectSuccess, ctx.statusElement, ctx.onProtectFailure);
		ctx.protectProcessApi.setParent(this);
		ctx.protectProcessApi.post();
	};

	var fnProcessStabilize = function() {
		var pageTitle, token;

		if (fnCanUseMwUserToken('stabilize')) {
			token = mw.user.tokens.get('csrfToken');
			pageTitle = ctx.pageName;
		} else {
			var response = ctx.stabilizeApi.getResponse().query;

			// 'stabilize' as a verb not necessarily well understood
			if (!fnProcessChecks('stabilize', ctx.onStabilizeFailure, response)) {
				return; // abort
			}

			token = response.tokens.csrftoken;
			var page = response.pages[0];
			pageTitle = page.title;
			// Doesn't support watchlist expiry [[phab:T263336]]
			// ctx.watched = page.watchlistexpiry || page.watched;
		}

		var query = {
			action: 'stabilize',
			title: pageTitle,
			token: token,
			protectlevel: ctx.flaggedRevs.level,
			expiry: ctx.flaggedRevs.expiry,
			// tags: ctx.changeTags, // flaggedrevs tag support: [[phab:T247721]]
			reason: ctx.editSummary,
			watchlist: ctx.watchlistOption,
			format: 'json'
		};

		/* Doesn't support watchlist expiry [[phab:T263336]]
		if (fnApplyWatchlistExpiry()) {
			query.watchlistexpiry = ctx.watchlistExpiry;
		}
		*/

		ctx.stabilizeProcessApi = new Morebits.wiki.api('configuring stabilization settings...', query, ctx.onStabilizeSuccess, ctx.statusElement, ctx.onStabilizeFailure);
		ctx.stabilizeProcessApi.setParent(this);
		ctx.stabilizeProcessApi.post();
	};

	var sleep = function(milliseconds) {
		var deferred = $.Deferred();
		setTimeout(deferred.resolve, milliseconds);
		return deferred;
	};

}; // end Morebits.wiki.page

/* Morebits.wiki.page TODO: (XXX)
* - Should we retry loads also?
* - Need to reset current action before the save?
* - Deal with action.completed stuff
* - Need to reset all parameters once done (e.g. edit summary, move destination, etc.)
*/


/**
 * **************** Morebits.wiki.flow ****************
 * zhwikI: 目前只有两个功能：添加讨论和编辑描述。
 *
 * 由于Flow讨论板不同于普通页面，各贴是相对独立的页面，因此page的API与类型的设计
 * 并不完全适用于Flow页面。如果需要更多功能，可能需要重构orz。
 *
 * Callers are not permitted to directly access the properties of this class!
 * All property access is through the appropriate get___() or set___() method.
 *
 * Callers should set Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted.notice and Morebits.wiki.actionCompleted.redirect
 * before the first call to Morebits.wiki.flow.newTopic() and Morebits.wiki.flow.editHeader().
 *
 * Each of the callback functions takes one parameter, which is a
 * reference to the Morebits.wiki.page object that registered the callback.
 * Callback functions may invoke any Morebits.wiki.page prototype method using this reference.
 *
 *
 * 公有方法：
 * check(title, callbackOnFlow, callbackOnNonFlow, onError): 检查一个标题是否为Flow页面
 *     title - 页面标题
 *     callbackOnFlow - 回调函数，确认为Flow页面时调用
 *     callbackOnNonFlow - 回调函数，确认不是Flow页面时调用
 *     onError - 调用API发生错误时的回调函数
 *
 * relevantUserName(): 如果没有Flow，直接用mw.config.get('wgRelevantUserName')就行了。
 *
 * Constructor: Morebits.wiki.flow(pageName, currentAction)
 *    pageName - the name of the page, prefixed by the namespace (if any)
 *               (for the current page, use mw.config.get('wgPageName'))。现在请勿使用Topic:xxxxx。
 *    currentAction - a string describing the action about to be undertaken (optional)
 *
 * newTopic(onSuccess, onFailure): 向讨论中加入新留言.
 *    onSuccess - callback function which is called when the save has succeeded (optional)
 *    onFailure - callback function which is called when the save fails (optional)
 *
 * viewHeader(onSuccess, onFailure): 加载Flow讨论页描述。
 *    onSuccess - callback function which is called when the method has succeeded (optional)
 *    onFailure - callback function which is called when the method fails (optional)
 *
 * editHeader(onSuccess, onFailure): 编辑Flow讨论页描述。请先调用loadHeader()
 *    onSuccess - callback function which is called when the method has succeeded (optional)
 *    onFailure - callback function which is called when the method fails (optional)
 *
 * getHeader(): 返回Flow讨论页描述。需要先调用loadHeader()
 *
 * setHeader(header)
 *    header - Flow讨论页描述
 *
 * setTopic(topic)
 *    topic - 新讨论的标题
 *
 * setContent(content)
 *    content - 新讨论的内容，wikicode
 *
 * setCallbackParameters(callbackParameters)
 *    callbackParameters - an object for use in a callback function
 *
 * getCallbackParameters(): returns the object previous set by setCallbackParameters()
 *
 *    Callback notes: callbackParameters is for use by the caller only. The parameters
 *                    allow a caller to pass the proper context into its callback function.
 *                    Callers must ensure that any changes to the callbackParameters object
 *                    within a load() callback still permit a proper re-entry into the
 *                    load() callback if an edit conflict is detected upon calling save().
 *
 */

Morebits.wiki.flow = function(pageName, currentAction) {

	if (!currentAction) {
		currentAction = wgULS('打开页面“', '打開頁面「') + pageName + wgULS('”', '」');
	}

	/**
	 * Private context variables
	 *
	 * This context is not visible to the outside, thus all the data here
	 * must be accessed via getter and setter functions.
	 */
	var ctx = {
		// backing fields for public properties
		pageName: pageName,
		// isFlow: null,
		callbackParameters: null,
		statusElement: new Morebits.status(currentAction),
		// - edit
		header: null,
		headerLastRevision: null,
		topic: null,
		content: null,
		//        watchlistOption: 'nochange',
		// internal status
		headerLoaded: false,
		editToken: null,
		// loadTime: null,
		// lastEditTime: null,
		// revertCurID: null,
		// revertUser: null,
		fullyProtected: false,
		suppressProtectWarning: false,
		// conflictRetries: 0,
		// retries: 0,
		// callbacks
		onNewTopicSuccess: null,
		onNewTopicFailure: null,
		onViewHeaderSuccess: null,
		onViewHeaderFailure: null,
		onEditHeaderSuccess: null,
		onEditHeaderFailure: null,
		// internal objects
		newTopicApi: null,
		viewHeaderApi: null,
		editHeaderApi: null
	};

	var emptyFunction = function() { };

	/**
	 * Public interface accessors
	 */
	this.getPageName = function() {
		return ctx.pageName;
	};

	this.getHeader = function() {
		return ctx.header;
	};

	this.setHeader = function(header) {
		ctx.header = header;
	};

	this.getTopic = function() {
		return ctx.topic;
	};

	this.setTopic = function(topic) {
		ctx.topic = topic;
	};

	this.getContent = function() {
		return ctx.content;
	};

	this.setContent = function(content) {
		ctx.content = content;
	};

	this.setCallbackParameters = function(callbackParameters) {
		ctx.callbackParameters = callbackParameters;
	};

	this.getCallbackParameters = function() {
		return ctx.callbackParameters;
	};

	this.getStatusElement = function() {
		return ctx.statusElement;
	};


	// Save updated .pageText to Wikipedia
	// Only valid after successful .load()
	this.newTopic = function(onSuccess, onFailure) {
		ctx.onNewTopicSuccess = onSuccess;
		ctx.onNewTopicFailure = onFailure || emptyFunction;

		var query = {
			action: 'flow',
			page: ctx.pageName,
			token: mw.user.tokens.get('csrfToken'),
			submodule: 'new-topic',
			nttopic: ctx.topic,
			ntcontent: ctx.content,
			ntformat: 'wikitext'
		};

		ctx.newTopicApi = new Morebits.wiki.api('留言…', query, fnNewTopicSuccess, ctx.statusElement, fnNewTopicError);
		ctx.newTopicApi.setParent(this);
		ctx.newTopicApi.post();
	};


	this.viewHeader = function (onSuccess, onFailure) {
		ctx.onViewHeaderSuccess = onSuccess;
		ctx.onViewHeaderFailure = onFailure || emptyFunction;
		// header: null,
		// headerLastRevision: null,
		// headerLoaded

		if (!onSuccess) {
			ctx.statusElement.error('内部错误：未给viewHeader()提供onSuccess回调函数！');
			ctx.onViewHeaderFailure(this);
			return;
		}

		var query = {
			action: 'flow',
			submodule: 'view-header',
			page: ctx.pageName,
			vhformat: 'wikitext'
		};

		ctx.viewHeaderApi = new Morebits.wiki.api('抓取Flow描述…', query, fnViewHeaderSuccess, ctx.statusElement, ctx.onViewHeaderFailure);
		ctx.viewHeaderApi.setParent(this);
		ctx.viewHeaderApi.post();
	};

	this.editHeader = function (onSuccess, onFailure) {
		ctx.onEditHeaderSuccess = onSuccess;
		ctx.onEditHeaderFailure = onFailure || emptyFunction;

		var query = {
			action: 'flow',
			page: ctx.pageName,
			token: mw.user.tokens.get('csrfToken'),
			submodule: 'edit-header',
			ehprev_revision: ctx.headerLastRevision,
			ehcontent: ctx.header,
			ehformat: 'wikitext'
		};

		ctx.editHeaderApi = new Morebits.wiki.api(wgULS('编辑Flow讨论页描述…', '編輯Flow討論頁描述…'), query, fnEditHeaderSuccess, ctx.statusElement, fnEditHeaderError);
		ctx.editHeaderApi.setParent(this);
		ctx.editHeaderApi.post();
	};


	/* Private member functions
	 *
	 * These are not exposed outside
	 */

	// callback from newTopicApi.post()
	var fnNewTopicSuccess = function() {
		var xml = ctx.newTopicApi.getXML();

		if ($(xml).find('new-topic').attr('status') === 'ok') {
			var link = document.createElement('a');
			link.setAttribute('href', mw.util.getUrl(ctx.pageName));
			link.appendChild(document.createTextNode(ctx.pageName));
			ctx.statusElement.info(['完成（', link, '）']);
			if (ctx.onNewTopicSuccess) {
				ctx.onNewTopicSuccess(this);  // invoke callback
			}
		} else {
			ctx.statusElement.error(wgULS('保存页面时由API得到未知错误', '儲存頁面時由API得到未知錯誤'));

			// force error to stay on the screen
			++Morebits.wiki.numberOfActionsLeft;

			ctx.onNewTopicFailure(this);
		}
	};

	// callback from newTopicApi.post()
	var fnNewTopicError = function() {
		var errorCode = ctx.newTopicApi.getErrorCode();

		if (errorCode === 'invalid-page') {
			ctx.statusElement.error(wgULS('内部错误：不是Flow页面，无法留言', '內部錯誤：不是Flow頁面，無法留言'));
		} else if (errorCode === 'block') {
			ctx.statusElement.error(wgULS('无法留言，因讨论页被保护', '無法留言，因討論頁被保護'));
		} else if (errorCode === 'spamfilter') {
			ctx.statusElement.error(wgULS('无法留言，因为需要验证码或已经触发URL黑名单', '無法留言，因為需要驗證碼或已經觸發URL黑名單'));
		} else {
			ctx.statusElement.error(wgULS('留言时由API得到未知错误', '留言時由API得到未知錯誤'));
		}

		if (ctx.onNewTopicFailure) {
			ctx.onNewTopicFailure(this);  // invoke callback
		}
	};

	var fnViewHeaderSuccess = function() {
		var xml = ctx.viewHeaderApi.getXML();
		ctx.header = $(xml).find('content').attr('content');
		ctx.headerLastRevision = $(xml).find('revision').attr('revisionId');
		ctx.headerLoaded = true;
		ctx.onViewHeaderSuccess(this);
	};

	var fnEditHeaderSuccess = function() {
		var xml = ctx.editHeaderApi.getXML();

		if ($(xml).find('edit-header').attr('status') === 'ok') {
			ctx.statusElement.info('完成');
			ctx.headerLastRevision = $(xml).find('header').attr('header-revision-id');
			if (ctx.onEditHeaderSuccess) {
				ctx.onEditHeaderSuccess(this);
			}
		} else {
			ctx.statusElement.error(wgULS('保存Flow讨论页描述时由API得到未知错误', '儲存Flow討論頁描述時由API得到未知錯誤'));

			// force error to stay on the screen
			++Morebits.wiki.numberOfActionsLeft;

			ctx.onEditHeaderFailure(this);
		}
	};

	var fnEditHeaderError = function() {
		var errorCode = ctx.editHeaderApi.getErrorCode();

		if (errorCode === 'invalid-page') {
			ctx.statusElement.error(wgULS('内部错误：不是Flow页面，无法编辑描述', '內部錯誤：不是Flow頁面，無法編輯描述'));
		} else if (errorCode === 'block') {
			ctx.statusElement.error(wgULS('无法编辑描述，因讨论页被保护', '無法編輯描述，因討論頁被保護'));
		} else if (errorCode === 'spamfilter') {
			ctx.statusElement.error(wgULS('无法编辑描述，因为需要验证码或已经触发URL黑名单', '無法編輯描述，因為需要驗證碼或已經觸發URL黑名單'));
		} else {
			ctx.statusElement.error(wgULS('编辑描述时由API得到未知错误', '編輯描述時由API得到未知錯誤'));
		}

		if (ctx.onEditHeaderFailure) {
			ctx.onEditHeaderFailure(this);  // invoke callback
		}
	};
};


/**
 * zhwiki: Check page is flow
 * @param {string} title
 * @param {function} callbackOnFlow
 * @param {function} callbackOnNonFlow
 * @param {function} onError
 */
Morebits.wiki.flow.check = function(title, callbackOnFlow, callbackOnNonFlow, onError) {
	var callback = function (obj) {
		var responseXML = obj.responseXML;
		var pages = responseXML.getElementsByTagName('page');
		if (pages.length &gt; 0) {
			var model = pages[0].getAttribute('contentmodel');
			if (model === 'flow-board') {
				obj.statelem.info('完成');
				if (typeof callbackOnFlow === 'function') {
					callbackOnFlow();
				}
			} else if (model !== null) {
				obj.statelem.info('完成');
				if (typeof callbackOnNonFlow === 'function') {
					callbackOnNonFlow();
				}
			} else {
				obj.statelem.error('内部错误：页面标题无效');
				if (typeof onError === 'function') {
					onError(obj);
				}
			}
		} else {
			obj.statelem.error('内部错误：调用API时失败');
			if (typeof onError === 'function') {
				onError(obj);
			}
		}
	};

	var statusElement = new Morebits.status(wgULS('检查是否为Flow页面', '檢查是否為Flow頁面'));
	var checkApi = new Morebits.wiki.api(wgULS('查询页面信息', '查詢頁面資訊'), {
		action: 'query',
		prop: 'info',
		titles: title
	}, callback, statusElement, onError);
	checkApi.post();
}; // end Morebits.wiki.flow


/**
 * zhwiki: Get username from flow pages
 * @param {boolean} [allowBlock=false]
 * @returns {string}
 */
Morebits.wiki.flow.relevantUserName = function (allowBlock) {
	// 处理Flow页面的问题
	var name = mw.config.get('wgRelevantUserName');
	if (name) {
		return name;
	} else if (mw.config.get('wgPageContentModel') === 'flow-board') {
		var title = $('a', '#contentSub').attr('title');
		if (title &amp;&amp; title.indexOf('User talk:') === 0) {
			return title.replace(/^User talk:([^/]+).*$/, '$1');
		}
		return null;

	} else if (mw.config.get('wgCanonicalSpecialPageName') === 'Contributions') {
		if ($('#contentSub').find('a[title^=&quot;Special:日志/block&quot;]').length &amp;&amp; allowBlock) {
			var link = $('#contentSub').find('a[title^=&quot;Special:日志/block&quot;]')[0].href;
			return mw.util.getParamValue('page', link).replace('User:', '');
		}
	}
	return null;

};


/* **************** Morebits.wiki.preview **************** */
/**
 * Use the API to parse a fragment of wikitext and render it as HTML.
 *
 * The suggested implementation pattern (in {@link Morebits.simpleWindow} and
 * {@link Morebits.quickForm} situations) is to construct a
 * `Morebits.wiki.preview` object after rendering a `Morebits.quickForm`, and
 * bind the object to an arbitrary property of the form (e.g. |previewer|).
 * For an example, see twinklewarn.js.
 *
 * @memberof Morebits.wiki
 * @class
 * @param {HTMLElement} previewbox - The element that will contain the rendered HTML,
 * usually a &lt;div&gt; element.
 */
Morebits.wiki.preview = function(previewbox) {
	this.previewbox = previewbox;
	$(previewbox).addClass('morebits-previewbox').hide();

	/**
	 * Displays the preview box, and begins an asynchronous attempt
	 * to render the specified wikitext.
	 *
	 * @param {string} wikitext - Wikitext to render; most things should work, including `subst:` and `~~~~`.
	 * @param {string} [pageTitle] - Optional parameter for the page this should be rendered as being on, if omitted it is taken as the current page.
	 * @param {string} [sectionTitle] - If provided, render the text as a new section using this as the title.
	 * @returns {jQuery.promise}
	 */
	this.beginRender = function(wikitext, pageTitle, sectionTitle) {
		$(previewbox).show();

		var statusspan = document.createElement('span');
		previewbox.appendChild(statusspan);
		Morebits.status.init(statusspan);

		// zhwiki: 如果页面不是wikitext（例如用户js/css、Flow等），那么找一个wikitext页面来预览。
		var pageName = mw.config.get('wgPageName');
		if (mw.config.get('wgPageContentModel') !== 'wikitext') {
			pageName = 'Draft:' + pageName;
		}

		var query = {
			action: 'parse',
			prop: 'text',
			pst: 'true',  // PST = pre-save transform; this makes substitution work properly
			text: wikitext,
			title: pageTitle || pageName, // zhwiki
			disablelimitreport: true,
			uselang: mw.config.get('wgUserLanguage'), // zhwiki: Use wgUserLanguage for preview
			format: 'json'
		};
		if (sectionTitle) {
			query.section = 'new';
			query.sectiontitle = sectionTitle;
		}
		var renderApi = new Morebits.wiki.api(wgULS('加载中…', '載入中…'), query, fnRenderSuccess, new Morebits.status(wgULS('预览', '預覽')));
		renderApi.post();
	};

	var fnRenderSuccess = function(apiobj) {
		var html = apiobj.getResponse().parse.text;
		if (!html) {
			apiobj.statelem.error(wgULS('加载预览失败，或模板为空', '載入預覽失敗，或模板為空'));
			return;
		}
		previewbox.innerHTML = html;
		$(previewbox).find('a').attr('target', '_blank'); // this makes links open in new tab
	};

	/** Hides the preview box and clears it. */
	this.closePreview = function() {
		$(previewbox).empty().hide();
	};
};


/* **************** Morebits.wikitext **************** */

/**
 * Wikitext manipulation.
 *
 * @namespace Morebits.wikitext
 * @memberof Morebits
 */
Morebits.wikitext = {};

/**
 * Get the value of every parameter found in the wikitext of a given template.
 *
 * @memberof Morebits.wikitext
 * @param {string} text - Wikitext containing a template.
 * @param {number} [start=0] - Index noting where in the text the template begins.
 * @returns {object} `{name: templateName, parameters: {key: value}}`.
 */
Morebits.wikitext.parseTemplate = function(text, start) {
	start = start || 0;

	var level = []; // Track of how deep we are ({{, {{{, or [[)
	var count = -1;  // Number of parameters found
	var unnamed = 0; // Keep track of what number an unnamed parameter should receive
	var equals = -1; // After finding &quot;=&quot; before a parameter, the index; otherwise, -1
	var current = '';
	var result = {
		name: '',
		parameters: {}
	};
	var key, value;

	/**
	 * Function to handle finding parameter values.
	 *
	 * @param {boolean} [final=false] - Whether this is the final
	 * parameter and we need to remove the trailing `}}`.
	 */
	function findParam(final) {
		// Nothing found yet, this must be the template name
		if (count === -1) {
			result.name = current.substring(2).trim();
			++count;
		} else {
			// In a parameter
			if (equals !== -1) {
				// We found an equals, so save the parameter as key: value
				key = current.substring(0, equals).trim();
				value = final ? current.substring(equals + 1, current.length - 2).trim() : current.substring(equals + 1).trim();
				result.parameters[key] = value;
				equals = -1;
			} else {
				// No equals, so it must be unnamed; no trim since whitespace allowed
				var param = final ? current.substring(equals + 1, current.length - 2) : current;
				if (param) {
					result.parameters[++unnamed] = param;
					++count;
				}
			}
		}
	}

	for (var i = start; i &lt; text.length; ++i) {
		var test3 = text.substr(i, 3);
		if (test3 === '{{{' || (test3 === '}}}' &amp;&amp; level[level.length - 1] === 3)) {
			current += test3;
			i += 2;
			if (test3 === '{{{') {
				level.push(3);
			} else {
				level.pop();
			}
			continue;
		}
		var test2 = text.substr(i, 2);
		// Entering a template (or link)
		if (test2 === '{{' || test2 === '[[') {
			current += test2;
			++i;
			if (test2 === '{{') {
				level.push(2);
			} else {
				level.push('wl');
			}
			continue;
		}
		// Either leaving a link or template/parser function
		if ((test2 === '}}' &amp;&amp; level[level.length - 1] === 2) ||
			(test2 === ']]' &amp;&amp; level[level.length - 1] === 'wl')) {
			current += test2;
			++i;
			level.pop();

			// Find the final parameter if this really is the end
			if (test2 === '}}' &amp;&amp; level.length === 0) {
				findParam(true);
				break;
			}
			continue;
		}

		if (text.charAt(i) === '|' &amp;&amp; level.length === 1) {
			// Another pipe found, toplevel, so parameter coming up!
			findParam();
			current = '';
		} else if (equals === -1 &amp;&amp; text.charAt(i) === '=' &amp;&amp; level.length === 1) {
			// Equals found, toplevel
			equals = current.length;
			current += text.charAt(i);
		} else {
			// Just advance the position
			current += text.charAt(i);
		}
	}

	return result;
};

/**
 * Adjust and manipulate the wikitext of a page.
 *
 * @class
 * @memberof Morebits.wikitext
 * @param {string} text - Wikitext to be manipulated.
 */
Morebits.wikitext.page = function mediawikiPage(text) {
	this.text = text;
};

Morebits.wikitext.page.prototype = {
	text: '',

	/**
	 * Removes links to `link_target` from the page text.
	 *
	 * @param {string} link_target
	 * @returns {Morebits.wikitext.page}
	 */
	removeLink: function(link_target) {
		var mwTitle = mw.Title.newFromText(link_target);
		var namespaceID = mwTitle.getNamespaceId();
		var title = mwTitle.getMainText();

		var link_regex_string = '';
		if (namespaceID !== 0) {
			link_regex_string = Morebits.namespaceRegex(namespaceID) + ':';
		}
		link_regex_string += Morebits.pageNameRegex(title);

		// For most namespaces, unlink both [[User:Test]] and [[:User:Test]]
		// For files and categories, only unlink [[:Category:Test]]. Do not unlink [[Category:Test]]
		var isFileOrCategory = [6, 14].indexOf(namespaceID) !== -1;
		var colon = isFileOrCategory ? ':' : ':?';

		var simple_link_regex = new RegExp('\\[\\[' + colon + '(' + link_regex_string + ')\\]\\]', 'g');
		var piped_link_regex = new RegExp('\\[\\[' + colon + link_regex_string + '\\|(.+?)\\]\\]', 'g');
		this.text = this.text.replace(simple_link_regex, '$1').replace(piped_link_regex, '$1');
		return this;
	},

	/**
	 * Comments out images from page text; if used in a gallery, deletes the whole line.
	 * If used as a template argument (not necessarily with `File:` prefix), the template parameter is commented out.
	 *
	 * @param {string} image - Image name without `File:` prefix.
	 * @param {string} [reason] - Reason to be included in comment, alongside the commented-out image.
	 * @returns {Morebits.wikitext.page}
	 */
	commentOutImage: function(image, reason) {
		var unbinder = new Morebits.unbinder(this.text);
		unbinder.unbind('&lt;!--', '--&gt;');

		reason = reason ? reason + ': ' : '';
		var image_re_string = Morebits.pageNameRegex(image);

		// Check for normal image links, i.e. [[File:Foobar.png|...]]
		// Will eat the whole link
		var links_re = new RegExp('\\[\\[' + Morebits.namespaceRegex(6) + ':\\s*' + image_re_string + '\\s*[\\|(?:\\]\\])]');
		var allLinks = Morebits.string.splitWeightedByKeys(unbinder.content, '[[', ']]');
		for (var i = 0; i &lt; allLinks.length; ++i) {
			if (links_re.test(allLinks[i])) {
				var replacement = '&lt;!-- ' + reason + allLinks[i] + ' --&gt;';
				unbinder.content = unbinder.content.replace(allLinks[i], replacement);
				// unbind the newly created comments
				unbinder.unbind('&lt;!--', '--&gt;');
			}
		}

		// Check for gallery images, i.e. instances that must start on a new line,
		// eventually preceded with some space, and must include File: prefix
		// Will eat the whole line.
		var gallery_image_re = new RegExp('(^\\s*' + Morebits.namespaceRegex(6) + ':\\s*' + image_re_string + '\\s*(?:\\|.*?$|$))', 'mg');
		unbinder.content = unbinder.content.replace(gallery_image_re, '&lt;!-- ' + reason + '$1 --&gt;');

		// unbind the newly created comments
		unbinder.unbind('&lt;!--', '--&gt;');

		// Check free image usages, for example as template arguments, might have the File: prefix excluded, but must be preceded by an |
		// Will only eat the image name and the preceding bar and an eventual named parameter
		var free_image_re = new RegExp('(\\|\\s*(?:[\\w\\s]+\\=)?\\s*(?:' + Morebits.namespaceRegex(6) + ':\\s*)?' + image_re_string + ')', 'mg');
		unbinder.content = unbinder.content.replace(free_image_re, '&lt;!-- ' + reason + '$1 --&gt;');
		// Rebind the content now, we are done!
		this.text = unbinder.rebind();
		return this;
	},

	/**
	 * Converts uses of [[File:`image`]] to [[File:`image`|`data`]].
	 *
	 * @param {string} image - Image name without File: prefix.
	 * @param {string} data - The display options.
	 * @returns {Morebits.wikitext.page}
	 */
	addToImageComment: function(image, data) {
		var image_re_string = Morebits.pageNameRegex(image);
		var links_re = new RegExp('\\[\\[' + Morebits.namespaceRegex(6) + ':\\s*' + image_re_string + '\\s*[\\|(?:\\]\\])]');
		var allLinks = Morebits.string.splitWeightedByKeys(this.text, '[[', ']]');
		for (var i = 0; i &lt; allLinks.length; ++i) {
			if (links_re.test(allLinks[i])) {
				var replacement = allLinks[i];
				// just put it at the end?
				replacement = replacement.replace(/\]\]$/, '|' + data + ']]');
				this.text = this.text.replace(allLinks[i], replacement);
			}
		}
		var gallery_re = new RegExp('^(\\s*' + image_re_string + '.*?)\\|?(.*?)$', 'mg');
		var newtext = '$1|$2 ' + data;
		this.text = this.text.replace(gallery_re, newtext);
		return this;
	},

	/**
	 * Remove all transclusions of a template from page text.
	 *
	 * @param {string} template - Page name whose transclusions are to be removed,
	 * include namespace prefix only if not in template namespace.
	 * @returns {Morebits.wikitext.page}
	 */
	removeTemplate: function(template) {
		var template_re_string = Morebits.pageNameRegex(template);
		var links_re = new RegExp('\\{\\{(?:' + Morebits.namespaceRegex(10) + ':)?\\s*' + template_re_string + '\\s*[\\|(?:\\}\\})]');
		var allTemplates = Morebits.string.splitWeightedByKeys(this.text, '{{', '}}', [ '{{{', '}}}' ]);
		for (var i = 0; i &lt; allTemplates.length; ++i) {
			if (links_re.test(allTemplates[i])) {
				this.text = this.text.replace(allTemplates[i], '');
			}
		}
		return this;
	},

	/**
	 * Smartly insert a tag atop page text but after specified templates,
	 * such as hatnotes, short description, or deletion and protection templates.
	 * Notably, does *not* insert a newline after the tag.
	 *
	 * @param {string} tag - The tag to be inserted.
	 * @param {string|string[]} regex - Templates after which to insert tag,
	 * given as either as a (regex-valid) string or an array to be joined by pipes.
	 * @param {string} [flags=i] - Regex flags to apply.  `''` to provide no flags;
	 * other falsey values will default to `i`.
	 * @param {string|string[]} [preRegex] - Optional regex string or array to match
	 * before any template matches (i.e. before `{{`), such as html comments.
	 * @returns {Morebits.wikitext.page}
	 */
	insertAfterTemplates: function(tag, regex, flags, preRegex) {
		if (typeof tag === 'undefined') {
			throw new Error('No tag provided');
		}

		// .length is only a property of strings and arrays so we
		// shouldn't need to check type
		if (typeof regex === 'undefined' || !regex.length) {
			throw new Error('No regex provided');
		} else if (Array.isArray(regex)) {
			regex = regex.join('|');
		}

		if (typeof flags !== 'string') {
			flags = 'i';
		}

		if (!preRegex || !preRegex.length) {
			preRegex = '';
		} else if (Array.isArray(preRegex)) {
			preRegex = preRegex.join('|');
		}


		// Regex is extra complicated to allow for templates with
		// parameters and to handle whitespace properly
		this.text = this.text.replace(
			new RegExp(
				// leading whitespace
				'^\\s*' +
				// capture template(s)
				'(?:((?:\\s*' +
				// Pre-template regex, such as leading html comments
				preRegex + '|' +
				// begin template format
				'\\{\\{\\s*(?:' +
				// Template regex
				regex +
				// end main template name, optionally with a number
				// Probably remove the (?:) though
				')\\d*\\s*' +
				// template parameters
				'(\\|(?:\\{\\{[^{}]*\\}\\}|[^{}])*)?' +
				// end template format
				'\\}\\})+' +
				// end capture
				'(?:\\s*\\n)?)' +
				// trailing whitespace
				'\\s*)?',
				flags), '$1' + tag
		);
		return this;
	},

	/**
	 * Get the manipulated wikitext.
	 *
	 * @returns {string}
	 */
	getText: function() {
		return this.text;
	}
};


/* *********** Morebits.userspaceLogger ************ */
/**
 * Handles logging actions to a userspace log.
 * Used in CSD, PROD, and XFD.
 *
 * @memberof Morebits
 * @class
 * @param {string} logPageName - Title of the subpage of the current user's log.
 */
Morebits.userspaceLogger = function(logPageName) {
	if (!logPageName) {
		throw new Error('no log page name specified');
	}
	/**
	 * The text to prefix the log with upon creation, defaults to empty.
	 *
	 * @type {string}
	 */
	this.initialText = '';
	/**
	 * The header level to use for months, defaults to 3 (`===`).
	 *
	 * @type {number}
	 */
	this.headerLevel = 3;
	this.changeTags = '';

	/**
	 * Log the entry.
	 *
	 * @param {string} logText - Doesn't include leading `#` or `*`.
	 * @param {string} summaryText - Edit summary.
	 * @returns {JQuery.Promise}
	 */
	this.log = function(logText, summaryText) {
		var def = $.Deferred();
		if (!logText) {
			return def.reject();
		}
		var page = new Morebits.wiki.page('User:' + mw.config.get('wgUserName') + '/' + logPageName,
			wgULS('将项目加入到用户空间日志', '將項目加入到使用者空間日誌')); // make this '... to ' + logPageName ?
		page.load(function(pageobj) {
			// add blurb if log page doesn't exist or is blank
			var text = pageobj.getPageText() || this.initialText;

			// create monthly header if it doesn't exist already
			var date = new Morebits.date(pageobj.getLoadTime());
			if (!date.monthHeaderRegex().exec(text)) {
				text += '\n\n' + date.monthHeader(this.headerLevel);
			}

			pageobj.setPageText(text + '\n' + logText);
			pageobj.setEditSummary(summaryText);
			pageobj.setChangeTags(this.changeTags);
			pageobj.setCreateOption('recreate');
			pageobj.save(def.resolve, def.reject);
		}.bind(this));
		return def;
	};
};


/* **************** Morebits.status **************** */
/**
 * Create and show status messages of varying urgency.
 * {@link Morebits.status.init|Morebits.status.init()} must be called before
 * any status object is created, otherwise those statuses won't be visible.
 *
 * @memberof Morebits
 * @class
 * @param {string} text - Text before the the colon `:`.
 * @param {string} stat - Text after the colon `:`.
 * @param {string} [type=status] - Determine the font color of the status
 * line, allowable values are: `status` (blue), `info` (green), `warn` (red),
 * or `error` (bold red).
 */

Morebits.status = function Status(text, stat, type) {
	this.textRaw = text;
	this.text = Morebits.createHtml(text);
	this.type = type || 'status';
	this.generate();
	if (stat) {
		this.update(stat, type);
	}
};

/**
 * Specify an area for status message elements to be added to.
 *
 * @memberof Morebits.status
 * @param {HTMLElement} root - Usually a div element.
 * @throws If `root` is not an `HTMLElement`.
 */
Morebits.status.init = function(root) {
	if (!(root instanceof Element)) {
		throw new Error('object not an instance of Element');
	}
	while (root.hasChildNodes()) {
		root.removeChild(root.firstChild);
	}
	Morebits.status.root = root;
	Morebits.status.errorEvent = null;
};

Morebits.status.root = null;

/**
 * @memberof Morebits.status
 * @param {Function} handler - Function to execute on error.
 * @throws When `handler` is not a function.
 */
Morebits.status.onError = function(handler) {
	if (typeof handler === 'function') {
		Morebits.status.errorEvent = handler;
	} else {
		throw 'Morebits.status.onError: handler is not a function';
	}
};

Morebits.status.prototype = {
	stat: null,
	statRaw: null,
	text: null,
	textRaw: null,
	type: 'status',
	target: null,
	node: null,
	linked: false,

	/** Add the status element node to the DOM. */
	link: function() {
		if (!this.linked &amp;&amp; Morebits.status.root) {
			Morebits.status.root.appendChild(this.node);
			this.linked = true;
		}
	},

	/** Remove the status element node from the DOM. */
	unlink: function() {
		if (this.linked) {
			Morebits.status.root.removeChild(this.node);
			this.linked = false;
		}
	},

	/**
	 * Update the status.
	 *
	 * @param {string} status - Part of status message after colon.
	 * @param {string} type - 'status' (blue), 'info' (green), 'warn'
	 * (red), or 'error' (bold red).
	 */
	update: function(status, type) {
		this.statRaw = status;
		this.stat = Morebits.createHtml(status);
		if (type) {
			this.type = type;
			if (type === 'error') {
				// hack to force the page not to reload when an error is output - see also Morebits.status() above
				Morebits.wiki.numberOfActionsLeft = 1000;

				// call error callback
				if (Morebits.status.errorEvent) {
					Morebits.status.errorEvent();
				}

				// also log error messages in the browser console
				console.error(this.textRaw + ': ' + this.statRaw); // eslint-disable-line no-console
			}
		}
		this.render();
	},

	/** Produce the html for first part of the status message. */
	generate: function() {
		this.node = document.createElement('div');
		this.node.appendChild(document.createElement('span')).appendChild(this.text);
		this.node.appendChild(document.createElement('span')).appendChild(document.createTextNode(': '));
		this.target = this.node.appendChild(document.createElement('span'));
		this.target.appendChild(document.createTextNode('')); // dummy node
	},

	/** Complete the html, for the second part of the status message. */
	render: function() {
		this.node.className = 'morebits_status_' + this.type;
		while (this.target.hasChildNodes()) {
			this.target.removeChild(this.target.firstChild);
		}
		this.target.appendChild(this.stat);
		this.link();
	},
	status: function(status) {
		this.update(status, 'status');
	},
	info: function(status) {
		this.update(status, 'info');
	},
	warn: function(status) {
		this.update(status, 'warn');
	},
	error: function(status) {
		this.update(status, 'error');
	}
};
/**
 * @memberof Morebits.status
 * @param {string} text - Before colon
 * @param {string} status - After colon
 * @returns {Morebits.status} - `status`-type (blue)
 */
Morebits.status.status = function(text, status) {
	return new Morebits.status(text, status);
};
/**
 * @memberof Morebits.status
 * @param {string} text - Before colon
 * @param {string} status - After colon
 * @returns {Morebits.status} - `info`-type (green)
 */
Morebits.status.info = function(text, status) {
	return new Morebits.status(text, status, 'info');
};
/**
 * @memberof Morebits.status
 * @param {string} text - Before colon
 * @param {string} status - After colon
 * @returns {Morebits.status} - `warn`-type (red)
 */
Morebits.status.warn = function(text, status) {
	return new Morebits.status(text, status, 'warn');
};
/**
 * @memberof Morebits.status
 * @param {string} text - Before colon
 * @param {string} status - After colon
 * @returns {Morebits.status} - `error`-type (bold red)
 */
Morebits.status.error = function(text, status) {
	return new Morebits.status(text, status, 'error');
};

/**
 * For the action complete message at the end, create a status line without
 * a colon separator.
 *
 * @memberof Morebits.status
 * @param {string} text
 */
Morebits.status.actionCompleted = function(text) {
	var node = document.createElement('div');
	node.appendChild(document.createElement('b')).appendChild(document.createTextNode(text));
	node.className = 'morebits_status_info morebits_action_complete';
	if (Morebits.status.root) {
		Morebits.status.root.appendChild(node);
	}
};

/**
 * Display the user's rationale, comments, etc. Back to them after a failure,
 * so that they may re-use it.
 *
 * @memberof Morebits.status
 * @param {string} comments
 * @param {string} message
 */
Morebits.status.printUserText = function(comments, message) {
	var p = document.createElement('p');
	p.innerHTML = message;
	var div = document.createElement('div');
	div.className = 'toccolours';
	div.style.marginTop = '0';
	div.style.whiteSpace = 'pre-wrap';
	div.textContent = comments;
	p.appendChild(div);
	Morebits.status.root.appendChild(p);
};


/**
 * Simple helper function to create a simple node.
 *
 * @param {string} type - Type of HTML element.
 * @param {string} content - Text content.
 * @param {string} [color] - Font color.
 * @returns {HTMLElement}
 */
Morebits.htmlNode = function (type, content, color) {
	var node = document.createElement(type);
	if (color) {
		node.style.color = color;
	}
	node.appendChild(document.createTextNode(content));
	return node;
};


/**
 * Add shift-click support for checkboxes. The wikibits version
 * (`window.addCheckboxClickHandlers`) has some restrictions, and doesn't work
 * with checkboxes inside a sortable table, so let's build our own.
 *
 * @param jQuerySelector
 * @param jQueryContext
 */
Morebits.checkboxShiftClickSupport = function (jQuerySelector, jQueryContext) {
	var lastCheckbox = null;

	function clickHandler(event) {
		var thisCb = this;
		if (event.shiftKey &amp;&amp; lastCheckbox !== null) {
			var cbs = $(jQuerySelector, jQueryContext); // can't cache them, obviously, if we want to support resorting
			var index = -1, lastIndex = -1, i;
			for (i = 0; i &lt; cbs.length; i++) {
				if (cbs[i] === thisCb) {
					index = i;
					if (lastIndex &gt; -1) {
						break;
					}
				}
				if (cbs[i] === lastCheckbox) {
					lastIndex = i;
					if (index &gt; -1) {
						break;
					}
				}
			}

			if (index &gt; -1 &amp;&amp; lastIndex &gt; -1) {
				// inspired by wikibits
				var endState = thisCb.checked;
				var start, finish;
				if (index &lt; lastIndex) {
					start = index + 1;
					finish = lastIndex;
				} else {
					start = lastIndex;
					finish = index - 1;
				}

				for (i = start; i &lt;= finish; i++) {
					if (cbs[i].checked !== endState) {
						cbs[i].click();
					}
				}
			}
		}
		lastCheckbox = thisCb;
		return true;
	}

	$(jQuerySelector, jQueryContext).click(clickHandler);
};


/* **************** Morebits.batchOperation **************** */
/**
 * Iterates over a group of pages (or arbitrary objects) and executes a worker function
 * for each.
 *
 * `setPageList(pageList)`: Sets the list of pages to work on. It should be an
 * array of page names strings.
 *
 * `setOption(optionName, optionValue)`: Sets a known option:
 * - `chunkSize` (integer): The size of chunks to break the array into (default
 * 50). Setting this to a small value (&lt;5) can cause problems.
 * - `preserveIndividualStatusLines` (boolean): Keep each page's status element
 * visible when worker is complete? See note below.
 *
 * `run(worker, postFinish)`: Runs the callback `worker` for each page in the
 * list.  The callback must call `workerSuccess` when succeeding, or
 * `workerFailure` when failing.  If using {@link Morebits.wiki.api} or
 * {@link Morebits.wiki.page}, this is easily done by passing these two
 * functions as parameters to the methods on those objects: for instance,
 * `page.save(batchOp.workerSuccess, batchOp.workerFailure)`.  Make sure the
 * methods are called directly if special success/failure cases arise.  If you
 * omit to call these methods, the batch operation will stall after the first
 * chunk!  Also ensure that either workerSuccess or workerFailure is called no
 * more than once.  The second callback `postFinish` is executed when the
 * entire batch has been processed.
 *
 * If using `preserveIndividualStatusLines`, you should try to ensure that the
 * `workerSuccess` callback has access to the page title.  This is no problem for
 * {@link Morebits.wiki.page} objects.  But when using the API, please set the
 * |pageName| property on the {@link Morebits.wiki.api} object.
 *
 * There are sample batchOperation implementations using Morebits.wiki.page in
 * twinklebatchdelete.js, twinklebatchundelete.js, and twinklebatchprotect.js.
 *
 * @memberof Morebits
 * @class
 * @param {string} [currentAction]
 */
Morebits.batchOperation = function(currentAction) {
	var ctx = {
		// backing fields for public properties
		pageList: null,
		options: {
			chunkSize: 50,
			preserveIndividualStatusLines: false
		},

		// internal counters, etc.
		statusElement: new Morebits.status(currentAction || wgULS('执行批量操作', '執行批次操作')),
		worker: null, // function that executes for each item in pageList
		postFinish: null, // function that executes when the whole batch has been processed
		countStarted: 0,
		countFinished: 0,
		countFinishedSuccess: 0,
		currentChunkIndex: -1,
		pageChunks: [],
		running: false
	};

	// shouldn't be needed by external users, but provided anyway for maximum flexibility
	this.getStatusElement = function() {
		return ctx.statusElement;
	};

	/**
	 * Sets the list of pages to work on.
	 *
	 * @param {Array} pageList - Array of objects over which you wish to execute the worker function
	 * This is usually the list of page names (strings).
	 */
	this.setPageList = function(pageList) {
		ctx.pageList = pageList;
	};

	/**
	 * Sets a known option.
	 *
	 * @param {string} optionName - Name of the option:
	 * - chunkSize (integer): The size of chunks to break the array into
	 * (default 50). Setting this to a small value (&lt;5) can cause problems.
	 * - preserveIndividualStatusLines (boolean): Keep each page's status
	 * element visible when worker is complete?
	 * @param {number|boolean} optionValue - Value to which the option is
	 * to be set. Should be an integer for chunkSize and a boolean for
	 * preserveIndividualStatusLines.
	 */
	this.setOption = function(optionName, optionValue) {
		ctx.options[optionName] = optionValue;
	};

	/**
	 * Runs the first callback for each page in the list.
	 * The callback must call workerSuccess when succeeding, or workerFailure when failing.
	 * Runs the optional second callback when the whole batch has been processed.
	 *
	 * @param {Function} worker
	 * @param {Function} [postFinish]
	 */
	this.run = function(worker, postFinish) {
		if (ctx.running) {
			ctx.statusElement.error(wgULS('批量操作已在运行', '批次操作已在執行'));
			return;
		}
		ctx.running = true;

		ctx.worker = worker;
		ctx.postFinish = postFinish;
		ctx.countStarted = 0;
		ctx.countFinished = 0;
		ctx.countFinishedSuccess = 0;
		ctx.currentChunkIndex = -1;
		ctx.pageChunks = [];

		var total = ctx.pageList.length;
		if (!total) {
			ctx.statusElement.info(wgULS('没有指定页面', '沒有指定頁面'));
			ctx.running = false;
			if (ctx.postFinish) {
				ctx.postFinish();
			}
			return;
		}

		// chunk page list into more manageable units
		ctx.pageChunks = Morebits.array.chunk(ctx.pageList, ctx.options.chunkSize);

		// start the process
		Morebits.wiki.addCheckpoint();
		ctx.statusElement.status('0%');
		fnStartNewChunk();
	};

	/**
	 * To be called by worker before it terminates successfully.
	 *
	 * @param {(Morebits.wiki.page|Morebits.wiki.api|string)} arg -
	 * This should be the `Morebits.wiki.page` or `Morebits.wiki.api` object used by worker
	 * (for the adjustment of status lines emitted by them).
	 * If no Morebits.wiki.* object is used (e.g. you're using `mw.Api()` or something else), and
	 * `preserveIndividualStatusLines` option is on, give the page name (string) as argument.
	 */
	this.workerSuccess = function(arg) {

		if (arg instanceof Morebits.wiki.api || arg instanceof Morebits.wiki.page) {
			// update or remove status line
			var statelem = arg.getStatusElement();
			if (ctx.options.preserveIndividualStatusLines) {
				if (arg.getPageName || arg.pageName || (arg.query &amp;&amp; arg.query.title)) {
					// we know the page title - display a relevant message
					var pageName = arg.getPageName ? arg.getPageName() : arg.pageName || arg.query.title;
					statelem.info('完成（[[' + pageName + ']]）');
				} else {
					// we don't know the page title - just display a generic message
					statelem.info('完成');
				}
			} else {
				// remove the status line automatically produced by Morebits.wiki.*
				statelem.unlink();
			}

		} else if (typeof arg === 'string' &amp;&amp; ctx.options.preserveIndividualStatusLines) {
			new Morebits.status(arg, '完成（[[' + arg + ']]）');
		}

		ctx.countFinishedSuccess++;
		fnDoneOne();
	};

	this.workerFailure = function() {
		fnDoneOne();
	};

	// private functions

	var thisProxy = this;

	var fnStartNewChunk = function() {
		var chunk = ctx.pageChunks[++ctx.currentChunkIndex];
		if (!chunk) {
			return;  // done! yay
		}

		// start workers for the current chunk
		ctx.countStarted += chunk.length;
		chunk.forEach(function(page) {
			ctx.worker(page, thisProxy);
		});
	};

	var fnDoneOne = function() {
		ctx.countFinished++;

		// update overall status line
		var total = ctx.pageList.length;
		if (ctx.countFinished &lt; total) {
			var progress = Math.round(100 * ctx.countFinished / total);
			ctx.statusElement.status(progress + '%');

			// start a new chunk if we're close enough to the end of the previous chunk, and
			// we haven't already started the next one
			if (ctx.countFinished &gt;= (ctx.countStarted - Math.max(ctx.options.chunkSize / 10, 2)) &amp;&amp;
				Math.floor(ctx.countFinished / ctx.options.chunkSize) &gt; ctx.currentChunkIndex) {
				fnStartNewChunk();
			}
		} else if (ctx.countFinished === total) {
			var statusString = '完成（' + ctx.countFinishedSuccess +
				'/' + ctx.countFinished + '操作成功完成）';
			if (ctx.countFinishedSuccess &lt; ctx.countFinished) {
				ctx.statusElement.warn(statusString);
			} else {
				ctx.statusElement.info(statusString);
			}
			if (ctx.postFinish) {
				ctx.postFinish();
			}
			Morebits.wiki.removeCheckpoint();
			ctx.running = false;
		} else {
			// ctx.countFinished &gt; total
			// just for giggles! (well, serious debugging, actually)
			ctx.statusElement.warn(wgULS('完成（多执行了', '完成（多執行了') + (ctx.countFinished - total) + '次）');
			Morebits.wiki.removeCheckpoint();
			ctx.running = false;
		}
	};
};

/**
 * Given a set of asynchronous functions to run along with their dependencies,
 * run them in an efficient sequence so that multiple functions
 * that don't depend on each other are triggered simultaneously. Where
 * dependencies exist, it ensures that the dependency functions finish running
 * before the dependent function runs. The values resolved by the dependencies
 * are made available to the dependant as arguments.
 *
 * @memberof Morebits
 * @class
 */
Morebits.taskManager = function(context) {
	this.taskDependencyMap = new Map();
	this.failureCallbackMap = new Map();
	this.deferreds = new Map();
	this.allDeferreds = []; // Hack: IE doesn't support Map.prototype.values
	this.context = context || window;

	/**
	 * Register a task along with its dependencies (tasks which should have finished
	 * execution before we can begin this one). Each task is a function that must return
	 * a promise. The function will get the values resolved by the dependency functions
	 * as arguments.
	 *
	 * @param {Function} func - A task.
	 * @param {Function[]} deps - Its dependencies.
	 * @param {Function} [onFailure] - a failure callback that's run if the task or any one
	 * of its dependencies fail.
	 */
	this.add = function(func, deps, onFailure) {
		this.taskDependencyMap.set(func, deps);
		this.failureCallbackMap.set(func, onFailure || function() {});
		var deferred = $.Deferred();
		this.deferreds.set(func, deferred);
		this.allDeferreds.push(deferred);
	};

	/**
	 * Run all the tasks. Multiple tasks may be run at once.
	 *
	 * @returns {jQuery.Promise} - Resolved if all tasks succeed, rejected otherwise.
	 */
	this.execute = function() {
		var self = this; // proxy for `this` for use inside functions where `this` is something else
		this.taskDependencyMap.forEach(function(deps, task) {
			var dependencyPromisesArray = deps.map(function(dep) {
				return self.deferreds.get(dep);
			});
			$.when.apply(self.context, dependencyPromisesArray).then(function() {
				var result = task.apply(self.context, arguments);
				if (result === undefined) { // maybe the function threw, or it didn't return anything
					mw.log.error('Morebits.taskManager: task returned undefined');
					self.deferreds.get(task).reject.apply(self.context, arguments);
					self.failureCallbackMap.get(task).apply(self.context, []);
				}
				result.then(function() {
					self.deferreds.get(task).resolve.apply(self.context, arguments);
				}, function() { // task failed
					self.deferreds.get(task).reject.apply(self.context, arguments);
					self.failureCallbackMap.get(task).apply(self.context, arguments);
				});
			}, function() { // one or more of the dependencies failed
				self.failureCallbackMap.get(task).apply(self.context, arguments);
			});
		});
		return $.when.apply(null, this.allDeferreds); // resolved when everything is done!
	};

};

/**
 * A simple draggable window, now a wrapper for jQuery UI's dialog feature.
 *
 * @memberof Morebits
 * @class
 * @requires jquery.ui.dialog
 * @param {number} width
 * @param {number} height - The maximum allowable height for the content area.
 */
Morebits.simpleWindow = function SimpleWindow(width, height) {
	var content = document.createElement('div');
	this.content = content;
	content.className = 'morebits-dialog-content';
	content.id = 'morebits-dialog-content-' + Math.round(Math.random() * 1e15);

	this.height = height;

	$(this.content).dialog({
		autoOpen: false,
		buttons: { 'Placeholder button': function() {} },
		dialogClass: 'morebits-dialog',
		width: Math.min(parseInt(window.innerWidth, 10), parseInt(width ? width : 800, 10)),
		// give jQuery the given height value (which represents the anticipated height of the dialog) here, so
		// it can position the dialog appropriately
		// the 20 pixels represents adjustment for the extra height of the jQuery dialog &quot;chrome&quot;, compared
		// to that of the old SimpleWindow
		height: height + 20,
		close: function(event) {
			// dialogs and their content can be destroyed once closed
			$(event.target).dialog('destroy').remove();
		},
		resizeStart: function() {
			this.scrollbox = $(this).find('.morebits-scrollbox')[0];
			if (this.scrollbox) {
				this.scrollbox.style.maxHeight = 'none';
			}
		},
		resizeStop: function() {
			this.scrollbox = null;
		},
		resize: function() {
			this.style.maxHeight = '';
			if (this.scrollbox) {
				this.scrollbox.style.width = '';
			}
		}
	});

	var $widget = $(this.content).dialog('widget');

	// delete the placeholder button (it's only there so the buttonpane gets created)
	$widget.find('button').each(function(key, value) {
		value.parentNode.removeChild(value);
	});

	// add container for the buttons we add, and the footer links (if any)
	var buttonspan = document.createElement('span');
	buttonspan.className = 'morebits-dialog-buttons';
	var linksspan = document.createElement('span');
	linksspan.className = 'morebits-dialog-footerlinks';
	$widget.find('.ui-dialog-buttonpane').append(buttonspan, linksspan);

	// resize the scrollbox with the dialog, if one is present
	$widget.resizable('option', 'alsoResize', '#' + this.content.id + ' .morebits-scrollbox, #' + this.content.id);
};

Morebits.simpleWindow.prototype = {
	buttons: [],
	height: 600,
	hasFooterLinks: false,
	scriptName: null,

	/**
	 * Focuses the dialog. This might work, or on the contrary, it might not.
	 *
	 * @returns {Morebits.simpleWindow}
	 */
	focus: function() {
		$(this.content).dialog('moveToTop');
		return this;
	},

	/**
	 * Closes the dialog. If this is set as an event handler, it will stop the event
	 * from doing anything more.
	 *
	 * @param {event} [event]
	 * @returns {Morebits.simpleWindow}
	 */
	close: function(event) {
		if (event) {
			event.preventDefault();
		}
		$(this.content).dialog('close');
		return this;
	},

	/**
	 * Shows the dialog. Calling display() on a dialog that has previously been closed
	 * might work, but it is not guaranteed.
	 *
	 * @returns {Morebits.simpleWindow}
	 */
	display: function() {
		if (this.scriptName) {
			var $widget = $(this.content).dialog('widget');
			$widget.find('.morebits-dialog-scriptname').remove();
			var scriptnamespan = document.createElement('span');
			scriptnamespan.className = 'morebits-dialog-scriptname';
			scriptnamespan.textContent = this.scriptName + ' \u00B7 ';  // U+00B7 MIDDLE DOT = &amp;middot;
			$widget.find('.ui-dialog-title').prepend(scriptnamespan);
		}

		var dialog = $(this.content).dialog('open');
		if (window.setupTooltips &amp;&amp; window.pg &amp;&amp; window.pg.re &amp;&amp; window.pg.re.diff) {  // tie in with NAVPOP
			dialog.parent()[0].ranSetupTooltipsAlready = false;
			window.setupTooltips(dialog.parent()[0]);
		}
		this.setHeight(this.height);  // init height algorithm
		return this;
	},

	/**
	 * Sets the dialog title.
	 *
	 * @param {string} title
	 * @returns {Morebits.simpleWindow}
	 */
	setTitle: function(title) {
		$(this.content).dialog('option', 'title', title);
		return this;
	},

	/**
	 * Sets the script name, appearing as a prefix to the title to help users determine which
	 * user script is producing which dialog. For instance, Twinkle modules set this to &quot;Twinkle&quot;.
	 *
	 * @param {string} name
	 * @returns {Morebits.simpleWindow}
	 */
	setScriptName: function(name) {
		this.scriptName = name;
		return this;
	},

	/**
	 * Sets the dialog width.
	 *
	 * @param {number} width
	 * @returns {Morebits.simpleWindow}
	 */
	setWidth: function(width) {
		$(this.content).dialog('option', 'width', width);
		return this;
	},

	/**
	 * Sets the dialog's maximum height. The dialog will auto-size to fit its contents,
	 * but the content area will grow no larger than the height given here.
	 *
	 * @param {number} height
	 * @returns {Morebits.simpleWindow}
	 */
	setHeight: function(height) {
		this.height = height;

		// from display time onwards, let the browser determine the optimum height,
		// and instead limit the height at the given value
		// note that the given height will exclude the approx. 20px that the jQuery UI
		// chrome has in height in addition to the height of an equivalent &quot;classic&quot;
		// Morebits.simpleWindow
		if (parseInt(getComputedStyle($(this.content).dialog('widget')[0], null).height, 10) &gt; window.innerHeight) {
			$(this.content).dialog('option', 'height', window.innerHeight - 2).dialog('option', 'position', 'top');
		} else {
			$(this.content).dialog('option', 'height', 'auto');
		}
		$(this.content).dialog('widget').find('.morebits-dialog-content')[0].style.maxHeight = parseInt(this.height - 30, 10) + 'px';
		return this;
	},

	/**
	 * Sets the content of the dialog to the given element node, usually from rendering
	 * a {@link Morebits.quickForm}.
	 * Re-enumerates the footer buttons, but leaves the footer links as they are.
	 * Be sure to call this at least once before the dialog is displayed...
	 *
	 * @param {HTMLElement} content
	 * @returns {Morebits.simpleWindow}
	 */
	setContent: function(content) {
		this.purgeContent();
		this.addContent(content);
		return this;
	},

	/**
	 * Adds the given element node to the dialog content.
	 *
	 * @param {HTMLElement} content
	 * @returns {Morebits.simpleWindow}
	 */
	addContent: function(content) {
		this.content.appendChild(content);

		// look for submit buttons in the content, hide them, and add a proxy button to the button pane
		var thisproxy = this;
		$(this.content).find('input[type=&quot;submit&quot;], button[type=&quot;submit&quot;]').each(function(key, value) {
			value.style.display = 'none';
			var button = document.createElement('button');
			button.textContent = value.hasAttribute('value') ? value.getAttribute('value') : value.textContent ? value.textContent : '提交';
			button.className = value.className || 'submitButtonProxy';
			// here is an instance of cheap coding, probably a memory-usage hit in using a closure here
			button.addEventListener('click', function() {
				value.click();
			}, false);
			thisproxy.buttons.push(button);
		});
		// remove all buttons from the button pane and re-add them
		if (this.buttons.length &gt; 0) {
			$(this.content).dialog('widget').find('.morebits-dialog-buttons').empty().append(this.buttons)[0].removeAttribute('data-empty');
		} else {
			$(this.content).dialog('widget').find('.morebits-dialog-buttons')[0].setAttribute('data-empty', 'data-empty');  // used by CSS
		}
		return this;
	},

	/**
	 * Removes all contents from the dialog, barring any footer links.
	 *
	 * @returns {Morebits.simpleWindow}
	 */
	purgeContent: function() {
		this.buttons = [];
		// delete all buttons in the buttonpane
		$(this.content).dialog('widget').find('.morebits-dialog-buttons').empty();

		while (this.content.hasChildNodes()) {
			this.content.removeChild(this.content.firstChild);
		}
		return this;
	},

	/**
	 * Adds a link in the bottom-right corner of the dialog.
	 * This can be used to provide help or policy links.
	 * For example, Twinkle's CSD module adds a link to the CSD policy page,
	 * as well as a link to Twinkle's documentation.
	 *
	 * @param {string} text - Display text.
	 * @param {string} wikiPage - Link target.
	 * @param {boolean} [prep=false] - Set true to prepend rather than append.
	 * @returns {Morebits.simpleWindow}
	 */
	addFooterLink: function(text, wikiPage, prep) {
		var $footerlinks = $(this.content).dialog('widget').find('.morebits-dialog-footerlinks');
		if (this.hasFooterLinks) {
			var bullet = document.createElement('span');
			bullet.textContent = ' \u2022 ';  // U+2022 BULLET
			if (prep) {
				$footerlinks.prepend(bullet);
			} else {
				$footerlinks.append(bullet);
			}
		}
		var link = document.createElement('a');
		link.setAttribute('href', mw.util.getUrl(wikiPage));
		link.setAttribute('title', wikiPage);
		link.setAttribute('target', '_blank');
		link.textContent = text;
		if (prep) {
			$footerlinks.prepend(link);
		} else {
			$footerlinks.append(link);
		}
		this.hasFooterLinks = true;
		return this;
	},

	/**
	 * Sets whether the window should be modal or not. Modal dialogs create
	 * an overlay below the dialog but above other page elements. This
	 * must be used (if necessary) before calling display().
	 *
	 * @param {boolean} [modal=false] - If set to true, other items on the
	 * page will be disabled, i.e., cannot be interacted with.
	 * @returns {Morebits.simpleWindow}
	 */
	setModality: function(modal) {
		$(this.content).dialog('option', 'modal', modal);
		return this;
	}
};

/**
 * Enables or disables all footer buttons on all {@link Morebits.simpleWindow}s in the current page.
 * This should be called with `false` when the button(s) become irrelevant (e.g. just before
 * {@link Morebits.status.init} is called).
 * This is not an instance method so that consumers don't have to keep a reference to the
 * original `Morebits.simpleWindow` object sitting around somewhere. Anyway, most of the time
 * there will only be one `Morebits.simpleWindow` open, so this shouldn't matter.
 *
 * @memberof Morebits.simpleWindow
 * @param {boolean} enabled
 */
Morebits.simpleWindow.setButtonsEnabled = function(enabled) {
	$('.morebits-dialog-buttons button').prop('disabled', !enabled);
};


}(window, document, jQuery)); // End wrap with anonymous function


/**
 * If this script is being executed outside a ResourceLoader context, we add some
 * global assignments for legacy scripts, hopefully these can be removed down the line.
 *
 * IMPORTANT NOTE:
 * PLEASE DO NOT USE THESE ALIASES IN NEW CODE!
 * Thanks.
 */

if (typeof arguments === 'undefined') {  // typeof is here for a reason...
	/* global Morebits */
	window.SimpleWindow = Morebits.simpleWindow;
	window.QuickForm = Morebits.quickForm;
	window.Wikipedia = Morebits.wiki;
	window.Status = Morebits.status;
}

// &lt;/nowiki&gt;</text>
      <sha1>i166mtdmac5laukg41tzjwu8cxw3i0s</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:JohanahoJ/sandbox.css</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>112884</id>
    <revision>
      <id>540483</id>
      <parentid>540157</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-28T09:31:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JohanahoJ</username>
        <id>37147</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>css</model>
      <format>text/css</format>
      <text bytes="176" xml:space="preserve">
a:link {
    color: #0645ad !important; /* default: #36c */
}
a:visited {
    color: #0b0080 !important; /* default: #795cb2 */
}
a:new {
    background: #ffdddd !important;
}</text>
      <sha1>18ekp8vba4fpl4amdlvagth2gdj9nwp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>540485</id>
      <parentid>540483</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-28T09:34:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JohanahoJ</username>
        <id>37147</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>css</model>
      <format>text/css</format>
      <text bytes="286" xml:space="preserve">/* CSS till getToTheBottomOfThis.js */

.scriptcss-gettothebottomofthis {
    width: 75px;
    height: 70px;
    background-repeat: no-repeat;
    background-position: center bottom;
    background-size: 50px;
    filter: opacity(5%);
    position: fixed;
    right: 0;
    bottom: 0;
}</text>
      <sha1>0pr5i5qokw7gccf7axjlh9101789v3s</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>540504</id>
      <parentid>540485</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-28T10:58:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JohanahoJ</username>
        <id>37147</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>css</model>
      <format>text/css</format>
      <text bytes="231" xml:space="preserve">
.scriptcss-test {
    width: 20px;
    height: 70px;
    background-repeat: no-repeat;
    background-position: center bottom;
    background-size: 20px;
    filter: opacity(5%);
    position: fixed;
    left: 0;
    top: 250px;
}</text>
      <sha1>5ffhd7h3yqatk72hnaa0pdlhhjgf6k0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>540506</id>
      <parentid>540504</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-28T11:00:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JohanahoJ</username>
        <id>37147</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>css</model>
      <format>text/css</format>
      <text bytes="225" xml:space="preserve">
.scriptcss-test {
    width: 30px;
    height: 50px;
    background-repeat: no-repeat;
    background-position: center;
    background-size: 20px;
    filter: opacity(50%);
    position: fixed;
    left: 0;
    top: 100px;
}</text>
      <sha1>h1h3z9kixqbqdkiugnyiia2kjld20pv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>540507</id>
      <parentid>540506</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-28T11:01:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JohanahoJ</username>
        <id>37147</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>css</model>
      <format>text/css</format>
      <text bytes="225" xml:space="preserve">
.scriptcss-test {
    width: 20px;
    height: 20px;
    background-repeat: no-repeat;
    background-position: center;
    background-size: 20px;
    filter: opacity(50%);
    position: fixed;
    left: 0;
    top: 100px;
}</text>
      <sha1>ppol1bzc6i6siuswpwxbxz3q749fiqc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>540508</id>
      <parentid>540507</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-28T11:02:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JohanahoJ</username>
        <id>37147</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>css</model>
      <format>text/css</format>
      <text bytes="225" xml:space="preserve">
.scriptcss-test {
    width: 30px;
    height: 30px;
    background-repeat: no-repeat;
    background-position: center;
    background-size: 25px;
    filter: opacity(50%);
    position: fixed;
    left: 0;
    top: 100px;
}</text>
      <sha1>b7h5nlhbb6sh287e2bexjo70xm6z0ss</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>540509</id>
      <parentid>540508</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-28T11:04:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JohanahoJ</username>
        <id>37147</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>css</model>
      <format>text/css</format>
      <text bytes="225" xml:space="preserve">
.scriptcss-test {
    width: 30px;
    height: 30px;
    background-repeat: no-repeat;
    background-position: center;
    background-size: 20px;
    filter: opacity(30%);
    position: fixed;
    left: 0;
    top: 110px;
}</text>
      <sha1>mpcjv0lf56uwlaoydx4y12g3uo1gfzh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:JohanahoJ/sandbox.js</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>112889</id>
    <revision>
      <id>540482</id>
      <parentid>540062</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-28T09:28:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JohanahoJ</username>
        <id>37147</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replaced content with &quot;function main() { 	'use strict';    }  if ( document.readyState === 'loading' ) {     document.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', main ); } else {     main(); }&quot;</comment>
      <model>javascript</model>
      <format>text/javascript</format>
      <text bytes="163" xml:space="preserve">function main() {
	'use strict';


}

if ( document.readyState === 'loading' ) {
    document.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', main );
} else {
    main();
}</text>
      <sha1>jntrlgdoz09dczyebfthrc10a62rte4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>540484</id>
      <parentid>540482</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-28T09:34:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JohanahoJ</username>
        <id>37147</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>javascript</model>
      <format>text/javascript</format>
      <text bytes="1010" xml:space="preserve">/* Skapar i skärmens nedre högra hörn en länk till sidfoten */

function main() {
	'use strict';
    var bodyElement = document.getElementsByTagName( 'body' )[0];
    if ( !bodyElement ) return;
    if ( !document.getElementById( 'footer' ) ) {
        var footerElement = document
            .getElementsByClassName( 'mw-footer' )[0];
        if ( footerElement ) {
            footerElement.setAttribute( 'id', 'footer' );
        }
    }
    mw.loader.using( 'oojs-ui.styles.icons-movement', function() {
        var aLink = document.createElement( 'a' );
        bodyElement.appendChild( aLink );
        aLink.setAttribute( 'id', 'scriptid-gettothebottomofthis' );
        aLink.setAttribute( 'href', '#footer' );
        aLink.classList.add(
            'mw-ui-icon',
            'oo-ui-icon-downTriangle',
            'scriptcss-gettothebottomofthis'
        );
    } );
}

if ( document.readyState === 'loading' ) {
    document.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', main );
} else {
    main();
}</text>
      <sha1>7u2w1u7qepc04hg6y4qlbhjfpa3f9mj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>540505</id>
      <parentid>540484</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-28T10:58:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JohanahoJ</username>
        <id>37147</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>javascript</model>
      <format>text/javascript</format>
      <text bytes="968" xml:space="preserve">/* Skapar i skärmens nedre högra hörn en länk till sidfoten */

function main() {
	'use strict';
    var bodyElement = document.getElementsByTagName( 'body' )[0];
    if ( !bodyElement ) return;
    if ( !document.getElementById( 'footer' ) ) {
        var footerElement = document
            .getElementsByClassName( 'mw-footer' )[0];
        if ( footerElement ) {
            footerElement.setAttribute( 'id', 'footer' );
        }
    }
    mw.loader.using( 'oojs-ui.styles.icons-layout', function() {
        var aLink = document.createElement( 'a' );
        bodyElement.appendChild( aLink );
        aLink.setAttribute( 'id', 'scriptid-test' );
        aLink.setAttribute( 'href', '#footer' );
        aLink.classList.add(
            'mw-ui-icon',
            'oo-ui-icon-menu',
            'scriptcss-test'
        );
    } );
}

if ( document.readyState === 'loading' ) {
    document.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', main );
} else {
    main();
}</text>
      <sha1>n05arcex4kiyprz9kuy5t2a8ricikxy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>540510</id>
      <parentid>540505</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-28T11:14:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JohanahoJ</username>
        <id>37147</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>javascript</model>
      <format>text/javascript</format>
      <text bytes="715" xml:space="preserve">/* Skapar i skärmens nedre högra hörn en länk till sidfoten */

function main() {
	'use strict';
    var bodyElement = document.getElementsByTagName( 'body' )[0];
    if ( !bodyElement ) return;
    mw.loader.using( 'oojs-ui.styles.icons-layout', function() {
        var aLink = document.createElement( 'a' );
        bodyElement.appendChild( aLink );
        aLink.setAttribute( 'id', 'scriptid-test' );
        aLink.setAttribute( 'href', '#' );
        aLink.classList.add(
            'mw-ui-icon',
            'oo-ui-icon-menu',
            'scriptcss-test'
        );
    } );
}

if ( document.readyState === 'loading' ) {
    document.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', main );
} else {
    main();
}</text>
      <sha1>co2dclrfycf5vijp6yp4plgjj5z9u7b</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>540511</id>
      <parentid>540510</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-28T11:27:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JohanahoJ</username>
        <id>37147</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>javascript</model>
      <format>text/javascript</format>
      <text bytes="1198" xml:space="preserve">/* Skapar i skärmens nedre högra hörn en länk till sidfoten */

function main() {
	'use strict';

  mw.loader.using( [
      'mediawiki.widgets',
      'oojs-ui-core',
      'oojs-ui-windows',
  ], function() {

    // Popup-dialog
    function confirmLogOut( e ) {
        e.preventDefault();
        OO.ui.confirm( 'OMG! Really?' )
            .done( function ( confirmed ) {
            if ( confirmed ) {
                window.location.assign( 
                    '#' );
            }
        } );
    }

    var bodyElement = document.getElementsByTagName( 'body' )[0];
    if ( !bodyElement ) return;
    mw.loader.using( 'oojs-ui.styles.icons-layout', function() {
        var aLink = document.createElement( 'a' );
        bodyElement.appendChild( aLink );
        aLink.setAttribute( 'id', 'scriptid-test' );
        aLink.setAttribute( 'href', '#' );
        aLink.classList.add(
            'mw-ui-icon',
            'oo-ui-icon-menu',
            'scriptcss-test'
        );
    } );

    aLink.addEventListener( 'click', function () {

    } );
  } );
}

if ( document.readyState === 'loading' ) {
    document.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', main );
} else {
    main();
}</text>
      <sha1>1ujea924kjxgql89trwj1yk7bd7l25m</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>540512</id>
      <parentid>540511</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-28T11:30:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JohanahoJ</username>
        <id>37147</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>javascript</model>
      <format>text/javascript</format>
      <text bytes="1196" xml:space="preserve">/* Skapar i skärmens nedre högra hörn en länk till sidfoten */

function main() {
	'use strict';

  mw.loader.using( [
      'mediawiki.widgets',
      'oojs-ui-core',
      'oojs-ui-windows',
  ], function() {

    // Popup-dialog
    function popupconfirm( e ) {
        e.preventDefault();
        OO.ui.confirm( 'OMG! Really?' )
            .done( function ( confirmed ) {
            if ( confirmed ) {
                window.location.assign( 
                    '#' );
            }
        } );
    }

    var bodyElement = document.getElementsByTagName( 'body' )[0];
    if ( !bodyElement ) return;
    mw.loader.using( 'oojs-ui.styles.icons-layout', function() {
        var aLink = document.createElement( 'a' );
        bodyElement.appendChild( aLink );
        aLink.setAttribute( 'id', 'scriptid-test' );
        aLink.setAttribute( 'href', '#' );
        aLink.classList.add(
            'mw-ui-icon',
            'oo-ui-icon-menu',
            'scriptcss-test'
        );
    } );

    aLink.addEventListener( 'click', popupconfirm, false );
  } );
}

if ( document.readyState === 'loading' ) {
    document.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', main );
} else {
    main();
}</text>
      <sha1>2odpec9egfy2ya5qarejyn3xbiqxk35</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>540514</id>
      <parentid>540512</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-28T11:37:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JohanahoJ</username>
        <id>37147</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>javascript</model>
      <format>text/javascript</format>
      <text bytes="1219" xml:space="preserve">/* Skapar i skärmens nedre högra hörn en länk till sidfoten */

function main() {
	'use strict';

  mw.loader.using( [
      'mediawiki.widgets',
      'oojs-ui-core',
      'oojs-ui-windows',
  ], function() {

    // Popup-dialog
    function popupconfirm( e ) {
        e.preventDefault();
        OO.ui.confirm( 'OMG! Really?' )
            .done( function ( confirmed ) {
            if ( confirmed ) {
                window.location.assign( 
                    '/wiki/Special:Userlogout' );
            }
        } );
    }

    var bodyElement = document.getElementsByTagName( 'body' )[0];
    if ( !bodyElement ) return;
    mw.loader.using( 'oojs-ui.styles.icons-layout', function() {
        var aLink = document.createElement( 'a' );
        bodyElement.appendChild( aLink );
        aLink.setAttribute( 'id', 'scriptid-test' );
        aLink.setAttribute( 'href', '#' );
        aLink.classList.add(
            'mw-ui-icon',
            'oo-ui-icon-menu',
            'scriptcss-test'
        );
    } );

    aLink.addEventListener( 'click', popupconfirm, false );
  } );
}

if ( document.readyState === 'loading' ) {
    document.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', main );
} else {
    main();
}</text>
      <sha1>lf8vpunekeo6nrzkarsn4zcg7dusx0j</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>540515</id>
      <parentid>540514</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-28T11:41:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JohanahoJ</username>
        <id>37147</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>javascript</model>
      <format>text/javascript</format>
      <text bytes="1218" xml:space="preserve">/* Skapar i skärmens nedre högra hörn en länk till sidfoten */

function main() {
	'use strict';

  mw.loader.using( [
      'mediawiki.widgets',
      'oojs-ui-core',
      'oojs-ui-windows'
  ], function() {

    // Popup-dialog
    function popupconfirm( e ) {
        e.preventDefault();
        OO.ui.confirm( 'OMG! Really?' )
            .done( function ( confirmed ) {
            if ( confirmed ) {
                window.location.assign( 
                    '/wiki/Special:Userlogout' );
            }
        } );
    }

    var bodyElement = document.getElementsByTagName( 'body' )[0];
    if ( !bodyElement ) return;
    mw.loader.using( 'oojs-ui.styles.icons-layout', function() {
        var aLink = document.createElement( 'a' );
        bodyElement.appendChild( aLink );
        aLink.setAttribute( 'id', 'scriptid-test' );
        aLink.setAttribute( 'href', '#' );
        aLink.classList.add(
            'mw-ui-icon',
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    <title>2012 Egyptian presidential election</title>
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      <text bytes="93164" xml:space="preserve">{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2012 Egyptian presidential election
| country = Egypt
| type = presidential
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 2005 Egyptian presidential election
| previous_year = 2005
| next_election = 2014 Egyptian presidential election
| next_year = 2014
| election_date = 23–24 May 2012 (first round)&lt;br&gt;16–17 June 2012 (second round)
| nominee1 = '''[[Mohamed Morsi]]'''
| image1 = [[File:Mohamed Morsi-05-2013.jpg|150x150px]]
| party1 = Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)
| popular_vote1 = '''13,230,131'''
| percentage1 = '''51.73%'''
| nominee2 = [[Ahmed Shafik]]
| image2 = [[File:Noimage.png|150x110px]]
| party2 = Independent (politician)
| popular_vote2 = 12,347,380
| percentage2 = 48.27%
| title = Head of state
| before_election = [[Mohamed Hussein Tantawi]] &lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;''Chairman of the [[Supreme Council of the Armed Forces of Egypt|Military Council]]''&lt;/small&gt;
| before_party = Nonpartisan
| after_election = [[Mohamed Morsi]]
| after_party = Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)
| map_image = [[File:Egypt-presidential-elections-2012-map.png|250px]]
| map_size = 300px
| map_caption = {{Legend|#ed1c24|[[Mohamed Morsi]]}} {{Legend|#3f48cc|[[Ahmed Shafik]]}}
}}{{Politics of Egypt}}

A '''presidential election''' was held in [[Egypt]] in two rounds, the first on 23 and 24 May 2012 and the second on 16 and 17 June. The [[Muslim Brotherhood]] declared early 18 June 2012, that its candidate, [[Mohamed Morsi]], won Egypt's presidential election, which would be the first victory of an [[Islamist]] as head of state in the [[Arab world]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=El Deeb and Keath|first=Sarah and Lee|title=Islamist claims victory in Egypt president vote|url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/M/ML_EGYPT?SITE=AP&amp;SECTION=HOME&amp;TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&amp;CTIME=2012-06-17-23-11-03|work=Associated Press|accessdate=18 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was the second presidential election in Egypt's history with more than one candidate, following the [[2005 Egyptian presidential election|2005 election]], and the first presidential election after the [[2011 Egyptian revolution]] which ousted president [[Hosni Mubarak]], during the [[Arab Spring]]. However, Morsi's presidency was brief and short-lived, and he later faced [[June 2013 Egyptian protests|massive protests for and against his rule]], only to be ousted in a [[2013 Egyptian coup d'état|military coup]] in July that year.

In the first round, with a voter turnout of 46%, the results were split between five major candidates: Mohamed Morsi (25%), [[Ahmed Shafik]] (24%), [[Hamdeen Sabahi]] (21%), [[Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh]] (17%), and [[Amr Moussa]] (11%), while the remaining 2% were split between several smaller candidates. The elections set the stage for the divisions that were to follow, along sharia and secular lines, and those opposed to and those supporting the former political elite. Islamist candidates Morsi and Fotouh won roughly 42% of the vote, while the remaining three secular candidates won 56% of the vote. Candidates Shafik and Moussa held positions under the Mubarak regime and won 35% of the vote, while Sabahi was a prominent dissident during the Sadat and Mubarak regimes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Mursi-Shafiq presidential showdown puts Egypt revolutionaries in pickle|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/36/122/42896/Presidential-elections-/Presidential-elections-news/MursiShafiq-presidential-showdown-puts-Egypt-revol.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Following the second round, with a voter turnout of 52%, on 24 June 2012, [[Egypt]]'s election commission announced that [[Muslim Brotherhood]] candidate Mohamed Morsi had won Egypt's presidential elections. Morsi won by a narrow margin over [[Ahmed Shafik]], the final prime minister under deposed President [[Hosni Mubarak]]. The commission said Morsi took 51.7% of the vote versus 48.3% for Shafik.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fox News.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Muslim Brotherhood candidate Morsi wins Egyptian presidential election|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/06/24/egypt-braces-for-announcement-president/|publisher=Fox News.com|accessdate=24 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Morsi was sworn in on 30 June 2012.

==Rules==
The rules for the election were released on 30 January 2012. Candidates had to be born in Egypt to [[Egyptian nationality law|Egyptian parents]], may not have held dual nationality and may not have been married to a foreigner. To be nominated, they required the support of 30 Members of Parliament or 30,000 voters.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16785829 |work=BBC News | title=Egypt sets presidential election rules | date=30 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the electoral committee, the formal registration process for candidates started on 10 March&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/33870/Egypt/Politics-/Official-Presidential-candidacy-registration-proce.aspx |title=Official: Presidential candidacy registration process to begin 10 March |publisher=Ahram Online |date=6 February 2012 |accessdate=11 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; and ended on 8 April 2012 at 2&amp;nbsp;pm.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.eg/images/docs/Schedule.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=8 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120425030248/https://www.elections.eg/images/docs/Schedule.pdf |archivedate=25 April 2012  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Qualified candidates==
{{prose|section|date=May 2012}}
[[File:Egypt ballot Paper, first round 2012.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Ballot Paper, First round]]

23 candidates officially registered to contest the elections.&lt;ref name=official_candidates&gt;{{cite web|title=المتقدمون للترشح لرئاسة جمهورية مصر العربية 2012|url=https://www.elections.eg/index.php/candidacy/applicants|publisher=Election comity|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505151311/https://www.elections.eg/index.php/candidacy/applicants|archivedate=5 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Supreme Presidential Electoral Commission (SPEC) was expected to release the list of candidates who fulfil the legal requirements and are eligible for the presidency on 26 April.&lt;ref name=&quot;ahram2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/36/122/39086/Presidential-elections-/Presidential-elections-news/Court-presses-ministry-to-verify-nationality-of-Ab.aspx |title=Court presses ministry to issue certificate showing Abu-Ismail's mother only held Egyptian nationality |publisher=Ahram Online |date=12 April 2012 |accessdate=11 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 14 April 2012, the Supreme Presidential Electoral Commission (SPEC) announced the disqualification of ten candidates: [[Omar Suleiman]], [[Khairat El-Shater]], [[Hazem Salah Abu Ismail]], [[Ayman Nour]], Ahmad Awad Al-Saidi, [[Mortada Mansour]], Ibrahim El-Gharib, Mamdouh Qutb, Houssam Khayrat, and Ashraf Barouma.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Tarek|first=Sherif|title=Eliminated presidential contenders to appeal disqualification decision|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/36/122/39326/Presidential-elections-/Presidential-elections-news/Eliminated-presidential-contenders-to-appeal-disqu.aspx|newspaper=ahramonline|date=15 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Reasons for the disqualifications were not given, but the affected candidates were given 48 hours to appeal the decisions. Abu Ismail, El-Shater, and Suleiman's campaigns stated they would file appeals.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Egypt bars 10 candidates from election|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/04/2012414185229419379.html|newspaper=Al-Jazeera}}&lt;/ref&gt; All appeals were rejected.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-17748256 |title=Egypt presidential poll bans on candidates upheld |publisher=BBC News |date=17 April 2012 |accessdate=11 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 23 April, the [[Supreme Council of the Armed Forces|SCAF]] ratified the Corruption of Political Life Law (aka the Disenfranchisement Law),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Egypt's SCAF approves bill to bar ex-regime figures politically|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2012-04/24/c_131548586.htm|newspaper=xinhua|date=24 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; which was passed by the People's Assembly on 12 April.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=مجلس الشعب يوافق علي منع ترشح رموز نظام مبارك للانتخابات الرئاسية والحكومة تؤكد عدم دستورية القانون|url=http://www.ahram.org.eg/867/2012/04/12/61/143107/219.aspx|newspaper=Al Ahram|date=13 April 2012|access-date=25 April 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716233023/http://www.ahram.org.eg/867/2012/04/12/61/143107/219.aspx|archive-date=16 July 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The new law stipulated that any individual who served as President of the Republic, vice president, prime minister, or a high-ranking [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|NDP]] official during the ten years prior to 11 February 2011 (day of [[Hosni Mubarak]]'s resignation) would not be eligible to run or hold public office for ten years, effective 11 February 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=العسكرى&quot; يطلق&quot;عزل الفلول&quot;.. وشفيق ينتظر &quot;الكارت الأحمر|url=http://www.almasry-alyoum.com/article2.aspx?ArticleID=336218|newspaper=almasry-alyoum|date=25 April 2012|access-date=25 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426234530/http://www.almasry-alyoum.com/article2.aspx?ArticleID=336218|archive-date=26 April 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The law disqualified presidential hopefuls Ahmed Shafik (prime minister) and Omar Suleiman (vice-president), but did not exclude Amr Mussa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Egypt poll organisers bar last Mubarak-era PM|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jmUOTzWTUISAugjSQ-FOMx8F4nCw?docId=CNG.a667c2f5c2ae88920e6404e109ae6992.751|agency=AFP|date=24 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 25 April the Supreme Presidential Electoral Commission (SPEC) accepted the appeal filed by [[Ahmed Shafik]] against its previous decision to exclude him from running for president.&lt;ref name=Shafiq_back_in_race&gt;{{cite news|title=Mubarak-era PM Shafik back in presidential race|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/36/122/40189/Presidential-elections-/Presidential-elections-news/BREAKING-Mubarakera-PM-Shafiq-back-in-presidential.aspx|newspaper=Ahram Online|date=25 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Therefore, a total of 13 candidates were left standing in SPEC's final list.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Essam El-Din|first=Gamal|title=Egypt's presidential countdown begins|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/36/122/40237/Presidential-elections-/Presidential-elections-news/Egypts-presidential-countdown-begins.aspx|newspaper=Ahram Online|date=26 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The appeal also requested the new Parliamentary law be brought before the Supreme Constitutional Court to determine its constitutionality.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Shafiq appeals exclusion decision before Presidential Elections Commission|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/shafiq-appeals-exclusion-decision-presidential-elections-commission|newspaper=Egypt Independent|date=25 April 2012|access-date=26 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430082342/http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/shafiq-appeals-exclusion-decision-presidential-elections-commission|archive-date=30 April 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 16 May 2012, Mohammad Fawzi Issa announced his withdrawal from the race in support of Amr Moussa. His name however was not removed from the ballot paper as the official date of withdrawal had already passed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=5 ימים לבחירות, קרב צמוד על נשיאות מצרים|url=http://www.haaretz.co.il/news/world/1.1710900}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;drop&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author= |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201205170115.html |title=Egypt: Eissa Withdraws From Presidential Race in Favor of Moussa |publisher=allAfrica.com |date=16 May 2012 |accessdate=26 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Main registered presidential candidates===
&lt;!-- Candidates in alphabetical order --&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|-
! Photo
! Candidate
! Details
! Party affiliation
|-
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;[[File:No image.svg|120px|110px]]&lt;/div&gt;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;[[Ahmed Shafik]] &lt;/div&gt;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;[[Air Marshal]], former [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (Egypt)|Minister of Civil Aviation]] and last [[Prime Minister of Egypt]] under [[Hosni Mubarak]].&lt;/div&gt;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Independent&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| [[File:Khaled Ali announces his candidacy (cropped).jpg|120px]]
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;[[Khaled Ali]]&lt;/div&gt;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Lawyer and labor activist. Former head of the [[Egyptian Center for Economic and Social Rights (ECESR)]], founding member of [[Hisham Mubarak Law Center]] (HMLC)&lt;/div&gt;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Independent&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| 
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;[[Mohammad Salim Al-Awa]]&lt;/div&gt;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Ex-Secretary General of the International Union of Muslim Scholars and head of the Egyptian Association for Culture and Dialogue&lt;/div&gt;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Independent&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| [[File:Hisham Bastawisy.JPG|120px]]
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;[[Hisham Bastawisy]]&lt;/div&gt;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Egyptian judge and the vice president of the Egyptian Court of Cassation. [[National Progressive Unionist Party|Tagammu]] nominee&lt;/div&gt;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;[[National Progressive Unionist Party|Tagammu]]&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| 
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;[[Abu Al-Izz Al-Hariri]]&lt;/div&gt;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;[[The Revolution Continues Alliance]] MP, and [[Socialist Popular Alliance Party]] nominee&lt;/div&gt;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;[[Socialist Popular Alliance Party]]&lt;/div&gt;
|-
|  [[File:Mohamed Morsi-05-2013.jpg|120px]]
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;[[Mohamed Morsi]]&lt;/div&gt;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Candidate of the [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice Party]]. Replacement candidate after the elimination of [[Khairat El-Shater]]. Former [[Member of Parliament]] (2000–2005).&lt;/div&gt;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;[[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice Party]]&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;[[File:Amr Moussa at the 37th G8 Summit in Deauville 054.jpg|120px]]&lt;/div&gt;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;[[Amr Moussa]]&lt;/div&gt;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;The ex-[[Secretary-General]] of the [[League of Arab States]] and former [[Foreign Minister]].&lt;/div&gt;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Independent&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| [[File:Hamdeen-Sabahi-cropped.jpg|120px]]
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;[[Hamdeen Sabahi]]&lt;/div&gt;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Founder of the [[Gamal Abdel Nasser|Nasser]]ist [[Dignity Party (Egypt)|Dignity Party]].&lt;/div&gt;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;[[Dignity Party (Egypt)|Dignity Party]] &lt;/div&gt;
|-
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;[[File:Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh.jpg|120px]]&lt;/div&gt;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;[[Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh]]&lt;/div&gt;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Secretary general of the Arab Medical Union and former member of the guidance bureau of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]]&lt;/div&gt;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]&lt;br /&gt;
(received the endorsement of Salafi [[Al-Nour Party]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Nour Party endorses Abouel Fotouh for president|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/nour-party-endorses-abouel-fotouh-president|newspaper=Al-Masry Al-Youm|date=28 April 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429061217/http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/nour-party-endorses-abouel-fotouh-president|archivedate=29 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; moderate Islamic [[Al-Wasat Party]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Egypt's Wasat Party endorses Abul-Fotouh presidential bid|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/36/122/40475/Presidential-elections-/Presidential-elections-news/Egypts-Wasat-Party-endorses-AbulFotouh-presidentia.aspx|newspaper=Ahram Online|date=30 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Egyptian Current Party]]. )&lt;/div&gt;
|}

===Mohamed Morsi===
Mohamed Morsi was the chairman of the [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice Party]] (FJP), a political party that was founded by the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] after the [[2011 Egyptian revolution]], since 30 April 2011.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ikhwanonline.com/new/Article.aspx?ArtID=83459&amp;SecID=211 &lt;span dir=&quot;rtl&quot;&gt;{{lang|ar|&quot;شورى الإخوان&quot; يسمي د. مرسي رئيسًا لـ&quot;الحرية والعدالة&quot;]. }}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;rtl&quot;&gt;{{lang|ar|إخوان اون لاين، 2011-4-30. وصل لهذا المسار في 1 مايو 2011.}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; He was a Member of Parliament from 2000 to 2005.

Morsi received a [[Bachelor's degree|bachelor's]] and [[master's degree]] in [[engineering]] from [[Cairo University]] in 1975 and 1978. He received his [[PhD]] in engineering from the [[University of Southern California]] in 1982. He was an assistant professor at [[California State University, Northridge]] from 1982 to 1985. In 1985 he went back to Egypt to teach at [[Zagazig University]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Interview with Mohamed Morsi|url=http://www.aljazeera.net/home/print/0353e88a-286d-4266-82c6-6094179ea26d/ec1af614-ab8b-4f33-9e16-b7969e03e175|newspaper=Al-Jazeera|date=29 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kairat El-Shater had been put forward as candidate, but he was excluded from the race. As a replacement, the [[Muslim Brotherhood|Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt]] fielded [[Mohamed Morsi]], chairman of the [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice Party]], he faced Ahmed Shafik in a run-off vote on 16–17 June 2012.

On 24 June 2012, [[Egypt]]'s election commission announced that [[Muslim Brotherhood]] candidate [[Mohamed Morsi]] has won Egypt's presidential runoff. Morsi won by a narrow margin over Ahmed Shafik, the last prime minister under deposed leader [[Hosni Mubarak]]. The commission said Morsi took 51.7 percent of the vote versus 48.3 for Shafik.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fox News.com&quot;/&gt;

===Ahmed Shafik===
[[Ahmed Shafik]] officially launched his presidential campaign on 2 November 2011. He was the last [[Prime Minister of Egypt|Prime Minister]] appointed by [[Hosni Mubarak]] after the beginning of the [[2011 Egyptian revolution|2011 revolution]] in January. He resigned only three weeks after the deposition of the long-term president.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Ramzy|first=Mahmoud|title=Mubarak's PM launches presidential campaign |newspaper=Egypt Independent |date=3 November 2011 |url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/node/511524 |accessdate=18 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shafik claims to be on good terms with the ruling [[Supreme Council of the Armed Forces]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Presidential candidate stresses his good relations with SCAF |newspaper=Egypt Independent |date=22 December 2011 |url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/node/564081 |accessdate=18 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shafik was first disqualified in the wake of the ratification of the Corruption of Political Life Law (aka the Disenfranchisement Law), which banned Mubarak-era PMs from nomination.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=EL DEEB|first=SARAH|title=Egypt disqualifies 11th presidential candidate|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gYgGaB8Wa1AfmXkXKlB9TXDnjuCw?docId=ebdb7b7438bf49e5a581b1171449518c|agency=AFP|date=24 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; He immediately appealed the decision and on 25 April the Supreme Presidential Electoral Commission (SPEC) accepted his appeal, which puts him back in the race.&lt;ref name=Shafiq_back_in_race/&gt;

Shafik collected 48.3 percent of the vote in the presidential runoff.

===Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh===
[[Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh]], a doctor by practice and a former [[Muslim Brotherhood]] figure popular with Egyptian youths, declared his candidacy in May 2011. He was expelled from the Brotherhood for this decision on 20 June of that year, as it contradicted an earlier decision that the Brotherhood would not put forward a candidate in 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;almasryalyoum1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=El-Hennawy|first=Noha|title=Expelled Brotherhood leader clarifies his political position|url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/470154|newspaper=Al-Masry Al-Youm|date=21 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Muslim Brotherhood contradicted their initial position on 31 March 2012 when they put forward [[Khairat El-Shater]] as the Brotherhood's candidate and [[Mohamed Morsi]] as his replacement. Aboul Fotouh is well known for his staunch opposition to both the [[Anwar Sadat|Sadat]] and [[Mubarak]] regimes, as well as his openness towards people of different political views. He was detained once during Sadat's rule and twice during Mubarak's rule. He promised to appoint a vice-president who is a youth revolutionary and to fill over half of the country's important posts with people under the age of 45.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Knell|first=Yolande|title=Egypt candidate: Moderate Islamist, Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-17356253|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=24 April 2012|date=13 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Despite coming from the moderate-to-liberal wing of the Islamist movement, Aboul Fotouh won the endorsement of the Salafi [[Al-Nour Party]] on 28 April 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/nour-party-endorses-abouel-fotouh-president |title=Nour Party endorses Abouel Fotouh for President |author=Al-Masry Al-Youm |date=27 April 2012 |publisher=[[Al-masry Al-youm]] |accessdate=29 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429061217/http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/nour-party-endorses-abouel-fotouh-president |archivedate=29 April 2012  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Khaled Ali===
[[Khaled Ali]] announced his campaign on 27 February 2012 and applied for elections on 8 April 2012 as an independent with the support of 32 elected officials in both chambers of parliament. At 40 years old, he was the youngest candidate to enter the race.  Ali is a prominent Egyptian lawyer and activist, known for his work advocating reform of corruption in the government and private sector and his promotion of social justice and labor rights. ''[[Al-Ahram Weekly]]'' called him a &quot;legendary anti-corruption crusader&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1071/ec1.htm |title=Al-Ahram Weekly &amp;#124; Economy &amp;#124; 'Topple their debts' |publisher=Weekly.ahram.org.eg |date=9 November 2011 |accessdate=3 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106215702/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1071/ec1.htm |archivedate=6 January 2012  }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[CounterPunch]] described him as &quot;Egypt’s best-known counselor and defender of independent unions and worker protests.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.counterpunch.org/2011/02/21/the-unfinished-revolution/ |title=The Unfinished Revolution &quot; Counterpunch: Tells the Facts, Names the Names |publisher=Counterpunch |date=21 February 2011 |accessdate=3 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2011 he won the &quot;Egyptian Corruption Fighter&quot; award.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bikyamasr.com/59529/labor-lawyer-activist-becomes-egypts-youngest-candidate/ |title=Labor lawyer, activist becomes Egypt's youngest candidate |publisher=Bikya Masr |accessdate=3 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502083840/http://bikyamasr.com/59529/labor-lawyer-activist-becomes-egypts-youngest-candidate/ |archivedate=2 May 2012  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Many of Ali's supporters see him as filling the void left by Mohamed ElBaradei's withdrawal.&lt;ref name=&quot;al-akhbar1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/meet-khaled-ali-president-against-odds |title=Meet Khaled Ali: President Against Odds |publisher=Al Akhbar English |accessdate=3 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303114542/http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/meet-khaled-ali-president-against-odds |archive-date=3 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ali is not well known to the majority of Egyptians, and even those who are familiar with him have tended to be surprised by his decision to run. His profile doesn't compare to the other &quot;star&quot; candidates in the race, wrote ''[[Al Akhbar (Lebanon)|Al-Akhbar English]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;al-akhbar1&quot;/&gt; Ali's lack of experience as a politician is a concern. Many, even in the revolutionary movement, remain skeptical about his candidacy.&lt;ref name=&quot;al-akhbar1&quot;/&gt; Ali's candidacy has not been seen to have a high likelihood of success. Critics argued that his chance of winning was low, and expressed concern that he could split the vote in a way that would sway the election towards representatives of the prior regime.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailynewsegypt.com/egypt/youngest-presidential-hopeful-promises-to-achieve-social-justice.html |title=Youngest presidential hopeful promises to achieve social justice |publisher=Thedailynewsegypt.com |accessdate=3 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Socialist Popular Alliance Party]] and Egyptian Socialists members told Egypt Independent that they are seriously considering backing Ali's candidacy. &quot;Up until now, the situation is unclear. Khaled may be our choice. Some are proposing a potential partnership between Khaled Ali and Abouel Fotouh [where Ali can run as his deputy],&quot; said Marwa Farouk, a member of the [[Socialist Popular Alliance Party|Popular Alliance]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.egypt.com/english/permalink/86489.html |title=Egypt.com News – Egypt News – Lefts presidential candidate yet to emerge |publisher=News.egypt.com |date=21 February 2012 |accessdate=3 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Mohammed Salim Al-Awa===
[[Mohammad Salim Al-Awa]], an Islamic thinker, declared his candidacy on 14 June 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Islamic thinker decides to run for president|url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/468110|newspaper=Al-Masry Al-Youm|date=14 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The fact that Al-Awa and Aboul Fotouh belong to the same school of thought have led to press speculation about [[vote-splitting]] and the possibility of their uniting behind a single candidate. Aboul Fotouh recognized this possibility.&lt;ref name=&quot;almasryalyoum1&quot;/&gt;

===Hisham Bastawisy===
[[Hisham Bastawisy]] is an Egyptian judge and the vice president of the Egyptian Court of Cassation. He was one of the leaders of the Egyptian opposition before and during the 2011 Egyptian revolution. He is running for the Egyptian presidential elections as a representative of the [[National Progressive Unionist Party]] (Tagammu).

===Abu Al-Izz Al-Hariri===
Abu Al-Izz Al-Hariri is an [[Alexandria]] MP representing the [[Socialist Popular Alliance Party]] and [[The Revolution Continues Alliance]].
He filed his application on 13 March 2012.

===Amr Moussa===
When asked about the rumors that he might run for the 2012 presidential elections, [[Amr Moussa]] refused to rule out the possibility of running for the office, leaving the door open to expectations. He argued that, &quot;It's the right of every citizen that has the capacity and efficiency to aspire to any political office that would allow him to contribute to the service of his nation&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://arabic.cnn.com/2009/middle_east/10/20/Amro.Mousa/ |title=Amr Moussa opens the way for speculation about his candidacy for the presidency of Egypt |publisher=CNN |accessdate=31 January 2011|language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; He further stated to the press that the qualities required of the president also apply to [[Gamal Mubarak]], arguing that the citizenship, rights and obligations which apply to himself can also be applied to Gamal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://ara.reuters.com/article/topNews/idARACAE59I1E020091020 |title=Amr Moussa did not rule out running for the presidency of Egypt |publisher=Reuters |date=20 October 2009 |accessdate=31 January 2011 |language=ar |archive-date=15 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715175144/http://ara.reuters.com/article/topNews/idARACAE59I1E020091020 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; He also expressed appreciation for &quot;the confidence expressed by many people when they talk about his candidacy for the Egyptian presidency, and expressed that the message reached him.&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.shorouknews.com/ContentData.aspx?id=143426 |title=Amr Mousa to (Al-Shorouk): Every qualified citizen has the right to aspire to serve the country and become the president |publisher=Shorouknews.com |accessdate=31 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 27 February 2011 he announced he would be running for president saying &quot;God willing, I will be one of them.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/02/2011227211420148237.html |title=Amr Moussa to contest Egyptian poll |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date=27 February 2011 |accessdate=12 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Hamdeen Sabahi===
[[Hamdeen Sabahi]], the leader of the [[Gamal Abdel Nasser|Nasser]]ist [[Dignity Party (Egypt)|Dignity Party]] officially filed his application on 6 April 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/1/38630/Egypt/Hamdeen-Sabbahi,-hundreds-of-supporters-officially.aspx |title=Hamdeen Sabbahi, hundreds of supporters officially file for presidential candidacy  |newspaper=Ahram Online |date=6 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; He would later run for the presidency again two years later in the [[2014 Egyptian presidential election|2014 presidential election]] against [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]], although the latter won a [[landslide victory]], in an election described as a sham by 14 human rights groups who dismissed the results as &quot;farcical&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/02/13/egypt-planned-presidential-vote-neither-free-nor-fair|title=Egypt: Planned Presidential Vote Neither Free Nor Fair|publisher=Human Rights Watch|date=13 February 2018|accessdate=8 January 2018|author=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; They said the authorities had &quot;trampled over even the minimum requirements for free and fair elections&quot;, stifling basic freedoms and eliminating key challengers.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-43581039|title=Egypt election: Sisi set to win second term as president|date=29 March 2018|work=BBC|access-date=30 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Minor candidates===
The remaining candidates are:&lt;ref name=official_candidates/&gt;

*Abdullah Alashaal, previous foreign minister assistant, retired ambassador. [[Authenticity Party]] nominee.
*Mahmoud Houssam, as an independent with the support of 30,000 voters. President of the [[Beginning Party]].
*Houssam Khairallah, [[Democratic Peace Party]] nominee.
*Mohammad Fawzi Issa, [[Democratic Generation Party]] nominee – withdrew on 16 May 2012 in favor of Amr Moussa. However, his name remained on the ballot paper as the official date of withdrawal had already passed.&lt;ref name=&quot;drop&quot;/&gt;

==Disqualified candidates==
===Main disqualified candidates===
&lt;!-- Candidates in alphabetical order --&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|-
! Photo
! Candidate
! Details
! Party affiliation
|-
| 
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;[[Hazem Salah Abu Ismail]]&lt;/div&gt;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;A [[Salafi]]st&lt;ref name=&quot;egyptindependent1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/node/620651 |title=Salafi presidential hopeful wants Shura Council abolished |newspaper=Egypt Independent |date=26 January 2012 |accessdate=18 February 2012 |archive-date=7 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407175802/http://www.egyptindependent.com/node/620651 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; and ultra-conservative figure.&lt;ref name=&quot;mayton1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |first=Joseph |last=Mayton |title=Egypt’s presidential hopeful Abu Ismail says Islam gives no freedom |newspaper=Bikya Masr |date=11 February 2012 |url=http://bikyamasr.com/56672/egypts-presidential-hopeful-abu-ismail-says-islam-gives-no-freedom/ |accessdate=18 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215212810/http://bikyamasr.com/56672/egypts-presidential-hopeful-abu-ismail-says-islam-gives-no-freedom/ |archivedate=15 February 2012  }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Independent&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;[[File:Ayman Noor (cropped).jpg|120px]]&lt;/div&gt;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;[[Ayman Nour]]&lt;/div&gt;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Founder of the liberal [[El-Ghad Party]] and leader of the Ghad El-Thawra Party.&lt;/div&gt;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;[[Ghad El-Thawra Party]]&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| 
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;[[Khairat El-Shater]]&lt;/div&gt;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Businessman and deputy supreme guide of the [[Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt]]&lt;/div&gt;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;[[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice Party]]&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;[[File:Omar Suleiman 070731-D-7203T-010 0WX8I.jpg|120px]]&lt;/div&gt;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;[[Omar Suleiman]]&lt;/div&gt;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;General and intelligence chief under [[Hosni Mubarak]]&lt;/div&gt;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]&lt;/div&gt;
|}

===Hazem Salah Abu Ismail===
[[Hazem Salah Abu Ismail]] is an independent, ultra-conservative&lt;ref name=&quot;mayton1&quot;/&gt; [[Salafi]] [[Islamist]] lawyer and politician.&lt;ref name=&quot;egyptindependent1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Egypt’s presidential race: Battle of the beards|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=7 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

He rejects the idea of reconciling the [[Sharia|religious law of Islam]] with personal [[civil liberties|freedom]]. He announced to make [[hijab|wearing the veil]] mandatory for Egyptian women in case of being elected.&lt;ref&gt;Joseph Mayton: [http://bikyamasr.com/56672/egypts-presidential-hopeful-abu-ismail-says-islam-gives-no-freedom/ Egypt’s presidential hopeful Abu Ismail says Islam gives no freedom] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215212810/http://bikyamasr.com/56672/egypts-presidential-hopeful-abu-ismail-says-islam-gives-no-freedom/ |date=15 February 2012 }}, Bikya Masr, 11 February 2012&lt;/ref&gt; He would [[Prohibition|ban the consumption of alcohol]] in public, even for tourists. Abu Ismail advocates the closure of gambling [[casino]]s, which are currently reserved for foreign visitors. Tourists wearing [[bikini|two-piece swimsuits]] should be arrested, according to Abu Ismail.&lt;ref&gt;Manar Ammar: [http://bikyamasr.com/47045/egypt-candidate-abu-ismail-no-gambling-no-bikinis-no-alcohol-islamic-dress/ Egypt candidate Abu Ismail: No gambling, no bikinis, no alcohol, Islamic dress] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311162334/http://bikyamasr.com/47045/egypt-candidate-abu-ismail-no-gambling-no-bikinis-no-alcohol-islamic-dress/ |date=11 March 2012 }}, Bikya Masr, 1 November 2011, retrieved on 28 March 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, he calls for the abolishment of the [[Shura Council]], which is the upper house of the Egyptian parliament.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.egyptindependent.com/node/620651 Salafi presidential hopeful wants Shura Council abolished] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407175802/http://www.egyptindependent.com/node/620651 |date=7 April 2012 }}, Egypt Independent, 6 March 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

By 28 March, Abu Ismail had collected 150,000 signatures supporting his candidacy. He was endorsed by 58 members of parliament,&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |first=Sherif |last=Tarek |title=Presidential contender Abu-Ismail to officially register candidacy Friday |newspaper=Ahram Online |date=28 March 2012 |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/7/37910/Egypt/Presidential-elections-/Presidential-contender-AbuIsmail-to-officially-reg.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt; the Salafist Scholars Shura Council,&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Salafist Scholars Shura Council support presidential hopeful Abu-Ismail |newspaper=Ahram Online |date=24 March 2012 |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/0/37599/Egypt/0/Salafist-Scholars-Shura-Council-support-presidenti.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the Salafist Front.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Influential Salafist Front to support Abu-Ismail's presidential bid |newspaper=Ahram Online |date=12 March 2012 |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/0/36575/Egypt/0/Influential-Salafist-Front-to-support-AbuIsmails-p.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 11 April, the State Council decided that the Ministry of Interior is obliged to provide documents verifying the nationality of the candidate's mother.&lt;ref name=&quot;ahram2&quot;/&gt; Thus, he would fail the premise that candidates, their spouses and their parents must hold ''exclusive'' Egyptian citizenship.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Egypt's foreign ministry says Abu-Ismail's mother held US citizenship |newspaper=Ahram Online |date=7 April 2012 |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/36/122/38714/Presidential-elections-/Presidential-elections-news/Egypts-foreign-ministry-says-AbuIsmails-mother-hel.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abu Ismail denies the ministry's assertion and insists that his mother was exclusively Egyptian.&lt;ref name=&quot;ahram3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Tarek |first=Sherif |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/36/122/38879/Presidential-elections-/Presidential-elections-news/AbuIsmail-The-battle-continues.aspx |title=Abu-Ismail: The battle continues |publisher=Ahram Online |date=9 April 2012 |accessdate=11 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The threat to Abu Ismail's candidacy has triggered protests by his supporters.&lt;ref name=&quot;ahram3&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/36/122/38942/Presidential-elections-/Presidential-elections-news/AbuIsmail-supporters-protest-outside-court-to-salv.aspx |title=Abu-Ismail supporters protest outside court to salvage presidential bid |publisher=Ahram Online |date=10 April 2012 |accessdate=11 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As of 14 April 2012, Abu-Ismail had been barred from the election by the Presidential Election Commission. He had been given 48 hours to appeal the decision.&lt;ref name=&quot;aljazeera1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/04/2012414185229419379.html |title=Egypt bars 10 candidates from election |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date=15 April 2012 |accessdate=11 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Ayman Nour===
[[Ayman Nour]] is the founder of [[Al-Ghad Party]], leader of the [[Ghad El-Thawra Party]] and former candidate in [[2005 Egyptian presidential election|the 2005 presidential elections]] in which he emerged as runner-up to the winning President Hosni Mubarak.

Ayman Nour was jailed in 2006 few months after the presidential elections when he was convicted in charges of forgery. He was later removed from the presidency of [[Al-Ghad Party]]. In February 2009, he was released from prison under an amnesty due to health reasons. It has been alleged that his release from prison was due to [[President of the United States|US President]] [[Barack Obama]] demanding his release as a condition to meet with Mubarak.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1880767,00.html |title=Egypt Frees a Dissident: A Gesture for Obama? |publisher=[[Time Magazine|TIME]] |first=Scott |last=Macleod |date=19 February 2009 |access-date=6 July 2020 |archive-date=29 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229094055/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1880767,00.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ayman Nour's ability to candidate was doubtful, because of being an ex-convict and a former prisoner. However, he was pardoned by the [[Supreme Council of the Armed Forces]] (SCAF) and is thus not longer banned from political activity but eligible for the presidency.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Ayman Nour receives SCAF pardon, to run for president |newspaper=Ahram Online |date=28 March 2012 |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/7/37928/Egypt/Presidential-elections-/Ayman-Nour-receives-SCAF-pardon,-to-run-for-presid.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nour was also barred from running for the presidency by the Presidential Election Commission.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Ten Egyptian candidates barred from elections |date=14 April 2012 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-17717268 | work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Khairat El-Shater===
After initially deciding not to field a candidate, the [[Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt]] announced on 31 March 2012 that its deputy supreme guide [[Khairat El-Shater]] would run in the election.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |first=David D. |last=Kirkpatrick |title=More Confident Brotherhood Names Candidate in Egypt |newspaper=The New York Times |date=31 March 2012 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/01/world/middleeast/brotherhood-chooses-a-candidate-in-egypt.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood fields deputy leader as presidential candidate |newspaper=Waahington Post |date=31 March 2012 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/egypts-muslim-brotherhood-fields-deputy-leader-as-presidential-candidate/2012/03/31/gIQATAHanS_story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331234809/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/egypts-muslim-brotherhood-fields-deputy-leader-as-presidential-candidate/2012/03/31/gIQATAHanS_story.html |archive-date=31 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

El-Shater, who was convicted and imprisoned for several years during the rule of Mubarak, might be excluded from the race due to the ban of ex-convicts from political activity. The ruling military council had pardoned him, but a case was filed to eliminate him from the election, because the pardon has not been endorsed by a criminal court.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/39049/Egypt/Politics-/Judges-recuse-themselves-from-case-against-ElShate.aspx |title=Judges recuse themselves from case against El-Shater presidential bid |publisher=Ahram Online |date=11 April 2012 |accessdate=11 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Muslim Brotherhood|Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt]] fielded [[Mohamed Morsi]], chairman of the [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice Party]], as an alternative candidate in case El-Shater's candidacy was invalidated.

As of 14 April 2012, El-Shater has been barred from the election by the Presidential Election Commission. His campaign has stated that they would appeal the decision.&lt;ref name=&quot;aljazeera1&quot;/&gt;

===Omar Suleiman===
General [[Omar Suleiman]], who was director of the [[Egyptian General Intelligence Directorate|General Intelligence Service]] and in 2011 shortly the last vice president under ousted President [[Hosni Mubarak]], announced his candidacy on 6 April 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/36/122/38642/Presidential-elections-/Presidential-elections-news/BREAKING-Exintel-chief-Soleiman-bows-to-popular-wi.aspx |title=Ex-intel chief Soleiman 'bows to popular will', runs for presidency |newspaper=Ahram Online |date=6 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As of 14 April 2012, Suleiman has been barred from the election by the Presidential Election Commission. His campaign appealed the decision but was rejected.&lt;ref name=&quot;aljazeera1&quot;/&gt;

He left the country, reportedly going to [[Abu Dhabi]], then to [[Germany]], then finally to the [[United States]] for treatment. He died suddenly on 19 July 2012 while having medical tests done in [[Cleveland]], Ohio. His body was taken home for burial. He was given a [[military funeral]].

===Minor disqualified candidates===
*Ahmad Awad Al-Saidi, National Party of Egypt nominee.
*[[Mortada Mansour]], previous [[Zamalek SC]] chairman. National Party of Egypt nominee.
*Ibrahim El-Gharib, as an independent with the support of 30,000 voters.
*Mamdouh Qutb, previous director general of the [[Egyptian General Intelligence Directorate]], Civilisation Party nominee.
*Houssam Khayrat, [[Egyptian Arab Socialist Party]] nominee.
*Ashraf Barouma, [[Quiver Party]] party president.

==Withdrawn candidates==
===Mohamed ElBaradei===
In November 2009 amidst the political controversy over the then prospective 2011 presidential election and the constitutional impediments placed in the faces of candidates under the amended Article 76 in the 2007 constitution and amidst speculation about then-president Hosni Mubarak's son Gamal running for the post, [[Mohamed ElBaradei]] decided to respond to the continuous pressing from people who asked him to run for the 2011 election.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=204908 |title=Egyptian opposition wants ElBaradei to run for president |work=Tehran Times|date=8 October 2009 |accessdate=31 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009%5C10%5C07%5Cstory_7-10-2009_pg4_7 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |work=Daily Times|date=7 October 2009 |accessdate=31 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513155609/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009%5C10%5C07%5Cstory_7-10-2009_pg4_7 |archivedate=13 May 2011  }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Earth Times Staff |url=http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/291035,arab-league-chief-refuses-to-rule-out-egypt-presidential-bid.html |title=Arab League chief refuses to rule out Egypt presidential bid |publisher=Earth Times News |date=20 October 2009 |accessdate=31 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; ElBaradei said in a statement sent from his office in Vienna to ''Al-Shorouk'' newspaper that &quot;He did not announce willingness or unwillingness to participate in the upcoming presidential election... and that he will clear his position on the presidency after November&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.shorouknews.com/ContentData.aspx?id=136398 |title=ElBaradei will clear his position on the presidency after November |publisher=Shorouknews.com |accessdate=31 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; His office manager added: {{Quotation|Dr. ElBaradei is the Director General of [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] until the end of November. Therefore, he is currently devoted to his work and to address the important issues and topics that need to be addressed by the IAEA. So he did not take any decision regarding his future which will be decided in light of developments of the next phase.}}

At the same time, the [[New Wafd Party]] and other opposition political forces have announced that they are ready to support ElBaradei if he decided to run for the election. However, Mohamed ElBaradei stated that if he decides to run for the 2011 elections, he prefers to run as an independent candidate, rather than running as a candidate of any of the [[List of political parties in Egypt|existing political parties]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://ara.reuters.com/article/topNews/idARACAE5B90J120091210 |title=ElBaradei excludes running in the presidential elections in Egypt as a candidate of any political party |publisher=Reuters |date=10 December 2009 |accessdate=31 January 2011 |language=ar |archive-date=21 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721200918/http://ara.reuters.com/article/topNews/idARACAE5B90J120091210 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 24 February 2010, ElBaradei met with several opposition leaders and notable intellects at his home in [[Cairo]]. The meeting was concluded with an announcement for the formation of a new non-party-political movement called &quot;[[National Association for Change]]&quot;. The movement aims for general reforms in the political scene and mainly burke the Constitutional article#76 which places restrictions on true free presidential elections especially when it comes to independent candidates. Worth mentioning is that the banned political group the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] were represented by one of their key figures who attended the meeting however their stand in accepting a non-member of their group as a candidate is yet unclear. It is also unknown whether [[Amr Moussa]] the head of the [[Arab League]] who met with Elbaradei a day earlier will be part of the new movement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8534365.stm |title=ElBaradei to form 'national association for change' |publisher=BBC News |date=24 February 2010 |accessdate=31 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127064617/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8534365.stm |archivedate=27 January 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 14 January 2012, he withdrew his candidacy in protest against the [[Supreme Council of the Armed Forces]]' alleged usurpation of power as he criticised the roadmap of transition to a civilian government following the 2011 revolution.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16561273 |work=BBC News |title=Mohamed ElBaradei will end Egypt presidency bid |date=14 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; ElBaradei called it a &quot;travesty&quot; to elect a president before a new constitution has been drafted.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=ElBaradei: Egypt current roadmap to civilian govt is a travesty |work=Egypt.com |date=18 February 2012 |url=http://news.egypt.com/english/permalink/85501.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===AbdElazim Negm===
Abdelazim Negm is a professor of hydraulic engineering at Zagazig University and former vice cean for education and student affairs. He announced his candidacy on 4 March 2011, and withdrew it on 2 April 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.youm7.com/News.asp?NewsID=385402 |title=أستاذ جامعى يعلن ترشحه للرئاسة بالشرقية |publisher=Youm7.com |accessdate=26 December 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://amnegm.com/1694 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709105927/http://amnegm.com/1694 |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 July 2012 |title=بيان صحفى 5: لهذه الأسباب فإننى أعلن توقف الحملة عن جمع التأييدات الشعبية وأعلن أنسحابى من استكمال اجراءات الترشح الرسمى للرئاسة كمرشح مستقل |publisher=Amnegm.com |accessdate=11 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Bothaina Kamel===
[[Bothaina Kamel]], a media personality and pro-democracy activist, announced her candidacy in April 2011.&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, Abdalla F. [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/16/world/middleeast/16iht-M16-EGYPT-KAMEL.html?hpw Muslim Woman Seeks Egyptian Presidency] ''[[The New York Times]]''. 15 June 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; She dropped out of the race after failing to acquire the necessary number of signatures.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/98946/Egypt/Politics-/Bothaina-Kamel-poised-for-second-presidential-run.aspx|title=Bothaina Kamel poised for second presidential run|work=Ahram Online|date=13 April 2014|accessdate=13 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Saad El-Soghayar===
Al-Sughayar headed to the High Presidential Elections Commission (HPEC) on Tuesday to collect the official application documents and learn of the requirements for running for presidency. A large crowd and folklore music accompanied Al-Sughayar and his band on their visit to the HPEC.

Upon his visit to the HPEC, the pop star said that he has collected 30,000 recommendations, which were declined due to his failure to fill in required documents prior the submission, reported the Middle East News Agency. He insisted that he will collect more than 55,000 recommendations. He added that his presidential agenda is ambitious and includes several priorities important to the common citizen, with a full healthcare-for-all system at the front line of these priorities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.albawaba.com/editorchoice/saad-el-soghayar-egyptian-presidency-candidate-419674 |title=Egyptian Singer Saad El-Soghayar to Run for President |publisher=News.egypt.com |date=3 April 2012 |accessdate=4 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

However, in a television show later that same day, he went to state he did not think that he was qualified for office and not even for any elected office. He added that he pulled this stunt to show the government and the SCAF that the criteria of 30,000 signatures is not a true obstacle to prevent non-serious candidates.{{Citation needed|date=April 2012}}

==Opinion polls==
The first opinion poll conducted in Egypt post-Mubarak was conducted by [[YouGov]]. According to the YouGov survey of 1871 Egyptians between 15–20 February 2011, Almost half of all Egyptians (49%) believed that Amr Moussa, the secretary general of the Arab League, was the man most capable of leading the next Egyptian government. Other potential presidents, Ahmed Zewill (13%) &amp; Ayman Nour, Mubarak's 2005 Presidential rival (1%), trailed Moussa by a huge margin. Almost 1 in 10 (9%) believed former vice president, Omar Sulieman, should be Egypt's new leader. The majority (81%) of Egyptians believed that the army would facilitate free and fair elections.&lt;ref name=&quot;YouGov&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=First Egyptian Opinion Poll|url=https://surveyfiles.yougov.com/static/YouGov_Siraj_Al_Aan_Egypt_Revolution_Poll_Feb_20_2011.pdf|work=Conducted by YouGov|accessdate=1 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An April 2011 survey of 1,000 Egyptians by [[Pew Research Center]]'s Global Attitudes Project with a margin of error of four percentage points found that the most popular Egyptian politician was [[Amr Moussa]] with 41% of Egyptians viewing him as &quot;very favourable,&quot; followed by [[Ayman Nour]] with 32% and [[Mohamed ElBaradei]] with 25%. Some 75% had a favourable view of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]], but only 17% believed they should lead the next government.&lt;ref&gt;[[Arabian Business]] [http://www.arabianbusiness.com/egyptians-back-sharia-law-end-of-israel-treaty-poll-shows-396178.html Egyptians back sharia law, end of Israel treaty, poll shows], 26 April 2011&lt;/ref&gt;

A poll conducted during the 2011 protests asking &quot;who do you think should be the next President of Egypt?&quot; showed Moussa in the lead, with 26% of respondents naming him.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.scribd.com/Egypt-Poll/d/48662607 |title=Phone Survey of Cairo and Alexandria |publisher=Scribd Middle East Polls |date=24 June 2010 |accessdate=12 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110313164501/http://www.scribd.com/Egypt-Poll/d/48662607 |archive-date=13 March 2011 |url-status=dead  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|-
! Conducted/&lt;br /&gt; Published
! Polling Organisation/&lt;br /&gt;Client
! Sample size
! [[Amr Moussa]]
! [[Hazem Salah Abu Ismail|Abu Ismail]]
! [[Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh]]
! [[Omar Suleiman]]
! [[Ahmed Shafik]]
! [[Hamdeen Sabahi]] ([[Dignity Party (Egypt)|DP]])
! [[Mohamed Morsi]] ([[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]])
! [[Mohammad Salim Al-Awa|Salim Al-Awa]]
! [[Khairat El-Shater]] ([[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|FJP]])
! [[Ayman Nour]] ([[Ghad El-Thawra Party|Ghad]])
! [[Kamal Ganzouri]]
! [[Mohamed ElBaradei]] ([[Constitution Party (Egypt)|CP]])
! other
! undecided
|-
|Feb 2011  ||[[YouGov]]&lt;ref name=&quot;YouGov&quot; /&gt;|| 1871 || '''49%''' || – || – || 9% || – || 1% || – || – || – || 1% || – || 2% || 24% || 13%
|-
|9–20 March 2011  ||[[International Peace Institute|IPI]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ipinst.org/images/pdfs/egypt-poll-results-april2011.pdf International Peace Institute Poll], conducted by Charney Research, April 2011&lt;/ref&gt;|| 615 || '''37%''' || – || – || 5% || – || – ||  – || – || – || 1% || – || 2% ||37% || 14%
|-
|Jun 2011  ||[[International Peace Institute|IPI]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.charneyresearch.com/pdf/2011June_IPI_Egypt_Poll_final_press_release.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=10 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331015610/http://www.charneyresearch.com/pdf/2011June_IPI_Egypt_Poll_final_press_release.pdf |archivedate=31 March 2012  }}&lt;/ref&gt; || 800 || '''32%''' || – || – || – || – || 3% || – || – || – || 3% || – || 2% || 42% || –
|-
|Jun/Jul 2011  || Newsweek/&lt;br /&gt;Daily Beast&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/07/26/egypt-political-poll-muslim-brotherhood-influence-troubles-for-west.html |title=Egypt's Simmering Rage |publisher=The Daily Beast |date=26 July 2011 |accessdate=11 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; || 1008 || '''16%''' || – || 5% || 4% || 12% || 2% || – || 6% || – || 4% || – || 12% || 13% || 27%
|-	
| &quot; || &lt;small&gt;(3-way race)&lt;/small&gt; || &quot; || '''47%''' || – || 16% || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || – || 19% || – || 18%
|-
|Aug 2011 || ACPSS&lt;ref&gt;[http://dipd.dk/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Egypt-Survey-1-August-2011.pdf National Voter Survey in Egypt], [[Danish Institute for Parties and Democracy]], dipd.dk. Retrieved on 30 August 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; || 2,400 || '''44%''' || 5.2% || 2% || 9% || 12% || 5% || – || 5% || – || 6% || – || 4% || 7.8% || 45%
|-
|Oct 2011 || Press TV/&lt;br /&gt;Synovate&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Egypt eyes pro-Palestinian candidates |publisher=PressTV |date=4 October 2011 |url=http://www.presstv.ir/detail/202688.html |accessdate=5 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; || 1,030 || '''42%''' || – || – || – || 15% || – || – || – || – || – || – || 13% || 30% || –
|-
|Oct 2011 || ACPSS&lt;ref&gt;[http://dedi.org.eg/wp-content/uploads/Voter-poll-survey.pdf 2nd National Voter Survey in Egypt]{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Danish-Egyptian Dialogue Institute (DEDI), dedi.org.eg. Retrieved on 13 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; || 2,400 || '''44.8%''' || 5.2% || 1.6% || 10.8% || 13.2% || 5.7% || – || 4.7% || – || 5.0% || – || 3.5% || 5.5% || ?
|-
|Nov 2011 || ACPSS&lt;ref&gt;[http://dedi.org.eg/wp-content/uploads/3rd-Poll-Press-Release.pdf 3rd National Voter Survey in Egypt] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801064745/http://dedi.org.eg/wp-content/uploads/3rd-Poll-Press-Release.pdf |date=1 August 2013 }}, Danish-Egyptian Dialogue Institute (DEDI), dedi.org.eg. Retrieved on 12 November 2011&lt;/ref&gt; || 2,400 || '''38.9%''' || 5.7% || 1.5% || 6.6% || 8.5% || 4.0% || – || 5.7% || – || 3.2% || – || 2.9% || 24.5% || ?
|-
|Mar 2012 || Al Ahram&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Moussa leads presidential race at 31.5 pct, but 57.6 pct of Egyptians prefer an Islamist: Poll|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/36/122/38270/Presidential-elections-/Presidential-elections-news/Moussa-leading-the-presidential-race,--opt-for-Isl.aspx|newspaper=ahram online|date=2 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;  || 1,200 || '''31.5%''' || 22.7% || 8.3% || 9.3% || 10.2% || 5.0% || – || 4.0% || – || 1.0% || 3.0% || 1.0% || 4.0% || ?
|-
|Apr 2012 || Al Ahram&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=April 09, 2012 Opinion poll on presidential candidates shows Moussa on top|url=http://eg4.me/en/?p=5087|newspaper=Egypt Independent|date=9 April 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120708142341/http://eg4.me/en/?p=5087|archivedate=8 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;  || 1,200 || '''30.7%''' || 28.8% || 8.5% || 8.2% || 7.5% || 3.9% || – || 3.2% || 1.7% || 1.4% || 1.3% || – || 6.5% || ?
|-
|Apr 2012 || Al-Masri Al-Yom&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=من هو الرئيس القادم؟.. أول استطلاع للرأي العام بعد إعلان قائمة المرشحين|url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/node/770421|publisher=المصري اليوم}}&lt;/ref&gt;  || 2,034 || 6.4% || 11.7% || 12.4% || '''20.1%''' || 2.2% || 2.7% || – || 1% || 3.2% || –  || –  || – || 2.2% || 38.1%
|-
|Apr 2012 || Al Ahram&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Suleiman exit could benefit Shafiq, Moussa: Poll|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/36/122/39368/Presidential-elections-/Presidential-elections-news/Suleiman-exit-could-benefit-Shafiq,-Moussa-Poll--.aspx|newspaper=Ahram Online|date=16 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=في الاستطلاع الأسبوعي لمركز الدراسات بـ الأهرام تقدم سليمان علي حساب موسي وشفيق|url=http://www.ahram.org.eg/Al-Ahram-Files/News/143747.aspx|newspaper=الاهرام|access-date=16 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230163031/http://www.ahram.org.eg/Al-Ahram-Files/News/143747.aspx|archive-date=30 December 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; || 1,200 || 22.3% || 21.4% || 6.2% || '''31.7%''' || 3.4% || 4.3% || – || 1.2% || 4.3% || 0.9%  || –  || – || 4.3% || –
|-
|Apr 2012 || Al Ahram&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Poll: Moussa tops list of presidential candidates after Abu Ismail barred|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/poll-barred-abu-ismail-led-poll-now-moussa-rocketing-list-presidential-runners-news1|newspaper=Egypt Independent|date=23 April 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801074557/http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/poll-barred-abu-ismail-led-poll-now-moussa-rocketing-list-presidential-runners-news1|archivedate=1 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;  || 1,200 || '''40.9%''' || – || 25.2% || – || 10.5% || 9.3% || 0.9% || 4.4% || – || –  || –  || – || ? || ?
|-
|Apr 2012 ||  Al-Masri Al-Yom&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=أحدث استطلاعات الرأي: &quot;الطبيب&quot; و&quot;الدبلوماسي&quot; مؤهلان لانتخابات الإعادة في الرئاسة|url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/node/792696|newspaper=Al Masry Al Youm|date=23 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Namatalla|first=Ahmed|title=Most Egyptians Undecided Before Presidential Vote, Poll Shows|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-04-24/most-egyptians-undecided-before-presidential-vote-poll-shows|newspaper=Bloomberg News|date=24 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;  || 2,129 || 12.5% || – || '''15.5%''' || – || 6% || 5% || 1.5% || –  || – || –  || –  || – || 5.1% || 54.4%
|-
|Apr 2012 ||  Al Ahram&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Poll puts Amr Moussa as leading candidate for Egyptian presidency|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/poll-puts-amr-moussa-as-leading-candidate-for-egyptian-presidancy/|date=30 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=في استطلاع مركز الأهرام للدراسات السياسية موسي يتصدر المرشحين للرئاسة يليه أبوالفتوح|url=http://www.ahram.org.eg/Al-Ahram-Files/News/146430.aspx|newspaper=Al Ahram|date=30 April 2012|access-date=30 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103023258/http://www.ahram.org.eg/Al-Ahram-Files/News/146430.aspx|archive-date=3 January 2013|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  || 1,200 || '''41.1%''' || – || 27.3% || – || 11.9% || 7.4% || 3.6% || 5.7%  || – || –  || –  || – || 3.0% || 12.3%
|-
|Apr 2012 ||  Al Masry Al Youm&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=أحدث استطلاعات الرأي: &quot;أبو الفتوح&quot; يحتفظ بالمقدمة.. وارتفاع طفيف لمؤيدي &quot;موسى&quot; (3)
|url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/node/807336|newspaper=Al Masry Al Youm|date=30 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; || 2,100 || 14.1% || – || '''18.5%''' || – || 5.3% || 5% || 3.6% || 1.4% || – || –  || –  || – || 2% || 50.1%
|-
|April–May 2012 || IDSC&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Egyptian Poll: Close between Moussa and Al Futuh|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/Flash.aspx/238986}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=مجلس الوزراء يجرى استطلاعًا عن طبيعة رؤية المواطن المصرى للرئيس الجديد |url=http://www3.youm7.com/News.asp?NewsID=670486&amp;SecID=97&amp;IssueID=0 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130105191851/http://www3.youm7.com/News.asp?NewsID=670486&amp;SecID=97&amp;IssueID=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 January 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|| 1,209 || '''11%''' || – || '''11%''' || – || 6% || – || 2% || –  || – || –  || –  || – || 2% || 42% &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
|April–May 2012 || Al Ahram&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Poll: Moussa leads presidential race with 39%, Abouel Fotouh in second|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/poll-moussa-leads-presidential-runners-39-abouel-fotouh-24-shafiq-172-news1|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510195830/http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/poll-moussa-leads-presidential-runners-39-abouel-fotouh-24-shafiq-172-news1|archivedate=10 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=في الاستطلاع الأسبوعي لمركز الأهرام للدراسات موسي في الصدارة يليه أبو الفتوح وشفيق|url=http://www.ahram.org.eg/Al-Ahram-Files/News/147845.aspx|newspaper=al ahram|date=7 May 2012|access-date=7 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231120921/http://www.ahram.org.eg/Al-Ahram-Files/News/147845.aspx|archive-date=31 December 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; || 1,200  || '''39%''' || – || 24% || – || 17.2% || 6.7% || 7% || 2.9%  || – || –  || –  || – || 3.2% || –
|-
|May 2012 || Shorouk&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=نتائج استطلاع (الشروق) حول الانتخابات الرئاسية يكشف: ثلث المصريين لم يحسم مرشحه للرئاسة|url=http://www.shorouknews.com/news/view.aspx?cdate=10052012&amp;id=c4d05544-1898-4daa-aa5d-d62ce966af7e}}&lt;/ref&gt;|| 1,014 || 16% || – || '''20.8%''' || – || 15.2% || 5.7% || 5.2% || ?  || – || –  || –  || – || 3.4% || 33.6% 
|-
|May 2012 || Al Masry Al Youm&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=المصري اليوم تنشر أحدث استطلاعات رأى للسباق الرئاسى (4)|url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/node/827141}}&lt;/ref&gt;|| 2,152|| '''17%''' || – || 15.7% || – || 14.8% || 6% || 5.2% || ?  || – || –  || –  || – || 3.7% || 37.6% 
|-
|May 2012 || IDSC&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Abul-Fotouh leads presidential race, new Cabinet survey reveals|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/36/122/41405/Presidential-elections-/Presidential-elections-news/AbulFotouh-leads-presidential-race,-new-Cabinet-su.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt;|| 2,264 || 7% || – || '''9%''' || – || 8% || 2% || 4% || –  || – || –  || –  || – || 2% &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
 || 39% &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
|May 2012 || Al Ahram&lt;ref name=AhramPossibleRunoffs&gt;{{cite news|title=Abul-Fotouh dips, Moussa holds steady in Ahram presidential poll|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/41592/Egypt/Politics-/AbulFotouh-dips,-Moussa-holds-steady-in-Ahram-pres.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|script-title=ar:في استطلاع مركز الأهرام للدراسات السياسية : موسى في المقدمة وصعود شفيق ومرسي علي حساب أبوالفتوح والعوا|url=http://www.ahram.org.eg/Al-Ahram-Files/News/149163.aspx|newspaper=Al Ahram|date=14 May 2012|language=Arabic|title=Archived copy|access-date=14 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230211404/http://www.ahram.org.eg/Al-Ahram-Files/News/149163.aspx|archive-date=30 December 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  || 1,200 || '''40.8%''' || – || 17.8% || – || 19.9% || 7% || 9.4% || 2.7% || – || – || – || – || 2.5% || 15.3%
|-
|May 2012 || Al Masry Al Youm&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=أحدث اسـتطلاعات الرأي: &quot;موسى&quot; يتخلى عن المقدمة لـ&quot;شفيق&quot; و&quot;أبوالفتوح&quot; الثالث (5)|url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/node/842936}}&lt;/ref&gt; || ?|| 16% || – || 12.5% || – || '''16.3%''' || 7% || 8.8% || –  || – || – || – || – || 2% || 37.4%
|-
|May 2012 || IDSC&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Govt poll shows Shafiq leading Egyptian presidential race|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/36/122/41652/Presidential-elections-/Presidential-elections-news/Govt-poll-shows-Shafiq-leading-Egyptian-presidenti.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=شفيق يتصدر استطلاع مركز المعلومات يليه موسى .. وتراجع ابو الفتوح|url=http://www.egynews.net/wps/portal/news?params=172113|newspaper=Egypt News|date=14 May 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516041257/http://www.egynews.net/wps/portal/news?params=172113|archivedate=16 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;  || 1,390 || 11% || – || 9% || – || '''12%''' || 5% || 6% || 1% || – || – || – || – || 2% || 37% &lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
|May 2012 || IDSC&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=شفيق يتصدر استطلاع مركز المعلومات للأسبوع الثانى يليه موسي |url=http://www.masrawy.com/news/Egypt/Politics/2012/May/19/5028624.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt; || 1,366 || 11% || – || 7% || – || '''12%''' || 7% || 7% || ? || – || – || – || – || ? || 35%
|-
|May 2012 || Al Aharam&lt;ref name=AlahramTwoPolls&gt;{{cite news|title=Moussa, Shafiq lead Egypt presidential race: Opinion polls|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/36/122/42121/Presidential-elections-/Presidential-elections-news/Moussa,-Shafiq-lead-Egypt-presidential-race-Opinio.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt; || 1,200 || '''31.7%''' || – || 14.6% || – || 22.6% || 11.7% || 14.8% || 2.3% || – || – || – || – || 1.7%&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; || ?
|-
|May 2012 || Al Masry Al Youm&lt;ref name=AlahramTwoPolls/&gt; || 2,287 || 14.6% || – || 12.4% || – || '''19.3%''' || 9.5% || 9% || 1% || – || – || – || – || 1.2% || 33%
|-
|May 2012 || Shorouk&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=آخر استطلاع لـ&quot;الشروق&quot;: موسى وأبو الفتوح كتفاً بكتف|url=http://www.shorouknews.com/news/view.aspx?cdate=19052012&amp;id=3447bb39-395b-44b4-ac77-7cda4483e61d|newspaper=shorouk|date=19 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;  || 1,185 || 15.1% || – || 13.2% || – || '''15.8%''' || 12.3% || 9.5% || 1.3% || – || – || – || – || 2.9% || 29.8%
|-
|May 2012 || U of Maryland&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Muslim Brotherhood Candidate Trails in Race for Egypt's Presidency: UMD Poll|url=http://www.cisionwire.com/university-of-maryland--college-park/r/muslim-brotherhood-candidate-trails-in-race-for-egypt-s-presidency--umd-poll,c9262466}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=What Do Egyptians Want? Key Findings from the Egyptian Public Opinion Poll|url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports/2012/05/21-egyptian-election-poll-telhami}}&lt;/ref&gt;  || 772 || 28% || – || '''32%''' || – || 14% || 8% || 8% || ? || – || – || – || – || ? || ?
|}
&lt;small&gt;Notes: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; In addition, another 7% decided not to vote, 16% haven't decided if they will participate, and 3% refused to say their nominee &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; 2% for [[Khaled Ali]] &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; In addition, another 8% will not vote, 6% did not disclose nominee, and 17% have yet to decide if they will participate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt; In addition, another 6% will not vote, 3% did not disclose nominee, and 8% have yet to decide if they will participate. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;The article doesn't mention &quot;other&quot;, but mentions Ali and Hariri, which are not placed on the table, getting 1.1% and 0.6% respectively (hence, total of 1.7). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/small&gt;

; Runoff polls
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! candidate
! Al Ahram&lt;ref name=AhramPossibleRunoffs /&gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;small&gt;(May 2012)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| '''[[Amr Moussa]]''' || '''63.8%'''
|-
| [[Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh]] || 36.2%
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|
|-
| '''[[Amr Moussa]]''' || '''77.6%'''
|-
|[[Mohamed Morsi]] || 22.4%
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|
|-
| '''[[Amr Moussa]]''' || '''68%'''
|-
|[[Ahmed Shafik]] || 32%
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|
|-
|'''[[Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh]]''' || '''52.9%'''
|-
|[[Ahmed Shafik]] || 47.1%
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|
|-
|'''[[Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh]]''' || '''74.7%'''
|-
|[[Mohamed Morsi]] || 25.3%
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|
|}

==Results==
[[File:Egyptian presidential election 2012.svg|thumb|400px|Results from the first round.]]
{{Egyptian presidential election, 2012}}

On 24 June 2012, Egypt's election commission announced that Morsi had won the run-off.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fox News.com&quot;/&gt; Egypt's benchmark stock index celebrated Morsi's election by closing up 7.6 percent, its largest single-day gain in nine years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.canadianbusiness.com/article/88842--state-tv-egypt-s-benchmark-stock-index-closes-with-record-gain-of-7-5-per-cent ]{{dead link|date=December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Per Governorate, first round===
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:#E9967A&quot;
|Governorate won by [[Mohamed Morsi]]
|- style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE&quot;
|Governorate won by [[Ahmed Shafik]]
|- style=&quot;background:#90EE90&quot;
|Governorate won by [[Hamdeen Sabahi]]
|- style=&quot;background:orange;&quot;
|Governorate won by [[Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh]]
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
|Governorate won by [[Amr Moussa]]
|}

{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;
|-
!Governorate
![[Mohamed Morsi|Morsi]] votes !!%
![[Ahmed Shafik|Shafik]] votes !!%
![[Hamdeen Sabahi|Sabahi]] votes!!%
![[Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh|Aboul Fotouh]] votes!!%
![[Amr Moussa|Moussa]] votes!!%
!Others votes!!%
! Total
|- style=&quot;background:#E9967A&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Aswan Governorate|Aswan]]
|{{formatnum:60495}}
|23.13
|{{formatnum:45824}}
|17.52
|{{formatnum:41686}}
|15.94
|{{formatnum:44801}}
|17.13
|{{formatnum:59790}}
|22.86
|{{formatnum:8927}}
|3.41
|{{formatnum:261523}}
|- style=&quot;background:#E9967A&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Asyut Governorate|Asyut]]
|{{formatnum:194803}}
|32.62
|{{formatnum:163546}}
|27.39
|{{formatnum:52563}}
|8.80
|{{formatnum:117546}}
|19.69
|{{formatnum:51460}}
|8.62
|{{formatnum:17215}}
|2.88
|{{formatnum:597133}}
|- style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Luxor Governorate|Luxor]]
|{{formatnum:44731}}
|21.86
|{{formatnum:47432}}
|23.18
|{{formatnum:32771}}
|16.01
|{{formatnum:38627}}
|18.88
|{{formatnum:34843}}
|17.03
|{{formatnum:6229}}
|3.04
|{{formatnum:204633}}
|- style=&quot;background:#90EE90&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Alexandria Governorate|Alexandria]]
|{{formatnum:299455}}
|16.55
|{{formatnum:212257}}
|11.73
|{{formatnum:571772}}
|31.61
|{{formatnum:388051}}
|21.45
|{{formatnum:292648}}
|16.18
|{{formatnum:44913}}
|2.48
|{{formatnum:1809096}}
|- style=&quot;background:#E9967A&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Ismailia Governorate|Ismailia]]
|{{formatnum:92633}}
|26.44
|{{formatnum:52377}}
|14.95
|{{formatnum:71679}}
|20.46
|{{formatnum:59697}}
|17.04
|{{formatnum:65988}}
|18.84
|{{formatnum:7959}}
|2.27
|{{formatnum:350332}}
|- style=&quot;background:#90EE90&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Red Sea Governorate|Red Sea]]
|{{formatnum:14660}}
|16.07
|{{formatnum:17970}}
|19.70
|{{formatnum:22313}}
|24.47
|{{formatnum:16070}}
|17.62
|{{formatnum:18191}}
|19.95
|{{formatnum:1997}}
|2.19
|{{formatnum:91201}}
|- style=&quot;background:#E9967A&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Beheira Governorate|Beheira]]
|{{formatnum:392588}}
|28.75
|{{formatnum:171515}}
|12.56
|{{formatnum:196380}}
|14.38
|{{formatnum:334293}}
|24.48
|{{formatnum:243292}}
|17.82
|{{formatnum:27436}}
|2.01
|{{formatnum:1365504}}
|- style=&quot;background:#E9967A&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Beni Suef Governorate|Beni Suef]]
|{{formatnum:260303}}
|41.76
|{{formatnum:119768}}
|19.22
|{{formatnum:48493}}
|7.78
|{{formatnum:122016}}
|19.58
|{{formatnum:57661}}
|9.25
|{{formatnum:15035}}
|2.41
|{{formatnum:623276}}
|- style=&quot;background:#90EE90&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Port Said Governorate|Port Said]]
|{{formatnum:35087}}
|15.46
|{{formatnum:35485}}
|15.63
|{{formatnum:91747}}
|40.41
|{{formatnum:28544}}
|12.57
|{{formatnum:32155}}
|14.16
|{{formatnum:4007}}
|1.77
|{{formatnum:227025}}
|- style=&quot;background:#E9967A&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Giza Governorate|Giza]]
|{{formatnum:599858}}
|27.85
|{{formatnum:372795}}
|17.31
|{{formatnum:474011}}
|22.00
|{{formatnum:423127}}
|19.64
|{{formatnum:236132}}
|10.96
|{{formatnum:48199}}
|2.24
|{{formatnum:2154122}}
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[South Sinai Governorate|South Sinai]]
|{{formatnum:4895}}
|19.89
|{{formatnum:4067}}
|16.53
|{{formatnum:3648}}
|14.83
|{{formatnum:4300}}
|17.47
|{{formatnum:6907}}
|28.07
|{{formatnum:790}}
|3.21
|{{formatnum:24607}}
|- style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Dakahlia Governorate|Dakahlia]]
|{{formatnum:389451}}
|23.07
|{{formatnum:420008}}
|24.88
|{{formatnum:393972}}
|23.34
|{{formatnum:247916}}
|14.49
|{{formatnum:199640}}
|11.83
|{{formatnum:37090}}
|2.20
|{{formatnum:1688077}}
|- style=&quot;background:orange;&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Damietta Governorate|Damietta]]
|{{formatnum:106422}}
|23.64
|{{formatnum:54937}}
|12.20
|{{formatnum:106905}}
|23.75
|{{formatnum:107816}}
|23.95
|{{formatnum:66396}}
|14.57
|{{formatnum:7715}}
|1.71
|{{formatnum:450192}}
|- style=&quot;background:#E9967A&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Suez Governorate|Suez]]
|{{formatnum:49724}}
|23.94
|{{formatnum:21817}}
|10.50
|{{formatnum:45534}}
|21.92
|{{formatnum:41794}}
|20.12
|{{formatnum:43471}}
|20.93
|{{formatnum:5399}}
|2.60
|{{formatnum:207739}}
|- style=&quot;background:#E9967A&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Sohag Governorate|Sohag]]
|{{formatnum:202554}}
|29.74
|{{formatnum:177418}}
|26.05
|{{formatnum:47363}}
|6.95
|{{formatnum:136174}}
|19.99
|{{formatnum:100035}}
|14.69
|{{formatnum:17555}}
|2.58
|{{formatnum:681099}}
|- style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Al Sharqia Governorate|Al Sharqia]]
|{{formatnum:524474}}
|32.18
|{{formatnum:605533}}
|37.16
|{{formatnum:194569}}
|11.94
|{{formatnum:210988}}
|12.95
|{{formatnum:65701}}
|4.03
|{{formatnum:28296}}
|1.74
|{{formatnum:1629561}}
|- style=&quot;background:#E9967A&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[North Sinai Governorate|North Sinai]]
|{{formatnum:32431}}
|37.06
|{{formatnum:8470}}
|9.68
|{{formatnum:7616}}
|8.70
|{{formatnum:15830}}
|18.09
|{{formatnum:20937}}
|23.93
|{{formatnum:2221}}
|2.54
|{{formatnum:87505}}
|- style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Gharbia Governorate|Gharbia]]
|{{formatnum:220059}}
|17.14
|{{formatnum:398238}}
|31.03
|{{formatnum:293220}}
|22.84
|{{formatnum:198108}}
|15.43
|{{formatnum:143108}}
|11.15
|{{formatnum:30850}}
|2.40
|{{formatnum:1283583}}
|- style=&quot;background:#E9967A&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Faiyum Governorate|Faiyum]]
|{{formatnum:289485}}
|47.02
|{{formatnum:75084}}
|12.19
|{{formatnum:37882}}
|6.15
|{{formatnum:168601}}
|27.38
|{{formatnum:32558}}
|5.29
|{{formatnum:12100}}
|1.97
|{{formatnum:615710}}
|- style=&quot;background:#90EE90&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Cairo Governorate|Cairo]]
|{{formatnum:604372}}
|16.96
|{{formatnum:933995}}
|26.21
|{{formatnum:988795}}
|27.75
|{{formatnum:561147}}
|15.75
|{{formatnum:387162}}
|10.87
|{{formatnum:87827}}
|2.46
|{{formatnum:3563298}}
|- style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Qalyubia Governorate|Qalyubia]]
|{{formatnum:299556}}
|22.80
|{{formatnum:393555}}
|29.95
|{{formatnum:270156}}
|20.56
|{{formatnum:168442}}
|12.82
|{{formatnum:154703}}
|11.77
|{{formatnum:27713}}
|2.11
|{{formatnum:1314125}}
|- style=&quot;background:#E9967A&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Qena Governorate|Qena]]
|{{formatnum:97268}}
|25.09
|{{formatnum:83858}}
|21.63
|{{formatnum:42277}}
|10.91
|{{formatnum:78779}}
|20.32
|{{formatnum:75929}}
|19.59
|{{formatnum:9514}}
|2.45
|{{formatnum:387625}}
|- style=&quot;background:#90EE90&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Kafr el-Sheikh Governorate|Kafr el-Sheikh]]
|{{formatnum:133932}}
|17.10
|{{formatnum:63395}}
|8.09
|{{formatnum:486662}}
|62.13
|{{formatnum:67164}}
|8.57
|{{formatnum:22906}}
|2.92
|{{formatnum:9257}}
|1.18
|{{formatnum:783316}}
|- style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Monufia Governorate|Monufia]]
|{{formatnum:203501}}
|18.54
|{{formatnum:586345}}
|53.42
|{{formatnum:105727}}
|9.63
|{{formatnum:143238}}
|13.05
|{{formatnum:35180}}
|3.21
|{{formatnum:23656}}
|2.16
|{{formatnum:1097647}}
|- style=&quot;background:#E9967A&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Minya Governorate|Minya]]
|{{formatnum:407955}}
|42.23
|{{formatnum:265779}}
|27.51
|{{formatnum:64437}}
|6.67
|{{formatnum:150509}}
|15.58
|{{formatnum:56573}}
|5.86
|{{formatnum:20873}}
|2.16
|{{formatnum:966126}}
|- style=&quot;background:orange;&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Matrouh Governorate|Matrouh]]
|{{formatnum:7565}}
|32.01
|{{formatnum:566}}
|2.39
|{{formatnum:287}}
|1.21
|{{formatnum:13665}}
|57.81
|{{formatnum:1283}}
|5.43
|{{formatnum:270}}
|1.14
|{{formatnum:23636}}
|- style=&quot;background:#E9967A&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[New Valley Governorate|New Valley]]
|{{formatnum:14454}}
|28.22
|{{formatnum:6252}}
|12.21
|{{formatnum:7158}}
|13.97
|{{formatnum:12704}}
|24.80
|{{formatnum:8897}}
|17.37
|{{formatnum:1759}}
|3.43
|{{formatnum:51224}}
|- style=&quot;background:#E9967A&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| expatriates
|{{formatnum:107924}}
|30.92
|{{formatnum:24542}}
|7.03
|{{formatnum:47687}}
|13.66
|{{formatnum:83436}}
|23.91
|{{formatnum:41545}}
|11.90
|{{formatnum:43872}}
|12.57
|{{formatnum:349006}}
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;|style=&quot;background:#&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|'''Total'''
|'''{{formatnum:5690635}}'''
|'''24.86'''
|'''{{formatnum:5362828}}'''
|'''23.43'''
|'''{{formatnum:4747310}}'''
|'''20.74'''
|'''{{formatnum:3983383}}'''
|'''17.40'''
|'''{{formatnum:2555091}}'''
|'''11.16'''
|'''{{formatnum:548674}}'''
|'''2.40'''
|'''{{formatnum:22887921}}'''
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
| colspan=&quot;14&quot; style=&quot;background:#e9e9e9;&quot;| 
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
| colspan=&quot;14&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| Source: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130602123622/http://www.egyptpresident2012.com/images/firstStage/Tables/egyptTables2.jpg Judges for Egypt] There is a difference estimated at one-third of a million votes between the statistics of the total of judges for Egypt and the official figures of the Supreme Committee for Elections.
|}

===Per Governorate, second round===

{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;
|-
!Governorate
! Valid votes
! Invalid votes
! Turnout %
![[Mohamed Morsi|Morsi]] votes !!%
![[Ahmed Shafik|Shafik]] votes !!%
|- style=&quot;background:#E9967A&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Aswan Governorate|Aswan]]
|317,424
|7,776
|37.9
|164,826
|51.9
|152,598
|48.1
|- style=&quot;background:#E9967A&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Asyut Governorate|Asyut]]
|901,539
|26,837
|44.6
|554,519
|61.5
|347,020
|38.5
|- style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Luxor Governorate|Luxor]]
|264,353
|6,781
|40.3
|124,120
|47.0
|140,233
|53.0
|- style=&quot;background:#E9967A&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Alexandria Governorate|Alexandria]]
|1,687,148
|76,274
|53.7
|970,131
|57.5
|717,017
|42.5
|- style=&quot;background:#E9967A&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Ismailia Governorate|Ismailia]]
|376,576
|11,642
|55.5
|204,307
|54.3
|172,269
|45.7
|- style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Red Sea Governorate|Red Sea]]
|94,791
|2,687
|43.5
|46,803
|49.4
|47,988
|50.6
|- style=&quot;background:#E9967A&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Beheira Governorate|Beheira]]
|1,548,271
|45,043
|49.4
|907,377
|58.6
|640,894
|41.4
|- style=&quot;background:#E9967A&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Beni Suef Governorate|Beni Suef]]
|770,342
|24,261
|55.9
|512,079
|66.5
|258,263
|33.5
|- style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Port Said Governorate|Port Said]]
|239,890
|13,577
|58.1
|109,768
|45.8
|130,122
|54.2
|- style=&quot;background:#E9967A&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Giza Governorate|Giza]]
|2,263,425
|82,263
|54.8
|1,351,526
|59.7
|911,899
|40.3
|- style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[South Sinai Governorate|South Sinai]]
|24,742
|733
|40.8
|12,286
|49.7
|12,456
|50.3
|- style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Dakahlia Governorate|Dakahlia]]
|1,904,744
|51,243
|53.3
|845,390
|44.4
|1,059,354
|55.6
|- style=&quot;background:#E9967A&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Damietta Governorate|Damietta]]
|461,403
|14,569
|55.9
|258,475
|56.0
|202,928
|44.0
|- style=&quot;background:#E9967A&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Suez Governorate|Suez]]
|205,963
|7,550
|56.0
|129,229
|62.7
|76,734
|37.3
|- style=&quot;background:#E9967A&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Sohag Governorate|Sohag]]
|912,853
|26,103
|40.1
|531,636
|58.2
|381,217
|41.8
|- style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Al Sharqia Governorate|Al Sharqia]]
|1,928,216
|50,070
|56.6
|881,581
|45.7
|1,046,635
|54.3
|- style=&quot;background:#E9967A&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[North Sinai Governorate|North Sinai]]
|94,964
|2,401
|46.9
|58,415
|61.5
|36,549
|38.5
|- style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Gharbia Governorate|Gharbia]]
|1,575,883
|45,103
|55.8
|583,748
|37.0
|992,135
|63.0
|- style=&quot;background:#E9967A&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Faiyum Governorate|Faiyum]]
|761,330
|23,091
|50.6
|591,995
|77.8
|169,335
|22.2
|- style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Cairo Governorate|Cairo]]
|3,399,110
|158,687
|54.8
|1,505,103
|44.3
|1,894,007
|55.7
|- style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Qalyubia Governorate|Qalyubia]]
|1,460,537
|42,562
|57.9
|609,253
|41.7
|851,284
|58.3
|- style=&quot;background:#E9967A&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Qena Governorate|Qena]]
|514,089
|15,179
|33.1
|285,894
|55.6
|228,195
|44.4
|- style=&quot;background:#E9967A&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Kafr el-Sheikh Governorate|Kafr el-Sheikh]]
|768,005
|23,223
|42.6
|425,514
|55.4
|342,491
|44.6
|- style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Monufia Governorate|Monufia]]
|1,323,265
|33,949
|61.5
|376,677
|28.5
|946,588
|71.5
|- style=&quot;background:#E9967A&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Minya Governorate|Minya]]
|1,332,677
|43,607
|51.8
|858,557
|64.4
|474,120
|35.6
|- style=&quot;background:#E9967A&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[Matrouh Governorate|Matrouh]]
|81,242
|1,629
|40.6
|65,095
|80.1
|16,147
|19.9
|- style=&quot;background:#E9967A&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|[[New Valley Governorate|New Valley]]
|63,009
|1,320
|45.4
|39,934
|63.4
|23,075
|36.6
|- style=&quot;background:#E9967A&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| expatriates
|301,720
|5,092
|
|225,893
|74.9
|75,827
|25.1
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;|style=&quot;background:#&quot;
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|'''Total'''
|
|
|
|13,230,131
|51.7
|12,347,380
|48.3
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
| colspan=&quot;14&quot; style=&quot;background:#e9e9e9;&quot;| 
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
| colspan=&quot;14&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;| Source:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=الانتخابات الرئاسية 2012 – الموقع الرسمي للجنة الانتخابات الرئاسية|url=http://pres2012.elections.eg/index.php/round2-results}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|}

==Fairness==
{{Expand section|date=April 2016}}
Allegations have arisen that the interior ministry handed out over 900,000 ID cards to Egyptian soldiers so that they could vote for Shafik in the first round, which would be a major campaign violation. Sabahi asked for the Egyptian election to be temporarily suspended until an investigation was carried out.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=&lt;!--[if IE 6]&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt; |url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/05/26/216677.html |title=Egypt’s third runner-up seeks election suspension: lawyer |publisher=English.alarabiya.net |date=26 May 2012 |accessdate=26 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621015324/http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/05/26/216677.html |archive-date=21 June 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In August 2013, former Israeli negotiator [[Yossi Beilin]] wrote that an Egyptian official had told him that the true results had Shafik winning, but the military gave the presidency to Morsi out of fear of unrest.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title='Morsi didn't win the elections'|url=http://www.israelhayom.com/site/newsletter_opinion.php?id=5395|work=[[Israel Hayom]]|author=[[Yossi Beilin]]|date=18 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Presidential powers==
{{further|President of Egypt}}
Shortly after it became apparent that Morsi would win the election, [[Supreme Council of the Armed Forces|SCAF]] made the following changes to the 30 March 2011 Egypt Constitutional Declaration in order to define the powers of the new president:

- '''Article 30''': In situation that parliament is dissolved the president will be vowed into office in front of High Constitutional Court's General Assembly.

- '''Article 53''': The incumbent SCAF members are responsible for deciding on all issues related to the armed forces including appointing its leaders and extending the terms in office of the aforesaid leaders.  The current head of the SCAF is to act as commander-in-chief of the armed forces and minister of defense until a new constitution is drafted.

- '''Article 53/1''': The president can only declare war after the approval of the SCAF.

- '''Article 53/2''': If the country faces internal unrest which requires the intervention of the armed forces, the president can issue a decision to commission the armed forces – with the approval of the SCAF – to maintain security and defend public properties. Current Egyptian law stipulates the powers of the armed forces and its authorities in cases where the military can use force, arrest or detain.

- '''Article 56 B''': The SCAF will assume the authorities set out in sub-article 1 of Article 56 as written in the 30 March 2011 Constitutional Declaration until a new parliament is elected.

- '''Article 60 B''':  If the constituent assembly encounters an obstacle that would prevent it from completing its work, the SCAF within a week will form a new constituent assembly- to author a new constitution within three months from the day of the new assembly's formation. The newly drafted constitution will be put forward after 15 days of the day it is completed, for approval by the people through a national referendum. The parliamentary elections will take place one month from the day the new constitution is approved by the national referendum.

- '''Article 60 B1''': If the president, the head of SCAF, the prime minister, the Supreme Council of the Judiciary or a fifth of the constituent assembly find that the new constitution contains an article or more which conflict with the revolution's goals and its main principles or which conflict with any principle agreed upon in all of Egypt's former constitutions, any of the aforementioned bodies may demand that the constituent assembly revises this specific article within 15 days. Should the constituent assembly object to revising the contentious article, the article will be referred to the High Constitutional Court (HCC) which will then be obliged to give its verdict within seven days. The HCC's decision is final and will be published in the official gazette within three days from the date of issuance.

- '''Article 38''' will be replaced with: &quot;The parliamentary elections will be conducted in accordance to the law.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/45350/Egypt/Politics-/URGENT-English-text-of-SCAF-amended-Egypt-Constitu.aspx |title=English text of SCAF amended Egypt Constitutional Declaration – Politics – Egypt – Ahram Online |publisher=English.ahram.org.eg |accessdate=26 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==See also==
*[[Democracy in the Middle East]]
*[[President of Egypt]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |last=El-Khawas |first=Mohamed |year=2012 |title=Egypt’s Unfinished Revolution |journal=Mediterranean Quarterly |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=52–66 |doi=10.1215/10474552-1540693 }}
*{{cite news |last=Martini |first=Jeff |date=19 April 2012 |title=Cairo's Candidate Shuffle: Fewer Contenders, Same Policies |work=[[Foreign Affairs]] |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137513/jeff-martini/cairos-candidate-shuffle }}
*{{cite news |last=Samaan |first=Magdy |date=9 May 2012 |title=Vox Pop: Egyptians Prepare to Choose a President |work=[[Foreign Policy]] |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/05/09/vox_pop_egyptians_prepare_to_choose_a_president }}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120725043143/http://www.aucegypt.edu/GAPP/CairoReview/Pages/articleDetails.aspx?aid=162 Candidates in the 2012 Egyptian Presidential Election] – [[American University in Cairo]]
*[http://www.elections.eg/ The official website of Supreme Committee for Presidential Elections]
* [http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2011/05/egypt_leaders.html/ Future Leaders of Egypt Bios on the Center for American Progress]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111116034051/http://egypt.jadaliyya.com/ Egypt Elections Watch] – [[Jadaliyya]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120529054156/http://egyptelectsblog.com/ Egypt Elects]
*[http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/36/122/41802/Presidential-elections-/Presidential-elections-news/Egypts-presidential-favourites-Where-they-stand,-i.aspx Egypt's presidential favourites: Where they stand, issue by issue]
*[http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/36/122/36418/Presidential-elections-/Presidential-elections-news/Ahram-Online-presents-The-Idiots-Guide-to-Egypt%E2%80%99s-.aspx Guide to Egypt’s presidential elections 2012]
*[https://www.theguardian.com/world/middle-east-live/2012/may/24/egypt-election-day-2-live Egyptian presidential election, 2012 coverage at ''The Guardian'']
*Joseph Mayton [http://en.qantara.de/From-Outlier-to-Serious-Contender/19143c20191i1p497/index.html &quot;Egyptian Presidential Candidate Hamdeen Sabahi: From Outlier to Serious Contender,&quot;] Qantara.de (22 May 2012).
*[http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/36/122/43085/Presidential-elections-/Presidential-elections-news/Presidential-finalists-Mursi-vs-Shafiq-Where-they-.aspx Presidential finalists Mursi vs Shafiq: Where they stand, issue by issue]

{{Egyptian elections}}
{{Egyptian presidential elections 2012|state=autocollapse}}
{{Egyptian Revolution of 2011}}

[[Category:2012 Egyptian presidential election| ]]
[[Category:2012 elections in Africa]]
[[Category:2012 in Egypt|Presidential election]]
[[Category:Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)]]
[[Category:May 2012 events in Africa]]
[[Category:June 2012 events in Africa]]
[[Category:Presidential elections in Egypt|2012]]&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:2012 Egyptian presidential election]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[2012 Egyptian presidential election/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Swakopmund</title>
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      <text bytes="24256" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                            = Swakopmund
| official_name                   = 
| other_name                      = 
| native_name                     = 
| nickname                        = 
| settlement_type                 = City
| total_type                      = &lt;!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --&gt;
| image_skyline                   = Mole, Jetty and Lighthouse Swakopmund, Namibia.jpg
| image_size                      = 280
| image_caption                   = Aerial view of Swakopmund
| image_shield                    = Swakopmund COA.svg
| motto                           = Providentiae memor
| pushpin_map                     = Namibia &lt;!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --&gt;
| pushpin_label_position          = bottom
| pushpin_mapsize                 = 
| pushpin_map_caption             = Location in Namibia
| subdivision_type                = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name                = {{flag|Namibia}}
| subdivision_type1               = [[Regions of Namibia|Region]]
| subdivision_name1               = [[Erongo]]
| subdivision_type2               = [[Constituencies of Namibia|Constituency]]
| subdivision_name2               = [[Swakopmund Constituency]]
| leader_title                    = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name                     = Paulina Ndahafa Nashilundo (-     2019)
Nehemiah Solomon (2019-current)
| established_title               = Founded
| established_date                = August 4, 1892
| area_footnotes                  = &lt;ref name=reg&gt;{{cite web | title=Table 2.1 Population density by area | url=https://cms.my.na/assets/documents/p19dptss1rt6erfri0a1k3q1mrhm.pdf | work=2011 Population and Housing Census - Erongo Regional Profile | publisher=Namibia Statistics Agency | accessdate=16 September 2017 | page=4}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_total_km2                  = 196.3
| area_total_sq_mi                = 
| population_as_of                = 2011
| population_footnotes            = &lt;ref name=nsa&gt;{{cite web | title=Table 4.2.2 Urban population by Census years (2001 and 2011) | url=http://cms.my.na/assets/documents/p19dmn58guram30ttun89rdrp1.pdf | work=Namibia 2011 - Population and Housing Census Main Report | publisher=Namibia Statistics Agency | accessdate=16 September 2017 | page=39}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=reg /&gt;
| population_total                = 44725
| population_density_km2          = 227.8
| population_density_sq_mi        = 
| coordinates                     = {{coord|22|41|S|14|32|E|region:NA|display=inline}}
| timezone                        = [[South African Standard Time|SAST]]
| utc_offset                      = +2
| blank_name                      = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank_info                      = [[Desert climate#Cold desert climates|BWk]]
| website                         = {{URL|swakop.com}}
}}
'''Swakopmund''' ([[German language|German]] for &quot;Mouth of the [[Swakop River|Swakop]]&quot;) is a city&lt;ref name=&quot;ALANlist&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.alan.org.na/?q=localauthorities/list
|title=Local Authorities
|publisher=Association of Local Authorities in Namibia (ALAN)
|accessdate=1 October 2012
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610203011/http://www.alan.org.na/?q=localauthorities%2Flist
|archive-date=10 June 2013
|url-status=dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt; on the coast of western [[Namibia]], {{convert|352|km|mi|abbr=on}} west of the Namibian capital [[Windhoek]] via the [[B2 road (Namibia)|B2 main road]]. It is the capital of the [[Erongo]] administrative district. The town has 44,725 inhabitants and covers {{Convert|196|km2|sqmi}} of land.&lt;ref name=reg /&gt;&lt;ref name=el2010&gt;{{cite news
|title=ELECTIONS 2010: Erongo regional profile
|publisher=[[New Era (Namibia)|New Era]]
|url=http://www.newera.com.na/article.php?articleid=14109
|date=16 November 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; The city is situated in the [[Namib Desert]] and is the fourth largest population centre in Namibia.

Swakopmund is a [[beach resort]] and an example of German colonial architecture. It was founded in 1892 as the main harbour for [[German South West Africa]]. As of the 1970s, German influences remained evident, including German street names, a German daily newspaper, and the German language being spoken by some residents.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-1976-MoreGermanThanGermany&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Times |first1=Henry Kamm Special to The New York |title=South‐West Africa City Remains ‘More German Than Germany’ |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/10/30/archives/southwest-africa-city-remains-more-german-than-germany.html |accessdate=24 May 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=30 October 1976}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 2008 ''New York Times'' article describes the town as having &quot;the dislocating feel of a Baltic Sea resort set in the tropics.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Hammer |first1=Joshua |title=Retracing the steps of German colonizers in Namibia |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/17/travel/17iht-trnamibia.1.13695784.html |accessdate=24 May 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=13 June 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Buildings in the city include the ''[[Altes Gefängnis, Swakopmund|Altes Gefängnis]]'' [[prison]], designed by Heinrich Bause in 1909. The ''Woermannhaus'', built in 1906 with a prominent tower (Damara tower), is now a public library. Attractions in Swakopmund include a Swakopmund Museum,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://scientificsocietyswakopmund.com/swakopmund-museum/|title=Swakopmund Museum|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=Scientific Society Swakopmund|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-12-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; the [[National Marine Aquarium of Namibia|National Marine Aquarium]], a crystal gallery, and spectacular sand dunes near [[Langstrand]] south of the [[Swakop River]]. Outside the city, the Rossmund Desert Golf Course is one of only five all-grass desert golf courses in the world.  Nearby is a farm that offers camel rides to tourists and the ''[[Martin Luther (steam locomotive)|Martin Luther]]'' steam locomotive, dating from 1896 and abandoned in the desert.

Swakopmund lies on the B2 road and the [[Trans-Namib Railway]] from [[Windhoek]] to [[Walvis Bay]]. It is served by [[Swakopmund Airport]] and [[Swakopmund Railway Station]].

==Etymology==
The [[Herero people|Herero]] called the place ''Otjozondjii''. The name of the town is derived from the [[Khoekhoe language|Nama]] word ''Tsoakhaub'' (&quot;excrement opening&quot;) describing the [[Swakop River]] in flood carrying items in its riverbed, including dead animals, into the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. However, Professor Peter Raper, Honorary Professor: Linguistics, at the University of the Free State points out that the name for Swakopmund is based on the San language, specifically from ''xwaka'' (rhinoceros) and ''ob'' (river).&lt;ref&gt;[Dictionary of Southern African Place Names by Dr P.E. Raper]&lt;/ref&gt;

The German settlers changed it to ''Swachaub'', and when in 1896 the district was officially proclaimed, the version ''Swakopmund'' ([[German language|German]]: ''Mouth of the [[Swakop]]'') was introduced.&lt;ref name=NamibWeb&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.namibweb.com/swakopmund.htm
|title=Swakopmund
|publisher=namibweb.com
|accessdate=8 August 2011
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==History==
===Until World War I===
[[File:Namibia-Swakopmund-2009.JPG|thumb|Swakopmund]]
[[File:Swakopmund Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirche 3.jpg|thumb|The Deutsche Evangelisch-Lutherische Church in the centre of Swakopmund, Namibia.]]
[[File:Mission Church and building - Rheinische Missionsgesellschaft - Swakopmund - 1938.jpg|thumb|Mission Church and building of the Rheinische Missionsgesellschaft  in 1938]]
Captain [[Curt von François]] founded Swakopmund in 1892 as the main harbour for the [[German Empire|Imperial German]] colony—the natural deep sea harbour at [[Walvis Bay]] belonged to the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]]. The founding date was on August 8 when the crew of gunboat {{SMS|Hyäne|1878|2}} erected two [[beacon]]s on the shore. Swakopmund was chosen for its availability of fresh water and a relatively easy connection into the centre of the South West African territory, particularly the [[Otjimbingwe]] and [[Windhoek]]. Other sites such as [[Sandwich Harbour]] and [[Cape Cross]] were found unsuitable due to dune belts that block the way to the hinterland.{{sfn|Chronik|1986|p=6}}

The Swakop site did, however, not offer any natural protection to ships lying off the coast, a geographical feature not often found along Namibia's coast. When the first 120 ''[[Schutztruppe]]'' soldiers and 40 settlers were offloaded at Swakopmund in 1893, they had to dig caves into the sand for shelter. The offloading was done by [[Kru people|Kru]] tribesmen from [[Liberia]] who used special boats. [[Woermann-Linie]], the operator of the shipping route to Germany, employed 600 Kru at that time.&lt;ref name=NamibWeb/&gt;

Swakopmund quickly became the main port for imports and exports for the whole territory, and was one of six towns which received municipal status in 1909. Many government offices for German South West Africa had offices in Swakopmund. During the [[Herero Wars]] a concentration camp for [[Herero people]] was operated in town. Inmates were forced into slave labour;&lt;ref name=&quot;OneLongNight&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Pitzer |first1=Andrea |title=One Long Night: A Global History of Concentration Camps |date=September 2017 |publisher=Little, Brown and Company |location=New York, NY |isbn=9780316303583 |pages=83-85 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q0PTDQAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=one+long+night&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwi03-C7vp_nAhXDUt8KHS5IAiwQ6AEwAHoECAQQAg#v=onepage&amp;q=one%20long%20night&amp;f=false |accessdate=26 January 2020 |language=en |chapter=Death and Genocide in Southern Africa|author-link=Andrea Pitzer}}&lt;/ref&gt; approximately 2,000 Herero died.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}}

[[File:Mole Swakopmund, Namibia.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of ''Mole Swakopmund'' (2017)]]
[[File:Seebrücke Swakopmund, Namibia.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of ''Swakopmund Jetty'' (2017)]]
[[File:Leuchtturm Swakopmund.jpg|thumb|Swakopmund Lighthouse]]
Soon, the harbour created by the &quot;Mole&quot; (breakwater) silted up, and in 1905 work was started on a wooden jetty, but in the long run this was inadequate. In 1914 construction of a steel jetty was therefore commenced. Trading and shipping companies founded branches in Swakopmund.

===Until Namibian Independence===
Early in [[World War I]] in 1915, German South West Africa was taken over by the [[Union of South Africa]]. With this, the logistic and political barriers disappeared to use the harbour in [[Walvis Bay]] for South West Africa. In Swakopmund all harbour activities ceased, central government services disappeared, the jetty became a pedestrian walkway. Businesses closed down, the number of inhabitants diminished, and the town fell in decline.{{sfn|Chronik|1986|p=27}}

However, Swakopmund had been guaranteed a lifeline in a 1923 treaty in London negotiating the [[aftermath of World War I]]. Its moderate climate and location on the Atlantic made it suitable as a holiday resort for the [[Apartheid|white population]] of the territory, and the town was re-shaped into a tourism destination. Having lost its military importance, Swakopmund was used for recreation even during [[World War II]], and in the 1940s and 1950s it was expanded to serve more and more tourists.{{sfn|Chronik|1986|p=27–29}}

With the opening of the [[Rössing uranium mine]] in 1976, Swakopmund changed its shape once again. While this mine {{Convert|60|km}} to the east eventually got its own town built, [[Arandis, Namibia|Arandis]], logistics and workers' accommodation were first supplied by Swakopmund.{{sfn|Chronik|1986|p=34}}

===Since 1990===

After Namibian independence from [[South Africa]] in 1990 [[List of former Swakopmund street names|many street names were changed]] from their original German, or in some cases, Afrikaans names, to honour Namibians, predominantly Namibians of black heritage. For example, in 2001, then-president of Namibia [[Sam Nujoma]] renamed the main street (Kaiser-Wilhelm-Straße) Sam Nujoma Avenue in honour of himself.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200212120284.html|title=Namibia: Minister Urges Swakopmund Residents to Accept Change|first=Maggi|last=Barnard|date=12 December 2002|publisher=|via=AllAfrica}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Politics==
Swakopmund is governed by a municipal council that has ten seats.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news | title=Know Your Local Authority | publisher=Institute for Public Policy Research | newspaper=Election Watch | year = 2015 | issue=3 | page=4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Namibia's ruling [[SWAPO]] party won the [[Namibian local and regional elections, 2010|2010 local authority election]] with 4,496 votes, followed by the local Swakopmund Residents Association (SRA, 1,005 votes), the [[United Democratic Front (Namibia)|United Democratic Front]] (UDF, 916 votes), the [[Rally for Democracy and Progress (Namibia)|Rally for Democracy and Progress]] (RDP, 666 votes), and the [[National Unity Democratic Organisation]] (NUDO, 280 votes).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title=Press Release Local Authority – Erongo – Swakopmund | publisher=[[Electoral Commission of Namibia]] | url=http://www.ecn.na/documents/27857/181133/Press_Release_Local_Authority_-_Erongo-Swakopmund.pdf/33b641f2-a647-411c-a28b-1a1fa9645d87?version=1.0 | accessdate=24 January 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125083041/http://www.ecn.na/documents/27857/181133/Press_Release_Local_Authority_-_Erongo-Swakopmund.pdf/33b641f2-a647-411c-a28b-1a1fa9645d87?version=1.0 | archive-date=25 January 2018 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Namibian local and regional elections, 2015|2015 local authority election]] was again won by SWAPO which gained six seats (5,534 votes). One seat each was won by the UDF (1,168 votes), the SRA (790 votes), the [[Democratic Turnhalle Alliance]] (DTA, 497 votes), and NUDO (296 votes).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Local elections results | publisher=[[Electoral Commission of Namibia]] | pages=1–2 | url=http://www.ecn.na/documents/27857/218731/LA+results+%28press+release%29+2015.pdf/870a030b-8547-487f-ad18-b22713b16d4c?version=1.0 | date=28 November 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210194328/http://www.ecn.na/documents/27857/218731/LA+results+%28press+release%29+2015.pdf/870a030b-8547-487f-ad18-b22713b16d4c?version=1.0 | archive-date=10 December 2015 | df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Administrative divisions===
There are the following districts and [[suburbs]] in Swakopmund:

*Town Centre
*[[Vineta (Swakopmund)|Vineta]]
*Meile 4
*Vogelstrand
*[[Vineta (Swakopmund)#Waterfront|Waterfront]]
*[[Mondesa]]
*Tamariskia
*[[Democratic Resettlement Community]]
** The [[Democratic Resettlement Community]] is an [[informal settlement]] in Swakopmund. It was founded in 2001 as temporary housing for people waiting for subsidized housing in the city.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110607145440/http://www.namibian.com.na/news-articles/national/full-story/archive/2009/october/article/swakops-drc-to-provide-for-youth/ Swakop’s DRC to provide for youth] February 13, 2008, The Namibian&lt;/ref&gt;

Most inhabitants of the town live in the suburbs of Vineta, Tamariskia, Mondesa and Vogelstrand. Both black and white people, mostly well-to-do, live in Vineta. Tamariskia was originally a neighbourhood for the [[Coloured People in Namibia|coloured people]], built in the early 1970s, to replace the shacks the coloureds earlier had between the town centre and Vineta. Mondesa existed already in the 1960s, and it was a neighbourhood for the [[black people]], and it was a considerable distance from the town centre in the early days.

==Economy and infrastructure==

===Mining===
The discovery of [[uranium]] at [[Rössing]], {{convert|70|km|mi|abbr=on}} outside the town, led to the development of the world's largest opencast uranium mine. This had an enormous impact on all facets of life in Swakopmund which necessitated expansion of the infrastructure of the town to make it into one of the most modern in Namibia.

===Tourism===

[[File:Shopping Mall (Platz am Meer) Swakopmund, aerial view 2017.jpg|thumb|Shopping Mall ''Platz am Meer'' ([[Vineta (Swakopmund)|Swakopmund-Vineta]]), aerial view 2017]]

The city has scattered coffee shops, night clubs, bars, and hotels. There are balloon rides, skydiving, quad biking, and small marine cruises. The Swakopmund Skydiving Club has operated from [[Swakopmund Airport]] since its founding in 1972.

The are three museums namely, [https://www.namibweb.com/martinl.htm The Martin Luther (Steam Tractor) Museum], Swakopmund Museum and Kristall Garelie Museum.

In August 2008, filming commenced in Swakopmund on the [[AMC (TV channel)|AMC]] television series ''[[The Prisoner (2009 TV miniseries)|The Prisoner]]'' starring [[Jim Caviezel]] and Sir [[Ian McKellen]]. Swakopmund was used as the film location for [[The Village (The Prisoner)|The Village]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.amctv.com/originals/the-prisoner/
|title=''The Prisoner''
|publisher=[[AMC (TV network)|AMC]] website
|accessdate=2008-09-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Technology===
In October 2000, an agreement was signed between the Namibian and [[People's Republic of China]] governments to build a [[Swakopmund tracking station|satellite tracking station]] at Swakopmund. Construction was completed in July 2001 at a site north of Swakopmund to the east of the Henties Bay-Swakopmund road and opposite the Swakopmund Salt Works. The site was chosen as it was on the orbital track of a manned spacecraft during its re-entry phase. Costing [[Namibian dollar|N$]]12 million, the complex covers 150m by 85m. It is equipped with five metre and nine metre satellite dishes.

===Public health===
The main healthcare provider in the city is the [[Cottage Medi-Clinic]], a hospital with 70 beds.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cottagemc.co.za/|title=Our Hospitals|publisher=cottagemc.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; The other public health facilities found in Swakopmund, are Swakopmund State Hospital and Tamariskia Clinic.

==Geography==

===Climate===
[[File:Swakopmund Easter 2018.jpg|thumb|Late summer rains, Swakopmund, Easter 2018]]

Surrounded by the [[Namib Desert]] on three sides and the cold [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] waters to the west, Swakopmund has a [[desert climate]] (''BWk'', according to the [[Köppen climate classification]]) with mild conditions year round.  The average temperature ranges between 15&amp;nbsp;°C (59&amp;nbsp;°F) to 25&amp;nbsp;°C (77&amp;nbsp;°F). Rainfall is less than 20&amp;nbsp;mm per year, making gutters and drainpipes on buildings a rarity. The cold [[Benguela current]] supplies moisture for the area in the form of [[fog]] that can reach as deep as {{convert|140|km|mi|abbr=on}} inland. Fogs that originate offshore from the collision of the cold Benguela Current and warm air from the [[Hadley Cell]] create a fog belt that frequently envelops parts of the Namib desert. Coastal regions can experience more than 180 days of thick fog a year.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goudie&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Goudie, Andrew |authorlink=Andrew Goudie (geographer) |chapter=Chapter 17: Namib Sand Sea: Large Dunes in an Ancient Desert |editor1-first=Piotr |editor1-last=Migoń|editor-link=Piotr Migoń|title=Geomorphological Landscapes of the World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TI55urJYyEC&amp;lpg=PR2&amp;dq=Geomorphological%20Landscapes%20of%20the%20World&amp;pg=PR2#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |year=2010 |publisher=Springer |location=New York, NY |pages=163–169 |isbn=978-90-481-3054-2 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Spriggs&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at1315 |title=Namib desert (AT1315) |author=Spriggs, Amy |date= |work=Wild World |publisher=World Wildlife Fund |accessdate=11 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; While this has proved a major hazard to ships—more than one thousand wrecks litter the [[Skeleton Coast]]—it is a vital source of moisture for desert life. The fauna and flora of the area have adapted to this phenomenon and now rely upon the fog as a source of moisture.
{{Weather box
|location = Swakopmund
|single line = Y
|collapsed = True
|Jan high C = 22
|Feb high C = 23
|Mar high C = 22
|Apr high C = 21
|May high C = 21
|Jun high C = 20
|Jul high C = 20
|Aug high C = 18
|Sep high C = 18
|Oct high C = 19
|Nov high C = 21
|Dec high C = 22
|year high C=
|Jan low C = 16
|Feb low C = 16
|Mar low C = 16
|Apr low C = 14
|May low C = 12
|Jun low C = 11
|Jul low C = 10
|Aug low C = 10
|Sep low C = 11
|Oct low C = 12
|Nov low C = 14
|Dec low C = 15
|year low C=
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 1
|Feb rain mm = 2
|Mar rain mm = 6
|Apr rain mm = 2
|May rain mm = 1
|Jun rain mm = 1
|Jul rain mm = 0
|Aug rain mm = 0
|Sep rain mm = 1
|Oct rain mm = 0
|Nov rain mm = 1
|Dec rain mm = 1
|source = [http://www.worldclimateguide.co.uk/climateguides/namibia/swakopmund.php World Climate Guide]
}}

==Education==
{{expand section|date=March 2016}}
The German school Regierungsschule Swakopmund was previously located in the city.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://dipbt.bundestag.de/doc/btd/04/036/0403672.pdf Deutscher Bundestag 4. Wahlperiode Drucksache IV/3672]&quot; ([https://web.archive.org/web/20160312191648/http://dipbt.bundestag.de/doc/btd/04/036/0403672.pdf Archive]). [[Bundestag]] (West Germany). 23 June 1965. Retrieved on 12 March 2016. p. 32/51.&lt;/ref&gt; There are three secondary schools, [[Secondary School Swakopmund]], [[Namib High School]] and [[Coastal High School]]. [[West Side High School, Namibia|West Side High School]] and [[Atlantic High School, Namibia|Atlantic High School]] include both primary and secondary grades. Primary schools include Hanganeni Primary, Tamariskia Primary, Festus ǃGonteb, Swakopmund Primary, Namib Primary and Vrede Rede Primary Schools.

==Notable people==
* [[Rosina ǁHoabes]], former Mayor
* [[Werner Schulz (footballer)]]
* [[Razundara Tjikuzu]], former professional footballer, played in the German Bundesliga for [[Werder Bremen]] (1998–2003), [[Hansa Rostock]] (2003–05) [[MSV Duisburg]] (2005–06) before going on to play in the [[Turkish Super League]]

==In popular culture==
Swakopmund was the filming location for ''[[Mad Max: Fury Road]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.traveller.com.au/mad-max-fury-road-film-locations-how-namibia-replaced-australia-1mcxrv|title=How Australia got magnificently replaced in Mad Max|first=Sue|last=Williams|date=14 May 2015|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Literature===
* {{Cite book | ref={{harvid|Chronik|1986}}| title=Swakopmund. Eine kleine Chronik | trans-title=Swakopmund. A small chronicle. | language=German | editor-last=Massmann | editor-first=Ursula | publisher=Swakopmund Museum | edition=2nd | year=1986| isbn=062006062X}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage|Swakopmund}}
*{{official website|http://www.swkmun.com.na/ }}
*[http://www.water-technology.net/projects/swakopmund/ Swakomund Desalination Plant]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070714175444/http://www.namibia-1on1.com/Namibia-Map/Swakopmund-Map-01.html Map of Swakopmund city]
*[http://www.swkmun.com.na/map.htm Map locating Namibia and Swakopmund] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091127162631/http://www.swkmun.com.na/map.htm |date=2009-11-27 }}
*[http://www.namibiaweather.info/ Current Swakopmund Weather]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071128143901/http://weather.msn.com/local.aspx?wealocations=wc:WAXX0002 Swakopmund weather forecast]
*[http://www.scientificsocietyswakopmund.com/ Scientific Society Swakopmund / Sam Cohen Library / Swakopmund Museum]
*[http://swakopmund.org Swakopmund Business Directory]
*[http://namibweb.com/swakopmund.htm History of Swakopmund]
{{Coord|22|41|S|14|32|E|region:NA_type:city|display=title}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Swakopmund| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Namibia]]
[[Category:Populated places in the Erongo Region]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Namibia]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1892]]
[[Category:Regional capitals in Namibia]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in Namibia]]
[[Category:1892 establishments in German South West Africa]]&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Swakopmund]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Swakopmund/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>St. James Cathedral (Chicago)</title>
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      <text bytes="5672" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox church
|name                   = St. James Cathedral
|fullname               = 
|image                  = Gerald Farinas Chicago Cathedral of Saint James from South.jpg
|imagesize              = frameless
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|caption                =
|pushpin map            = United States Chicago Central
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|map caption            = Location in central Chicago
|coordinates            = {{coord|41.89467|-87.62644|format=dms|type:landmark_region:US-IL|display=inline,title}}
|osgraw                 =  &lt;!--  TEXT --&gt;
|osgridref              =  &lt;!-- {{gbmappingsmall|TEXT}} --&gt;
|location               = 65 East Huron Street&lt;br/&gt;[[Chicago, Illinois]]
|country                = [[United States]]
|denomination           = [[Episcopal Church in the United States of America]]
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|churchmanship          = 
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|website                = {{url|http://www.saintjamescathedral.org/}}
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|founded date           = 1834
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|heritage designation   = 
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|architect              = Faulkner &amp; Clarke, architects; restoration, Walker Johnson, Holabird &amp; Root, architects 
|architectural type     = 
|style                  = [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]]
|groundbreaking         = 
|completed date         = 1857
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|capacity               = 
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|diocese                = [[Episcopal Diocese of Chicago|Chicago]]
|bishop                 = [[Jeffrey D. Lee]]
|dean                   = [[Dominic Barrington]]
}}

'''St. James Cathedral''' is the [[mother church]] of the [[Episcopal Church in the United States of America]] [[Episcopal Diocese of Chicago|Diocese of Chicago]] in [[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]], [[Illinois]].  The cathedral stands at the corner of Huron and Wabash streets.  It is the oldest church of the [[Anglican Communion]] and Episcopal tradition in the [[Chicago metropolitan area|Chicago area]], having been founded in 1834.&lt;ref name=cathedral&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.saintjamescathedral.org/about/who-we-are/|title=Who We Are|publisher=Saint James Cathedral|access-date=2014-03-05|last=|first=|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305165226/http://www.saintjamescathedral.org/about/who-we-are/|archive-date=2014-03-05|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Originally built as a parish church, that building was mostly destroyed in the [[Great Chicago Fire]].  Only the bell tower survived, and this was incorporated into the rebuilt church, including the soot-stained stones around the top of the tower which remain black today.  St. James received the status of [[cathedral]] in 1928 after the Cathedral Church of St. Peter and St. Paul was destroyed in a fire in 1921, but the arrangement was terminated in 1931.  On May 3, 1955, St. James was again designated the cathedral and was formally set apart on June 4, 1955.&lt;ref name=episcopal&gt;{{cite web|url=http://library.episcopalchurch.org/glossary/chicago-diocese|title=Chicago, Diocese of|publisher=Episcopal Church|accessdate=2014-03-05|last=|first=|archive-date=2014-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305164937/http://library.episcopalchurch.org/glossary/chicago-diocese|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The church is led by the [[List of Bishops in the Episcopal Diocese of Chicago|Episcopal Bishop of Chicago]]. Test123.

Together with the [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] [[Holy Name Cathedral, Chicago|Holy Name Cathedral]] on [[State Street (Chicago)|State Street]] and the [[Greek Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox]] [[Annunciation Greek Orthodox Cathedral (Chicago)|Annunciation Cathedral]] on [[LaSalle Street]], the churches form the Cathedral District of Chicago.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}

==See also==
*[[List of the Episcopal cathedrals of the United States]]
*[[List of cathedrals in the United States]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|St. James Episcopal Cathedral, Chicago|St. James Cathedral (Chicago)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chicago James Cathedral}}
[[Category:1834 establishments in Illinois]]
[[Category:19th-century Episcopal church buildings]]
[[Category:Cathedrals in Chicago|James Cathedral]]
[[Category:Churches completed in 1857]]
[[Category:Episcopal cathedrals in Illinois|James, Chicago]]
[[Category:Episcopal church buildings in Illinois]]
[[Category:Gothic Revival church buildings in Illinois]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1834]]
&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:St. James Cathedral (Chicago)]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[St. James Cathedral (Chicago)/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Walton Bridge</title>
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      <text bytes="15482" xml:space="preserve">{{distinguish|Walton Bridge (Keene, New York)|Bailey Bridge (Walton on Trent)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox Bridge
|bridge_name= Walton Bridge
|image=Walton Bridge - Aug 2013.JPG
|caption= Walton Bridge&lt;br&gt;''(taken in Summer 2013 from upstream)''
|official_name= 
|carries= [[A224 road]]
|crosses=[[River Thames]]
|locale= [[Walton on Thames]] and [[Shepperton]], [[Surrey]]
|maint=
|id=
|designer =
|design= 
|material = Steel
|spans =
|pierswater = 
|mainspan= 
|length= 
|width= 
|height={{convert|18|ft|3|in|m}}&lt;ref&gt;River Thames Alliance. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080124114502/http://www.visitthames.co.uk/text.asp?PageId=320 Bridge heights on the River Thames.]&lt;/ref&gt;
|clearance=
|below= 
|traffic=
|open= 2013
|closed=
|toll=
|map_cue=
|map_image=
|map_text=
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|lat=
|long=
}}

'''Walton Bridge''' is a road bridge across the [[River Thames]] in England, carrying the [[A244 road|A244]] between [[Walton-on-Thames]] and [[Shepperton]], crossing the Thames on the reach between [[Sunbury Lock]] and [[Shepperton Lock]].

The bridge is the first Thames road bridge which is on both banks upstream of [[Greater London]]. The bridge is the sixth on the site. Before the first bridge, the site had a ferry dating at least to the 17th century. Test123. &lt;!-- A previous editor had 15th century but a citation to that period is needed, we have a reference below to Shepperton Ferry, which connects to Weybridge in the 14th century but a Walton to Lower Halliford Ferry needs similar research--&gt;

==Earlier crossings at the site==

Near Walton Bridge, and removed when the first bridge was built in 1750, were several [[tumulus|barrows]]. [[Spear]] heads and [[pottery|earthenware vessels]] are said by J. Douglas&lt;ref&gt;Naenia Brit.{{Title incomplete}} p.94 cited by Malden below, date of publication not given.&lt;/ref&gt; to have been found in them.&lt;ref name=malden&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=43009 |title=Parishes: Walton on Thames |author=H.E. Malden (editor) |publisher=Institute of Historical Research |date=1911 |work=A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 3 |accessdate=13 August 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

From [[Borough of Elmbridge|Elmbridge]] ferries run by operators under a Crown-granted monopoly, subject to conditions, existed since the [[Stuart period]]: as follows:&lt;ref name=robbins&gt;{{cite book|last=Robbins|first=Michael|title=Middlesex|origyear=1953|year=2003|publisher=Phillimore|location=Chichester|isbn=9781860772696|page=76}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 100%;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot;
|-
|[[Hampton, London|Hampton Court, Hampton]]||[[Molesey]] &amp;mdash; see [[Hampton Court Bridge]]
|-
|[[Hampton, London|Hampton]]||[[Molesey Hurst]] &amp;mdash; [[Hampton Ferry (River Thames)|still operational]], established 1514&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.hamptonferryboathouse.co.uk Hampton Ferry Boathouse] Retrieved 2013-08-13&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Sunbury-on-Thames]]||[[Sunbury Lock]] &amp;mdash; at the north-eastern corner of [[Walton-on-Thames]] &amp;mdash; discontinued
|-
|[[Shepperton|Lower Halliford, Shepperton]]||[[Walton-on-Thames]] &amp;mdash; now '''Walton Bridge'''
|-
|[[Shepperton|Old Shepperton, Shepperton]]||[[Weybridge]] &amp;mdash; [[Shepperton to Weybridge Ferry|still operational]]
|}
{{clear}}
The two remaining join those in [[London]] (the [[Twickenham Ferry]] and [[Woolwich Ferry]]) and seasonal visitor services in [[Oxford]].

Land near the relevant site was said in 1633 to have been washed away, reflecting the lack of the additional river channels at Windsor, Laleham and Weybridge, lack of weirs and former marshiness of the double bend of the river known as Cowey Sale and opposing small meander of land, Thames Meadow on the north bank.

A Shepperton ferry is recorded in the 15th century – at which position however is uncertain.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=22224&amp;strquery=ferry |title=Shepperton: The hundred of Spelthorne (continued) |author=Susan Reynolds (Editor) |publisher=Institute of Historical Research |year=1962 |work=A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 3: Shepperton, Staines, Stanwell, Sunbury, Teddington, Heston and Isleworth, Twickenham, Cowley, Cranford, West Drayton, Greenford, Hanwell, Harefield and Harlington |accessdate=17 November 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Manuscripts of the Duke of Northumberland, [[Syon House]] Feudal Evidences and Records 315/419, folio 50; M.R. 327&lt;/ref&gt;

==First bridge==
{{main|Old Walton Bridge}}
[[File:Canaletto-waltonbridge.jpg|thumb|right|First Bridge &amp;mdash; ''Walton Bridge'' by Canaletto]]

In 1747 [[Samuel Dicker]], local landowner and later MP for [[Plymouth (UK Parliament constituency)|Plymouth]], obtained permission to build a bridge at Walton. It was designed by William Etheridge and built by White of Weybridge to consist of &quot;timbers tangent to a circle of 100 feet [[diameter]]&quot; and was built so that a single timber could be extracted and repaired without disturbing the rest of the bridge.&lt;ref&gt;Fred. S. Thacker ''The Thames Highway: Volume II Locks and Weirs'' 1920 - republished 1968 David &amp; Charles&lt;/ref&gt; [[Old Walton Bridge]] was completed in August 1750 and acquired some fame, meriting an article in the [[Gentleman's Magazine]], a report in [[Daniel Defoe]]'s Tour in 1753 and a painting by [[Canaletto]] in 1754.  The painting, which shows the [[rococo]]-style of this bridge, is in [[Dulwich Picture Gallery]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dulwichpicturegallery.org.uk/ Old Walton Bridge - Canaletto]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Queens College, Cambridge]] record that its [[Mathematical Bridge]] resembles this much grander structure also by Etheridge &amp;mdash; unlike Walton Bridge, Etheridge's bridge there has been rebuilt twice to his design, having encountered minor wood rot, but has never collapsed.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.quns.cam.ac.uk/general-information/historical-fun/queens-college/mathematical-bridge/history-of-the-bridge-at-queens History of the Bridge at Queens] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130813145212/http://www.quns.cam.ac.uk/general-information/historical-fun/queens-college/mathematical-bridge/history-of-the-bridge-at-queens |date=13 August 2013 }} Queens College, Cambridge. Retrieved 2013-08-13&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.quns.cam.ac.uk/general-information/historical-fun/queens-college/mathematical-bridge/history-of-the-bridge-at-queens Design] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130813145212/http://www.quns.cam.ac.uk/general-information/historical-fun/queens-college/mathematical-bridge/history-of-the-bridge-at-queens |date=13 August 2013 }} Queens College, Cambridge. Retrieved 2013-08-13&lt;/ref&gt;

The timber structure stood approximately 33 years, that is, until 1783. A report on the condition of the bridge in 1778 suggested that decay in the wooden frame made it unsuitable for use and it was dismantled five years later.&lt;ref name=robbins/&gt;

==Second bridge==
[[File:Turner-Walton-Bridges.jpg|thumb|right|Second Bridge &amp;mdash; ''Walton Bridges'' by J. M. W. Turner]]

The second bridge made of stone (and internally of brick) was permitted, with additional tolls, under an Act of Parliament obtained by the nephew of Mr Dicker, Dicker Sanders and designed by [[James Paine (architect)|James Paine]], whose bridge [[Chertsey Bridge]] still stands.&lt;ref name=malden/&gt; This was opened in 1788.  This bridge inspired three paintings by [[J.M.W. Turner|Turner]] in 1805 of different scenes featuring the bridge following some sketches which have also been preserved; most of these works are kept by the [[Tate Gallery]] &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/turner-the-thames-near-walton-bridges-n02680 Tate Gallery ''Turner: The Thames Near Walton Bridges''] Retrieved 2013-07-13&lt;br /&gt;[http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/turner-walton-reach-n02681 Tate Gallery ''Turner: Walton Reach''] Retrieved 2013-07-13&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/turner-walton-bridges-tw0867 Tate Gallery ''Turner: Walton Bridges''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203055530/https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/turner-walton-bridges-tw0867 |date=3 December 2018 }} Retrieved 2013-07-13&lt;/ref&gt;, though one painting was sold at Sotheby’s in July 2018 for £3.4 million, its export then being blocked by the Government for the national benefit. Most of Turner’s river tour of 1805 concentrated on the [[River Thames|Thames]], with a few paintings of the [[River Wey|Wey]] at that time.

The bridge lasted much longer than its predecessor, but part of it collapsed in 1859. A ferry crossing was briefly revived until the completion of the third bridge in 1864.

==Third bridge==
[[File:Third-Walton-Bridge-1897.jpg|thumb|right|Third Bridge &amp;mdash; [[James Dredge, Jr.|James Dredge]]]]

The third bridge, built 1863–64, was an iron girder lattice bridge on stone piers. At the same time, a brick viaduct was constructed to span the flood plain to the south of the river.  The bridge was freed of tolls in about 1870.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}

The third bridge was damaged during the [[World War II|Second World War]] in 1940 leading to a permanent weight restriction.  To alleviate this a fourth temporary bridge was constructed and the third bridge was relegated to use by cyclists and pedestrians. Robbins described it in 1953 as &quot;an ungracious structure of iron lattice girders&quot; in his county history.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Robbins|first=Michael|title=Middlesex|origyear=1953|year=2003|publisher=Phillimore|location=Chichester|isbn=9781860772696|page=326}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Assisted by the weight restriction and metal design it was longer-lasting than the previous two bridges but was finally demolished in 1985.

==Fourth bridge==
[[File:WaltonBridge.jpg|right|thumb|4th Walton Bridge (unused) from downstream]]
The fourth bridge was constructed in 1953 on the downstream side of the old bridge, using a construction designed by A.M. Hamilton in 1930 and is called a [[Callender-Hamilton bridge]]. The fourth bridge was retained for use by cyclists and pedestrians when the fifth bridge was completed in 1999.

==Fifth bridge==
In 1999, while the fourth bridge remained standing for use by pedestrians and cyclists, another temporary structure, the fifth bridge, on the site of the original bridges, was opened for vehicular traffic. This initially had several problems and had to be resurfaced a number of times causing traffic disruptions.  The poor architecture of these two co-existing bridges led to demands for construction of the sixth bridge (pictured).  Together, the old bridges faced heavy criticism as had the very existence of a rusting, less strong, incongrous, military style foot and cycle bridge and engineers predicted structural weakness by 2015, hence the plans for a new bridge.  In 2003 a political impetus grew for rebuilding and was a key local election issue for councillors seeking to run for [[Elmbridge Borough Council]] and [[Surrey County Council]] combined with the ''Heart of Walton Development'' which was not yet complete.&lt;ref name=gs&gt;[http://www.getsurrey.co.uk/news/s/46500_centre_and_bridge_dominate_election_campaign &quot;Centre and bridge dominate election campaign&quot; ]&lt;/ref&gt;
{{cquote|One 2003 Local Elections candidate for the three Walton Central seats said:
“It's [Walton is] in an awful state,” he said. “People are also interested in what’s happening with the bridge...&lt;br&gt;''The Surrey Herald'', 16 April 2003&lt;ref name=gs/&gt;}}

==Sixth bridge==
[[File:Walton Bridge being rebuilt with new arches in 2012.jpg|thumb|The sixth bridge during construction in November 2012]]
The sixth bridge was opened on 22 July 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-surrey-23404157|title=£32m Walton road bridge opens to Surrey traffic|publisher=BBC|date=22 Jul 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; A public inquiry rejected some aspects of the original plan but approval of the funding arrangements was confirmed on 29 December 2010.  After extensive preparatory work in 2011, the main construction works began on 9 January 2012, and building completed in July 2013. The bridge replaced the two extant bridges (4th and 5th), which remained in use during construction.  The new £32.4 million bridge has no piers in the river, thus opening up views along the river and improving navigation for boats.  The constructor completed the removal of the old bridges in November 2013 and was set to complete surrounding landscaping works in August 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.surreycc.gov.uk/roads-and-transport/bridges-and-structures/walton-bridge/outline-timetable-for-walton-bridge|title=Walton Bridge|publisher=Surrey County Council|date=1 Jun 2010|accessdate=2011-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629184221/http://www.surreycc.gov.uk/roads-and-transport/bridges-and-structures/walton-bridge/outline-timetable-for-walton-bridge|archive-date=29 June 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The bridge is used on an unsigned but map-marked cyclists' variation of the [[Thames Path]] bypassing the on-request [[Shepperton to Weybridge Ferry]], that runs during main hours of daytime, to where the path recombines at [[Chertsey Bridge]], where it takes the northern towpath as below [[Hampton Court Bridge]].

The bridge, a thrust arch bridge, provides the first single-span bridge heading up the Thames. The next single-span bridges up the Thames are a pair of co-functional &quot;old and new&quot; [[Runnymede Bridge]]s between [[Surrey]] and [[Berkshire]].

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.surreycc.gov.uk/sccwebsite/sccwspublications.nsf/591f7dda55aad72a80256c670041a50d/1c602ea59c869c9180256e600054b26c/$FILE/Town%20populations.pdf |title=Town Populations |accessdate=2006-12-08 |format=pdf |work=2001 census |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025014840/http://www.surreycc.gov.uk/sccwebsite/sccwspublications.nsf/591f7dda55aad72a80256c670041a50d/1c602ea59c869c9180256e600054b26c/%24FILE/Town%20populations.pdf |archivedate=25 October 2007 |df= }}
* {{cite web | url =http://www.surreycc.gov.uk/roads-and-transport/bridges-and-structures/walton-bridge/outline-timetable-for-walton-bridge | title =History of Walton Bridge | accessdate =2006-12-08 | author =Colin Bentley | work =Surrey County Council online | publisher =Surrey County Council | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130629184221/http://www.surreycc.gov.uk/roads-and-transport/bridges-and-structures/walton-bridge/outline-timetable-for-walton-bridge | archive-date =29 June 2013 | url-status =dead | df =dmy-all }}
{{refend}}
{{reflist}}

==See also==

* [[Crossings of the River Thames]]

{{S-start}}
{{River bridge start|River=[[River Thames]]}}
{{River item line|upstream=[[Shepperton to Weybridge Ferry]] (pedestrian)
|downstream=[[Hampton Ferry (River Thames)|Hampton Ferry]] (pedestrian)}}
{{S-end}}

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[[Category:Bridges in Surrey]]
[[Category:Bridges across the River Thames]]
[[Category:Bridges completed in 1864]]
[[Category:Bridges completed in 1953]]
[[Category:Bridges completed in 1788]]
[[Category:Rebuilt buildings and structures in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Former toll bridges in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1788 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Bridges completed in 2013]]
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&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Walton Bridge]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Walton Bridge/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tudor Rickards</title>
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      <text bytes="16160" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|British writer}}
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[[File:TudorRickardsUppsala2009 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Tudor Rickards at Uppsala Creativity Day 2009, Uppsala Sweden]]
'''Tudor Rickards''' (born 1941 in [[Pontypridd]], [[Wales]]) is a self published author of non-fiction and fiction, a business academic, and a scientist. He is Professor Emeritus at [[University of Manchester]] and formerly Professor of creativity and Organisational change at [[Alliance Manchester Business School]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.manchester.ac.uk/research/mbs/tudor.rickards/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 July 2020 |archive-date=6 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506021920/http://www.manchester.ac.uk/research/mbs/Tudor.rickards |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;. His fiction works include ''The Unnamed Threat: A Wendy Lockinge Mystery (2019)'', ''Seconds Out'' (2018) and ''Chronicles of Leadership'' (2016). His non-fiction includes ''Tennis Matters: A Leaders We Deserve Monograph'' (2015), ''Tennis Tensions'' (2015), ''The Manchester Method'' (2015) and ''The Double Houdini'' (2016).

By the mid-70s he had established international contacts. A collaboration with [[:de:Horst Geschka|Horst Geschka]] at the Battelle Institute in Frankfurt, Germany, lead to a joint publication comparing practices and deficiencies in the application of creativity techniques in the UK and in Germany. Furthermore, he participated in most of the European creativity conferences a speaker or active participant. During this time he intensively worked on the development of networks enabling European creativity practitioners to work together and explore alternatives to the dominant US models.&lt;ref&gt;Gryskiewicz, S., (1992) Letter from America (With respectful acknowledgement to Alistair Cooke), Creativity and Innovation Management, 1,4, 214–215&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Van de Meer, H., (2006) Conference Report ECCI-9 Creativity and Innovation Management 15,1, 120–122 {{doi|10.1111/j.1467-8691.2006.00376.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;

He co-founded the academic journal, ''Creativity and Innovation Management, '' in 1991&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Wiley Online Library | website=Wiley Online Library | date=2020-06-15 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ | access-date=2020-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; and is Alex Osborn Visiting Professor at State University of New York, Buffalo, a lifetime position offered to scholars who are deemed to enrich teaching at the University’s Centre for Studies in Creativity.

Rickards is regularly quoted in the British media.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8645018.stm | work=BBC News | title=The trouble with blue sky thinking | date=2010-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/business/s/143/143758_studying_law_of_nature_in_the_office.html |title = Studying law of nature in the office|date = 30 June 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/Archive/Article/0,4273,4358255,00.html | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=A nose for business | first=Francis | last=Beckett | authorlink = Francis Beckett |date=2002-02-19 | accessdate=2010-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Breaking News, World News &amp; Multimedia | website=The New York Times | date=2001-04-07 | url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2001/04/07/mold_ed3_.php | access-date=2020-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is a pioneer and advocate of the ‘Manchester Method’ – the system of creative and applied learning championed by Manchester Business School – on which he has written widely.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/student/postgraduate/mbas-guide/horses-for-mba-courses-544429.html | work=The Independent | location=London | title=Horses for MBA courses | date=2004-10-21 | accessdate=2010-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ejel.org/volume-2/vol2-issue1/issue1-art23-drinkwater.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 July 2020 |archive-date=25 March 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040325152644/http://www.ejel.org/volume-2/vol2-issue1/issue1-art23-drinkwater.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;See also p xviii in Educating Managers Through Real World Projects by Charles Wankel, Bob DeFillippi, Robert Defillipi, published by IAP, 2005 {{ISBN|978-1-59311-370-4}} for reference to Rickards' work in this area.&lt;/ref&gt;

He was an early promoter in Europe of the [[TRIZ]] system of creativity and idea generation, inviting TRIZ pioneer Dr Phan Dung to speak at EACI (European Association of Creativity and Innovation) conferences&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://www.eaci.net/EACI_-_European_Association_for_Creativity_%26_Innovation/Home.html | title=EACI - European Association for Creativity &amp; Innovation}}&lt;/ref&gt; and publishing some of the first papers in English by Dr Phan Dung on the subject in ''Creativity and Innovation Management''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://www.osaka-gu.ac.jp/php/nakagawa/TRIZ/eTRIZ/eforum/ePhanDungForum990708.html |title = TRIZ in Vietnam (Phang Dung) (Jul. 1999)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Challenging traditional models of creative thinking, leadership, problem solving and team building, Rickards’ research has been described by ''The Financial Times'' as non-traditional.&lt;ref&gt;Financial Times, 20 September 1996
&lt;/ref&gt;  The influences and inspirations for his insights and research are diverse, and include chess, poetry, sport and politics. He is developing the use of non-traditional fictional modes for exploring issues in leadership theory.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://leaderswedeserve.wordpress.com/2012/06/24/recent-research-into-leaders-to-the-tune-of-the-eton-boating-song/ |title = Recent research into leaders &amp;#91;to the tune of the Eton Boating Song&amp;#93;|date = 24 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The world of nature has also been a powerful source of inspiration, with well-publicised work on intelligent horsemanship&lt;ref name=&quot;independent.co.uk&quot;&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/managers-learn-hollywoodstyle-horse-whispering-703698.html | work=The Independent | location=London | title=Managers learn Hollywood-style horse whispering | first=Ben | last=Russell | date=2001-01-08 | accessdate=2010-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independent.co.uk&quot; /&gt; and the lessons it offers for the workplace, and profiling management and leadership styles using animal behaviour.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/student/postgraduate/mbas-guide/can-we-learn-from-the-apes-562335.html | work=The Independent | location=London | title=Can we learn from the apes? | date=2004-05-06 | accessdate=2010-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;  His work has been criticised for attempting to learn lessons from studying animal rather than human behaviour.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt;

Rickards was educated at Pontypridd Boys’ Grammar School and went on to study chemistry and radiation chemistry at The University of Wales at Cardiff (now [[Cardiff University]]).  Following post-doctoral research at New York Medical College&lt;ref&gt;^ Rickards, T., Herp, A., &amp; Pigman, W., (1966) The kinetics of depolymerization of hyaluronic acid by l-ascorbic acid, and the inhibition of this reaction by anions of the lyotropic series, J of Polymer Science Part A-1 Polymer Chemistry, 5,4. pp 931–934&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.manchester.ac.uk/research/mbs/Tudor.rickards |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 July 2020 |archive-date=15 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515014530/http://www.manchester.ac.uk/research/mbs/Tudor.rickards |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; in the 1960s, he returned to the UK to work in the R&amp;D department of [[Unilever]] Laboratories,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Espacenet - Bibliographic data | website=Espacenet - Home page | url=http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=AU&amp;NR=8289775&amp;KC=&amp;FT=E | access-date=2020-06-16}}.&lt;/ref&gt; based in Port Sunlight, Merseyside, UK.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/views/obituaries/2008/09/18/obituary-richard-duggan-64375-21844124/ |title = Liverpool Echo: Latest Liverpool and Merseyside news, sports and what's on}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was there that he became interested in creativity and its role in structured problem-solving systems, and from there that he joined Manchester Business School in 1972. Alan Pearson, founding editor of R&amp;D management journal invited him to join MBS to study creativity techniques in R&amp;D laboratories.  The work was subsequently subsumed by the INCA programme (Innovation through Creative Analysis.&lt;ref&gt;J.F. Wilson The Manchester Experiment: A History of Manchester Business School 1965–1990, SAGE Publications Limited, pp92–93&lt;/ref&gt;

Rickards contributed as keynote speaker at the 1st National Medical Leadership Conference of the Mersey &amp; North Western Deaneries, Reebok Stadium Bolton, 10 March 2011,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.merseydeanery.nhs.uk/graphics/nwe_Medical%20Leadership%20Conference%20Flyer%20%282%29.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 July 2020 |archive-date=16 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316123556/http://www.merseydeanery.nhs.uk/graphics/nwe_Medical%20Leadership%20Conference%20Flyer%20(2).pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; and at the [[Institute of Directors]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://www.iod.com/home/default.aspx | title=Institute of Directors &amp;#124; Inspiring business|website=www.iod.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; North West annual conference on Leading through Change, Manchester, 22 March 2012.

In August 2010, Rickards contributed to an eBook collection of political poems entitled ''Emergency Verse – Poetry in Defence of the Welfare State'' edited by [[Alan Morrison (poet)|Alan Morrison]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=The Recusant | website=The Recusant | date=2019-11-21 | url=http://www.therecusant.org.uk | access-date=2020-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As of August 2011, Rickards has been appointed to the board of international advisors to the Institute for Creative Management and Innovation, [[Kinki University]], Japan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.kindai.ac.jp/sangaku/kenkyu/icmi |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 July 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807003700/http://www.kindai.ac.jp/sangaku/kenkyu/icmi/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

His recent media contributions include the BBC Radio 4 documentary Oblique Strategies, broadcast on 13 June 2013, examining a technique developed by Brian Eno for stimulating creativity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b02qncrt |title = BBC Radio 4 - Oblique Strategies}}&lt;/ref&gt;

He was the guest speaker for the 2014 Alex Osborn memorial event at Buffalo State University on the theme of [ Dissecting Creativity]. The interview was conducted by Gerard Puccio, chair and Professor at the International Center for Studies in Creativity [ICSC] at Buffalo State University. The annual event honors the life and work of Alex Osborn who did much of his pioneering work on stimulating creativity at ICSC.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leaders We Deserve 2015&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Dissecting Creativity: Interview with Tudor Rickards | website=Leaders We Deserve | date=2015-03-10 | url=https://leaderswedeserve.blog/2015/03/10/dissecting-creativity-interview-with-tudor-rickards/ | access-date=2020-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In March 2015, Rickards took part in a keynote introduction to the ARTEM Organizational Creativity International Conference&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=1st ARTEM Organizational Creativity International Conference | website=Sciencesconf.org | date=2015-03-26 | url=http://artemocc2015.sciencesconf.org/ | access-date=2020-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; in Nancy, France, on rethinking paths on creativity to move organizations towards sustainability.

On 17 April 2015, Rickards co-presented ''Taking Tough Decisions: A Creative Problem-Solving Approach'' with Dr Rebecca Baron (Associate Dean General Practice Health Education North West) at the Fifth National Medical Leadership conference&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.nwpgmd.nhs.uk/medical-leadership/national-medical-leadership-conference |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 July 2020 |archive-date=29 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929141156/https://www.nwpgmd.nhs.uk/medical-leadership/national-medical-leadership-conference |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; at the Macron Stadium, Bolton.

In 2015, Rickards began his first self-publishing project which culminated in the release of the eBook &quot;The Manchester Method: A Leaders We Deserve Monograph&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/The-Manchester-Method-Leaders-Monograph-ebook/dp/B00V4WB1VK |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 July 2020 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304212645/http://www.amazon.co.uk/The-Manchester-Method-Leaders-Monograph-ebook/dp/B00V4WB1VK |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; which is based on over a thousand posts originally published on his blog, Leaders We Deserve, over the period 2006–2015.

He also lectures at the Research University - Higher School of Economics in Moscow.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Tudor Rickards: about creativity, leadership and president Trump | website=HSE University | date=2016-11-23 | url=https://www.hse.ru/en/ma/sti/rickards | access-date=2020-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bibliography ==
*{{cite book | last = Rickards | first = Tudor | title = Problem Solving Through Creativity | publisher = Wiley | year = 1974 | location = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-0-470-72045-5 }}
*{{cite book | last = Rickards | first = Tudor | title = Creativity and Problem Solving at Work | publisher = Gower Publishing, Ltd | year = 1997 | location = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-0-566-07961-0 }}
*{{cite book | last = Rickards | first = Tudor | last2 = Clark | first2 = M. | title = Dilemmas of Leadership | publisher = Routledge | year = 2006 | location =  | url = http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/0415355850/about/default.asp | doi =  | id =  | isbn = 978-0-415-35584-1 | access-date = 6 July 2020 | archive-date = 23 August 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090823063606/http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/0415355850/about/default.asp | url-status = dead }}
*{{cite book | last = Rickards | first = Tudor |last2=Runco |first2=Mark A. |last3=Moger|first3=Susan
| title = The Routledge Companion To Creativity | publisher = Routledge | year = 2008 | location = | url = https://www.routledge.com/The-Routledge-Companion-to-Creativity-1st-Edition/Rickards-Runco-Moger/p/book/9780415773171 | isbn = 978-0-415-77317-1}}
*{{cite book | last = Rickards | first = Tudor | title = Dilemmas of Leadership| publisher = Routledge | edition = 2nd |year = 2011 | location = | url = http://www.taylorandfrancis.com/books/details/9780415618540/ | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-0-415-61854-0}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.manchester.ac.uk/research/mbs/Tudor.rickards/ Tudor Rickards' website at the University of Manchester] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506021920/http://www.manchester.ac.uk/research/mbs/Tudor.rickards |date=6 May 2012 }}
* [http://www.manchester.ac.uk/research/mbs/Tudor.rickards/publications Tudor Rickards' list of publications] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109064744/http://www.manchester.ac.uk/research/mbs/Tudor.rickards/publications |date=9 November 2012 }}
* [http://tudorrickards.co.uk/ Tudor Rickards' personal website]
* [http://leaderswedeserve.wordpress.com/ Tudor Rickards' Blog 'exploring leadership stories in business, politics and sport']
* [http://www.eaci.net/EACI_-_European_Association_for_Creativity_%26_Innovation/Home.html The European Association for Creativity and Innovation]

{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Unilever people]]
[[Category:People educated at Pontypridd High School]]&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Tudor Rickards]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Tudor Rickards/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>Puerto Rico</title>
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{{short description|Island of the Greater Antilles in the Caribbean}}
{{redirect-multi|2|Porto Rico|Borinquen|other uses|Porto Rico (disambiguation)|and|Borinquen (disambiguation)|and|Puerto Rico (disambiguation)}}
{{coord|18.2|-66.5|display=title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox dependency
| name = Puerto Rico
| settlement_type = [[Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)|U.S. commonwealth]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Unincorporated territories of the United States|Unincorporated and organized territory]]
| official_name = {{raise|0.2em|Commonwealth of Puerto Rico}}&lt;br /&gt;{{nobold|''Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico'' {{small|([[Puerto Rican Spanish|Spanish]])}}}}
| image_flag = Flag of Puerto Rico.svg
| flag_size = 125px
| flag_link = Flag of Puerto Rico
| image_seal = Coat of arms of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.svg
| seal_size = 85px
| seal_type = Coat of arms
| seal_link = Coat of arms of Puerto Rico
| nickname = {{native phrase|es|&quot;Isla del Encanto&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;('Island of Enchantment')
| nickname_link = List of U.S. state and territory nicknames
| motto_link = List of U.S. state and territory mottos
| motto = {{native phrase|la|&quot;[[Coat of arms of Puerto Rico#History|Joannes est nomen ejus]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;('[[Saint John the Baptist|John]] is his name')
| anthem_link = List of U.S. state songs
| anthem = {{native phrase|es|&quot;[[La Borinqueña]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;('The Borinquenian')&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;{{center|[[File:United States Navy Band - La Borinqueña.ogg]]}}&lt;/div&gt;
| image_map = Puerto_Rico_(orthographic_projection).svg
| map_alt = Location of Puerto Rico
| map_caption = Location of Puerto Rico
| mapsize = 290px
| image_map2 = 
| subdivision_type = [[Sovereign state]]
| subdivision_name = [[United States]]
| established_title = Before annexation
| established_date = [[Captaincy General of Puerto Rico]]
| established_title2 = {{nowrap|[[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Cession from Spain]]}}
| established_date2 = April 11, 1899
| established_title3 = [[Puerto Rican constitutional referendum, 1952|Current constitution]]
| established_date3 = July 25, 1952
| official_languages = {{hlist|[[Puerto Rican Spanish|Spanish]]|[[English language in Puerto Rico|English]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.efe.com/efe/english/life/p-rico-senate-declares-spanish-over-english-as-first-official-language/50000263-2704154 |title=P. Rico Senate declares Spanish over English as first official language |work=News Report |date=September 4, 2015 |agency=Agencia EFE |accessdate=February 7, 2016 |location=San Juan, Puerto Rico}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| common_languages = 94.3% Spanish&lt;br /&gt;5.5% English&lt;br /&gt;0.2% [[French language|French]]&lt;br /&gt;0.1% other&lt;ref name=&quot;census1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov |title=Puerto Rico 2012–2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=2016 |website=US Census |publisher=Department of Commerce |access-date=September 25, 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
| demonym = [[Puerto Ricans|Puerto Rican]]
| capital = [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]]
| largest_city = capital
| coordinates = {{Coord|18|27|N|66|6|W|type:city}}
| ethnic_groups = 75.8% [[White Puerto Ricans|White]]&lt;br /&gt;12.4% [[Afro-Puerto Ricans|Black]]&lt;br /&gt;3.3% [[Multiracial Americans|Two or more races]]&lt;br /&gt;0.5% [[Native Americans in the United States|Indigenous American &amp; Alaskan Native]]&lt;br /&gt;0.2% [[Asian Americans|Asian]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;0.1% [[Pacific Islands Americans|Pacific Islander]]&lt;br /&gt;7.8% [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|other]]&lt;ref name=&quot;2010profile&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/dc10_thematic/2010_Profile/2010_Profile_Map_Puerto_Rico.pdf |title=2010 Census: Puerto Rico Profile |date= |accessdate=June 26, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ethnic_groups_year = 2010
| government_type = [[Devolution|Devolved]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[constitution]]al [[Dependent territory|dependency]]
| leader_title1 = [[Governor of Puerto Rico|Governor]]
| leader_name1 = [[Wanda Vázquez Garced]] ([[New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)|PNP]]/[[Republican Party of Puerto Rico|R]])
| national_representation = [[United States Congress]]
| national_representation_type1 = [[Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico|Resident Commissioner]]
| national_representation1 = [[Jenniffer González]] ([[New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)|PNP]]/[[Republican Party (United States)|R]])
| legislature = [[Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico|Legislative Assembly]]
| upper_house = [[Senate of Puerto Rico|Senate]]
| lower_house = [[House of Representatives of Puerto Rico|House of Representatives]]
| area_km2 = 9,104
| area_rank =
| area_sq_mi = 3,515&lt;!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--&gt;
| percent_water = 1.6
| elevation_max_ft = 4,390
| elevation_max_m = 1,340
| population_estimate = 3,193,694&lt;ref name=&quot;pop-2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Nevada and Idaho Are the Nation's Fastest-Growing States|url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2018/estimates-national-state.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|date=December 19, 2018|accessdate=December 30, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/PR/PST045219|title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Puerto Rico|website=www.census.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_census = 3,725,789
| population_estimate_year = 2019
| population_estimate_rank = 136th
| population_census_year = 2010
| population_density_km2 = 350.8
| population_density_sq_mi = 908.6
| population_density_rank = 39th
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $128.556&amp;nbsp;billion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEOPR&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=85&amp;pr.y=4&amp;sy=2017&amp;ey=2024&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=359&amp;s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&amp;grp=0&amp;a= |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=15 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_PPP_year = 2020
| GDP_PPP_rank = 78th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $41,198&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEOPR&quot;/&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 33rd
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $100.169 billion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEOPR&quot;/&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year = 2020
| GDP_nominal_rank = 61st
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $32,100&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEOPR&quot;/&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 27th
| Gini = 53.1
| Gini_year = 2011
| Gini_ref =&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2012pubs/acsbr11-02.pdf |title=Household Income for States: 2010 and 2011 |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |date=September 2012 |website= |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |accessdate=May 16, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528184959/http://www.census.gov/prod/2012pubs/acsbr11-02.pdf |archive-date=May 28, 2014 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI = 0.845
| HDI_year = 2015
| HDI_ref =&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |format=PDF |first=Ricardo R. |last=Fuentes-Ramírez |url=https://ceterisparibusuprm.org/volumen-actual/human-development-index-trends-and-inequality-in-puerto-rico-2010-2015-by-ricardo-r-fuentes-ramirez/ |title=Human Development Index Trends and Inequality in Puerto Rico 2010–2015 |journal=Ceteris Paribus: Journal of Socio-Economic Research |volume=7 |year=2017 |accessdate=May 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525013711/https://ceterisparibusuprm.org/volumen-actual/human-development-index-trends-and-inequality-in-puerto-rico-2010-2015-by-ricardo-r-fuentes-ramirez/ |archive-date=25 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank = 40th
| currency = [[United States dollar]] (US$)
| currency_code = USD
| timezone = [[Atlantic Time Zone|AST]]
| utc_offset = -04:00
| date_format = mm/dd/yyyy
| drives_on = right
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Puerto Rico|+1 (787), +1 (939)]]
| postal_code_type = {{nowrap|[[USPS abbreviation]]}}
| postal_code = PR
| iso_code = {{hlist|[[ISO 3166-2:PR|PR]]|[[ISO 3166-2:US|US-PR]]}}
| cctld = [[.pr]]
| website = {{URL|www.pr.gov}}
}}
'''Puerto Rico'''{{efn|Pronunciation: {{IPAc-en|lang|ˌ|p|ɔr|t|ə|_|ˈ|r|iː|k|oʊ|,_|-|t|oʊ|_|ˈ|-}} &lt;small&gt;or&lt;/small&gt; {{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|w|ɛər|t|ə|_|ˈ|r|iː|k|oʊ|,_|-|t|oʊ|_|ˈ|-}}; {{IPA-es|ˈpweɾto ˈriko|lang}}, {{IPA-all|ˈpwelto ˈχiko, - ˈʀ̥iko|local rural:}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=l9jLBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT113&amp;lpg=PT113&amp;dq=pwelto#v=onepage |title=Portuguese-Spanish Interfaces: Diachrony, synchrony, and contact |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |author1=Amaral, Patrícia |author2=Ana Maria Carvalho |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2014 |location=Philadelphia |page=130 |isbn=9789027258007}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} ({{langnf||Spanish|Rich Port}}; abbreviated '''PR'''),&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook - Puerto Rico&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rq.html |title=CIA World Factbook - Puerto Rico |accessdate=5 August 2019 |archive-date=8 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108113942/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rq.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; officially the '''Commonwealth of Puerto Rico''' ({{lang-es|link=yes|Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico|lit=Free Associated State of Puerto Rico}}&lt;!-- {{IPA-es|esˈtaðo ˈliβɾe asoˈsjaðo ðe ˈpweɾto ˈriko|}} --&gt;){{efn|The Spanish word for commonwealth is typically ''[[mancomunidad]]''.}} and in previous centuries called '''Porto Rico''' in English,{{efn|In 1932, the [[U.S. Congress]] officially back-corrected the former [[Anglicization]] of ''Porto Rico'' into the Spanish name ''Puerto Rico''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Pedro A. Malavet |title=America's colony: the political and cultural conflict between the United States and Puerto Rico |url=https://books.google.com/?id=pKqVpqGVsJYC |year=2004 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-5680-5 |pages=[https://books.google.com/?id=pKqVpqGVsJYC&amp;pg=PA43 43], [https://books.google.com/?id=pKqVpqGVsJYC&amp;pg=PA181 181 note 76]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;To change the name of the island of ''Porto Rico'' to ''Puerto Rico'', S.J. Res 36, 72nd Congress, enacted {{date|1932|05|17|mdy}}. ({{USStat|47|158}})&lt;/ref&gt; It had been using the former spelling in its legislative and judicial records since it acquired the territory. Patricia Gherovici states that both ''Porto Rico'' and ''Puerto Rico'' were used interchangeably in the news media and documentation before, during, and after the U.S. conquest of the island in 1898. The ''Porto'' spelling, for instance, was used in the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Treaty of Paris]], but ''Puerto'' was used by ''[[The New York Times]]'' that same year. Nancy Morris clarifies that &quot;a curious oversight in the drafting of the [[Foraker Act]] caused the name of the island to be officially misspelled&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Patricia Gherovici |title=The Puerto Rican syndrome |url=https://books.google.com/?id=2jSsxVWxu2sC |year=2003 |publisher=Other Press, LLC |isbn=978-1-892746-75-7 |pages=[https://books.google.com/?id=2jSsxVWxu2sC&amp;pg=PA140 140–141]}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, Gervasio Luis Garcia traces the Anglicized spelling to a ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]'' article from 1899, after which the spelling was kept by many agencies and entities because of the ethnic and linguistic pride of the English-speaking citizens of the American mainland.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=Dw2ZjkgjchkC |title=Hispanic Americans in Congress, 1822–2012 |last=Historian |first=Office of the |date=January 1, 2013 |publisher=Government Printing Office |isbn=9780160920684 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/registerportori03ricogoog |title=Register of Porto Rico |last=Secretary's |first=Puerto Rico |last2=Office |first2=Puerto Rico Secretary's |date=January 1, 1903 |publisher=Office of the Secretary |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=gWczAQAAIAAJ |title=Porto Rico: A Caribbean Isle |last=Deusen |first=Richard James Van |last2=Deusen |first2=Elizabeth Kneipple Van |date=1931 |publisher=Henry Holt |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=jGhNAAAAYAAJ |title=Scientific survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands |last=Sciences |first=New York Academy of |date=1922 |publisher=New York Academy of Sciences |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; is an [[Unincorporated territories of the United States|unincorporated territory]] of the [[United States]] located in the northeast [[Caribbean Sea]], approximately {{convert|1000|mi}} southeast of [[Miami]], [[Florida]].

Puerto Rico is an [[archipelago]] among the [[Greater Antilles]] located between the [[Dominican Republic]] and the [[US Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]; it includes the eponymous main island and several smaller islands, such as [[Isla de Mona|Mona]], [[Culebra, Puerto Rico|Culebra]], and [[Vieques, Puerto Rico|Vieques]]. The [[List of capitals in the United States|capital]] and [[Municipalities of Puerto Rico|most populous city]] is [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook - Puerto Rico&quot;/&gt; The territory's total population is approximately 3.2&amp;nbsp;million, more than [[List of states and territories of the United States|20 U.S. states.]] [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[English language|English]] are the [[official languages]] of the executive branch of government,&lt;ref&gt;Pueblo v. Tribunal Superior, 92 D.P.R. 596 (1965). Translation taken from the English text, 92 P.R.R. 580 (1965), pp. 588–89. See also Lopez-Baralt Negron, ''Pueblo v. Tribunal Superior: Español: Idioma del proceso judicial'', 36, Revista Jurídica de la Universidad de Puerto Rico. 396 (1967), and Vientos-Gaston, ''Informe del Procurador General sobre el idioma'', 36 Revista del Colegio de Abogados de PuertO Rico. (P.R.) 843 (1975).&lt;/ref&gt; though Spanish predominates.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.prfaa.pr.gov/puertoricond2.asp |title=Puerto Rico |accessdate=September 21, 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912144331/http://prfaa.pr.gov/puertoricond2.asp |archivedate=September 12, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Originally populated by the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous]] [[Taíno]] people, Puerto Rico was colonized by Spain following the arrival of [[Christopher Columbus]] in 1493.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook - Puerto Rico&quot;/&gt; It was contested by various other European [[Regional power|powers]], but remained a Spanish possession for the next four centuries. The island's cultural and demographic landscapes were shaped by the displacement and assimilation of the native population, the forced migration of [[Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies|African slaves]], and settlement primarily from the [[Canary Islands]] and [[Andalusia]]. In the [[Spanish Empire]], Puerto Rico played a secondary but strategic role compared to wealthier colonies like [[Viceroyalty of Peru|Peru]] and [[New Spain]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Constructing A Colonial People: Puerto Rico And The United States, 1898–1932 |last=Caban |first=Pedro A. |publisher=Westview Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0786748174 |page=10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=fb2PmghQ-DsC |title=Subject People and Colonial Discourses: Economic Transformation and Social Disorder in Puerto Rico, 1898–1947 |last=Santiago-Valles |first=Kelvin A. |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0791415894 |page=ix}}&lt;/ref&gt; By the late 19th century, a distinct Puerto Rican identity began to emerge, based on a unique creole Hispanic culture and language that combined indigenous, African, and European elements.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=HjkhAwAAQBAJ |title=A History of Afro-Hispanic Language: Five Centuries, Five Continents |last=Lipski |first=John M. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-1107320376 |page=37}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/collections/puerto-rico-books-and-pamphlets/articles-and-essays/nineteenth-century-puerto-rico/documenting-puerto-rican-identity/|title=Documenting a Puerto Rican Identity {{!}} In Search of a National Identity: Nineteeth and Early-Twentieth-Century Puerto Rico {{!}} Articles and Essays {{!}} Puerto Rico at the Dawn of the Modern Age: Nineteenth- and Early-Twentieth-Century Perspectives {{!}} Digital Collections {{!}} Library of Congress|website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA|access-date=2020-04-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1898, following the [[Spanish–American War]], the United States [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|acquired Puerto Rico]],&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook - Puerto Rico&quot;/&gt; which remains an [[Unincorporated territories of the United States|unincorporated territorial]] possession, making it the world's oldest colony.&lt;ref&gt;José Trı́as Monge. ''Puerto Rico : the trials of the oldest colony in the world.'' New Haven, CT; London, England : Yale University Press, 1999. p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Puerto Ricans]] have been [[United States nationality law|citizens of the United States]] since 1917, and can move freely between the island and the mainland.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1402 8 U.S. Code § 1402 – Persons born in Puerto Rico on or after April 11, 1899] (1941) Retrieved: January 14, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; As it is not a [[U.S. state|state]], Puerto Rico does not have a vote in the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]], which governs the territory with full jurisdiction under the [[Puerto Rico Federal Relations Act of 1950]]. Puerto Rico's sole congressional representation is through one [[Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives|non-voting member of the House]] called a Resident Commissioner. As residents of a [[Territories of the United States|U.S. territory]], American citizens in Puerto Rico are [[Federal voting rights in Puerto Rico#Disenfranchisement in Puerto Rico|disenfranchised at the national level]], do not [[United States presidential election|vote for the president or vice president of the U.S.]],&lt;ref&gt;[http://puertoricoadvancement.org/Documents/Igartua%20de%20la%20Rosa_V_United%20States.pdf Igartúa–de la Rosa v. United States (Igartúa III)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316075619/http://puertoricoadvancement.org/Documents/Igartua%20de%20la%20Rosa_V_United%20States.pdf |date=March 16, 2012 }}, 417 F.3d 145 (1st Cir. 2005) (en banc), [https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-1st-circuit/1545899.html GREGORIO IGARTÚA, ET AL., Plaintiffs, Appellants, v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ET AL., Defendants, Appellees. No. 09-2186] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905103026/https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-1st-circuit/1545899.html |date=September 5, 2018 }} (November 24, 2010)&lt;/ref&gt; and in most cases do not pay federal income tax.&lt;ref&gt;[https://abcnews.go.com/Health/trauma-puerto-ricos-maria-generation/story?id=60980466 ''The trauma of Puerto Rico's 'Maria Generation' ''.] Robin Ortiz. ABC News. 17 February 2019. Accessed 24 September 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-06-541 ''PUERTO RICO: Fiscal Relations with the Federal Government and Economic Trends during the Phaseout of the Possessions Tax Credit.''] General Accounting Office publication number GAO-06-541. US Gen. Acctg. Office, Washington, DC. May 19, 2006. Public Release: Jun 23, 2006. (Note: All residents of Puerto Rico pay federal taxes, with the exception of federal '''income''' taxes which only &lt;u&gt;'''some'''&lt;/u&gt; residents of Puerto Rico must still pay).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;Note&quot;&gt;Contrary to common misconception, residents of Puerto Rico do pay U.S. federal taxes: customs taxes (which are subsequently returned to the Puerto Rico Treasury) (See [http://www.doi.gov/oia/Islandpages/prpage.htm Dept of the Interior, Office of Insular Affairs. DOI.gov)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610225702/http://www.doi.gov/oia/Islandpages/prpage.htm |date=2012-06-10 }}, import/export taxes (See [http://stanford.wellsphere.com/healthcare-industry-policy-article/puerto-rico/267827 Stanford.wellsphere.com)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401034052/http://stanford.wellsphere.com/healthcare-industry-policy-article/puerto-rico/267827 |date=2010-04-01 }}, federal commodity taxes (See [http://stanford.wellsphere.com/healthcare-industry-policy-article/puerto-rico/267827 Stanford.wellsphere.com)], social security taxes (See [https://www.irs.gov/taxtopics/tc903.html IRS.gov)], etc. Residents pay federal [[payroll tax]]es, such as [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] (See [https://www.irs.gov/taxtopics/tc903.html IRS.gov]) and [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] (See [https://www.reuters.com/article/healthNews/idUSTRE58N5X320090924 Reuters.com)], as well as Commonwealth of Puerto Rico income taxes (See [http://www.puertorico-herald.org/issues/2003/vol7n19/USNotInnocent-en.html Puertorico-herald.org] and [http://www.htrcpa.com/businessinpr1.html HTRCPA.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429222842/http://www.htrcpa.com/businessinpr1.html |date=April 29, 2011 }}). All federal employees (See [http://www.heritage.org/research/taxes/wm2338.cfm Heritage.org)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210124900/http://www.heritage.org/Research/Taxes/wm2338.cfm |date=2010-02-10 }}, those who do business with the federal government (See [http://www.mcvpr.com/CM/CurrentEvents/CEOsummitarticle.pdf MCVPR.com)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515142411/http://www.mcvpr.com/CM/CurrentEvents/CEOsummitarticle.pdf |date=15 May 2011 }}, Puerto Rico-based corporations that intend to send funds to the U.S. (See [http://www.jct.gov/x-24-06.pdf p. 9, line 1.)], and some others (For example, Puerto Rican residents that are members of the U.S. military, See [http://www.heritage.org/research/taxes/wm2338.cfm Heritage.org]; and Puerto Rico residents who earned income from sources outside Puerto Rico, See [http://www.jct.gov/x-24-06.pdf, pp 14–15.)] also pay federal '''income''' taxes. In addition, because the cutoff point for income taxation is lower than that of the U.S. IRS code, and because the per-capita income in Puerto Rico is much lower than the average per-capita income on the mainland, more Puerto Rico residents pay income taxes to the local taxation authority than if the IRS code were applied to the island. This occurs because &quot;the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico government has a wider set of responsibilities than do U.S. State and local governments&quot; (See [http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-06-541 GAO.gov]). As residents of Puerto Rico pay into Social Security, Puerto Ricans are eligible for Social Security benefits upon retirement, but are excluded from the [[Supplemental Security Income]] (SSI) (Commonwealth of Puerto Rico residents, unlike residents of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands and residents of the 50 States, do not receive the SSI. See [http://www.socialsecurity.gov/OP_Home/handbook/handbook.21/handbook-2114.html Socialsecurity.gov)], and the island actually receives less than 15% of the [[Medicaid]] funding it would normally receive if it were a U.S. state. Additionally, Medicare providers receive less-than-full state-like reimbursements for services rendered to beneficiaries in Puerto Rico, even though the latter paid fully into the system (See [http://www.prfaa.com/news/?p=252 p 252).] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511054048/http://www.prfaa.com/news/?p=252 |date=2011-05-11 }} In general, &quot;many federal social welfare programs have been extended to Puerto Rico residents, although usually with caps inferior to those allocated to the states.&quot; ('''The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion: 1803–1898'''. By Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow. New York: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. 2005. Page 167.  For a comprehensive coverage of federal programs made extensive to Puerto Rico see Richard Cappalli's '''Federal Aid to Puerto Rico''' (1970)). It has also been estimated (See [http://www.eagleforum.org/column/2007/mar07/07-03-28.html Egleforum.org]) that, because the population of the Island is greater than that of 50% of the States, if it were a state, Puerto Rico would have six to eight seats in the House, in addition to the two seats in the Senate.(See [http://www.eagleforum.org/column/2007/mar07/07-03-28.html Eagleforum.org], [http://www.crf-usa.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-17-4-c.html# CRF-USA.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610210536/http://www.crf-usa.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-17-4-c.html |date=2009-06-10 }} and [http://www.thomas.gov/cgi-bin/cpquery/?&amp;sid=cp1109rs5H&amp;refer=&amp;r_n=hr597.110 Thomas.gov] [For the later, the official U.S. Congress database website, a query must be resubmitted. The document in question is called &quot;House Report 110-597 - [[Puerto Rico Democracy Act#Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007|Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007]].&quot; These are the steps to follow to submit a query: [http://www.thomas.gov THOMAS.gov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929022433/http://www.thomas.gov/ |date=29 September 2006 }} &gt; Committee Reports &gt; 110 &gt; drop down &quot;Word/Phrase&quot; and pick &quot;Report Number&quot; &gt; type &quot;597&quot; next to Report Number. This will provide the document &quot;House Report 110-597 -  2007&quot;. Then, from the Table of Contents choose &quot;Background and need for legislation&quot;.). Another misconception is that the import/export taxes collected by the U.S. on products manufactured in Puerto Rico are all returned to the Puerto Rico Treasury. This is not the case. Such import/export taxes are returned ''only'' for rum products and, even then, the US Treasury keeps a portion of those taxes (See the &quot;House Report 110-597 - [[Puerto Rico Democracy Act#Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007|Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007]]&quot; mentioned above.)&lt;/ref&gt; Congress approved [[Constitution of Puerto Rico|a local constitution]] in 1952, allowing U.S. citizens of the territory to elect [[Governor of Puerto Rico|a governor]]. Puerto Rico's [[Puerto Rican status|future political status]] has consistently been a matter of significant debate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42765.pdf |title=Puerto Rico's Political Status and the 2012 Plebiscite: Background and Key Questions |date=June 25, 2013|access-date = January 17, 2016 |website=fas.org |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.elnuevodia.com/noticias/politica/nota/elsenadoapruebaenmiendasalaleydelplebiscito-2312006/ |title=El Nuevo Día |website=Elnuevodia.com|date=April 18, 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

By Latin American standards, Puerto Rico has the highest GDP per capita and the most developed and competitive economy; however, its poverty rate is higher than the poorest U.S. state,&lt;ref name=&quot;reuters.com&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-puertorico-debt-idUSKBN1AK2AG |title=Puerto Rico oversight board orders furloughs, governor defiant |date=August 5, 2017 |accessdate=August 26, 2017 |work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the territory struggles with chronically large debt, considerable unemployment, and a high rate of emigration. The 21st century has seen several major challenges, including a  [[Puerto Rican government-debt crisis|government-debt crisis]] and devastation by [[Hurricane Maria]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/09/21/hurricane-maria-strengthens-ahead-expected-turn-north-far-off-u-s-coast/688146001/|title=Hurricane Maria heads away from P.R. ahead of expected turn to the north far off U.S. coast|work=USA TODAY|access-date=October 31, 2017|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{TOC limit}}

==Etymology==
Puerto Rico is Spanish for &quot;rich port&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook - Puerto Rico&quot;/&gt; [[Puerto Rican people|Puerto Ricans]] often call the island {{lang|es|Borinquén}} – a derivation of {{lang|tnq|Borikén}}, its [[indigenous peoples|indigenous]] [[Taíno]] name, which means &quot;Land of the Valiant Lord&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Allatson |first=Paul |title=Key Terms in Latino/a Cultural and Literary Studies |page=47 |location=Malden, Mass. |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4051-0250-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.taino-tribe.org/terms1.htm#anchor250018 |title=Taino Indigenous Peoples of the Caribbean |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013032642/http://www.taino-tribe.org/terms1.htm |archivedate=October 13, 2007 |encyclopedia=Clásicos de Puerto Rico |edition=2nd |editor=Cayetano Coll y Toste |publisher=Ediciones Latinoamericanas, S.A. |year=1972}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/advanceinantill00grosgoog |title=H. B. Grose, Advance in the Antilles: the new era in Cuba and Porto Rico, Presbyterian Home Missions, 1910 |publisher=Literature Dept., Presbyterian Home Missions |year=1910 |accessdate=February 6, 2011 |last1=Grose |first1=Howard Benjamin}}&lt;/ref&gt; The terms {{lang|es|boricua}} and {{lang|es|borincano}} derive from {{lang|tnq|Borikén}} and {{lang|tnq|Borinquen}} respectively, and are commonly used to identify someone of Puerto Rican heritage.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} The island is also popularly known in Spanish as {{lang|es|la isla del encanto}}, meaning &quot;the island of enchantment&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rc7FAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA121 |chapter=¡Adelante Hermanas de la Raza!, Josefina Silva de Cintron and Puerto Rican Women's Feminismo. – The New York's World Fair: 1939–1940 |title=Exploring the Decolonial Imaginary: Four Transnational Lives |first=Patricia A. |last=Schechter |location=New York |publisher=MacMillan |year=2012 |postscript=. Note: The phase &quot;The Island of Enchantment&quot; has been traced back to a travel guide by that title that [[Theodore Roosevelt, Jr]]. offered in ''[[House &amp; Garden (magazine)|House &amp; Garden]]'' magazine in 1938 |isbn=9781137012845}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Columbus named the island {{lang|es|San Juan Bautista}}, in honor of Saint [[John the Baptist]], while the capital city was named {{lang|es|Ciudad de Puerto Rico}} (&quot;Rich Port City&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook - Puerto Rico&quot;/&gt; Eventually traders and other maritime visitors came to refer to the entire island as Puerto Rico, while San Juan became the name used for the main trading/shipping port and the capital city.{{efn|Proyecto Salón Hogar (in Spanish) &quot;{{lang|es|Los españoles le cambiaron el nombre de Borikén a San Juan Bautista y a la capital le llamaron Ciudad de Puerto Rico. Con los años, Ciudad de Puerto Rico pasó a ser San Juan, y San Juan Bautista pasó a ser Puerto Rico.}}&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.proyectosalonhogar.com/enciclopedia_ilustrada/HistoriaPR1.htm |title=Historia de Puerto Rico |publisher=Proyectosalonhogar.com |accessdate=April 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

The island's name was changed to ''Porto Rico'' by the United States after the [[Treaty of Paris of 1898]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain; December 10, 1898 |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/sp1898.asp |website=The Avalon Project |publisher=[[Yale Law School]] |accessdate=July 27, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The anglicized name was used by the U.S. government and private enterprises. The name was changed back to Puerto Rico by a joint resolution in Congress introduced by [[Félix Córdova Dávila]] in 1931.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Crafting an Identity |url=http://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/HAIC/Historical-Essays/Foreign-Domestic/Crafting-Identity/ |website=History, Art &amp; Archives |publisher=Office of the Historian and the Clerk of the House's Office of Art and Archives |accessdate=July 27, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The official name of the entity in Spanish is {{lang|es|[[Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico]]}} (&quot;free [[associated state]] of Puerto Rico&quot;), while its official English name is [[Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)#Commonwealth of Puerto Rico|Commonwealth of Puerto Rico]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook - Puerto Rico&quot;/&gt;

==History==
{{Main|History of Puerto Rico}}

===Pre-Columbian era===
[[File:Taino Village.JPG|thumb|A reconstructed [[Taíno]] village at the [[Tibes Indigenous Ceremonial Center|Tibes Ceremonial Center]]]]
The ancient history of the archipelago which is now Puerto Rico is not well known. Unlike other indigenous cultures in the New World ([[Aztec]], [[Mayan civilization|Maya]] and [[Inca]]) which left behind abundant archeological and physical evidence of their societies, scant artifacts and evidence remain of the Puerto Rico's indigenous population. Scarce archaeological findings and early Spanish accounts from the colonial era constitute all that is known about them. The first comprehensive book on the history of Puerto Rico was written by [[Fray Íñigo Abbad y Lasierra]] in 1786, nearly three centuries after the first Spaniards landed on the island.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Abbad y Lasierra |first=Iñigo |title=Historia Geográfica, Civil y Natural de la Isla de San Juan Bautista de Puerto Rico|url=https://archive.org/details/historiageografi00abba |year=1866 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The first known settlers were the [[Ortoiroid people]], an [[Archaic period in the Americas|Archaic Period]] culture of [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Amerindian]] hunters and fishermen who migrated from the South American mainland. Some scholars suggest their settlement dates back about 4,000 years.&lt;ref name =Rouse&gt;Rouse, Irving. ''The Tainos : Rise and Decline of the People Who Greeted Columbus'' {{ISBN|0-300-05696-6}}.&lt;/ref&gt; An archeological dig in 1990 on the island of [[Vieques, Puerto Rico|Vieques]] found the remains of a man, designated as the &quot;Puerto Ferro Man&quot;, which was dated to around 2000 BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Mahaffy, Cheryl |title=Vieques Island – What lies beneath |date=January 28, 2006 |newspaper=Edmonton Journal |url=http://www.canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/travel/story.html?id=eb3c0119-8328-4b52-96ed-4a63763160f7 |accessdate=February 11, 2006 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011092855/http://canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/travel/story.html?id=eb3c0119-8328-4b52-96ed-4a63763160f7 |archivedate=October 11, 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Ortoiroid people|Ortoiroid]] were displaced by the [[Saladoid]], a culture from the same region that arrived on the island between 430 and 250 BCE.&lt;ref name=Rouse/&gt;

The [[Igneri]] tribe migrated to Puerto Rico between 120 and 400&amp;nbsp;AD from the region of the [[Orinoco]] river in northern South America. The Arcaico and Igneri co-existed on the island between the 4th and 10th centuries.

Between the 7th and 11th centuries, the [[Taíno]] culture developed on the island. By approximately 1000&amp;nbsp;AD, it had become dominant. At the time of Columbus' arrival, an estimated 30,000 to 60,000 Taíno Amerindians, led by the ''[[cacique]]'' (chief) [[Agüeybaná (The Great Sun)|Agüeybaná]], inhabited the island. They called it ''Boriken'', meaning &quot;the great land of the valiant and noble Lord&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Pedro Torres |work=Taíno Inter-Tribal Council Inc. |title=The Dictionary of the Taíno Language |url=http://members.dandy.net/~orocobix/tedict.html |accessdate=February 11, 2006 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060213164808/http://members.dandy.net/~orocobix/tedict.html |archivedate=February 13, 2006 |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The natives lived in small villages, each led by a cacique. They subsisted by hunting and fishing, done generally by men, as well as by the women's gathering and processing of indigenous [[cassava]] root and fruit. This lasted until Columbus arrived in 1493.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/travel/story.html?id=eb3c0119-8328-4b52-96ed-4a63763160f7 |title=Vieques Island: What lies beneath |author=Cheryl Mahaffy |date=January 30, 2006 |newspaper=Edmonton Journal |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011092855/http://canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/travel/story.html?id=eb3c0119-8328-4b52-96ed-4a63763160f7 |archivedate=October 11, 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.newberry.org/exhibits/PuertoRico.html |title=500 Years of Puerto Rican History through the Eyes of Others |publisher=The Newberry Library |website=Newberry.org |date=July 12, 2008 |accessdate=October 30, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Spanish colony (1493–1898)===
{{Further|Columbian Viceroyalty|New Spain|Captaincy General of Puerto Rico}}
[[File:RUIDIAZ(1893) 1.083 JUAN PONCE DE LEÓN.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Juan Ponce de León]] ([[Santervás de Campos]], [[Province of Valladolid|Valladolid]], Spain), Puerto Rico's first governor]]

====Conquest and early settlement====
When Columbus arrived in Puerto Rico during his second voyage on November 19, 1493, the island was inhabited by the Taíno. They called it ''Borikén'' (''Borinquen'' in Spanish [[transliteration]]). Columbus named the island San Juan Bautista, in honor of St [[John the Baptist]].{{efn|Today, Puerto Ricans are also known as Boricuas, or people from Borinquen.}} Having reported the findings of his first travel, Columbus brought with him this time a letter from King Ferdinand&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=King Ferdinand's letter to the Taino-Arawak Indians |url=http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/documents/before-1600/king-ferdinands-letter-to-the-taino-arawak-indians.php |publisher=University of Groningen}}&lt;/ref&gt; empowered by a [[Inter caetera|papal bull]] that authorized any course of action necessary for the expansion of the [[Spanish Empire]] and the Christian faith. [[Juan Ponce de León]], a [[lieutenant]] under Columbus, founded the first Spanish settlement, [[Caparra Archaeological Site|Caparra]], on August 8, 1508. He later served as the first [[List of Governors of Puerto Rico|governor]] of the island.{{efn|[[Vicente Yañez Pinzón]] is considered the first appointed governor of Puerto Rico, but he never arrived from Spain.}} Eventually, traders and other maritime visitors came to refer to the entire island as Puerto Rico, and San Juan became the name of the main trading/shipping port.

At the beginning of the 16th century, the Spanish people began to colonize the island. Despite the [[Laws of Burgos]] of 1512 and other decrees for the protection of the indigenous population, some Taíno Indians were forced into an [[encomienda]] system of [[Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies|forced labor]] in the early years of colonization. The population suffered extremely high fatalities from epidemics of European [[infectious]] diseases.{{efn|[[PBS]], to which they had no natural [[immunity (medical)|immunity]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Arthur C. Aufderheide |author2=Conrado Rodríguez-Martín |author3=Odin Langsjoen |title=The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleopathology |url=https://books.google.com/?id=qubTdDk1H3IC |year=1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-55203-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/?id=qubTdDk1H3IC&amp;pg=PA204 204]}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, a [[smallpox]] outbreak in 1518–1519 killed much of the Island's indigenous population.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=George C. |last=Kohn |title=Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence: From Ancient Times to the Present |url=https://books.google.com/?id=tzRwRmb09rgC&amp;pg=PA160 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2008 |page=160 |isbn=978-0-8160-6935-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;The first ''repartimiento'' in Puerto Rico is established, allowing colonists fixed numbers of Tainos for wage-free and forced labor in the gold mines. When several priests protest, the crown requires Spaniards to pay native laborers and to teach them the Christian religion; the colonists continue to treat the natives as slaves.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/masterpiece/americancollection/woman/timeline.html |title=Masterpiece Theatre – American Collection – Almost a Woman – Puerto Rico: A Timeline |publisher=Pbs.org |date= |accessdate=April 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}{{efn|Poole (2011) &quot;[The Taíno] began to starve; many thousands fell prey to smallpox, measles and other European diseases for which they had no immunity [...]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/What-Became-of-the-Taino.html |title=History, Travel, Arts, Science, People, Places – Smithsonian |publisher=Smithsonianmag.com |date= |accessdate=April 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}{{efn|[[PBS]] &quot;[The Taíno] eventually succumbed to the Spanish soldiers and European diseases that followed Columbus's arrival in the New World in 1492.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/spirits/html/body_taino.html |title=taino |website=PBS |date= |accessdate=April 14, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208073734/https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/spirits/html/body_taino.html |archivedate=February 8, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}{{efn|[[Yale University]] &quot;[...] the high death rate among the Taíno due to enslavement and European diseases (smallpox, influenza, measles, and typhus) persisted.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.yale.edu/gsp/colonial/puerto-rico/ |title=Puerto Rico – Colonial Genocides – Genocide Studies Program – Yale University |publisher=Yale.edu |date= |accessdate=April 14, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520120915/http://www.yale.edu/gsp/colonial/puerto-rico/ |archivedate=May 20, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

====Colonization, the Habsburgs====
In 1520, [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|King Charles I of Spain]] issued a royal decree collectively emancipating the remaining Taíno population. By that time, the Taíno people were few in number.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.yale.edu/gsp/colonial/puerto-rico/index.html |title=Puerto Rico – Colonial Genocides – Genocide Studies Program |publisher=Yale University |date= |accessdate=October 30, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908234849/http://www.yale.edu/gsp/colonial/puerto-rico/index.html |archivedate=September 8, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[slavery in the Spanish Empire|Enslaved Africans had already begun to be imported]] to compensate for the native labor loss, but their numbers were proportionate to the diminished commercial interest Spain soon began to demonstrate for the island colony. Other nearby islands, like Cuba, Hispaniola, and [[Guadeloupe|Guadalupe]], attracted more of the slave trade than Puerto Rico, probably because of greater agricultural interests in those islands, on which colonists had developed large sugar plantations and had the capital to invest in the [[Atlantic slave trade]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Stark&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=A New Look at the African Slave Trade in Puerto Rico Through the Use of Parish Registers: 1660–1815 |last=Stark |first=David M. |journal=Slavery &amp; Abolition a Journal of Slave and Post-Slave Studies |year=2009 |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=491–520 |doi=10.1080/01440390903245083}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From the beginning of the country, the colonial administration relied heavily on the industry of enslaved Africans and creole blacks for public works and defenses, primarily in coastal ports and cities, where the tiny colonial population had hunkered down. With no significant industries or large-scale agricultural production as yet, enslaved and free communities lodged around the few littoral settlements, particularly around San Juan, also forming lasting [[Afro-creole]] communities. Meanwhile, in the island's interior, there developed a mixed and independent peasantry that relied on a subsistence economy. This mostly unsupervised population supplied villages and settlements with foodstuffs and, in relative isolation, set the pattern for what later would be known as the [[Jíbaro (Puerto Rico)|Puerto Rican Jíbaro culture]]. By the end of the 16th century, the Spanish Empire was diminishing and, in the face of increasing raids from European competitors, the colonial administration throughout [[the Americas]] fell into a &quot;bunker mentality&quot;. Imperial strategists and urban planners redesigned port settlements into military posts with the objective of protecting Spanish territorial claims and ensuring the safe passing of the king's silver-laden [[Spanish treasure fleet|Atlantic Fleet]] to the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. San Juan served as an important port-of-call for ships driven across the Atlantic by its powerful [[Atlantic Ocean#Climate|trade winds]]. West Indies convoys linked Spain to the island, sailing between [[Cádiz]] and the Spanish West Indies. The colony's seat of government was on the forested [[Isleta de San Juan|Islet of San Juan]] and for a time became one of the most heavily fortified settlements in the [[Spanish West Indies|Spanish Caribbean]] earning the name of the &quot;Walled City&quot;. The islet is still dotted with the various forts and walls, such as [[La Fortaleza]], [[Castillo San Felipe del Morro]], and [[Castillo San Cristóbal (San Juan)|Castillo San Cristóbal]], designed to protect the population and the strategic [[Port of San Juan]] from the raids of the Spanish European competitors.

[[File:Hendricksz 1625 attack on San Juan, Puerto Rico.jpg|thumb|Hendricksz 1625 attack on San Juan, Puerto Rico]]

In 1625, in the [[Battle of San Juan (1625)|Battle of San Juan]], the [[Dutch people|Dutch]] commander [[Boudewijn Hendricksz]] tested the defenses' limits like no one else before. Learning from [[Francis Drake]]'s previous [[Battle of San Juan (1595)|failures here]], he circumvented the cannons of the castle of San Felipe del Morro and quickly brought his 17 ships into the [[San Juan Bay]]. He then occupied the port and attacked the city while the population hurried for shelter behind the Morro's moat and high battlements. Historians consider this event the worst attack on San Juan. Though the Dutch set the village on fire, they failed to conquer the Morro, and its batteries pounded their troops and ships until Hendricksz deemed the cause lost. Hendricksz's expedition eventually helped propel a fortification frenzy. Constructions of defenses for the San Cristóbal Hill were soon ordered so as to prevent the landing of invaders out of reach of the Morro's artillery. Urban planning responded to the needs of keeping the colony in Spanish hands.

====Late colonial period====
[[File:Hacienda La Fortuna Francisco Oller 1885 Brooklyn Museum.jpg|thumb|''Hacienda La Fortuna''. A sugar mill complex in Puerto Rico painted by [[Francisco Oller]] in 1885 ([[Brooklyn Museum]])]]

During the late 16th and early 17th centuries, Spain concentrated its colonial efforts on the more prosperous mainland North, Central, and South American colonies. With the advent of the lively Bourbon Dynasty in Spain in the 1700s, the island of Puerto Rico began a gradual shift to more imperial attention. More roads began connecting previously isolated inland settlements to coastal cities, and coastal settlements like Arecibo, Mayaguez, and Ponce began acquiring importance of their own, separate from San Juan. By the end of the 18th century, merchant ships from an array of nationalities threatened the tight regulations of the Mercantilist system, which turned each colony solely toward the European metropole and limited contact with other nations. U.S. ships came to surpass Spanish trade and with this also came the exploitation of the island's natural resources. Slavers, which had made but few stops on the island before, began selling more enslaved Africans to growing sugar and coffee plantations. The increasing number of Atlantic wars in which the Caribbean islands played major roles, like the [[War of Jenkins' Ear]], the [[Seven Years' War]] and the [[Atlantic Revolutions]], ensured Puerto Rico's growing esteem in Madrid's eyes. On April 17, 1797, Sir [[Ralph Abercromby]]'s fleet invaded the island with a force of 6,000–13,000 men,&lt;ref&gt;Confirmation of troop count is unattainable, only Spanish and Puerto Rican sources are available regarding troop count.&lt;/ref&gt; which included German soldiers and Royal Marines and 60 to 64 ships. Fierce fighting continued for the next days with Spanish troops. Both sides suffered heavy losses. On Sunday April 30 the British ceased their attack and began their retreat from San Juan. By the time independence movements in the larger Spanish colonies gained success, new waves of loyal creole immigrants began to arrive in Puerto Rico, helping to tilt the island's political balance toward the Crown.

[[File:EAGLE Old San Juan 2014.jpg|thumb|The 16th-century fort, [[Castillo San Felipe del Morro]], in San Juan, Puerto Rico]]

In 1809, to secure its political bond with the island and in the midst of the European [[Peninsular War]], the [[Junta (Peninsular War)|Supreme Central Junta]] based in [[Cádiz]] recognized Puerto Rico as an overseas province of Spain. This gave the island residents the right to elect representatives to the recently convened [[Cádiz Cortes|Spanish parliament]] (Cádiz Cortes), with equal representation to mainland Iberian, Mediterranean (Balearic Islands) and Atlantic maritime Spanish provinces (Canary Islands).{{Citation needed|date=November 2016}}

[[Ramón Power y Giralt]], the first Spanish parliamentary representative from the island of Puerto Rico, died after serving a three-year term in the Cortes. These [[Spanish Constitution of 1812|parliamentary and constitutional reforms]] were in force from 1810 to 1814, and again from 1820 to 1823. They were twice reversed during the restoration of the traditional monarchy by [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand VII]]. Immigration and commercial trade reforms in the 19th century increased the island's ethnic European population and economy and expanded the Spanish cultural and social imprint on the local character of the island.{{Citation needed|date=November 2016}}

Minor slave revolts had occurred on the island throughout the years, with the revolt planned and organized by [[Marcos Xiorro]] in 1821 being the most important. Even though the conspiracy was unsuccessful, Xiorro achieved legendary status and is part of Puerto Rico's folklore.&lt;ref name=&quot;GB&quot;&gt;[[Guillermo A. Baralt]], ''Slave revolts in Puerto Rico: conspiracies and uprisings, 1795–1873''; Markus Wiener Publishers. {{ISBN|978-1-55876-463-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Politics of liberalism====
[[File:Intentona de Yauco.jpg|thumb|left|The flag flown by Fidel Vélez and his men during the &quot;Intentona de Yauco&quot; revolt]]

In the early 19th century, Puerto Rico spawned an independence movement that, due to harsh persecution by the Spanish authorities, convened in the island of St. Thomas. The movement was largely inspired by the ideals of [[Simón Bolívar]] in establishing a [[United Provinces of New Granada]] and [[Venezuela]], that included Puerto Rico and Cuba. Among the influential members of this movement were Brigadier General [[Antonio Valero de Bernabé]] and [[María de las Mercedes Barbudo]]. The movement was discovered, and Governor [[Miguel de la Torre]] had its members imprisoned or exiled.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.raquelrosario.net/Historias%20Claridad%20Mercedes%20Bar.pdf |title=María de las Mercedes Barbudo; Primera mujer independentista de Puerto Rico; ''CLARIDAD''; December 1994; p. 19 |date= |accessdate=October 30, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

With the increasingly rapid growth of independent former Spanish colonies in the South and Central American states in the first part of the 19th century, the Spanish Crown considered Puerto Rico and Cuba of strategic importance. To increase its hold on its last two New World colonies, the Spanish Crown revived the [[Royal Decree of Graces of 1815]] as a result of which 450,000 immigrants, mainly Spaniards, settled on the island in the period up until the American conquest. Printed in three languages—Spanish, English, and French—it was intended to also attract non-Spanish Europeans, with the hope that the independence movements would lose their popularity if new settlers had stronger ties to the Crown. Hundreds of non-Spanish families, mainly from [[Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico|Corsica]], [[French immigration to Puerto Rico|France]], [[German immigration to Puerto Rico|Germany]], [[Irish immigration to Puerto Rico|Ireland]], Italy and Scotland, also immigrated to the island.&lt;ref name=&quot;Graces&quot;/&gt;

Free land was offered as an incentive to those who wanted to populate the two islands, on the condition that they swear their loyalty to the Spanish Crown and allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church.&lt;ref name=&quot;Graces&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ensayistas.org/antologia/XIXE/castelar/esclavitud/cedula.htm |title=Real Cédula de 1789 &quot;para el comercio de Negros&quot; |language=Spanish |publisher=Ensayistas.org |date= |accessdate=October 30, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The offer was very successful, and European immigration continued even after 1898. Puerto Rico still receives Spanish and European immigration.

[[File:1868 Lares Revolutionay Flag.svg|thumb|The Lares revolutionary flag of 1868, also known as the &quot;First Puerto Rican Flag&quot; in Puerto Rico]]

Poverty and political estrangement with Spain led to a small but significant uprising in 1868 known as ''[[Grito de Lares]].'' It began in the rural town of Lares, but was subdued when rebels moved to the neighboring town of San Sebastián.

Leaders of this independence movement included [[Ramón Emeterio Betances]], considered the &quot;father&quot; of the Puerto Rican independence movement, and other political figures such as [[Segundo Ruiz Belvis]]. Slavery was abolished in Puerto Rico in 1873, &quot;with provisions for periods of apprenticeship&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24160 |title=Ways of ending slavery |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |accessdate=April 29, 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309101044/http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24160 |archivedate=March 9, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:IMG 2972 - Abolition Park in Ponce, Puerto Rico.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Parque de la Abolición|Abolition Park]] in Ponce, Puerto Rico]]

Leaders of &quot;El Grito de Lares&quot; went into exile in New York City. Many joined the [[Revolutionary Committee of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee]], founded on December 8, 1895, and continued their quest for Puerto Rican independence. In 1897, [[Antonio Mattei Lluberas]] and the local leaders of the independence movement in Yauco organized another uprising, which became known as the ''[[Intentona de Yauco]]''. They raised what they called the Puerto Rican flag, which was adopted as the national flag. The local conservative political factions opposed independence. Rumors of the planned event spread to the local Spanish authorities who acted swiftly and put an end to what would be the last major uprising in the island to Spanish colonial rule.&lt;ref name=&quot;HMPR&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Historia militar de Puerto Rico |first=Héctor Andrés |last=Negroni |authorlink=Hector Andres Negroni |publisher=Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario |year=1992 |language=Spanish |isbn=978-84-7844-138-9 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1897, [[Luis Muñoz Rivera]] and others persuaded the liberal Spanish government to agree to grant limited self-government to the island by [[Decree|royal decree]] in the Autonomic Charter, including a [[Bicameralism|bicameral legislature]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.proyectosalonhogar.com/enciclopedia_ilustrada/Carta_Autonomica.htm] Retrieved: January 8, 2015. Carta Autonómica de Puerto Rico, 1897.&lt;/ref&gt; In 1898, Puerto Rico's first, but short-lived, quasi-autonomous government was organized as an &quot;overseas province&quot; of Spain. This bilaterally agreed-upon charter maintained a governor appointed by the [[Monarchy of Spain|King of Spain]] – who held the power to annul any legislative decision – and a partially elected parliamentary structure. In February, Governor-General [[Manuel Macías y Casado|Manuel Macías]] inaugurated the new government under the Autonomic Charter. General elections were held in March and the new government began to function on July 17, 1898.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.solboricua.com/history2.htm#usa |title=USA Seizes Puerto Rico |year=2000 |work=History of Puerto Rico |publisher=solboricua.com |access-date=September 30, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140515120148/http://www.solboricua.com/history2.htm#usa |archive-date=May 15, 2014 |url-status=dead  }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.topuertorico.org/history4.shtml |title=History |accessdate=October 1, 2007 |author=Magaly Rivera |publisher=topuertorico.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/chronpr.html |title=Chronology of Puerto Rico in the Spanish–American War |work=The World of 1898: The Spanish–American War |publisher=Hispanic Division, Library of Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===American territory (1898–present)===
{{Main|Spanish–American War|Puerto Rican Campaign|Treaty of Paris (1898)}}
[[File:Bombardment of San Juan, Porto (sic) Rico LCCN2001695573.jpg|thumb|[[Bombardment of San Juan]] during the [[Spanish–American War]]]]

In 1890, Captain [[Alfred Thayer Mahan]], a member of the Navy War Board and leading U.S. strategic thinker, published a book titled ''[[The Influence of Sea Power upon History]]'' in which he argued for the establishment of a large and powerful navy modeled after the British [[Royal Navy]]. Part of his strategy called for the acquisition of colonies in the Caribbean, which would serve as coaling and naval stations. They would serve as strategic points of defense with the construction of a canal through the [[Isthmus of Panama]], to allow easier passage of ships between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.&lt;ref name=&quot;SP&quot;&gt;Jorge Rodriguez Beruff, ''Strategy as Politics'', Universidad de Puerto Rico: La Editorial; p. 7; {{ISBN|978-0-8477-0160-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:First Company of native Puerto Ricans in the American Army.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The first company of Puerto Ricans enlisted in the U.S. Army, 1899]]

[[William H. Seward]], the former Secretary of State under presidents [[Abraham Lincoln]] and [[Andrew Johnson]], had also stressed the importance of building a canal in [[Honduras]], [[Nicaragua]] or [[Panama]]. He suggested that the United States annex the Dominican Republic and purchase Puerto Rico and Cuba. The U.S. Senate did not approve his annexation proposal, and Spain rejected the U.S. offer of {{Nowrap|160 million}} dollars for Puerto Rico and Cuba.&lt;ref name=&quot;SP&quot;/&gt;

Since 1894, the United States [[Naval War College]] had been developing [[contingency plan]]s for a war with Spain. By 1896, the U.S. Office of Naval Intelligence had prepared a plan that included military operations in Puerto Rican waters. Except for one 1895 plan, which recommended annexation of the island then named ''Isle of Pines'' (later renamed as [[Isla de la Juventud]]), a recommendation dropped in later planning, plans developed for attacks on Spanish territories were intended as support operations against Spain's forces in and around Cuba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=2f0Gf0DQfmUC&amp;pg=PA72 |author=David F. Trask |title=The War with Spain in 1898 |pages=72–78 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |accessdate=February 6, 2011 |isbn=978-0-8032-9429-5 |year=1996}}&lt;/ref&gt; Recent research suggests that the U.S. did consider Puerto Rico valuable as a naval station, and recognized that it and Cuba generated lucrative crops of sugar – a valuable commercial commodity which the United States lacked,&lt;ref&gt;Jorge Rodriguez Beruff, ''Strategy as Politics'', La Editorial; Universidad de Puerto Rico; p. 13; {{ISBN|978-0-8477-0160-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; before the development of the [[sugar beet]] industry in the United States.

[[File:Children in a company housing settlement, Puerto Rico 1a34030u.jpg|thumb|Children in a company housing settlement, 1941]]

On July 25, 1898, during the [[Spanish–American War]], the U.S. invaded Puerto Rico with a landing at [[Guánica, Puerto Rico|Guánica]]. After the U.S. victory in the war, Spain ceded Puerto Rico, along with the [[Philippines]] and [[Guam]], then under Spanish sovereignty, to the U.S. under the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Treaty of Paris]], which went into effect on April 11, 1899. Spain relinquished sovereignty over [[Cuba]], but did not cede it to the U.S.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/sp1898.asp |title=Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain |date=December 10, 1898 |work=The Avalon Project at the Yale Law School |publisher=Yale Law School, Lillian Goldman Law Library}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====United States unincorporated organized territory (1900–1952)====
The United States and Puerto Rico began a long-standing metropolis-colony relationship.&lt;ref&gt;Truman R. Clark. ''Puerto Rico and the United States, 1917–1933.'' 1975. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 129.&lt;/ref&gt; In the early 20th century, Puerto Rico was ruled by the military, with officials including the governor appointed by the [[president of the United States]]. The [[Foraker Act]] of 1900 gave Puerto Rico a certain amount of civilian popular government, including a popularly elected House of Representatives. The upper house and governor were appointed by the United States.

[[File:First Supreme Court PR.JPG|thumb|The First Supreme Court of Puerto Rico, appointed pursuant to the [[Foraker Act]]]]

Its judicial system was reformed to bring it into conformity with the [[Law of the United States|American legal system]]; a [[Supreme Court of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico Supreme Court]] and a [[United States territorial court|United State District Court]] for the territory were established. It was authorized a non-voting member of Congress, by the title of &quot;Resident Commissioner&quot;, who was appointed. In addition, this Act extended all U.S. laws &quot;not locally inapplicable&quot; to Puerto Rico, specifying, in particular, exemption from U.S. Internal Revenue laws.&lt;ref name=status&gt;{{cite web |url=http://charma.uprm.edu/~angel/Puerto_Rico/reporte_status.pdf |title=Report by the President's task force on Puerto Rico's Status |date=December 2005 |accessdate=October 1, 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925184244/http://charma.uprm.edu/~angel/Puerto_Rico/reporte_status.pdf |archivedate=September 25, 2007 |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Act empowered the civil government to legislate on &quot;all matters of legislative character not locally inapplicable&quot;, including the power to modify and repeal any laws then in existence in Puerto Rico, though the U.S. Congress retained the power to annul acts of the Puerto Rico legislature.&lt;ref name=&quot;status&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Efrén Rivera Ramos |title=American Colonialism in Puerto Rico: The Judicial and Social Legacy |url=https://books.google.com/?id=J5l55R3_mPoC |year=2007 |publisher=Markus Wiener Publishers |isbn=978-1-55876-410-1 |pages=[https://books.google.com/?id=J5l55R3_mPoC&amp;pg=PA54 54–55]}}&lt;/ref&gt; During an address to the Puerto Rican legislature in 1906, President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] recommended that Puerto Ricans become U.S. citizens.&lt;ref name=&quot;status&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Porto Rico En Fete: President's Auto Tour Amid Shower of Roses: He Promises Citizenship |work=The Washington Post |page=1 |date=November 22, 1906 |id={{ProQuest|144628701}} }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1914, the Puerto Rican House of Delegates voted unanimously in favor of independence from the United States, but this was rejected by the U.S. Congress as &quot;unconstitutional&quot;, and in violation of the 1900 [[Foraker Act]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Gonzalez&quot; /&gt;

====U.S. citizenship and Puerto Rican citizenship====
In 1917, the U.S. Congress passed the [[Jones–Shafroth Act]] (popularly known as the Jones Act), which granted Puerto Ricans born on or after April 25, 1898, U.S. citizenship.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion: 1803–1898 |first1=Sanford |last1=Levinson |first2=Bartholomew H. |last2=Sparrow |location=New York |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers |year=2005 |pages=166, 178 |quote=U.S. citizenship was extended to residents of Puerto Rico by virtue of the Jones Act, chap. 190, 39 Stat. 951 (1971)(codified at 48 U.S.C. § 731 (1987)) }}&lt;/ref&gt; Opponents, including all of the Puerto Rican House of Delegates (who voted unanimously against it), claimed that the U.S. imposed citizenship in order to draft Puerto Rican men into the army as [[American entry into World War I]] as the likely motive.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gonzalez&quot;&gt;Juan Gonzalez; ''Harvest of Empire'', pp. 60–63; Penguin Press, 2001; {{ISBN|978-0-14-311928-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The same Act provided for a popularly elected Senate to complete a bicameral Legislative Assembly, as well as a [[bill of rights]]. It authorized the popular election of the Resident Commissioner to a four-year term.

[[File:Puerto Ricans in WWII.jpg|thumb|Soldiers of the [[65th Infantry Regiment (United States)|65th Infantry]] training in Salinas, Puerto Rico (August 1941)]]

Natural disasters, including a major [[1918 San Fermín earthquake|earthquake]] and [[tsunami]] in 1918 and several [[hurricane]]s, as well as the Great Depression, impoverished the island during the first few decades under U.S. rule.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://redsismica.uprm.edu/spanish/tsunami/index.php |title=Sistema de Alerta de Tsunamis de Puerto Rico y el Caribe |publisher=Red Sísmica de Puerto Rico |language=Spanish |accessdate=February 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123161343/http://redsismica.uprm.edu/Spanish/tsunami/index.php |archivedate=January 23, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some political leaders, such as [[Pedro Albizu Campos]], who led the [[Puerto Rican Nationalist Party]], demanded a change in relations with the United States. He organized a protest at the [[University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus|University of Puerto Rico]] in 1935, in which [[Río Piedras massacre|four were killed]] by police.

In 1936, U.S. senator [[Millard Tydings]] introduced a bill supporting independence for Puerto Rico; he had previously co-sponsored the [[Tydings–McDuffie Act]], which provided independence to the [[Philippines]] following a 10-year transition period of limited autonomy. While virtually all Puerto Rican political parties supported the bill, it was opposed by [[Luis Muñoz Marín]] of the [[Liberal Party of Puerto Rico]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Gatell&quot;/&gt; leading to its defeat&lt;ref name=&quot;Gatell&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |jstor = 2510353|title = Independence Rejected: Puerto Rico and the Tydings Bill of 1936|journal = The Hispanic American Historical Review|volume = 38|issue = 1|pages = 25–44|last1 = Gatell|first1 = Frank Otto|year = 1958|doi = 10.2307/2510353}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1937, Albizu Campos' party organized a protest in [[Ponce, Puerto Rico|Ponce]]. The Insular Police, similar to the [[National Guard of the United States|National Guard]], opened fire upon unarmed cadets and bystanders alike.&lt;ref name=1937inquiry /&gt; The attack on unarmed protesters was reported by U.S. Congressman [[Vito Marcantonio]] and confirmed by a report from the Hays Commission, which investigated the events, led by [[Arthur Garfield Hays]], counsel to the [[American Civil Liberties Union]].&lt;ref name=1937inquiry&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.llmc.com/TitleLLMC.asp?ColID=3&amp;Cat=136&amp;TID=7037&amp;TName=Ponce%20Massacre,%20Com.%20of%20Inquiry,%201937 |title=Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Civil Rights in Puerto Rico. The Commission, 70p, np, May&amp;nbsp;22, 1937 |publisher=Llmc.com |accessdate=August 14, 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214194610/http://llmc.com/TitleLLMC.asp?ColID=3&amp;Cat=136&amp;TID=7037&amp;TName=Ponce%20Massacre%2C%20Com.%20of%20Inquiry%2C%201937 |archivedate=December 14, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nineteen people were killed and over 200 were badly wounded, many shot in the back while running away.&lt;ref name=&quot;5yrs&quot;&gt;[http://www.cheverote.com/reviews/marcantonio.html &quot;Five Years of Tyranny&quot;, Speech before the U.S. House of Representatives.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112031601/http://www.cheverote.com/reviews/marcantonio.html |date=January 12, 2012 }} The entire speech is contained in the ''Congressional Record'' of {{Nowrap|August 14}}, 1939. It is reported in the Congressional record, and various other publications elsewhere, that among those shot in the back was a 7-year-old girl, Georgina Maldonado, who &quot;was killed through the back while running to a nearby church&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Antonio de la Cova |url=http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/ponce-1937.htm |title=Photos of police shooting with rifles (from positions previously occupied by marchers and bystanders) at bystanders running away |publisher=Latinamericanstudies.org |date= |accessdate=October 30, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Hays Commission declared it a [[List of events named massacres|massacre]] and police mob action,&lt;ref name=&quot;5yrs&quot; /&gt; and it has since become known as the [[Ponce massacre]]. In the aftermath, on April 2, 1943, Tydings introduced another bill in Congress calling for independence for Puerto Rico, though it was again defeated.&lt;ref name=&quot;status&quot; /&gt;

During the latter years of the [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Roosevelt]]–[[Harry S. Truman|Truman]] administrations, the internal governance of the island was changed in a compromise reached with Luis Muñoz Marín and other Puerto Rican leaders. In 1946, President Truman appointed the first Puerto Rican-born governor, [[Jesús T. Piñero]].

Since 2007, the Puerto Rico State Department has developed a protocol to issue certificates of [[Puerto Rican citizenship]] to Puerto Ricans. In order to be eligible, applicants must have been born in Puerto Rico, born outside of Puerto Rico to a Puerto Rican–born parent, or be an American citizen with at least one year of residence in Puerto Rico.

====United States unincorporated organized territory with commonwealth constitution (1952–present)====
In 1947, the U.S. Congress passed the Elective Governor Act, signed by President Truman, allowing Puerto Ricans to vote for their own [[governor of Puerto Rico|governor]]. The first elections under this act were held the following year, on November 2, 1948.

On May 21, 1948, a bill was introduced before the [[Puerto Rican Senate]] which would restrain the rights of the independence and Nationalist movements on the island. The Senate, controlled by the ''Partido Popular Democrático'' ([[Popular Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)|PPD]]) and presided by [[Luis Muñoz Marín]], approved the bill that day.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://academiajurisprudenciapr.org/en/revistas/volumen-vii/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327121629/http://academiajurisprudenciapr.org/en/revistas/volumen-vii/ |url-status=dead |title=La obra jurídica del Profesor David M. Helfeld (1948–2008) |first=Dr. Carmelo |last=Delgado Cintron |archive-date=March 27, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; This bill, which resembled the anti-communist [[Smith Act]] passed in the United States in 1940, became known as the ''Ley de la Mordaza'' ([[Gag Law (Puerto Rico)|Gag Law]]) when the U.S.-appointed governor of Puerto Rico, [[Jesús T. Piñero]], signed it into law on June 10, 1948.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.topuertorico.org/history5.shtml |title=Puerto Rican History |publisher=Topuertorico.org |date=January 13, 1941 |accessdate=November 20, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Under this new law it would be a crime to print, publish, sell, or exhibit any material intended to paralyze or destroy the insular government; or to organize any society, group or assembly of people with a similar destructive intent. It made it illegal to sing a patriotic song, and reinforced the 1898 law that had made it illegal to display the [[Flag of Puerto Rico]], with anyone found guilty of disobeying the law in any way being subject to a sentence of up to ten years imprisonment, a fine of up to US$10,000 ({{Inflation|US|10000|1948|r=-3|fmt=eq}}), or both.{{efn|Cockcroft (2001; in Spanish) &quot;[La Ley 53] fué llamada la 'pequeña ley Smith', debido a la semejanza con la Ley Smith de Estados Unidos [...]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=James |last=Cockcroft |title=América Latina y Estados Unidos: historia y política país por país |publisher=Siglo XXI Editores |language=Spanish |year=2001 |accessdate=September 24, 2013 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=rUGFqxW_zHQC&amp;lpg=PA383&amp;dq=peque%C3%B1a%20ley%20smith%20puerto%20rico&amp;pg=PA383#v=onepage |isbn=978-9682323324}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.topuertorico.org/history5.shtml |title=Puerto Rican History |publisher=Topuertorico.org |date=January 13, 1941 |accessdate=November 20, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to Dr. [[Leopoldo Figueroa]], the only non-PPD member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives, the law was repressive and in violation of the First Amendment of the [[U.S. Constitution]], which guarantees [[Freedom of Speech]]. He asserted that the law as such was a violation of the civil rights of the people of Puerto Rico. The law was repealed in 1957.&lt;ref name=&quot;LG&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://issuu.com/jaimepartsch/docs/jes_s_t._pi_ero_y_la_guerra_fria?mode=a_p |title=La Gobernación de Jesús T. Piñero y la Guerra Fría |publisher=Issuu.com |date= |accessdate=April 18, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the November 1948 election, Muñoz Marín became the first popularly elected governor of Puerto Rico, replacing U.S.-appointed Piñero on January 2, 1949.

[[File:US 65th Infantry Regiment.Painting.Korean War.Bayonet charge against Chinese division.jpg|thumb|Painting of a bayonet charge by the [[U.S. 65th Infantry Regiment]], made up of Puerto Rican troops, against a Chinese division during the [[Korean War]]]]

====''Estado Libre Asociado''====
&lt;!---probably duplicates below. needs editing---&gt;
In 1950, the U.S. Congress granted Puerto Ricans the right to organize a [[constitutional convention (political meeting)|constitutional convention]] via a referendum that gave them the option of voting their preference, &quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;, on a proposed U.S. law that would organize Puerto Rico as a &quot;commonwealth&quot; that would continue United States sovereignty over Puerto Rico and its people. Puerto Rico's electorate expressed its support for this measure in 1951 with a second referendum to ratify the constitution. The [[Constitution of Puerto Rico]] was formally adopted on July 3, 1952. The Constitutional Convention specified the name by which the [[body politic]] would be known.

On February 4, 1952, the convention approved Resolution 22 which chose in English the word ''[[Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)|Commonwealth]]'', meaning a &quot;politically organized community&quot; or &quot;state&quot;, which is simultaneously connected by a compact or treaty to another political system. Puerto Rico officially designates itself with the term &quot;Commonwealth of Puerto Rico&quot; in its constitution, as a translation into English of the term to &quot;Estado Libre Asociado&quot; (ELA).

In 1967 Puerto Rico's Legislative Assembly polled the political preferences of the Puerto Rican electorate by passing a [[plebiscite]] act that provided for a vote on the status of Puerto Rico. This constituted the first plebiscite by the Legislature for a choice among three status options (commonwealth, statehood, and independence). In subsequent plebiscites organized by Puerto Rico held in 1993 and 1998 (without any formal commitment on the part of the U.S. government to honor the results), the current political status failed to receive majority support. In 1993, Commonwealth status won by a plurality of votes (48.6% versus 46.3% for statehood), while the &quot;none of the above&quot; option, which was the [[Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico|Popular Democratic Party]]-sponsored choice, won in 1998 with 50.3% of the votes (versus 46.5% for statehood). Disputes arose as to the definition of each of the ballot alternatives, and Commonwealth advocates, among others, reportedly urged a vote for &quot;none of the above&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32933.pdf ''Political Status of Puerto Rico: Options for Congress.'' Report RL32933. By Keith Bea and R. Sam Garrett, Congressional Research Service. Dated {{Nowrap|June 19}}, 2009. p. 29. Table B-1: Puerto Rico Status Votes in Plebiscites and Referenda, 1967–1998. p. 29.]. Retrieved December 5, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://electionspuertorico.org/1993/summary.html |title=1993 Status Plebiscite Vote Summary |publisher=Electionspuertorico.org |date=November 14, 1993 |accessdate=October 30, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://electionspuertorico.org/1998/summary.html |title=1998 Status Plebiscite Vote Summary |publisher=Electionspuertorico.org |date=December 13, 1998 |accessdate=October 30, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!---probably duplicates the above. Needs editing---&gt;
In 1950, the U.S. Congress approved Public Law 600 (P.L. 81-600), which allowed for a democratic [[referendum]] in Puerto Rico to determine whether Puerto Ricans desired to draft their own local constitution.&lt;ref&gt;Act of {{Nowrap|July 3}}, 1950, Ch. 446, 64 Stat. 319.&lt;/ref&gt; This Act was meant to be adopted in the &quot;nature of a compact&quot;. It required congressional approval of the Puerto Rico Constitution before it could go into effect, and repealed certain sections of the Organic Act of 1917. The sections of this statute left in force were entitled the ''Puerto Rican Federal Relations Act''.&lt;ref name=&quot;View&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.puertoricousa.com/english/views.htm |title=View of Congress, the Courts and the Federal Government |publisher=Puertoricousa.com |date= |accessdate=October 30, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.puertorico-herald.org/issues/2004/vol8n42/CBOnNatureV.html |title=On The Nature of Commonwealth V |publisher=Puertorico-herald.org |date= |accessdate=October 30, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; U.S. Secretary of the Interior [[Oscar L. Chapman]], under whose Department resided responsibility of Puerto Rican affairs, clarified the new commonwealth status in this manner:{{quote|The bill (to permit Puerto Rico to write its own constitution) merely authorizes the people of Puerto Rico to adopt their own constitution and to organize a local government...The bill under consideration would not change Puerto Rico's political, social, and economic relationship to the United States.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.puertorico-herald.org/issues/2002/vol6n30/LetPRDecideHow2End-en.html &quot;Let Puerto Rico Decide How to end its Colony Status: True Nationhood Stands on the Pillar of Independence&quot;]. Rosalinda de Jesus. ''The Allentown Morning Call''. Republished by the ''Puerto Rico Herald''. July 21, 2002. San Juan, Puerto Rico. Retrieved June 21, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.independencia.net/ingles/let_pr_decide &quot;Let Puerto Rico Decide How To End Its Colony Status&quot;] {{dead link|date=May 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}. Rosalinda De Jesus. ''The Morning Call''. July 21, 2002. Retrieved June 21, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;}}

{{External media
| align  = right
| video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_71hkXrTTf8 Puerto Rico], U.S. Embassy in Vienna, October 24, 2014
| video2 = View newsreel scenes in Spanish of the {{YouTube|RfOJj0nmGEU|''Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s''}}
}}

On October 30, 1950, [[Pedro Albizu Campos]] and other nationalists led a three-day revolt against the United States in various cities and towns of Puerto Rico, in what is known as the [[Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s]]. The most notable occurred in [[Jayuya]] and [[Utuado]]. In the Jayuya revolt, known as the &quot;[[Jayuya Uprising]]&quot;, the Puerto Rican governor declared [[martial law]], and attacked the insurgents in Jayuya with infantry, artillery and bombers under control of the Puerto Rican commander. The &quot;[[Utuado Uprising]]&quot; culminated in what is known as the Utuado massacre.

On November 1, 1950, Puerto Rican nationalists from New York City, [[Griselio Torresola]] and [[Oscar Collazo]], [[Truman assassination attempt|attempted to assassinate]] President [[Harry S. Truman]] at his temporary residence of Blair House. Torresola was killed during the attack, but Collazo was wounded and captured. He was convicted of murder and sentenced to death, but President Truman commuted his sentence to life. After Collazo served 29 years in a federal prison, President Jimmy Carter commuted his sentence to times served and he was released in 1979.

Pedro Albizu Campos served many years in a federal prison in [[Atlanta]], for seditious conspiracy to overthrow the U.S. government in Puerto Rico.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=García |first=Marvin |url=http://www.nl.edu/academics/cas/ace/resources/campos.cfm |title=Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos |publisher=National-Louis University |accessdate=April 28, 2006 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051224214401/http://www3.nl.edu/academics/cas/ace/resources/campos.cfm |archivedate=December 24, 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Constitution of Puerto Rico]] was approved by a Constitutional Convention on February 6, 1952, and 82% of the voters in a March referendum. It was modified and ratified by the U.S. Congress, approved by President Truman on July 3 of that year, and proclaimed by Gov. Muñoz Marín on July 25, 1952. This was the anniversary of July 25, 1898, landing of U.S. troops in the [[Puerto Rican Campaign]] of the [[Spanish–American War]], until then celebrated as an annual Puerto Rico holiday.

[[File:MODERN BUILDINGS TOWER OVER THE SHANTIES CROWDED ALONG THE MARTIN PENA CANAL - NARA - 546368.jpg|thumb|A [[shantytown]] along the Martin Peña Channel (1973)]]

Puerto Rico adopted the name of ''[[Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico]]'' (literally &quot;Associated Free State of Puerto Rico&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/?id=DcMh3sI0daAC&amp;pg=PA56 ''Responses from Hon. Luis G. Fortuño to questions from Senator Domenici.''] Hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources on the Report by the President's Task Force on Puerto Rico's Status. United States Senate. One Hundredth Ninth Congress. Second Session. U.S. Senate 109–796. November 15, 2006. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 2007. p. 56.) Retrieved December 13, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;), officially translated into English as [[Commonwealth (United States insular area)|Commonwealth]], for its [[body politic]].{{efn|However, as Robert William Anderson states on page 14 of his book &quot;Party Politics in Puerto Rico&quot; (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 1965.), ''No one disputes the ambiguous status of the current Commonwealth. It is illustrated in the very different images conjured up by the English term &quot;commonwealth&quot; and the Spanish version, Estado Libre Asociado (literally, free associated state). The issue seems to be whether this ambiguity is a purposeful virtue or a disguised colonial vice.''}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.lexjuris.com/lexprcont.htm |title=Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico – in Spanish |publisher=Lexjuris.com |date= |accessdate=October 30, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114003340/http://www.lexjuris.com/lexprcont.htm |archivedate=November 14, 2011 |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://topuertorico.org/constitu.shtml |title=Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico – (English translation) |publisher=Topuertorico.org |date= |accessdate=October 30, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;The United States Congress legislates over many fundamental aspects of Puerto Rican life, including citizenship, the currency, the postal service, [[foreign policy]], military defense, communications, [[labor relations]], the environment, commerce, finance, health and welfare, and many others.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;books.google.com&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=ayINMX_RtkEC&amp;pg=PA166 |title=The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion, 1803–1898. Ed. by Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow. (Lanham: Rowman &amp; Littlefield, 2005. Cloth, ISBN 0-7425-4983-6. Paper, ISBN 0-7425-4984-4.) pp. 166–67 |accessdate=November 5, 2012 |isbn=978-0-7425-4984-5 |year=2005 |last1=Levinson |first1=Sanford |last2=Sparrow |first2=Bartholomew H}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During the 1950s and 1960s, Puerto Rico experienced rapid industrialization, due in large part to ''Operación Manos a la Obra'' (&quot;[[Operation Bootstrap]]&quot;), an offshoot of FDR's New Deal. It was intended to transform Puerto Rico's economy from agriculture-based to manufacturing-based to provide more jobs. Puerto Rico has become a major tourist destination, as well as a global center for pharmaceutical manufacturing.&lt;ref name=pharma&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pharmaceuticalonline.com/article.mvc/Puerto-Ricos-Pharmaceutical-Industry-40-Years-0003 |title=Puerto Rico's Pharmaceutical Industry |date=September 20, 2006 |accessdate=November 18, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Referenda on statehood or independence===

{{Main|Statehood movement in Puerto Rico}}

Four referenda have been held since the late 20th century to resolve the political status. The [[Puerto Rican status referendum, 2012|2012 referendum]] showed a majority (54% of the voters) in favor of a change in status, with full statehood the preferred option of those who wanted a change.
Because there were almost 500,000 blank ballots in the 2012 referendum, creating confusion as to the voters' true desire, Congress decided to ignore the vote.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/article128782174.html |title=Will Puerto Rico become the newest star on the American flag? |last=Wyss |first=Jim |date=January 26, 2017 |website=Miami Herald |publisher=Miami Herald |access-date=February 24, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Willie |first=Santana |date=January 1, 2016 |title=Incorporating the Lonely Star: How Puerto Rico Became Incorporated and Earned a Place in the Sisterhood of States |url=http://trace.tennessee.edu/tjlp/vol9/iss4/5/ |journal=Tennessee Journal of Law &amp; Policy |volume=9 |issue=4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The first three plebiscites provided voters with three options: statehood, free association, and independence. The [[Puerto Rican status referendum, 2017]] in June 2017 was going to offer only two options: Statehood and Independence/Free Association. However, a letter from the [[Donald Trump]] administration recommended adding the Commonwealth, the current status, in the plebiscite. The option had been removed from this plebiscite in response to the results of the plebiscite in 2012 which asked whether to remain in the current status and No had won. The Trump administration cited changes in demographics during the past 5 years to add the option once again. Amendments to the plebiscite bill were adopted making ballot wording changes requested by the Department of Justice, as well as adding a &quot;current territorial status&quot; option.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.elnuevodia.com/noticias/politica/nota/elsenadoapruebaenmiendasalaleydelplebiscito-2312006/ |title=El Senado aprueba enmiendas a la ley del plebiscito |date=April 18, 2017 |website=Elnuevodia.com |accessdate=August 26, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; While 97 percent voted in favor of statehood, the turnout was low; only some 23 percent voted.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jun/12/puerto-rico-governor-washington-statehood-us |title=Puerto Rico governor to take statehood case to Washington but faces US snub |first=Ed |last=Pilkington |date=June 12, 2017 |accessdate=August 26, 2017 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the ballots were counted the Justice Department was non-committal. The Justice Department had asked for the 2017 plebiscite to be postponed but the Rosselló government chose not to do so. After the outcome was announced, the department told the Associated Press that it had &quot;not reviewed or approved the ballot's language&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/congress/puerto-rico-mulls-political-status-in-new-referendum/2017/06/11/20415f7a-4e5b-11e7-987c-42ab5745db2e_story.html |title=- The Washington Post |website=Washington Post |accessdate=August 26, 2017 |archive-date=17 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617080052/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/congress/puerto-rico-mulls-political-status-in-new-referendum/2017/06/11/20415f7a-4e5b-11e7-987c-42ab5745db2e_story.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Former governor [[Aníbal Acevedo Vilá]] (2005–2009) is convinced that statehood is not the solution for either the U.S. or for Puerto Rico &quot;for economic, identity and cultural reasons&quot;. He pointed out that voter turnout for the 2017 referendum was extremely low, and suggests that a different type of mutually-beneficial relationship should be found.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/07/04/clash-looms-as-puerto-rico-prepares-to-send-reps-to-washington-after-statehood-vote.html |title=Clash looms as Puerto Rico prepares to send reps to Washington, after statehood vote |date=July 4, 2017 |website=Foxnews.com |accessdate=August 26, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

If the federal government agrees to discuss an association agreement, the conditions would be negotiated between the two entities.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.puertoricoreport.com/whats-free-associated-state/#.WK-D7m8rLX4 |title=What's a Free Associated State? |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=February 3, 2017 |website=Puerto Rico Report |publisher=Puerto Rico Report  |access-date=February 23, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The agreement might cover topics such as the role of the U.S. military in Puerto Rico, the use of the U.S. currency, free trade between the two entities, and whether [[Puerto Ricans]] would be U.S. citizens.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Puerto_Rico_Statehood,_Independence,_or_Free_Association_Referendum_(2017) |title=Puerto Rico Statehood, Independence, or Free Association Referendum (2017) |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=February 6, 2017 |website=Ballotpedia |publisher=BALLOTPEDIA |access-date=February 24, 2017 |quote=With my vote, I make the initial request to the Federal Government to begin the process of the decolonization through: (1) Free Association: Puerto Rico should adopt a status outside of the Territory Clause of the Constitution of the United States that recognizes the sovereignty of the People of Puerto Rico. The Free Association would be based on a free and voluntary political association, the specific terms of which shall be agreed upon between the United States and Puerto Rico as sovereign nations. Such agreement would provide the scope of the jurisdictional powers that the People of Puerto Rico agree to confer to the United States and retain all other jurisdictional powers and authorities. Under this option the American citizenship would be subject to negotiation with the United States Government; (2) Proclamation of Independence, I demand that the United States Government, in the exercise of its power to dispose of territory, recognize the national sovereignty of Puerto Rico as a completely independent nation and that the United States Congress enact the necessary legislation to initiate the negotiation and transition to the independent nation of Puerto Rico. My vote for Independence also represents my claim to the rights, duties, powers, and prerogatives of independent and democratic republics, my support of Puerto Rican citizenship, and a &quot;Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation&quot; between Puerto Rico and the United States after the transition process}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The three current Free Associated States ([[Marshall Islands]], [[Federated States of Micronesia|Micronesia]] and [[Palau]]) use the American dollar, receive some financial support and the promise of military defense if they refuse military access to any other country. Their citizens are allowed to work in the U.S. and serve in its military.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt;

Governor [[Ricardo Rosselló]] is strongly in favor of statehood to help develop the economy and help to &quot;solve our 500-year-old colonial dilemma ... Colonialism is not an option .... It's a civil rights issue ... 3.5&amp;nbsp;million citizens seeking an absolute democracy,&quot; he told the news media.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Wyss |first=Jim |date= |title=Will Puerto Rico become the newest star on the American flag? |url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/article128782174.html#storylink=cpy |newspaper=Miami Herald |location=Miami |access-date=February 24, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Benefits of statehood include an additional $10&amp;nbsp;billion per year in federal funds, the right to vote in presidential elections, higher Social Security and Medicare benefits, and a right for its government agencies and municipalities to file for bankruptcy. The latter is currently prohibited.&lt;ref name=&quot;Danica Coto&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Coto |first=Danica |date=February 3, 2017 |title=Puerto Rico gov approves referendum in quest for statehood |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/puerto-rico-gov-approves-referendum-in-quest-for-statehood/2017/02/03/ddea7392-ea54-11e6-903d-9b11ed7d8d2a_story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204020835/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/puerto-rico-gov-approves-referendum-in-quest-for-statehood/2017/02/03/ddea7392-ea54-11e6-903d-9b11ed7d8d2a_story.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 4, 2017 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |location=DC|access-date=February 17, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Statehood might be useful as a means of dealing with the financial crisis, since it would allow for bankruptcy and the relevant protection. According to the Government Development Bank, this might be the only solution to the debt crisis. Congress has the power to vote to allow Chapter 9 protection without the need for statehood, but in late 2015 there was very little support in the House for this concept. Other benefits to statehood include increased disability benefits and Medicaid funding, the right to vote in presidential elections and the higher (federal) minimum wage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/11/ben-carson-puerto-rico/415014/ |title=Why Puerto Rican Statehood Matters So Much Right Now |last=White |first=Gillian B. |date=November 9, 2017 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |publisher=The Atlantic Monthly Group |access-date=February 21, 2017 |quote=Six words: the ability to file for bankruptcy}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Subsequent to the 2017 referendum, Puerto Rico's legislators are also expected to vote on a bill that would allow the governor to draft a state constitution and hold elections to choose senators and representatives to the federal Congress.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/puerto-rico-holds-vote-sunday-statehood-amid-criticism-over-timing-n770496 |title=Puerto Rico goes to polls Sunday on statehood issue despite criticism over costs, timing |website=Nbcnews.com |accessdate=August 26, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://caribbeanbusiness.com/puerto-rico-governor-approves-tennessee-plan/ |title=Puerto Rico governor approves Tennessee Plan – Caribbean Business |website=caribbeanbusiness.com |accessdate=August 26, 2017|date=June 5, 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In spite of the outcome of the referendum, {{clarify |text=and the so-called Tennessee Plan (above), |reason=The &quot;Tennessee Plan&quot; is not mentioned above |date=May 2020 }} action by the [[United States Congress]] would be necessary to implement changes to the status of Puerto Rico under the [[Article Four of the United States Constitution#Federal property and the Territorial Clause|Territorial Clause of the United States Constitution]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Danica Coto&quot; /&gt;

===United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization===
Since 1953, the [[United Nations|UN]] has been considering the [[political status of Puerto Rico]] and how to assist it in achieving &quot;independence&quot; or &quot;decolonization&quot;. In 1978, the Special Committee determined that a &quot;colonial relationship&quot; existed between the U.S. and Puerto Rico.&lt;ref name=&quot;colonial relationship&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://nacla.org/article/puerto-rico-united-nations |title=Puerto Rico at the United Nations |last=López |first=Ana M. |date=2014 |website=The North American Congress on Latin America |publisher=The North American Congress on Latin America  |access-date=February 21, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The UN's [[Special Committee on Decolonization]] has often referred to Puerto Rico as a &quot;nation&quot; in its reports, because, internationally, the people of Puerto Rico are often considered to be a Caribbean nation with their own national identity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=4nEyLDpKZjMC&amp;pg=PA10 |title=Report of the Special Committee on the Situation With Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries &amp; Peoples: 60th Session Supplement |first=United Nations: Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and |last=Peoples |date=November 22, 2005 |publisher=United Nations Publications |via=Google Books|isbn=9789218102119 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.nam.gov.za/media/040820.pdf |title=XIV Ministerial Conference of the Movement of Non-Aligned Nations. Durban, South Africa, 2004. See pp. 14–15. |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090731065406/http://www.nam.gov.za/media/040820.pdf |archivedate=July 31, 2009  }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Report of the Special Committee on the Situation with Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples |volume=23 |author=United Nations. General Assembly. Special Committee on the Situation With Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples |publisher=United Nations Publications |year=1971 |isbn=978-92-1-810211-9 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4nEyLDpKZjMC&amp;pg=PA10 10–11] |url=https://books.google.com/?id=4nEyLDpKZjMC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most recently, in a June 2016 report, the Special Committee called for the United States to expedite the process to allow self-determination in Puerto Rico. More specifically, the group called on the United States to expedite a process that would allow the people of Puerto Rico to exercise fully their right to self-determination and independence. ... allow the Puerto Rican people to take decisions in a sovereign manner, and to address their urgent economic and social needs, including unemployment, marginalization, insolvency and poverty&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2016/gacol3296.doc.htm |title=Special Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling upon United States Government to Expedite Self-Determination Process for Puerto Rico |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=June 20, 2016 |website=United Nations |publisher=UN |access-date=February 21, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, these efforts have been meaningless and without effect for the most part.

====International status====
On November 27, 1953, shortly after the establishment of the Commonwealth, the General Assembly of the [[United Nations]] approved [[UN General Assembly Resolution|Resolution 748]], removing Puerto Rico's classification as a [[United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories|non-self-governing territory]]. The General Assembly did not apply the full list of criteria which was enunciated in 1960 when it took favorable note of the cessation of transmission of information regarding the non-self-governing status of Puerto Rico.&lt;ref&gt;[http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/086/13/IMG/NR008613.pdf?OpenElementGA resolution 740] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514234427/http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/086/13/IMG/NR008613.pdf?OpenElementGA |date=May 14, 2011 }} (November 27, 1953), &quot;''Cessation of transmission o the information under article 73 e of the Charter in respect of Puerto Rico''&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/153/15/IMG/NR015315.pdf?OpenElement GA Resolution 1541] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514234116/http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/153/15/IMG/NR015315.pdf?OpenElement |date=May 14, 2011 }} ({{Nowrap|December 15}} 1960), &quot;''Principles which should guide Members in determining whether or not an obligation exists to transmit the information called for in article 73 e of the Charter. (See ANNEX).''&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

According to the White House Task Force on Puerto Rico's Political Status in its December 21, 2007 report, the U.S., in its written submission to the UN in 1953, never represented that Congress could not change its relationship with Puerto Rico without the territory's consent.&lt;ref name=status2007&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.primerahora.com/XStatic/primerahora/docs/espanol/whitehousestatusreport.pdf |title=Report by the President's task force on Puerto Rico's Status |date=December 2007 |accessdate=December 24, 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216013058/http://www.primerahora.com/XStatic/primerahora/docs/espanol/whitehousestatusreport.pdf |archivedate=February 16, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; It stated that the U.S. Justice Department in 1959 reiterated that Congress held power over Puerto Rico pursuant to the Territorial Clause&lt;ref name=&quot;Artice4&quot;&gt;Art. IV, Sec. 3, clause 2, U.S. Constitution.&lt;/ref&gt; of the U.S. Constitution.&lt;ref name=status2007 /&gt;

In 1993 the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit]] stated that Congress may unilaterally repeal the Puerto Rican Constitution or the Puerto Rican Federal Relations Act and replace them with any rules or regulations of its choice.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftp.resources.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ftp.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F2/992/992.F2d.1143.90-5749.html |title=United States v. Sanchez, 992 F.2D 1143 (1993) United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit (Paragraphs 44–46) |publisher=ftp.resources.com |date=June 4, 1993 |accessdate=January 21, 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504030244/http://ftp.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F2/992/992.F2d.1143.90-5749.html |archivedate=May 4, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; In a 1996 report on a Puerto Rico status political bill, the [[United States House Committee on Natural Resources|U.S. House Committee on Resources]] stated, &quot;Puerto Rico's current status does not meet the criteria for any of the options for full self-government under Resolution 1541&quot; (the three established forms of full self-government being stated in the report as (1) national independence, (2) free association based on separate sovereignty, or (3) full integration with another nation on the basis of equality). The report concluded that Puerto Rico &quot;... remains an unincorporated colony and does not have the status of 'free association' with the United States as that status is defined under United States law or international practice&quot;, that the establishment of local self-government with the consent of the people can be unilaterally revoked by the U.S. Congress, and that U.S. Congress can also withdraw the U.S. citizenship of Puerto Rican residents of Puerto Rico at any time, for a legitimate Federal purpose.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.congress.gov/cgi-bin/cpquery/R?cp105:FLD010:@1%28hr131%29: |title=Puerto Rico Status Field Hearing |publisher=Committee on Resources, U.S. House of Representatives, 105th Congress |date=April 19, 1997 |accessdate=October 1, 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614123206/http://www.congress.gov/cgi-bin/cpquery/R?cp105%3AFLD010%3A%401%28hr131%29%3A |archivedate=June 14, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs3/GAres-1541.htm |title=1541 (XV). Principles which should guide Members in determining whether or not an obligation exists to transmit the information called for under Article 73 e of the Charter |publisher=United Nations General Assembly |date=December 15, 1960 |access-date=August 11, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014223032/http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs3/GAres-1541.htm |archive-date=October 14, 2010 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The application of the U.S. Constitution to Puerto Rico is limited by the [[Insular Cases]].

In 2006,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/gacol3138.doc.htm June 13, 2006. Special Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling on United States to Expedite Puerto Rican Self-determination Process. Draft Resolution Urges Probe of Pro-Independence Leader's Killing, Human Rights Abuses; Calls for Clean-up, Decontamination of Vieques. (June 13, 2006)] Retrieved December 3, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; 2007,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2007/gacol3160.doc.htm 14 June 2007. Special Committee on Decolonization Calls on United States to Expedite Puerto Rico's Self-Determination Process: Text Also Requests General Assembly to Consider Question; Urges Clean Up of Vieques Island, Release of Puerto Rican Political Prisoners. (June 14, 2007)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060118113208/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/ |date=January 18, 2006 }} Retrieved June 21, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; 2009,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2009/gacol3193.doc.htm June 15, 2009. Special Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling on United States to Expedite Self-determination Process for Puerto Rico. Members Hear Petitioners Speak up for Independence, Statehood, Free Association. (June 15, 2009)] Retrieved September 3, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; 2010,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2010/gacol3209.doc.htm June 21, 2010. Special Committee on Decolonization Passes Text Urging General Assembly to Consider Formally Situation Concerning Puerto Rico: Draft Resolution Calls on United States to Expedite Island's Self-Determination. (June 21, 2010)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060118113208/https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/ |date=January 18, 2006 }} Retrieved July 11, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; and 2011&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/gacol3224.doc.htm June 20, 2011. Special Committee on Decolonization Calls on United States, in Consensus Text, to Speed up Process Allowing Puerto Rico to Exercise Self-Determination: Nearly 25 Petitioners Underscore Gravity of Situation on Island, Buckling Under Economic Strain; Vigorous Opposition to Death Penalty Also Expressed. (June 20, 2011)] Retrieved April 22, 2012.{{Dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt; the United Nations [[Special Committee on Decolonization]] passed resolutions calling on the United States to expedite a process &quot;that would allow Puerto Ricans to fully exercise their inalienable right to self-determination and independence&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;UN decolonization committee eyes PR&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=casiano communications |url=http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/news03.php?nt_id=58665&amp;ct_id=1 |title=UN decolonization committee eyes PR |publisher=Caribbeanbusinesspr.com |date=June 21, 2011 |accessdate=October 30, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124013213/http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/news03.php?nt_id=58665&amp;ct_id=1 |archivedate=November 24, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and to release all Puerto Rican political prisoners in U.S. prisons, to clean up, decontaminate and return the lands in the islands of Vieques and Culebra to the people of Puerto Rico, and to perform a probe into U.S. human rights violations on the island and into the killing by the FBI of pro-independence leader [[Filiberto Ojeda Rios]].
&lt;!---- a lot of duplication from other subsections will need to be rewritten/merged---&gt;

===21st century===
{{further|Proposed political status for Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican status referendum, 2012|President's Task Force on Puerto Rico's Status}}
{{Infobox multichoice referendum
| name = Puerto Rican status referendum, 2012
| location = Puerto Rico
| date = {{start date and years ago|2012|11|06}}
| width = 300px
| barwidth = 100px
| voting_system = [[Majority|simple majority]] for the first question&lt;br /&gt;[[first-past-the-post]] for the second question
| part1_subject = Should Puerto Rico continue its current territorial status?
| part1_choice1 = Yes
| part1_choice1_color = silver
| part1_percentage1 = 46.00
| part1_choice2 = No
| part1_choice2_color = slategray
| part1_percentage2 = 54.00
| part2_subject = Which non-territorial option do you prefer?
| part2_choice1 = [[Statehood movement in Puerto Rico|Statehood]]
| part2_choice1_color = blue
| part2_percentage1 = 61.16
| part2_choice2 = [[Free association movement in Puerto Rico|Sovereign Free Associated State]]
| part2_choice2_color = red
| part2_percentage2 = 33.34
| part2_choice3 = [[Independence movement in Puerto Rico|Independence]]
| part2_choice3_color = green
| part2_percentage3 = 5.49
| results2_caption = There were 515,348 blank and invalidated ballots counted alongside the 1,363,854 ballots which indicated a choice for one of the non-territorial alternatives. Under Puerto Rico Law, these ballots are not considered cast votes and are therefore not reflected in the final tally.&lt;ref name=&quot;oslpr.org&quot;&gt;{{cite act |title=Puerto Rico Election Code for the 21st Century |number=78 |language=English |date=2011 |article=2.003(54) |url=http://www.oslpr.org/download/en/2011/A-0078-2011.pdf |accessdate=August 10, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521105857/http://www.oslpr.org/download/en/2011/A-0078-2011.pdf |archivedate=May 21, 2014 |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

On July 15, 2009, the [[Special Committee on Decolonization|United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization]] approved a draft resolution calling on the government of the United States to expedite a process that would allow the Puerto Rican people to exercise fully their inalienable right to self-determination and independence.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2009/gacol3193.doc.htm |title=Members Hear Petitioners Speak up for Independence, Statehood, Free Association |publisher=General Assembly of the United Nations |date=June 15, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On April 29, 2010, the U.S. House voted 223–169 to approve a measure for a federally sanctioned process for Puerto Rico's self-determination, allowing Puerto Rico to set a new referendum on whether to continue its present form of commonwealth, or to have a different political status. If Puerto Ricans voted to continue as a commonwealth, the government of Puerto Rico was authorized to conduct additional plebiscites at intervals of every eight years from the date on which the results of the prior plebiscite were certified; if Puerto Ricans voted to have a different political status, a second referendum would determine whether Puerto Rico would become a U.S. state, an independent country, or a sovereign nation associated with the U.S. that would not be subject to the [[Territorial Clause]] of the United States Constitution.&lt;ref name=&quot;afp-referendum&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hbnA3Ucau6IF7lEjqdfo40sqVy3A |title=US lawmakers clear path for new Puerto Rico referendum |newspaper=[[Agence France-Presse]] |date=April 29, 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130220029/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hbnA3Ucau6IF7lEjqdfo40sqVy3A |archivedate=January 30, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the House debate, a fourth option, to retain its present form of commonwealth (sometimes referred to as &quot;the [[status quo]]&quot;) political status, was added as an option in the second plebiscite.&lt;ref name=&quot;afp-referendum&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/billtext.xpd?bill=h111-2499 |title=Text of H.R. 2499: Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2010 |journal=[[govtrack.us]] |date=April 29, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Immediately following [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House]] passage, H.R. 2499 was sent to the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]], where it was given two formal readings and referred to the [[United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources|Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources]]. On December 22, 2010, the 111th United States Congress adjourned without any Senate vote on H.R.2499, killing the bill.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/111/hr2499|title=Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2010 (2010 - H.R. 2499)|website=GovTrack.us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The latest Task Force report was released on March 11, 2011. The report suggested a two-plebiscite process, including a &quot;first plebiscite that requires the people of Puerto Rico to choose whether they wish to be part of the United States (either via Statehood or Commonwealth) or wish to be independent (via Independence or Free Association). If continuing to be part of the United States were chosen in the first plebiscite, a second vote would be taken between Statehood and Commonwealth.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;President Task Force Status Report 2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/Puerto_Rico_Task_Force_Report.pdf |title=REPORT BY THE PRESIDENT'S TASK FORCE ON PUERTO RICO'S STATUS |date=March 11, 2011 |publisher=The White House |accessdate=July 14, 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205020912/http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/Puerto_Rico_Task_Force_Report.pdf |archivedate=February 5, 2015  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On June 14, 2011, President [[Barack Obama]] &quot;promised to support 'a clear decision' by the people of Puerto Rico on statehood&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/15/us/politics/15obama.html ''In Visit to Puerto Rico, Obama Offers (and Seeks Out) Support''.] Helene Cooper. New York Times. June 14, 2011. Retrieved November 9, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; That same month, the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization passed a resolution and adopted a consensus text introduced by Cuba's delegate on June 20, 2011, calling on the United States to expedite a process &quot;that would allow Puerto Ricans to fully exercise their inalienable right to self-determination and independence&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;UN decolonization committee eyes PR&quot;/&gt;

On November 6, 2012, a two-question referendum took place, simultaneous with the general elections.&lt;ref name=&quot;oslpr1&quot;&gt;[http://www.oslpr.org/2009-2012/leyes/pdf/ley-283-28-Dic-2011.pdf ''Ley Numero 283 del 28 de diciembre de 2011.''] Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico. December 28, 2011. Retrieved January 10, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;oslpr1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/news03.php?nt_id=62931&amp;ct_id=1 ''Fortuño calls for status vote next August.''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124013232/http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/news03.php?nt_id=62931&amp;ct_id=1 |date=November 24, 2011 }} John Marino. Caribbean Business. Released on October 4, 2011. Retrieved December 8, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; The first question, voted on in August, asked voters whether they wanted to maintain the current status under the territorial clause of the U.S. Constitution. 54% voted against the status quo, effectively approving the second question to be voted on in November. The second question posed three alternate status options: statehood, independence, or [[Compact of Free Association|free association]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=casiano communications |url=http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/news03.php?nt_id=62931&amp;ct_id=1 |title=Fortuño calls for status, legislative reform votes on 12 August 2012 |publisher=Caribbeanbusinesspr.com |date=October 4, 2011 |accessdate=October 30, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124013232/http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/news03.php?nt_id=62931&amp;ct_id=1 |archivedate=November 24, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 61.16% voted for statehood, 33.34% for a sovereign free associated state, and 5.49% for independence.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Puerto Rico votes on whether to change relationship with US, elects governor and legislators |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/puerto-rico-votes-on-whether-to-change-relationship-with-us-elects-governor-and-legislators/2012/11/06/d87278ae-288b-11e2-aaa5-ac786110c486_story.html |agency=Associated Press |accessdate=November 6, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114122818/http://www.hispanicmarketinfo.com/2011/12/23/census-2010-puerto-rico-dominicans-and-other-immigrants-a-growing-population/ |archivedate=January 14, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There were also 515,348 blank and invalidated ballots, which are not reflected in the final tally, as they are not considered cast votes under Puerto Rico law.&lt;ref name=&quot;oslpr.org&quot;/&gt; On December 11, 2012, Puerto Rico's Legislature passed a concurrent resolution to request to the president and the U.S. Congress action on November 6, 2012, plebiscite results.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.puertoricoreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/2012-concurrent-resolution.pdf ''The Senate and the House of Representative of Puerto Rico: Concurrent Resolution.''] Retrieved December 16, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; But on April 10, 2013, with the issue still being widely debated, the White House announced that it will seek $2.5&amp;nbsp;million to hold another referendum, this next one being the first Puerto Rican status referendum to be financed by the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. Federal government]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ap_referendum&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first=Danica |last=Coto |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/us-seeks-fund-new-puerto-rico-status-plebiscite |title=US Seeks to Fund New Puerto Rico Status Plebiscite |work=Associated Press |date=April 11, 2013 |accessdate=May 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In December 2015, the U.S. government submitted a brief as [[Amicus Curiae]] to the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] related to the case ''[[Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle]]''. The U.S. government official position is that the U.S. Constitution does not contemplate &quot;sovereign territories&quot;. That the Court has consistently recognized that &quot;there is no sovereignty in a Territory of the United States but that of the United States itself&quot;. and a U.S. territory has &quot;no independent sovereignty comparable to that of a state. That is because &quot;the Government of a territory owes its existence wholly to the United States&quot;. Congress's plenary authority over federal territories includes the authority to permit self-government, whereby local officials administer a territory's internal affairs.&lt;ref name=Valle&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.scotusblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/US-amicus-brief-in-Valle-15-108.pdf |title=Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Petitioner v. Luis M. Sanchez Valle, et al |website=Scotusblog.com |accessdate=August 26, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;  On June 9, 2016, the court ruled by a 6–2 majority that Puerto Rico is a territory and thus lacks sovereignty.&lt;ref name=Valle/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle (slip opinion) |url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/15pdf/15-108_k4mp.pdf |publisher=Supreme Court of the United States |accessdate=25 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On June 30, 2016, the President signed a new law approved by [[U.S. Congress]], H.R. 5278: PROMESA, establishing a Control Board over the Puerto Rico government. This board will have a significant degree of federal control involved in its establishment and operations.  In particular, the authority to establish the control board derives from the federal government's constitutional power to &quot;make all needful rules and regulations&quot; regarding U.S. territories; The president would appoint all seven voting members of the board; and the board would have broad sovereign powers to effectively overrule decisions by Puerto Rico's legislature, governor, and other public authorities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://policy.house.gov/legislative/bills/hr-5278-puerto-rico-oversight-management-and-economic-stability-act-2016-promesa |title=H.R. 5278, Puerto Rico Oversight, Management and Economic Stability Act of 2016 (PROMESA) |date=June 6, 2016 |website=Policy.house.gov |accessdate=July 14, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819125905/https://policy.house.gov/legislative/bills/hr-5278-puerto-rico-oversight-management-and-economic-stability-act-2016-promesa |archive-date=August 19, 2016 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!---moved from below. probably needs to be integrated in the above---&gt;

===Hurricanes Irma and Maria===
[[File:Buildings damaged (23538370818).jpg|thumb|A neighborhood in Puerto Rico heavily damaged by the storm]]

In September 2017, the island was hit by two major hurricanes: [[Hurricane Irma|Irma]] and [[Hurricane Maria|Maria]]. Hurricane Irma hit the island on September 6 as a [[category 5 hurricane]] with maximum sustained winds of {{cvt|180|mph}}, and was the most powerful hurricane to hit the island in recorded history. The heart of the storm stayed off-shore, but the northeast of Puerto Rico, including [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]], saw catastrophic damage. Nearly half of the island lost power, and the already weak power grid was significantly weakened. This led to a humanitarian crisis, which was further exacerbated by [[Hurricane Maria]]'s landfall as a Category 4 storm. After the two hurricanes hit, the entire island was without power, and total casualties topped 3,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/08/29/us/puerto-rico-growing-death-toll/index.html|title=How Puerto Rico's death toll climbed from 64 to 2,975 in Hurricane Maria|author=Ray Sanchez|website=CNN|accessdate=June 23, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The recovery as of late November was slow but progress had been made. Electricity was restored to two-thirds of the island, although there was some doubt as to the number of residents getting reliable power.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnn.com&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Sutter |first=John D. |url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/11/30/health/puerto-rico-death-toll-update-quintin-vidal/index.html |title=Puerto Rico updates Hurricane Maria death toll |publisher=CNN |date=November 30, 2017 |accessdate=February 20, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; In January 2018, it was reported that close to 40 percent of the island's customers still did not have electricity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Puerto Rico Governor Asks DOJ To Investigate Island's Public Power Utility|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/01/11/577439244/puerto-rico-governor-asks-doj-to-investigate-island-s-public-power-utility|website=NPR|accessdate=January 12, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
The vast majority had access to water but were still required to boil it. The number still living in shelters had dropped to 982 with thousands of others living with relatives.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/11/23/us/puerto-rico-hurricane-maria-holidays/index.html |title=Puerto Rico: This is not how the island usually does Christmas |publisher=CNN |date=December 20, 2017 |accessdate=February 20, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The official death toll at the time was 58 but some sources indicated that the actual number is much higher.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnn.com&quot;/&gt; A dam on the island was close to failure and officials were concerned about additional flooding from this source.&lt;ref name=&quot;sierraclub.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sierraclub.org/compass/2017/11/puerto-rico-after-hurricane-maria |title=Puerto Rico After Hurricane Maria |publisher=Sierra Club |date=November 28, 2017 |accessdate=February 20, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Thousands had left Puerto Rico, with close to 200,000 having arrived in Florida alone.&lt;ref name=&quot;pbs.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/its-been-10-weeks-since-hurricane-maria-hit-puerto-rico-heres-where-recovery-stands|title=It's been 10 weeks since Hurricane Maria hit Puerto Rico. Here's where recovery stands – PBS NewsHour|date=November 30, 2017|publisher=Pbs.org|accessdate=February 20, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Those who were then living on the mainland experienced difficulty in getting health care benefits.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://usa-today-news.com/news/displaced-puerto-ricans-face-obstacles-getting-health-care/ |title=Displaced Puerto Ricans Face Obstacles Getting Health Care |accessdate=December 3, 2017 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204061347/https://usa-today-news.com/news/displaced-puerto-ricans-face-obstacles-getting-health-care/ |archivedate=December 4, 2017  }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.salon.com/2017/12/02/displaced-puerto-ricans-face-obstacles-getting-health-care_partner/ |title=Displaced Puerto Ricans face obstacles getting health care |work=Salon.com |accessdate=February 20, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ''[[The New York Times]]'' report on November 27 said it was understandable that Puerto Ricans wanted to leave the island. &quot;Basic essentials are hard to find and electricity and other utilities are unreliable or entirely inaccessible. Much of the population has been unable to return to jobs or to school and access to health care has been severely limited.&quot;  The Center for Puerto Rican Studies at New York's [[Hunter College]] estimated that some half million people, about 14% of the population, may permanently leave by 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=RICK ROJAS|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/26/nyregion/puerto-rico-hurricane-maria.html |title=Added to the Storm's Toll, Guilt and Heartache for Puerto Ricans Who Fled – The New York Times |publisher=Nytimes.com |date=November 26, 2017 |accessdate=February 20, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The total damage on the island was estimated as up to $95&amp;nbsp;billion.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Creede Newton2|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/11/puerto-rico-crisis-ongoing-months-hurricane-maria-171129160235620.html |title=Puerto Rico crisis ongoing months after Hurricane Maria – News |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=November 29, 2017 |accessdate=February 20, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; By the end of November, FEMA had received over a million applications for aid and had approved about a quarter of those.  The US government had agreed in October to provide funding to rebuild and up to $4.9&amp;nbsp;billion in loans to help the island's government. FEMA had $464&amp;nbsp;million earmarked to help local governments rebuild public buildings and infrastructure. Bills for other funding were being considered in Washington but little progress had been made on those.&lt;ref name=&quot;pbs.org&quot;/&gt;

A November 28, 2017 report by the [[Sierra Club]] included this comment: &quot;It will take years to rebuild Puerto Rico, not just from the worst hurricane to make landfall since 1932, but to sustainably overcome environmental injustices which made Maria's devastation even more catastrophic&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;sierraclub.org&quot;/&gt;

In May 2017, the [[Natural Resources Defense Council]] reported that Puerto Rico's water system was the worst as measured by the [[Clean Water Act]]. 70% of the population drank water that violated U.S. law.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news | first=Oren | last=Doreli | title=Puerto Rico's water woes raise fears of health crisis | url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2017/11/02/puerto-rico-water-woes-raise-fears-health-crisis-six-weeks-after-hurricane-maria/808672001/| newspaper=USA Today | location=New York City | pages= 1A, 2A | date=November 3, 2017 | accessdate=November 3, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Rebuilding efforts====
A tourism web site report in March 2018 indicated that all airports were operating, although [[Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport]] would not be back to handling the full number of flights until July 2018. Some 90% of the island was receiving electricity, although the power structure would require another $17.6&amp;nbsp;billion for full rebuilding, according to the [[United States Department of Energy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/puerto-ricos-recovery-7-months-after-hurricane-maria|title=Puerto Rico's recovery, 7 months after Hurricane Maria|website=PBS NewsHour}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Nearly all residents had access to telecommunications service and running water. All hospitals were operating. Some 83% of hotel rooms were available for use and the cruise ship port was receiving ships; 58 arrived in San Juan in February. The island was encouraging operators to increase the number of tourists.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.travelweekly.com/Caribbean-Travel/Caribbean-islands-affected-by-hurricanes-mapped|title=Updated: Mapping what's open and closed in the Caribbean: Travel Weekly|website=www.travelweekly.com|access-date=April 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429015912/http://www.travelweekly.com/Caribbean-Travel/Caribbean-islands-affected-by-hurricanes-mapped|archive-date=April 29, 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Reports in April 2018 stated that Puerto Rico will receive $18.5&amp;nbsp;billion from the [[United States Department of Housing and Urban Development]] to help rebuild homes and infrastructure. This was substantially less than the $46&amp;nbsp;billion requested by the governor. However, the island was expecting to receive approximately $50&amp;nbsp;billion for disaster relief over the subsequent six years mostly via the [[Federal Emergency Management Agency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/puerto-rico-crisis/hud-announces-puerto-rico-funding-rebuild-hurricane-damaged-housing-infrastructure-n864961|title=Puerto Rico to get HUD funding to rebuild hurricane-damaged housing, infrastructure|website=NBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; FEMA also has granted Puerto Rico a grant of $79&amp;nbsp;million in order to update [[building code]] and construction code as well as increasing the number of compliance officers for permitting from 11 to 200.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.fema.gov/news-release/2019/01/02/new-building-codes-support-puerto-rico-building-back-stronger|title=New Building Codes Support Puerto Rico in Building Back Stronger {{!}} FEMA.gov|website=www.fema.gov|access-date=2019-12-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2018, nearly 2800 families were living in FEMA-sponsored short-term housing across 34 states and Puerto Rico. Nearly half of the schools are operating at only 60% classroom capacity. Over 280 public schools would not reopen in the fall; 827 were expected to be operational. Almost 40,000 students left the island's schools since May 2017; some of these were in schools in the mainland U.S. (Before the hurricanes, Puerto Rico had planned to close 179 schools due to inadequate numbers of students.)&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;

Rebuilding efforts in Puerto Rico were set back again by an [[earthquake swarm]] beginning in December 2019 and continuing into 2020. The earthquakes have caused structural damage across Puerto Rico including  collapsing resident homes and historical landmarks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://temblor.net/earthquake-insights/puerto-ricos-winter-2019-2020-seismic-sequence-leaves-the-island-on-edge-10321/|title=Puerto Rico's Seismic Sequence Leaves the Island On Edge {{!}} Temblor.net|last=Inc|first=Temblor|date=2020-01-08|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Death toll====
The official number of Hurricane Maria-related deaths as reported by the government of Puerto Rico was 64. The Commonwealth commissioned [[George Washington University]] to assess the death toll.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/29/us/puerto-rico-hurricane-maria-death-toll/index.html|title=Hurricane Maria death toll may be more than 4,600 in Puerto Rico|last1=Sutter|first1=John D.|last2=Santiago|first2=Leyla|date=May 29, 2018|work=CNN|accessdate=June 2, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; An academic study based on household surveys and reported in the [[New England Journal of Medicine]]&amp;nbsp;estimated that the number of hurricane-related deaths during the period September 20, 2017 to December 31, 2017 was around 4,600 (range 793–8,498)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kishore|first=Nishant|display-authors=etal|date=May 29, 2018|title=Mortality in Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=379|issue=2|pages=162–170|language=en|doi=10.1056/nejmsa1803972|pmid=29809109|issn=0028-4793|url=https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/1/37309252/1/nejmsa1803972.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; On August 28, Governor Rosselló acknowledged the results of the George Washington University study and revised the island's official death toll to 2,975&amp;nbsp;people. Rosselló described the effects of the hurricane as &quot;unprecedented devastation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN_Aug2818&quot;&gt;{{cite news|first1=Leyla|last1=Santiago|first2=Catherine E.|last2=Shoichet|first3=Jason|last3=Kravarik|publisher=CNN|date=August 28, 2018|accessdate=August 28, 2018|title=Puerto Rico's new Hurricane Maria death toll is 46 times higher than the government's previous count|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/08/28/health/puerto-rico-gw-report-excess-deaths/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828202406/https://www.cnn.com/2018/08/28/health/puerto-rico-gw-report-excess-deaths/index.html|archive-date=August 28, 2018|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Hurricane Dorian===
[[Hurricane Dorian]] was the third hurricane in three years to hit Puerto Rico. The recovering infrastructure from the 2017 hurricanes, as well as new governor [[Wanda Vázquez Garced]], were put to the test against a potential humanitarian crisis.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://triblive.com/local/pittsburgh-allegheny/pittsburgh-army-corps-teams-in-puerto-rico-florida-ahead-of-dorian-arrival/|title=Pittsburgh Army Corps teams in Puerto Rico, Florida ahead of Dorian's mainland arrival &amp;#124; TribLIVE.com|website=triblive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/puerto-rico-dorian-s-bullseye-three-things-know-island-braces-n1047196|title=Puerto Rico is in Dorian's bull's-eye: Three things to know as island braces for the storm|website=NBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Environment==
{{Main|Geography of Puerto Rico|Geology of Puerto Rico}}
[[File:Rico (1).png|thumb|upright=2.5]]
Puerto Rico consists of the main island of Puerto Rico and various smaller islands, including [[Vieques, Puerto Rico|Vieques]], [[Culebra, Puerto Rico|Culebra]], [[Mona, Puerto Rico|Mona]], [[Desecheo Island|Desecheo]], and [[Caja de Muertos, Puerto Rico|Caja de Muertos]]. Of these five, only Culebra and Vieques are inhabited year-round. Mona, which has played a key role in maritime history, is uninhabited most of the year except for employees of the [[Department of Natural and Environmental Resources (Puerto Rico)|Puerto Rico Department of Natural Resources]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Ciencia y economía del guano: La isla mona en puerto rico, siglo XIX |author1=Cortés Zavala |author2=María Teresa |author3=José Alfredo Uribe Salas |last-author-amp=yes |journal=Memorias: Revista Digital de Historia y Arqueología Desde el Caribe |year=2014 |volume=11 |issue=22 |pages=81–106 |doi=10.14482/memor.22.5948|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; There are many other even smaller [[islets]], like [[Monito Island|Monito]], which is near to Mona,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B_q6VhhkczIYV3NTbkNYMmpIWk0 |title=Marine Managed Areas and Associated Fisheries in the US Caribbean |author=Schärer-Umpierre, Michelle T. |journal=Marine Managed Areas and Fisheries |year=2014 |page=140|display-authors=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Isla de Cabras]] and [[Isleta de San Juan|La Isleta de San Juan]], both located on the [[San Juan Bay]]. The latter is the only inhabited islet with communities like [[Old San Juan]] and [[Puerta de Tierra]], and connected to the main island by bridges.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=La ciudad contemporanea, una polis sin politica? |author=Helmer, Etienne |journal=Boletin Cientifico Sapiens Research |year=2011 |volume=1 |issue=2 |page=88}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Edenes insostenibles: El campo de la ciudad en la intentona cultural de los cincuenta |author=Esterrich, Carmelo |journal=CENTRO: Journal of the Center for Puerto Rican Studies |year=2009 |volume=21 |issue=1 |page=180}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico has an area of {{convert|5320|sqmi|km2|sp=us}}, of which {{convert|3420|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} is land and {{convert|1900|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} is water.&lt;ref name=ciafactbook&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rq.html#Geo |title=The World Factbook – Puerto Rico#Geography |publisher=Cia.gov |date= |accessdate=October 30, 2011 |archive-date=8 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108113942/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rq.html#Geo |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Puerto Rico is larger than Delaware and Rhode Island. The maximum length of the main island from east to west is {{convert|110|mi|km|abbr=on}}, and the maximum width from north to south is {{convert|40|mi|km|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref name=topuertorico.com&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.topuertorico.org/descrip.shtml |title=Welcome to Puerto Rico! |publisher=topuertorico.org |accessdate=December 30, 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Puerto Rico is the smallest of the Greater Antilles. It is 80% of the size of [[Jamaica]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/jm.html#Geo |title=The World Factbook – Jamaica |publisher=[[CIA]] |accessdate=April 24, 2008 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224150649/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/jm.html#Geo |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; just over 18% of the size of [[Hispaniola]] and 8% of the size of Cuba, the largest of the Greater Antilles.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cu.html#Geo |title=The World Factbook – Cuba |publisher=CIA |accessdate=April 24, 2008 |archive-date=10 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210152814/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cu.html#Geo |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The island is mostly mountainous with large coastal areas in the north and south. The main mountain range is called &quot;[[Cordillera Central (Puerto Rico)|La Cordillera Central]]&quot; (The Central Range). The highest elevation in Puerto Rico, [[Cerro de Punta]] {{convert|4390|ft|m}},&lt;ref name=&quot;ciafactbook&quot;/&gt; is located in this range.

Another important peak is [[El Yunque, Puerto Rico|El Yunque]], one of the highest in the ''Sierra de Luquillo'' at the [[El Yunque National Forest]], with an elevation of {{convert|3494|ft|m|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gorp.com/parks-guide/travel-ta-caribbean-national-forest-hiking-fishing-puerto-rico-sidwcmdev_066593.html |title=Caribbean National Forest – El Yunque Trail # 15 |publisher=GORP.com |accessdate=August 14, 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818050917/http://www.gorp.com/parks-guide/travel-ta-caribbean-national-forest-hiking-fishing-puerto-rico-sidwcmdev_066593.html |archivedate=August 18, 2010 |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Patillas Puerto Rico.jpg|thumb|The coast at Patillas, Puerto Rico]]

Puerto Rico has 17 lakes, all man-made, and more than [[List of Puerto Rico rivers|50 rivers]], most originating in the Cordillera Central.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gobierno.pr/DRNA/ReservasNaturales/LagosRiosLagunas/Lagos/Lagos_I.htm |title=Los Lagos de Puerto Rico |accessdate=June 29, 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041225032628/http://www.gobierno.pr/DRNA/ReservasNaturales/LagosRiosLagunas/Lagos/Lagos_I.htm |archivedate=December 25, 2004 |df=}} (archived from on June 29, 2007). {{in lang|es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rivers in the northern region of the island are typically longer and of higher [[Volumetric flow rate|water flow rates]] than those of the south, since the south receives less rain than the central and northern regions.

Puerto Rico is composed of [[Cretaceous]] to [[Eocene]] [[volcanic]] and [[plutonic]] rocks, overlain by younger [[Oligocene]] and more recent [[carbonate]]s and other [[sedimentary rocks]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3790/is_200605/ai_n17177064 |title=Late Cretaceous Siliceous Sponges From El Rayo Formation, Puerto Rico |author1=Andrzej Pisera |author2=Michael Martínez |author3=Hernan Santos |publisher=[[Journal of Paleontology]] |date=May 2006 |accessdate=May 6, 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105065534/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3790/is_200605/ai_n17177064 |archivedate=January 5, 2009 |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of the [[caverns]] and [[karst]] topography on the island occurs in the northern region in the carbonates. The oldest rocks are approximately {{Nowrap|190 million}} years old ([[Jurassic]]) and are located at Sierra Bermeja in the southwest part of the island. They may represent part of the [[oceanic crust]] and are believed to come from the Pacific Ocean realm.

Puerto Rico lies at the boundary between the Caribbean and North American [[plate tectonics|plates]] and is being deformed by the [[tectonics|tectonic]] stresses caused by their interaction. These stresses may cause [[earthquakes]] and [[tsunami]]s. These [[seismic]] events, along with [[landslide]]s, represent some of the most dangerous [[geologic hazards]] in the island and in the northeastern Caribbean.

The [[1918 San Fermín earthquake]] occurred on {{Nowrap|October 11}}, 1918, and had an estimated magnitude of 7.5 on the [[Richter magnitude scale|Richter scale]].&lt;ref name=&quot;1918 quake&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/puerto_rico/puerto_rico_history.php |title=Earthquake History of Puerto Rico |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey |accessdate=September 11, 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714105156/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/puerto_rico/puerto_rico_history.php |archivedate=July 14, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; It originated off the coast of [[Aguadilla]], several kilometers off the northern coast, and was accompanied by a [[tsunami]]. It caused extensive property damage and widespread losses, damaging infrastructure, especially bridges. It resulted in an estimated 116 deaths and $4&amp;nbsp;million in property damage. The failure of the government to move rapidly to provide for the general welfare contributed to political activism by opponents and eventually to the rise of the [[Puerto Rican Nationalist Party]].

On January 7, 2020, the country experienced [[2019–20 Puerto Rico earthquakes|its second largest earthquake]], estimated at a 6.4 on the [[Richter magnitude scale|Richter scale]]. Its estimated economic loss is more than $100&amp;nbsp;million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/us/live-news/puerto-rico-earthquake-01-07-2020/index.html |title=Live updates: Puerto Rico earthquake |publisher=Cnn.com |date=2020-01-07 |accessdate=2020-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/06/us/puerto-rico-earthquake.html|title=Earthquake Strikes Puerto Rico, Toppling a Well-Known Natural Wonder|publisher=New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Puerto Rico Trench]], the largest and deepest trench in the Atlantic, is located about {{convert|71|mi|km|abbr=on}} north of Puerto Rico at the boundary between the Caribbean and North American plates.&lt;ref name=&quot;trench&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Uri ten Brink |url=http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/03trench/welcome.html |title=Explorations: Puerto Rico Trench 2003 – Cruise Summary and Results |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |accessdate=November 20, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is {{convert|170|mi|km|abbr=on}} long.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/03trench/welcome.html |title=NOAA Ocean Explorer: Puerto Rico Trench |publisher=Oceanexplorer.noaa.gov |accessdate=August 14, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; At its deepest point, named the [[Milwaukee Deep]], it is almost {{convert|27600|ft|m|abbr=on}} deep.&lt;ref name=&quot;trench&quot;/&gt;

===Climate===
[[File:STS034-76-88.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Puerto Rico seen from [[space]] ([[STS-34]] mission)]]
{{Main|Climate of Puerto Rico}}
The climate of Puerto Rico in the Köppen climate classification is [[tropical rainforest]]. Temperatures are warm to hot year round, averaging near 85&amp;nbsp;°F (29&amp;nbsp;°C) in lower elevations and 70&amp;nbsp;°F (21&amp;nbsp;°C) in the mountains. Easterly trade winds pass across the island year round. Puerto Rico has a rainy season which stretches from April into November. The mountains of the Cordillera Central are the main cause of the variations in the temperature and rainfall that occur over very short distances. The mountains can also cause wide variation in local wind speed and direction due to their sheltering and channeling effects adding to the climatic variation.

The island has an average temperature of {{convert|82.4|°F|°C|sigfig=2}} throughout the year, with an average minimum temperature of {{convert|66.9|°F|°C|sigfig=2}} and maximum of {{convert|85.4|°F|°C|sigfig=2}}. Daily temperature changes seasonally are quite small in the lowlands and coastal areas. The temperature in the south is usually a few degrees higher than those in the north and temperatures in the central interior mountains are always cooler than those on the rest of the island.

Between the dry and wet season, there is a temperature change of around {{convert|6|F-change|1}}. This change is due mainly to the warm waters of the tropical [[Atlantic Ocean]], which significantly modify cooler air moving in from the north and northwest. Coastal waters temperatures around the years are about {{convert|75|°F|°C|abbr=on}} in February to {{convert|85|°F|°C|abbr=on}} in August. The highest temperature ever recorded was {{convert|99|F}} at [[Arecibo, Puerto Rico|Arecibo]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.sercc.com/cgi-bin/sercc/cliMAIN.pl?pr0410 |title=ARECIBO 3 ESE, PUERTO RICO – Climate Summary |publisher=Sercc.com |accessdate=January 29, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; while the lowest temperature ever recorded was {{convert|40|F}} in the mountains at [[Adjuntas, Puerto Rico|Adjuntas]], [[Aibonito, Puerto Rico|Aibonito]], and [[Corozal, Puerto Rico|Corozal]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NOAA-PR&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://nowdata.rcc-acis.org/SJU/pubACIS_results |title=NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |accessdate=October 27, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009161414/http://nowdata.rcc-acis.org/SJU/pubACIS_results |archivedate=October 9, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The average yearly precipitation is {{convert|66|in|0|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;Daly2003&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Daly |first1=Christopher |last2=Helmer |first2=Eileen H. |last3=Quiñonez |first3=Maya |year=2003 |title=Mapping the Climate of Puerto Rico, Vieques and Culebra |url= |journal=International Journal of Climatology |volume=23 |issue=11 |pages=1359–81 |doi=10.1002/joc.937 |bibcode=2003IJCli..23.1359D}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{clear}}

{{Weather box
| location = [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]]
| single line= yes
&lt;!-- Average high temperatures --&gt;
|Jan high F= 83
|Feb high F= 84
|Mar high F= 85
|Apr high F= 86
|May high F= 88
|Jun high F= 89
|Jul high F= 89
|Aug high F=89
|Sep high F=89
|Oct high F=89
|Nov high F=86
|Dec high F=84
|year high F=87
&lt;!-- Average low temperatures --&gt;
|Jan low F=72
|Feb low F=72
|Mar low F=73
|Apr low F=74
|May low F=76
|Jun low F=78
|Jul low F=78
|Aug low F=78
|Sep low F=78
|Oct low F=77
|Nov low F=75
|Dec low F=73
|year low F=75
&lt;!-- Rainfall --&gt;
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain inch =3.76
|Feb rain inch =2.47
|Mar rain inch =1.95
|Apr rain inch =4.68
|May rain inch =5.90
|Jun rain inch =4.41
|Jul rain inch =5.07
|Aug rain inch =5.46
|Sep rain inch =5.77
|Oct rain inch =5.59
|Nov rain inch =6.35
|Dec rain inch =5.02
&lt;!-- Average number of rainy days --&gt;
|Jan rain days=17
|Feb rain days=13
|Mar rain days=12
|Apr rain days=13
|May rain days=17
|Jun rain days=15
|Jul rain days=19
|Aug rain days=18
|Sep rain days=17
|Oct rain days=17
|Nov rain days=18
|Dec rain days=19
|year rain days=196
&lt;!-- Average daily % humidity --&gt;
|Jan humidity=78.0
|Feb humidity=75.5
|Mar humidity=73.9
|Apr humidity=75.0
|May humidity=77.2
|Jun humidity=77.0
|Jul humidity=78.0
|Aug humidity=77.6
|Sep humidity=77.7
|Oct humidity=78.2
|Nov humidity=78.6
|Dec humidity=78.3
|year humidity=77.1
&lt;!-- Average daily sunshine hours. Use either the monthly or daily sunshine (depending on the source) but not both. --&gt;
|Jand sun=8
|Febd sun= 8
|Mard sun=9
|Aprd sun=9
|Mayd sun=8
|Jund sun=9
|Juld sun=9
|Augd sun=9
|Sepd sun=9
|Octd sun=9
|Novd sun=8
|Decd sun=8
|yeard sun=8.6
| source = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USPR0087 |title=Average Weather for San Juan, PR |publisher=[[The Weather Channel]] |accessdate=March 22, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
{{clear}}
Puerto Rico experiences the [[Atlantic hurricane season]], similar to the remainder of the Caribbean Sea and North Atlantic oceans. On average, a quarter of its annual rainfall is contributed from tropical cyclones, which are more prevalent during periods of La Niña than [[El Niño]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Rodgers |first1=Edward B. |last2=Adler |first2=Robert F. |last3=Pierce |first3=Harold F. |title=Contribution of Tropical Cyclones to the North Atlantic Climatological Rainfall as Observed from Satellites |journal=Journal of Applied Meteorology |date=November 2001 |volume=40 |issue=11 |pages=1785–1800 |doi=10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040&lt;1785:COTCTT&gt;2.0.CO;2|bibcode=2001JApMe..40.1785R |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cyclone of tropical storm strength passes near Puerto Rico, on average, every five years. A hurricane passes in the vicinity of the island, on average, every seven years.  Since 1851, the [[1928 Okeechobee Hurricane|Lake Okeechobee Hurricane]] (also known as the San Felipe Segundo hurricane in Puerto Rico) of September 1928 is the only hurricane to make landfall as a Category 5 hurricane.&lt;ref&gt;Aurelio Mercado and Harry Justiniano. [http://coastalhazards.uprm.edu/ Coastal Hazards of Puerto Rico.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006134919/http://coastalhazards.uprm.edu/ |date=October 6, 2011 }} Retrieved on January 23, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;

In the busy [[2017 Atlantic hurricane season]], Puerto Rico avoided a direct hit by the Category 5 [[Hurricane Irma]] on September 6, 2017, as it passed about {{cvt|60|mi}} north of Puerto Rico, but high winds caused a loss of electrical power to some one million residents. Almost 50% of hospitals were operating with power provided by generators.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/damage-hurricane-irma-caribbean-49703893 |title=A look at the damage from Hurricane Irma in the Caribbean |website=ABC News |publisher=ABC News |language=en |access-date=September 20, 2017 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910132716/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/damage-hurricane-irma-caribbean-49703893 |archivedate=September 10, 2017  }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Category 4 [[Hurricane Jose (2017)|Hurricane Jose]], as expected, veered away from Puerto Rico.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ketv.com/article/katia-strengthens-jose-maintains-wind-speed-in-the-atlantic/12197516 |title=Jose remains dangerous Category 4 hurricane |last= |first= |date=September 9, 2017 |website=KETV |language=en |access-date=September 20, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; A short time later, the devastating [[Hurricane Maria]] made landfall on Puerto Rico on Wednesday, September 20, near the [[Yabucoa]] municipality at 10:15&amp;nbsp;UTC (6:15&amp;nbsp;am local time) as a high-end Category&amp;nbsp;4 hurricane with sustained winds of 155&amp;nbsp;mph (250&amp;nbsp;km/h), powerful rains and widespread flooding causing tremendous destruction, including the electrical grid, which would remain out for 4–6 months in many portions of the island.&lt;ref name=&quot;MariaDisc18&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.discus.018.shtml |title=Hurricane Maria |last=Berg |first=Robbie |date=September 20, 2017 |publisher=National Hurricane Center |access-date=September 20, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/weather/hurricane-maria-makes-landfall-puerto-rico-category-4-storm-n802911|title=Hurricane Maria cuts all electricity as it crushes Puerto Rico|website=NBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2017/9/23/16354564/puerto-rico-hurricane-maria-electricity-relief-dam-breaking |title=The entire island of Puerto Rico may be without electricity for months |date=September 23, 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Biodiversity===
{{main|Fauna of Puerto Rico|Flora of Puerto Rico}}
[[File:Common Coquí.jpg|thumb|right|alt=In this image there is a brown coquí. The species resembles a small frog.|Common Coquí]]

Species [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]] to the archipelago number 239 plants, 16 birds and 39 [[amphibian]]s/[[reptile]]s, recognized as of 1998. Most of these (234, 12 and 33 respectively) are found on the main island.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://islands.unep.ch/ISV.htm#459 |title=Island Directory |publisher=Islands.unep.ch |date= |accessdate=October 30, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The most recognizable endemic species and a symbol of Puerto Rican pride is the ''[[coquí]]'', a small frog easily identified by the sound of its call, from which it gets its name. Most ''coquí'' species (13 of 17) live in the [[El Yunque National Forest]],{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} a [[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests|tropical rainforest]] in the northeast of the island previously known as the Caribbean National Forest. El Yunque is home to more than 240 plants, 26 of which are endemic to the island. It is also home to 50 bird species, including the critically endangered [[Puerto Rican amazon]].

Across the island in the southwest, the {{convert|15|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} of dry land at the Guánica Commonwealth Forest Reserve contain over 600 uncommon species of plants and animals, including 48 endangered species and 16 endemic to Puerto Rico.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www2.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=5146 |title=Puerto Rico |publisher=Scholastic.com |accessdate=August 14, 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601022607/http://www2.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=5146 |archivedate=June 1, 2010  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Puerto Rico has three bioluminescent bays: rare bodies of water occupied by microscopic marine organisms that glow when touched.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/bioluminescent-bay-puerto-rico-unique-places-around-the-world.html Bioluminescent Bay, Puerto Rico - Unique Places around the World - WorldAtlas.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;{{better source|date=February 2020}} However, tourism, pollution, and hurricanes have threatened the organisms.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Yancey-Bragg|first=N'dea|title=After Hurricane Maria, Puerto Rico's rare bioluminescent bays may go dark|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/09/22/after-hurricane-maria-puerto-ricos-rare-bioluminescent-bays-may-go-dark/694833001/|access-date=2020-06-29|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Puerto Rico|Cultural diversity in Puerto Rico}}
[[File:Population Density, PR, 2000 (sample).jpg|thumb|Population density, Census 2000]]
The population of Puerto Rico has been shaped by initial [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Amerindian settlement]], [[Spanish Empire|European colonization]], [[slavery]], economic migration, and Puerto Rico's status as unincorporated territory of the United States.

===Population makeup===
{{main|Puerto Rican people}}
{{Historical populations
|1765 |44,883
|1775 |70,250
|1800 |155,426
|1815 |220,892
|1832 |350,051
|1846 |447,914
|1860 |583,308
|1877 |731,648
|1887 |798,565
|1899 |953,243
|1910 |1,118,012
|1920 |1,299,809
|1930 |1,543,913
|1940 |1,869,255
|1950 |2,210,703
|1960 |2,349,544
|1970 |2,712,033
|1980 |3,196,520
|1990 |3,522,037
|2000 |3,808,610
|2010 |3,725,789
|2019 |3,193,694
|align-fn=center
|footnote=1765–2010&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://welcome.topuertorico.org/reference/pophistory.shtml |title=Population History, 1765–2010 |publisher=Welcome to Puerto Rico! |accessdate=September 7, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2019 Estimate&lt;ref name=&quot;PopEstUS&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/pr,US/PST045218|title=QuickFacts Puerto Rico; UNITED STATES|format=|website=2019 Population Estimates|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division|date=February 26, 2019|accessdate=February 26, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

The estimated population of Puerto Rico as of July 1, 2019 was 3,193,694, a 14.28% decrease since the [[2010 United States Census]].&lt;ref name=&quot;PopEstUS&quot;/&gt; From 2000 to 2010, the population declined for the first time in census history for Puerto Rico, from 3,808,610 to 3,725,789.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wall&quot;&gt;[http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/news/wall-street-eyes-pr-population-loss-79553.html &quot;Wall Street eyes PR population loss&quot;] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105165520/http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/news/wall-street-eyes-pr-population-loss-79553.html |date=November 5, 2013 }}, ''Caribbean Business'', December 14, 2012, accessed December 14, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

Continuous European immigration and high [[natural increase]] helped the population of Puerto Rico grow from 155,426 in 1800 to almost a million by the close of the 19th century. A census conducted by royal decree on September 30, 1858, gave the following totals of the Puerto Rican population at that time: 341,015 were [[free people of color|free colored]]; 300,430 identified as [[White people|Whites]]; and 41,736 were [[slaves]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Van Middeldyk |first=R.A |title=The History of Puerto Rico |url=http://www.fullbooks.com/The-History-of-Puerto-Rico.html |accessdate=May 29, 2008 |chapter=Part 4 |chapterurl=http://www.fullbooks.com/The-History-of-Puerto-Rico4.html |isbn=978-0-405-06241-4|year=1975 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  A census in 1887 found a population of around 800,000, of which 320,000 were black.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trove&quot;&gt;{{cite news| title=PUERTO RICO |newspaper= Kalgoorlie Western Argus (WA : 1896 - 1916)|date= 28 April 1898 | url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32192140 | access-date=29 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During the 19th century, hundreds of families arrived in Puerto Rico, primarily from the [[Canary Islands]] and [[Andalusia]], but also from other parts of Spain such as [[Catalonia]], [[Asturias]], [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] and the [[Balearic Islands]] and numerous Spanish loyalists from Spain's former colonies in South America. Settlers from outside Spain also arrived in the islands, including from [[Corsica]], [[France]], [[Lebanon]], [[Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico|China]], [[Portugal]], [[Irish immigration to Puerto Rico|Ireland]], [[Scotland]], [[German immigration to Puerto Rico|Germany]] and [[Italian people|Italy]]. This immigration from non-Hispanic countries was the result of the ''Real Cedula de Gracias de 1815'' (&quot;[[Royal Decree of Graces of 1815]]&quot;), which allowed European Catholics to settle in the island with land allotments in the interior of the island, provided they paid taxes and continued to support the Catholic Church.
{{bar box
|title=Racial and Ethnic Composition in Puerto Rico (2010 Census)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/BZA010212/72/embed/accessible |title=Quick Facts |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=2016 |website=US Census |publisher=Department of Commerce |access-date=February 21, 2017 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206171312/http://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/BZA010212/72/embed/accessible |archivedate=February 6, 2017  }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|title bar=#fff
|left1=Ethnicity
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[White Puerto Rican|White]]|Blue|75.8}}
{{bar percent|[[Black history in Puerto Rico|Black or African American]]|Black|12.4}}
{{bar percent|[[Asian people|Asian]]|yellow|0.2}}
{{bar percent|[[Multiracial American|Two or more races]]|green|3.3}}
{{bar percent|[[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]]|red|0.5}}
{{bar percent|[[Pacific Islander American|Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander]]|orange|0.1}}
{{bar percent|Other races|#9999FF|7.8}}
}}

Between 1960 and 1990 the census questionnaire in Puerto Rico did not ask about race or ethnicity. The [[2000 United States Census]] included a racial self-identification question in Puerto Rico. According to the census, most Puerto Ricans identified as White and Hispanic; few identified as Black or some other race.

====Population genetics====
A group of researchers from Puerto Rican universities conducted a study of [[mitochondrial DNA]] that revealed that the modern population of Puerto Rico has a high genetic component of Taíno and [[Guanches|Guanche]] (especially of the island of Tenerife).&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20100206133647/http://lacomunidad.elpais.com/amazonasfilm/2009/7/12/un-estudio-del-genoma-taino-y-guanche-adn-o-dna-primera-parte Estudio del genoma Taíno y Guanche]&lt;/ref&gt;
Other studies show Amerindian ancestry in addition to the Taíno.&lt;ref name=&quot;native&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |doi=10.1353/hub.2001.0056 |last1=Martínez-Cruzado |first1=J. C. |last2=Toro-Labrador |first2=G. |last3=Ho-Fung |first3=V. |last4=Estévez-Montero |first4=M. A. |last5=Lobaina-Manzanet |first5=A. |last6=Padovani-Claudio |first6=D. A. |last7=Sánchez-Cruz |first7=H. |last8=Ortiz-Bermúdez |first8=P. |last9=Sánchez-Crespo |first9=A. |title=Mitochondrial DNA analysis reveals substantial Native American ancestry in Puerto Rico |journal=Human Biology |volume=73 |issue=4 |pages=491–511 |year=2001 |pmid=11512677}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Madrigal&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Lorena Madrigal |first=Madrigal |title=Human biology of Afro-Caribbean populations |publisher=Cambridge University Press, 2006 |page=121 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=ddnkIaZRHxEC&amp;pg=PA121 |isbn=978-0-521-81931-2 |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bonilla |year=2004 |title=Ancestral proportions and their association with skin pigmentation and bone mineral density in Puerto Rican women from New York City |url= |journal=Hum Genet |volume=115 |issue=1 |pages=57–58 |doi=10.1007/s00439-004-1125-7|display-authors=etal |pmid=15118905|title-link=New York City }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Martinez-Cruzado |year=2005 |title=Reconstructing the population history of Puerto Rico by means of mtDNA phylogeographic analysis |url= |journal=Am J Phys Anthropol |volume=128 |issue=1 |pages=131–55 |pmid=15693025 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.20108|display-authors=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One genetic study on the racial makeup of Puerto Ricans (including all races) found them to be roughly around 61% [[West Eurasian]]/[[North Africa]]n (overwhelmingly of Spanish provenance), 27% [[Sub-Saharan African]] and 11% [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/reference-populations/ |journal=The Genographic Project |title=Your Regional Ancestry: Reference Populations}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another genetic study from 2007, claimed that &quot;the average genomewide individual (ie. Puerto Rican) ancestry proportions have been estimated as 66%, 18%, and 16%, for European, West African, and Native American, respectively.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Tang |first1=Hua |last2=Choudhry |first2=Shweta |last3=Mei |first3=Rui |last4=Morgan |first4=Martin |last5=Rodríguez-Clintron |first5=William |last6=González Burchard |first6=Esteban |last7=Risch |first7=Neil |title=Recent Genetic Selection in the Ancestral Admixture of Puerto Ricans |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |date=August 1, 2007 |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=626–633 |doi=10.1086/520769 |pmid=17701908 |pmc=1950843}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another study estimates 63.7% European, 21.2% (Sub-Saharan) African, and 15.2% Native American; European ancestry is more prevalent in the West and in Central Puerto Rico, African in Eastern Puerto Rico, and Native American in Northern Puerto Rico.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Via |first1=Mark |last2=Gignoux |first2=Christopher R. |last3=Roth |first3=Lindsey |last4=Fejerman |first4=Laura |last5=Galander |first5=Joshua |last6=Choudhry |first6=Shweta |last7=Toro-Labrador |first7=Gladys |last8=Viera-Vera |first8=Jorge |last9=Oleksyk |first9=Taras K.|last10=Beckman|first10=Kenneth |last11=Ziv |first11=Elad |last12=Risch |first12=Neil |last13=González Burchard |first13=Esteban |last14=Nartínez-Cruzado |first14=Juan Carlos |title=History Shaped the Geographic Distribution of Genomic Admixture on the Island of Puerto Rico |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=e16513 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0016513 |pmid=21304981 |pmc=3031579 |year=2011 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...616513V}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Literacy====
A Pew Research survey indicated an adult literacy rate of 90.4% in 2012 based on data from the [[United Nations]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/puerto-rico#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&amp;affiliations_year=2010 |title=Demography – Puerto Rico |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=January 2017 |website=Pew Research |publisher=Pew Research, DC |access-date=February 18, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Life expectancy====
Puerto Rico has a life expectancy of approximately 81.0 years according to the CIA World Factbook, an improvement from 78.7 years in 2010. This means Puerto Rico has the second highest life expectancy in the United States, if territories are taken into account.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rq.html|title=Central America :: Puerto Rico — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|access-date=2019-12-28|archive-date=8 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108113942/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rq.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Immigration and emigration===
{| style=&quot;float:center;&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| colspan=&quot;7&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | Racial groups
|-
! Year !! Population !! White !! Mixed (mainly biracial white European and black African ) !! Black !! Asian !! Other
|-
| 2000
| 3,808,610
| 80.5% (3 064 862)
| 11.0% (418 426)
| 8.0% (302 933)
| 0.2% (7 960)
| 0.4% (14 429)
|-
| 2010
| 3,725,789
| 75.8% ('2 824 148)
| 11.1% ('413 563)
| 12.4% ('461 998)
| 0.2% ('7 452)
| 0.6% ('22 355)
|-
| 2016
| 3,195,153
| 68.9% ('2 201 460)
|  (')
| 9.8% ('313 125)
| 0.2% ('6 390)
| 0.8% ('25 561)
|}

As of 2019, Puerto Rico was home to 100,000 permanent legal residents.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=September 30|first=Elizabeth Corpus|last2=2019|title=Migrants rebuild their lives in Puerto Rico despite challenges|url=http://www.uscannenbergmedia.com/2019/09/30/migrants-rebuild-their-lives-in-puerto-rico-despite-challenges/|access-date=2020-06-29|website=Arc Publishing|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The vast majority of recent immigrants, both legal and illegal, come from the [[Dominican Republic immigration to Puerto Rico|Dominican Republic]] and [[Haitian diaspora|Haiti]].&lt;ref name=&quot;refworld.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/49749cc7c.html |title=World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Puerto Rico : Dominicans |publisher=[[Minority Rights Group International]] |year=2008 |accessdate=September 6, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://latinousa.org/2014/03/28/border-puerto-ricos-seas/ |title=The Other Border: Puerto Rico's Seas |work=Latino USA|date=March 28, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.hispanicmarketinfo.com/2011/12/23/census-2010-puerto-rico-dominicans-and-other-immigrants-a-growing-population/] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114122818/http://www.hispanicmarketinfo.com/2011/12/23/census-2010-puerto-rico-dominicans-and-other-immigrants-a-growing-population/|date=January 14, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.havenscenter.org/files/Dominican%20Migration%20to%20Puerto%20Rico.pdf |title=Portadilla de Revista&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |access-date=January 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525013730/http://www.havenscenter.org/files/Dominican%20Migration%20to%20Puerto%20Rico.pdf |archive-date=May 25, 2017 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/06/haitian-immigrants-puerto-rico-_n_3225298.html |title=Haiti Immigrants Using Puerto Rico As Gateway To U.S. In New Migrant Route |date=May 6, 2013 |work=The Huffington Post |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724054450/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/06/haitian-immigrants-puerto-rico-_n_3225298.html |archivedate=July 24, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Other major sources of recent immigrants include [[Cuba]], [[Mexico]], [[Colombia]], [[Panama]], [[Jamaica]], [[Venezuela]], [[Spain]], and [[Nigeria]].&lt;ref name=&quot;factfinder.census.gov&quot;&gt;[https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B05006PR&amp;prodType=table PLACE OF BIRTH FOR THE FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION IN PUERTO RICO] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20200214061315/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B05006PR&amp;prodType=table |date=14 February 2020 }} Universe: Foreign-born population in Puerto Rico excluding population born at sea. 2010–2014 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.insightcrime.org/news-briefs/dominican-people-smugglers-trafficked-cubans-to-puerto-rico |title=Dominican People Smugglers Trafficked Cubans to Puerto Rico |author=James Bargent |date=March 27, 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, there are many non-Puerto Rican U.S. citizens settling in Puerto Rico from the mainland United States and the [[U.S. Virgin Islands]], as well as [[Nuyorican]]s (stateside Puerto Ricans) coming back.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Puerto Rico's population swap: The middle class for millionaires |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-32344131 |accessdate=June 3, 2015 |work=BBC |date=May 5, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most recent immigrants settle in and around San Juan.

[[Emigration]] is a major part of contemporary Puerto Rican history. Starting soon after [[World War&amp;nbsp;II]], poverty, cheap airfares, and promotion by the island government caused waves of Puerto Ricans to move to the United States, particularly to the [[Northeastern United States|northeastern states]] and nearby [[Florida]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_1YR_S0201&amp;prodType=table |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150227055528/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_1YR_S0201&amp;prodType=table |url-status=dead |archive-date=2015-02-27 |title=American FactFinder – Results |author=Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS) }}&lt;/ref&gt; This trend continued even as Puerto Rico's economy improved and its birth rate declined. Puerto Ricans continue to follow a pattern of &quot;[[circular migration]]&quot;, with some migrants returning to the island. In recent years, the population has declined markedly, falling nearly 1% in 2012 and an additional 1% (36,000 people) in 2013 due to a falling birthrate and emigration.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/09/us/economy-and-crime-spur-new-puerto-rican-exodus.html |title=Economy and Crime Spur New Puerto Rican Exodus |date=February 9, 2014 |work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; The impact of hurricanes Maria and Irma, combined with the territory's worsening economy, led to its greatest population decline since the U.S. acquired the territory. 

According to the 2010 Census, the number of Puerto Ricans living in the United States outside of Puerto Rico far exceeds those living in Puerto Rico. Emigration exceeds immigration. As those who leave tend to be better educated than those who remain, this accentuates the drain on Puerto Rico's economy.

Based on the July 1, 2019 estimate by the U.S. Census Bureau, the population of the Commonwealth had declined by 532,095 people since the 2010 Census data had been tabulated.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/pr|last= |first=|date=|title=QuickFacts Puerto Rico
|work=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=April 20, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Population distribution===
The most populous city is the capital, [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]], with 318,441 people based on a 2019 estimate by the Census Bureau.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov |title=Quick Facts – San Juan |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=2015 |website=US Census |publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce |access-date=February 18, 2017 |quote=2015 ACS 5-Year Population Estimate }}&lt;/ref&gt; Other major cities include [[Bayamón, Puerto Rico|Bayamón]], [[Carolina, Puerto Rico|Carolina]], [[Ponce, Puerto Rico|Ponce]], and [[Caguas, Puerto Rico|Caguas]]. Of the ten most populous cities on the island, eight are located within what is considered [[San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo metropolitan area|San Juan's metropolitan area]], while the other two are located in the south ([[Ponce metropolitan area|Ponce]]) and west ([[Mayagüez metropolitan area|Mayagüez]]) of the island.
{{clear}}

{{Largest cities
|name        = :Puerto Rico
|country     = Puerto Rico
|stat_ref    = 2010 Census&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://electionspuertorico.org/referencia/censo2010/|title=Población de Puerto Rico por Municipios 2010 y 2000|work=Elections Puerto Rico|accessdate=October 14, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|list_by_pop = List of cities in Puerto Rico
|div_name    = Metropolitan Statistical Area
|div_link    = Metropolitan Statistical Area&lt;!-- the template will automatically create a link for &quot;div_name of country&quot; (e.g. Provinces of Chile), if this doesn't work you can use this field --&gt;
|city_1 = San Juan, Puerto Rico{{!}}San Juan | div_1 = San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo metropolitan area{{!}}San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo | pop_1 = 395,326 | img_1 = Puerto Rico 07.jpg
|city_2 = Bayamón | div_2 = San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo metropolitan area{{!}}San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo | pop_2 = 208,116 | img_2 = Bayamon Puerto Rico aerial view.jpg
| city_3 = Carolina, Puerto Rico{{!}}Carolina | div_3 = San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo metropolitan area{{!}}San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo | pop_3 = 176,762 | img_3 = Islaverdeskyline.jpg
| city_4 = Ponce, Puerto Rico{{!}}Ponce | div_4 = Ponce metropolitan area{{!}}Ponce | pop_4 = 166,327 | img_4 = Partial view of the City of Ponce, looking SSW from Cerro El Vigía, Barrio Portugués Urbano, Ponce, Puerto Rico.jpg
| city_5 = Caguas | div_5 = San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo metropolitan area{{!}}San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo | pop_5 = 142,893
| city_6 = Guaynabo | div_6 = San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo metropolitan area{{!}}San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo | pop_6 = 97,924
| city_7 = Arecibo | div_7 = San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo metropolitan area{{!}}San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo | pop_7 = 96,440
| city_8 = Toa Baja | div_8 = San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo metropolitan area{{!}}San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo | pop_8 = 89,609
| city_9 = Mayagüez | div_9 = Mayagüez metropolitan area{{!}}Mayagüez | pop_9 = 89,080
| city_10 = Trujillo Alto | div_10 = San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo metropolitan area{{!}}San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo | pop_10 = 74,842
}}
{{clear}}

===Languages===
{{Main|Puerto Rican Spanish|English language in Puerto Rico}}

The [[official language]]s&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Official Language&quot;, ''Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language'', Ed. Tom McArthur, Oxford University Press, 1998.&lt;/ref&gt; of the executive branch of government of Puerto Rico&lt;ref&gt;Pueblo v. Tribunal Superior, 92 D.P.R. 596 (1965). Translation taken from the English text, 92 P.R.R. 580 (1965), pp. 588–89. See also LOPEZ-BARALT NEGRON, &quot;Pueblo v. Tribunal Superior: Espanol: Idioma del proceso judicial&quot;, 36 Revista Juridica de la Universidad de Puerto Rico. 396 (1967), and VIENTOS-GASTON, &quot;Informe del Procurador General sobre el idioma&quot;, 36 Rev. Col. Ab. (P.R.) 843 (1975).&lt;/ref&gt; are Spanish and English, with Spanish being the primary language. Spanish is, and has been, the only official language of the entire Commonwealth judiciary system, despite a 1902 English-only language law.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120426041859/http://muniz-arguelles.com/resources/The%2Bstatus%2Bof%2Blanguages%2Bin%2BPuerto%2BRico.pdf ''The Status of Languages in Puerto Rico.''] Muniz-Arguelles, Luis. University of Puerto Rico. c.&amp;nbsp;1988. Page 466. Retrieved December 4, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; However, all official business of the [[U.S. District Court]] for the District of Puerto Rico is conducted in English. English is the primary language of less than 10% of the population. Spanish is the dominant language of business, education and daily life on the island, spoken by nearly 95% of the population.&lt;ref name=&quot;factfinder.census.gov2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&amp;-geo_id=04000US72&amp;-context=adp&amp;-ds_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_&amp;-tree_id=307&amp;-_lang=en&amp;-_caller=geoselect&amp;-format= |title=U.S. Census Annual Population Estimates 2007 |publisher=Factfinder.census.gov |date= |accessdate=April 18, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170524214928/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/searchresults.xhtml?refresh=t |archivedate=May 24, 2017  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The U.S. Census Bureau's 2016 update provides the following facts: 94.3% of adults speak only Spanish at home, which compares to 5.5% who speak English, 0.2% who speak French, and 0.1% who speak another language at home.&lt;ref name=&quot;census1&quot;/&gt;

In Puerto Rico, public school instruction is conducted almost entirely in Spanish. There have been pilot programs in about a dozen of the over 1,400 public schools aimed at conducting instruction in English only. Objections from teaching staff are common, perhaps because many of them are not fully fluent in English.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/08/puerto-rico-governor-fortuno-bilingual_n_1501225.html ''Puerto Rico Governor Luis Fortuño Proposes Plan For Island's Public Schools To Teach In English Instead Of Spanish.''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831055841/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/08/puerto-rico-governor-fortuno-bilingual_n_1501225.html |date=August 31, 2012 }} Danica Coto. Huffington Latino Voices. 05/08/12 (May 8, 2012). Retrieved December 4, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; English is taught as a second language and is a compulsory subject from elementary levels to high school. The languages of the deaf community are [[American Sign Language]] and its local variant, [[Puerto Rican Sign Language]].

The [[Puerto Rican Spanish|Spanish of Puerto Rico]] has evolved into having many idiosyncrasies in vocabulary and syntax that differentiate it from the Spanish spoken elsewhere. As a product of Puerto Rican history, the island possesses a unique Spanish dialect. Puerto Rican Spanish utilizes many [[Taíno language|Taíno]] words, as well as English words. The largest influence on the Spanish spoken in Puerto Rico is that of the Canary Islands. Taíno [[loanword]]s are most often used in the context of vegetation, natural phenomena, and native musical instruments. Similarly, words attributed to primarily West [[African languages]] were adopted in the contexts of foods, music, and dances, particularly in coastal towns with concentrations of descendants of Sub-Saharan Africans.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.languageeducationpolicy.org/lepbyworldregion/caribbeanpuertorico.html |title=Language Education Policy in Puerto Rico |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=2013 |website=Language Education Policy Studies |publisher=International Association for Language Education Policy Studies|access-date=February 21, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Religion===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religious affiliation in Puerto Rico (2014)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/03/29/key-findings-about-puerto-rico/ |title=Key findings about Puerto Rico |date=March 29, 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2014/11/13/religion-in-latin-america/#religious-affiliations-of-latin-americans-and-u-s-hispanics |title=Religion in Latin America |date=November 13, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|label1 = [[Roman Catholic]]
|value1 = 56
|color1 = Blue
|label2 = [[Protestant]]
|value2 = 33
|color2 = Violet
|label3 = Other
|value3 = 3
|color3 = Red
|label4 = [[Irreligious]]
|value4 = 8
|color4 = Black
}}
The [[Roman Catholicism in Puerto Rico|Roman Catholic Church]] was brought by Spanish colonists and gradually became the dominant religion in Puerto Rico. The first [[dioceses]] in the Americas, including that of Puerto Rico, were authorized by [[Pope Julius&amp;nbsp;II]] in 1511.&lt;ref&gt;{{CathEncy|wstitle=Porto Rico}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1512, priests were established for the parrochial churches. By 1759, there was a priest for each church.&lt;ref name=&quot;Puerto Rico Office of Historian 1949&quot;&gt;{{cite book | author=Puerto Rico. Office of Historian | title=Tesauro de datos historicos: indice compendioso de la literatura histórica de Puerto Rico, incluyendo algunos datos inéditos, periodísticos y cartográficos | publisher=Impr. del Gobierno de Puerto Rico|issue=v. 2 | year=1949 | url=https://books.google.com/?id=IVRnAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA306 | language=es | access-date=4 January 2020 | page=306}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One Pope, [[John Paul&amp;nbsp;II]], visited Puerto Rico in October 1984. All [[Municipalities of Puerto Rico|municipalities]] in Puerto Rico have at least one Catholic church, most of which are located at the town center, or plaza. African slaves brought and maintained various ethnic African religious practices associated with different peoples; in particular, the [[Yoruba religion|Yoruba]] beliefs of [[Santería]] and/or [[Ifá]], and the [[Kongo people|Kongo]]-derived [[Palo Mayombe]]. Some aspects were absorbed into syncretic Christianity.

[[Protestantism in Puerto Rico|Protestantism]], which was suppressed under the Spanish Catholic regime, has reemerged under United States rule, making contemporary Puerto Rico more interconfessional than in previous centuries, although Catholicism continues to be the dominant religion. The first Protestant church, [[Iglesia de la Santísima Trinidad]], was established in Ponce by the [[Anglican]] [[Diocese of Antigua]] in 1872.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://episcopalpr.org/sobre_nosotros/sobre_nosotros.html |title=Sobre Nosotros |publisher=Episcopalpr.org |accessdate=February 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100317153425/http://www.episcopalpr.org/sobre_nosotros/sobre_nosotros.html |archivedate=March 17, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was the first non-Roman Catholic Church in the entire [[Spanish Empire]] in [[the Americas]].&lt;ref&gt;Luis Fortuño Janeiro. ''Album Histórico de Ponce (1692–1963).'' Page 165. Ponce, Puerto Rico: Imprenta Fortuño. 1963.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.preb.com/articulos/aleman2.htm |title=La presencia Germanica en Puerto Rico |publisher=Preb.com |accessdate=February 6, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pollster Pablo Ramos stated in 1998 that the population was 38% Roman Catholic, 28% Pentecostal, and 18% were members of independent churches, which would give a Protestant percentage of 46% if the last two populations are combined. Protestants collectively added up to almost two million people. Another researcher gave a more conservative assessment of the proportion of Protestants:
&lt;blockquote&gt;Puerto Rico, by virtue of its long political association with the United States, is the most Protestant of Latin American countries, with a Protestant population of approximately 33 to 38 percent, the majority of whom are [[Pentecostal]]. David Stoll calculates that if we extrapolate the growth rates of evangelical churches from 1960 to 1985 for another twenty-five years Puerto Rico will become 75 percent evangelical. (Ana Adams: &quot;Brincando el Charco...&quot; in ''Power, Politics and Pentecostals in Latin America'', Edward Cleary, ed., 1997. p.&amp;nbsp;164).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.english.turkcebilgi.com/Protestants+in+Puerto+Rico |title=Protestants in Puerto Rico |publisher=english.turkcebilgi.com |accessdate=April 21, 2013}}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

An [[Associated Press]] article in March 2014 stated that &quot;more than 70 percent of whom identify themselves as Catholic&quot; but provided no source for this information.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2014/03/12/catholic-church-and-puerto-rico-officials-at-odds-in-widening-sex-abuse.html |title=Catholic Church and Puerto Rico officials at odds in widening sex abuse investigation |author=Associated Press&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |date=March 12, 2014 |website=FOX News |publisher=FOX News |access-date=February 17, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The CIA World Factbook reports that 85% of the population of Puerto Rico identifies as Roman Catholic, while 15% identify as Protestant and Other. Neither a date or a source for that information is provided and may not be recent.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rq.html |title=Puerto Rico People and Society |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |date=2015 |website=CIA Library |publisher=CIA |access-date=February 17, 2017 |quote=Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant and other 15% |archive-date=8 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108113942/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rq.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A 2013 Pew Research survey found that only about 45% of Puerto Rican adults identified themselves as Catholic, 29% as Protestant and 20% as unaffiliated with a religion. The people surveyed by Pew consisted of Puerto Ricans living in the 50 states and DC and may not be indicative of those living in the Commonwealth.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pewhispanic.org/2015/09/15/hispanics-of-puerto-rican-origin-in-the-united-states-2013/ |title=Hispanics of Puerto Rican Origin in the United States, 2013 |last=LÓPEZ |first=Gustavo |date=September 15, 2015 |website=Pew Research |publisher=Pew Research Center, DC |access-date=February 17, 2017 |quote=Puerto Ricans in this statistical profile are people who self-identified as Hispanics of Puerto Rican origin; this means either they themselves were born in Puerto Rico1 or they were born in the 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia or elsewhere, but trace their family ancestry to Puerto Rico.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

By 2014, a Pew Research report, with the sub-title ''Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region'', indicated that only 56% of Puerto Ricans were Catholic and that 33% were Protestant; this survey was completed between October 2013 and February 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2014/11/13/religion-in-latin-america/ |title=Religion in Latin America |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=November 13, 2014 |website=Pew Research |publisher=Pew Research Center |access-date=February 21, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot; /&gt;

An [[Eastern Orthodox]] community, the Dormition of the Most Holy Theotokos / St. Spyridon's Church is located in Trujillo Alto, and serves the small Orthodox community. This affiliation accounted for under 1% of the population in 2010 according to the Pew Research report.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://parish.orthodoxtheologicalinstitute.org/Dormition_of_the_Theotokos/Welcome.html |title=Welcome |publisher=Parish.orthodoxtheologicalinstitute.org |date= |accessdate=November 25, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304223521/http://parish.orthodoxtheologicalinstitute.org/Dormition_of_the_Theotokos/Welcome.html |archivedate=March 4, 2011 |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1940, [[Juanita García Peraza]] founded the [[Mita Congregation]], the first religion of Puerto Rican origin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://webpub.allegheny.edu/group/LAS/LatinAmIssues/Articles/Vol13/LAI_vol_13_section_I.html |title=Latin American issues Vol. 3 |publisher=Webpub.allegheny.edu |accessdate=February 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202221418/http://webpub.allegheny.edu/group/LAS/LatinAmIssues/Articles/Vol13/LAI_vol_13_section_I.html |archivedate=December 2, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Taíno people|Taíno religious practices]] have been rediscovered/reinvented to a degree by a handful of advocates. Similarly, some aspects of African religious traditions have been kept by some adherents. In 1952, a handful of American Jews established the island's first [[synagogue]]; this religion accounts for under 1% of the population in 2010 according to the Pew Research report.&lt;ref name=&quot;EG&quot;&gt;''Eduardo Giorgetti Y Su Mundo: La Aparente Paradoja De Un Millonario Genio Empresarial Y Su Noble Humanismo''; by [[Delma S. Arrigoitia]]; Publisher: Ediciones Puerto; {{ISBN|978-0-942347-52-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.prairieschooltraveler.com/html/world/pr/Korber.html |title=Korber House |publisher=Prairieschooltraveler.com |accessdate=February 6, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The synagogue, called ''Sha'are Zedeck'', hired its first rabbi in 1954.&lt;ref name=&quot;JVL&quot;/&gt; Puerto Rico has the largest Jewish community in the Caribbean, numbering 3000 people (date not stated),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=The Jewish Palate: The Jews of Puerto Rico |url=http://www.jpost.com/Food-Index/The-Jewish-Palate-The-Jews-of-Puerto-Rico |accessdate=February 18, 2017 |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; and is the only Caribbean island in which the [[Conservative Jews|Conservative]], [[Reform Jews|Reform]] and [[Orthodox Jews|Orthodox Jewish]] movements all are represented.&lt;ref name=&quot;JVL&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Puerto_Rico.html |title=The Virtual Jewish History Tour Puerto Rico |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |accessdate=February 6, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LN&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.luxner.com/cgi-bin/view_article.cgi?articleID=1237 |title=Luxner News |publisher=Luxner.com |date=August 3, 2004 |accessdate=February 6, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051107203700/http://www.luxner.com/cgi-bin/view_article.cgi?articleID=1237 |archive-date=November 7, 2005 |url-status=dead  }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2007, there were about 5,000 Muslims in Puerto Rico, representing about 0.13% of the population.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.iiie.net/index.php?q=node/65 |title=Number of Muslims and Percentage in Puero Rico |publisher=Institute of Islamic Information and Education |date= February 8, 2006|accessdate=October 30, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.religiousintelligence.co.uk/country/?CountryID=29 |title=Percent Puerto Rican population that are Muslims |accessdate=February 14, 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927194154/http://www.religiousintelligence.co.uk/country/?CountryID=29 |archivedate=September 27, 2007 }} Retrieved {{Nowrap|June 8}}, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Eight [[mosques]] are located throughout the island, with most Muslims living in [[Río Piedras]] and [[Caguas]]; most Muslims are of Palestinian and Jordanian descent.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pupr.edu/msa/mosques.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120805220625/http://www.pupr.edu/msa/mosques.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 5, 2012 |title=Muslim mosques in Pto. Rico |publisher=Pupr.edu |date= |accessdate=October 30, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198706/muslims.in.the.caribbean.htm |title=Muslims concentrated in Rio Piedras |publisher=Saudiaramcoworld.com |accessdate=February 6, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505090834/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198706/muslims.in.the.caribbean.htm |archive-date=May 5, 2012 |url-status=dead  }}&lt;/ref&gt; There is also a [[Bahá'í]] community.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://bahaipr.org/index.php/en/|title=Home|website=Bahá'ís of Puerto Rico}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2015, the 25,832 [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] represented about 0.70% of the population, with 324 congregations.&lt;ref&gt;''2016 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses'', pp. 184–85&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico|Padmasambhava Buddhist Center]], whose followers practice [[Tibetan Buddhism]], as well as [[Nichiren Buddhism]] have branches in Puerto Rico.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.buddhanet.net/l_tibet.htm |title=Budda Net |publisher=Buddhanet.net |accessdate=February 6, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are several atheist activist and educational organizations, and an atheistic parody religion called the [[Pastafarian]] Church of Puerto Rico.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/IglesiaPastafarianaPuertoRico |title=Iglesia Pastafariana de Puerto Rico |publisher=Facebook |accessdate=June 29, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; An[[ISKCON]] temple in Gurabo is devoted to [[Krishna]] Consciousness, with two preaching centers in the metropolitan area.

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:San Juan Cathedral.JPG|Roman Catholic Cathedral of '''San Juan Bautista'''.
File:Iglesia de la Santisima Trinidad, Barrio Cuarto, Ponce, PR (6728612217).jpg|Anglican Iglesia Santísima Trinidad in Ponce
File:Centro Islamico de Ponce, Bo Cuarto, Ponce, PR (IMG 3392).jpg|Islamic Center at Ponce
File:Shaare Zedeck.jpg|Inside Sha'are Zedeck in San Juan
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Government==
{{Main|Government of Puerto Rico|Politics of Puerto Rico}}
Puerto Rico has [[Puerto Rico senatorial districts|8 senatorial districts]], [[Puerto Rico representative districts|40 representative districts]] and [[municipalities of Puerto Rico|78 municipalities]]. It has a republican form of government with [[separation of powers]] subject to the jurisdiction and sovereignty of the United States.&lt;ref name=autogenerated1&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.oslpr.org/english/PDF/The%20Constitution%20of%20the%20Commonwealth%20of%20Puerto%20Rico.pdf |title=Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Article&amp;nbsp;I, Section 2 |accessdate=August 14, 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229150849/http://www.oslpr.org/english/pdf/the%20constitution%20of%20the%20commonwealth%20of%20puerto%20rico.pdf |archivedate=December 29, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=ussd&gt;{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/s/inr/rls/10543.htm |title=U.S. Department of State. Dependencies and Areas of Special Sovereignty |publisher=State.gov |accessdate=August 14, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its current powers are all delegated by the [[United States Congress]] and lack full protection under the [[United States Constitution]].&lt;ref name=&quot;U.S. Department of State&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://fam.state.gov/FAM/07FAM/07FAM1120.html |title=U.S. Department of State. Foreign Affairs Manual: Volume 7 – Consular Affairs (7 FAM 1120), 'Acquisition of U.S. Nationality in U.S. Territories and Possessions', pp. 1–3. |format=PDF |accessdate=December 13, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222081013/https://fam.state.gov/FAM/07FAM/07FAM1120.html |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; Puerto Rico's head of state is the [[president of the United States]].

The government of Puerto Rico, based on [[Republicanism in the United States|the formal republican system]], is composed of three branches: the [[executive branch of the government of Puerto Rico|executive]], [[legislative branch of the government of Puerto Rico|legislative]], and [[judiciary of Puerto Rico|judicial branch]]. The executive branch is headed by the [[governor of Puerto Rico|governor]], currently [[Wanda Vázquez Garced]]. The [[legislative branch]] consists of a [[bicameral]] legislature called the [[Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico|Legislative Assembly]], made up of a [[Senate of Puerto Rico|Senate]] as its upper chamber and a [[House of Representatives of Puerto Rico|House of Representatives]] as its lower chamber. The Senate is headed by the [[President of the Senate of Puerto Rico|president of the Senate]], currently [[Thomas Rivera Schatz]], while the House of Representatives is headed by the [[Speaker of the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico|speaker of the House]], currently [[Carlos Johnny Méndez]]. The governor and legislators are elected by popular vote every four years with [[Puerto Rican general election, 2016|the last election held in November 2016]].

The [[judiciary of Puerto Rico|judicial branch]] is headed by the [[Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico|chief justice of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico]], currently [[Maite Oronoz Rodríguez]]. Members of the judicial branch are appointed by the governor with the [[advice and consent]] of the Senate.

Puerto Rico is represented in the United States Congress by a nonvoting delegate, the [[Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico|resident commissioner]], currently [[Jenniffer González]]. Current congressional rules have removed the commissioner's power to vote in the [[Committee of the Whole (United States House of Representatives)|Committee of the Whole]], but the commissioner can vote in committee.&lt;ref name=&quot;rhg&quot;&gt;[http://clerk.house.gov/legislative/house-rules.pdf Rules of the House of Representatives. Rule III].&lt;/ref&gt;

Puerto Rican elections are governed by the [[Federal Election Commission]] and the [[State Elections Commission of Puerto Rico]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.fec.gov/pages/report_notices/State_Notices/prprim.shtml |title=Puerto Rico Primary Election Report Notice |publisher=Fec.gov |date=February 2, 2008 |accessdate=October 30, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Failed verification|date=February 2013}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/2008pdates.pdf |title=2008 Presidential Primary Dates and Candidates Filling Datelines for Ballot Access |date= |accessdate=October 30, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Failed verification|date=February 2013}} While residing in Puerto Rico, Puerto Ricans cannot vote in U.S. presidential elections, but they can vote in [[United States presidential primary|primaries]]. Puerto Ricans who become residents of a [[U.S. state]] can vote in presidential elections.

Puerto Rico hosts [[Consul (representative)|consulates]] from 41 countries, mainly from the [[Americas]] and Europe, with most located in San Juan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.linktopr.com/consulados.html |title=Consulados. ''Link to Puerto Rico'' |accessdate=February 3, 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040411192635/http://www.linktopr.com/consulados.html |archivedate=April 11, 2004 }}&lt;/ref&gt; As an unincorporated territory of the United States, Puerto Rico does not have any first-order administrative divisions as defined by the U.S. government, but has 78 [[municipalities]] at the second level. [[Mona Island]] is not a municipality, but part of the municipality of [[Mayagüez, Puerto Rico|Mayagüez]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.enciclopediapr.org/ing/article.cfm?ref=08021702 |title=Mayagüez. Enciclopedia de Puerto Rico |publisher=Enciclopediapr.org |date= |accessdate=October 30, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005223516/http://www.enciclopediapr.org/ing/article.cfm?ref=08021702 |archivedate=October 5, 2011  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Municipalities are subdivided into wards or [[barrio]]s, and those into sectors. Each municipality has a [[Mayors of Puerto Rico|mayor]] and a municipal legislature elected for a four-year term. The municipality of [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]] (previously called &quot;town&quot;), was founded first, in 1521, [[San Germán]] in 1570, [[Coamo]] in 1579, [[Arecibo]] in 1614, [[Aguada, Puerto Rico|Aguada]] in 1692 and [[Ponce, Puerto Rico|Ponce]] in 1692. An increase of settlement saw the founding of 30 municipalities in the 18th century and 34 in the 19th. Six were founded in the 20th century; the last was [[Florida, Puerto Rico|Florida]] in 1971.&lt;ref name='fundacion'&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.linktopr.com/fundacion.html |title=LinktoPR.com – Fundación de los Pueblos |accessdate=April 21, 2004 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040421093959/http://www.linktopr.com/fundacion.html |archivedate=April 21, 2004 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Political parties and elections===
{{main|Political party strength in Puerto Rico}}
[[File:Political-party-strength-in-puerto-rico-2012.png|thumb|right|The difference between the incumbent party, the PPD, and its opponent, the PNP, was a mere 0.6% in the last election. This difference is common as the political landscape experiences political cycles between both parties, with the PPD ruling all branches of government for 36 of the past 64 years. The PNP, on the other hand, has ruled both the executive and legislative branch concurrently for 16 years. The other 12 years experienced a [[Divided government in the United States|divided government]].]]
Since 1952, Puerto Rico has had three main political parties: the [[Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico|Popular Democratic Party]] (PPD in Spanish), the [[New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico|New Progressive Party]] (PNP in Spanish) and the [[Puerto Rican Independence Party]] (PIP). The three parties stand for different political status. The PPD, for example, seeks [[status quo movement in Puerto Rico|to maintain the island's status with the U.S. as a commonwealth]], while the PNP, on the other hand, seeks [[statehood movement in Puerto Rico|to make Puerto Rico a state of the United States]]. The PIP, in contrast, seeks a complete separation from the United States by seeking [[independence movement in Puerto Rico|to make Puerto Rico a sovereign nation]]. In terms of party strength, the PPD and PNP usually hold about 47% of the vote each while the PIP holds only about 5%.

After 2007, other parties emerged on the island. The first, the [[Puerto Ricans for Puerto Rico Party]] (PPR in Spanish) was registered that same year. The party claims that it seeks to address the islands' problems from a status-neutral platform. But it ceased to remain as a registered party when it failed to obtain the required number of votes in the 2008 general election. Four years later, the 2012 election saw the emergence of the [[Movimiento Unión Soberanista]] (MUS; English: ''Sovereign Union Movement'') and the [[Partido del Pueblo Trabajador]] (PPT; English: ''Working People's Party'') but none obtained more than 1% of the vote.

Other non-registered parties include the [[Puerto Rican Nationalist Party]], the [[Socialist Workers Movement (Puerto Rico)|Socialist Workers Movement]], and the [[Hostosian National Independence Movement]].

===Law===
{{main|Constitution of Puerto Rico|Law of Puerto Rico}}
The insular legal system is a blend of [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] and the [[common law]] systems.

Puerto Rico is the only current U.S. possession whose legal system operates primarily in a language other than American English: namely, [[Spanish language|Spanish]]. Because the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. federal government]] operates primarily in English, all Puerto Rican attorneys must be bilingual in order to litigate in English in [[United States federal courts|U.S. federal courts]], and litigate federal preemption issues in Puerto Rican courts.

[[Title 48 of the United States Code]] outlines the role of the United States Code to United States territories and insular areas such as Puerto Rico. After the U.S. government assumed control of Puerto Rico in 1901, it initiated legal reforms resulting in the adoption of codes of criminal law, criminal procedure, and civil procedure modeled after those then in effect in [[California]]. Although Puerto Rico has since followed the federal example of transferring criminal and civil procedure from statutory law to rules promulgated by the judiciary, several portions of its criminal law still reflect the influence of the [[California Penal Code]].

The judicial branch is headed by the [[Chief Justice|chief justice]] of the [[Puerto Rico Supreme Court]], which is the only appellate court required by the Constitution. All other courts are created by the [[Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico]]. There is also a [[United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico|Federal District Court for Puerto Rico]]. Someone accused of a criminal act at the federal level may not be accused for the same act in a Commonwealth court, unlike a state court, since Puerto Rico as a territory lacks sovereignty separate from Congress as a state does.&lt;ref name=&quot;Martínez Torres&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ramajudicial.pr/ts/2015/2015tspr25.pdf |title=Opinión del Tribunal emitida por el Juez Asociado señor Martínez Torres |publisher=El Tribunal Supremo de Puerto Rico |work=Legal Document |date=March 20, 2015 |accessdate=February 7, 2016 |author=Martínez Torres, Juez (Judge)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Such a parallel accusation would constitute [[double jeopardy]].

===Political status===
{{Main|Political status of Puerto Rico|Proposed political status for Puerto Rico}}
The nature of Puerto Rico's political relationship with the U.S. is the subject of ongoing debate in Puerto Rico, the [[United States Congress]], and the [[United Nations]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sdc&quot;&gt;{{cite press release |title=Special committee on decolonization approves text calling on United States to expedite Puerto Rican self-determination process |date=June 13, 2006 |publisher=Department of Public Information, United Nations General Assembly |url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/gacol3138.doc.htm |accessdate=October 1, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Specifically, the basic question is whether Puerto Rico should remain a [[Territories of the United States|U.S. territory]], become a [[U.S. state]], or become an independent country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32933.pdf |title=Political Status of Puerto Rico: Background, Options, and Issues in the 109th Congress |date=May 25, 2005 |author=Keith Bea |publisher=Congressional Research Service |accessdate=October 1, 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Within the United States====
[[File:PR Capitol, south side.JPG|thumb|The [[Capitol of Puerto Rico]], home of the Legislative Assembly in Puerto Rico]]

Constitutionally, Puerto Rico is subject to the [[plenary powers]] of the [[United States Congress]] under the [[territorial clause]] of [[Article Four of the United States Constitution|Article IV of the U.S. Constitution]].&lt;ref&gt;U.S. Const. art. IV, § 3, cl. 2 (&quot;The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States&amp;nbsp;...&quot;).&lt;/ref&gt; [[U.S. federal law|Laws enacted at the federal level in the United States]] apply to Puerto Rico as well, regardless of its political status. Their residents [[Federal voting rights in Puerto Rico|do not have voting representation in the U.S. Congress]]. Like the different states of the United States, Puerto Rico lacks &quot;the full sovereignty of an independent nation&quot;, for example, the power to manage its &quot;external relations with other nations&quot;, which is held by the U.S. federal government. The Supreme Court of the United States has indicated that once the U.S. Constitution has been extended to an area (by Congress or the courts), its coverage is irrevocable. To hold that the political branches may switch the Constitution on or off at will would lead to a regime in which they, not this Court, say &quot;what the law is&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[Downes v. Bidwell]], 182 U.S. 244, 261 (1901), commenting on an earlier Supreme Court decision, Loughborough v. Blake, 18 U.S. (5 Wheat.) 317 (1820); Rasmussen v. United States, 197 U.S. 516, 529–530, 536 (1905)(concurring opinions of Justices Harlan and Brown), that once the Constitution has been extended to an area, its coverage is irrevocable; [[Boumediene v. Bush]] – That where the Constitution has been once formally extended by Congress to territories, neither Congress nor the territorial legislature can enact laws inconsistent therewith. The Constitution grants Congress and the President the power to acquire, dispose of, and govern territory, not the power to decide when and where its terms apply.&lt;/ref&gt;

Puerto Ricans &quot;were collectively made [[U.S. citizenship#Birthright citizenship|U.S. citizens]]&quot; in 1917 as a result of the [[Jones-Shafroth Act]].&lt;ref&gt;''The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion: 1803–1898''. By Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow. New York: Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers. 2005. pp. 166, 178. &quot;U.S. citizenship was extended to residents of Puerto Rico by virtue of the Jones Act, chap. 190, 39 Stat. 951 (1971)(codified at 48 U.S.C. § 731 (1987)&quot;)&lt;/ref&gt; U.S. citizens residing in Puerto Rico cannot vote for the U.S. president, though both major parties, Republican and Democratic, run primary elections in Puerto Rico to send delegates to vote on a presidential candidate. Since Puerto Rico is an [[Unincorporated territories of the United States|unincorporated territory]] (see above) and not a U.S. state, the [[United States Constitution]] does not fully [[enfranchise]] [[U.S. citizen]]s residing in Puerto Rico.&lt;ref name=&quot;U.S. Department of State&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Constitutional Topic: Citizenship&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.usconstitution.net/consttop_citi.html |title=Constitutional Topic: Citizenship |publisher=U.S. Constitution Online |accessdate=June 6, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Only [[fundamental right]]s under the American federal constitution and adjudications are applied to Puerto Ricans. Various other U.S. Supreme Court decisions have held which rights apply in Puerto Rico and which ones do not. Puerto Ricans have a long history of service in the U.S. Armed Forces and, since 1917, they have been included in the U.S. [[compulsory draft]] whensoever it has been in effect.

Though the Commonwealth government has its own tax laws, Puerto Ricans are also required to pay many kinds of U.S. federal taxes, not including the federal personal income tax for Puerto Rico-sourced income, but only under certain circumstances.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://stanford.wellsphere.com/healthcare-industry-policy-article/puerto-rico/267827 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401034052/http://stanford.wellsphere.com/healthcare-industry-policy-article/puerto-rico/267827 |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 1, 2010 |title=Puerto Ricans pay import/export taxes |publisher=Stanford.wellsphere.com |accessdate=August 14, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://stanford.wellsphere.com/healthcare-industry-policy-article/puerto-rico/267827 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401034052/http://stanford.wellsphere.com/healthcare-industry-policy-article/puerto-rico/267827 |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 1, 2010 |title=Puerto Ricans pay federal commodity taxes |publisher=Stanford.wellsphere.com |date= |accessdate=October 30, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.irs.gov/taxtopics/tc903.html |title=Internal Revenue Service. ', Topic 903 – Federal Employment Tax in Puerto Rico' |publisher=Irs.gov |date=December 18, 2009 |accessdate=August 14, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=reuters2009-09-24&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/healthNews/idUSTRE58N5X320090924 |title=Reuters, 'Puerto Rico hopes to gain from U.S. healthcare reform', 24&amp;nbsp;September 2009 |agency=Reuters |date=September 24, 2009 |accessdate=August 14, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Schaefer |first=Brett |url=http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2009/03/dc-voting-rights-no-representation-no-taxation |title=The Heritage Foundation, 11&amp;nbsp;March 2009. &quot;D.C. Voting Rights: No Representation? No Taxation!&quot;, By Robert A. Book, PhD |publisher=Heritage.org |accessdate=October 16, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mcvpr.com/CM/CurrentEvents/CEOsummitarticle.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515142411/http://www.mcvpr.com/CM/CurrentEvents/CEOsummitarticle.pdf |archivedate=May 15, 2011 |title=Puerto Rico Manufacturers Association, CEO Summit, Federal and Local Incentives: Where we are, Where We Want to be. Amaya Iraolagoitia, Partner, Tax Dept. |accessdate=August 14, 2010 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=jct&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.jct.gov/x-24-06.pdf |title=Joint Committee on Taxation. ''An Overview of the Special Tax Rules Related to Puerto Rico and an Analysis of the Tax and Economic Policy Implications of Recent Legislative Options'' |accessdate=August 14, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{#Tag:Ref|Members of the military must pay federal income tax&lt;ref name=reuters2009-09-24 /&gt;&lt;ref name=jct /&gt;}} In 2009, Puerto Rico paid {{Nowrap|$3.742 billion}} into the [[U.S. Treasury]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-soi/09db05co.xls |title=Table 5. Internal Revenue Gross Collections, by Type of Tax and State, Fiscal year 2009 |publisher=[[Internal Revenue Service]] |format=XLS}}&lt;/ref&gt; Residents of Puerto Rico pay into Social Security, and are thus eligible for Social Security benefits upon retirement. They are excluded from the [[Supplemental Security Income]] (SSI), and the island actually receives a smaller fraction of the [[Medicaid]] funding it would receive if it were a U.S. state.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/09/24/us-healthcare-puertorico-idUSTRE58N5X320090924 ''Puerto Rico hopes to gain from U.S. healthcare reform.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016022450/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/09/24/us-healthcare-puertorico-idUSTRE58N5X320090924 |date=16 October 2015 }} Reuters. September 24, 2009. Retrieved July 19, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Also, Medicare providers receive less-than-full state-like reimbursements for services rendered to beneficiaries in Puerto Rico, even though the latter paid fully into the system.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.prfaa.com/news/?p=252 |title=News &amp; Media |publisher=PRFAA |date=July 6, 2009 |accessdate=October 30, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511054048/http://www.prfaa.com/news/?p=252 |archivedate=May 11, 2011 |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

While a state may try an individual for the same crime he/she was tried in federal court, this is not the case in Puerto Rico. Being a U.S. territory, Puerto Rico's authority to enact a criminal code derives from Congress and not from local sovereignty as with the states. Thus, such a parallel accusation would constitute double jeopardy and is constitutionally impermissible.&lt;ref name=&quot;Martínez Torres&quot; /&gt;

In 1992, President [[George H. W. Bush]] issued a memorandum to heads of executive departments and agencies establishing the current administrative relationship between the federal government and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. This memorandum directs all federal departments, agencies, and officials to treat Puerto Rico administratively as if it were a state, insofar as doing so would not disrupt federal programs or operations.

Many federal executive branch agencies have significant presence in Puerto Rico, just as in any state, including the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]], [[Federal Emergency Management Agency]], [[Transportation Security Administration]], [[Social Security Administration]], and others. While Puerto Rico has its own [[judiciary of Puerto Rico|Commonwealth judicial system]] similar to that of a U.S. state, there is also a U.S. federal district court in Puerto Rico, and Puerto Ricans have served as judges in that Court and in other federal courts on the U.S. mainland regardless of their residency status at the time of their appointment. [[Sonia Sotomayor]], a [[Nuyorican|New Yorker of Puerto Rican descent]], serves as an [[Associate Justice|associate justice]] of the [[Supreme Court of the United States]]. Puerto Ricans have also been frequently appointed to high-level federal positions, including serving as [[Ambassadors of the United States|United States ambassadors]] to other nations.

===Foreign and intergovernmental relations===
{{more citations needed section|date=November 2017}}
{{main|Foreign and intergovernmental relations of Puerto Rico}}
Puerto Rico is subject to the [[Commerce Clause|Commerce]] and [[Territorial Clause]] of the Constitution of the United States and, therefore, is restricted on how it can engage with other nations, sharing the opportunities and limitations that state governments have albeit not being one. As is the case with state governments, it has established several trade agreements with other nations, particularly with Hispanic American countries such as Colombia and Panamá.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.elnuevodia.com/colombiaypuertoricosedanlamano-1556164.html |title=Colombia y Puerto Rico se dan la mano |date=July 20, 2013 |accessdate=August 11, 2013 |language=Spanish |newspaper=[[El Nuevo Día]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.icesi.edu.co/blogs/paises/2013/07/23/puerto-rico/ |title=Relaciones comerciales entre Colombia y Puerto Rico |date=July 23, 2013 |accessdate=August 11, 2013 |language=Spanish |publisher=[[Universidad ICESI]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

It has also established trade promotion offices in many foreign countries, all Spanish-speaking, and within the United States itself, which now include Spain, the Dominican Republic, Panama, Colombia, Washington, D.C., New York City and Florida, and has included in the past offices in Chile, Costa Rica, and Mexico. Such agreements require permission from the U.S. Department of State; most are simply allowed by existing laws or trade treaties between the United States and other nations which supersede trade agreements pursued by Puerto Rico and different U.S. states.

At the local level, Puerto Rico established by law that the international relations which states and territories are allowed to engage must be handled by the [[Department of State of Puerto Rico]], an [[executive departments of the government of Puerto Rico|executive department]], headed by the [[Secretary of State of Puerto Rico|secretary of state of Puerto Rico]], who also serves as the territory's lieutenant governor. It is also charged to liaise with general [[consul (representative)|consuls]] and [[honorary consul]]s based in Puerto Rico. The [[Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration]], along with the [[Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico|Office of the Resident Commissioner]], manages all its intergovernmental affairs before entities of or in the United States (including the federal government of the United States, local and state governments of the United States, and public or private entities in the United States).

Both entities frequently assist the Department of State of Puerto Rico in engaging with Washington, D.C.-based ambassadors and federal agencies that handle Puerto Rico's foreign affairs, such as the U.S. Department of State, the [[Agency for International Development]], and others. The current secretary of state is [[Elmer Román]] from the [[New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)|New Progressive Party]], while the current [[List of Directors of the Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration|director of the Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration]] is [[Jennifer M. Stopiran]] also from the NPP and a member of the Republican Party of the United States.

The [[Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico|resident commissioner of Puerto Rico]], the [[delegate (United States Congress)|delegate]] elected by Puerto Ricans to represent them before the federal government, including the U.S. Congress, sits in the United States House of Representatives, serves and votes on congressional committees, and functions in every respect as a legislator except being denied a vote on the final disposition of legislation on the House floor. The current resident commissioner is [[Jenniffer González|Jenniffer González-Colón]], a Republican, elected in 2016. She received more votes than any other official elected in Puerto Rico that year.&lt;ref name=&quot;wines19&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Wines |first=Michael |title=She's Puerto Rico's Only Link to Washington. She Could Be Its Future Governor. |newspaper=New York Times |date=July 26, 2019 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/26/us/Jenniffer-Gonzalez-Colon-puerto-rico.html |quote=She noted that her campaign to become resident commissioner garnered more votes in 2016 than any other candidate for office in the territory.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Many Puerto Ricans have served as United States ambassadors to different nations and international organizations, such as the Organization of American States, mostly but not exclusively in Latin America. For example, Maricarmen Aponte, a Puerto Rican and now an acting assistant secretary of state, previously served as U.S. ambassador to El Salvador.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/biog/148343.htm |title=Mari Carmen Aponte |website=State.gov |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Military===
{{main|Military of Puerto Rico}}
As it is a territory of the United States of America, the defense of Puerto Rico is provided by the United States as part of the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Treaty of Paris]] with the president of the United States as its [[commander-in-chief]]. Puerto Rico has its own [[Puerto Rico National Guard]], and its own [[state defense force]], the [[Puerto Rico State Guard]], which by local law is under the authority of the Puerto Rico National Guard.

The [[commander-in-chief]] of both local forces is the [[governor of Puerto Rico]] who delegates his authority to the [[Puerto Rico Adjutant General|Puerto Rico adjutant general]], currently [[Major General]] [[José J. Reyes]]. The Adjutant General, in turn, delegates the authority over the State Guard to another officer but retains the authority over the Puerto Rico National Guard as a whole.
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[[File:Federal lands in Puerto Rico and VI.JPG|upright=3.65|thumb|center|U.S. military installations in Puerto Rico (including the United States Virgin Islands) throughout the 20th century]]
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U.S. military installations in Puerto Rico were part of the [[United States Atlantic Command|U.S. Atlantic Command]] (LANTCOM after 1993 USACOM), which had authority over all U.S. military operations that took place throughout the Atlantic. Puerto Rico had been seen as crucial in supporting LANTCOM's mission until 1999, when U.S. Atlantic Command was renamed and given a new mission as [[United States Joint Forces Command]]. Puerto Rico is currently under the responsibility of [[United States Northern Command]].

Both the Naval Forces Caribbean (NFC) and the Fleet Air Caribbean (FAIR) were formerly based at the Roosevelt Roads Naval Station. The NFC had authority over all U.S. Naval activity in the waters of the Caribbean while FAIR had authority over all U.S. military flights and air operations over the Caribbean. With the closing of the Roosevelt Roads and Vieques Island training facilities, the U.S. Navy has basically exited from Puerto Rico, except for the ships that steam by, and the only significant military presence in the island is the U.S. Army at [[Fort Buchanan, Puerto Rico|Ft Buchanan]], the Puerto Rican Army and Air National Guards, and the [[U.S. Coast Guard]]. Protests over the noise of bombing practice forced the closure of the naval base. This resulted in a loss of 6,000 jobs and an annual decrease in local income of $300&amp;nbsp;million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/03/national/after-closing-of-navy-base-hard-times-in-puerto-rico.html |title=After Closing of Navy Base, Hard Times in Puerto Rico |date=April 3, 2005   |work=The New York Times| accessdate=October 31, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A branch of the [[United States Army National Guard|U.S. Army National Guard]] is stationed in Puerto Rico – known as the [[Puerto Rico Army National Guard]] – which performs missions equivalent to those of the Army National Guards of the different [[states of the United States]], including ground defense, disaster relief, and control of civil unrest. The local National Guard also incorporates a branch of the [[United States Air National Guard|U.S. Air National Guard]] – known as the [[Puerto Rico Air National Guard]] – which performs missions equivalent to those of the Air National Guards of each one of the U.S. states.

[[File:USS Maryland (SSBN-738) 1997.jpg|thumb|{{sclass-|Ohio|submarine|0}} [[ballistic missile submarine]] USS ''Maryland'', [[Roosevelt Roads Naval Station]], 1997]]

At different times in the 20th century, the U.S. had about 25 military or naval installations in Puerto Rico, some very small ones,&lt;ref name=&quot;WQS&quot;&gt;OSD, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (DIOR); &quot;Atlas/Data Abstract for the United States and Selected Areas – Fiscal Year 1997;&quot; Department of Defense; 1998. Note: The count of 25 military installations included the branch component of the Roosevelt Roads Naval facility on the island of Vieques, as distinct from the Roosevelt Roads Naval station in Cieba&lt;/ref&gt; as well as large installations. The largest of these installations were the former [[Roosevelt Roads Naval Station]] in [[Ceiba, Puerto Rico|Ceiba]], the Atlantic Fleet Weapons Training Facility (AFWTF) on [[Vieques]], the National Guard training facility at [[Camp Santiago]] in [[Salinas, Puerto Rico|Salinas]], [[Fort Allen, Puerto Rico|Fort Allen]] in [[Juana Diaz]], the Army's [[Fort Buchanan, Puerto Rico|Fort Buchanan]] in San Juan, the former U.S. Air Force Ramey Air Force Base in Aguadilla, and the Puerto Rico Air National Guard at Muñiz Air Force base in [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CD&quot;&gt;Meléndez, Edwin; Meléndez, Edgardo; Colonial Dilemma; [[South End Press]]; Boston; 1993&lt;/ref&gt;

The former U.S. Navy facilities at Roosevelt Roads, Vieques, and Sabana Seca have been deactivated and partially turned over to the local government. Other than [[U.S. Coast Guard]] and Puerto Rico National Guard facilities, there are only two remaining military installations in Puerto Rico: the U.S. Army's small Ft. Buchanan (supporting local veterans and reserve units) and the PRANG (Puerto Rico Air National Guard) Muñiz Air Base (the C-130 Fleet). In recent years, the [[U.S. Congress]] has considered their deactivations, but these have been opposed by diverse public and private entities in Puerto Rico – such as retired military who rely on Ft. Buchanan for the services available there.

Puerto Ricans have participated in many of the military conflicts in which the United States has been involved. For example, they participated in the [[American Revolution]], when volunteers from Puerto Rico, [[Cuba]], and [[Mexico]] fought the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] in 1779 under the command of General [[Bernardo de Gálvez]] (1746–1786),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://mlis.state.md.us/1997rs/billfile/sj0002.htm |title=Participation of Hispanics in the American Revolution |work=SJR2 |author=Maryland General Assembly |date=April 8, 1997 |accessdate=August 9, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; and have continued to participate up to the present-day conflicts in [[Iraq]] and [[Afghanistan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Danny Nieves |url=http://www.valerosos.com/anouncements.html |title=Special Announcements |publisher=Valerosos.com |date= |accessdate=April 18, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A significant number of Puerto Ricans participate as members and work for the U.S. Armed Services, largely as [[National Guard of the United States|National Guard]] members and civilian employees. The size of the overall military-related community in Puerto Rico is estimated to be 100,000 individuals. This includes retired personnel.&lt;ref name=&quot;CD&quot;/&gt; Fort Buchanan has about 4,000 military and civilian personnel. In addition, approximately 17,000 people are members of the Puerto Rico Army and Air National Guards, or the U.S. Reserve forces.&lt;ref name=&quot;OSD&quot;&gt;Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense, Reserve Affairs; &quot;Official Guard and Reserve Manpower Strengths and Statistics – Summary End Fiscal Year 1996;&quot; 1996&lt;/ref&gt; Puerto Rican soldiers have served in every U.S. military conflict from [[World War I]] to the current military engagement known by the United States and its allies as the [[War on Terror|War against Terrorism]].

The [[65th Infantry Regiment]], nicknamed &quot;''The Borinqueneers''&quot; from the original Taíno name of the island (Borinquen), is a [[Puerto Rican people|Puerto Rican]] regiment of the [[United States Army]]. The regiment's motto is ''Honor et Fidelitas'', Latin for ''Honor and Fidelity''. The 65th Infantry Regiment participated in [[World War I]], [[World War II]], the [[Korean War]], and the [[War on Terror]] and in 2014 was awarded the [[Congressional Gold Medal]], presented by [[President of the United States|President]] [[Barack Obama]], for its heroism during the Korean War.

===Administrative divisions===
{{Main|Municipalities of Puerto Rico}}
There are no counties, as there are in 48 of the 50 United States. There are 78 [[Municipalities of Puerto Rico|municipalities]]. Municipalities are subdivided into ''[[barrio]]s'', and those into sectors. Each municipality has a [[mayor]] and a municipal legislature elected to four-year terms.

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[[File:USA Puerto Rico labeled.svg|thumb|center|upright=3.65|A map of Puerto Rico showing its municipalities]]
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==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico government-debt crisis}}
[[File:Puerto-rico-gdp-by-sector.png|thumb|upright=1.6|Puerto Rico's [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) by [[economic sector]]]]
The economy of Puerto Rico is classified as a [[high income economy]] by the [[World Bank]] and as the most competitive economy in [[Latin America]] by the [[World Economic Forum]], but Puerto Rico currently has a public debt of $72.204&amp;nbsp;billion (equivalent to 103% of GNP), and a government deficit of $2.5&amp;nbsp;billion.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/puerto-rico |title=World Bank Indicators 2012: Puerto Rico |accessdate=February 5, 2012 |author1=World Bank Indicators |author2=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wef-gcr-2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2013-14.pdf |title=The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 |publisher=[[World Economic Forum]] |year=2013 |accessdate=September 7, 2013 |first=Klaus |last=Schwab}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to [[World Bank]], [[gross national income]] per capita of Puerto Rico in 2013 is $23,830 (PPP, International Dollars), ranked as 63rd among all sovereign and dependent territories entities in the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/GNIPC.pdf |title=Gross national income per capita 2013 |accessdate=September 22, 2014 |author1=World Bank Indicators |author2=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its economy is mainly driven by [[Manufacturing in Puerto Rico|manufacturing]] (primarily pharmaceuticals, textiles, petrochemicals and electronics) followed by the service industry (primarily finance, insurance, [[real estate in Puerto Rico|real estate]] and [[tourism in Puerto Rico|tourism]]).{{efn|pr.gov (in Spanish) &quot;La manufactura es el sector principal de la economía de Puerto Rico.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;manufacturing-by-pr.gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www2.pr.gov/GobiernoEmpresas/SectoresInversion/Pages/Manufactura.aspx |title=Manufactura |language=Spanish |publisher=[[Government of Puerto Rico]] |accessdate={{date|2013-09-07|mdyh}} |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002150143/http://www2.pr.gov/GobiernoEmpresas/SectoresInversion/Pages/Manufactura.aspx |archivedate=October 2, 2013 |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}{{efn|pr.gov (in Spanish) &quot;Algunas de las industrias más destacadas dentro del sector de la manufactura son: las farmacéuticas, los textiles, los petroquímicos, las computadoras, la electrónica y las compañías dedicadas a la manufactura de instrumentos médicos y científicos, entre otros.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;manufacturing-by-pr.gov&quot; /&gt;}} In recent years, the territory has also become a popular destination for MICE ([[meetings, incentives, conferencing, exhibitions]]), with a modern convention centre district overlooking the [[Port of San Juan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.businessdestinations.com/destinations/puerto-ricos-tourism-industry-continues-to-expand/ |title=Puerto Rico's tourism industry continues to expand |work=Business Destinations |accessdate=April 27, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[geography of Puerto Rico]] and [[political status of Puerto Rico|its political status]] are both determining factors on its economic prosperity, primarily due to its relatively small size as an island; [[Natural resource economics|its lack of natural resources]] used to produce [[raw material]]s{{Citation needed|date=October 2015}}, and, consequently, its dependence on [[import]]s; as well as its territorial status with the United States, which controls its [[foreign policy]] while exerting trading restrictions, particularly in [[transportation in Puerto Rico|its shipping industry]].

Puerto Rico experienced a recession from 2006 to 2011, interrupted by 4 quarters of economic growth, and entered into recession again in 2013, following growing fiscal imbalance and the expiration of the IRS Section 936 corporate incentives that the [[Internal Revenue Code|U.S. Internal Revenue Code]] had applied to Puerto Rico. This IRS section was critical to the economy, as it established [[tax exemption]]s for U.S. corporations that settled in Puerto Rico, and allowed their insular subsidiaries to send their earnings to the parent corporation at any time, without paying federal tax on corporate income. Puerto Rico has surprisingly been able to maintain a relatively low inflation in the past decade while maintaining a [[purchasing power parity]] per capita higher than 80% of the rest of the world.&lt;ref&gt;[[Alan Heston]], [[Robert Summers]] and Bettina Aten, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120822040945/http://pwt.econ.upenn.edu/php_site/pwt71/pwt71_form.php Penn World Table Version 7.1], Center for International Comparisons of Production, Income and Prices at the [[University of Pennsylvania]], July 2012. Accessed on August 19, 2012. Note: GDP per capita data are &quot;PPP Converted GDP Per Capita, average GEKS-CPDW, at current prices (in I$)&quot;, labeled as variable &quot;cgdp2&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Academically, most of Puerto Rico's economic woes stem from federal regulations that expired, have been repealed, or no longer apply to Puerto Rico; its inability to become self-sufficient and self-sustainable throughout history;{{efn|Torrech San Inocencio (2011; in Spanish) &quot;Con los más de $1,500 millones anuales que recibimos en asistencia federal para alimentos podríamos desarrollar una industria alimentaria autosuficiente en Puerto Rico.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.elnuevodia.com/voz-titulo-1137663.html |title=La autosuficiencia alimentaria |first=Rafael |last=Torrcech San Inocencio |date=December 7, 2011 |accessdate=September 19, 2013 |language=Spanish |newspaper=[[El Nuevo Día]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106153646/http://www.elnuevodia.com/voz-titulo-1137663.html |archivedate=November 6, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}} its highly politicized public policy which tends to change [[political party strength in Puerto Rico|whenever a political party gains power]];{{efn|Millán Rodriguez (2013; in Spanish) &quot;Los representantes del Pueblo en la Junta de Gobierno de la Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica [...] denunciaron ayer que la propuesta del Gobernador para hacer cambios en la composición del organismo institucionaliza la intervención político partidista en la corporación pública y la convierte en una agencia del Ejecutivo..&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.vocero.com/denuncian-politizacion-de-junta-aee/ |title=Denuncian politización de Junta AEE |first=Yamilet |last=Millán Rodríguez |newspaper=[[El Vocero]] |date=April 4, 2013 |accessdate=September 19, 2013 |language=Spanish |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104002045/http://www.vocero.com/denuncian-politizacion-de-junta-aee/ |archivedate=November 4, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}} as well as [[government of Puerto Rico|its highly inefficient local government]]{{efn|Vera Rosa (2013; in Spanish) &quot;Aunque Puerto Rico mueve entre el sector público y privado $15 billones en el área de salud, las deficiencias en el sistema todavía no alcanzan un nivel de eficiencia óptimo.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;el-vocero-inefficient-health-2013&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.vocero.com/ineficiencia-arropa-a-los-recursos-economicos-de-salud/ |title=Ineficiencia arropa a los recursos económicos de salud |date=May 17, 2013 |accessdate=September 19, 2013 |language=Spanish |newspaper=[[El Vocero]] |first=Ileanexis |last=Vera Rosado |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104000540/http://www.vocero.com/ineficiencia-arropa-a-los-recursos-economicos-de-salud/ |archivedate=November 4, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}{{efn|Vera Rosado (2013; in Spanish) &quot;Para mejorar la calidad de servicio, que se impacta principalmente por deficiencias administrativas y no por falta de dinero[...]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;el-vocero-inefficient-health-2013&quot; /&gt;}} which has accrued a [[public debt of Puerto Rico|public debt]] equal to 68% of its [[gross domestic product]] throughout time.{{efn|González (2012; in Spanish) &quot;[...] al analizarse la deuda pública de la Isla contra el Producto Interno Bruto (PIB), se ubicaría en una relación deuda/PIB de 68% aproximadamente.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.elnuevodia.com/debemosmasdeloqueproducimos-1278143.html |title=Debemos más de lo que producimos |first=Jenisabel |last=González |date=June 13, 2012 |accessdate=September 19, 2013 |language=Spanish |newspaper=[[El Nuevo Día]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106153626/http://www.elnuevodia.com/debemosmasdeloqueproducimos-1278143.html |archivedate=November 6, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}{{efn|Bauzá (2013; in Spanish) &quot;La realidad de nuestra situación económica y fiscal es resultado de años de falta de acción. Al Gobierno le faltó creatividad, innovación y rapidez en la creación de un nuevo modelo económico que sustentara nuestra economía. Tras la eliminación de la Sección 936, debimos ser proactivos, y no lo fuimos.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.elnuevodia.com/garciapadillainsisteenqueheredounpaisencantos-1657317.html |title=García Padilla insiste en que heredó un país &quot;en cantos&quot; |first=Nydia |last=Bauzá |newspaper=[[El Nuevo Día]] |date=December 2, 2013 |accessdate=December 2, 2013 |language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

In comparison to [[U.S. state|the different states of the United States]], Puerto Rico is poorer than Mississippi (the poorest state of the U.S.) with 41% of its population below the [[poverty threshold|poverty line]].{{efn|Quintero (2013; in Spanish) &quot;Los indicadores de una economía débil son muchos, y la economía en Puerto Rico está sumamente debilitada, según lo evidencian la tasa de desempleo (13.5%), los altos niveles de pobreza (41.7%), los altos niveles de quiebra y la pérdida poblacional.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.noticel.com/noticia/148055/las-estadisticas-hablan-puerto-rico-camino-a-ser-el-detroit-del-caribe.html |title=Las estadísticas hablan: Puerto Rico camino a ser el &quot;Detroit del Caribe&quot; |first=Laura |last=Quintero |date=September 14, 2013 |accessdate=January 22, 2014 |language=Spanish |newspaper=[[NotiCel]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201150906/http://www.noticel.com/noticia/148055/las-estadisticas-hablan-puerto-rico-camino-a-ser-el-detroit-del-caribe.html |archive-date=1 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;}} When compared to Latin America, Puerto Rico has the highest GDP per capita in the region. Its main trading partners are the [[United States]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], and [[Japan]], with most products coming from [[East Asia]], mainly from [[China]], [[Hong Kong]], and [[Taiwan]]. At a global scale, Puerto Rico's dependency on oil for [[transportation in Puerto Rico|transportation]] and electricity generation, as well as its dependency on food imports and raw materials, makes Puerto Rico volatile and highly reactive to changes in [[global economy|the world economy]] and [[climate]]. Puerto Rico's agricultural sector represents less than 1% of GNP.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gdb-pur.com/economy/documents/PREconomicFactSheet-March2016.pdf |title=PUERTO RICO FACT SHEET |website=Gdb-pur.com |accessdate=August 26, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525013719/http://www.gdb-pur.com/economy/documents/PREconomicFactSheet-March2016.pdf |archive-date=May 25, 2017 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Tourism====
[[Tourism in Puerto Rico]] is also an important part of the economy. In 2017, [[Hurricane Maria]] caused severe damage to the island and its infrastructure, disrupting tourism for many months. The damage was estimated at $100&amp;nbsp;billion. An April 2019 report indicated that by that time, only a few hotels were still closed, that life for tourists in and around the capital had, for the most part, returned to normal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/news/2019/04/02/puerto-rico-breaks-tourism-record-while-rebuilding-hurricane-maria/3346139002/ |title=Nearly two years after Hurricane Maria devastation, Puerto Rico welcomes record number of tourists |date=2 April 2019 |publisher=USA Today |access-date=27 November 2019 |quote=Brief power outages still hit occasionally as the government prepares to privatize an aging and poorly maintained grid that was destroyed by the hurricane, and water shortages have hit parts of Puerto Rico’s north coast since 30 percent of the island is experiencing a moderate drought that is affecting 791,000 of its 3.2 million inhabitants.}}&lt;/ref&gt; By October 2019, nearly all of the popular amenities for tourists, in the major destinations such as San Juan, Ponce and Arecibo, were in operation on the island and tourism was rebounding. This was important for the economy, since tourism provides up 10% of Puerto Rico's GDP, according to Discover Puerto Rico.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.viahero.com/travel-to-puerto-rico/puerto-rico-tourism-update |title=Nearly two years after Hurricane Maria devastation, Puerto Rico welcomes record number of tourists |date=2 April 2019 |publisher=ViaHero |access-date=16 October 2019 |quote=Almost all of Puerto Rico’s hotels are open for business. The beaches are ready for swimming and sunbathing, and even remote places to visit like El Yunque rainforest are receiving visitors. }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The latest Discover Puerto Rico campaign started in July 2018. An April 2019 report stated that the tourism team &quot;after hitting the one-year anniversary of the storm in September [2018], the organization began to shift towards more optimistic messaging. The &quot;Have We Met Yet?&quot; campaign was intended to highlight the island's culture and history, making it distinct, different than other Caribbean destinations. In 2019, Discover Puerto Rico planned to continue that campaign, including &quot;streaming options for branded content&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://skift.com/2019/04/24/culture-is-central-in-puerto-ricos-new-marketing-campaign/ |title=Culture Is Central in Puerto Rico's New Marketing Campaign |date=24 April 2019 |publisher=Skift |access-date=27 November 2019 |quote=In creating the site, the team added photos, videos and information about all of the 78 municipalities of Puerto Rico, in an effort to draw people away from San Juan, and into lesser-known areas.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In late November 2019, reports indicated that 90 calls to San Juan by [[Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd.|Royal Caribbean]] ships would be cancelled during 2020 and 2021. This step would mean 360,000 fewer visitors, with a loss to the island's economy of 44&amp;nbsp;million. As well, 30 ship departures from San Juan were being canceled. The rationale for this decision was discussed in a news report:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cruisehive.com/cruise-ship-visits-to-san-juan-puerto-rico-are-being-canceled/35941 |title=Cruise Ship Visits to San Juan, Puerto Rico Are Being Canceled |date=27 November 2019 |publisher=Cruise Hive |access-date=27 November 2019 |quote=Cruise ship visits to San Juan, Puerto Rico are being canceled for the 2020-21 season due to the privatization of the cruise port.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;The reason for the cancellations is the privatization of the cruise docks in San Juan due to much-needed maintenance that is needed. Around $250 million investment is needed to make sure cruise ships can continue to dock there in the years to come. There is an urge for governor Wanda Vazquez to not go ahead with the privatization so this news is fluid.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===Heavy debt load===
In early 2017, the [[Puerto Rican government-debt crisis]] posed serious problems for the government which was saddled with outstanding bond debt that had climbed to $70&amp;nbsp;billion at a time with a 45-percent poverty rate and 12.4% unemployment that is more than twice the mainland U.S. average.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/latestnews/2017/01/18/Puerto-Rico-oversight-board-favors-more-time-restructuring-talks |title=Puerto Rico oversight board favors more time for restructuring talks |author=Nick Brown, Reuters |date=January 18, 2017 |website=Fiscal Times |publisher=The Fiscal Times |access-date=February 16, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The debt had been increasing during a decade-long recession.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.starherald.com/news/nation_world/puerto-rico-gets-more-time-to-propose-fiscal-plan/article_b805f0e6-f333-5d33-8d94-d29a610d820a.html|title=Puerto Rico Gets More Time|date=January 29, 2017|newspaper=Star Herald|access-date=February 16, 2017|agency=Associated Press|location=Scottsbluff, ME}}{{dead link|date=May 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Commonwealth had been defaulting on many debts, including bonds, since 2015.  With debt payments due, the governor was facing the risk of a government shutdown and failure to fund the managed health care system.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Platt |first=Eric |date=January 19, 2017 |title=New Puerto Rico governor seeks amicable debt crisis resolution |url=https://www.ft.com/content/d9551584-de66-11e6-86ac-f253db7791c6 |newspaper=Financial Times |location=New York |access-date=February 17, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.treasury.gov/connect/blog/Pages/Secretary-Lew-Sends-Letter-to-115th-Congress-on-Puerto-Rico.aspx |title=Secretary Lew Sends Letter to 115th Congress on Puerto Rico |last=Watson |first=Dan |date=January 17, 2017 |website=Department of the Treasury |publisher=Department of the Treasury |access-date=February 16, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Without action before April, Puerto Rico's ability to execute contracts for Fiscal Year 2018 with its managed care organizations will be threatened, thereby putting at risk beginning July 1, 2017 the health care of up to 900,000 poor U.S. citizens living in Puerto Rico&quot;, according to a letter sent to Congress by the Secretary of the Treasury and the Secretary of Health and Human Services. They also said that &quot;Congress must enact measures recommended by both Republicans and Democrats that fix Puerto Rico's inequitable health care financing structure and promote sustained economic growth.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;/&gt;

Initially, the oversight board created under [[PROMESA]] called for Puerto Rico's governor [[Ricardo Rosselló]] to deliver a fiscal turnaround plan by January 28. Just before that deadline, the control board gave the Commonwealth government until February 28 to present a fiscal plan (including negotiations with creditors for restructuring debt) to solve the problems. A moratorium on lawsuits by debtors was extended to May 31.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt; It is essential for Puerto Rico to reach restructuring deals to avoid a bankruptcy-like process under [[PROMESA]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/latestnews/2017/01/18/Puerto-Rico-oversight-board-favors-more-time-restructuring-talks |title=Puerto Rico oversight board favors more time for restructuring talks |author=Nick Brown, Reuters |date=January 18, 2017 |website=Fiscal Times |publisher=The Fiscal Times |access-date=February 16, 2017 |quote=The bipartisan, seven-member oversight board was created under the federal Puerto Rico rescue law known as PROMESA, passed by the U.S. Congress last year. It is charged with helping the island manage its finances and navigate its way out of the economic jam, including by negotiating restructuring deals with creditors.}}&lt;/ref&gt; An internal survey conducted by the Puerto Rican Economists Association revealed that the majority of Puerto Rican economists reject the policy recommendations of the Board and the Rosselló government, with more than 80% of economists arguing in favor of auditing the debt.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=&quot;Economistas se Oponen a las Reformas para &quot;estimular la economía&quot; |agency=El Nuevo Día. |date=February 20, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In early August 2017, the island's financial oversight board (created by PROMESA) planned to institute two days off without pay per month for government employees, down from the original plan of four days per month; the latter had been expected to achieve $218&amp;nbsp;million in savings. Governor Rossello rejected this plan as unjustified and unnecessary. Pension reforms were also discussed including a proposal for a 10% reduction in benefits to begin addressing the $50&amp;nbsp;billion in unfunded pension liabilities.&lt;ref name=&quot;reuters.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/08/04/reuters-america-puerto-rico-to-furlough-workers-proposes-pension-plan-reform.html |title=Puerto Rico to furlough workers, proposes pension plan reform |first=Daniel |last=Bases |date=August 4, 2017 |website=Cnbc.com |accessdate=August 26, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806222116/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/08/04/reuters-america-puerto-rico-to-furlough-workers-proposes-pension-plan-reform.html |archive-date=August 6, 2017 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Public finances===
{{main|Puerto Rico government-debt crisis|Budget of the Government of Puerto Rico|public debt of Puerto Rico}}
Puerto Rico has an [[operating budget]] of about U.S.$9.8&amp;nbsp;billion with expenses at about $10.4&amp;nbsp;billion, creating a structural deficit of $775&amp;nbsp;million (about 7.9% of the budget).&lt;ref name=&quot;el-vocero-la-estadidad-es-uniforme&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://elvocero.com/la-estadidad-es-una-unica-uniforme-e-irreversible/ |title=La Estadidad es una, única, uniforme e irreversible |first=José |last=Castrodad |newspaper=[[El Vocero]] |date=April 7, 2014 |accessdate=April 8, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409052840/http://elvocero.com/la-estadidad-es-una-unica-uniforme-e-irreversible/ |archivedate=April 9, 2014  }}&lt;/ref&gt; The practice of approving budgets with a structural deficit has been done for {{years ago|2000}} consecutive years starting in 2000. Throughout those years, including present time, all budgets contemplated issuing bonds to cover these projected deficits rather than making structural adjustments. This practice increased Puerto Rico's cumulative debt, as the government had already been issuing bonds [[Puerto Rico government budget balance|to balance its actual budget]] for four decades beginning in 1973.{{efn|Walsh (2013) &quot;In each of the last six years, Puerto Rico sold hundreds of millions of dollars of new bonds just to meet payments on its older, outstanding bonds – a red flag. It also sold $2.5&amp;nbsp;billion worth of bonds to raise cash for its troubled pension system – a risky practice – and it sold still more long-term bonds to cover its yearly budget deficits.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/10/07/worsening-debt-crisis-threatens-puerto-rico/ |title=Worsening Debt Crisis Threatens Puerto Rico |first=Mary |last=Walsh |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=October 7, 2013 |accessdate=October 8, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.elnuevodia.com/comopuertoricollegoatenercreditochatarra-1704621.html |title=¿Cómo Puerto Rico llegó a tener crédito chatarra? |newspaper=[[El Nuevo Día]] |date=February 4, 2014 |accessdate=March 2, 2014 |language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Budget-of-the-government-of-puerto-rico-2012-percentage.png|thumb|upright=1.8|The 2012 Budget of the government of Puerto Rico]]

Projected deficits added substantial burdens to an already indebted nation which accrued [[Public debt of Puerto Rico|a public debt]] of $71B or about 70% of Puerto Rico's gross domestic product. This sparked [[Puerto Rico government-debt crisis|an ongoing government-debt crisis]] after Puerto Rico's general obligation bonds were downgraded to speculative non-investment grade (&quot;junk status&quot;) by three credit-rating agencies. In terms of financial control, almost 9.6%—or about $1.5&amp;nbsp;billion—of Puerto Rico's central government budget expenses for FY2014 is expected to be spent on debt service.{{efn|PRGDB &quot;Financial Information and Operating Data Report to October 18, 2013&quot; p. 142&lt;ref name=&quot;gdb-report-2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gdb-pur.com/spa/documents/commonwealthreport.pdf |title=Financial Information and Operating Data Report to October 18, 2013 |publisher=[[Puerto Rico Government Development Bank]] |date=October 18, 2013 |accessdate=March 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422202646/http://www.gdb-pur.com/spa/documents/commonwealthreport.pdf |archive-date=April 22, 2014 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;}} Harsher budget cuts are expected as Puerto Rico must now repay larger chunks of debts in the coming years.{{update inline|date=July 2016}}

For practical reasons the budget is divided into two aspects: a &quot;general budget&quot; which comprises the assignments funded exclusively by the [[Department of Treasury of Puerto Rico]], and the &quot;consolidated budget&quot; which comprises the assignments funded by the general budget, by [[List of government-owned corporations of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico's government-owned corporations]], by revenue expected from loans, by the sale of government bonds, by subsidies extended by the [[federal government of the United States]], and by other funds.

Both budgets contrast each other drastically, with the consolidated budget being usually thrice the size of the general budget; currently $29B and $9.0B respectively. Almost one out of every four dollars in the consolidated budget comes from U.S. federal subsidies while government-owned corporations compose more than 31% of the consolidated budget.

The critical aspects come from the sale of bonds, which comprise 7% of the consolidated budget – a ratio that increased annually due to the government's inability to prepare a balanced budget in addition to being incapable of generating enough income to cover all its expenses. In particular, the government-owned corporations add a heavy burden to the overall budget and public debt, as none is self-sufficient. For example, in FY2011 the government-owned corporations reported aggregated losses of more than $1.3B with the [[Puerto Rico Highways and Transportation Authority]] (PRHTA) reporting losses of $409M, the [[Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority]] (PREPA; the government monopoly that controls all electricity on the island) reporting losses of $272M, while the [[Puerto Rico Aqueducts and Sewers Authority]] (PRASA; the government monopoly that controls all water utilities on the island) reported losses of $112M.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://grupocne.org/2013/01/31/san-juan-2023-o-la-decadencia-de-un-pais/ |title=San Juan 2023 o la decadencia de un País |work=Centro Para Una Nueva Economía |publisher=Center for a New Economy|date=January 31, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Losses by government-owned corporations have been defrayed through the issuance of bonds compounding more than 40% of Puerto Rico's entire public debt today.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www2.pr.gov/presupuestos/presupuesto2011-2012/Resumen%20del%20Presupuesto/Servicio%20de%20la%20Deuda.pdf |title=SERVICIO DE LA DEUDA |website=&quot;.pr.gov |accessdate=August 26, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525014050/http://www2.pr.gov/presupuestos/presupuesto2011-2012/Resumen%20del%20Presupuesto/Servicio%20de%20la%20Deuda.pdf |archive-date=May 25, 2017 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; Holistically, from FY2000–FY2010 Puerto Rico's debt grew at a [[compound annual growth rate]] (CAGR) of 9% while GDP remained stagnant.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://gdbpr.com/spa/investors_resources/documents/2011-07-12-DeudaPublicaDic2010-GS.pdf |title=Reporte General sobre Deuda Pública |website=&quot;.pr.gov |accessdate=August 26, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525013905/http://gdbpr.com/spa/investors_resources/documents/2011-07-12-DeudaPublicaDic2010-GS.pdf |archive-date=May 25, 2017 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; This has not always provided a long-term solution. In early July 2017 for example, the PREPA power authority was effectively bankrupt after defaulting in a plan to restructure $9&amp;nbsp;billion in bond debt; the agency planned to seek Court protection.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/02/business/puerto-ricos-electric-power-authority-effectively-files-for-bankruptcy.html |title=Puerto Rico's Power Authority Effectively Files for Bankruptcy |first=Mary Williams |last=Walsh |date=July 2, 2017 |accessdate=August 26, 2017 |website=NYTimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In terms of protocol, the governor, together with the [[Puerto Rico Office of Management and Budget]] (OGP in Spanish), formulates the budget he believes is required to operate all government branches for the ensuing fiscal year. He then submits this formulation as a budget request to the Puerto Rican legislature before July 1, the date established by law as the beginning of Puerto Rico's fiscal year. While the constitution establishes that the request must be submitted &quot;at the beginning of each regular session&quot;, the request is typically submitted during the first week of May as the regular sessions of the legislature begin in January and it would be impractical to submit a request so far in advance. Once submitted, the budget is then approved by the legislature, typically with amendments, through a [[joint resolution]] and is referred back to the governor for his approval. The governor then either approves it or vetoes it. If vetoed, the legislature can then either refer it back with amendments for the governor's approval, or approve it without the governor's consent by two-thirds of the bodies of each chamber.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www2.pr.gov/presupuestos/PresupuestoAprobado2013-2014/Informacin%20General/Proceso%20Presupuestario.pdf |title=PROCESO PRESUPUESTARIO |website=2.pr.gov |accessdate=August 26, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525014054/http://www2.pr.gov/presupuestos/PresupuestoAprobado2013-2014/Informacin%20General/Proceso%20Presupuestario.pdf |archive-date=May 25, 2017 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Once the budget is approved, the Department of Treasury disburses funds to the Office of Management and Budget which in turn disburses the funds to the respective agencies, while the [[Puerto Rico Government Development Bank]] (the government's intergovernmental bank) manages all related banking affairs including those related to the government-owned corporations.

===Cost of living===
[[File:Map-of-jones-act-carrier-routes-for-puerto-rico.png|thumb|upright=1.6|A map of [[Merchant Marine Act of 1920|Jones Act]] carrier routes for Puerto Rico]]
The cost of living in Puerto Rico is high and has increased over the past decade.{{efn|MRGI (2008) &quot;Many female migrants leave their families behind due to the risk of illegal travel and the high cost of living in Puerto Rico.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;refworld.org&quot;/&gt;}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.today/20140618035840/http://www.militaryinstallations.dod.mil/pls/psgprod/f?p=132:CONTENT:618940367579001::NO::P4_INST_ID,P4_INST_TYPE:4150,INSTALLATION &quot;Fort Buchanan, Puerto Rico&quot;]. ''Military Installations''. Department of Defense. Retrieved June 17, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/29/puerto-ricos-cost-of-livi_n_4013350.html |title=Puerto Rico's Cost of Living Skyrockets |publisher=Huffingtonpost.com |date=September 29, 2013 |accessdate=April 14, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313113741/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/29/puerto-ricos-cost-of-livi_n_4013350.html |archivedate=March 13, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/09/us/economy-and-crime-spur-new-puerto-rican-exodus.html?_r=0 |work=The New York Times |first=Lizette |last=Alvarez |title=Economy and Crime Spur New Puerto Rican Exodus |date=February 8, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.elnuevodia.com/sigueenaumentoelcostodevidaenpuertorico-1585599.html |title=Home – El Nuevo Día |publisher=Elnuevodia.com |date=August 31, 2013 |accessdate=April 14, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208121032/http://www.elnuevodia.com/sigueenaumentoelcostodevidaenpuertorico-1585599.html |archivedate=February 8, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.primerahora.com/noticias/gobierno-politica/nota/midaconcluyealtocostodevidaeslapreocupacionmayordelboricua-399279/ |title=MIDA concluye alto costo de vida es la preocupación mayor del boricua |publisher=Primerahora.com |date=February 13, 2013 |accessdate=April 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Dougherty |first=Conor |url=https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB118705864479596908 |title=Puerto Rico's Economic Slump Weighs Hard on Consumers |publisher=Online.wsj.com |date=August 14, 2007 |accessdate=April 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Coto |first=Danica |url=http://nbclatino.com/2013/09/29/life-in-puerto-rico-becomes-costlier-amid-crisis/ |title=Life in Puerto Rico becomes costlier amid crisis |publisher=Nbclatino.com |date=September 29, 2013 |accessdate=April 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; San Juan's in particular is higher than [[Atlanta]], [[Dallas]], and [[Seattle]] but lower than [[Boston]], [[Chicago]], and [[New York City]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mercer.com/press-releases/1420615 |title=Worldwide Cost of Living Survey 2011 |publisher=Mercer.com |date= |accessdate=April 14, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410174442/http://www.mercer.com/press-releases/1420615 |archivedate=April 10, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; One factor is housing prices which are comparable to [[Miami]] and [[Los Angeles]], although property taxes are considerably lower than most places in the United States.{{efn|Rivera. &quot;Housing prices in Puerto Rico are comparable to Miami or Los Angeles, but property taxes are considerably lower than most places in the US.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.topuertorico.org/moving.shtml |title=Moving to Puerto Rico |first=Magaly |last=Rivera |publisher=Welcome to Puerto Rico! |accessdate=September 6, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

Statistics used for cost of living sometimes do not take into account certain costs, such as the high cost of electricity, which has hovered in the 24¢ to 30¢ range per kilowatt/hour, two to three times the national average, increased travel costs for longer flights, additional shipping fees, and the loss of promotional participation opportunities for customers &quot;outside the continental United States&quot;. While some online stores do offer free shipping on orders to Puerto Rico, many merchants exclude Hawaii, Alaska, Puerto Rico and other United States territories.

The household median income is stated as $19,350 and the mean income as $30,463 in the U.S. Census Bureau's 2015 update. The report also indicates that 45.5% of individuals are below the poverty level.&lt;ref name=&quot;census1&quot;/&gt; The median home value in Puerto Rico ranges from U.S.$100,000 to U.S.$214,000, while the national median home value sits at $119,600.{{efn|FRBNY (2011) &quot;...home values vary considerably across municipios: for the metro area overall, the median value of owner-occupied homes was estimated at $126,000 (based on data for 2007–09), but these medians ranged from $214,000 in Guaynabo to around $100,000 in some of the outlying municipios. The median value in the San Juan municipio was estimated at $170,000.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.newyorkfed.org/regional/profile_puertorico.html |title=Puerto Rico |publisher=[[Federal Reserve Bank of New York]] |date=August 2011 |accessdate=September 6, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

[[File:Flying into San Juan-Puerto Rico.jpg|thumb|Flying into San Juan]]

One of the most cited contributors to the high cost of living in Puerto Rico is the [[Merchant Marine Act of 1920]], also known as the [[Merchant Marine Act of 1920|Jones Act]], which prevents foreign-flagged ships from carrying cargo between two American ports, a practice known as [[cabotage]].&lt;ref name=&quot;erg-trade&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://graduados.uprrp.edu/planificacion/facultad/elias-gutierrez/ERGTRADE.pdf |title=Impact of the Coastwise Trade Laws on the Transportation System of the United States of America |first=Elías |last=Gutierrez |accessdate=September 6, 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002122312/http://graduados.uprrp.edu/planificacion/facultad/elias-gutierrez/ERGTRADE.pdf |archivedate=October 2, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Because of the Jones Act, foreign ships inbound with goods from [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]], [[Western Europe]], and [[Africa]] cannot stop in Puerto Rico, offload Puerto Rico-bound goods, load mainland-bound Puerto Rico-manufactured goods, and continue to U.S. ports. Instead, they must proceed directly to U.S. ports, where distributors [[break bulk cargo|break bulk]] and send Puerto Rico-bound manufactured goods to Puerto Rico across the ocean by U.S.-flagged ships.&lt;ref name=&quot;erg-trade&quot; /&gt;

The [[government of Puerto Rico|local government of Puerto Rico]] has requested several times to the [[U.S. Congress]] to exclude Puerto Rico from the Jones Act restrictions without success.{{efn|Santiago (2021) &quot;Local detractors of the Jones Act [...] for many years have unsuccessfully tried to have Puerto Rico excluded from the law's provisions[...]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Jones Act requirement comes under new light |first=Jaime |last=Santiago |newspaper=[[Caribbean Business]] |url=http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/prnt_ed/news02.php?nw_id=7877&amp;ct_id=0 |date=November 29, 2012 |accessdate=September 6, 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308221156/http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/prnt_ed/news02.php?nw_id=7877&amp;ct_id=0 |archivedate=March 8, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}} The most recent measure has been taken by the [[17th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico]] through R. Conc. del S. 21.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.oslpr.org/files/docs/{A8F2DF0C-A03D-40C7-A198-ED9C945F81C4}.doc |title=R. Conc. del S. 21 |format=[[Microsoft Word]] |publisher=[[Puerto Rico Office of Legislative Services]] |date=May 6, 2013 |accessdate=September 6, 2013 |language=Spanish }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.noticel.com/noticia/141423/senado-aprueba-proyecto-para-pedir-trato-preferencial-en-leyes-de-cabotaje.html |title=Senado aprueba proyecto para pedir trato preferencial en leyes de cabotaje |newspaper=[[NotiCel]] |date=June 5, 2013 |accessdate=September 6, 2013 |language=Spanish |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113112757/http://www.noticel.com/noticia/141423/senado-aprueba-proyecto-para-pedir-trato-preferencial-en-leyes-de-cabotaje.html |archive-date=13 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; These measures have always received support from all the [[Political party strength in Puerto Rico|major local political parties]].

In 2013 the [[Government Accountability Office]] published a report which concluded that &quot;repealing or amending the Jones Act cabotage law might cut Puerto Rico shipping costs&quot; and that &quot;shippers believed that opening the trade to non-U.S.-flag competition could lower costs&quot;.{{efn|name=joc-gao-report-repeal-quote|JOC (2013) &quot;Repealing or amending the Jones Act cabotage law might cut Puerto Rico shipping costs&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;joc-gao-report&quot;/&gt;}}{{efn|name=joc-gao-report-lower-costs-quote|JOC (2013) &quot;The GAO report said its interviews with shippers indicated they [...] believed that opening the trade to non-U.S.-flag competition could lower costs.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;joc-gao-report&quot; /&gt;}} However, the same GAO report also found that &quot;[shippers] doing business in Puerto Rico that GAO contacted reported that the freight rates are often—although not always—lower for foreign carriers going to and from Puerto Rico and foreign locations than the rates shippers pay to ship similar cargo to and from the United States, despite longer distances. Data were not available to allow us to validate the examples given or verify the extent to which this difference occurred.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;gao-report-pdf&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gao.gov/assets/660/653046.pdf |title=GAO-13-260, Puerto Rico: Characteristics of the Island's Maritime Trade and Potential Effects of Modifying the Jones Act |publisher=[[Government Accountability Office|United States Government Accountability Office]] |date=March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ultimately, the report concluded that &quot;[the] effects of modifying the application of the Jones Act for Puerto Rico are highly uncertain&quot; for both Puerto Rico and the United States, particularly for the [[United States Merchant Marine|U.S. shipping industry]] and the military preparedness of the United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;joc-gao-report&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.joc.com/regulation-policy/transportation-regulations/united-states/gao's-jones-act-report-inconclusive_20130320.html |title=GAO's Jones Act Report Is Inconclusive |newspaper=[[The Journal of Commerce]] |date=March 20, 2013 |accessdate=September 6, 2013}}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gao-report-pdf&quot; /&gt;

A 2018 study by economists at Boston-based Reeve &amp; Associates and Puerto Rico-based Estudios Tecnicos has concluded that the [[Merchant Marine Act of 1920|1920 Jones Act]] has no impact on either retail prices or the cost of livings on Puerto Rico. The study found that Puerto Rico received very similar or lower shipping freight rates when compared to neighboring islands, and that the transportation costs have no impact on retail prices on the island. The study was based in part on actual comparison of consumer goods at retail stores in San Juan, Puerto Rico, and Jacksonville, Florida, finding: no significant difference in the prices of either grocery items or durable goods between the two locations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report|url=https://3snn221qaymolkgbj4a0vpey-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Report_Impact-of-the-Jones-Act-on-Puerto-Rico_FINAL2.pdf|title=Impact of the U.S. Jones Act on Puerto Rico|date=June 2018|author1=Reeve &amp; Associates |author2=Estudios Técnicos, Inc.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Education==
{{Main|Education in Puerto Rico}}
The first school in Puerto Rico was the ''Escuela de Gramática'' (Grammar School). It was established by Bishop [[Alonso Manso]] in 1513, in the area where the Cathedral of San Juan was to be constructed. The school was free of charge and the courses taught were Latin language, literature, history, science, art, philosophy and theology.&lt;ref&gt;Nicolas Kanellos, &quot;Hispanic Firsts&quot;, Visible Ink Press ({{ISBN|0-7876-0519-0}}), p. 40.&lt;/ref&gt;

Education in Puerto Rico is divided in three levels—Primary (elementary school grades 1–6), Secondary (intermediate and high school grades 7–12), and Higher Level (undergraduate and graduate studies). As of 2002, the literacy rate of the Puerto Rican population was 94.1%; by gender, it was 93.9% for males and 94.4% for females.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rq.html |title=CIA FactBook |publisher=Cia.gov |accessdate=February 6, 2011 |archive-date=8 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108113942/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rq.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the 2000 Census, 60.0% of the population attained a high school degree or higher level of education, and 18.3% has a bachelor's degree or higher.

Instruction at the primary school level is compulsory between the ages of 5 and 18. {{As of|2010}}, there are 1539 public schools and 806 private schools.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perfil del Sistema Educativo – Año Escolar 2010–2011 |url=http://www.estadisticas.gobierno.pr/iepr/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=JmyeNRFU1ZI%3d&amp;tabid=186 |website=estadisticas.gobierno.pr |accessdate=January 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091542/http://www.estadisticas.gobierno.pr/iepr/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=JmyeNRFU1ZI%3D&amp;tabid=186 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The largest and oldest university system is the public [[University of Puerto Rico]] (UPR) with 11 campuses. The largest private university systems on the island are the [[Sistema Universitario Ana G. Mendez]] which operates the [[University of Turabo|Universidad del Turabo]], [[Metropolitan University (Puerto Rico)|Metropolitan University]] and [[Universidad del Este]]. Other private universities include the multi-campus [[Inter American University of Puerto Rico|Inter American University]], the [[Catholic University of Puerto Rico|Pontifical Catholic University]], [[Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico|Universidad Politécnica de Puerto Rico]], and the [[University of the Sacred Heart (Puerto Rico)|Universidad del Sagrado Corazón]]. Puerto Rico has four schools of Medicine and three ABA-approved Law Schools.

==Public health and safety==
{{As of|2015}}, medical care in Puerto Rico had been heavily impacted by emigration of doctors to the mainland and underfunding of the Medicare and Medicaid programs which serve 60% of the island's population. Since Puerto Ricans pay no income tax, they are not eligible for health insurance subsidies under the [[Affordable Care Act]].&lt;ref name=NYT8215&gt;{{cite news |author1=Lizette Alvarez |author2=Abby Goodnough |title=Puerto Ricans Brace for Crisis in Health Care |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/03/us/health-providers-brace-for-more-cuts-to-medicare-in-puerto-rico.html |accessdate=August 3, 2015 |work=The New York Times |date=August 2, 2015 |quote=...more than 60 percent of residents receive Medicare or Medicaid...}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The city of [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]] has a system of [[triage]], hospital, and preventive care health services. The municipal government sponsors regular health fairs in different areas of the city focusing on health care for the elderly and the disabled.

In 2017, there were 69 hospitals in Puerto Rico.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |first=Oren |last=Dorell |title=Puerto Rico's health system 'on life support' after blow |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/10/05/puerto-rico-health-system-life-support-two-weeks-after-hurricane-maria/734130001/ |newspaper=USA Today |location=Melbourne, Florida |pages=1B, 2B |date=October 6, 2017 |accessdate=October 6, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!---the following is interesting but should be moved to San Juan, not here---&gt;
There are twenty hospitals in San Juan, half of which are operated by the government. The largest hospital is the ''Centro Médico de Río Piedras'' (the Río Piedras Medical Center). Founded in 1956, it is operated by the Medical Services Administration of the Department of Health of Puerto Rico, and is actually a network of eight hospitals:

:* San Juan Municipal Hospital: This hospital is operated by the San Juan municipal government.
:* Industrial Hospital: This is the hospital for Puerto Rico government employees, whether municipal or Commonwealth government employees. Normally, injured police officers and firefighters are cared for here.
:* San Juan Pediatric Hospital – Also operated by the San Juan municipal government.
:* Pediatric Hospital: Operated by the government of the Commonwealth, this is the main trauma hospital for pediatric cases.
:* Centro Medico Emergency Room: This is the main hospital for trauma cases for Puerto Rico and the Caribbean.
:* ''Centro Cardiovascular del Caribe'' (Caribbean Cardiovascular Center): This is the main hospital for open heart surgery in the Caribbean. It features a hotel for the patients' families.
:* Psychiatric Hospital: The main psychiatric hospital in Puerto Rico. Operated by the government of Puerto Rico.
:* Psychiatric Correctional Hospital: It is both a hospital and correctional facility. It is operated jointly by the Puerto Rico Department of Corrections and the Medical Services Administration.

The city of San Juan operates nine other hospitals. Of these, eight are Diagnostic and Treatment Centers located in communities throughout San Juan. These nine hospitals are:

:* [[La Perla, San Juan, Puerto Rico|La Perla]]
:* [[Puerta de Tierra, Puerto Rico|Puerta de Tierra]]
:* Llorens Torres
:* Puerto Nuevo
:* San José
:* Río Piedras
:* Sabana Llana
:* Hoare
:* Santurce Parada 19

There are also ten private hospitals in San Juan. These are:

:* ''Hospital Metropilitano''
:* ''Hospital Auxilio Mutuo''
:* ''Hospital Auxilio Mutuo Expreso''
:* Hospital de Veteranos: The main Veterans hospital in the Caribbean. Operated by the U.S. Veteran Healthcare System.
:* Ashford Presbyterian Hospital
:* Hospital Pavia Hato Rey
:* Hospital Pavia Santurce
:* San Jorge Children's Hospital: The most well known children's hospital in the San Juan Metropolitan Area.
:* Hospital San Gerardo: Located at the Cupey neighborhood, is a small hospital but is also specialized in psychiatry and elderly.
:* Hospital del Maestro (Teachers Hospital): Located in Hato Rey, this hospital is operated by the Puerto Rico Teachers Association.

The city of [[Ponce, Puerto Rico|Ponce]] is served by several clinics and hospitals. There are four comprehensive care hospitals: [[Hospital Dr. Pila]], Hospital San Cristobal, [[Hospital San Lucas]],&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ssepr.com/ Hospital San Lucas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140212090009/http://www.ssepr.com/ |date=12 February 2014 }} Retrieved July 28, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Hospital de Damas]]. In addition, [[Hospital Oncológico Andrés Grillasca]] specializes in the treatment of cancer,&lt;ref&gt;[http://senadopr.us/Proyectos%20del%20Senado/rcs0402-10.pdf ''Resolucion Conjunta.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426050127/http://senadopr.us/Proyectos%20del%20Senado/rcs0402-10.pdf |date=April 26, 2012 }} Hon. Seilhamer Rodríguez. 16th Assembly – 3rd Session. [[Senate of Puerto Rico]]. Joint Resolution Number 402. March 3, 2010. Retrieved November 15, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; and Hospital Siquiátrico specializes in mental disorders.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.periodicolaperla.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=3296:con-160-pacientes-pero-cabida-para-125-denuncian-crisis-en-hospital-psiquiatrico-de-ponce&amp;catid=81:locales&amp;Itemid=198 ''Denuncian crisis en hospital siquiátrico.''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322030424/http://www.periodicolaperla.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=3296:con-160-pacientes-pero-cabida-para-125-denuncian-crisis-en-hospital-psiquiatrico-de-ponce&amp;catid=81:locales&amp;Itemid=198 |date=March 22, 2014 }} Reinaldo Millán. La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. November 9, 2011. Year 30. No. 1458. Page 14. Retrieved November 15, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; There is also a [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs|U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs]] Outpatient Clinic that provides health services to U.S. veterans.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.caribbean.va.gov/visitors/ponce.asp VA Clinic] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107134022/http://www.caribbean.va.gov/visitors/ponce.asp |date=January 7, 2014 }} Retrieved July 28, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; The U.S. Veterans Administration will build a new hospital in the city to satisfy regional needs.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.periodicolaperla.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=4359:sera-en-ponce-con-luz-verde-federal-el-nuevo-hospital-de-veteranos&amp;catid=81:locales&amp;Itemid=198 ''Ponce tendrá su Hospital de Veteranos.''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322030450/http://www.periodicolaperla.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=4359:sera-en-ponce-con-luz-verde-federal-el-nuevo-hospital-de-veteranos&amp;catid=81:locales&amp;Itemid=198 |date=March 22, 2014 }} Jason Rodríguez Grafal. La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. October 10, 2012. Year 30. Issue 1506. Page 11. (Title in printed version: &quot;Sera en Ponce: Con luz verde federal el nuevo Hospital de Veteranos&quot;.) Retrieved October 18, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Hospital de Damas is listed in the [[U.S. News &amp; World Report]] as one of the best hospitals under the U.S. flag.&lt;ref&gt;[http://health.usnews.com/health/best-hospitals/hospital-de-damas-6040250 U.S. News and World Report.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412004915/http://health.usnews.com/health/best-hospitals/hospital-de-damas-6040250 |date=April 12, 2010 }} Hospital de Damas: among the best. Retrieved July 29, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Ponce has the highest concentration of medical infrastructure per inhabitant of any municipality in Puerto Rico.

On the island of [[Culebra, Puerto Rico|Culebra]], there is a small hospital in the island called ''Hospital de Culebra''. It also offers [[pharmacy]] services to residents and visitors. For emergencies, patients are transported by plane to [[Fajardo, Puerto Rico|Fajardo]] on the main island.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.letsgo.com/154-puerto_rico-travel-guides-culebra-d Culebra Overview] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618091710/http://www.letsgo.com/154-puerto_rico-travel-guides-culebra-d |date=June 18, 2012 }} on ''Let's Go''&lt;/ref&gt;

The town of [[Caguas]] has three hospitals: Hospital Hima San Pablo, Menonita Caguas Regional Hospital, and the San Juan Bautista Medical Center.

The town of [[Cayey]] is served by the ''Hospital Menonita de Cayey'', and the ''Hospital Municipal de Cayey.''

''Reforma de Salud de Puerto Rico'' ([[Puerto Rico Health Reform]]) – locally referred to as ''La Reforma'' (The Reform) – is a government-run program which provides medical and health care services to the indigent and [[impoverished]], by means of contracting private [[health insurance]] companies, rather than employing government-owned hospitals and emergency centers. The Reform is administered by the Puerto Rico Health Insurance Administration.&lt;ref name=&quot;Form_10K&quot;&gt;[https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1171662/000095014406002885/g00487e10vk.htm Triple-S Management Corporation Annual Report (Form 10-K)] for the fiscal year ended on December 31, 2005, pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, accessed on November 4, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Crime===
{{see also|Illegal drugs in Puerto Rico}}
The overall rate of crime is low in Puerto Rico.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}} The territory has a high firearm homicide rate. The homicide rate of 19.2 per 100,000 inhabitants was significantly higher than any U.S. state in 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2014/crime-in-the-u.s.-2014/tables/table-5/table_5_crime_in_the_united_states_by_state_2014.xls|title=Table 5|website=FBI}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/jul/22/gun-homicides-ownership-world-list |title=Gun homicides and gun ownership listed by country |first=Mona |last=Chalabi |date=July 22, 2012 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most homicide victims are gang members and drug traffickers with about 80% of homicides in Puerto Rico being drug related.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=345039&amp;CategoryId=14092 |title=Latin American Herald Tribune – 80% of Puerto Rico Murders Called Drug-Related |website=Laht.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Carjackings]] happen often in many areas of Puerto Rico. In 1992, the FBI made it a Federal crime and rates decreased per statistics,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/31/us/after-carjacking-surge-puerto-rico-is-wary-behind-the-wheel.html|title=After Carjacking Surge, Puerto Rico Is Wary Behind the Wheel|first=Mireya|last=Navarro|date=July 31, 1994|accessdate=June 23, 2019|newspaper=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; but as of 2019, the problem continued in municipalities like Guaynabo and others.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.metro.pr/pr/noticias/2018/02/08/sacan-familia-auto-carjacking-guaynabo.html|title=Sacan familia de auto para hacer carjacking en Guaynabo|first=Metro Puerto|last=Rico|website=Metro|language=es|accessdate=23 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.telemundopr.com/noticias/destacados/Video-Carjacking-en-centro-comercial-de-Guaynabo-415767433.html|title=Video: Carjacking en centro comercial de Guaynabo|website=Telemundo PR|language=es|accessdate=23 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.elvocero.com/ley-y-orden/investigan-carjacking-en-guaynabo/article_10c65766-3100-11e8-a045-d7c8b1099ad8.html|title=Investigan carjacking en Guaynabo|first=Nicole Candelaria, Especial para EL|last=VOCERO|website=El Vocero de Puerto Rico|language=es|accessdate=23 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.primerahora.com/noticias/policia-tribunales/nota/mujervictimadecarjackingapuntadepistolaenguaynabo-1322156/|title=Mujer víctima de carjacking a punta de pistola en Guaynabo|date=19 January 2019|website=Primera Hora|language=es|accessdate=23 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/sanjuan/press-releases/2014/arrests-of-elvin-manuel-otero-tarzia-sebastian-angelo-saldana-kevin-rivera-ruiz-and-a-male-juvenile|title=Arrests of Elvin Manuel Otero Tarzia, Sebastian Angelo Saldana, Kevin Rivera Ruiz, and a Male Juvenile|website=FBI|accessdate=23 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; From January 1, 2019, to March 14, 2019, thirty carjackings had occurred on the island.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.notiuno.com/noticias/seguridad-y-justicia/alarmante-la-cifra-de-carjackings-en-la-isla/article_8aca3e14-4604-11e9-abb1-83bb825a5e77.html|title=Alarmante la cifra de &quot;carjackings&quot; en la Isla|publisher=Redacción Digital|website=UNO Radio Group|accessdate=June 23, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Puerto Rico}}
Modern Puerto Rican culture is a unique mix of cultural antecedents: including European (predominantly Spanish, [[Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico|Italian]], [[French immigration to Puerto Rico|French]], [[German immigration to Puerto Rico|German]] and [[Irish immigration to Puerto Rico|Irish]]), African, and, more recently, some North American and many South Americans. Many Cubans and Dominicans have relocated to the island in the past few decades.

From the Spanish, Puerto Rico received the Spanish language, the Catholic religion and the vast majority of their cultural and moral values and traditions. The United States added English-language influence, the university system and the adoption of some holidays and practices. On March 12, 1903, the [[University of Puerto Rico]] was officially founded, branching out from the &quot;Escuela Normal Industrial&quot;, a smaller organization that was founded in Fajardo three years earlier.

Much of Puerto Rican culture centers on the influence of music and has been shaped by other cultures combining with local and traditional rhythms. Early in the history of Puerto Rican music, the influences of Spanish and African traditions were most noticeable. The cultural movements across the Caribbean and North America have played a vital role in the more recent musical influences which have reached Puerto Rico.&lt;ref&gt;Giovannetti, Jorge L. &quot;Popular Music and Culture in Puerto Rico: Jamaican and Rap Music as Cross-Cultural Symbols&quot;, in ''Musical Migrations: Transnationalism and Cultural Hybridity in the Americas'', ed. Frances R. Aparicio and Cándida F. Jáquez, 81–98.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.puertoricanmusictv.com/ |title=Puerto Rican Music TV |publisher=Puerto Rican Music TV |accessdate=August 14, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The official symbols of Puerto Rico are the ''reinita mora'' or [[Puerto Rican spindalis]] (a type of bird), the [[Thespesia grandiflora|''flor de maga'']] (a type of flower), and the ''ceiba'' or [[Ceiba pentandra|kapok]] (a type of tree). The unofficial animal and a symbol of Puerto Rican pride is the [[common coquí|coquí]], a small frog. Other popular symbols of Puerto Rico are the ''[[Jíbaro (Puerto Rico)|jíbaro]]'' (the &quot;countryman&quot;) and the carite.

===Architecture===
{{main|Architecture of Puerto Rico}}
The architecture of Puerto Rico demonstrates a broad variety of traditions, styles and national influences accumulated over four centuries of Spanish rule, and a century of American rule. [[Spanish colonial architecture]], [[Islamic architecture|Ibero-Islamic]], [[art deco]], [[Post-modern architecture|post-modern]], and many other architectural forms are visible throughout the island. From town to town, there are also many regional distinctions.

[[File:The Colors of Old San Juan (28488284470).jpg|thumb|[[Old San Juan]]]]

Old San Juan is one of the two ''barrios'', in addition to [[Santurce, San Juan, Puerto Rico|Santurce]], that made up the [[municipality]] of San Juan from 1864 to 1951, at which time the former independent municipality of [[Río Piedras]] was annexed. With its abundance of shops, historic places, museums, open air cafés, restaurants, gracious homes, tree-shaded plazas, and its old beauty and architectonical peculiarity, Old San Juan is a main spot for local and internal tourism. The district is also characterized by numerous public plazas and churches including [[San José Church]] and the [[Cathedral of San Juan Bautista]], which contains the tomb of the Spanish explorer [[Juan Ponce de León]]. It also houses the oldest Catholic school for elementary education in Puerto Rico, the Colegio de Párvulos, built in 1865.

The oldest parts of the district of Old San Juan remain partly enclosed by massive walls. Several defensive structures and notable [[fort]]s, such as the emblematic [[Fort San Felipe del Morro]], [[Castillo San Cristóbal (San Juan)|Fort San Cristóbal]], and [[El Palacio de Santa Catalina]], also known as [[La Fortaleza]], acted as the primary defenses of the settlement which was subjected to numerous attacks. [[La Fortaleza]] continues to serve also as the executive mansion for the [[governor of Puerto Rico]]. Many of the historic fortifications are part of [[San Juan National Historic Site]].

During the 1940s, sections of Old San Juan fell into disrepair, and many renovation plans were suggested. There was even a strong push to develop Old San Juan as a &quot;small [[Manhattan]]&quot;. Strict remodeling codes were implemented to prevent new constructions from affecting the common colonial Spanish architectural themes of the old city. When a project proposal suggested that the old Carmelite Convent in San Juan be demolished to erect a new hotel, the Institute had the building declared as a historic building, and then asked that it be converted to a hotel in a renewed facility. This was what became the ''Hotel El Convento'' in Old San Juan. The paradigm to reconstruct and renovate the old city and revitalize it has been followed by other cities in the Americas, particularly [[Havana]], [[Lima]] and [[Cartagena de Indias]].

Ponce Creole is an [[architectural style]] created in [[Ponce, Puerto Rico]], in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This style of Puerto Rican buildings is found predominantly in residential homes in [[Ponce, Puerto Rico|Ponce]] that developed between 1895 and 1920. Ponce Creole architecture borrows heavily from the traditions of the French, the Spaniards, and the Caribbean to create houses that were especially built to withstand the hot and dry climate of the region, and to take advantage of the sun and sea breezes characteristic of the southern Puerto Rico's [[Caribbean Sea]] coast.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Randall Peffer|title=Puerto Rico, a Travel Guide|url=https://books.google.com/?id=MjXG2vg5YFsC&amp;pg=PA225|year=2002|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74059-274-1|page=225}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is a blend of wood and masonry, incorporating architectural elements of other styles, from [[Classical revival]] and [[Spanish Revival]] to [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/traveler/articles/1056puerto_rico.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302194306/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/traveler/articles/1056puerto_rico.html|url-status=dead|title=National Geographic Traveler Article: Puerto Rico|archivedate=March 2, 2010|website=www.nationalgeographic.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Arts===
{{main|Puerto Rican art}}
Puerto Rican art reflects many influences, much from its ethnically diverse background. A form of [[folk art]], called ''santos'' evolved from the Catholic Church's use of [[sculpture]]s to convert indigenous Puerto Ricans to [[Christianity]]. ''Santos'' depict figures of saints and other religious icons and are made from native wood, clay, and stone. After shaping simple, they are often finished by painting them in vivid colors. ''Santos'' vary in size, with the smallest examples around eight inches tall and the largest about twenty inches tall. Traditionally, santos were seen as messengers between the earth and Heaven. As such, they occupied a special place on household [[altar]]s, where people prayed to them, asked for help, or tried to summon their protection.

Also popular, ''caretas'' or ''vejigantes'' are masks worn during [[carnival]]s. Similar masks signifying evil spirits were used in both Spain and Africa, though for different purposes. The Spanish used their masks to frighten lapsed [[Christians]] into returning to the church, while tribal Africans used them as protection from the evil spirits they represented. True to their historic origins, Puerto Rican ''caretas'' always bear at least several horns and fangs. While usually constructed of [[papier-mâché]], coconut shells and fine metal screening are sometimes used as well. Red and black were the typical colors for ''caretas'' but their palette has expanded to include a wide variety of bright hues and patterns.

===Literature===
{{main|Puerto Rican literature}}
[[File:Retrato de EMdeHostos por Francisco Oller.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Eugenio María de Hostos]]]]

Puerto Rican literature evolved from the art of [[oral literature|oral story telling]] to its present-day status. Written works by the native islanders of Puerto Rico were prohibited and repressed by the Spanish colonial government. Only those who were commissioned by the Spanish Crown to document the chronological history of the island were allowed to write.

[[Diego de Torres Vargas]] was allowed to circumvent this strict prohibition for three reasons: he was a priest, he came from a prosperous Spanish family, and his father was a Sergeant Major in the Spanish Army, who died while defending Puerto Rico from an invasion by the [[Dutch people|Dutch]] armada. In 1647, Torres Vargas wrote {{lang|es|Descripción de la Ciudad e Isla de Puerto Rico}} (&quot;Description of the Island and City of Puerto Rico&quot;). This historical book was the first to make a detailed geographic description of the island.&lt;ref name=&quot;DT&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://newdeal.feri.org/pr/pr03.htm |title=Puerto Rico in the Great Depression |publisher=Newdeal.feri.org |date= |accessdate=April 18, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The book described all the fruits and commercial establishments of the time, mostly centered in the towns of San Juan and Ponce. The book also listed and described every mine, church, and hospital in the island at the time. The book contained notices on the State and Capital, plus an extensive and erudite bibliography. {{lang|es|Descripción de la Ciudad e Isla de Puerto Rico}} was the first successful attempt at writing a comprehensive history of Puerto Rico.&lt;ref name=&quot;DT&quot;/&gt;

Some of Puerto Rico's earliest writers were influenced by the teachings of [[Rafael Cordero (educator)|Rafael Cordero]]. Among these was Dr. [[Manuel A. Alonso]], the first Puerto Rican writer of notable importance. In 1849 he published {{lang|es|El Gíbaro}}, a collection of verses whose main themes were the poor Puerto Rican country farmer. [[Eugenio María de Hostos]] wrote {{lang|es|La peregrinación de Bayoán}} in 1863, which used [[Bartolomé de las Casas]] as a spring board to reflect on Caribbean identity. After this first novel, Hostos abandoned fiction in favor of the essay which he saw as offering greater possibilities for inspiring social change.

In the late 19th century, with the arrival of the first printing press and the founding of the Royal Academy of Belles Letters, Puerto Rican literature began to flourish. The first writers to express their political views in regard to Spanish colonial rule of the island were journalists. After the United States invaded Puerto Rico during the Spanish–American War and the island was ceded to the Americans as a condition of the Treaty of Paris of 1898, writers and poets began to express their opposition to the new colonial rule by writing about patriotic themes.

[[Alejandro Tapia y Rivera]], also known as the Father of Puerto Rican Literature, ushered in a new age of [[historiography]] with the publication of ''The Historical Library of Puerto Rico''. [[Cayetano Coll y Toste]] was another Puerto Rican historian and writer. His work ''The Indo-Antillano Vocabulary'' is valuable in understanding the way the [[Taínos]] lived. [[Manuel Zeno Gandía]] in 1894 wrote {{lang|es|La Charca}} and told about the harsh life in the remote and mountainous coffee regions in Puerto Rico. [[Antonio S. Pedreira]], described in his work {{lang|es|Insularismo}} the cultural survival of the Puerto Rican identity after the American invasion.

With the Puerto Rican diaspora of the 1940s, Puerto Rican literature was greatly influenced by a phenomenon known as the [[Nuyorican Movement]]. Puerto Rican literature continued to flourish and many Puerto Ricans have since distinguished themselves as authors, journalists, poets, novelists, playwrights, screenwriters, essayists and have also stood out in other literary fields. The influence of Puerto Rican literature has transcended the boundaries of the island to the United States and the rest of the world. Over the past fifty years, significant writers include [[Ed Vega]], [[Luis Rafael Sánchez]], [[Piri Thomas]], [[Giannina Braschi]], and [[Miguel Piñero]]. [[Esmeralda Santiago]] has written an autobiographical trilogy about growing up in modern Puerto Rico as well as an historical novel, {{lang|es|Conquistadora}}, about life on a sugar plantation during the mid-19th century.

===Media===
{{main|Media in Puerto Rico}}
The [[mass media]] in Puerto Rico includes local [[radio stations]], [[television stations]] and [[newspapers]], the majority of which are conducted in [[Spanish language|Spanish]]. There are also three stations of the [[American Forces Network|U.S. Armed Forces Radio and Television Service]]. Newspapers with daily distribution are {{lang|es|[[El Nuevo Día]]}}, {{lang|es|[[El Vocero]]}} and {{lang|es|[[Índice (newspaper)|Índice]]}}, {{lang|es|[[Metro (Puerto Rico)|Metro]]}}, and {{lang|es|[[Primera Hora (Puerto Rico)|Primera Hora]]}}. {{lang|es|El Vocero}} is distributed free of charge, as are {{lang|es|Índice}} and {{lang|es|Metro}}.

Newspapers distributed on a weekly or regional basis include {{lang|es|[[Claridad]]}}, {{lang|es|[[La Perla del Sur]]}}, {{lang|es|[[La Opinión]]}}, {{lang|es|[[Visión (Puerto Rico)|Visión]]}}, and {{lang|es|[[La Estrella del Norte]]}}, among others. Several television channels provide local content in the island. These include [[WIPR-TV]], {{lang|es|[[Telemundo Puerto Rico (TV channel)|Telemundo]]}}, {{lang|es|[[Univision Puerto Rico]]}}, [[WAPA-TV]], and [[WKAQ-TV]].

===Music===
{{main|Music of Puerto Rico}}
[[File:Bomba-1.ogv|thumb|A dancer performs typical ''[[bomba (Puerto Rico)|bomba]]'' choreography]]

The music of Puerto Rico has evolved as a heterogeneous and dynamic product of diverse cultural resources. The most conspicuous musical sources have been Spain and West Africa, although many aspects of Puerto Rican music reflect origins elsewhere in Europe and the Caribbean and, over the last century, from the U.S. Puerto Rican music culture today comprises a wide and rich variety of genres, ranging from indigenous genres like [[Bomba (Puerto Rico)|bomba]], [[plena]], [[aguinaldo (music)|aguinaldo]], [[danza]] and [[Salsa music|salsa]] to recent hybrids like [[reggaeton]].

Puerto Rico has some national instruments, like the [[Puerto Rican cuatro|cuatro]] (Spanish for &quot;four&quot;). The cuatro is a local instrument that was made by the &quot;Jibaro&quot; or people from the mountains. Originally, the Cuatro consisted of four steel strings, hence its name, but currently the Cuatro consists of five double steel strings. It is easily confused with a guitar, even by locals. When held upright, from right to left, the strings are G, D, A, E, B.

In the realm of [[classical music]], the island hosts two main orchestras, the [[Orquesta Sinfónica de Puerto Rico]] and the Orquesta Filarmónica de Puerto Rico. The [[Casals Festival]] takes place annually in San Juan, drawing in classical musicians from around the world.

With respect to [[opera]], the legendary Puerto Rican tenor [[Antonio Paoli]] was so celebrated, that he performed private recitals for [[Pope Pius X]] and the [[Czar Nicholas II of Russia]]. In 1907, Paoli was the first operatic artist in world history to record an entire opera – when he participated in a performance of ''[[Pagliacci]]'' by [[Ruggiero Leoncavallo]] in Milan, Italy.

Over the past fifty years, Puerto Rican artists such as Jorge Emmanuelli, [[Yomo Toro]], [[Ramito]], [[Jose Feliciano]], [[Bobby Capo]], [[Rafael Cortijo]], [[Ismael Rivera]], [[Chayanne]], [[Tito Puente]], [[Eddie Palmieri]], [[Ray Barreto]], [[Dave Valentin]], [[Omar Rodríguez-López]], [[Hector Lavoe]], [[Ricky Martin]], [[Marc Anthony]] and [[Luis Fonsi]] have gained fame internationally.
{{clear}}

===Cuisine===
{{main|Puerto Rican cuisine}}
[[File:Cuchifritos.jpg|thumb|''[[Cuchifritos]]'' (''Carnitas'') in New York]]
[[File:Aranitas tostones.jpg|thumb|Plantain &quot;arañitas&quot; and &quot;tostones rellenos&quot;]]

Puerto Rican cuisine has its roots in the cooking traditions and practices of Europe (Spain), Africa and the native [[Taíno]]s. In the latter part of the 19th century, the cuisine of Puerto Rico was greatly influenced by the [[Cuisine of the United States|United States]] in the ingredients used in its preparation. Puerto Rican cuisine has transcended the boundaries of the island, and can be found in several countries outside the [[archipelago]]. Basic ingredients include [[grain]]s and [[legume]]s, [[herb]]s and [[spice]]s, starchy tropical [[tuber]]s, vegetables, meat and poultry, seafood and shellfish, and fruits. Main dishes include ''[[mofongo]]'', ''[[arroz con gandules]]'', ''[[pasteles]]'', ''[[alcapurrias]]'' and [[pig roast]] (or lechón). Beverages include ''[[mauby|maví]]'' and ''[[piña colada]]''. Desserts include flan, ''arroz con dulce'' (sweet [[rice pudding]]), ''[[Piragua (food)|piraguas]]'', ''[[brazo gitano]]s'', ''[[tembleque]]'', ''[[Polvorón|polvorones]]'', and ''[[dulce de leche]]''.

Locals call their cuisine '''''cocina criolla'''''. The traditional Puerto Rican cuisine was well established by the end of the 19th century. By 1848 the first restaurant, [[La Mallorquina]], opened in [[Old San Juan]]. ''El Cocinero Puertorriqueño'', the island's first cookbook was published in 1849.&lt;ref&gt;Ortiz, Yvonne. A Taste of Puerto Rico: Traditional and New Dishes from the Puerto Rican Community. Penguin group, 1997. p. 3&lt;/ref&gt;

From the diet of the [[Taíno]] people come many tropical roots and tubers like ''[[taro|yautía]]'' (taro) and especially ''Yuca'' (cassava), from which thin cracker-like ''[[casabe]]'' bread is made. Ajicito or cachucha pepper, a slightly hot habanero pepper, ''[[culantro|recao/culantro]]'' (spiny leaf), ''[[annatto|achiote]]'' (annatto), ''[[Capsicum|peppers]]'', ''[[ají caballero]]'' (the hottest pepper native to Puerto Rico), peanuts, [[guava]]s, [[pineapple]]s, ''[[cocoplum|jicacos]]'' (cocoplum), ''[[mamoncillo|quenepas]]'' (mamoncillo), ''[[Calathea allouia|lerenes]]'' (Guinea arrowroot), ''[[calabaza]]s'' (tropical pumpkins), and ''[[soursop|guanabanas]]'' (soursops) are all Taíno foods. The Taínos also grew varieties of [[bean]]s and some maize/corn, but maize was not as dominant in their cooking as it was for the peoples living on the mainland of [[Mesoamerica]]. This is due to the frequent hurricanes that Puerto Rico experiences, which destroy crops of maize, leaving more safeguarded plants like ''conucos'' (hills of ''yuca'' grown together).

Spanish / European influence is also seen in Puerto Rican cuisine. Wheat, [[chickpea]]s (garbanzos), [[caper]]s, [[olive]]s, [[olive oil]], [[black pepper]], onions, garlic, ''cilantrillo'' ([[cilantro]]), [[oregano]], [[basil]], [[sugarcane]], [[citrus]] fruit, [[eggplant]], [[ham]], [[lard]], [[Chicken (food)|chicken]], beef, pork, and cheese all came to Puerto Rico from Spain. The tradition of cooking complex stews and rice dishes in pots such as rice and beans are also thought to be originally European (much like Italians, Spaniards, and the British). Early [[Dutch people|Dutch]], French, Italian, and Chinese immigrants influenced not only the culture but Puerto Rican cooking as well. This great variety of traditions came together to form La Cocina Criolla.

Coconuts, coffee (brought by the Arabs and Corsos to Yauco from [[Kaffa Province, Ethiopia|Kafa]], Ethiopia), [[okra]], [[Yam (vegetable)|yams]], [[sesame seeds]], ''gandules'' ([[pigeon pea]]s in English) sweet bananas, plantains, other root vegetables and Guinea hen, all come to Puerto Rico from Africa.

===Philately===
{{main|Puerto Rico on stamps}}
[[File:San Juan 1971 U.S. stamp.1.jpg|thumb|upright|San Juan 450th 1971 issue, depicting one of the [[:File:Lookout Station.JPG|garitas]] of El Morro]]

Puerto Rico has been commemorated on four U.S. postal stamps and four personalities have been featured. Insular Territories were commemorated in 1937, the third stamp honored Puerto Rico featuring '[[La Fortaleza]]', the Spanish Governor's Palace.&lt;ref&gt;[http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&amp;cmd=1&amp;img=&amp;mode=1&amp;pg=1&amp;tid=2033211 3-cent Puerto Rico Issue] Arago: people, postage &amp; the post. Viewed March 4, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; The first free election for governor of the U.S. colony of Puerto Rico was honored on April 27, 1949, at San Juan, Puerto Rico. 'Inauguration' on the 3-cent stamp refers to the election of [[Luis Muñoz Marín]], the first democratically elected governor of Puerto Rico.&lt;ref name=&quot;Puerto Rico Election Issue&quot;&gt;Rod, Steven J. [http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&amp;cmd=1&amp;img=&amp;mode=1&amp;pg=1&amp;tid=2028823 Puerto Rico Election Issue] Arago: people, postage &amp; the post. Viewed March 4, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; San Juan, Puerto Rico was commemorated with an 8-cent stamp on its 450th anniversary issued September 12, 1971, featuring a sentry box from [[Castillo San Felipe del Morro]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&amp;cmd=1&amp;tid=2038993 San Juan Issue] Arago: people, postage &amp; the post. Viewed March 17, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; In the &quot;Flags of our nation series&quot; 2008–2012, of the fifty-five, five territorial flags were featured. Forever stamps included the [[Flags of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico Flag]] illustrated by a bird issued 2011.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Flags of our nation series 2008–2012, Arago: people, postage &amp; the post&quot;, National Postal Museum. Viewed March 7, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

Four Puerto Rican personalities have been featured on U.S. postage stamps. These include [[Roberto Clemente]] in 1984 as an individual and in the Legends of Baseball series issued in 2000.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Roberto Clemente (1934–1972)&quot; p. 178, &quot;Legends of Baseball&quot; p. 254, Scott's Specialized Catalogue, 2013, {{ISBN|0-89487-475-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Luis Muñoz Marín]] in the Great Americans series,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Great Americans Issue&quot; Scott's Specialized Catalogue, 2013, {{ISBN|0-89487-475-6}}, p. 183&lt;/ref&gt; on February 18, 1990,&lt;ref name=&quot;Puerto Rico Election Issue&quot;/&gt; [[Julia de Burgos]] in the Literary Arts series, issued 2010,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Literary Arts&quot; Scott's Specialized Catalogue, 2013, {{ISBN|0-89487-475-6}}, p. 308&lt;/ref&gt; and [[José Ferrer]] in the Distinguished American series, issued 2012.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Distinguished Americans&quot; Scott's Specialized Catalogue, 2013, {{ISBN|0-89487-475-6}}, p. 317&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sports===
{{Main|Sports in Puerto Rico}}
[[Baseball]] was one of the first sports to gain widespread popularity in Puerto Rico. The [[Puerto Rico Baseball League]] serves as the only active professional league, operating as a winter league. No [[Major League Baseball]] franchise or affiliate plays in Puerto Rico, however, San Juan hosted the [[Montreal Expos]] for several series in 2003 and 2004 before they moved to Washington, D.C. and became the [[Washington Nationals]].

The [[Puerto Rico national baseball team]] has participated in the [[World Cup of Baseball]] winning one gold (1951), four silver and four bronze medals, the [[Caribbean Series]] (winning fourteen times) and the [[World Baseball Classic]]. On {{Nowrap|March 2006}}, San Juan's [[Hiram Bithorn Stadium]] hosted the opening round as well as the second round of the newly formed [[World Baseball Classic]]. Puerto Rican baseball players include [[Hall of Fame]]rs [[Roberto Clemente]], [[Orlando Cepeda]] and [[Roberto Alomar]], enshrined in 1973, 1999, and 2011 respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://baseballhall.org/hof/clemente-roberto |title=Baseball Hall of Fame entry for Roberto Clemente |publisher=Baseballhall.org |date= |accessdate=October 30, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://baseballhall.org/hof/cepeda-orlando |title=Baseball Hall of Fame entry for Orlando Cepeda |publisher=Baseballhall.org |accessdate=October 30, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://baseballhall.org/hof/alomar-roberto |title=Baseball Hall of Fame entry for Roberto Alomar |publisher=Baseballhall.org |accessdate=October 30, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Boxing]], [[basketball]], and [[volleyball]] are considered popular sports as well. [[Wilfredo Gómez]] and [[McWilliams Arroyo]] have won their respective divisions at the [[World Amateur Boxing Championships]]. Other medalists include [[José Pedraza (boxer)|José Pedraza]], who holds a silver medal, and three boxers who finished in third place, José Luis Vellón, [[Nelson Dieppa]] and [[McJoe Arroyo]]. In the professional circuit, Puerto Rico has the third-most [[List of Puerto Rican boxing world champions|boxing world champions]] and it is the global leader in champions per capita. These include [[Miguel Cotto]], [[Félix Trinidad]], [[Wilfred Benítez]] and Gómez among others.

The [[Puerto Rico national basketball team]] joined the [[International Basketball Federation]] in 1957. Since then, it has won more than 30 medals in international competitions, including gold in three [[FIBA Americas Championship]]s and the 1994 [[Goodwill Games]] August 8, 2004, became a landmark date for the team when it became the first team to defeat the [[United States men's national basketball team|United States]] in an Olympic tournament since the integration of [[National Basketball Association]] players. Winning the inaugural game with scores of 92–73 as part of the [[2004 Summer Olympics]] organized in [[Athens]], Greece.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympics_2004/basketball/3567344.stm |title=Olympics 2004 – Basketball – Shock defeat for USA |work=BBC News |date=August 15, 2004 |accessdate=October 30, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Baloncesto Superior Nacional]] acts as the top-level professional basketball league in Puerto Rico, and has experienced success since its beginning in 1930.

[[File:Orangestarsultra.jpg|thumb|[[Puerto Rico Islanders]] fans at a soccer game]]

[[Puerto Rico national football team|Puerto Rico]] is also a member of [[FIFA]] and [[CONCACAF]]. In 2008, the archipelago's first unified league, the [[Puerto Rico Soccer League]], was established.

Other sports include [[professional wrestling]] and [[road running]]. The [[World Wrestling Council]] and [[International Wrestling Association (Puerto Rico)|International Wrestling Association]] are the largest wrestling promotions in the main island. The [[World's Best 10K]], held annually in San Juan, has been ranked among the 20 most competitive races globally. The &quot;Puerto Rico All Stars&quot; team, which has won twelve world championships in unicycle basketball.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.primerahora.com/boricuasluciosenunarueda-boricuazo-especial-nota-243205.html |title=Boricuas lucíos en una rueda |author=Jesús Omar Rivera |newspaper=Primera Hora |language=Spanish |date=October 29, 2008 |accessdate=October 16, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Organized [[Streetball]] has gathered some exposition, with teams like &quot;Puerto Rico Street Ball&quot; competing against established organizations including the [[Arecibo Captains|Capitanes de Arecibo]] and [[AND1]]'s [[AND1 Mixtape Tour|Mixtape Tour Team]]. Six years after the first visit, AND1 returned as part of their renamed Live Tour, losing to the Puerto Rico Streetballers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.boricuasballers.com/index.php?option=com_k2&amp;view=item&amp;id=2542:and1-and-pr-streetball-put-on-a-show |title=AND1 &amp; PR Streetball Put on a Show! |author=Raul Sosa |publisher=BoricuaBallers.com |date=July 27, 2012 |accessdate=July 31, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016022449/http://www.boricuasballers.com/index.php?option=com_k2&amp;view=item&amp;id=2542%3Aand1-and-pr-streetball-put-on-a-show |archivedate=October 16, 2015 |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Consequently, practitioners of this style have earned participation in international teams, including [[Orlando Melendez|Orlando &quot;El Gato&quot; Meléndez]], who became the first Puerto Rican born athlete to play for the [[Harlem Globetrotters]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/hispanicheritage2008/news/story?id=3641638 |title=Melendez adds a new country to Globetrotters' resume |author=Joshua Hammann |publisher=[[ESPN]] |date=October 14, 2008 |accessdate=November 7, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Orlando Antigua]], whose mother is Puerto Rican, in 1995 became the first Hispanic and the first non-black in 52 years to play for the Harlem Globetrotters.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9900E3DD1239F93BA15751C1A963958260 |title=A Non-Black Player Joins Globetrotters |location=Antigua &amp; Barbuda |work=New York Times |date=December 28, 1995 |accessdate=August 14, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Puerto Rico has representation in all international competitions including the [[Summer Olympics|Summer]] and [[Winter Olympics]], the [[Pan American Games]], the [[Caribbean World Series]], and the [[Central American and Caribbean Games]]. Puerto Rico hosted the Pan Am Games in 1979 (officially in San Juan), and The [[Central American and Caribbean Games]] were hosted in [[1993 Central American and Caribbean Games|1993]] in [[Ponce, Puerto Rico|Ponce]] and in [[2010 Central American and Caribbean Games|2010]] in [[Mayagüez]].

Puerto Rican athletes have won nine medals in Olympic competition (one gold, two silver, six bronze), the first one in 1948 by boxer [[Juan Evangelista Venegas]]. [[Monica Puig]] won the first gold medal for Puerto Rico in the Olympic Games by winning the [[Tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics#Medal events|Women's Tennis singles title in Rio 2016]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/news/who-is-monica-puig-the-puerto-rico-puerto-rican-tennis-player-at-rio-2016-olympic-games |title=Who is Mónica Puig the Puerto Rico player who won the gold medal in the Rio 2016 Olympic Games women's tennis final? |date=August 14, 2016 |publisher=Rio2016.com |accessdate=August 14, 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826095633/https://www.rio2016.com/en/news/who-is-monica-puig-the-puerto-rico-puerto-rican-tennis-player-at-rio-2016-olympic-games |archivedate=August 26, 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/26/sports/tennis/monica-puig-puerto-rico-olympics-gold-medalist.html |title=Monica Puig, Puerto Rico's Favorite Daughter (and Only Gold Medalist) |first=David |last=Waldstein |date=August 25, 2016 |website=NYTimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Folklore===
In her poem ''The Messenger-Bird'', [[Felicia Hemans]] refers to a Puerto Rican legend concerning ''The Fountain of Youth'', supposedly to be found in the [[Lucayan Archipelago]]. She sourced this from [[William Robertson (historian)|Robertson]]'s History of America.
{{wikisource|The Forest Sanctuary, and Other Poems/The Messenger Bird|'The Messenger-Bird', a poem by Felicia Hemans}}

==Infrastructure==
{{Main|Transportation in Puerto Rico|Communications in Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority|Puerto Rico Aqueducts and Sewers Authority}}
[[File:Puerto Rico Interstates.svg|thumb|upright=1.6|left|[[List of highways in Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico interstate highways]]]]
Cities and towns in Puerto Rico are interconnected by a system of roads, [[freeway]]s, [[limited-access road|expressways]], and [[highway]]s maintained by the Highways and Transportation Authority under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and patrolled by the [[Puerto Rico Police Department]]. The island's [[metropolitan area]] is served by a [[Autoridad Metropolitana de Autobuses|public bus transit system]] and a [[rapid transit|metro system]] called ''[[Tren Urbano]]'' (in English: Urban Train). Other forms of public transportation include seaborne ferries (that serve Puerto Rico's archipelago) as well as ''Carros Públicos'' ([[Share taxi|private mini buses]]).

Puerto Rico has three [[international airport]]s, the [[Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport]] in [[Carolina, Puerto Rico|Carolina]], [[Mercedita Airport]] in Ponce, and the [[Rafael Hernández Airport]] in Aguadilla, and 27 local airports. The Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport is the largest aerial transportation hub in the Caribbean.&lt;ref name=PRPA2008-07-28&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.prpa.gobierno.pr/APMain.aspx |title=Aeropuertos Internacionales y Regionales (Spanish) |publisher=Puerto Rico Ports Authority |accessdate=February 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007181239/http://www.prpa.gobierno.pr/apmain.aspx |archivedate=October 7, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Tren Urbano in Bayamón (Puerto Rico).jpg|thumb|The [[Tren Urbano]] system at Bayamón Station]]

Puerto Rico has nine [[port]]s in different cities across the main island. The [[San Juan Port]] is the largest in Puerto Rico, and the busiest port in the Caribbean and the 10th busiest in the United States in terms of commercial activity and cargo movement, respectively.&lt;ref name=PRPA2008-07-28 /&gt; The second largest port is the [[Port of the Americas]] in Ponce, currently under expansion to increase cargo capacity to {{Nowrap|1.5 million}} twenty-foot containers ([[Twenty-foot equivalent unit|TEUs]]) per year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.portoftheamericas.com/about.project/overview.htm |title=About the Project – Overview |publisher=Port of the Americas Authority |accessdate=July 28, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The '''Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority''' ('''PREPA''')—Spanish: ''Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica '' ('''AEE''')—is an [[electric power company]] and the [[List of government-owned corporations of Puerto Rico|government-owned corporation of Puerto Rico]] responsible for [[electricity generation]], [[electric power transmission|power transmission]], and [[electric power distribution|power distribution]] in Puerto Rico.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.presupuesto.gobierno.pr/PresupuestosAnteriores/af2008_2009/Tomo_II/suppdocs/baselegal/169/169.pdf |title=Ley de la Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica de Puerto Rico |website=Presupuesto.gobierno.pr |accessdate=August 26, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; PREPA is the only entity authorized to conduct such business in Puerto Rico, effectively making it a [[government monopoly]]. The Authority is ruled by a governing board appointed by the governor with the [[advice and consent]] of the [[Senate of Puerto Rico]], and is run by an executive director.

Telecommunications in Puerto Rico includes radio, television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet. Broadcasting in Puerto Rico is regulated by the [[Federal Communications Commission|U.S. Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC).&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-17140680 &quot;Puerto Rico profile&quot;], ''BBC News'', May 23, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; {{As of|2007}}, there were 30 TV stations, 125 radio stations and roughly 1&amp;nbsp;million TV sets on the island. Cable TV subscription services are available and the U.S. Armed Forces Radio and Television Service also broadcast on the island.&lt;ref name=CIAWFB-PuertoRico-2013&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rq.html &quot;Communications: Puerto Rico&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108113942/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rq.html |date=8 January 2019 }}, ''World Factbook'', U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, December 9, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

==See also==
{{portal|Puerto Rico|United States|Caribbean|Islands}}
{{Wikipedia books|Puerto Rico}}
* [[Index of Puerto Rico-related articles]]
* [[Outline of Puerto Rico]]
* [[Military history of Puerto Rico]]

{{clear}}
==Footnotes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Isar P. Godreau, ''Scripts of Blackness: Race, Cultural nationalism, and U.S. Colonialism in Puerto Rico.'' Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2015.

==External links==
{{Sister project links|voy=Puerto Rico|n=Category:Puerto Rico|s=Category:Puerto Rico|d=Q1183|b=no|v=no}}

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** {{official website|http://www.businessinpuertorico.com/|Investment}}
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* {{gnis|1848460}}
* {{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/3593469.stm |title=Puerto Rico |publisher=BBC |work=Country profiles}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482879/Puerto-Rico |title=Puerto Rico |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.tendenciaspr.com/ |title=Datos y Estadisticas de Puerto Rico y sus Municipios |trans-title= Data and Statistics about Puerto Rico and Its Municipalities |language=es |website=Tendencias PR}}
* {{CIA World Factbook link|rq|Puerto Rico}}
* {{curlie|Regional/Caribbean/Puerto_Rico}}

===Geography===
* {{wikiatlas|Puerto Rico}}
* {{osmrelation|4422604}}

===United States government===
* {{cite web |url=http://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=Application of the U.S. Constitution in U.S. Insular Areas |date=November 1997}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/states/puertorico/index.html |title=Puerto Rico State Guide |publisher=[[Library of Congress|LOC]]}}

===United Nations (U.N.) Declaration on Puerto Rico===
* {{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2007/gacol3160.doc.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date= December 26, 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071226070939/https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/gacol3160.doc.htm |title=Special Committee on Decolonization Calls Upon United States to Expedite Puerto Rico's Self-Determination Process |publisher=U.N. General Assembly |work=Special Committee on Decolonization |series=Press release |date=June 14, 2007}}

{{Puerto Rican topics}}
{{Countries of North America}}
{{United States political divisions}}
{{Territories of the United States}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Puerto Rico| ]]
[[Category:Caribbean islands of the United States]]
[[Category:Dependent territories in the Caribbean]]
[[Category:Greater Antilles]]
[[Category:English-speaking countries and territories]]
[[Category:Former colonies in North America]]
[[Category:Former Spanish colonies]]
[[Category:Insular areas of the United States]]
[[Category:Associated states]]
[[Category:Islands of Puerto Rico|*]]
[[Category:New Spain]]
[[Category:Spanish Caribbean]]
[[Category:Spanish colonization of the Americas]]
[[Category:Spanish-speaking countries and territories]]
[[Category:Spanish West Indies]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1898]]
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[[Category:Small Island Developing States]]&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Puerto Rico]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Puerto Rico/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="3967" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Top level domain|
name=.bw|
background=#CCF|
image=[[File:DotBw Logo OnWhite.png|250px|.bw]]|
introduced=1993|
type=[[Country code top-level domain]]|
status=Active|
registry=[[Botswana Communication Regulatory Authority | BOCRA - Botswana Communication Regulatory Authority]]|
sponsor=[[Botswana Communication Regulatory Authority]]|
intendeduse=Entities connected with {{BOT}}|
actualuse=Very popular in Botswana|
restrictions=Register online: https://www.bwdomains.co.bw OR submit registration form by paper mail|
structure=Registrations are mostly at the third level beneath various second-level names, but some second-level registrations exist|
document=https://www.bwdomains.co.bw|
disputepolicy=|
website=https://nic.net.bw/|}}

'''.bw''' is the [[Internet]] [[country code]] [[top-level domain]] ([[ccTLD]]) for [[Botswana]]. It is administered by the [[Botswana Communication Regulatory Authority]], previously being administered by the [[University of Botswana]] before the formation of [[Botswana Communication Regulatory Authority|BOCRA]].  

&lt;br /&gt;

== Operations ==
Most current registrations are at the third level beneath second-level names such as '''co.bw''' and '''org.bw''', but some second-level registrations also exist.{{Citation needed|date=September 2007}} The most visited .bw domain is google.co.bw by [[Google|Google Inc.]] in Botswana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = google.co.bw Site Overview|url = http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/google.co.bw|website = www.alexa.com|accessdate = 2015-09-06|archive-date = 2015-11-04|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151104010801/http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/google.co.bw|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Botswana Communication Regulatory Authority]] operates a WHOIS service for .bw domains and was previously operated by [[Botswana Telecommunications Corporation]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nic.net.bw/about|title=About {{!}} switch to .bw|website=nic.net.bw|access-date=2019-11-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 2nd level domains ==
* '''.org.bw''' &amp;ndash; Botswana organizations&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nic.net.bw/bw-name-structure|title=BW Name Structure {{!}} switch to .bw|website=nic.net.bw|access-date=2018-05-28|archive-date=2018-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529203210/http://nic.net.bw/bw-name-structure|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''.net.bw''' &amp;ndash; Botswana Network service providers
* '''.ac.bw''' &amp;ndash; Botswana academic and tertiary societies&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Botswana Accountancy College|url = http://www.bac.ac.bw/|website = www.bac.ac.bw|accessdate = 2015-09-10|archive-date = 2015-08-14|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150814070207/http://www.bac.ac.bw/|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''.co.bw''' &amp;ndash; general use by Botswana and non-Botswana persons and entities&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Weekend Post :: Home Page|url = http://www.weekendpost.co.bw|website = www.weekendpost.co.bw|accessdate = 2015-09-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''.gov.bw''' &amp;ndash; Botswana government &amp; its departments and entities&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url =http://www.moe.gov.bw/index.php|title =Ministry Of Education|website =[[Ministry of Education and Skills Development|Ministry Of Education]]|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100118184745/http://www.moe.gov.bw/index.php|archive-date =2010-01-18|url-status =dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== See also ==
* [[ISO 3166-2:BW]] {{Portal|Internet|break = }}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.iana.org/root-whois/bw.htm IANA .bw whois information]
* [http://whois.nic.net.bw .bw whois service]
*[https://www.bwdomains.co.bw bwdomains® | Online Registrar of .BW domain names]

{{Internet in Botswana}}
{{CcTLD}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bw}}
[[Category:Communications in Botswana]]
[[Category:Country code top-level domains]]
[[Category:Internet in Botswana]]


{{Compu-domain-stub}}

[[sv:Toppdomän#B]]&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:.bw]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[.bw/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tim Flannery</title>
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      <text bytes="50675" xml:space="preserve">{{for|the baseball player and coach|Tim Flannery (baseball)}}
{{Use Australian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| name                      = Tim Flannery 
| image                     = Tim Flannery.jpg
| image_size                =
| alt                       =
| caption                   = Tim Flannery at the 5th World Conference of Science Journalists, 2007
| birth_name                = Timothy Fridtjof Flannery
| birth_date                = {{Birth date and age|1956|01|28|df=yes}}
| birth_place               = [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]
| residence                 =
| nationality               = [[Australian]]
| education                 =
| alma_mater                = [[La Trobe University]]
| spouse                    = 
| occupation                =
| years_active              =
| employer                  =
| organization              = [[University of Melbourne]], [[Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title=Tim Flannery's new institution: Graduate Institute| url= http://graduateinstitute.ch/directory/_/people/faculty/flannery}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| known_for                 = Public speaking on the environment
| notable_works             = 
| awards                    = [[Australian of the Year]] &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title=Tim Flannery | type= re: Australian of the Year 2007| url= http://www.onlymelbourne.com.au/melbourne_details.php?id=10761| work=Only Melbourne| accessdate=23 May 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
'''Timothy Fridtjof Flannery''' {{post-nominals|country=AUS|FAA}} (born 28 January 1956) is an Australian [[Mammalogy|mammalogist]], [[paleontology|palaeontologist]], [[Environmentalism|environmentalist]], [[Conservation biology|conservationist]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title=Tim Flannery on Andrew Marr talk| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00z58b0| work=BBC Radio-Start the Week| accessdate=23 May 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Exploration|explorer]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title=Tim Flannery| url=https://australianmuseum.net.au/tim-flannery| accessdate=24 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; and public scientist. Having discovered more than 30 [[Mammal|mammal species]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title=Interview: Tim Flannery, National Geographic| url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-sS_aUYAgEA}}&lt;/ref&gt; (including new species of [[Tree-kangaroo|tree kangaroos]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title=Tree Kangaroo from New Guinea, Australian Museum| url= https://australianmuseum.net.au/mammology-collection-tree-kangaroo-from-new-guinea}}&lt;/ref&gt;), he served as the Chief Commissioner of the [[Climate Commission]], a Federal Government body providing information on [[climate change]] to the Australian public. On 23 September 2013, Flannery announced that he would join other sacked commissioners to form the independent [[Climate Council]], that would be funded by the community.

Flannery is a professorial fellow at the Melbourne Sustainable Society Institute, [[University of Melbourne]].

Flannery was named Australian Humanist of the Year in 2005&lt;ref&gt;[https://vichumanist.org.au/australian-humanist-awards/ahoy-2000-2020/ Australian Humanist of the year awards 2000 to current.]&lt;/ref&gt;, and [[Australian of the Year]] in 2007. Until mid-2013 he was a professor at [[Macquarie University]] and held the Panasonic Chair in Environmental Sustainability.&lt;ref name=&quot;pana chair&quot;&gt;Macquarie University (2013). &quot;[http://web.science.mq.edu.au/for/business_and_community/panasonic-chair/ PanasonicChair] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712122647/http://web.science.mq.edu.au/for/business_and_community/panasonic-chair/ |date=12 July 2013 }}&quot;. Retrieved 23 June 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; He was also chairman of the [[Copenhagen Climate Council]], an international group of business and other leaders that coordinated a business response to climate  change and assisted the Danish government in the lead up to COP 15.&lt;ref name=copenhagen&gt;Copenhagen Climate Council (2008). &quot;[http://copenhagenclimatecouncil.com/index.php/tim-flannery-chairman Tim Flannery]&quot;. Retrieved 17 May 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; In 2015, the Jack P. Blaney Award for Dialogue recognized Tim Flannery for using dialogue and authentic engagement to build global consensus for action around climate change.&lt;ref name=&quot;sfu.ca&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Climate Solutions with Tim Flannery|url=https://www.sfu.ca/dialogue/watch-read-discover/tim-flannery.html| accessdate=1 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; His sometimes controversial views on shutting down conventional coal-fired power stations for electricity generation in the medium term are frequently cited in the media.

== Background ==
Flannery was raised in a Catholic family in the Melbourne suburb of [[Sandringham, Victoria|Sandringham]], close to [[Port Phillip Bay]], where he learned to fish and scuba dive and became aware of marine pollution and its effects on living organisms.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2015/november/1446296400/tim-flannery/power-place |title= The Power of Place|periodical=The Monthly|last1= Flannery |first1= Tim |date= November 2015|publisher= Black Inc |access-date= 30 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; He completed a Bachelor of Arts degree in English at [[La Trobe University]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.latrobe.edu.au/alumni/profiles/full-profile?mode=results&amp;queries_given-name_query=Tim&amp;queries_family-name_query=Flannery Alumni profile search result, La Trobe University] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627122339/http://www.latrobe.edu.au/alumni/profiles/full-profile?mode=results&amp;queries_given-name_query=Tim&amp;queries_family-name_query=Flannery |date=27 June 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; in 1977, and then took a change of direction to complete a Master of Science degree in [[Earth Science]] at [[Monash University]] in 1981.&lt;ref&gt;Dapin, M. (2014). [https://www.smh.com.au/national/tim-flannery-a-man-for-all-climates-20140207-3271c.html Tim Flannery: a man for all climates.] The Sydney Morning Herald. Available at:  [Accessed 13 Mar. 2019].&lt;/ref&gt; He then left Melbourne for Sydney, enjoying its subtropical climate and species diversity.&lt;ref&gt;Introduction, ''The Birth of Melbourne'', {{ISBN|1-877008-89-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1984, Flannery earned a doctorate at the [[University of New South Wales]] in Palaeontology for his work on the evolution of [[Macropodidae|macropod]]s (kangaroos).&lt;ref&gt;Hayes, D. (2019). [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tim-Flannery Tim Flannery: Australian Zoologist], Encyclopedia Britannica. Available at:  [Accessed 4 Mar. 2019].&lt;/ref&gt;

Flannery has held various academic positions throughout his career. He spent many years in Adelaide, including a spell as professor at the [[University of Adelaide]], and 7 years as director of the [[South Australian Museum]]. He was also principal research scientist at the [[Australian Museum]], during which time he worked to save the bandicoot population on North Head. In 1999 he held the year-long visiting chair of [[Australian studies]] at [[Harvard University]].&lt;ref name=&quot;The Weather Makers-About TF&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.theweathermakers.org/about |title=About Tim Flannery |publisher=The Weather Makers |accessdate=13 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2002, Flannery was appointed as chair of South Australia's [Environmental Sustainability Board (South Australia)].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Mike Rann's politics of the possible - South Australia|url = http://www.companydirectors.com.au/Director-Resource-Centre/Publications/Company-Director-magazine/2000-to-2009-back-editions/2002/September/Mike-Ranns-politics-of-the-possible-Centre-Liftout-South-Australia|website = Australian Institute of Company Directors|accessdate = 2015-06-09|date = 2002-09-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2007, Flannery became professor in the Climate Risk Concentration of Research Excellence at [[Macquarie University]]. He left Macquarie University in mid-2013. Flannery is also a member of the [[Wentworth Group of Concerned Scientists]], and a Governor of WWF-Australia. He has contributed to over 143 scientific papers.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} &lt;ref name=&quot;The Weather Makers-About TF&quot; /&gt;

Flannery was an advisor on climate change to South Australian Premier [[Mike Rann]], and was a member of the Queensland Climate Change Council established by the Queensland Minister for Sustainability, Climate Change and Innovation [[Andrew McNamara]]. In February 2011 it was announced that Flannery had been appointed to head the ''Climate Change Commission'' established by Prime Minister [[Julia Gillard]] to explain climate change and the need for a [[Carbon pricing|carbon price]] to the public.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Morton|first=Adam|title=Rudd critic to lead climate team|url=http://www.theage.com.au/environment/climate-change/rudd-critic-to-lead-climate-team-20110210-1aoqk.html|work=[[The Age]]|publisher=[[Fairfax Media]]|accessdate=15 February 2011|date=11 February 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

He owns a house with environmental features at Coba Point on the [[Hawkesbury River]], 40&amp;nbsp;km (25&amp;nbsp;mi) north of Sydney, accessible only by boat.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.quarterlyessay.com.au/correspondence/correspondence-tim-flannery&lt;/ref&gt;

== Climate Commission and Climate Council ==
On 10 February 2011, Flannery was appointed as the Chief Commissioner of the [[Climate Commission]] by the Australian Government. The Commission was a panel of leading scientists and business experts whose mandate was to provide an &quot;independent and reliable&quot; source of information for all Australians.&lt;ref name=About&gt;{{cite web| title=About the Commission| url=http://climatecommission.gov.au/about/| publisher=Climate Commission| accessdate=24 September 2013| url-status=dead| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827044300/http://climatecommission.gov.au/about/| archivedate=27 August 2013| df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 19 September 2013, Flannery was sacked from his position as head of the Climate Commission in a phone call from new Federal Environment Minister [[Greg Hunt]]. It was also announced that the Commission would be dismantled and its remit handled by the [[Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities|Department of Environment]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sacked/dismantled&quot;&gt;{{cite news| author=Jones, Gemma | title=Tim Flannery sacked, Climate Commission dismantled by Coalition| url=http://www.news.com.au/national-news/tim-flannery-sacked-climate-commission-dismantled-by-coalition/story-fncynjr2-1226722779566| accessdate=19 September 2013| newspaper=news.com.au| date=19 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/abbott-shuts-down-climate-commission-20130919-2u185.html | title=Abbott shuts down Climate Commission |author=Tom Arup |newspaper=theage.com.au |date= 2013-09-19|accessdate=27 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

By 6 October 2013, Flannery and the other commissioners had launched a new body called the [[Climate Council]]. Flannery told ABC News that the organisation stated that it had the same goals as the former Climate Commission, to provide independent information on the science of climate change. [[Amanda McKenzie]] was appointed as CEO. Between 24 September and 6 October the new Climate Council had raised $1 million in funding from a public appeal, sufficient to keep the organisation operating for 12 months.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| title=Climate Council, which replaced the axed Climate Commission, reaches $1 million funding target| url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-10-05/climate-council-has-sufficient-funding-to-operate-for-a-year/5000822| accessdate=15 October 2013|publisher=ABC| date= 6 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Scientific contributions ==
===Mammalogy ===
Flannery's early research concerned the evolution of mammals in Australasia. As part of his doctoral studies, he described 29 new fossil kangaroo species including 11 new genera and three new subfamilies. In the 1990s, Flannery published ''The Mammals Of New Guinea'' (Cornell Press) and ''Prehistoric Mammals Of Australia and New Guinea'' (Johns Hopkins Press), the most comprehensive reference works on the subjects. Through the 1990s, Flannery surveyed the mammals of [[Melanesia]] – discovering 29 new species – and took a leading role in conservation efforts in the region.&lt;ref name=&quot;abc.net.au&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title = The Future Eaters: About Tim Flannery | publisher = [[ABC Television (Australia)|ABC Television]] | year = 1998 | url = http://www.abc.net.au/science/future/abouttim.htm | accessdate = 10 April 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]] of the [[greater monkey-faced bat]] (''Pteralopex flanneryi''), [[Bats discovered in the 2000s|described in 2005]], honours Flannery.&lt;ref&gt;Helgen, K. M. (2005). &quot;Systematics of the Pacific monkey-faced bats (Chiroptera : Pteropodidae), with a new species of Pteraloplex and a new Fijian genus&quot;. ''Systematics and Biodiversity'', '''3'''(4): 433–453.&lt;/ref&gt;

Flannery's work prompted [[David Attenborough|Sir David Attenborough]] to describe him as being &quot;in the league of the all-time great explorers like Dr [[David Livingstone]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Penguin UK Authors: About Tim Flannery | publisher = [[Penguin Books]] | url = http://www.penguin.co.uk/nf/Author/AuthorPage/0,,0_1000056817,00.html?sym=BIO | accessdate = 10 April 2007 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155226/http://www.penguin.co.uk/nf/Author/AuthorPage/0,,0_1000056817,00.html?sym=BIO | archivedate = 30 September 2007 | df = dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Palaeontology ===
In 1980, Flannery discovered [[dinosaur]] [[fossil]]s on the southern coast of [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] and in 1985 had a role in the ground-breaking discovery of [[Cretaceous]] mammal fossils in Australia. This latter find extended the Australian mammal fossil record back 80&amp;nbsp;million years. During the 1980s, Flannery described most of the known [[Pleistocene]] megafaunal species in [[New Guinea]] as well as the fossil record of the [[phalangerid]]s, a family of possums.&lt;ref name=&quot;abc.net.au&quot;/&gt;

===Work on population and land use===
In 1994, Flannery published ''The Future Eaters: An Ecological History of the Australasian Lands and People''.

The synopsis of the work regards three waves of human migration in these regions. These waves of people Flannery describes as &quot;future eaters&quot;. The first wave was the migration to Australia and New Guinea from [[Southeast Asia]] approximately 40 000 – 60 000 years ago. The second was Polynesian migration to New Zealand and surrounding islands 800 – 3500 years ago.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Flannery|first=Timothy Fridtjof|title=The future eaters: an ecological history of the Australasian lands and people|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0730104877|url-access=registration|year=1994|publisher=Reed New Holland|location=Sydney|isbn=978-1-876334-21-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_0730104877/page/242 242]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The third and final wave Flannery describes is European colonisation at the end of the 18th century.

Flannery describes the evolution of the first wave of future-eaters:

{{quote|Sixty thousand or more years ago human technology was developing at what we would consider to be an imperceptible pace. Yet it was fast enough to give the first Australasians complete mastery over the ‘new lands’. Freed from the ecological constraints of their homeland and armed with weapons honed in the relentless arms race of Eurasia, the colonisers of the ‘new lands’ were poised to become the world’s first future eaters.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Flannery|first=Timothy Fridtjof|title=The future eaters: an ecological history of the Australasian lands and people|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0730104877|url-access=registration|year=1994|publisher=Reed New Holland|location=Sydney|isbn=978-1-876334-21-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_0730104877/page/143 143]}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

While the book continues to be controversial in some of its hypotheses, it is a call to arms to preserve the Australasian natural heritage.

Flannery argues the hypothesis that at current population growth rate levels, Australasia is living beyond its population carrying capacity, to the extent that its biological stability has been damaged. European colonisation of Australia and New Caledonia brought its own artefacts and ways suitable in the ‘old world’, and yet struggle to adapt its &quot;culture to biological reality&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Flannery|first=Timothy Fridtjof|title=The future eaters: an ecological history of the Australasian lands and people|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0730104877|url-access=registration|year=1994|publisher=Reed New Holland |location=Sydney|isbn=978-1-876334-21-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_0730104877/page/374 374], 389}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Non-primary source needed|date=December 2018}} This reality is evident in Australia, where unpredictable climate combined with a lack of natural life giving resources have created a flora and fauna that have adapted over millennia to be extraordinarily efficient in the consumption of energy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Flannery|first=Timothy Fridtjof|title=The future eaters: an ecological history of the Australasian lands and people|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0730104877|url-access=registration|year=1994|publisher=Reed New Holland|location=Sydney|isbn=978-1-876334-21-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_0730104877/page/85 85–91]}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Non-primary source needed|date=December 2018}}

''The Future Eaters'' enjoyed strong sales and critical acclaim. Redmond O'Hanlon, a ''[[The Times Literary Supplement|Times Literary Supplement]]'' correspondent said that &quot;Flannery tells his beautiful story in plain language, science popularising at its antipodean best&quot;. Fellow activist [[David Suzuki]] praised Flannery's &quot;powerful insight into our current destructive path&quot;. Some experts disagreed with Flannery's thesis, however, concerned that his broad-based approach, ranging across multiple disciplines, ignored counter-evidence and was overly simplistic.&lt;ref name=&quot;abc-fe&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title = The Future Eaters | publisher = [[ABC Television (Australia)|ABC Television]] | year = 1998 | url = http://www.abc.net.au/science/future/theses/theses.htm | accessdate = 10 April 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

''The Future Eaters'' was made into a documentary series for [[ABC Television (Australia)|ABC Television]] and was republished in late 2013.

==Views on environmental issues==
===Climate change===
In May 2004 Flannery said, in light of the city's water crisis, that, &quot;I think there is a fair chance Perth will be the 21st century's first ghost metropolis&quot;.,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/05/18/1084783517732.html |title=Sydney's future eaten: the Flannery prophecy |author=Davis, Anne|date=19 May 2004|work=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]|accessdate=24 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; a warning reiterated in 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.perthnow.com.au/news/western-australia/flannery-sticks-by-ghost-city/news-story/49cec9bf446f6e3be9e730e29fe52476 |title=Flannery sticks by 'ghost' city |author=Premble, Louise|date=17 February 2007|work=Perth Now|accessdate=17 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; In April 2005, he said, &quot;water is going to be in short supply across the eastern states&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/Opinion/Running-out-of-water--and-time/2005/04/24/1114281450815.html |title=Running out of water - and time |date=25 April 2005|work=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]|accessdate=24 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; In June 2005 warning that &quot;the ongoing drought could leave Sydney’s dams dry in just two years&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2005-06-11/climate-change-will-prolong-drought-conditions/1590294 |title=Climate change 'will prolong' drought conditions |date=11 June 2005|work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|accessdate=24 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/flannery-issues-global-warming-warning/1590650  |title= Flannery issues global warming warning|author=|date=10 June 2005|work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|accessdate=25 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Water security remains a major issue across eastern Australia.

In September 2005 Flannery said, &quot;There are hot rocks in South Australia that potentially have enough embedded energy in them to run Australia's economy for the best part of a century&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2006/s1842715.htm |title= Tony Jones speaks with Tim Flannery|author=Jones, Tony|date=7 February 2007|work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|accessdate=1 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/the-power-beneath-our-feet/2005/09/26/1127586753959.html |title=The power beneath our feet |author=Flannery, Tim|date=26 September 2005|work=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]|accessdate=1 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Also for the [[Cooper Basin]], he proposed the establishment of a fully sustainable city where, &quot;hundreds of thousands of people would live&quot;, utilising these geothermal energy reserves. He named the city, &quot;Geothermia&quot;.&lt;ref name = &quot;Geothermia&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.ias.uwa.edu.au/new-critic/nine/hodgkinson |title=Review - Tim Flannery’s ‘Now or Never |author=Hodgkinson, David|date=December 2008|work=Institute of Advanced Studies, [[University of Western Australia]]|accessdate=1 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Subsequently, in 2007, an exploration company was established. The company expected to raise at least $11.5m on the [[Australian Stock Exchange]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.aie.org.au/pubs/hotdry.htm |title=&quot;Hot Dry Rock&quot; company float to fund South Australian pilot plant |date=25 October 2007 |work=Geodynamics Limited |accessdate=1 September 2016 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723035649/http://www.aie.org.au/pubs/hotdry.htm |archivedate=23 July 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Flannery took up shares in the company.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hotdryrocks.com/content/view/39/2/ |title=Tim Flannery named Australia of the Year |date=2007|work=Hot Dry Rocks Pty Ltd|accessdate=3 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2010, the Federal Government provided the company with another $90m for the development work.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.geodynamics.com.au/getattachment/b1e346be-2a3f-42cc-b0b1-33c2b6472a9c/$90-m-REDP-grant-for-Geodynamics-now-unconditional.aspx |title=$90 m REDP grant for Geodynamics now unconditional |date=13 October 2010|work=Geodynamics Limited|accessdate=1 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; In August 2016, the geothermal energy project closed as it was not financially viable.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/business/geodynamics-calls-it-a-day-with-its-south-australian-geothermal-energy-plans/news-story/8ffdf4e24b633e5a41e4afd4f6787f2a |title=Geodynamics calls it a day with its South Australian geothermal energy plans |author=England, Cameron|date=29 August 2016|work=Adelaide Now|accessdate=1 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-08-30/geothermal-power-plant-closes-deemed-not-financially-viable/7798962 |title=Geothermal power project closes in SA as technology deemed not financially viable |author= Fedorowytsch, Tom|date=30 August 2016|work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|accessdate=1 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In October 2006 Flannery quoted a US Navy study stating that, there may be, &quot;no Arctic icecap in Summer in the next five to 15 years. He also quoted NASA's Professor [[James Hansen]], &quot;arguably the world authority on climate change&quot; who said, &quot;we have just a decade to avert a 25-metre rise of the sea&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/opinion/climates-last-chance/2006/10/27/1161749313108.html |title=Climate's last chance |author=Flannery, Tim|date=28 October 2006|work=[[The Age]]|accessdate=24 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; In February 2007, as he explained how increased soil evaporation impacts on runoff, he said &quot;even the [existing amount of] rain that falls isn’t actually going to fill our dams and our river systems&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/tv/programs/landline/old-site/content/2006/s1844398.htm|title=Interview with Professor Tim Flannery|author=Sara, Sally|date=11 February 2007|work=Landline, [[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|accessdate=28 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in June 2007, he said that, &quot;Adelaide, Sydney and Brisbane, water supplies are so low they need desalinated water urgently, possibly in as little as 18 months&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencearchive.org.au/nova/newscientist/105ns_001.htm|title=Editorial: Australia – not such a lucky country|date=16 June 2007|work=[[New Scientist]]|accessdate=24 July 2016|url-status=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524055921/http://www.sciencearchive.org.au/nova/newscientist/105ns_001.htm|archivedate=24 May 2014|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Carbon emissions ===
In ''[[The Weather Makers|The Weather Makers: The History &amp; Future Impact of Climate Change]]'', Flannery outlined the science behind anthropogenic [[climate change]]. &quot;With great scientific advances being made every month, this book is necessarily incomplete,&quot; Flannery writes, but &quot;That should not, however, be used as an excuse for inaction. We know enough to act wisely.&quot;

Concepts outlined in the book include:

* That a failure to act on climate change may eventually force the creation of a global carbon dictatorship, which he calls the &quot;Earth Commission for Thermostatic Control&quot;, to regulate carbon use across all industries and nations – a level of governmental intrusion that Flannery describes as &quot;very undesirable&quot;;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Hurricanes can be tied to climate change | first = Tony | last = Jones | work = Lateline | publisher = [[ABC Television (Australia)|ABC Television]] | date = 26 September 2005 | url = http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2005/s1468878.htm | accessdate = 10 April 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and
* the establishment of &quot;Geothermia&quot;&lt;ref name = &quot;Geothermia&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=_4mzCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT297&amp;lpg=PT297&amp;dq=flannery+Geothermia&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=0aj5ltBv9n&amp;sig=gGaEKTX_O0wpHUdh7dAwA_qP7og&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwic5PHai-3OAhVFqJQKHeVcC984ChDoAQhFMAk#v=onepage&amp;q=flannery%20Geothermia&amp;f=false |title=The Moral Vacuum |author=Gabe, Martyn|date=2009| accessdate=1 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; – a new city at the NSW-South Australia-Queensland border – to take advantage of the location's abundance of natural gas reserves, geothermal and solar energy. Flannery argues that such a city could be completely energy self-sufficient, and would be a model for future city development worldwide. Of the city project, Flannery told ''The Bulletin'' that &quot;I know it's radical but we have no choice&quot;.

The book won international acclaim. [[Bill Bryson]] concluded that &quot;It would be hard to imagine a better or more important book.&quot; ''The Weather Makers'' was honoured in 2006 as 'Book of the Year' at the New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = The Weather Makers: All About the Book | publisher = [[Text Publishing]] | year = 2006 | url = http://www.theweathermakers.com/weathermakers/ | accessdate = 10 April 2007 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070322222441/http://www.theweathermakers.com/weathermakers/ | archivedate = 22 March 2007 | df = dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Flannery's work in raising the profile of environmental issues was key to his being named Australian of the Year in 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | author=Lewis, Wendy | title=Australians of the Year | publisher=Pier 9 Press | year=2010 | isbn=978-1-74196-809-5 | authorlink=Wendy Lewis }}&lt;/ref&gt; Awarding the prize, former Prime Minister [[John Howard]] said that the scientist &quot;has encouraged Australians into new ways of thinking about our environmental history and future ecological challenges.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | title = Climate change crusader is Australian of the Year | newspaper = [[The West Australian]] | date = 25 January 2007 | url = http://www.thewest.com.au/default.aspx?MenuID=145&amp;ContentID=19672 | accessdate = 10 April 2007 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927192549/http://www.thewest.com.au/default.aspx?MenuID=145&amp;ContentID=19672 |archivedate = 27 September 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

That said, Howard – along with many others – remains unconvinced as to Flannery's proposed solutions. Flannery joined calls for the cessation/reduction of conventional coal-fired power generation in Australia in the medium term, the source of most of the nation's electricity. Flannery claims that conventional coal burning will lose its social license to operate, as has asbestos.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | title = Coal will be the new asbestos, says Flannery | newspaper = [[The Sydney Morning Herald]] | date = 9 February 2007 | url = http://www.smh.com.au/news/environment/coal-will-be-the-new-asbestos-says-flannery/2007/02/08/1170524236625.html | accessdate = 10 April 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:2014-09-21 Tim Flannery Peoples Climate March Melbourne 600 0485.JPG|thumb|Tim Flannery speaking at the Peoples Climate March in Melbourne, September 2014]]

In response to the introduction of proposed [[clean coal technology]], Flannery has stated: &quot;Globally there has got to be some areas where clean coal will work out, so I think there will always be a coal export industry [for Australia] ... Locally in Australia because of particular geological issues and because of the competition from cleaner and cheaper energy alternatives, I'm not 100 per cent sure clean coal is going to work out for our domestic market.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,21225432-661,00.html &quot;Coal Can't Be Clean – Flannery&quot;], ''Melbourne Herald Sun'', 14 February 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2006 Flannery was in support of [[nuclear power]] as a possible solution for reducing Australia's [[carbon emissions]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine | first = Julie-Anne | last = Davies | title = Dr Flannery, I presume | magazine = [[The Bulletin (Australian periodical)|The Bulletin]] | date = 23 February 2007 | url = http://bulletin.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=228258 | accessdate = 10 April 2007 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070403095709/http://bulletin.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=228258 | archivedate = 3 April 2007 | df = dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/opinion/lets-talk-about-nuclear-power-emandem-other-energy-sources/2006/05/29/1148754933159.html | location=Melbourne | work=The Age | title=Let's talk about nuclear power ''and'' other energy sources | date=30 May 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; however in 2007 changed his position against it.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.crikey.com.au/2009/02/05/flip-flop-flannery-is-a-climate-change-opportunist/ Clive Hamilton:''Flip-flop Flannery is a climate change opportunist'', in Crikey 5 February 2009], retrieved 17 June 2010&lt;/ref&gt; In May 2007 he told a business gathering in Sydney that while nuclear energy does have a role elsewhere in the world, Australia's abundance of renewable resources rule out the need for nuclear power in the near term. He does however feel that Australia should and will have to supply its uranium to those other countries that do not have access to renewables like Australia does.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/nuclear-power-a-turnoff-flannery-changes-stance/2007/05/22/1179601413336.html | work=The Sydney Morning Herald | title=Nuclear power a turn-off: Flannery changes stance | date=23 May 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In May 2008 Flannery created controversy by suggesting that sulphur could be dispersed into the atmosphere to help block the sun leading to global dimming, in order to counteract the effects of global warming.&lt;ref name=&quot;cm-dim&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Alexander|first=Cathy|url=http://www.news.com.au/top-stories/climate-plan-could-change-sky-colour/story-e6frfkp9-1111116384553|title=Tim Flannery's radical climate change 'solution'|date=19 May 2008|work=[[News.com.au]]|agency=[[Australian Associated Press]]|accessdate=23 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In August 2017 Flannery hosted an episode of [[Catalyst (TV program)|ABC Catalyst]] investigating how carefully managed seaweed growth could contribute to combating climate change via the sequestration of atmospheric carbon to the ocean floor.  In January 2018 Flannery appeared on the ABC's Science program exploring whether humans are becoming a new [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lw-hTF2EvWk&amp;t=0s&amp;index=17&amp;list=PLJI8aSIWm2aB2rWQLI-flwILAgbNAx9xt 'Mass Extinction Event'], in addition to outlining the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ba2y9xSzjUk&amp;list=PLJI8aSIWm2aB2rWQLI-flwILAgbNAx9xt&amp;index=1 '5 Things You Need to Know About Climate Change'].

=== Sustainable whaling ===
When, in the concluding chapters of ''The Future Eaters'' (1994), Flannery discusses how to &quot;utilise our few renewable resources in the least destructive way&quot;, he remarks that
{{quote|A far better situation for conservation in Australia would result from a policy which allows exploitation of ''all'' of our biotic heritage, provided that it all be done ''in a sustainable manner''. ... [I]f it is possible to harvest for example, 10 [[mountain pygmy-possum]]s (''Burramys parvus'') or 10 [[southern right whale]]s (''Balaena glacialis'') per year, why should we not do it? ... Is it more moral to kill and consume a whale, without cost to the environment, than to live as a vegetarian in Australia, destroying seven kilograms of irreplaceable soil, ... for each kilogram of bread we consume?&lt;ref&gt;Tim Flannery, ''The Future Eaters'', pp. 402–403. {{ISBN|0-8021-3943-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

In late 2007, Flannery suggested that the [[Whaling in Japan|Japanese whaling]] involving the relatively common [[minke whale]] may be [[sustainable]]:

{{quote|In terms of sustainability, you can't be sure that the Japanese whaling is entirely unsustainable... It's hard to imagine that the whaling would lead to a new decline in population&lt;ref name=whaling2&gt;[http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,22987914-5001021,00.html Flannery says whaling is OK.] ''The Daily Telegraph''. Retrieved on 2 January 2008&lt;/ref&gt;}}

This raised concerns among some environmental groups such as Greenpeace,&lt;ref name=whaling4&gt;[http://news.smh.com.au/flannerys-views-on-whales-curious/20071231-1jmg.html Flannery's views on whales 'curious'.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306054308/http://news.smh.com.au/flannerys-views-on-whales-curious/20071231-1jmg.html |date=6 March 2008 }} ''The Sydney Morning Herald''. Retrieved on 2 January 2008&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=whaling1&gt;[http://www.livenews.com.au/Articles/2007/12/31/Australian_of_the_year_reveals_his_support_for_whaling Tim Flannery lampooned by sustainable whaling claims.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231211609/http://www.livenews.com.au/articles/2007/12/31/Australian_of_the_year_reveals_his_support_for_whaling |date=31 December 2007 }} LiveNews. Retrieved on 2 January 2008&lt;/ref&gt; fearing it could add fuel to the Japanese wish of continuing its annual cull. In contrast to his stance on the minke whale quota, Flannery has expressed relief over the dumping of the quota of the rarer [[humpback whale]],&lt;ref name=whaling2/&gt; and further was worried how [[whales]] were slaughtered, wishing them to be &quot;killed as humanely as possible&quot;.&lt;ref name=whaling3&gt;[http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/news/national/flannery-worried-about-small-fish-not-big-whale-culls/2007/12/31/1198949702750.html Flannery worried about small fish, not big whale culls.] ''Brisbane Times''. Retrieved on 2 January 2008&lt;/ref&gt; Flannery suggested that [[krill]] and other small [[crustaceans]], the primary food source for many large whales and an essential part of the marine [[food chain]], were of greater concern than the Japanese whaling.&lt;ref name=whaling3/&gt;

=== Species acclimatisation ===	
[[File:Catagonus wagneri closeup.jpg|thumb|The Chacoan Peccary can be brought from Paraguay to North America, to replace the extinct Flat-headed Peccary]]
 	
In ''The Future Eaters'', Flannery was critical of the European settlers [[Acclimatisation society|introducing]] [[Introduced species|non-native]] wild animals into Australia's ecosystem. At the same time, he suggested that if one wanted to reproduce, in some parts of Australia, the ecosystems that existed there ca. 60,000 years ago (before the arrival of the humans on the continent), it may be necessary to introduce into Australia, in a thoughtful and careful way, some non-native species that would be the closest substitutes to the continent's lost [[Australian megafauna|megafauna]]. In particular, the [[Komodo dragon]] can be brought into Australia as a replacement for its extinct relative, ''[[Megalania]]'', &quot;the largest [[goanna]] of all time&quot;. The [[Tasmanian devil]] could also be allowed to re-settle the mainland Australia from its Tasmanian refuge area.&lt;ref&gt;Tim Flannery, ''The Future Eaters'', pp. 384–385. {{ISBN|0-8021-3943-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 	
In ''The Eternal Frontier'', Flannery made a proposal for what later became nicknamed &quot;[[Pleistocene rewilding]]&quot;: restoring the ecosystems that existed in North America before the arrival of the [[Clovis culture|Clovis people]] and the concomitant disappearance of the North American [[Pleistocene megafauna]] ca. 13,000. He wonders if, in addition to the wolves that have been already re-introduced to [[Yellowstone National Park]], ''ambush predators'', such as [[jaguar]]s and lions should be reintroduced there as well, in order to bring the number of [[elk]]s under control. Furthermore, the closest extant relatives of the species that became extinct around the Clovis period could be introduced to North America's nature reserves as well. In particular, the [[Indian elephant|Indian]] and [[African elephant|African]] elephants could substitute, respectively, for the [[mammoth]] and the [[mastodon]]; the [[Chacoan Peccary]], for its extinct cousin the flat-headed Peccary (''[[Platygonus compressus]]''). [[Llama]]s and [[Panthera|panther]]s, which still survive outside of the US, should too be brought back to that country.&lt;ref&gt;Flannery, ''The Eternal Frontier'', {{ISBN|1-876485-72-8}}, pp. 345–346. On the peccary, p. 158&lt;/ref&gt;

== Activism ==
Flannery has achieved prominence through his [[environmental activism]]. His advocacy on two issues in particular, population levels and carbon emissions, culminated in being named [[Australian of the Year]] (2007) at a time when environmental issues were becoming prominent in Australian public debate.{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}}

He is a member of the [[World Future Council]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}}

== Humanitarian ==
In 2009, Flannery joined the project &quot;Soldiers of Peace&quot;, a move against all wars and for a global peace.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.soldiersofpeacemovie.com/about/the-cast/18/tim-flannery/ |title=Tim Flannery&amp;nbsp;— The Cast&amp;nbsp;— Soldiers of Peace |publisher=Soldiersofpeacemovie.com |accessdate=18 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090808104958/http://www.soldiersofpeacemovie.com/about/the-cast/18/tim-flannery/ |archivedate=8 August 2009 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.soldatidipace.blogspot.com/ |title=Soldati di Pace (Soldiers of Peace) |publisher=Soldatidipace.blogspot.com |date=18 October 2009 |accessdate=18 October 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In July 2018 he played a role in the Kwaio Reconciliation programme in the Solomon Islands, which put an end to a 91-year-old cycle of killings that stemmed from the murders in 1927 of British Colonial officers Bell and Gillies by Kwaio leader Basiana and his followers.{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}}

==Awards==
* Edgeworth David Medal for outstanding research in zoology
* [[Centenary of Federation Medal]] for his services to Australian science
* [[Colin Roderick Award]], Foundation for Australian Literary Studies for ''Tree Kangaroos'' (1996)
* First environmental scientist to deliver the Australia Day address to the nation (2002).
* [[Australian Humanist of the Year]] (2005)
* NSW Australian of the Year (2006)
* Australian of the Year (2007)
* NSW Premier's Literary Prizes for Best Critical Writing and Book of the Year (''The Weather Makers'', 2006).
* US Lannan Award for Non-fiction works (2006).
* [[The New York Times Best Seller list]] (''The Weather Makers'')
* [[Order of Saint-Charles]], Monaco
* [[Leidy Award]] (2010)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Mitchell |first=Peter |date=3 November 2010 |title=Flannery wins Joseph Leidy Award |url=http://www.smh.com.au/environment/conservation/flannery-wins-joseph-leidy-award-20101102-17dl5.html |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |location=Sydney |access-date=15 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science]] (2012)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://www.science.org.au/fellowship/fellows/professor-timothy-fritjof-flannery |title= Professor Timothy Fritjof Flannery |publisher= Australian Academy of Science |date=2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Jack P. Blaney Award for Dialogue (2015/2016).&lt;ref name=&quot;sfu.ca&quot;/&gt;

==Bibliography==
{{Expand list|date=March 2018}}

===Books===
*{{cite book |author=Flannery, Timothy |authormask= |title=Mammals of New Guinea |location=Carina, Qld. |publisher=Robert Brown &amp; Associates |year=1990 |&lt;!--isbn=1862730296--&gt;}}
*Tim Flannery (1994), ''[[The Future Eaters]]: An Ecological History of the Australasian Lands and People'' ({{ISBN|0-8021-3943-4}} and {{ISBN|0-7301-0422-2}}).
*Tim Flannery (1994), ''Possums of the World : Monograph of the Phalangeroidea'' ({{ISBN|0-646-14389-1}}).
*{{cite book |author=Flannery, Timothy |authormask= |title=Mammals of New Guinea |location=Chatswood, NSW |publisher=Reed/Australian Museum |year=1995 |edition=New &lt;!--isbn=0730104117--&gt;}}
*Tim Flannery (1995), ''Mammals of the South-West Pacific &amp; Moluccan Islands'' ({{ISBN|0-7301-0417-6}}).
*Tim Flannery, Roger Martin and Alexandra Szalay. (1996) ''Tree Kangaroos: A Curious Natural History''.
*Tim Flannery (1998), [[Throwim Way Leg|''Throwim Way Leg: An Adventure'']] ({{ISBN|1-876485-19-1}}).
*Tim Flannery (2001), ''The Eternal Frontier: An Ecological History of North America and its Peoples'' ({{ISBN|0-8021-3888-8}}).
*John A. Long, Michael Archer, Tim Flannery and Suzanne Hand (2002), ''Prehistoric Mammals of Australia and New Guinea: One Hundred Million Years of Evolution'', Johns Hopkins Press ({{ISBN|978-0-801872-23-5}}).
*Tim Flannery &amp; [[Peter Schouten]] (2001), ''A Gap in Nature'' ({{ISBN|1-876485-77-9}}).
*Tim Flannery &amp; Peter Schouten (2004), ''Astonishing Animals'' ({{ISBN|1-920885-21-8}}).
*Tim Flannery (2005), ''Country: A Continent, a Scientist &amp; a Kangaroo'' ({{ISBN|1-920885-76-5}}).
*Tim Flannery (2005), ''[[The Weather Makers|The Weather Makers: The History &amp; Future Impact of Climate Change]]'' ({{ISBN|1-920885-84-6}}).
*Tim Flannery (2007), ''[[Chasing Kangaroos]]: A Continent, a Scientist, and a Search for the World's Most Extraordinary Creature'' ({{ISBN|978-0-8021-1852-3}}).
*Tim Flannery (2009), ''Now or Never: A sustainable future for Australia?'' ({{ISBN|978-1-86395-429-7}}).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.blackincbooks.com/books/now-or-never ''Now or Never: A sustainable future for Australia?'']. Melbourne: Black Inc. Books ({{ISBN|978-1-86395-429-7}}).&lt;/ref&gt;
*Tim Flannery (2009), ''Now or Never: Why we need to act now for a sustainable future'' ({{ISBN|978-1-55468-604-9}}).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.harpercollins.ca/books/9781554686049/Now_or_Never/index.aspx ''Now or Never: Why we need to act now for a sustainable future''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924025102/http://www.harpercollins.ca/books/9781554686049/Now_or_Never/index.aspx |date=24 September 2015 }}, Harper Collins ({{ISBN|978-1-55468-604-9}}).&lt;/ref&gt;
*Tim Flannery (2010), ''Here on Earth'', {{ISBN|978-1-921656-66-8}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2011/oct/13/can-our-species-escape-destruction/ Can Our Species Escape Destruction?] 13 October 2011 by [[John Terborgh]] in [[The New York Review of Books]]&lt;/ref&gt;
*Tim Flannery (2011), ''Among the Islands: Adventures in the Pacific'' ({{ISBN|978-1-921758-75-1}}).
*Tim Flannery (2015), ''Atmosphere of Hope: Searching for Solutions to the Climate Crisis'', Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press ({{ISBN|978-0802124067}}).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2016/10/13/greenhouse-warming-prepare-for-the-worst/ |title=Greenhouse Warming: Prepare for the Worst |author=Laurence C. Smith |date=13 October 2016 |website=nybooks.com |publisher=[[The New York Review of Books]] |access-date=4 October 2016 |quote=review of ''Atmosphere of Hope: Searching for Solutions to the Climate Crisis''}}&lt;/ref&gt; Published in the United Kingdom with the title ''Atmosphere of Hope: Solutions to the Climate Crisis'', [[Penguin Books]] ({{ISBN|9780141981048}}).
*Tim Flannery (2017), ''Sunlight and Seaweed: An Argument for How to Feed, Power and Clean Up the World''
*Tim Flannery (2018), ''Europe: A Natural History'', Text Publishing, {{ISBN|9781925603941}}
*Tim Flannery (2019), ''Life: Selected Writings'', Text Publishing, {{ISBN|9781922268297}}

;As editor
*''The Birth of Melbourne'' ({{ISBN|1-877008-89-3}}).
*''The Birth of Sydney'' ({{ISBN|1-876485-45-0}}).
*''The Explorers'' ({{ISBN|1-876485-22-1}}).
*[[Watkin Tench]], ''Watkin Tench's 1788'' ({{ISBN|1-875847-27-8}}).
*''Terra Australis: [[Matthew Flinders]]' Great Adventures in the Circumnavigation of Australia'' ({{ISBN|1-876485-92-2}}).
*John Morgan, ''The Life and Adventures of [[William Buckley (convict)|William Buckley]]'' ({{ISBN|1-877008-20-6}}).
*[[John Nicol]], ''Life and Adventures: 1776–1801'' ({{ISBN|1-875847-41-3}}).
*[[Joshua Slocum]], ''Sailing Alone Around the World'' ({{ISBN|1-877008-57-5}}).

===Articles===
* Tim Flannery, &quot;The First Mean Streets&quot; (review of [[Monica L. Smith]], ''Cities: The First 6,000 Years'', Viking, 2019, 293 pp.; and [[James C. Scott]], ''Against the Grain: A Deep History of the Earliest States'', Yale University Press, 2017, 312 pp.), ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', vol. LXVII, no. no. 4 (12 March 2020), pp. 31–32. &quot;''Against the Grain'' ... made me look afresh at the [[city|urban world]]. Now when I see monumental architecture, I think of the workers who in many cases literally slaved over its construction. And, having been awakened to the concept, I see cases of near-[[politicide]] everywhere, from the growing [[inequality of wealth]] in our societies, to the taxpayer-funded [[bank bailouts]] following the [[2008 financial crisis]].... Over the millenia the ordinary people of the [[city]] have, with some... success, striven to wrest back control of their lives. But the journey is not yet complete: [[slavery]] continues to exist, and even in our modern [[democracies]] the wealthiest continue to exert vastly disproportionate [[political]] influence. [M]ovements like [[Occupy movement|Occupy]] and [[Extinction Rebellion]] are the latest manifestations of a struggle that is as old as cities themselves.&quot; (p. 32.)

==Television series==
*''Two Men in a Tinnie'' (2006) with [[John Doyle (comedian)|John Doyle]]
*''Two in the Top End'' (2008) with John Doyle
*''Two on the Great Divide'' (2012) with John Doyle
*''Two Men in China'' (2014) with John Doyle

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120410045740/http://www.climatecommission.gov.au/ Climate Commission]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110222214717/http://www.theweathermakers.org/ ''The Weather Makers'' book website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070830161221/http://www.rmit.edu.au/appliedcommunication/publiclectures Tim Flannery lecture online, RMIT School of Applied Communication Public Lecture series]
* [http://ourworldinbalance.blogspot.com/2007/10/story-of-tim-flannery.html The Story of Tim Flannery] by Our World in Balance
* [http://www.nybooks.com/authors/115 Flannery author page and article archive] from ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', accessed 6/3/2018

===Video===
* [http://www.themonthly.com.au/tim-flannery Tim Flannery on SlowTV]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080827220629/http://www.twenty.uts.edu.au/streaming/vod-tf Address from Professor Tim Flannery] at ''[[University of Technology, Sydney]]'', recording of live speech, 22 May 2008
* [http://www.cbc.ca/thehour/video.php?id=1502 Tim Flannery interview] on ''[[The Hour (Canadian TV series)|The Hour]]'' with [[George Stroumboulopoulos]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071113202430/http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=07%2F10%2F25%2F1454240 Tim Flannery interview] on ''[[Democracy Now!]]'' program, 25 October 2007
* [[APEC Singapore 2009]] [http://edition.cnn.com/2009/BUSINESS/11/14/apec.environment/ The business of climate: A look to technology]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090815185342/http://worldfuturecouncil.org/tim_flannery.html Councillor at World Future Council]
* [http://wheelercentre.com/videos/video/innovation-in-a-changing-climate/ Keynote address at Alfred Deakin Lecture series &quot;Innovation in Changing Climate&quot;]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7xOVkS11FVs Tim Flannery: Here on Earth (ABC Radio National)], 23 September 2010

{{Australians of the Year}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Flannery, Tim}}
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[[Category:Climate activists]]
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[[Category:Cultural critics]]
[[Category:Directors of museums in Australia]]
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&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Tim Flannery]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Tim Flannery/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tom Penn</title>
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{{Infobox person
| name          = Tom Penn
| image         =
| caption       =
| birth_name    =
| birth_date    =
| birth_place   = [[Peoria, Illinois]]
| high_school   = [[Spalding Academy &quot;Peoria Notre Dame&quot;]]
| death_date    =
| death_place   =
| occupation    = [[Television personality]], [[sports executive]], [[lawyer]], [[Executive (management)|executive]], [[Color commentator|analyst]]
}}

'''Tom Penn''' is an American sports executive who is currently the president and co-owner of Major League Soccer's [[Los Angeles Football Club]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Brian Straus/Sports Illustrated|url=https://www.si.com/soccer/planet-futbol/2014/10/30/mls-lafc-los-angeles-fc-ownership-nguyen-guber-penn-nomar-magic-hamm |title=MLS unveils Chivas USA replacement in LA with star-studded ownership| publisher=si.com |date=2014-10-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Kevin Baxter/LA Times|url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/sportsnow/la-sp-sn-mls-franchise-los-angeles-20141030-story.html |title=Magic Johnson, Mia Hamm among owners of new L.A. pro soccer team |publisher=latimes.com |date=2014-10-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Nicholas Mendola/NBC Sports|url=http://prosoccertalk.nbcsports.com/2014/10/30/los-angeles-officially-given-new-mls-team-magic-johnson-vincent-tan-among-investors/ |title=Los Angeles officially given new MLS team; Magic Johnson, Vincent Tan among investors |publisher=nbcsports.com|date=2014-10-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Penn is also an [[NBA TV]] analyst, former NBA executive and co-founder of the Sports Leadership Institute.

==Los Angeles Football Club==

The Los Angeles Football Club is a Major League Soccer (MLS) team based in downtown Los Angeles. Along with Penn, owners include Henry Nguyen, [[Peter Guber]], [[Magic Johnson]], [[Nomar Garciaparra]], [[Mia Hamm]], [[Tony Robbins]], and [[Will Ferrell]]. The team was announced in October 2014 and planned to play its first game in 2018.{{update needed|date=September 2019}}

==ESPN analyst==

As an NBA analyst, Penn is regularly featured as a basketball operations expert on advanced analytics, [[salary cap]] issues, the [[NBA Draft]], player trades and collective bargaining issues.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Bruce Ely/The Oregonian |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/blazers/index.ssf/2010/11/post_3.html |title=Former Blazers executive Tom Penn lands job with ESPN as a NBA studio analyst |publisher=OregonLive.com |date= 2010-11-09|accessdate=2011-02-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Penn started working with ESPN during the 2010 NBA Draft,[2] and during the free agency period of 2010, he operated ESPN's cap machine on SportsCenter, where he manipulated a touchscreen to show potential destinations for LeBron James and other marquee free agents.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Y5qKHpQHCo |title=How the Miami Heat land the BIG 3 in South Beach |publisher=YouTube |date= |accessdate=2011-02-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Penn has also been on ESPN using the [http://search.espn.go.com/tom-penn/videos/6 ESPN Trade Machine] to break down NBA trades. He left ESPN in 2018 to join Turner Sports.

==NBA executive==
In 2012, Penn was widely reported as being close to accepting a position as general manager of the [[Philadelphia 76ers]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.libertyballers.com/2012/7/24/3184519/tom-penn-sixers-gm-general-manager-rod-thorn-doug-collins |title=Tom Penn Reportedly Close to Becoming Sixers GM |publisher=Libertyballlers.com |date=2012-07-24 |accessdate=2013-02-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;  He instead re-signed with ESPN. From 2007 to 2010, he spent four seasons with the Portland Trail Blazers as vice president of Basketball Operations and assistant general manager. Penn is an expert on the NBA salary cap and collective bargaining agreement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://blog.oregonlive.com/blazers/2009/05/tom_penn_named_vp_of_basketbal.html | work=The Oregonian | title=Tom Penn named VP of Basketball Operations | date=2009-05-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Penn worked with general manager Kevin Pritchard as they restored the Blazers from the &quot;Jail Blazers&quot; era. The Blazers won 54 games in 2008–09 and again reached 50 wins in 2009–10 in spite of injuries to key players. During the summer of 2009, Penn was offered the general manager job with the [[Minnesota Timberwolves]], but he turned it down, deciding to stay with the Blazers after a promotion to vice president of Basketball Operations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/nba/news/story?id=4175419 |title=Tom Penn to remain in Portland Trail Blazers' front office – ESPN |publisher=Sports.espn.go.com |date=2009-05-18 |accessdate=2011-02-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ten months later, Penn was fired after in what one writer called a &quot;drive by&quot; shooting.  &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Bruce Ely, ''The Oregonian'' |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/sports/oregonian/john_canzano/index.ssf/2010/03/canzano_vulcans_are_hovering_a.html |title=Canzano: Vulcans are hovering and Kevin Pritchard could be next |publisher=OregonLive.com |date= 2010-03-17|accessdate=2011-02-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; On June 24, 2010, the day of the NBA Draft, Kevin Pritchard was also fired by the Blazers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Bruce Ely, ''The Oregonian'' |url=http://blog.oregonlive.com/behindblazersbeat/2010/06/kevin_pritchard_fired_as_trail.html |title=Kevin Pritchard fired as Trail Blazers general manager &amp;#124; OregonLive.com |publisher=Blog.oregonlive.com |date= 2010-06-24|accessdate=2011-02-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Penn worked with the [[Vancouver Grizzlies|Vancouver]]/[[Memphis Grizzlies]] as assistant general manager and legal counsel from 2000 to 2007. For five of those seasons in Memphis, he worked closely with [[Jerry West]] and [[Chuck Daly]].&lt;ref&gt;http://www.nba.com/media/grizzlies/media_guide-0405-basketball_operations.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; The Grizzlies made the playoffs three straight seasons but never advanced passed the first round. In 1999, Penn worked as part of prospective NBA owner [[Michael Heisley]]'s NBA acquisition team. Penn worked with [[Dick Versace]] and Heisley's team to help guide Heisley through the NBA acquisition process until Heisley ultimately purchased the Vancouver Grizzlies in May 2000.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.nba.com/media/grizzlies/media_guide-0405-basketball_operations.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; After one season in Vancouver, Heisley moved the team to Memphis.

==Sports Leadership Institute==
The Sports Leadership Institute is a company that organizes private leadership summits for global sports owners, pro sports executives, major college Ads{{clarify|date=June 2019}}, and professional athletes. Penn founded the company in 2011, and they organize the Global Sports Summit in Aspen, Global Sports Management Summit in Chicago and Collegiate Sports Summit in Santa Monica.

==Agent and lawyer==
Penn was a lawyer and a player agent. He worked mostly as a criminal defense attorney and acted in 20-plus cases including murder, armed robbery and other serious felony cases. He also was a basketball player agent and organized tours of Europe with free agent players. [[Upper Deck Company]]—the trading card company—was his sponsor for the tours and the team was called the &quot;Upper Deck All-Stars&quot;. Fox Sports Chicago filmed a documentary movie about one of the tours called ''Over There''.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.nba.com/media/grizzlies/media_guide-0405-basketball_operations.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;

==St. Jude Children's Research Hospital==
Penn has been a member of the Board of Governors of [[St. Jude Children's Research Hospital]] since 2002. He helped found [http://hoopsforstjude.org/ Hoops for St. Jude]—an NBA Cares program that raises awareness and funds to fight childhood cancer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=|url=http://espn.go.com/blog/truehoop/post/_/id/17901/counterprogramming-for-a-worthy-cause |title=Counterprogramming for a worthy cause – TrueHoop Blog – ESPN |publisher=Espn.go.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; For the 2010-11 NBA Season, Hoops for St. Jude features the endorsement of NBA stars [[Dwyane Wade]], [[Dwight Howard]], [[Pau Gasol]], [[Kevin Love]], [[Rudy Gay]], [[David Lee (basketball)|David Lee]], [[Steve Blake]], and coach [[George Karl]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.fox14tv.com/Global/story.asp?S=13815273 |title=NBA Stars Join Hoops for St. Jude Starting Lineup to Fight Childhood Cancer – FOX 14 TV Joplin and Pittsburg News Weather Sports &amp;#124; |publisher=Fox14tv.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-20 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Penn serves on the board of directors of the [http://www.joyrx.org/ Children's Cancer Association], a Portland based charity that provides services and programs to children and families who are traumatized by cancer and other diseases.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.joyrx.org/about-cca/leadership-advisors |title=Children's Cancer Association – Leadership &amp; Advisors |publisher=Joyrx.org |date= |accessdate=2011-02-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Los Angeles Football Club}}

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&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Tom Penn]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Tom Penn/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>Texas A&amp;M Aggies football</title>
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{{Infobox NCAA football school
| CurrentSeason = 2020 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team
| TeamName = Texas A&amp;M Aggies
| Image = Texas A&amp;M University logo.svg
| ImageSize = 150
| FirstYear = {{start date and age|1894}}
| AthleticDirector = [[Ross Bjork]]
| HeadCoach = [[Jimbo Fisher]]
| HeadCoachYear = 2nd
| HCWins = 17 &lt;!-- As of games through 12/31/19 --&gt;
| HCLosses = 9 &lt;!-- As of games through 12/31/19 --&gt;
| Stadium = [[Kyle Field]]
| StadCapacity = 102,733
| StadSurface = 
| Conference = [[Southeastern Conference]]
| ConfDivision = West
| PastAffiliations = 
| Location = [[College Station, Texas]]
| WebsiteName = 12thman.com
| WebsiteURL = https://12thman.com/sports/football
| ATWins = 741
| ATLosses = 481
| ATTies = 48
| BowlWins = 18
| BowlLosses = 22
| UnNatlTitles =  &lt;!-- 1917 is possible, needs a 1st-N-Goal + James Howell citation --&gt;
| NatlTitles = 3 (1919, 1927, 1939)
| ConfTitles = 18
| DivTitles = 3 (1997, 1998, 2010)
| Heismans = 2 ([[John David Crow]], [[Johnny Manziel]])
| AllAmericans = 28&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=NCAA |title=NCAA Football Award Winners |pages=16 |year=2009 |url=http://web1.ncaa.org/web_files/stats/football_records/DI/2009/2009Awards.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5qOl2B1Af?url=http://web1.ncaa.org/web_files/stats/football_records/DI/2009/2009Awards.pdf |archivedate=June 11, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| uniform = [[File:SEC-Uniform-TAMU.png|250px]]
| FightSong = [[Fightin' Texas Aggie War Hymn|Aggie War Hymn]]
| MascotDisplay = [[Reveille (dog)|Reveille]]
| MarchingBand = [[Fightin' Texas Aggie Band]]
| PagFreeLabel = Outfitter
| PagFreeValue = [[Adidas]]
| Rivalries = [[LSU Tigers football|LSU]] ([[LSU–Texas A&amp;M football rivalry|rivalry]])&lt;br /&gt;[[Arkansas Razorbacks football|Arkansas]] ([[Arkansas–Texas A&amp;M football rivalry|rivalry]])&lt;br /&gt;[[Texas Longhorns football|Texas]] ([[Texas–Texas A&amp;M football rivalry|rivalry]])&lt;br /&gt;[[Baylor Bears football|Baylor]] ([[Battle of the Brazos|rivalry]])&lt;br /&gt;[[Texas Tech Red Raiders football|Texas Tech]] ([[Texas A&amp;M–Texas Tech football rivalry|rivalry]])&lt;br /&gt;[[TCU Horned Frogs football|TCU]] ([[TCU–Texas A&amp;M football rivalry|rivalry]])
}}

The '''Texas A&amp;M Aggies football''' program represents [[Texas A&amp;M University]] in the [[sport]] of [[American football]].  The [[Texas A&amp;M Aggies|Aggies]] compete in the [[Football Bowl Subdivision]] (FBS) of the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]] (NCAA) and the Western Division of the [[Southeastern Conference]] (SEC).&lt;ref name=JoinSEC&gt;{{cite news|title=SEC: Texas A&amp;M to join in July 2012 |agency=Associated Press|date=September 5, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Texas A&amp;M football claims three national titles and 18 conference titles. The team plays all home games at the newly redeveloped [[Kyle Field]], a 102,733-person capacity outdoor stadium on the university campus. [[Jimbo Fisher]] is currently the team's head coach.

==History==
{{See also|List of Texas A&amp;M Aggies football seasons}}

===Early history (1894–1933)===
[[File:1901 Texas A&amp;M Aggies.png|thumb|left|1901 Aggies players]]
Texas A&amp;M first fielded a football team in 1894, under the direction of head coach [[F. Dudley Perkins]].&lt;ref name=&quot;books.google.com&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=3swj0kL9AuAC&amp;pg=PA42&amp;lpg=PA42&amp;dq=f.+d.+perkins+texas+a%26m#v=onepage&amp;q=f.%20d.%20perkins%20texas%20a%26m&amp;f=false|title=Texas A&amp;m Aggies|work=google.com|isbn=9781617836572|last1=Rappoport|first1=Ken|date=January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The team compiled a 1–1 record.&lt;ref name=&quot;books.google.com&quot;/&gt; [[W. A. Murray]] served as A&amp;M's head coach from 1899–1901, compiling a record of 7–8–1.&lt;ref name=&quot;12thman.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.12thman.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=205238864|title=Texas A&amp;M Football History|work=12thman.com|access-date=December 2, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104171518/http://www.12thman.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=205238864|archive-date=January 4, 2015|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; From 1902–1904, [[J. E. Platt]] served as A&amp;M's head coach, his teams compiling a record of 18–5–3.&lt;ref name=&quot;12thman.com&quot;/&gt; From 1909–1914, A&amp;M compiled a 38–8–4 record under head coach [[Charley Moran]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/coaches/charley-moran-1.html|title=Charley Moran|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Moran's 1909 team finished undefeated, and all but one of Moran's other seasons the Aggies only lost one game each year.&lt;ref name=&quot;12thman.com&quot;/&gt; Under head coach [[Edwin Harlan]], the Aggies compiled a record of 12–5 in two seasons and joined the [[Southwest Conference]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/coaches/eh-harlan-1.html|title=E.H. Harlan|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/college-sports/story/_/id/6912807/texas-aggies-tell-big-12-seek-new-conference|title=Texas A&amp;M Aggies tell Big 12 they'll seek new conference|work=ESPN.com|date=August 31, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Dana X. Bible (1934).jpg|thumb|150px|Coach Bible]]
[[Dana X. Bible]] became Texas A&amp;M's head coach in 1919, leaving [[LSU Tigers football|LSU]], and under his tutelage the Aggies compiled a record of 72–19–9 in ten seasons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/coaches/dana-bible-1.html|title=Dana Bible|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bible's 1919 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team, which was undefeated, untied, and outscored its opposition 275–0, was retroactively named a national champion by the Billingsley Report and the National Championship Foundation. In the 1922 Dixie Classic, Bible made his most visible and lasting impression in his A&amp;M career when he began the Twelfth Man Tradition. Bible had a roster of only eighteen players, who had to play both offense and defense against the heavily favored Centre College. He lost three players to injuries early in the game, but the Aggies took the lead. Fearing more injuries and a possibility of having to forfeit the game for lack of men, Bible called upon a reserve halfback, E. King Gill, who was in the press box running stats for the team, to suit up and be ready if needed. The Aggies wouldn't need Gill's help to win, but since then A&amp;M students stand throughout football games to show their willingness to play if needed.&lt;ref name=&quot;tshaonline.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fbi38|title=BIBLE, DANA XENOPHON|work=tshaonline.org|date=June 12, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bible departed the Aggies after the 1928 season to accept the [[Nebraska Cornhuskers football|Nebraska]] head coaching position.&lt;ref name=&quot;tshaonline.org&quot;/&gt; After Bible's departure, A&amp;M brought in [[Matty Bell]] from [[TCU Horned Frogs football|TCU]] to lead the Aggies football program.&lt;ref name=&quot;tshaonline.org1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fbebf|title=BELL, WILLIAM MADISON [MATTY]|work=tshaonline.org|date=June 12, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under Bell's tutelage, the Aggies compiled a record of 24–21–3.&lt;ref name=&quot;tshaonline.org1&quot;/&gt; However, the Aggies did not play up to the standards set by Dana Bible's tenure, and Bell had left for [[SMU Mustangs football|SMU]] after five seasons.&lt;ref name=&quot;tshaonline.org1&quot;/&gt;

===Homer Norton era (1934–1947)===
[[Homer H. Norton|Homer Norton]] was hired away from [[Centenary Gentlemen football|Centenary]] to replace Bell in 1934.&lt;ref name=&quot;CFHOF&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url={{College Football HoF/url|id=1464}}|title=Homer Norton|publisher=National Football Foundation|work=footballfoundation.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; A&amp;M enjoyed great successes under Norton. The 1939 Texas A&amp;M team went 11–0, beating [[Tulane Green Wave football|Tulane]] in the [[Sugar Bowl]], and was named a national champion.&lt;ref name=&quot;sports-reference.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/coaches/homer-norton-1.html|title=Homer Norton|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Norton's record at Texas A&amp;M was 82–53–9, giving him the second most wins of any coach in Texas A&amp;M Aggies football history.&lt;ref name=&quot;sports-reference.com&quot;/&gt; Among the many stars that Norton developed were [[John Kimbrough]] and [[Joe Routt]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CFHOF&quot; /&gt; Norton was fired in 1947 when his team went 3–6–1 and lost to archrival University of Texas for the eighth straight year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.barkingcarnival.com/2008/10/06/the-more-things-change|title=The More Things Change...|author=TaylorTRoom|work=Barking Carnival|date=October 6, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Harry Stiteler era (1948–1950)===
In December 1947, [[Harry Stiteler]] was promoted from running backs coach to head coach for the Texas A&amp;M football team following the firing of Homer Norton.&lt;ref name=Paris&gt;{{cite news|title=Harry Stiteler Named New Aggie Mentor|newspaper=The Paris News|date=1947-12-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Stiteler's first season as head coach, the Aggies failed to win a game, accumulating a record of 0–9–1.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Texas A&amp;M 1948 season |publisher=College Football Data Warehouse |url=http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/coaching/alltime_coach_game_by_game.php?coachid=2246&amp;year=1948 |accessdate=2010-05-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019010549/http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/coaching/alltime_coach_game_by_game.php?coachid=2246&amp;year=1948 |archivedate=October 19, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; For the 1949 season, the Aggies won only one game and had a record of 1–8–1.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Texas A&amp;M 1949 season |publisher=College Football Data Warehouse |url=http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/coaching/alltime_coach_game_by_game.php?coachid=2246&amp;year=1949 |accessdate=2010-05-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019010625/http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/coaching/alltime_coach_game_by_game.php?coachid=2246&amp;year=1949 |archivedate=October 19, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite the poor record in his first two seasons, Stiteler developed a reputation as a good recruiter.  In 1950, Stiteler turned the program around with a 7–4 record, including impressive wins over [[Arkansas Razorbacks football|Arkansas]] (42–13) and [[SMU Mustangs football|SMU]] (25–20) and a 40–20 win over [[Georgia Bulldogs football|Georgia]] in the [[Presidential Cup Bowl]] at [[Baltimore, Maryland|Baltimore]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Texas A&amp;M 1950 season |publisher=College Football Data Warehouse |url=http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/coaching/alltime_coach_game_by_game.php?coachid=2246&amp;year=1950 |accessdate=2010-05-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019010632/http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/coaching/alltime_coach_game_by_game.php?coachid=2246&amp;year=1950 |archivedate=October 19, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The 1950 team had the best record of any Texas A&amp;M football team in the first decade after [[World War II]] (1945–1954).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Texas A&amp;M Aggies |publisher=databasefootball.com |url=http://www.databasefootball.com/College/teams/teampage.htm?TeamID=99 |accessdate=2010-05-06 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412200940/http://www.databasefootball.com/College/teams/teampage.htm?TeamID=99 |archivedate=April 12, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In December 1950, Stiteler reported that he had been attacked and beaten by a stranger near the Shamrock Hotel in [[Houston, Texas|Houston]], where Stiteler had been scheduled to address a group of Texas A&amp;M alumni.&lt;ref name=Assailant/&gt;  Stiteler tried to downplay the incident, but the press reported Stiteler declined to provide details to the police and that there were conflicting versions as to what had happened.  The ''San Antonio Light'' reported the incident under a banner headline, &quot;MYSTERY SHROUDS STITELER BEATING.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=MYSTERY SHROUDS STITELER BEATING: Police Open Probe, Then Drop It|newspaper=San Antonio Light|date=1950-12-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In March 1951, Stiteler admitted that he had misrepresented the facts concerning the assault.  He reported that he had known his attacker and &quot;the affair was a personal one.&quot;&lt;ref name=Assailant&gt;{{cite news|title=Wholesale Resignations: Gray, Stiteler; Aggie Mentor Admits Knowing His Assailant|newspaper=San Antonio Express|date=1951-03-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Embarrassed, Stiteler submitted his letter of resignation to the President of Texas A&amp;M upon revealing the true facts concerning &quot;my affair in Houston.&quot;&lt;ref name=Assailant/&gt;  Following the resignation, the members of the football team issued a statement in support of their former coach:&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;We believe that whatever happened to Mr. Stiteler was a personal matter and it should have remained that. A lot of us boys came to A. and M. in 1948 not because A. and M. had won games but simply because of Harry Stiteler and his character. He has never ceased to set us that same example in the years we have played and worked for him.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Footballers Give Stiteler Sendoff|newspaper=San Antonio Light|date=1951-03-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; In three years as the head coach at Texas A&amp;M, Stiteler compiled a record of 8–21–2.&lt;ref name=CFD&gt;{{cite web|title=Robert Harry Stiteler Records by Year |publisher=College Football Data Warehouse |url=http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/coaching/alltime_coach_year_by_year.php?coachid=2246 |accessdate=2010-05-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214220059/http://cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/coaching/alltime_coach_year_by_year.php?coachid=2246 |archivedate=February 14, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Raymond George era (1951–1953)===
[[Raymond George]], previously [[USC Trojans football|USC]]'s defensive line coach, was hired as the 17th head coach of the Texas A&amp;M Aggies after the Stiteler scandal.&lt;ref name=&quot;google.com&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ejsMGVVySaEC&amp;pg=PA105&amp;lpg=PA105&amp;dq=texas+a%26m+raymond+george#v=onepage&amp;q=texas%20a%26m%20raymond%20george&amp;f=false|title=Texas A&amp;M University|work=google.com|isbn=9780890967041|last1=Dethloff|first1=Henry C.|year=1996}}&lt;/ref&gt; He served as head coach for three seasons, from 1951 to 1953, during which time the Aggies produced a total record of 12-14-4.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/coaching/alltime_coach_year_by_year.php?coachid=855 College Football Data Warehouse] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015152833/http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/coaching/alltime_coach_year_by_year.php?coachid=855 |date=October 15, 2012 }} Raymond George records by year&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/coaches/ray-george-1.html|title=Ray George|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among A&amp;M's notable wins during this time period were victories over [[Bud Wilkinson]]'s [[Oklahoma Sooners football|Oklahoma Sooners]], [[Henry Russell Sanders]]' [[UCLA Bruins football|UCLA Bruins]] and [[Bear Bryant]]'s [[Kentucky Wildcats football|Kentucky Wildcats]]. George resigned as the Aggies head coach following the 1953 season.&lt;ref name=&quot;google.com&quot;/&gt;

===Bear Bryant era (1954–1957)===
Legendary coach [[Bear Bryant]] arrived in College Station after successful head coaching tenures at [[Maryland Terrapins football|Maryland]] and [[Kentucky Wildcats football|Kentucky]], signing a contract worth $15,000 per year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sportingnews.com/ncaa-football/story/2014-04-09/bear-bryant-contract-texas-am-15000-dollars-alabama-crimson-tide|title=Texas A&amp;M hired Bear Bryant for $15,000|work=Sporting News|access-date=July 6, 2020|archive-date=September 13, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913205233/http://www.sportingnews.com/ncaa-football/story/2014-04-09/bear-bryant-contract-texas-am-15000-dollars-alabama-crimson-tide|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Aggies suffered through a grueling 1–9 record in Bryant's first season, which began with the infamous training camp in [[Junction, Texas]], during which time many Aggie football players quit the team.&lt;ref name=&quot;espn.go.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/classic/s/dent_junction_08/02/01.html|title=ESPN Classic - Ten days in hell with the Bear|work=go.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The &quot;survivors&quot; were given the name &quot;[[Junction Boys]].&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;espn.go.com&quot;/&gt; Two years later, Bryant led the team to the Southwest Conference championship with a 34–21 victory over Texas in Austin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/texas-am/1956-schedule.html|title=1956 Texas A&amp;M Aggies|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The following year, star running back [[John David Crow]] won the [[Heisman Trophy]] and the [[1957 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|Aggies]] were in title contention until they lost to [[Rice Owls football|Rice Owls]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/texas-am/1957-schedule.html|title=1957 Texas A&amp;M Aggies|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/ncf/features/heisman/_/year/1957/set/3|title=ESPN - NCAA College Football - Heisman 75|work=go.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bryant attempted to integrate the all-white Texas A&amp;M squad. &quot;We'll be the last football team in the Southwest Conference to integrate,&quot; he was told by a Texas A&amp;M official. &quot;Well,&quot; Bryant replied, &quot;then that's where we're going to finish in football.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;American Legacy article&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Barra |first=Allen |date=Winter 2006 |title=Bear Bryant's Biggest Score |journal=[[American Legacy]]|url=http://www.libarts.uco.edu/history/faculty/roberson/course/1493/readings/BEAR%20BRYANT.htm|pages=58–64|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100519041331/http://www.libarts.uco.edu/history/faculty/roberson/course/1493/readings/BEAR%20BRYANT.htm|archivedate=May 19, 2010| url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the 1957 season, having compiled an overall 25–14–2 record at A&amp;M, Bryant left for [[Alabama Crimson Tide football|Alabama]], his alma mater, where he would cement his legacy as one of the greatest, if not the greatest, college football coach of all-time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/classic/biography/s/Bryant_Bear.html|title=ESPN Classic - Bear Bryant 'simply the best there ever was'|work=go.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Jim Myers era (1958–1961)===
A&amp;M next turned to [[Iowa State Cyclones football|Iowa State]] head coach [[Jim Myers]] for its head coaching position.&lt;ref name=&quot;profootballtalk.nbcsports.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2014/07/19/longtime-cowboys-assistant-jim-myers-dies-at-92/|title=Longtime Cowboys assistant Jim Myers dies at 92 - ProFootballTalk|work=nbcsports.com|date=July 19, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under Myers, the Aggies struggled mightily, compiling a 12–24–4 record.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/coaches/jim-myers-1.html|title=Jim Myers|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Aggies failed to win more than four games in a single season. The fallout that ensued from fans, boosters and the administration led Myers to join [[Tom Landry]]'s [[Dallas Cowboys]] staff as an assistant coach.&lt;ref name=&quot;profootballtalk.nbcsports.com&quot;/&gt;

===Hank Foldberg era (1962–1964)===
[[Hank Foldberg]] was hired as the Aggies head coach after Myers' departure, and brought with him high hopes that Aggie success would return.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Tf2x-x7BU2QC&amp;pg=PA36&amp;lpg=PA36&amp;dq=hank+foldberg+texas+a%26m#v=onepage&amp;q=hank%20foldberg%20texas%20a%26m&amp;f=false|title=Maroon Paint|work=google.com|isbn=9781452080710|last1=Balch|first1=Bob|last2=Perry|first2=Charles|date=October 18, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the struggles remained, in the form of a 6-23-1 record in three seasons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/coaches/hank-foldberg-1.html|title=Hank Foldberg|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Foldberg was replaced after the 1964 season.

===Gene Stallings era (1965–1971)===
[[File:Gene Stallings 2009.jpg|thumb|150px|Coach Stallings]]
Fresh off helping Bear Bryant and [[Alabama Crimson Tide football|Alabama]] win the 1964 national title as an assistant coach, [[Gene Stallings]], one of the &quot;Junction Boys&quot;, was named the head coach of his alma mater at the age of 29.&lt;ref name=&quot;tamutimes.tamu.edu&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://tamutimes.tamu.edu/tag/gene-stallings/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-12-02 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141212192651/http://tamutimes.tamu.edu/tag/gene-stallings/ |archivedate=December 12, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Aggies struggles persisted under Stallings. Texas A&amp;M compiled a record of 27–45–1 in Stallings' seven seasons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/coaches/gene-stallings-1.html|title=Gene Stallings|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the Aggies won the [[Southwest Conference]] in 1967, Stallings' only winning season at A&amp;M.&lt;ref name=&quot;sports-reference.com1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/texas-am/1967-schedule.html|title=1967 Texas A&amp;M Aggies|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the end of that season, A&amp;M beat Alabama in the Cotton Bowl.&lt;ref name=&quot;sports-reference.com1&quot;/&gt; He was fired at A&amp;M following the 1971 season, but, like his mentor Bryant, would go on to become Alabama's head coach in the 1990s and solidify a Hall of Fame career there.&lt;ref name=&quot;tamutimes.tamu.edu&quot;/&gt;

===Emory Bellard era (1972–1978)===
Texas offensive coordinator [[Emory Bellard]] became the Aggies' head coach in 1972 and brought with him the wishbone offense.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/11/sports/ncaafootball/11bellard.html|title=Emory Bellard, Creator of Wishbone Offense, Dies at 83|first=Bruce|last=Weber|date=February 10, 2011|publisher=|newspaper=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; In his seven years at Texas A&amp;M, he finished with a record of 48–27 and three top-15 finishes.&lt;ref name=&quot;sports-reference.com2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/coaches/emory-bellard-1.html|title=Emory Bellard|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Acting as his own offensive coordinator, Bellard hired former [[high school football]] coaches to assist him as backfield coaches.&lt;ref name=&quot;sports-reference.com2&quot;/&gt; Bellard's first two seasons at Texas A&amp;M were difficult, as his Aggies finished 3–8 and 5–6, respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;sports-reference.com2&quot;/&gt; In 1974, with a pair of his own recruiting classes suited to run the wishbone formation, the Aggies went 8–3,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/texas-am/1974-schedule.html|title=1974 Texas A&amp;M Aggies|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; then followed it up with two 10–2 seasons,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/texas-am/1975-schedule.html|title=1975 Texas A&amp;M Aggies|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/texas-am/1976-schedule.html|title=1976 Texas A&amp;M Aggies|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; including a pair of wins over Texas and three consecutive bowl game appearances. After starting the 1978 season 4–0, Bellard resigned mid-season after two consecutive losses: 33–0 to [[Houston Cougars football|Houston]] and 24–6 to [[Baylor Bears football|Baylor]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-emory-bellard-20110211-story.html|title=Emory Bellard: Emory Bellard, college coach who created wishbone offense, dies at 83 - LA Times|author=Los Angeles Times|date=February 11, 2011|work=latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tom Wilson era (1978–1981)===
[[Tom Wilson (American football)|Tom Wilson]] was promoted from offensive coordinator to head coach of the Aggies following Bellard's resignation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.12thmanfoundation.com/membership/12th-man-magazine-articles/year-won.aspx |title=Year Won |work=12thmanfoundation.com |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216150035/https://www.12thmanfoundation.com/membership/12th-man-magazine-articles/year-won.aspx |archivedate=December 16, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Aggies enjoyed moderate success under Wilson's tutelage, compiling a record of 21-19 and an [[Independence Bowl]] victory in 1981.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/coaches/tom-wilson-1.html|title=Tom Wilson|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the mediocrity did not sit well with the administration, and Wilson was fired after the 1981 season.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Ii4EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA160&amp;lpg=PA160&amp;dq=tom+wilson+fired+texas+a%26m#v=onepage&amp;q=tom%20wilson%20fired%20texas%20a%26m&amp;f=false|title=Texas Monthly|work=google.com|last1=Communications|first1=Emmis|date=March 1982}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Jackie Sherrill era (1982–1988)===
On January 19, 1982, [[Jackie Sherrill]] was hired away from [[Pitt Panthers football|Pittsburgh]] by A&amp;M as the replacement for Tom Wilson, signing a record six-year contract over $1.7 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60B12F73A5C0C738EDDA80894DA484D81|title=TEXAS A&amp;M SIGNS SHERRILL TO RICHEST COLLEGE PACT|first=Gordon S. White|last=Jr|date=January 20, 1982|publisher=|via=NYTimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sherrill was the head coach of the Texas Aggies for seven seasons, from 1982 to 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;sports-reference.com3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/coaches/jackie-sherrill-1.html|title=Jackie Sherrill|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

While head coach at A&amp;M, Sherrill started the tradition of the &quot;[[12th Man (football)|12th Man Kickoff Team]]&quot;, this tradition is still observed by A&amp;M today only in a significantly scaled back form, including a single walk-on rather than an entire return team unit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://aggietraditions.tamu.edu/team/12thman.html |title=Aggie Traditions - Twelfth Man |work=tamu.edu |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140212160011/http://aggietraditions.tamu.edu/team/12thman.html |archivedate=February 12, 2014 |df=mdy }}&lt;/ref&gt; In Sherrill's seven seasons, A&amp;M compiled a 52-28-1 record.&lt;ref name=&quot;sports-reference.com3&quot;/&gt; A&amp;M also won three consecutive [[Southwest Conference]] championships during Sherrill's tenure, in 1985, 1986 and 1987.&lt;ref name=&quot;sports-reference.com3&quot;/&gt; As a result, the Aggies played in the [[Cotton Bowl Classic]] at the end of each season, defeating [[Auburn Tigers football|Auburn]] 36–16 on January 1, 1986&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/texas-am/1985-schedule.html|title=1985 Texas A&amp;M Aggies|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Notre Dame Fighting Irish football|Notre Dame]] 35–10 on January 1, 1988,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/texas-am/1987-schedule.html|title=1987 Texas A&amp;M Aggies|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; and losing to [[Ohio State Buckeyes football|Ohio State]] 28–12 on January 1, 1987.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/texas-am/1986-schedule.html|title=1986 Texas A&amp;M Aggies|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is also one of the few coaches to leave Texas A&amp;M with a winning record against the Longhorns, winning his last five against Texas after losing his first two. However, he only won two out of seven games versus Texas A&amp;M's other conference rival, [[Arkansas Razorbacks football|Arkansas]], in that same time span.

In 1988, Texas A&amp;M was put under probation by the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] for a period of two years. Violations included improper employment, extra benefits, unethical conduct and lack of institutional control.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8G2BLJ86.html|title=Slocum enjoys new role at Texas A&amp;M|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://goomer.ncaa.org/wdbctx/lsdbi/LSDBi.MajorInfPackage.ProcessMultipleBylaws?p_Multiple=0&amp;p_PK=454&amp;p_Button=View+Public+Report&amp;p_TextTerms=ThisIsADummyPhraseThatWillNotBeDuplicated&amp;p_TextTerms2=ThisIsADummyPhraseThatWillNotBeDuplicated&amp;p_Division= Public Infraction Report at NCAA.org]{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sherrill was not personally found guilty of any infractions. However, in December 1988, Sherrill resigned.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://articles.latimes.com/1988-12-13/sports/sp-227_1_jackie-sherrill|title=Sherrill Resigns From Texas A&amp;M : Beleaguered Coach Cites Strain as Reason for Quitting|work=latimes|date=December 13, 1988}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===R. C. Slocum era (1989–2002)===
[[File:Slocum-rc TAMU1.JPG|thumb|150px|Coach Slocum]]
In December 1988, [[R.C. Slocum]] was promoted from defensive coordinator and named head coach of the Aggies.&lt;ref name=&quot;usatoday30.usatoday.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/college/football/big12/2002-12-02-tamu-slocum_x.htm|title=USATODAY.com - Texas A&amp;M fires Slocum after 14 seasons|work=usatoday.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During Slocum's 14 years as head coach, the Aggies compiled a record of 123–47–2, making Slocum the winningest coach in Texas A&amp;M history.&lt;ref name=&quot;usatoday30.usatoday.com&quot;/&gt; During his career, Slocum never had a losing season and won four conference championships, including the [[Big 12]] (the Southwest Conference was renamed in 1996) title in 1998 and two Big 12 South Championships, 1997 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/coaches/rc-slocum-1.html|title=R.C. Slocum|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, he led the Aggies to become the first school in the [[Southwest Conference]] history to post three consecutive perfect conference seasons and actually went four consecutive seasons without a conference loss. Slocum reached 100 wins faster than any other active coach.

A&amp;M's [[Kyle Field]] become one of the hardest places for opponents to play during Slocum's tenure, losing only 12 games at home in 14 years. For over a year, A&amp;M held the longest home-winning streak in the nation, losing in 1989 and not again until late in 1995. In the 1990s, A&amp;M lost only four times at Kyle Field. Slocum was named SWC Coach of the Year three times during his tenure as head coach. A&amp;M's &quot;Wrecking Crew&quot; defense led the Southwest Conference in four statistical categories from 1991 through 1993 and led the nation in total defense in 1991. Over 50 Texas A&amp;M players were drafted into the [[NFL]] during Slocum's career as head coach.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.footballfoundation.org/News/NewsDetail/tabid/567/Article/50897/college-hall-of-fame-candidate-rc-slocum-named-2011-neyland-trophy-winner.aspx|title=College Hall of Fame Candidate R.C. Slocum Named 2011 Neyland Trophy Winner &gt; National Football Foundation &gt; NewsDetail|work=footballfoundation.org|access-date=July 6, 2020|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031641/http://www.footballfoundation.org/News/NewsDetail/tabid/567/Article/50897/college-hall-of-fame-candidate-rc-slocum-named-2011-neyland-trophy-winner.aspx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Slocum inherited an Aggie football program that had just finished 7-5 and under severe NCAA sanctions, and cleaned it up quickly. He was quoted in 2002 as saying &quot;I wouldn't trade winning another game or two for my reputation as a person.  I've said from day one I'm going to do things the way I think they should be done. There were those who said, `If you don't cheat, you're pretty naive. You can't win that way.' Well, we're going to find out. That's the way we're going to do it. I can walk away and look myself in the mirror and say, 'We did it the right way.'&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Justice |first=Richard |title=Legacy of tenure at A&amp;M is reform |newspaper=[[Houston Chronicle]] |date=2002-12-03 |url=http://www.pngindians.com/news/2002/slocumfired.html |accessdate=2007-03-12 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050509214936/http://www.pngindians.com/news/2002/slocumfired.html |archivedate=May 9, 2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

After 14 years as head coach of the Aggies, Slocum was asked to resign in 2002 following only the second non-winning season of his career.&lt;ref name=&quot;usatoday30.usatoday.com&quot;/&gt; He immediately assumed a position as special adviser to Texas A&amp;M president [[Robert Gates]].&lt;ref&gt;http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/football/college/news/2002/12/02/slocum_fired_ap/&lt;/ref&gt;

===Dennis Franchione era (2003–2007)===
[[File:CoachFranTXST.png|thumb|150px|Coach Francione]]
A&amp;M turned to [[Alabama Crimson Tide football|Alabama]] head coach [[Dennis Franchione]] to replace the ousted Slocum.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/06/sports/college-football-texas-a-m-hires-franchione.html|title=COLLEGE FOOTBALL; Texas A&amp;M Hires Franchione|last=The Associated Press|date=December 6, 2002|publisher=|newspaper=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Franchione brought the majority of his coaching staff from the Crimson Tide for the 2003 season. Franchione signed a contract that was set to pay him a yearly salary of [[USD|$]]1.7 million through 2010.&lt;ref name=BCSE&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.theeagle.com/local/CoachFrantimelineatTexasA_M |title=Coach Fran timeline at Texas A&amp;M |work=[[The Bryan-College Station Eagle|Bryan-College Station Eagle]] |accessdate=2007-11-24 |date=2007-11-24 |author=Eagle Staff |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20071126074636/http://www.theeagle.com/local/CoachFrantimelineatTexasA_M |archivedate=November 26, 2007 |df=mdy }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Aggies finished the 2003 season with a 4–8 record, including a nationally televised 77–0 loss to [[Oklahoma Sooners football|Oklahoma]], the worst loss in A&amp;M's history.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/texas-am/2003-schedule.html|title=2003 Texas A&amp;M Aggies|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The season also marked the first losing season for the Aggies after 21 years. In the 2004 season, Franchione attempted the rebuilding process as the team improved to a 7–5 record, and a 5–3 record in [[Big 12|conference play]], including a 35–34 overtime loss to unranked [[Baylor Bears football|Baylor]], ending a 13-game winning streak the Aggies had over Baylor and a 32–25 overtime win over the then #25 [[Texas Tech Red Raiders football|Texas Tech]] at Kyle Field, snapping a 3-game skid to the Red Raiders.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/texas-am/2004-schedule.html|title=2004 Texas A&amp;M Aggies|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Aggies ended up advancing to the [[Cotton Bowl Classic]] to play #17 [[Tennessee Volunteers football|Tennessee]], but lost 38–7.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.goodyearcottonbowl.com/fan-zone/about-classic/past-classics/|title=Cotton Bowl History - Cotton Bowl Classic|work=goodyearcottonbowl.com|access-date=July 6, 2020|archive-date=September 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922112655/http://www.goodyearcottonbowl.com/fan-zone/about-classic/past-classics/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following the bowl game, A&amp;M officials extended Franchione's contract through 2012 and raised his salary to $2 million.&lt;ref name=BCSE/&gt; In June 2005, prior to the 2005 season, Franchione donated $1 million to the A&amp;M athletic department. The donation went toward the construction of an indoor practice facility, which is now located adjacent to Kyle Field.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.chron.com/sports/college/article/Franchione-to-donate-1-million-for-indoor-sports-1483464.php|title=Franchione to donate $1 million for indoor sports facility|work=Houston Chronicle|date=June 28, 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the 2005 season, Franchione's Aggies, who were ranked 17th in the [[preseason]] [[AP Poll]], regressed to a 5–6 record.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/texas-am/2005-schedule.html|title=2005 Texas A&amp;M Aggies|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 2005 Aggie defense ranked 107th nationally (out of 119 [[NCAA Division I-A]] teams) and allowed 443.8 yards per game. This prompted Franchione to dismiss [[defensive coordinator]] [[Carl Torbush]]. Franchione then hired former [[Western Michigan Broncos football|Western Michigan]] head coach [[Gary Darnell]] to replace Torbush.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/spt/stories/121605dnspotamulede.12684713.html|title=A&amp;M starts pumping up Darnell|newspaper=Dallas Morning News|accessdate=2007-11-24|date=2005-12-16|author=Davis, Brian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the 2006 season, the Aggies again rebounded under Franchione, posting a 9–3 regular season record that included Franchione's first win over rival Texas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/texas-am/2006-schedule.html|title=2006 Texas A&amp;M Aggies|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 9–3 record also marked the most wins for A&amp;M since 1998. However, in that season's [[2006 Oklahoma Sooners football team#Texas A&amp;M University|Oklahoma game]], which [[College GameDay (football)|ESPN's College GameDay]] visited, Franchione was criticized by fans for making a [[Field goal (football)|field goal]] call with 3:28 left in the game. The 18th-ranked Sooners ended up defeating the 21st-ranked Aggies, 17–16.&lt;ref name=BCSE/&gt; In the [[postseason]], the Aggies faced 20th-ranked [[California Golden Bears football|California]] in the [[Holiday Bowl]] and lost 45–10.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/college/football/games/2006-12-29-Holiday-bowl-cal-texas-am_x.htm|title=California stomps Texas A&amp;M in Holiday Bowl - USATODAY.com|work=usatoday.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During the 2007 season, Franchione was discovered selling a secret email newsletter, which violated two NCAA rules and one of the [[Big 12]]'s &quot;Principles and Standards of Sportsmanship&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.star-telegram.com/college_sports/story/265436.html|title=A&amp;M admonishes Franchione|work=Fort Worth Star-Telegram|accessdate=2007-10-12|date=2007-11-06|author=Miller, John}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the Aggies' 34–17 loss to unranked [[Miami Hurricanes football|Miami]] in September 2007, Franchione's coaching abilities were questioned.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.aggiesports.com/stories/100107/cessna_20071001034.php |title=Cessna: Talk around town all about Franchione |work=Bryan-College Station Eagle |accessdate=2007-10-01 |date=2007-10-01 |last=Cessna |first=Robert |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016144501/http://www.aggiesports.com/stories/100107/cessna_20071001034.php |archivedate=October 16, 2007 |df=mdy }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url = https://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/headline/sports/5168353.html | title = Franchione fends off negative vibes | work = [[Houston Chronicle]] | accessdate = 2007-09-28 | date = 2007-09-27 | last = Harris | first = Terrance }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url = http://www.statesman.com/sports/content/sports/stories/other/09/26/0926aggies.html | title = Dark clouds in Aggieland | work = [[Austin American-Statesman]] | first = Randy | last = Riggs | accessdate = 2007-09-28 | date = 2007-09-27 |archiveurl = https://archive.is/20071016154818/http://statesman.com/sports/content/sports/stories/other/09/26/0926aggies.html &lt;!-- Bot retrieved archive --&gt; |archivedate = 2007-10-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.star-telegram.com/college_sports/story/245307.html |title=Franchione safe for now, but not forever |work=[[Fort Worth Star-Telegram]] |accessdate=2007-09-28 |date=2007-09-24 |last=Burch |first=Jimmy }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url = http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/spt/columnists/jtaylor/stories/092107dnspotaylor.3811d35.html | title = Aggies trip on big stage again | work = [[Dallas Morning News]] | accessdate = 2007-09-28 | date = 2007-09-21 | last = Taylor | first = Jean-Jacques }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/ncaaf/news;_ylt=Aj881XR5BFAPLJZqVMc4E2EcvrYF?slug=franchionesbreachoftrust&amp;prov=tsn&amp;type=lgns |title=Franchione's breach of trust won't be forgiven |publisher=[[Yahoo! Sports]] |accessdate=2007-09-30 |last=Dienhart |first=Tom }}{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Several news outlets reported that Franchione would not return for the 2008 season. After Franchione led the Aggies to a 38–30 victory over 13th-ranked Texas, he announced his resignation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/news/story?id=3124823|title=ESPN|work=ESPN.com|date=November 24, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Defensive coordinator [[Gary Darnell]] was named the interim head coach. Darnell led the Aggies to a 24–17 defeat at the hands of [[Penn State]] in the [[Alamo Bowl]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://www.aggieathletics.com/pressRelease.php?SID=&amp;PRID=13659 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20070813183209/http://www.aggieathletics.com/pressRelease.php?SID=&amp;PRID=13659 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-08-13 |title=Darnell Named Interim Head Football Coach |publisher=Texas A&amp;M Athletics |accessdate=2007-11-24 |date=2007-11-24 |df=mdy }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Mike Sherman era (2008–2011)===
[[File:MikeSherman2003.jpg|thumb|150px|Coach Sherman]]
[[Mike Sherman]] was hired away from his post as offensive coordinator of the [[NFL]]'s [[Houston Texans]] to replace Franchione.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/sports/5970484.html|title=Sherman is on march}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sherman signed a 7-year contract that at the time paid him $1.8 million annually.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/news/story?id=3127846|title=Sherman succeeds Franchione as Texas A&amp;M coach}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sherman abandoned the [[zone read]] option offense run by Franchione and his coaching staff, and installed a pro-style system.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/spt/colleges/topstories/stories/082708dnspoamlede.2d0aba0.html|title=Texas A&amp;M ready to debut new look on offense, defense}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.cjonline.com/stories/082808/loc_323913949.shtml|title=Sherman using old-school approach|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080903132528/http://cjonline.com/stories/082808/loc_323913949.shtml|archivedate=September 3, 2008|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; A&amp;M used a balanced offense run primarily out of the pro-style formations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.mysanantonio.com/sports/34068744.html |title=Aggies Mailbag: Sherman offers clue to future offense |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211124032/http://www.mysanantonio.com/sports/34068744.html |archivedate=December 11, 2008 |df=mdy }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/oct/21/college-a-different-challenge-for-ex-pro-coaches/|title=College a different challenge for ex-pro coaches}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sherman's quarterbacks at A&amp;M were [[Stephen McGee]] and [[Ryan Tannehill]], both of whom would go on to be drafted into the NFL.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://sportsday.dallasnews.com/college-sports/texasamaggies/2017/06/05/five-greatest-quarterbacks-texas-am-history-ryan-tannehill-stephen-mcgee-make-list|title=Five greatest quarterbacks in Texas A&amp;M history: Why Ryan Tannehill, Stephen McGee don't make the list|date=June 5, 2017|publisher=|access-date=July 6, 2020|archive-date=September 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924153956/https://sportsday.dallasnews.com/college-sports/texasamaggies/2017/06/05/five-greatest-quarterbacks-texas-am-history-ryan-tannehill-stephen-mcgee-make-list|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

After two straight losing seasons, the Aggies started the 2010 season 3–3 but won their final six games and earn a share of the Big 12 South Division title.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.mysanantonio.com/sports/college_sports/big_12/article/Express-News-All-Big-12-team-851495.php?showFullArticle=y|title=Express-News All-Big 12 team}}&lt;/ref&gt; #18 Texas A&amp;M went on to play #11 [[LSU Tigers football|LSU]] in the Cotton Bowl.  Texas A&amp;M lost 41–24 to end the season at 9–4.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/college-football/recap?gameId=310070245|title=LSU vs. Texas A&amp;M - Game Recap - January 7, 2011 - ESPN|website=ESPN.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/texas-am/2010-schedule.html|title=2010 Texas A&amp;M Aggies Schedule and Results - College Football at Sports-Reference.com|website=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the 2010 season, A&amp;M signed Sherman a contract extension through the 2015 season.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/dallas/ncf/story/_/id/6794263/texas-extends-mike-sherman-deal|title=Texas A&amp;M extends Sherman's deal, ups money|publisher=|date=July 22, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; His salary was raised to $2.2 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.star-telegram.com/2011/11/20/3540611/texas-am-wont-fire-sherman-but.html|title=Texas A&amp;M won't fire Sherman, but he's feeling heat|work=star-telegram}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2011, the Aggies began as a top 10 ranked team, but fell out of the polls after losing four games, three of which had double-digit half-time leads.&lt;ref name=&quot;sports-reference.com4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/texas-am/2011-schedule.html|title=2011 Texas A&amp;M Aggies|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Three of those four losses were to teams later ranked among the top ten in the nation. On November 19, 2011, the Aggies defeated [[Kansas Jayhawks football|Kansas]] 61-7 and became bowl-eligible for a third straight season.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/ncf/recap/_/id/313230245|title=Kansas vs. Texas A&amp;M - Game Recap - November 19, 2011 - ESPN|website=ESPN.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Five days later, on November 24, 2011, they would lose at home to Texas by a score of 27–25 on a last-second field goal,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/college-football/recap?gameId=313280245|title=Texas vs. Texas A&amp;M - Game Recap - November 24, 2011 - ESPN|website=ESPN.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; in what would be the last game of the rivalry for the foreseeable future, as the Aggies were to join the [[Southeastern Conference|SEC]] beginning in 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/college-football/story/_/id/7019493/texas-aggies-officially-get-accepted-sec|title=Texas A&amp;M Aggies officially get accepted into the SEC|work=ESPN.com|date=September 25, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was the Aggies' sixth loss of the season, and the fifth in which they held a second-half lead of two or more scores.&lt;ref name=&quot;sports-reference.com4&quot;/&gt; Sherman was fired by Texas A&amp;M on December 1, 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/college-football/story/_/id/7304629/texas-aggies-fire-football-coach-mike-sherman|title=Texas A&amp;M Aggies fire football coach Mike Sherman|work=ESPN.com|date=December 2, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Aggies compiled a record of 25–25 during Sherman's four-year tenure.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/coaches/mike-sherman-1.html|title=Mike Sherman|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Kevin Sumlin era (2012–2017)===
[[File:Kevin Sumlin, Head Football Coach, Texas A&amp;M University.jpg|thumb|150px|Coach Sumlin]]
On December 13, 2011, A&amp;M hired [[Houston Cougars football|Houston]] head coach [[Kevin Sumlin]] as the program's 28th head football coach.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/college-football/story/_/id/7345322/kevin-sumlin-introduced-new-texas-aggies-coach|title=Kevin Sumlin introduced as new Texas A&amp;M Aggies coach|work=ESPN.com|date=December 12, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sumlin was the first [[African American]] head coach in Texas A&amp;M football history.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/college-football/story/_/id/7337943/houston-cougar-kevin-sumlin-leaving-texas-aggies|title=Houston Cougar's Kevin Sumlin leaving for Texas A&amp;M Aggies|work=ESPN.com|date=December 10, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2012, Sumlin led the Aggies to an 11–2 record, including victories over then-#1 Alabama, and #11 [[Oklahoma Sooners football|Oklahoma]] in the [[Cotton Bowl Classic|AT&amp;T Cotton Bowl]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/texas-am/2012-schedule.html|title=2012 Texas A&amp;M Aggies|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Starting quarterback [[Johnny Manziel]] won the [[Heisman Trophy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/college-football/story/_/id/8727326/johnny-manziel-texas-aggies-wins-2012-heisman-trophy|title=Johnny Manziel of Texas A&amp;M Aggies wins 2012 Heisman Trophy|work=ESPN.com|date=December 9, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Aggies finished the 2012 season ranked in the top 5 of both the Coaches Poll and the AP Poll.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.12thman.com/news/2013/1/8/205887260.aspx|title=Highest Final Rank Since 1956 for Texas A&amp;M Football|website=Texas A&amp;M University Athletics Department}}&lt;/ref&gt; Texas A&amp;M also led the SEC in total offense, total scoring offense, total rushing yds, and led the nation in third down conversion percentage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://12thman.com/news/2012/11/8/205730804.aspx?print=true|title=Game Notes: Alabama - Texas A&amp;M University Athletics Department|website=12thman.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kevin Sumlin and the Texas A&amp;M Aggies became the first SEC team in history to amass over 7,000 yds in total offense.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.12thman.com/news/2014/5/7/209491630.aspx|title=Three Aggies Expected in NFL First Round|website=Texas A&amp;M University Athletics Department}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sumlin's 2013 Aggies, led by Manziel, finished with a 9–4 record, which included a victory over [[Duke Blue Devils football|Duke]] in the [[2013 Chick-fil-A Bowl|Chick-fil-A Bowl]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/texas-am/2013-schedule.html|title=2013 Texas A&amp;M Aggies|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://scores.espn.go.com/ncf/recap?gameId=333650245 |title=Duke Blue Devils vs Texas A&amp;M Aggies - Recap |work=ESPN.com |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202102719/http://scores.espn.go.com/ncf/recap?gameId=333650245 |archivedate=December 2, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; On November 30, 2013, A&amp;M signed Sumlin to a six-year, $30 million contract extension.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sportingnews.com/ncaa-football/story/2013-11-30/kevin-sumlin-extension-raise-staying-at-texas-am-johnny-manziel-committed-aggies|title=Kevin Sumlin to receive new 6-year deal from Texas A&amp;M|website=[[Sporting News]]|date=November 30, 2014|accessdate=December 21, 2014|archive-date=September 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924132628/http://www.sportingnews.com/ncaa-football/story/2013-11-30/kevin-sumlin-extension-raise-staying-at-texas-am-johnny-manziel-committed-aggies|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://collegesportsblog.dallasnews.com/2013/12/kevin-sumlins-full-contract-confirms-texas-ams-commitment-to-the-coach.html/ |title=Contract details revealed for Texas A&amp;M's Kevin Sumlin: Buyout raised to $5M if he leaves before 2016; no buyout thereafter |first=Kate |last=Hairopoulos |date=December 16, 2013 |accessdate=December 21, 2014 |website=[[Dallas Morning News]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222000523/http://collegesportsblog.dallasnews.com/2013/12/kevin-sumlins-full-contract-confirms-texas-ams-commitment-to-the-coach.html/ |archivedate=December 22, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For the 2014 season, the Aggies came out strong to begin the season, winning their first 5 games before stumbling mid-season to three top 10-ranked teams, including a 59–0 loss to #7 ranked [[Alabama Crimson Tide football|Alabama]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/college-football/recap?gameId=400548364|title=Texas A&amp;M vs. Alabama - Game Recap - October 18, 2014 - ESPN|website=ESPN.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Aggies finished the season 8–5 overall and 3–5 in SEC play.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/texas-am/2014-schedule.html|title=2014 Texas A&amp;M Aggies Schedule and Results - College Football at Sports-Reference.com|website=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; With the [[Liberty Bowl]] victory over [[West Virginia Mountaineers football|West Virginia]], the Aggies won four straight bowl games for the first time in program history. After the season, which was marred by defensive struggles,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1872018-texas-am-football-aggies-late-season-struggles-are-cause-for-concern|title=Texas A&amp;M Football: Aggies' Late-Season Struggles Are Cause for Concern|first=Michael|last=Taglienti|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sumlin dismissed his defensive coordinator, [[Mark Snyder]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/college-football/story/_/id/11950800/texas-aggies-fire-defensive-coordinator-mark-snyder|title=Texas A&amp;M fires DC Snyder after 7-5 season|publisher=|date=November 28, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; and replaced him with [[John Chavis (American football)|John Chavis]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/college-football/story/_/id/12103626/defensive-coordinator-john-chavis-heading-texas-aggies-lsu-tigers|title=Source: DC Chavis exits LSU for Texas A&amp;M|publisher=|date=December 31, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2015, A&amp;M again finished 8–5.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/texas-am/2015-schedule.html|title=2015 Texas A&amp;M Aggies Schedule and Results - College Football at Sports-Reference.com|website=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The season was marked by a strong start with struggles to close the season. A&amp;M finished the season with a loss to [[Louisville Cardinals football|Louisville]] in the [[Music City Bowl]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/college-football/recap?gameId=400852729|title=Texas A&amp;M vs. Louisville - Game Recap - December 30, 2015 - ESPN|website=ESPN.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sumlin led the Aggies to a third consecutive 8–5 mark in 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/texas-am/2016-schedule.html|title=2016 Texas A&amp;M Aggies Schedule and Results - College Football at Sports-Reference.com|website=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The season was again marked a strong start with another late-season collapse, as A&amp;M began the season 6–0, but losing four of its final five games. Texas A&amp;M finished the 2016 season with a loss to [[Kansas State Wildcats football|Kansas State]] in the [[Texas Bowl]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/college-football/recap?gameId=400876099|title=Texas A&amp;M vs. Kansas State - Game Recap - December 28, 2016 - ESPN|website=ESPN.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sumlin started off the 2017 season by surrendering a 34-point lead to UCLA. Sumlin was fired from the position on November 26, 2017 after his team finished 7–5. Sumlin finished 51–26 at A&amp;M and with a 25–23 record in the SEC. Despite A&amp;M football's struggles during the Sumlin era, the program was recognized by ''[[Forbes]]'' in August 2018 as the most valuable in the country, based on average revenue and profit figures from the 2014–16 seasons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/chrissmith/2018/09/11/college-footballs-most-valuable-teams/#60e40f1a6c64|title=College Football's Most Valuable Teams: Texas A&amp;M Jumps To No. 1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Jimbo Fisher era (2018–present)===
On December 4, 2017, [[Florida State Seminoles football|Florida State]] head coach [[Jimbo Fisher]] was formally introduced as the Aggies head coach.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://www.espn.com/college-football/story/_/id/21631488/jimbo-fisher-leaving-florida-state-accept-coaching-job-texas-am | title=Sources: Fisher's Texas A&amp;M deal richest ever| date=December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; A splashy hire, Fisher arrived in College Station after a very successful eight-year run at FSU, leading the Seminoles to three [[Atlantic Coast Conference]] championships, six ten-win seasons, the 2013 national championship and coached [[Heisman Trophy]] winning quarterback [[Jameis Winston]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://12thman.com/staff.aspx?staff=620 |title = Jimbo Fisher - Head Coach - Staff Directory}}&lt;/ref&gt; A&amp;M signed Fisher to a 10-year contract worth a total base salary of $75 million, the most lucrative contract in terms of guaranteed money signed by a newly hired head coach in college football history.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://www.si.com/college-football/2017/12/01/jimbo-fisher-texas-am-coach-contract-florida-state |title = Jimbo Fisher leaving Florida State for Texas A&amp;M}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During his first season, Fisher led the Aggies to an 8–4 record. The season included a notable seven-overtime victory over then-No. 7 [[2018 LSU Tigers football team|LSU]]. The combined 146 points scored during the game broke the [[NCAA FBS]] record for the most points scored in a game, the most points scored in a losing effort (72 by LSU), and tied the record for the most overtimes along with multiple school records for both sides.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://www.kbtx.com/content/sports/Mond-helps-Aggies-over-No-8-LSU-74-72-in-7-OTs-501193991.html | title=Mond helps Aggies over No. 8 LSU 74-72 in 7 OTs | access-date=July 6, 2020 | archive-date=March 27, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091801/https://www.kbtx.com/content/sports/Mond-helps-Aggies-over-No-8-LSU-74-72-in-7-OTs-501193991.html | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Conference affiliations==
* [[NCAA Division I-A independent schools|Independent]] (1894–1902)
* [[Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association]] (1903–1908) 
* Independent (1909–1911)
* Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (1912–1914)
* Texas Intercollegiate Athletic Association (1913–1917)
* [[Southwest Conference]] (1915–1996)
* [[Big 12 Conference]] (1996–2011)
* [[Southeastern Conference]] (2012–present)

==Championships==

===National championships===
Texas A&amp;M has been selected national champions in three seasons from NCAA-designated major selectors.&lt;ref name=&quot;2018ncaabook&quot;&gt;{{cite book | url=http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/2018/FBS.pdf | title=2018 NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records | publisher=National Collegiate Athletic Association | date=August 2018 | location=Indianapolis| accessdate=October 29, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|111–112}} Texas A&amp;M claims all three championships.&lt;ref name=&quot;2018MG&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=2018 Media Guide |url=https://12thman.com/documents/2018/8/14/2018_TAMU_Football_Guide.pdf |website=12thman.com |publisher=Texas A&amp;M Athletics |accessdate=October 30, 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|45–47}}

The 1919 team finished 10–0–0 and was not scored upon, earning a retroactive national title by ten selectors, including the Billingsley Report and National Championship Foundation. Other systems retroactively award the 1919 National Championship to either Notre Dame or Harvard.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/national_championships/yearly_results.php?year=1919|title=1919 National Championships|publisher=College Football Data Warehouse|accessdate=January 5, 2008|archive-date=November 7, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107161546/http://cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/national_championships/yearly_results.php?year=1919|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.aggieathletics.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_LANG=C&amp;DB_OEM_ID=27300&amp;SPSID=632660&amp;SPID=93232&amp;ATCLID=205238864|title=Texas A&amp;M Football History|work=12thman.com|access-date=May 31, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717060336/http://www.aggieathletics.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_LANG=C&amp;DB_OEM_ID=27300&amp;SPSID=632660&amp;SPID=93232&amp;ATCLID=205238864|archive-date=July 17, 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 1927 team finished 8–0–1, with a tie against TCU in [[Fort Worth, Texas]], earning a retroactive national title awarded by the Sagarin Rating and the Sagarin ELO-Chess. In 1939, the undefeated Aggies were voted No. 1 by the [[AP Poll]] shortly after its inception along with No. 1 in 8 of the 12 other major polls, after the [[1939 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1939 season]].

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
{{CollegePrimaryHeader|team=Texas A&amp;M Aggies|Season|Coach|Selectors|Record|Bowl|Opponent|Result}}
|-
| [[1919 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1919]] || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Dana X. Bible]] || [[Billingsley Report|Billingsley]], [[National Championship Foundation]] || 10–0  || – || – || –
|-
| [[1927 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1927]] || [[Sagarin Ratings|Sagarin]], Sagarin ELO-Chess || 8–0–1 || – || – || –
|-
| [[1939 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1939]] || {{nowrap|[[Homer H. Norton]]}} || [[Associated Press]], [[Berryman (QPRS)|Berryman]], Billingsley, [[Boand System|Boand]], [[College Football Researchers Association|CFRA]], [[DeVold System|DeVold]], [[Dunkel System|Dunkel]], [[Helms Athletic Foundation|Helms]], [[Houlgate System|Houlgate]], NCF, [[Poling System|Poling]], Sagarin, [[Williamson System|Williamson]] || 11–0 || [[1940 Sugar Bowl|Sugar]] || [[1939 Tulane Green Wave football team|Tulane]] || {{nowrap|'''W''' 14–13}}
|}

===Conference championships===
The Aggies have won 18 conference championships;.{{Citation needed|date=April 2018}} The first 17 were Southwest Conference championships, and the most recent was the Big 12 Championships won in 1998.
[[File:RC slocum.JPG|thumb|160px|right|Former head coach [[R.C. Slocum]] gives a [[gig 'em]] with his Big 12 Championship ring.]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
{{CollegePrimaryHeader|team=Texas A&amp;M Aggies|Season|Conference|Coach|Overall record|Conference record}}
|-
| [[1917 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1917]] || rowspan=&quot;17&quot;|[[Southwest Conference]] || rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|[[Dana X. Bible]] || 8–0 || 2–0
|-
| [[1919 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1919]] || 10–0 || 4–0
|-
| [[1921 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1921]] || 6–1–2 || 3–0–2
|-
| [[1925 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1925]] || 7–1–1 || 4–1
|-
| [[1927 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1927]] || 8–0–1 || 4–0–1
|-
| [[1939 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1939]] || rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[Homer H. Norton]] || 11–0 || 6–0
|-
| [[1940 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1940]]† || 9–1 || 5–1
|-
| [[1941 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1941]] || 9–2 || 5–1
|-
| [[1956 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1956]] || [[Bear Bryant|Paul &quot;Bear&quot; Bryant]] || 9–0–1 || 6–0
|-
| [[1967 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1967]] || [[Gene Stallings]] || 7–4–1 || 6–1
|-
| [[1975 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1975]]† || [[Emory Bellard]] || 10–2 || 6–2
|-
| [[1985 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1985]] || rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[Jackie Sherrill]] || 10–2 || 7–1
|-
| [[1986 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1986]] || 9–3 || 7–1
|-
| [[1987 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1987]] || 10–2 || 7–1
|-
| [[1991 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1991]] || rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|[[R. C. Slocum]] || 10–2 || 8–0
|-
| [[1992 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1992]] || 12–1 || 7–0
|-
| [[1993 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1993]] || 10–2 || 7–0
|-
| [[1998 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1998]] || [[Big 12 Conference|Big 12]] || 11–3 || 7–1
|}
† Co-champions

===Divisional championships===
The Aggies were previously members of the [[Big 12 South]] between its inception in 1996 and the dissolution of conference divisions within the Big 12 in 2011. The Aggies joined the SEC as members of the SEC West starting in 2012.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
{{CollegePrimaryHeader|team=Texas A&amp;M Aggies|Season|Division|Opponent|CG result}}
|-
| [[1997 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1997]] || rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|Big 12 South || [[1997 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team|Nebraska]] || L 15–54
|-
| [[1998 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1998]] || [[1998 Kansas State Wildcats football team|Kansas State]] || '''W''' 36–33
|-
| [[2010 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|2010]]† ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''N/A (lost tiebreaker to [[2010 Oklahoma Sooners football team|Oklahoma]])'' 
|}
† Co-champions

==Bowl games==
Texas A&amp;M has participated in 40 bowl games. The Aggies have a bowl record of 19–22 ({{winpct|19|22}}). During their 81 years in the [[Southwest Conference]], the Aggies went 12–10 ({{winpct|12|10}}) in bowl games, winning their AP National Championship in 1939. During their 16 years in the [[Big 12 Conference]], the Aggies went 2–9 ({{winpct|2|9}}) in bowl games. Since joining the [[Southeastern Conference]] in 2012, the Aggies have gone 5–3 ({{winpct|5|3}}) in bowl games.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.collegefootballpoll.com/bowl_history_texas_am.html|title=Texas A&amp;M Bowl History|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925105323/http://collegefootballpoll.com/bowl_history_texas_am.html|archivedate=September 25, 2010|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
{{CollegePrimaryHeader|team=Texas A&amp;M Aggies|Season|Coach|Bowl|Opponent|Result}}
|-
| [[1921 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1921]] || [[Dana X. Bible]] || [[1922 Dixie Classic|Dixie Classic]] || [[Centre College|Centre]] || '''W''' 22–14
|-
| [[1939 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1939]] || [[Homer H. Norton]] || [[1940 Sugar Bowl|Sugar Bowl]] || [[1939 Tulane Green Wave football team|Tulane]] || '''W''' 14–13
|-
| [[1940 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1940]] || Homer H. Norton || [[Cotton Bowl Classic]] || [[Fordham Rams|Fordham]] || '''W''' 13–12
|-
| [[1941 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1941]] || Homer H. Norton || [[1942 Cotton Bowl Classic|Cotton Bowl Classic]] || [[1941 Alabama Crimson Tide football team|Alabama]] || L 21–29
|-
| [[1943 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1943]] || Homer H. Norton || [[1944 Orange Bowl|Orange Bowl]] || [[1943 LSU Tigers football team|LSU]] || L 14–19
|-
| [[1950 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1950]] || [[Harry Stiteler]] || [[Presidential Cup Bowl]] || [[1949 Georgia Bulldogs football team|Georgia]] || '''W''' 40–20
|-
| [[1957 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1957]] || [[Bear Bryant]] || [[1957 Gator Bowl|Gator Bowl]] || [[1957 Tennessee Volunteers football team|Tennessee]] || L 0–3
|-
| [[1967 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1967]] || [[Gene Stallings]] || [[1968 Cotton Bowl Classic|Cotton Bowl Classic]] || [[1967 Alabama Crimson Tide football team|Alabama]] || '''W''' 20–16
|-
| [[1975 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1975]] || [[Emory Bellard]] || [[1975 Liberty Bowl|Liberty Bowl]] || [[1975 USC Trojans football team|Southern California]] || L 0–20
|-
| [[1976 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1976]] || Emory Bellard || [[1977 Sun Bowl (January)|Sun Bowl]] || [[1976 Florida Gators football team|Florida]] || '''W''' 37–14
|-
| [[1977 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1977]] || Emory Bellard || [[1977 Bluebonnet Bowl|Bluebonnet Bowl]] || [[1977 USC Trojans football team#1977|Southern California]] || L 28–47
|-
| [[1978 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1978]] || [[Tom Wilson (American football)|Tom Wilson]] || [[1978 Hall of Fame Classic|Hall of Fame Classic]] || [[1978 Iowa State Cyclones football team|Iowa State]] || '''W''' 28–12
|-
| [[1981 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1981]] || Tom Wilson || [[1981 Independence Bowl|Independence Bowl]] || [[1981 Oklahoma State Cowboys football team|Oklahoma State]] || '''W''' 33–16
|-
| [[1985 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1985]] || [[Jackie Sherrill]] || [[1986 Cotton Bowl Classic|Cotton Bowl Classic]] || [[1985 Auburn Tigers football team|Auburn]] || '''W''' 36–16
|-
| [[1986 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1986]] || Jackie Sherrill || [[1987 Cotton Bowl Classic|Cotton Bowl Classic]] || [[1986 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]] || L 12–28
|-
| [[1987 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1987]] || Jackie Sherrill || [[1988 Cotton Bowl Classic|Cotton Bowl Classic]] || [[Notre Dame Fighting Irish football (1980–1989)#1987|Notre Dame]] || '''W''' 35–10
|-
| [[1989 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1989]] || [[R. C. Slocum]] || [[1989 John Hancock Bowl|John Hancock Bowl]] || [[1989 Pittsburgh Panthers football team|Pittsburgh]] || L 28–31
|-
| [[1990 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1990]] || R. C. Slocum || [[1990 Holiday Bowl|Holiday Bowl]] || [[1990 BYU Cougars football team|BYU]] || '''W''' 65–14
|-
| [[1991 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1991]] || R. C. Slocum || [[1992 Cotton Bowl Classic|Cotton Bowl Classic]] || [[1991 Florida State Seminoles football team|Florida State]] || L 2–10
|-
| [[1992 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1992]] || R. C. Slocum || [[1993 Cotton Bowl Classic|Cotton Bowl Classic]] || [[Notre Dame Fighting Irish football (1990–1999)#1992|Notre Dame]] || L 3–28
|-
| [[1993 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1993]] || R. C. Slocum || [[1994 Cotton Bowl Classic|Cotton Bowl Classic]] || [[Notre Dame Fighting Irish football (1990–1999)#1993|Notre Dame]] || L 21–24
|-
| [[1995 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1995]] || R. C. Slocum || [[1995 Alamo Bowl|Alamo Bowl]] || [[1995 Michigan Wolverines football team|Michigan]] || '''W''' 22–20
|-
| [[1997 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1997]] || R. C. Slocum || [[1998 Cotton Bowl Classic|Cotton Bowl Classic]] || [[1997 UCLA Bruins football team|UCLA]] || L 23–29
|-
| [[1998 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1998]] || R. C. Slocum || [[1999 Sugar Bowl|Sugar Bowl]] || [[1998 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]] || L 14–24
|-
| [[1999 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1999]] || R. C. Slocum || [[1999 Alamo Bowl|Alamo Bowl]] || [[1999 Penn State Nittany Lions football team|Penn State]] || L 0–24
|-
| [[2000 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|2000]] || R. C. Slocum || [[2000 Independence Bowl|Independence Bowl]] || [[2000 Mississippi State Bulldogs football team|Mississippi State]] || L 41–43
|-
| [[2001 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|2001]] || R. C. Slocum || [[2001 Galleryfurniture.com Bowl|Galleryfurniture.com Bowl]] || [[2001 TCU Horned Frogs football team|TCU]] || '''W''' 28–9
|-
| [[2004 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|2004]] || [[Dennis Franchione]] || [[2005 Cotton Bowl Classic|Cotton Bowl Classic]] || [[2004 Tennessee Volunteers football team|Tennessee]] || L 7–38
|-
| [[2006 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|2006]] || Dennis Franchione || [[2006 Holiday Bowl|Holiday Bowl]] || [[2006 California Golden Bears football team|California]] || L 10–45
|-
| [[2007 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|2007]] || [[Gary Darnell]] (interim) || [[2007 Alamo Bowl|Alamo Bowl]] || [[2007 Penn State Nittany Lions football team|Penn State]] || L 17–24
|-
| [[2009 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|2009]] || [[Mike Sherman]] || [[2009 Independence Bowl|Independence Bowl]] || [[2009 Georgia Bulldogs football team|Georgia]] || L 20–44
|-
| [[2010 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|2010]] || [[Mike Sherman]] || [[2011 Cotton Bowl Classic|Cotton Bowl Classic]] || [[2010 LSU Tigers football team|LSU]] || L 24–41
|-
| [[2011 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|2011]] || [[Tim DeRuyter]] (interim) || [[2011 Meineke Car Care Bowl of Texas|Meineke Car Care Bowl of Texas]] || [[2011 Northwestern Wildcats football team|Northwestern]] || '''W''' 33–22
|-
| [[2012 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|2012]] || [[Kevin Sumlin]] || [[2013 Cotton Bowl Classic|Cotton Bowl Classic]] || [[2012 Oklahoma Sooners football team|Oklahoma]] || '''W''' 41–13
|-
| [[2013 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|2013]] || Kevin Sumlin || [[2013 Chick-fil-A Bowl|Chick-fil-A Bowl]] || [[2013 Duke Blue Devils football team|Duke]] || '''W''' 52–48
|-
| [[2014 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|2014]] || Kevin Sumlin || [[2014 Liberty Bowl|Liberty Bowl]] || [[2014 West Virginia Mountaineers football team|West Virginia]] || '''W''' 45–37
|-
| [[2015 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|2015]] || Kevin Sumlin || [[2015 Music City Bowl|Music City Bowl]] || [[2015 Louisville Cardinals football team|Louisville]] || L 21–27
|-
| [[2016 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|2016]] || Kevin Sumlin || [[2016 Texas Bowl|Texas Bowl]] || [[2016 Kansas State Wildcats football team|Kansas State]] || L 28–33
|-
| [[2017 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|2017]] || Jeff Banks (interim) || [[2017 Belk Bowl|Belk Bowl]] || [[2017 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team|Wake Forest]] || L 52–55
|-
| [[2018 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|2018]] || [[Jimbo Fisher]] || [[2018 Gator Bowl|Gator Bowl]] || [[2018 NC State Wolfpack football team|NC State]] || '''W''' 52–13
|-
| [[2019 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|2019]] || Jimbo Fisher || [[2019 Texas Bowl|Texas Bowl]] || [[2019 Oklahoma State Cowboys football team|Oklahoma State]] ||  '''W''' 24–21
|}

==Rivalries==
{{Multiple issues|section=yes|
{{more citations needed section|date=April 2018}}
{{update section|date=August 2018}}
}}

===LSU===
{{Main|LSU–Texas A&amp;M football rivalry}}
Texas A&amp;M and [[LSU Tigers football|LSU]] were both members of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association from 1903–1908 and 1912–1914 and are both currently members of the SEC. The Aggies first played the Tigers in College Station in 1899, winning 52–0. The Tigers are the Aggies' seventh-oldest collegiate-football rival. Last played in 1995, the Aggies and Tigers then faced off in the [[2011 Cotton Bowl Classic]]. The series resumed in 2012, when the Aggies joined the SEC. Starting in 2014, the Aggies became LSU's final regular season opponent. LSU leads the series 33–21–3 through the 2018 season.&lt;ref name=&quot;lsuseries&quot;&gt;http://www.winsipedia.com/LSU/vs/texas-am&lt;/ref&gt;

Over the life of the series, the Aggies have claimed the largest margin of victory with a 63–9 final score in 1914 (the Aggies also have the next two largest margins of victory with the 52–0 win in 1899 and 47–0 win in 1922). The Aggies have shut-out the Tigers 7 times (including the Aggies' non-university recognized National Championship Season of 1917 when they did not surrender a point during 8 games, and beat the Tigers 27–0). The Tigers have shut-out the Aggies 9 times (including the Tigers' non-university recognized National Championship season of 1908, when they beat the Aggies 26–0, and the Tigers' non-university recognized National Championship season of 1962, when they beat the Aggies 21–0). Add to those totals the game in which the Aggies and Tigers shut each other out 0–0 in 1920. The Tigers hold the series' longest winning streak of 7 games from 2011 to 2017. The 1960 winning streak was part of a 10-game unbeaten streak for the Tigers from 1960 to 1969 which included a 7–7 tie in 1966.  From 1945-1973 was the most dominant span by either team in the series history. LSU was 17-3-1 vs Texas A&amp;M during this span.&lt;ref name=&quot;lsuseries&quot; /&gt;

===Arkansas===
{{Main|Arkansas–Texas A&amp;M football rivalry}}
The Aggies first played the [[Arkansas Razorbacks football|Razorbacks]] in 1903. From 1934–1991, the two teams played annually as [[Southwest Conference]] members. In 1991, however, Arkansas left the Southwest Conference to join the [[Southeastern Conference]]. Arkansas leads the all-time series 41–30–3.

On March 10, 2008, officials from both schools announced the revival of the series, which recommenced on October 3, 2009. The game is played at [[Cowboys Stadium]], which was initially expected to hold about 80,000 fans. The game is dubbed &quot;The Southwest Classic&quot;, which pays homage to both schools' past relationship to the Southwest Conference. The initial agreement between the two schools allows the game to be played for at least 10 years, followed by five consecutive four-year rollover options, allowing the game to be played for a total of 30 consecutive seasons.&lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite news|url=http://www.star-telegram.com/sports/story/521640.html|title=Texas A&amp;M-Arkansas game headed to Arlington|work=Fort Worth Star-Telegram|accessdate=March 10, 2008|date=March 10, 2008|author=Burch, Jimmy}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://www.aggieathletics.com/pressRelease.php?SID=&amp;PRID=14109 |title=Texas A&amp;M, Arkansas Establish Football Neutral Site Series in New Cowboys Stadium |publisher=Texas A&amp;M Athletics |accessdate=March 10, 2008 |date=March 10, 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312075450/http://www.aggieathletics.com/pressRelease.php?SID=&amp;PRID=14109 |archivedate=March 12, 2008 |df=mdy }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://www.hogwired.com/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=30726&amp;SPID=2419&amp;DB_OEM_ID=6100&amp;ATCLID=1409099 |title=Arkansas-Texas A&amp;M to Renew Football Rivalry at Dallas Cowboys New Stadium |publisher=University of Arkansas Athletics |accessdate=March 10, 2008 |date=March 10, 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517161446/http://www.hogwired.com/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=30726&amp;SPID=2419&amp;DB_OEM_ID=6100&amp;ATCLID=1409099 |archivedate=May 17, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Once the Aggies joined the SEC, the agreement with Cowboys Stadium came to an end because the SEC does not allow its members to entertain potential recruits at neutral-site games. However, the SEC has removed this recruiting rule, and the Aggies and Razorbacks will again move the rivalry to [[AT&amp;T Stadium]] in 2014. (cf. Georgia and Florida, which play at a neutral site, do not intend to entertain recruits at that site.) The agreement is expected to last at least 11 seasons, or through the 2024 football season.

Over the life of the series, the Aggies have shut out the Razorbacks 10 times, and been shut out 9 times. The Aggies hold the largest margin of victory with a 58–10 win in College Station on September 29, 2012 (the Aggies also hold the second-largest margin of victory with a 41–0 win in College Station in 1942). The Razorbacks hold the longest winning streak in the series of 9 games from 1958 to 1966.

===Texas===
[[File:Lone Star Showdown 2006 McGee on goal-line.jpg|right|thumb|300px|2006 [[Lone Star Showdown]] football game]]
{{Main|Texas–Texas A&amp;M football rivalry}}
{{See also|State Farm Lone Star Showdown}}
{{very long section|date=April 2018}}

The [[Texas Longhorns football|Texas]]-Texas A&amp;M rivalry dates back to 1894. It is the longest-running rivalry for both teams.  It ranks as the third most-played rivalry in [[Division I-A]] college football,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.1122productions.com/rivalries/t.html |title=College Football Rivalries |accessdate=March 31, 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823224636/http://www.1122productions.com/rivalries/t.html |archivedate=August 23, 2007 |df=mdy }}&lt;/ref&gt; and the most-played intrastate rivalry. Most of the series' lopsided victories occurred prior to A&amp;M's transition from an all-male and all-white military school, and the rivalry has been fairly even since. Until the rivalry ended in 2012, the two teams played each other every year since 1894 with the exception of six seasons [1895 (when the Aggies did not field a team), 1896, 1897, 1913, and 1914].  During some seasons, the Aggies and Longhorns played each other twice.

In an attempt to generate more attention for the rivalry in sports other than football, in 2004 the two schools started the [[Lone Star Showdown]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://www.lonestarshowdown.net/ | title=Lone Star Showdown | accessdate=July 11, 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618005152/http://lonestarshowdown.net/ | archive-date=June 18, 2006 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; a trial two-year program. Essentially, each time the two schools meet in a sport, the winner of the matchup gets a point. At the end of the year, the school with the most points wins the series and receives the [[Lone Star Showdown trophy]].

Aspects of the rivalry include:
* Each school mentions the other in its fight song (Texas with &quot;and it's goodbye to A&amp;M&quot; in [[Texas Fight]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://lhb.music.utexas.edu/history/songs_index.html |title=History of School and Fight Songs |work=The University of Texas Longhorn Band website |accessdate=July 11, 2006 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615172507/http://lhb.music.utexas.edu/history/songs_index.html |archivedate=June 15, 2006 |df=mdy }}&lt;/ref&gt; and the Aggies singing &quot;Goodbye to Texas University, so long to the orange and the white&quot; as the opening line of the second verse of the [[Fightin' Texas Aggie War Hymn|Aggie War Hymn]]),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| url=http://www.aggieathletics.com/index2.php?&amp;CAT=TRD&amp;pageID=219 | title=The Aggie War Hymn | work=Official Website of Texas A&amp;M Athletics | accessdate=July 11, 2006 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060522024844/http://www.aggieathletics.com/index2.php?&amp;CAT=TRD&amp;pageID=219 |archivedate = May 22, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; and &quot;saw Varsity's horns off&quot; about Texas in the chorus.
* The football series between the two universities is the third longest running rivalry in all of college football.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news| url=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/college/football/big12/2005-11-24-texas-preview_x.htm | title= Texas following usual rivalry game routine | author=Wieberg, Steve |work=USA Today | date=November 24, 2005 | accessdate=July 11, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Since 1900, the last regular season football game is usually reserved for their matchup.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mackbrown-texasfootball.com/index.php?s=&amp;url_channel_id=36&amp;url_subchannel_id=&amp;url_article_id=1349&amp;change_well_id=2 |title=All Time Results |work=MackBrownTexasFootball.com |accessdate=July 11, 2006 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060511231552/http://www.mackbrown-texasfootball.com/index.php?s=&amp;url_channel_id=36&amp;url_subchannel_id=&amp;url_article_id=1349&amp;change_well_id=2 |archivedate=May 11, 2006 |df=mdy }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Each school has elaborate pre-game preparations for the annual football clash, including the [[Aggie Bonfire]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| url=http://www.studentbonfire.com/ |title=The Bonfire Burns | work=StudentBonfire.com | accessdate=July 11, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[Hex Rally]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mackbrown-texasfootball.com/?s=&amp;url_channel_id=39&amp;url_subchannel_id=&amp;url_article_id=44&amp;change_well_id=2 |title=Hex Rally |work=MackBrownTexasFootball.com |accessdate=July 11, 2006 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312032623/http://www.mackbrown-texasfootball.com/?s=&amp;url_channel_id=39&amp;url_subchannel_id=&amp;url_article_id=44&amp;change_well_id=2 |archivedate=March 12, 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Texas has a unique lighting scheme for the [[Main Building (University of Texas at Austin)|UT Tower]] after wins over Texas A&amp;M.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.utexas.edu/opa/pubs/oncampus/02oc_issues/oc020129/oc_tower.html University approves new policy for lighting UT Tower] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012032946/http://www.utexas.edu/opa/pubs/oncampus/02oc_issues/oc020129/oc_tower.html |date=October 12, 2007 }} ''On Campus.'' Accessed December 1, 2005.&lt;/ref&gt;
* In the past, mischief has preceded the annual game, such as the &quot;kidnapping&quot; of Bevo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mackbrown-texasfootball.com/index.php?s=&amp;url_channel_id=39&amp;url_subchannel_id=&amp;url_article_id=42&amp;change_well_id=2 |author=Nikar, Jim |title=Bevo |work=MackBrownTexasFootball.com |accessdate=July 11, 2006 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060701194225/http://www.mackbrown-texasfootball.com/index.php?s=&amp;url_channel_id=39&amp;url_subchannel_id=&amp;url_article_id=42&amp;change_well_id=2 |archivedate=July 1, 2006 |df=mdy }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.tamu.edu/univrel/aggiedaily/news/stories/03/102003-11.html |title=Retired Mascot Reveille VI Euthanized Oct 18 |work=Official website of Texas A&amp;M University |accessdate=July 11, 2006 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050317003650/http://www.tamu.edu/univrel/aggiedaily/news/stories/03/102003-11.html |archivedate=March 17, 2005 |df=mdy }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Though the Longhorns lead the series overall (76-37-5), the series has been much closer since 1965 (when Texas A&amp;M dropped compulsory participation in the [[Texas A&amp;M Corps of Cadets|Corps of Cadets]]). Since that time, the Aggies have accumulated 20 wins to 27 losses. During the last 40 meetings (from 1972—when the NCAA introduced scholarship limitations—to the present), the series is nearly even at 19–21. The Aggies' best years in recent times were from 1984 to 1994 when they won 10 out of 11 games, losing only in 1990 by one point.

Over the life of the series, the Aggies have shut out the Longhorns 13 times, and have been shut out 27 times (including scoreless ties in 1902, 1907, and 1921).  However, since 1961, neither team has been shut out. The Aggies and Longhorns have never had a game decided in overtime. The Longhorns hold the largest margin of victory with a 48–0 win in Austin on October 22, 1898 (the second meeting in the series). The Longhorns also hold the series' longest winning streak of 10 games from 1957 to 1966. In addition, the Longhorns had an 11-game unbeaten streak from 1940 to 1950 that included a 14–14 tie in 1948.

In the 75 meetings since 1936 when the [[AP Poll|Associated Press College Poll]] began, the Aggies and Longhorns have faced each other 59 times when one or both teams have been ranked (the Aggies have been ranked 25 times, whereas the Longhorns have been ranked 44 times). In those 59 meetings, the lower-ranked or unranked team has won 11 times (the Aggies did it six times—1951, 1979, 1984, 1999, 2006, and 2007; the Longhorns did it five times—1941, 1955, 1957, 1974, and 1998).

===Baylor===
{{Main|Battle of the Brazos}}

The Aggies first played the [[Baylor Bears football|Baylor Bears]] in 1899, and competed with them annually since 1945.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://www.aggieathletics.com/sports/football/history/opp/baylor.html|title=All-Time Football Scores: Baylor|publisher=Texas A&amp;M Athletics|accessdate=March 10, 2008|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029220627/http://aggieathletics.com/sports/football/history/opp/baylor.html|archivedate=October 29, 2006|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the Aggies' eighth-oldest collegiate-football rivalry, and their third most played behind TCU and Texas. The rivalry is nicknamed the [[Battle of the Brazos]], a term coined after the [[Brazos River]], which flows by the two schools which are only &lt;span style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;90&amp;nbsp;miles&amp;nbsp;(145&amp;nbsp;km)&lt;/span&gt; apart. Texas A&amp;M leads the series 68–31–9.&lt;ref name=&quot;AgAth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.aggieathletics.com/sports/football/history/opp/baylor.html |title=All-Time Football Scores:Baylor |accessdate=March 25, 2007 |publisher=Texas A&amp;M Athletics |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129211357/http://www.aggieathletics.com/sports/football/history/opp/baylor.html |archivedate=November 29, 2007 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Aggies' 68 wins against the Bears is the highest number of wins that the Aggies have accumulated against any team.  From 1960-1990 the rivalry was very competitive as A&amp;M won 16 times, Baylor won 13 times, and 2 games ended in ties; while many of the games were decided by 7 points or less.

Over the life of the series, the Aggies have shutout the Bears 29 times (including scoreless ties in 1903, 1923, 1932, and 1936). The Bears have shutout the Aggies 11 times (including those same scoreless ties). The Aggies hold the largest margin of victory with a 73–10 win in College Station on October 11, 2003, as well as the second-largest margin of victory with a 53–0 win in College Station in 1912. The Aggies hold the longest winning streak in the series of 13 games from 1991 to 2003. That winning streak is also part of an 18-game unbeaten streak for the Aggies from 1986 to 2003 (the Aggies and Bears played to a 20–20 tie in 1990).

As with the Texas Longhorns rivalry, the Baylor rivalry was put on hold after the 2011 season with the Aggies decision to leave the Big 12 Conference. When A&amp;M announced its decision to leave the Big 12 and join the SEC in 2011, then-Baylor president [[Kenneth Starr]] filed suit in federal court in an attempt to block A&amp;M from moving. Eventually the lawsuit was dropped, and soon thereafter, Missouri announced it was joining A&amp;M in departing the Big 12 for the SEC.

===Texas Tech===
{{Main|Texas A&amp;M–Texas Tech football rivalry}}

The Aggies first played the [[Texas Tech Red Raiders football|Red Raiders]] in 1927. The Aggies lead the all-time series 37–32–1.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.aggieathletics.com/sports/m-footbl/stats/texastech.html |title=All-Time Football Scores: Texas Tech }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Over the life of the series, the Aggies have shutout the Red Raiders four times, and the Red Raiders have shutout the Aggies four times. The Aggies hold the largest margin of victory with a 47–6 win in College Station on November 28, 1927. The Aggies and Red Raiders each have win streaks of six games, which are the longest in the series (the Aggies' streak included the 1927 and 1932 games as well as the games from 1942 to 1945; the Red Raiders' streak was uninterrupted from 1968 to 1973).

===TCU===
{{Main|TCU–Texas A&amp;M football rivalry}}

The Texas A&amp;M/[[TCU Horned Frogs football|TCU]] rivalry began in 1897 and is the Aggies' third-oldest collegiate-football rivalry (behind the Texas A&amp;M/Texas rivalry which began in 1894, and the Texas A&amp;M/Austin College rivalry which began in 1896).  The Aggies have accumulated 56 wins against the Horned Frogs (which is their second-highest total against any collegiate program).  Though the Aggies no longer play the Horned Frogs annually since the Southwest Conference disbanded in 1996, this series is still notable because it contains the longest, active winning streak that the Aggies have against any opponent, 24, with the last win coming on December 28, 2001, in the [[2001 Galleryfurniture.com Bowl|Galleryfurniture.com Bowl]], played in the Astrodome in Houston, Texas.  The Horned Frogs have not beaten the Aggies since October 21, 1972, when they won in College Station with a final score of 13–10.  Adding further intrigue to this series is the fact that the Aggies' National Championship Season of 1939 succeeded the Horned Frogs' National Championship Season of 1938.

Over the life of the series, the Aggies have shutout the Horned Frogs 21 times, and been shutout 9 times (including scoreless ties in 1909 and 1927).  The Aggies hold the largest margin of victory with a 74–10 win in College Station on November 22, 1986 (the Aggies also hold the next ten-largest margins of victory, with each ranging from 34 to 56 points).  The Aggies' current winning streak of 24 games from 1973 to 1995 and including the 2001 galleryfurniture.com Bowl is the longest in the series.

At a yell practice before the 1930 TCU game, A&amp;M Board of Regents member Pinky Downs '06 shouted, &quot;What are we going to do to those Horned Frogs?&quot; His muse did not fail him as he improvised, borrowing a term from frog hunting. &quot;Gig 'em, Aggies!&quot; he said as he made a fist with his thumb extended straight up. And with that the first hand sign in the Southwest Conference came into being.&lt;ref&gt;http://aggietraditions.tamu.edu/symbols/gigem.html{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; The &quot;Hook 'em Horns&quot; cheer was also invented by a UT cheerleader prior to the November 12, 1955 UT-TCU game.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.texasexes.org/uthistory/traditions.aspx?tradition=hookem|title=History and Traditions|date=December 11, 2014|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; TCU wound up winning both of these historic games.

==Player accomplishments==

===Individual awards===
{{MOS|section|date=April 2018}}
Texas A&amp;M Football has nine players who have won a total of 19 trophies: [[John David Crow]] won the [[Heisman Trophy]] in 1957; [[Dat Nguyen]] won the [[Lombardi Award]] and [[Chuck Bednarik Award]] in 1998;  [[Von Miller]] won the [[Butkus Award]] in 2010; [[Randy Bullock]] won the [[Lou Groza Award]] in 2011; redshirt freshman quarterback [[Johnny Manziel]] won the Heisman Trophy, the [[Manning Award]], AP College Football Player of the Year, and the [[Davey O'Brien Award]] in 2012; [[Luke Joeckel]] won the [[Outland Trophy]] in 2012; [[Myles Garrett]] won the Bill Willis Award in 2015; [[Trevor Knight]] won the [[Wuerffel Trophy]] in 2016, and [[Braden Mann]] won the [[Ray Guy Award]] in 2018.

{{col-begin|width=auto; font-size:88%}}
{{col-break}}
{|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#f2f2f2; font-size:113%;&quot; | [[Heisman Trophy]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal; font-size:.8em;&quot;&gt;''Best player''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| '''1957''' || [[John David Crow]] - ''HB''
|-
| '''2012''' || [[Johnny Manziel]] - ''QB''
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#f2f2f2; font-size:113%;&quot; | [[Associated Press College Football Player of the Year Award|AP College Football&lt;br /&gt;Player of the Year]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fox11online.com/dpp/sports/sports_ap_norman_bradford_ap_player_of_the_year_200812221243_rev1 |title=AP College Football Player of the Year Award |publisher=Associated Press |accessdate=2008-12-29 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711022015/http://www.fox11online.com/dpp/sports/sports_ap_norman_bradford_ap_player_of_the_year_200812221243_rev1 |archivedate=July 11, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal; font-size:.8em;&quot;&gt;''Most Outstanding College Football Player''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| '''2012''' || Johnny Manziel - QB
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#f2f2f2; font-size:113%;&quot; | [[Davey O'Brien Award]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.daveyobrien.com/Pages/Awards/pastQuarterAward.htm | title=Previous Davey O'Brien National Quarterback Award Winners | publisher=Davey O’Brien Foundation  | accessdate=2006-12-21 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061207225123/http://www.daveyobrien.com/Pages/Awards/pastQuarterAward.htm &lt;!-- Bot retrieved archive --&gt; |archivedate = 2006-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal; font-size:.8em;&quot;&gt;''Best quarterback''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| '''2012''' || Johnny Manziel
|}
{{col-break}}
{|
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#f2f2f2; font-size:113%;&quot; | [[Outland Trophy]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.sportswriters.net/fwaa/awards/outland/winners.html | title=ALL-TIME OUTLAND TROPHY WINNERS | publisher=Football Writers Association of America | accessdate=2006-12-21 | archive-date=January 2, 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090102064106/http://www.sportswriters.net/fwaa/awards/outland/winners.html | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal; font-size:.8em;&quot;&gt;''Best interior lineman''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| '''2012''' || [[Luke Joeckel]] - ''OT''
|}
{|
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#f2f2f2; font-size:113%;&quot; | [[Dick Butkus Award]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://football.about.com/cs/history/a/butkusaward.htm | title=Butkus Award Winners | publisher=About.com | accessdate=2006-12-21 | first=James | last=Alder | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712191244/http://football.about.com/cs/history/a/butkusaward.htm | archivedate=July 12, 2014 | df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal; font-size:.8em;&quot;&gt;''Best linebacker''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| '''2010''' || [[Von Miller]]
|}
{|
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#f2f2f2; font-size:113%;&quot; | [[Chuck Bednarik Award]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.maxwellfootballclub.org/content/awards/bednarik/past_bednarik.htm |title=Chuck Bednarik Award: College Defensive Player of the Year - Past Recipients |publisher=Maxwell Football Club |accessdate=2013-01-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090808003954/http://www.maxwellfootballclub.org/content/awards/bednarik/past_bednarik.htm |archivedate=August 8, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal; font-size:.8em;&quot;&gt;''Best defensive player''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| '''1998''' || [[Dat Nguyen]] - ''LB''
|}
{{col-break}}
{|
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#f2f2f2; font-size:113%;&quot; | [[Lombardi Award]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://football.about.com/cs/history/a/vincelombardiaw.htm | title=Lombardi Award | publisher=About.com  | accessdate=2006-12-21 | first=James | last=Alder }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal; font-size:.8em;&quot;&gt;''Best lineman or linebacker''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| '''1998''' || Dat Nguyen - ''LB''
|}
{|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#f2f2f2; font-size:113%;&quot; | [[Lou Groza Award]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal; font-size:.8em;&quot;&gt;''Top placekicker''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| '''2011''' || [[Randy Bullock]]
|}
{|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#f2f2f2; font-size:113%;&quot; | [[Ray Guy Award]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal; font-size:.8em;&quot;&gt;''Top punter''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| '''2018''' || [[Braden Mann]]
|}
{|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#f2f2f2; font-size:113%;&quot; | [[Manning Award]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal; font-size:.8em;&quot;&gt;''Best quarterback''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| '''2012''' ||  Johnny Manziel
|}
{{col-break}}
{|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#f2f2f2; font-size:113%;&quot; | [[Archie Griffin Award]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal; font-size:.8em;&quot;&gt;''Season MVP''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| '''2012''' ||  Johnny Manziel
|}
{|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#f2f2f2; font-size:113%;&quot; | [[Jim Parker Trophy]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal; font-size:.8em;&quot;&gt;''Best Offensive Lineman''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| '''2012''' ||  Luke Joekel
|}
{|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#f2f2f2; font-size:113%;&quot; | [[Jack Lambert Trophy]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal; font-size:.8em;&quot;&gt;''Best Linebacker''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| '''1998''' ||  Dat Nguyen
|-
| '''2010'''  || Von Miller
|}
{{col-break}}
{|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#f2f2f2; font-size:113%;&quot; | [[Chic Harley Award]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal; font-size:.8em;&quot;&gt;''Player of the Year''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| '''1957''' ||  John David Crow
|-
| '''2012'''  || Johnny Manziel
|}
{|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#f2f2f2; font-size:113%;&quot; | [[Bill Willis Award]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal; font-size:.8em;&quot;&gt;''Top Defensive Lineman''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| '''2015''' || Myles Garrett
|}
{|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#f2f2f2; font-size:113%;&quot; | [[Wuerffel Trophy]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal; font-size:.8em;&quot;&gt;''Combines Community Service with Athletic and Academic Achievement''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| '''2016''' || Trevor Knight
|}
{{col-end}}

Several other players received recognition from the award organizations, including:
{{col-begin|width=auto}}
{{col-break}}
* '''[[Heisman Trophy]]'''
:[[John Kimbrough]], 5th place – 1939
:[[John Kimbrough]], runner-up – 1940
:[[Marshall Robnett]], 9th place – 1940
:'''[[John David Crow]], winner – 1957'''
:[[Darren Lewis (American football)|Darren Lewis]], T-8th place – [[1990 NCAA Division I-A football season|1990]]
:[[Bucky Richardson]], 10th place – [[1991 NCAA Division I-A football season|1991]]
:'''[[Johnny Manziel]], winner - [[2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2012]]'''
:[[Johnny Manziel]], 5th place - [[2013 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2013]]'''
* '''[[Maxwell Award]]''' - College Player of the Year
:[[Johnny Manziel]], finalist - [[2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2012]], [[2013 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2013]]
* '''[[Chuck Bednarik Award]]''' – Defensive Player of the Year
:'''[[Dat Nguyen]], winner – [[1998 NCAA Division I-A football season|1998]]'''
:[[Damontre Moore]], semifinalist - [[2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2012]]
* '''[[Butkus Award]]''' – Top Linebacker
:[[Aaron Wallace]], semifinalist – [[1989 NCAA Division I-A football season|1989]]
:[[Marcus Buckley]], semifinalist – [[1992 NCAA Division I-A football season|1992]]
:[[Antonio Armstrong]], semifinalist – [[1994 NCAA Division I-A football season|1994]]
:[[Reggie Brown (linebacker)|Reggie Brown]], semifinalist – [[1995 NCAA Division I-A football season|1995]]
:[[Keith Mitchell (American football)|Keith Mitchell]], semifinalist – [[1995 NCAA Division I-A football season|1995]]
:[[Dat Nguyen]], runner-up – [[1998 NCAA Division I-A football season|1998]]
:'''[[Von Miller]], winner – [[2010 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2010]]'''
* '''[[Jim Thorpe Award]]''' – Top Defensive Back
:[[Kevin Smith (cornerback)|Kevin Smith]], semifinalist – [[1991 NCAA Division I-A football season|1991]]
:[[Patrick Bates]], finalist – [[1992 NCAA Division I-A football season|1992]]
:[[Aaron Glenn]], runner-up – [[1993 NCAA Division I-A football season|1993]]
* '''[[Outland Trophy]]''' - Top Interior Lineman
:'''[[Luke Joeckel]], winner - [[2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2012]]'''
:[[Jake Matthews (American football)|Jake Matthews]], finalist - [[2013 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2013]]
* '''[[Ray Guy Award]]''' - Top Punter
:[[Drew Kaser]], finalist - [[2013 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2013]]
:'''[[Braden Mann]], winner - [[2018 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2018]]'''
* '''[[Lombardi Award]]''' – Top Lineman or Linebacker
:[[Ed Simonini]], finalist – 1975
:[[Robert L. Jackson (football player)|Robert Jackson]], finalist – 1976
:[[Jacob Green]], semifinalist – [[1979 NCAA Division I-A football season|1979]]
:[[Ray Childress]], semifinalist – [[1984 NCAA Division I-A football season|1984]]
:[[John Roper (football player)|John Roper]], semifinalist – [[1986 NCAA Division I-A football season|1986]]
:[[Aaron Wallace]], semifinalist – [[1989 NCAA Division I-A football season|1989]]
:[[Sam Adams (football player)|Sam Adams]], runner-up – [[1993 NCAA Division I-A football season|1993]]
:[[Brandon Mitchell (defensive end)|Brandon Mitchell]], semifinalist – [[1995 NCAA Division I-A football season|1995]]
:'''[[Dat Nguyen]], winner – [[1998 NCAA Division I-A football season|1998]]'''
:[[Myles Garrett]], finalist - [[2015 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2015]]
{{col-break|gap=2em}}
* '''[[Dave Rimington Trophy]]''' – Top Center
:[[Seth McKinney]], runner-up – [[2001 NCAA Division I-A football season|2001]]
:[[Cody Wallace]], finalist – [[2007 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2007]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://www.aggieathletics.com/pressRelease.php?SID=MFB&amp;PRID=13671 |title=A&amp;M's Wallace Named Finalist for Rimington Trophy |publisher=Texas A&amp;M Athletics |accessdate=December 6, 2007 |date=November 28, 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202032636/http://www.aggieathletics.com/pressRelease.php?SID=MFB&amp;PRID=13671 |archivedate=December 2, 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''[[Davey O'Brien Award]]''' – Top Quarterback
:[[Bucky Richardson]], runner-up – [[1991 NCAA Division I-A football season|1991]]
:[[Reggie McNeal]], semifinalist – [[2004 NCAA Division I-A football season|2004]]
:'''[[Johnny Manziel]], winner''' - [[2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2012]]
:[[Johnny Manziel]], finalist - [[2013 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2013]]
* '''[[Fred Biletnikoff Award|Biletnikoff Award]]''' – Top Receiver
:[[Jeff Fuller (wide receiver)|Jeff Fuller]], semifinalist – [[2010 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2010]]
:[[Mike Evans (wide receiver)|Mike Evans]], finalist - [[2013 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2013]]
* '''[[Mosi Tatupu Award]]''' – Top Special Teams Player
:[[Shane Lechler]], finalist – [[1998 NCAA Division I-A football season|1998]]
:[[Shane Lechler]], semifinalist – [[1999 NCAA Division I-A football season|1999]]
* '''[[Manning Award]]''' - Best Collegiate Football Quarterback in the United States
:'''[[Johnny Manziel]], winner''' - [[2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2012]]
* '''[[Ted Hendricks Award]]''' - Best Defensive End
:[[Damontre Moore]], finalist - [[2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2012]]
* '''[[Lou Groza Award]]''' – Top Placekicker
:[[Kyle Bryant]], semifinalist – [[1996 NCAA Division I-A football season|1996]], [[1997 NCAA Division I-A football season|1997]]
:[[Todd Pegram]], semifinalist – [[2004 NCAA Division I-A football season|2004]]
:'''[[Randy Bullock]], winner – [[2011 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2011]]'''
* '''[[Bill Willis Award]]''' - Top Defensive Lineman
:'''[[Myles Garrett]], winner - [[2015 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2015]]'''
*'''[[Wuerffel Trophy]]''' - Best Combines Exemplary Community Service with athletic and Academic Achievement
:'''[[Trevor Knight]], winner - [[2016 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2016]]'''
{{col-end}}

===Texas A&amp;M first-team All-Americans===
{{Create list|section|date=April 2018}}
In the years since 1889, several organizations and publications have recognized the top players in the nation by naming them to All-America teams.  To be considered an All-American, a player needs to be named to the first-team on at least one of the lists of these organizations.  In addition, the NCAA further recognizes certain players by honoring them with the &quot;Consensus&quot; All-American title.  At present, the Consensus honor is determined by referencing the first, second, and third teams of five organizations and assigning a varying number of points for each time a player appears on one of those five lists.  The points are totaled and the player with the most points at his position is awarded the Consensus honor.  The five organizations whose lists are used for the Consensus determination are the [[Associated Press|Associated Press (AP)]],&lt;ref&gt;The Associated Press has selected an All-American Team since 1925.&lt;/ref&gt; [[American Football Coaches Association|American Football Coaches Association (AFCA)]].,&lt;ref&gt;The AFCA All-American Team has been selected since 1945 and has sometimes appeared under the name of its sponsor/publisher.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Football Writers Association of America|Football Writers Association of America (FWAA)]],&lt;ref&gt;The Football Writers Association of America have produced an All-American Team since 1944.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sporting News|Sporting News (TSN)]].,&lt;ref&gt;Sporting News has selected an All-American team since 1934.&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Walter Camp Football Foundation|Walter Camp Football Foundation (WCFF)]].&lt;ref&gt;The Walter Camp Football Foundation has selected an All-American team since 1889.&lt;/ref&gt;  Finally, a player can be recognized with the &quot;Unanimous Consensus&quot; honor if all five of the previously listed organizations have recognized that player as a First-Team All-American.

Texas A&amp;M has had 53 players that have been named First-Team All-Americans for a total of 72 seasons (19 players have been honored in two different seasons).  30 of those were Consensus All-Americans.  Texas A&amp;M has had 27 All-Americans on Offense, 34 All-Americans on Defense, and 11 All-Americans on Special Teams.  The Linebacker position is the most represented position with 14 selections (Offensive Tackle/Offensive Guard is the next highest with 12 selections).  Texas A&amp;M has had an All-American selection at every position, and has had at least one All-American in every decade since the 1930s.  The highest number of All-Americans during one decade took place from 1990 to 1999 when 16 players were named All-Americans for a total of 18 seasons.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Name
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Position
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Years at Texas A&amp;M
! colspan=&quot;8&quot;| [[College Football All-America Team|All-America]]
|-
![[Associated Press|AP (Since 1925)]]!![[American Football Coaches Association|AFCA (Since 1945)]]!![[Football Writers Association of America|FWAA (Since 1944)]]!![[Sporting News|TSN (Since 1934)]]!![[Walter Camp Football Foundation|WCFF (Since 1889)]]!!Other!!Consensus!!Unanimous Consensus
|-
| [[Sam Adams (American football)|Sam Adams]]
| DE
| 1991–1993
| 1993
| 1993
|
| 1993
| 1993
| 1993&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;United Press International, Scripps Howard News Service, and Football News&lt;/ref&gt;
| 1993
|
|-
| [[Antonio Armstrong]]
| LB
| 1991-1994
| 1994
|
|
|
|
| 1994&lt;ref name=&quot;Football News&quot;&gt;Football News&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|
|-
| [[Mike Arthur]]
| C
| 1987-1990
|
|
| 1990
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Patrick Bates]]
| FS
| 1992
|
|
| 1992
| 1992
|
| 1992&lt;ref&gt;United Press International and Newspaper Enterprise Association&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|
|-
| [[Rod Bernstine]]
| TE
| 1983–1986
|
|
|
|
|
| 1986&lt;ref name=&quot;Newspaper Enterprise Association&quot;&gt;Newspaper Enterprise Association&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|
|-
| [[Joe Boyd (American football)|Joe Boyd]]
| OT
| 1936-1939
|
|
|
|
|
| 1939&lt;ref&gt;Collier's Weekly and New York Sun&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|
|-
| [[Marcus Buckley]]
| LB
| 1990–1992
| 1992
| 1992
| 1992
| 1992
| 1992
| 1992&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;
| 1992
| 1992
|-
| [[Randy Bullock]]
| PK
| 2008–2011
| 2011
| 2011
|
| 2011
| 2011
| 2011&lt;ref&gt;CBSSports.com, SI.com, Pro Football Weekly, Scout.com&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2011
|
|-
| [[Ray Childress]]
| DT
| 1981–1984
|
|
|
| 1984
|
| 1983, 1984&lt;ref name=&quot;United Press International&quot;&gt;United Press International&lt;/ref&gt;
| 1984
|
|-
| [[Quentin Coryatt]]
| LB
| 1989-1991
|
|
|
|
|
| 1991&lt;ref name=&quot;Newspaper Enterprise Association&quot;/&gt;
|
|
|-
| [[John David Crow]]
| RB
| 1955–1957
| 1957
| 1957
| 1957
| 1956, 1957
| 1957
| 1957&lt;ref&gt;Unites Press, Newspaper Enterprise Association, International News Service, and Time Magazine&lt;/ref&gt;
| 1957
| 1957
|-
| [[Dave Elmendorf]]
| FS
| 1968–1970
| 1970
|
| 1970
|
|
|
| 1970
|
|-
| [[Mike Evans (wide receiver)|Mike Evans]]
| WR
| 2012-2013
| 2013
| 2013
| 2013
| 2013
| 2013
| 2013
| 2013
| 2013
|-
| [[Tony Franklin (kicker)|Tony Franklin]]
| PK
| 1975–1978
|
|
| 1976, 1978
|
|
| 1976&lt;ref&gt;United Press International and College Football News&lt;/ref&gt;
| 1976
|
|-
| [[Myles Garrett]]
| DE
| 2014-
| 2016
| 2016
| 2015, 2016
| 2016
| 2015, 2016
| 2016&lt;ref&gt;Fox Sports, Pro Football Focus and SB Nation&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2016
| 2016
|-
| [[Aaron Glenn]]
| DB
| 1992–1993
| 1993
| 1993
| 1993
| 1993
| 1993
| 1993&lt;ref&gt;United Press International and Scripps Howard News Service&lt;/ref&gt;
| 1993
| 1993
|-
| Dennis Goehring
| OG
| 1953-1956
|
|
|
|
|
| 1956
|
|
|-
| [[Jacob Green]]
| DE
| 1977–1979
| 1979
|
|
|
| 1979
| 1978
|
|
|-
| [[Lester Hayes]]
| FS
| 1973–1976
|
|
|
| 1976
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Bill Hobbs (American football)|Bill Hobbs]]
| LB
| 1965-1968
| 1967
|
|
|
|
| 1968&lt;ref name=&quot;United Press International&quot;/&gt;
|
|
|-
| [[Johnny Holland]]
| LB
| 1983–1986
| 1985
|
| 1985
|
|
| 1986&lt;ref name=&quot;Football News&quot;/&gt;
| 1985
|
|-
| [[Robert Jackson (linebacker)|Robert Jackson]]
| LB
| 1973-1976
| 1976
| 1976
| 1976
| 1976
| 1976
| 1976&lt;ref&gt;Newspaper Enterprise Association, United Press International, and Football News&lt;/ref&gt;
| 1976
| 1976
|-
| [[Luke Joeckel]]
| OT
| 2010-2012
| 2012
| 2012
| 2012
| 2012
| 2012
| 2012&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;AT&amp;T ESPN, Athlon Sports, CBSSports.com, FOXSportsNext.com, [[Lindy's Sports]], Pro Football Weekly, Scout.com, SI&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2012
| 2012
|-
| [[Drew Kaser]]
| P
| 2012-2015
| 2013
| 2013
| 2013
| 2013
| 2013
| 2013, 2015&lt;ref&gt;CBSSports.com&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2013
| 2013
|-
| [[John Kimbrough]]
| FB
| 1938–1940
| 1939, 1940
|
|
|
| 1939, 1940
| 1939,&lt;ref&gt;United Press, Central Press Association, International News Service, NEA Sports Syndicate, and Newsweek&lt;/ref&gt; 1940&lt;ref&gt;Unites Press, International News Service, Central Press Association, Collier's Weekly, NEA Sports Syndicate, New York Sun, Deke Houlgate, and Football Digest&lt;/ref&gt;
| 1939, 1940
| 1940
|-
| [[Christian Kirk]]
| PR
| 2015-
|
|
|
|
|
| 2015&lt;ref&gt;Athlon Sports&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|
|-
| [[Charlie Krueger]]
| OT
| 1955–1957
|
|
| 1957
|
|
| 1956,&lt;ref name=&quot;International News Service&quot;&gt;International News Service&lt;/ref&gt; 1957&lt;ref name=&quot;International News Service&quot;/&gt;
|
|
|-
| [[Rolf Krueger]]
| OT
| 1965-1968
|
|
|
| 1968
|
| 1968&lt;ref name=&quot;Time Magazine&quot;&gt;Time Magazine&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|
|-
| [[Shane Lechler]]
| P
| 1996–1999
| 1999
|
|
| 1998
|
| 1999&lt;ref&gt;Pro Football Weekly&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|
|-
| [[Darren Lewis (American football)|Darren Lewis]]
| RB
| 1987–1990
| 1988, 1990
| 1990
|
| 1988
| 1990
| 1990&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;United Press International and Football News&lt;/ref&gt;
| 1990
|
|-
| [[Jack Little (American football)|Jack Little]]
| FB
| 1949-1952
|
|
| 1951
|
|
| 1952
|
|
|-
| [[Leeland McElroy]]
| AP/KR
| 1993–1995
| 1995
|
| 1994
| 1994
| 1994
| 1994&lt;ref&gt;Scripps Howard News Service&lt;/ref&gt;
| 1994
|
|-
|[[Braden Mann]]
|P
|2016-2018
|2018
|2018
|2018
|2018
|2018
|2018, 2019
|2018
|2018
|-
| [[Johnny Manziel]]
| QB
| 2012-2013
| 2012,2013
|
| 2012
| 2012
| 2012
| 2012,2013&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AT&amp;T ESPN, Lindy's Sports&quot;&gt;AT&amp;T ESPN, CBSSports.com, Lindy's Sports, Scout.com, SI&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2012
|
|-
| [[Jake Matthews (American football)|Jake Matthews]]
| OT
| 2010-2013
| 2013
| 2013
| 2012,2013
| 2013
| 2013
| 2013
| 2013
| 2013
|-
| [[Tommy Maxwell]]
| FS
| 1965-1968
|
|
|
| 1968
|
| 1968&lt;ref name=&quot;Time Magazine&quot;/&gt;
|
|
|-
| [[Ray Mickens]]
| DB
| 1992-1995
|
|
|
|
| 1995
|
|
|
|-
| [[Von Miller]]
| DE/LB
| 2007–2010
| 2010
|
|
| 2009
| 2010
| 2009,&lt;ref&gt;Sports Illustrated.&lt;/ref&gt; 2010&lt;ref&gt;ESPN, Pro Football Weekly, and Scout.com&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2010
|
|-
| [[Brandon Mitchell (defensive end)|Brandon Mitchell]]
| DE
| 1993–1996
|
|
|
|
| 1995
|
|
|
|-
| [[Keith Mitchell (American football)|Keith Mitchell]]
| LB
| 1993–1996
|
|
|
|
|
| 1996&lt;ref name=&quot;Football News&quot;/&gt;
|
|
|-
| [[Damontre Moore]]
| DE
| 2010-2012
|
| 2012
| 2012
|
| 2012
| 2012&lt;ref name=&quot;AT&amp;T ESPN, Lindy's Sports&quot;/&gt;
| 2012
|
|-
| [[Mo Moorman|Maurice &quot;Mo&quot; Moorman]]
| OT
| 1966-1967
|
|
| 1966
| 1966
|
| 1966&lt;ref name=&quot;Time Magazine&quot;/&gt;
|
|
|-
| [[Dat Nguyen]]
| LB
| 1995–1998
| 1998
| 1998
| 1998
| 1998
| 1998
| 1998&lt;ref name=&quot;Football News&quot;/&gt;
| 1998
| 1998
|-
| [[Steve O'Neal]]
| P
| 1965-1968
|
|
|
| 1968
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Jack Pardee]]
| FB
| 1954–1956
|
|
| 1956
|
|
| 1956&lt;ref&gt;Central Press Association&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|
|-
| [[Marshall Robnett]]
| OG
| 1938–1940
|
|
|
|
| 1940
| 1940&lt;ref&gt;United Press, Central Press Association, Deke Houlgate, and Football Digest&lt;/ref&gt;
| 1940
|
|-
| [[John Roper (American football)|John Roper]]
| LB
| 1985–1988
| 1987
|
| 1987
|
|
|
| 1987
|
|-
| [[Joe Routt]]
| OG
| 1935–1937
| 1936, 1937
|
|
|
|
| 1937&lt;ref&gt;United Press, Collier's Magazine, Newspaper Editors Association, Central Press Association, and Collyer's Eye&lt;/ref&gt;
| 1937
|
|-
| [[Ed Simonini]]
| LB
| 1972–1975
| 1975
| 1975
| 1975
| 1975
| 1975
| 1975&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;/&gt;
| 1975
| 1975
|-
| [[Bob Smith (fullback)|Bob Smith]]
| RB
| 1949–1951
|
|
|
|
|
| 1950&lt;ref&gt;Chicage Tribune and Newspaper Enterprise Association&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|
|-
| [[Kevin Smith (cornerback)|Kevin Smith]]
| CB
| 1988–1991
| 1991
| 1991
|
| 1991
| 1991
| 1991&lt;ref&gt;Scripps Howard News Service and Football News&lt;/ref&gt;
| 1991
|
|-
|[[Jace Sternberger]]
|TE
|2018
|2018
|
|2018
|2018
|2018
|2018
|2018
|
|-
| [[Garth TenNapel]]
| LB
| 1973-1975
|
|
|
|
|
| 1975&lt;ref name=&quot;Newspaper Enterprise Association&quot;/&gt;
|
|
|-
| [[Pat Thomas (defensive back)|Pat Thomas]]
| CB
| 1972–1975
| 1974, 1975
| 1975
| 1974
|
| 1975
| 1974,&lt;ref name=&quot;Newspaper Enterprise Association&quot;/&gt; 1975&lt;ref&gt;united Press International and Newspaper Enterprise Association&lt;/ref&gt;
| 1974, 1975
|
|-
| [[Jason Webster]]
| DB
| 1996–1999
|
|
|
|
|
| 1999&lt;ref&gt;All-America Football Foundation&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|
|-
|}

==Hall of Fame==
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2018}}

===College Football Hall of Fame coaches===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! style=&quot;background: #500000; color:white;&quot; | Coach
! style=&quot;background: #500000; color:white;&quot; | Years
! style=&quot;background: #500000; color:white;&quot; | Induction
|-
| [[Matty Bell|Madison A. &quot;Matty&quot; Bell]] || 1929–1933 || 1955
|-
| [[Dana X. Bible]] || 1917, 1919–1928 || 1951
|-
| [[Bear Bryant|Paul &quot;Bear&quot; Bryant]] || 1954–1957 || 1986
|-
| [[Homer H. Norton]] || 1934–1947 || 1971
|-
| [[Gene Stallings]] || 1965–1971 || 2010
|-
| [[RC Slocum]] || 1982–2002 || 2012
|}

===College Football Hall of Fame players===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #500000; color:white;&quot; | Player
! style=&quot;background: #500000; color:white;&quot; | Position
! style=&quot;background: #500000; color:white;&quot; | Years
! style=&quot;background: #500000; color:white;&quot; | Induction
|-
| [[Ray Childress]] || DT || 1981–1984 || 2010
|-
| [[John David Crow]] || HB || 1955–1957 || 1976
|-
| [[Dave Elmendorf]] || S || 1968–1970 || 1997
|-
|[[Jacob Green]]
|DE
|1977-1979
|2019
|-
| [[Joel Hunt]] || HB || 1925–1927 || 1967
|-
| [[John Kimbrough]] || FB || 1938–1940 || 1954
|-
| [[Charlie Krueger]] || T || 1955–1957 || 1983
|-
|[[Dat Nguyen]]
|LB
|1995-1998
|2017
|-
| [[Jack Pardee]] || FB || 1954–1956 || 1986
|-
| [[Joe Routt]] || G || 1935–1937 || 1962
|-
| [[Gene Stallings]] || DB || 1954–1956 || 2010
|-
| [[Joe Utay]] || HB || 1905–1907 || 1974
|}

===Pro Football Hall of Fame players===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #500000; color:white;&quot; | Player
! style=&quot;background: #500000; color:white;&quot; | Position
! style=&quot;background: #500000; color:white;&quot; | Years
! style=&quot;background: #500000; color:white;&quot; | Induction
|-
| [[Yale Lary]] || S || 1948–1951 || 1979
|}

==Venue==
{{main|Kyle Field}}
[[File:Kyle Field Panorama.jpg|thumb|Kyle Field stadium (pictured in 2015), where the Aggies play their home games]]
The Aggies play at [[Kyle Field]], which has been the home to the Aggies in rudimentary form since 1904, and as a permanent concrete stadium since 1927.&lt;ref name=Timeline&gt;[http://www.12thman.com/sports/2015/7/30/kyle_timeline.aspx Historical timeline of Kyle Field]&lt;/ref&gt; 
The [[seating capacity]] of 102,733 in 2015 makes the stadium the largest in the [[Southeastern Conference]] and the [[List of NCAA Division I FBS football stadiums|fourth-largest stadium]] in the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]], the [[list of American football stadiums by capacity|fourth-largest stadium in the United States]], and the [[list of stadiums by capacity|sixth-largest non-racing stadium]] in the world. It is also the largest football stadium in the state of Texas.

==Traditions==
{{See also|Traditions of Texas A&amp;M University}}
{{more citations needed section|date=April 2018}}

===12th Man===
{{See also|12th Man (football)}}
Aggie football fans call themselves the 12th Man, meaning they are there to support the 11 players on the field. To further symbolize their &quot;readiness, desire, and enthusiasm,&quot; the entire student body stands throughout the game.&lt;ref name=&quot;12thMan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://aggietraditions.tamu.edu/12thman.shtml |title=Twelfth Man |accessdate=December 31, 2006 |publisher=Texas A&amp;M University |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061229030439/http://aggietraditions.tamu.edu/12thman.shtml |archivedate=December 29, 2006 |df=mdy }}&lt;/ref&gt;  In a further show of respect, the students step &quot;off the wood&quot; (step off the bleachers onto the concrete) whenever a player is injured or when the band plays the ''[[Fightin' Texas Aggie War Hymn|Aggie War Hymn]]'' or ''The Spirit of Aggieland''.&lt;ref&gt;The bleachers in Kyle Field were originally made of wood. Although they now are made of aluminum, &quot;off the wood&quot; is still commonly used to mean &quot;get off the bleachers&quot;. Currently the [[Seattle Seahawks]] pay Texas A&amp;M for the rights to use the 12th man.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ivey&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Ivey |first=Tommi |title=Aggies should not walk on A&amp;M seal |newspaper=The Battalion |date=October 19, 2005 |url=http://media.www.thebatt.com/media/storage/paper657/news/2005/11/09/Opinion/Aggies.Should.Not.Walk.On.Am.Seal-1050633.shtml |accessdate=August 20, 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929104532/http://media.www.thebatt.com/media/storage/paper657/news/2005/11/09/Opinion/Aggies.Should.Not.Walk.On.Am.Seal-1050633.shtml |archivedate=September 29, 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Seniors wearing either their [[Senior boots]] or Aggie Rings are also encouraged to join the &quot;Boot Line.&quot; As the [[Fightin' Texas Aggie Band]] leaves the field after their [[half-time]] performances, seniors line up at the south end of Kyle Field to welcome the team back onto the field for the second half.&lt;ref name=&quot;hartsell&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Hartsell |first=Jeff |title=Citadel punter returns home for A&amp;M game |newspaper=Charleston Post and Courier |date=August 29, 2006 |url=http://www.aggiesports.com/stories/082906/football_20060829037.php |accessdate=August 20, 2007 |format=– &lt;sup&gt;[https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;q=author%3AHartsell+intitle%3ACitadel+punter+returns+home+for+A%26M+game&amp;as_publication=&amp;as_ylo=&amp;as_yhi=&amp;btnG=Search Scholar search]&lt;/sup&gt; |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926232411/http://www.aggiesports.com/stories/082906/football_20060829037.php |archivedate=September 26, 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The tradition began in [[Dallas]] on January 2, 1922, at the [[Dixie Classic (bowl game)|Dixie Classic]], the forerunner of the [[Cotton Bowl Classic]]. A&amp;M played defending national champion [[1921 Centre Praying Colonels football team|Centre College]] in the first post-season game in the southwest. In this hard fought game, which produced national publicity, an underdog Aggie team was slowly defeating a team which had allowed fewer than 6 points per game. The first half produced so many injuries for A&amp;M that [[Dana X. Bible|Coach D. X. Bible]] feared he wouldn't have enough men to finish the game. At that moment, he called into the Aggie section of the stands for E. King Gill, a student who had left football after the regular season to play basketball. Gill, who was spotting players for a Waco newspaper and was not in football uniform, donned the uniform of injured player Heine Weir and stood on the sidelines to await his turn. Although he did not actually play in the game, his readiness to play symbolized the willingness of all Aggies to support their team to the point of actually entering the game. When the game ended in a 22–14 Aggie victory, Gill was the only man left standing on the sidelines for the Aggies. Gill later said, &quot;I wish I could say that I went in and ran for the winning touchdown, but I did not. I simply stood by in case my team needed me.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;beano&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Cook|first=Beano|title=Ten Days That Shook the Sport|publisher=ESPN|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/news/story?id=2615391|date=October 8, 2006|accessdate=July 26, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the 1980s, the tradition was expanded as coach [[Jackie Sherrill]] created the 12th Man squad led by 12th man standout Dean Berry. Composed solely of walk-on (non-scholarship) players, the squad would take the field for special teams' performances.&lt;ref name=&quot;beano&quot;/&gt;  This squad never allowed a kickoff return for a touchdown.&lt;ref name=&quot;heater&quot;/&gt;  Sherrill's successor, [[R. C. Slocum]], amended the tradition in the 1990s to allow one walk-on player, wearing the No. 12 jersey, to take the field for special teams' plays.&lt;ref name=&quot;beano&quot;/&gt;  The player is chosen based on the level of determination and hard work shown in practices. Coach [[Dennis Franchione]] has continued Slocum's model, while also keeping an all-walk-on kickoff team that played three times in the 2006 season.&lt;ref name=&quot;heater&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Heater|first=Jay|title=LaMantia A&amp;M's main 12th Man|newspaper=[[Oakland Tribune]]|date=December 27, 2006|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4176/is_20061227/ai_n17077154|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022235318/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4176/is_20061227/ai_n17077154|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 22, 2008|accessdate=July 26, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Bonfire===
{{Main|Aggie Bonfire}}
Aggie Bonfire was a long-standing tradition at [[Texas A&amp;M University]] as part of a [[college rivalry]] with the [[University of Texas at Austin]], known as t.u.&lt;!--Lowercase is intentional; do not alter--&gt; by Texas A&amp;M students. For ninety years, Texas A&amp;M students built and burned a large [[bonfire]] on campus each fall.  Known within the Aggie community simply as Bonfire, the annual fall event symbolized the students' &quot;burning desire to beat the hell outta t.u.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;smith2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=Jonathan M.|year=2007|title=The Texas Aggie Bonfire: A Conservative Reading of Regional Narratives, Traditional Practices, and a Paradoxical Place|pages=182–201|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.2007.00530.x|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|volume=97|postscript=&lt;!--None--&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt; The bonfire was traditionally lit around Thanksgiving in conjunction with the festivities surrounding the annual game between the schools.&lt;ref name=&quot;bernstein&quot;&gt;{{Cite news| last = Bernstein  | first = Alan  | title = Aggie Bonfire holds distinction as Texas symbol | newspaper= The Houston Chronicle  | date = November 18, 1999  | url =https://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/special/bonfire/386353.html  | accessdate =February 28, 2007  | postscript = &lt;!--None--&gt; |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071225220124/http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/special/bonfire/386353.html |archivedate = December 25, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The first on-campus Aggie Bonfire was burned in 1909, and the tradition continued for the next 90 years.&lt;ref name=&quot;bernstein&quot;/&gt;  For almost two decades, Bonfire was constructed from debris and pieces of wood that Aggies &quot;found,&quot; including lumber intended for a dormitory that students appropriated in 1912.&lt;ref name=&quot;as&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Vanities of the Bonfire |publisher=American Scientist |date=November–December 2000 |url=http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetail/assetid/23826/page/2;jsessionid=aaa5LVFO |accessdate=February 28, 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624200603/http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetail/assetid/23826/page/2%3Bjsessionid%3Daaa5LVFO |archivedate=June 24, 2009 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;  The event became school-sanctioned in 1936, and, for the first time, students were provided with axes, saws, and trucks and pointed towards a grove of dead trees on the edge of town.&lt;ref name=&quot;bernstein&quot;/&gt;  In the following years the Bonfire became more elaborate, and in 1967 the flames could be seen {{convert|25|mi|km|-1}} away. In 1969, the stack set the world record at {{convert|111|ft|m|-1}} tall.&lt;ref name=&quot;bernstein&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WorldRec&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.salon.com/books/it/1999/12/08/bonfire/index.html |title=Memories of an Aggie bonfire boy |work=[[Salon.com]] |accessdate=August 14, 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211063748/http://www.salon.com/books/it/1999/12/08/bonfire/index.html |archivedate=February 11, 2007 |df=mdy }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1978, Bonfire shifted to a wedding-cake style, in which upper stacks of logs were wedged on top of lower stacks. The structure was built around a fortified centerpole, made from two [[telephone poles]].&lt;ref name=&quot;homeland&quot;/&gt;  Although tradition stated that if Bonfire burned through midnight A&amp;M would win the following day's game, with the introduction of the wedding cake design Bonfire began to fall very quickly, sometimes burning for only 30 or 45 minutes.&lt;ref name=&quot;burka2000&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Burka|first=Paul|title=The Aggie Bonfire Tragedy|newspaper=[[Texas Monthly]]|date=April 2000|page=116|edition=Vol. 28, Issue 4|postscript=&lt;!--None--&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At 2:42&amp;nbsp;am on November 18, 1999, the partially completed Aggie Bonfire, standing {{convert|40|ft|m|-1|sp=us}} tall and consisting of about 5000 logs, collapsed during construction. Of the 58 students and former students working on the stack, 12 were killed and 27 others were injured.&lt;ref name=&quot;homeland&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Cook |first=John Lee, Jr. |title=Bonfire Collapse |publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security |url=http://www.usfa.dhs.gov/downloads/pdf/publications/tr-133-508.pdf |accessdate=March 3, 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070207014046/http://www.usfa.dhs.gov/downloads/pdf/publications/tr-133-508.pdf |archivedate=February 7, 2007 |df=mdy }}&lt;/ref&gt;  On November 25, 1999, the date that Bonfire would have burned, Aggies instead held a vigil and remembrance ceremony. Over 40,000 people, including former President [[George H.W. Bush]] and his wife [[Barbara Bush|Barbara]] and then-Texas governor [[George W. Bush]] and his wife [[Laura Bush|Laura]], lit candles and observed up to two hours of silence at the site of the Bonfire collapse.&lt;ref name=&quot;whitmarsch&quot; &gt;{{Cite news| last = Whitmarsch  | first = Geneva|   title = Thousands Mourn Fallen Aggies  | newspaper = The Bryan-College Station Eagle  | date = November 26, 1999  | url = http://www.theeagle.com/bonfire/storyarchive/november1999/261199a.htm  | accessdate =February 28, 2007  | format =  – &lt;sup&gt;[https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;q=author%3AWhitmarsch+intitle%3AThousands+Mourn+Fallen+Aggies&amp;as_publication=&amp;as_ylo=&amp;as_yhi=&amp;btnG=Search Scholar search]&lt;/sup&gt;  | postscript = &lt;!--None--&gt; |archiveurl = https://archive.is/20041215131755/http://www.theeagle.com/bonfire/storyarchive/november1999/261199a.htm |archivedate = December 15, 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The Bonfire Memorial was officially dedicated on November 18, 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;mfon&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Mfon |first=Tosin |title=A&amp;M remembers bonfire tragedy |newspaper=The Daily Texan |url=http://media.www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2004/11/19/TopStories/Am.Remembers.Bonfire.Tragedy-811494.shtml |date=November 19, 2004 |accessdate=March 3, 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070902220236/http://media.www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2004/11/19/TopStories/Am.Remembers.Bonfire.Tragedy-811494.shtml |archivedate=September 2, 2007 |df=mdy }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bonfire was postponed until 2002 in order to restructure it to make it safer. Delays in the development of a safety plan and a high estimated cost (mainly due to [[liability insurance]]), led A&amp;M president Ray Bowen to postpone Bonfire indefinitely.&lt;ref name=&quot;milloy&quot;&gt;{{Cite news| last = Milloy  | first = Ross E.| department = National Briefing  | newspaper=[[The New York Times]]  | url =https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E03E5DA113DF936A35751C0A9649C8B63|date=February 5, 2002 | accessdate =March 3, 2007  | title = Southwest: Texas: Aggie President Cancels Bonfire  | postscript = &lt;!--None--&gt; }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Despite the university's refusal to allow Bonfire to take place on campus, since 2002 a non-university sanctioned Bonfire has burned annually.&lt;ref name=&quot;badger&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Off-campus Texas A&amp;M bonfire brings out thousands |newspaper=The Badger Herald |url=http://badgerherald.com/news/2002/11/26/offcampus_texas_a_m_.php |date=November 26, 2002 |accessdate=March 3, 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071110225606/http://badgerherald.com/news/2002/11/26/offcampus_texas_a_m_.php |archivedate=November 10, 2007 |df=mdy }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Known as Student Bonfire, the off-campus event draws between 8,000 and 15,000 fans.&lt;ref name=&quot;windle&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Moghe |first=Sonia |title=Off-campus bonfire |newspaper=The Battalion |url=http://media.www.thebatt.com/media/storage/paper657/news/2005/11/17/News/OffCampus.Bonfire-1108094.shtml |date=November 17, 2005 |accessdate=March 3, 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926225829/http://media.www.thebatt.com/media/storage/paper657/news/2005/11/17/News/OffCampus.Bonfire-1108094.shtml |archivedate=September 26, 2007 |df=mdy }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Student Bonfire utilizes many changes for safety purposes, and has only recorded two serious injuries since its inception, neither life-threatening.  The newly designed stack was designed by a professional engineer (a former student) and features a center pole with 4 perimeter poles connected via &quot;windle-sticks&quot;.  In the new design, the height is capped at 45 feet (not including the outhouse), and all the logs touch the ground.  Alcohol is strictly prohibited from all student bonfire functions as it was revealed that a number of the students working on the collapsed bonfire in 1999 had [[blood alcohol content|BACs]] higher than the legal driving limit.

[[File:Aggie Band.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The [[Fightin' Texas Aggie Band]] marches in ATM formation during halftime at [[Kyle Field]].]]

===Fightin' Texas Aggie Band===
{{Main|Fightin' Texas Aggie Band}}
The Fightin' Texas Aggie Band (also known as The Noble Men of Kyle or the Aggie Band) is the official [[marching band]] of [[Texas A&amp;M University]]. Composed of over 400&amp;nbsp;men and women from the school's [[Texas A&amp;M University Corps of Cadets|Corps of Cadets]],&lt;ref name=&quot;BQ composition&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Fightin' Texas Aggie Band |publisher=AggieAthletics.com|url=http://www.aggieathletics.com/index2.php?&amp;CAT=TRD&amp;pageID=225|accessdate=June 13, 2007 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071129233213/http://www.aggieathletics.com/index2.php?&amp;CAT=TRD&amp;pageID=225 |archivedate = November 29, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; it is the largest [[military band|military marching band]] in the world. The complex straight-line maneuvers, performed exclusively to [[American march music|traditional marches]], are so complicated and precise that computer marching simulations say they cannot be performed.&lt;ref name=&quot;vid&quot;&gt;{{Cite web| publisher=The Former Students Association|title= Traditions|url= http://www.aggieband.org/traditions.wmv|format=WMV|accessdate=June 13, 2007 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061206144125/http://www.aggieband.org/traditions.wmv |archivedate = December 6, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since its inception in 1894, its members eat together, sleep in the same [[dormitory|dormitories]], and practice up to forty hours per week on top of a full academic schedule. The Aggie Band performs at all home [[College football|football]] games, some away games, and [[Muster (Texas A&amp;M University)|university]] and [[Parade (military)|Corps functions]] throughout the year. Other events in which the band participated include inauguration parades for many [[President of the United States|United States Presidents]] and [[Governor of Texas|Texas Governors]], [[Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade|major annual parades]] across the country, and the dedication ceremony for the [[George Bush Presidential Library|George H. W. Bush Presidential Library]].&lt;ref name=&quot;stuffdone&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Foley|first=Sara|title=RVs, Texas A&amp;M U. band to attend Bush's inauguration|publisher=[[The Battalion]]|date=January 1, 2005| url=https://www.pbs.org/weta/washingtonweek/voices/200501/0118local0.html|accessdate=June 14, 2007 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20050909211315/http://www.pbs.org/weta/washingtonweek/voices/200501/0118local0.html |archivedate = September 9, 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BQ about&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About the Band|publisher=Aggieband.org|url=http://www.aggieband.org/visitors-about.php|accessdate=June 13, 2007 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070607083153/http://aggieband.org/visitors-about.php |archivedate = June 7, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Powell&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|year=1994 |title=The Fightin' Texas Aggie Band (Centennial Series of the Association of Former Students, Texas A&amp;M University)|publisher=Texas A&amp;M University Press|isbn=978-0-89096-595-5 |author=Donald B. Powell |author2=Mary Jo Powell.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Midnight Yell Practice===
{{Main|Midnight Yell Practice}}
Midnight Yell Practice is a [[pep rally]] usually held the night before a football game. If the football game is to be held at Kyle Field, midnight yell takes place the day of the football game at 12:00&amp;nbsp;am If the football game is an away game, a yell is held on the Thursday night before at the Corps Arches on the Texas A&amp;M campus, and Midnight Yell will be held in the city the game is being played.

===Wrecking Crew===
[[File:Wrecking-crew.png|thumb|right|Hand sign for the Wrecking Crew]]
The term ''Wrecking Crew'' is a name given to defenses of the football team.&lt;ref name=&quot;liffick&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Ruff |first=Brian |title=Wrecking Crew salvages A&amp;M season opener |newspaper=The Battalion |date=September 30, 2001 |url=http://media.www.thebatt.com/media/storage/paper657/news/2001/09/02/Sports/Wrecking.Crew.Salvages.Am.Season.Opener-512762.shtml |accessdate=February 17, 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907042204/http://media.www.thebatt.com/media/storage/paper657/news/2001/09/02/Sports/Wrecking.Crew.Salvages.Am.Season.Opener-512762.shtml |archivedate=September 7, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Blackshirts_WC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Griffin |first=Tim |title=Revisiting the 'Wrecking Crew' and 'Blackshirts' |publisher=ESPN |date=July 28, 2008 |url=http://myespn.go.com/blogs/big12/0-1-99/Revisiting-the--Wrecking-Crew--and--Blackshirts-.html |accessdate=December 3, 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920104110/http://myespn.go.com/blogs/big12/0-1-99/Revisiting-the--Wrecking-Crew--and--Blackshirts-.html |archivedate=September 20, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The term, coined by defensive back [[Chet Brooks]], became popular during the coach [[R. C. Slocum]]'s tenure in 80s and the 90s. After the coach's firing, many fans, coaches, and sports analysts feel that recent Aggie defenses have not &quot;earned&quot; the title.&lt;ref name=&quot;Blackshirts_WC&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DarnellWC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Onan |first=John |title=Aggies defense must earn &quot;Wrecking Crew&quot; label |publisher=Real Football 365 |date=March 6, 2006 |url=http://www.realfootball365.com/articles/texasam/8829 |accessdate=December 3, 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090906195410/http://www.realfootball365.com/articles/texasam/8829 |archivedate=September 6, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite this, the university still owns a trademark on the term.&lt;ref name=&quot;trademark&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Texas A&amp;M University Trademarks |publisher=Texas A&amp;M University |url=http://www.tamu.edu/trademarks/amtrademark.html |accessdate=December 3, 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130030409/http://tamu.edu/trademarks/amtrademark.html |archivedate=January 30, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Yell Leaders===
{{Main|Aggie Yell Leaders}}
Yell Leaders are five students who lead the crowd in yells during the games. The team consists of three seniors and two juniors elected by the student body. The Yell Leaders take the place of traditional &quot;cheerleaders&quot; and perform many of the same functions without the gymnastics and dance routines. They also participate in post-game activities such as being thrown in the Fish Pond if the team wins, or leading the student body in the singing of ''The Twelfth Man'' if the team loses.

==Future opponents==

===Non-division opponents===
Texas A&amp;M plays South Carolina as a permanent non-division opponent annually and rotates around the East division among the other six schools.&lt;ref name=&quot;nondivopp&quot;&gt;{{cite web| title=SEC Future Football Schedule Rotation Announced|publisher=fbschedules.com| url=http://www.fbschedules.com/2014/05/sec-future-football-schedule-rotation-2025/|accessdate=2014-06-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
{{CollegePrimaryHeader|team=Texas A&amp;M Aggies|2021|2022|2023|2024|2025}}
|-
| vs [[South Carolina Gamecocks football|South Carolina]] || at South Carolina || vs South Carolina || at South Carolina || vs South Carolina
|-
| at [[Missouri Tigers football|Missouri]] || vs [[Florida Gators football|Florida]] || at [[Tennessee Volunteers football|Tennessee]] || vs [[Georgia Bulldogs football|Georgia]] || at [[Kentucky Wildcats football|Kentucky]]
|}

===Non-conference opponents===
Announced schedules as of April 26, 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;nonconfopp&quot;&gt;{{cite web| title=Texas A&amp;M Aggies Football Future Schedules|publisher=FBSchedules.com| url=https://fbschedules.com/ncaa/texas-am/|accessdate=April 26, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
{{CollegePrimaryHeader|team=Texas A&amp;M Aggies|2021|2022|2023|2024|2025|2026|2027|2028|2029}}
|-
| [[Kent State Golden Flashes football|Kent State]]
| [[Sam Houston State Bearkats football|Sam Houston State]]
| [[New Mexico Lobos football|New Mexico]]
| [[Notre Dame Fighting Irish football|Notre Dame]]
| at [[Notre Dame Fighting Irish football|Notre Dame]]
| [[Arizona State Sun Devils football|Arizona State]]
| at [[Arizona State Sun Devils football|Arizona State]]
| [[Louisville Cardinals football|Louisville]]
| at [[Louisville Cardinals football|Louisville]]
|-
| at [[Colorado Buffaloes football|Colorado]]
| [[Appalachian State Mountaineers football|Appalachian State]]
| at [[Miami Hurricanes football|Miami (FL)]]
| [[McNeese State Cowboys football|McNeese State]]
| [[Tarleton State Texans football|Tarleton State]]
| 
| [[New Mexico Lobos football|New Mexico]]
|
|
|-
| [[New Mexico Lobos football|New Mexico]]
| [[Miami Hurricanes football|Miami (FL)]]
| [[Louisiana–Monroe Warhawks football|Louisiana–Monroe]]
| [[Bowling Green Falcons football|Bowling Green]]
| 
| 
|
|
| 
|-
| [[Prairie View A&amp;M Panthers football|Prairie View A&amp;M]]
| [[UMass Minutemen football|UMass]]
| [[Abilene Christian Wildcats football|Abilene Christian]]
| [[New Mexico State Aggies football|New Mexico State]]
| 
| 
|
|
| 
|}

==See also==

* [[List of Texas A&amp;M Aggies head football coaches]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Texas A&amp;M Aggies football}}
* {{Official website}}

{{Texas A&amp;M Aggies football navbox}}
{{Texas A&amp;M University|athletics}}
{{Southeastern Conference football navbox}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Texas AandM Aggies Football}}
[[Category:Texas A&amp;M Aggies football| ]]
[[Category:American football teams established in 1894]]
[[Category:1894 establishments in Texas]]
&lt;noinclude&gt;

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    <title>Sekolah Seri Puteri</title>
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      <text bytes="13836" xml:space="preserve">{{distinguish|SMS Seri Puteri}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2013}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Sekolah Seri Puteri
| native_name = SSP
| logo = Logo_of_Sekolah_Seri_Puteri,_Cyberjaya.png
| image = Sekolah Seri Puteri facade.jpg
| caption = The main building
| motto = ''Ilmu Usaha Jaya''
| motto_translation = Knowledge, Perseverance, Excellence
| established = 6 May 1968{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}
| city = [[Cyberjaya]]
| state = [[Selangor]]
| country = [[Malaysia]]
| postcode = 63000
| coordinates = {{coord|2|54|39.575|N|101|39|51.886|E|display=inline}}
| type = [[Public school (government funded)|Public]] all-girls [[boarding school]] [[Sekolah Berasrama Penuh]]
| affiliations = [[Sekolah Berasrama Penuh]], [[Ministry of Education (Malaysia)]]
| principal = Roslina Ahmad
| students = approx 850
| grades = Form 1 – Form 5
| classrooms = Pintar, Usaha, Tekun, Elit, Restu, Intelek
| address = Persiaran Tasik
| district = [[Cyberjaya]]
| mascot =
| colours = {{Color box|green|border=darkgray}}{{Color box|red|border=darkgray}}Green and Red
| yearbook = Teraju Puteri
| medium_of_language = [[Malay language|Malay]], English
| alumni  = Persatuan Alumni Sekolah Seri Puteri (PUTERI)
| website = {{URL|http://www.seriputeri.edu.my}}
| picture =
}}

'''Sekolah Seri Puteri''' ({{lang-en|Seri Puteri School}}; abbreviated '''SSP''') is a premier all-girls&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.utusan.com.my/rencana/kecemerlangan-sekolah-satu-gender-1.198650 Kecemerlangan sekolah satu gender], Utusan Online&lt;/ref&gt; [[boarding school]] ([[Sekolah Berasrama Penuh]]) located in [[Cyberjaya]], [[Selangor]], [[Malaysia]]. In 2010, Sekolah Seri Puteri was awarded the prestigious ''[[Sekolah Berprestasi Tinggi]]'' or High Performance School title.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2010/1/26/nation/5543554&amp;sec=nation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128012213/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2010/1/26/nation/5543554&amp;sec=nation|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 January 2010|title=RM1mil among perks for high performance schools|last=Chapman|first=Karen|date=26 January 2010|website=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star Online]] (Archives)|publisher=Star Publications (Malaysia) Berhad|accessdate=May 2014}}&lt;!--citation formerly included &quot;Archives &amp;#124&quot;--&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; The school specialises in [[Concert band|wind orchestra]] and basketball as well as their debate team.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pemandu.gov.my/gtp/upload/78971400-f8d4-4956-a277-f77fde8bbd8c.pdf |title=Improving Student Outcomes (Annual Report 2010) |year=2010 |website=[[Economic Transformation Programme|PEMANDU (Performance Management &amp; Delivery Unit), Government Transformation Programme]] |publisher=[[Prime Minister's Department|Malaysia Prime Minister's Department]] |page=121 |accessdate=May 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105212656/http://www.pemandu.gov.my/gtp/upload/78971400-f8d4-4956-a277-f77fde8bbd8c.pdf |archivedate=5 November 2013 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia]] 2013, the national examination taken by all fifth-year secondary school students in Malaysia, SSP obtained a grade value average of 1.26 (on a scale of 0-9 with 0 being the best).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.melvister.com/2014/03/senarai-ranking-sbp-terbaik-2014-keputusan-spm-2013.html |title=Senarai Ranking SBP Terbaik 2014 Keputusan SPM 2013 |website=MELVISTER.COM |date=20 March 2014 |accessdate=May 2014 |archive-date=26 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526102957/https://www.melvister.com/2014/03/senarai-ranking-sbp-terbaik-2014-keputusan-spm-2013.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==History==
Sekolah Seri Puteri was founded on 6 May 1968, and the original name was Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Perempuan Jalan Kolam Ayer (Female [[Secondary School]] of [[Jalan Datin Halimah|Jalan Kolam Ayer]]), [[Kuala Lumpur]].{{citation needed|date=May 2017}} It was established to provide [[secondary education]] for students from across Malaysia. Built on a 19-[[acre]] site at Jalan Kolam Ayer previously owned by a technical school,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.seriputeri.edu.my/v1/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=47&amp;Itemid=62 |title=Sejarah Penubuhan |website=Portal Rasmi: Sekolah Seri Puteri, Cyberjaya |publisher=Sekolah Seri Puteri |date=15 April 2010 |accessdate=May 2014 |archive-date=29 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029040455/http://www.seriputeri.edu.my/v1/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=47&amp;Itemid=62 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; the school opened with 144 Form 4 students, 10 teachers, and three non-academics who assisted [[Malay styles and titles#Other salutations|Puan]] Khalidah Adibah Amin, the first [[Head teacher|principal]].

In 1969, the school started contracting teachers from Bangladesh to fill vacancies in the science and mathematics departments.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://cybersepang.wordpress.com/schoolprofile/history/ |title=History of establishment of Sekolah Seri Puteri |website=Sekolah Seri Puteri |publisher=[[WordPress]] |accessdate=May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The first group of 102 Form 6 students was admitted in May 1971. Form 1 students were first admitted in 1975.

In 1975, pre-university [[Malaysian Matriculation Programme|matriculation courses]] from [[Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia]] were first attended by 88 students. In 1976, the [[Concert band|wind orchestra]], Seri Puteri Winds, was formed by the third principal Puan Hajah Badiah Bt Hj, Abdul Manan, and the vice-principal Wilma Lesurf{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}}.

The school celebrated its tenth anniversary on 16 September 1978 {{Citation needed|date=November 2013}}. At this event, the fourth school principal, Puan Zainab Bt Haji Mohd Yusop, officially named the school as Sekolah Seri Puteri, signifying &quot;beauty, dignity, and leadership&quot; {{Citation needed|date=November 2013}}. The school [[emblem]] was also introduced in the same year{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}}.

On 1 May 2003, Sekolah Seri Puteri moved from Jalan Kolam Ayer to its current location in [[Cyberjaya]]. The grand opening of the new facility was held on 10 April 2007. [[Sultanah Nur Zahirah]], the thirteenth [[Raja Permaisuri Agong]] of Malaysia, officiated at the opening.

==School site==

Sekolah Seri Puteri occupies a 20-[[acre]] site in the [[Cyberjaya]] Flagship Zone on high ground overlooking an [[artificial lake]], [[Putrajaya Lake]]. Development of Sekolah Seri Puteri began on 5 April 2001, with a total construction cost of [[Malaysian ringgit|RM]] 56 Million. Construction ended on 26 January 2003{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}}.

The school can accommodate up to 1,200 students along with 250 academic and support staff. The main building contains a large hall, recreation and sports facilities, classrooms, laboratories, and workshops blocks. The site also includes a student [[Dormitory|residence]], a teachers residence, and a [[dining hall]]. A great hall holds 1,200 people, and a lecture hall seats 255 people.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2003&amp;dt=0305&amp;pub=utusan_malaysia&amp;sec=pendidikan&amp;pg=pe_01.htm&amp;arc=hive |title=Sekolah Seri Puteri – Berwajah elit, berkonsep milenium |website=Utusan ONLINE |publisher=[[Utusan Melayu]] (Malaysia) Berhad |date=5 March 2003 |accessdate=May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Awards and recognition==

===Academics===
In 2013, the school hosted the [[boarding school|Fully Residential School]] International Symposium (FRSIS) with the theme &quot;Go Green, Initiatives for the Future&quot;.  The [[keynote]] speaker was the [[prime minister of Malaysia]], [[Malay styles and titles#Dato'|Dato']] [[Najib Razak]]{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}}.

===Seri Puteri Winds===
In 2011, the school's [[Concert band|wind orchestra]], Seri Puteri Winds (SP Winds), was featured in the [[flashmob]]-style [[reality programme]] ''Refleksi Orkestra'' in conjunction with [[Radio Televisyen Malaysia]]'s [[golden jubilee]] concert, Orkestra RTM 50.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.hmetro.com.my/articles/Pelajarberentap__8216_flashmob__8217_/Article |title=Pelajar berentap 'flashmob' |website=myMetro |publisher=[[Harian Metro]]. [[New Straits Times Press]] (M) Bhd. |date=25 May 2011 |accessdate=May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2013, SP Winds won the gold medal at the 24th Australian International Music Festival (AIMF2013) in [[Sydney]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.aimf.com.au/Site/Home.html|title=Home page|website=Australian International Music Festival|publisher=[http://www.worldprojects.com.au/ World Projects South Pacific]|accessdate=May 2014|archive-date=25 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125060850/http://aimf.com.au/Site/Home.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; This accomplishment earned the school three entries in the [[Malaysian Book of Records]]:&lt;ref&gt;http://english.astroawani.com/news/show/seri-puteri-symphonic-winds-recognised-in-malaysia-book-of-records-38584&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;first [[Sekolah Berasrama Penuh|Malaysian government residential school]] to qualify for the Australian International Music Festival (AIMF)&quot;
* &quot;first Malaysian government residential school to play at the [[Sydney Opera House]], Australia&quot;
* &quot;first Malaysian government residential school to win a gold medal in AIMF&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.seriputeri.edu.my/v1/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=301:sp-winds-menang-anugerah-emas-di-australian-international-music-festival-aimf2013-di-sydney-australia&amp;catid=44:beritasec1cat2&amp;Itemid=74 |title=SP WINDS MENANG ANUGERAH EMAS DI AUSTRALIAN INTERNATIONAL MUSIC FESTIVAL (AIMF2013) DI SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA |website=Portal Rasmi: Sekolah Seri Puteri, Cyberjaya |publisher=Sekolah Seri Puteri |date=18 July 2013 |accessdate=May 2014 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105213106/http://www.seriputeri.edu.my/v1/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=301:sp-winds-menang-anugerah-emas-di-australian-international-music-festival-aimf2013-di-sydney-australia&amp;catid=44:beritasec1cat2&amp;Itemid=74 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Seri Puteri Debates===
The english debate club is called Thalions, which won several debate competition like
* &quot;Johan Pertandingan Bahas Bahasa Inggeris Piala Perdana Menteri 2018
* &quot;Johan Pertandingan Bahas Bahasa Inggeris Piala Perdana Menteri 2009
And many more debate tournaments such as [[Cabaran Debat Zaaba]] and more.
They also have competed globally,in World Scolars Cup, in The United States Of America and China.

The malay debate club is called Eccentric. Some of their achievement include
* &quot;Johan Pertandingan Bahas Bahasa Melayu Piala Perdana Menteri 2012

==Notable alumni==
The alumni association of SSP is known as Persatuan Alumni Sekolah Seri Puteri (PUTERI).
* [[Harlina Halizah Siraj]] – Head, Department of Medical Education, [[Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia]] Medical Centre (PPUKM)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://drhar.blogspot.com/p/dr-hars-biodata.html |title=Dr. Har's Biodata |website=A MUSLIM WOMAN DEFINED.... |publisher=[[Blogger (service)|Blogger]] |date=30 December 2013 |accessdate=May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Mastura Ma'asud|Mastura Ma'sud]] – Lawyer
* [[Azlina Jamaluddin]]{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}} - Lawyer
* [[Sawiah Jusoh]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.seriputeri.edu.my/v1/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=230:majlis-anugerah-cemerlang-mac-ke-41&amp;catid=45:berita-akademik-&amp;Itemid=75 |title=MAJLIS ANUGERAH CEMERLANG (MAC) KE-41 |website=Portal Rasmi: Sekolah Seri Puteri, Cyberjaya |publisher=Sekolah Seri Puteri |date=21 April 2012 |accessdate=May 2014 |archive-date=12 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512230946/http://www.seriputeri.edu.my/v1/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=230:majlis-anugerah-cemerlang-mac-ke-41&amp;catid=45:berita-akademik-&amp;Itemid=75 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; – Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Success Precession Wellbeing Ltd, Cardiff, United Kingdom.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://aqifazizan.com/konvensyen-jutawan-muslim-2012 |title=Konvensyen Jutawan Muslim 2012 |author=Aqif Azizan |website=Aqif Azizan |publisher=[[WordPress]] |accessdate=May 2014 |archive-date=12 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512231222/http://aqifazizan.com/konvensyen-jutawan-muslim-2012 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Safiah Atan]] – Senior [[Biotechnology]] Researcher, [[Malaysian Rubber Board]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.lgm.gov.my/RnD/biotech.aspx |title=Research &amp; Innovation – Upstream – Biotechnology |website=Official Portal Malaysian Rubber Board Lembaga Getah Malaysia |date=13 December 2010 |accessdate=May 2014 |archive-date=17 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317034334/http://www.lgm.gov.my/RnD/biotech.aspx |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Jamia Azdina Jamal]]-Dean, Faculty of Pharmacy, National University Malaysia
*[[Azlina Mehtab]]-Lawyer
*[[Sharifah Fauziyah Syed Mohtar]]-Director, Pharmaniaga Bhd
*[[Shafida Abd Hamid]]-Dean, Kuliyyah of Science, IIUM.
*[[Vivy Yusof]]-Fashion Icon,Entrepreneur

== See also ==
{{Portal|Malaysia|Schools}}
* [[List of schools in Selangor]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Education/2015/02/15/Blown-away-by-wind-orchestra/ Blown away by wind orchestra]

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.seriputeri.edu.my}}

{{Sekolah Berprestasi Tinggi}}
{{Sekolah Berasrama Penuh}}

[[Category:1968 establishments in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1968]]
[[Category:Girls' schools in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Schools in Selangor]]&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Sekolah Seri Puteri]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Sekolah Seri Puteri/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Welfare in Israel</title>
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'''Welfare in [[Israel]]''' refers to the series of [[Social Welfare|social welfare]] schemes in the [[Israeli government]] which are administered by the [[Ministry of Social Affairs and Social Services]], and by Israel's national social security agency, [[Bituah Leumi]]. All residents of Israel must pay insurance contributions in order to qualify for welfare.{{Citation needed|date=June 2018}}

==Welfare spending==
In 2014, Israel's public welfare expenditure amounted to [[New Israeli shekel|NIS]] 86 billion ($22.8 billion).&lt;ref name=taub&gt;{{cite web|url=http://taubcenter.org.il/helping-hand-social-welfare-spending-in-israel/|title=Social welfare spending in Israel - Taub Center|date=27 September 2016|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; test

==Old-age pensions==
{{Main|Pensions in Israel}}

Bituah Leumi runs the state old-age [[pension system]], paid to those who have paid insurance contributions for a minimum of 12 years. The basic old-age pension is [[New Israeli shekel|NIS]] 1,531 a month, which rises to NIS 1,617 per month after the pensioner turns 80. A seniority increment is added based on the number of years the pensioner has paid contributions, up to a maximum of 50% of the basic pension. Additional increments are available to those living with spouses who do not qualify for an old-age pension, dependent children, and those who are not entitled to a pension or only a small pension which they must first waive. Income supplements to ensure a [[Standard of living|minimal standard of living]] is available to those with no additional sources of income other than the old-age pension. [[Health insurance]] contributions are deducted from pensions and any increments and supplements.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.btl.gov.il/English%20Homepage/Benefits/Old%20Age%20Insurance/Pages/default.aspx |title=Old Age - Benefits &amp;#124; ביטוח לאומי |publisher=Btl.gov.il |date= |accessdate=2018-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.btl.gov.il/English%20Homepage/Benefits/Old%20Age%20Insurance/Pages/Seniority-increment.aspx |title=Seniority increment - Old Age &amp;#124; ביטוח לאומי |publisher=Btl.gov.il |date= |accessdate=2018-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Salaried employees not covered by collectively-bargained pension plans, though [[trade union]]s are legally required to have private pension plans to which employers must contribute to. Most [[Self-employment|self-employed]] persons are also legally required to have private pensions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Pension reform in Israel under mandatory pension law|first1=Ilanit|last1=Gavious|first2=Avia|last2=Spivak|first3=Rami|last3=Yosef|date=1 February 2009|journal=Pensions: An International Journal|volume=14|issue=1|pages=4–13|doi=10.1057/pm.2008.33|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://goldfus-ins.co.il/en/as-of-january-2017-obligatory-pension-contributions-for-the-self-employed/ |title=As of January 2017 – Obligatory Pension contributions for the self-employed – Goldfus Insurance |publisher=Goldfus-ins.co.il |date= |accessdate=2018-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.expatfocus.com/expatriate-israel-social-security|title=Israel - Social Security and Welfare - ExpatFocus.com|first=Expat|last=Focus|publisher=|access-date=2020-07-06|archive-date=2018-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616231258/http://www.expatfocus.com/expatriate-israel-social-security|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Disability pensions==
Individuals officially recognized as [[Disability|disabled]] who do not work or whose income is less than 60% of the average wage, as well as homemakers whose ability to perform household tasks has dropped by at least 50% due to disability, are entitled to a disability allowance from Bituah Leumi. The pension rate is determined by the level of disability, with the full pension being NIS 2,342 per month. Those deemed severely disabled to the point where they need constant assistance, or who require constant supervision to prevent a threat to their own lives or lives of others, are entitled to an attendance allowance pension. Individuals [[Workers' compensation|injured at work]] are entitled to allowances for [[Physical therapy|professional rehabilitation]] to provide professional training and assistance in integrating into the workforce. Families with a disabled child are entitled to a child disability benefit beginning 91 days from the child's birth, up to age 18, though the right to the benefit is examined from time to time. Those on disability pensions are exempt from paying Bituah Leumi contributions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.kolzchut.org.il/en/General_Disability_Pension|title=General Disability Pension|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.patients-rights.org/index.aspx?id=4365|title=Patients Rights Association in Israel National Insurance (Bituach Leumi) and disabilities|website=www.patients-rights.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.btl.gov.il/English%20Homepage/Benefits/Disabledchild/Pages/default.aspx |title=Disabled Child - Benefits &amp;#124; ביטוח לאומי |publisher=Btl.gov.il |date= |accessdate=2018-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Unemployment benefits==
[[Unemployment benefits]] are paid to individuals who [[Unemployment|lost their jobs]] and meet the conditions of eligibility. These individuals are registered with the Employment Service Bureau, which attempts to find the them suitable work or job training upon losing their jobs. Those who were [[Dismissal (employment)|involuntarily terminated]] or can provide evidence of having left their jobs for a justified reason receive unemployment benefits immediately, while those deemed to have left their jobs for no justified reason start receiving unemployment benefits only 90 days after they register. Those who did not immediately register with the Employment Service Bureau are not jeopardized in their eligibility for unemployment benefits. The Employment Service Bureau regularly attempts to find work or job training during the unemployment period, and regularly reporting to the Employment Service Bureau is a condition for continuing to receive unemployment benefits. A person who was offered suitable work or training by the Employment Service Bureau but refused will only receive unemployment benefits 90 days after the date of the refusal, and 30 days' worth of unemployment benefits will be deducted for each subsequent refusal. Unemployment benefits are paid daily, with the amount calculated based on the employee's previous income over the past six months, but not exceeding the daily average wage for the first 125 days of payment and two-thirds of the daily average wage from the 126th day onward.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.btl.gov.il/English%20Homepage/Benefits/Unemployment%20Insurance/periodofentitlement/Pages/numberofdays.aspx |title=Number of days of entitlement to payment per month - Period of entitlement &amp;#124; ביטוח לאומי |publisher=Btl.gov.il |date= |accessdate=2018-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.btl.gov.il/English%20Homepage/Benefits/Unemployment%20Insurance/Pages/Conditionsofeligibility.aspx |title=Conditions of eligibility - Unemployment &amp;#124; ביטוח לאומי |publisher=Btl.gov.il |date= |accessdate=2018-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.btl.gov.il/English%20Homepage/Benefits/Unemployment%20Insurance/Amount/Pages/Benefitrates.aspx |title=Calculation of benefit - Benefit rates &amp;#124; ביטוח לאומי |publisher=Btl.gov.il |date=2018-01-01 |accessdate=2018-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Income support==
Income support benefits are paid to households who are unable to support themselves on their own. The benefit is paid to those who reported to the Employment Service Bureau for work, but to whom no job or only a low-wage job is offered, those deemed incapable of working, children orphaned or abandoned by both parents, and those waiting for a decision on their claims to a disability pension provided certain conditions are met. The full income support benefit is paid to those who are not capable of earning income from work and not eligible for other programs, while income supplements are paid to those whose income, either from work or other sources, is lower than the minimum income required for subsistence.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.btl.gov.il/English%20Homepage/Benefits/Income%20Support%20Benefit/Pages/default.aspx |title=Income Support - Benefits &amp;#124; ביטוח לאומי |publisher=Btl.gov.il |date=2014-01-01 |accessdate=2018-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Asia topic|Welfare in}}

[[Category:Welfare in Israel| ]]
[[Category:Social security in Israel]]
&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Welfare in Israel]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Welfare in Israel/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>People Capability Maturity Model</title>
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'''People Capability Maturity Model''' (short names: People CMM, PCMM, P-CMM) is a maturity [[framework]] that focuses on continuously improving the management and development of the [[Human capital|human assets]] of an organization. It describes an evolutionary improvement path from ad hoc, inconsistently performed practices, to a mature, disciplined, and continuously improving development of the knowledge, skills, and motivation of the workforce that enhances strategic [[Business performance management|business performance]].

Related to fields such as [[Human resources|human resources]], [[Knowdledge management|knowledge management]], and [[Organization development|organizational development]], the People CMM guides organizations in improving their processes for managing and developing their workforces. The People CMM helps organizations characterize the maturity of their workforce practices, establish a program of continuous [[workforce development]], set priorities for improvement actions, integrate workforce development with process improvement, and establish a culture of [[excellence]]. The term was promoted in 1995, published in book form in 2001, and a second edition was published in July 2009.&lt;ref&gt;[http://isbndb.com/d/book/the_people_cmm_a_framework_for_human_capital_management.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194312/http://isbndb.com/d/book/the_people_cmm_a_framework_for_human_capital_management.html |date=2016-03-04 }} {{ISBN|978-0-321-55390-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Description==
The People CMM consists of five maturity levels that establish successive foundations for continuously improving individual [[Competence (human resources)|competencies]], developing effective teams, motivating improved performance, and shaping the workforce the organization needs to accomplish its future [[Business plan|business plans]]. Each maturity level is a well-defined evolutionary plateau that institutionalizes new capabilities for developing the organization's workforce. By following the maturity framework, an organization can avoid introducing workforce practices that its employees are unprepared to implement effectively.

==Structure==
[[File:pcmmStructure.PNG|thumb|right|250px|People Capability Maturity Model|link=Special:FilePath/PcmmStructure.PNG]]
The People CMM document describes the practices that constitute each of its maturity levels and information on how to apply it in guiding organizational improvements. It describes an organization's capability for developing its workforce at each maturity level. It also describes how the People CMM can be applied as a standard for assessing workforce practices and as a guide in planning and implementing improvement activities.

Version 2 of the People CMM has been designed to correct known issues in Version 1, which was released in 1995. It adds enhancements learned from five years of implementation experience and integrates the model better with [[Capability Maturity Model Integration|CMMI]] and its IPPD extensions. The primary motivation for updating the People CMM was the error in Version 1 of placing team-building activities at Maturity Level 4. The authors made this placement based on substantial [[feedback]] that it should not be placed at Maturity Level 3, as it had been in early review releases. Experience has indicated that many organizations initiate formal development of workgroups while working toward Maturity Level 3. Thus, Version 2 of the People CMM initiates process-driven workgroup development at Maturity Level 3. This change is consistent with the placing of integrated teaming activities at Maturity Level 3 of the CMMI-IPPD.

==See also==
*[[Capability Maturity Model]] (CMM)
*[[Capability Immaturity Model]] (CIMM)
*[[Capability Maturity Model Integration]] (CMMI)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://cmmiinstitute.com/ P-CMM Official Web Site]
* [http://www.inderscience.com/search/index.php?action=record&amp;rec_id=22624&amp;prevQuery=&amp;ps=10&amp;m=or Organisational maturity and functional performance]
* [http://www.workforcematurity.nl &amp;#x5B;requires special access&amp;#x5D; P-CMM references and best practices]
* [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.telerik.PCMM P-CMM Mobile App Android]
* [https://itunes.apple.com/IN/app/id858470527?mt=8 P-CMM Mobile App Apple]  [[Category:Maturity models]] [[Category:Information technology management]] &lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:People Capability Maturity Model]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[People Capability Maturity Model/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>Radio documentary</title>
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      <text bytes="21743" xml:space="preserve">{{external links|date=December 2012}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F001349-0028, Köln, WDR Rundfunkstudio.jpg|thumb|240px|Recording studio in Germany ([[Westdeutscher Rundfunk|WDR]], 1954)]]

'''Radio documentary''' is a spoken word [[radio format]] devoted to non-fiction narrative. It is broadcast on [[radio]] as well as distributed through media such as tape, CD, and [[podcast]]. A radio documentary, or '''feature''', covers a topic in depth from one or more perspectives, often featuring interviews, commentary, and sound pictures. A radio feature may include original music compositions and creative sound design or can resemble traditional journalistic radio reporting, but covering an issue in greater depth.

== History ==
=== Origins ===
The early stages of fiction audio storytelling did not entirely resemble what would later be called radio documentary. In the 1930s, with radio stations like [[WNYC]] entering the airspace, reporters documented real people and real life scenarios through short on-the-ground interviews rather than dramatization.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Carson|first=Saul|year=1949|title=Notes toward an Examination of the Radio Documentary|jstor=1209386|journal=Hollywood Quarterly|volume=4|pages=69–74|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other notable documentary broadcasts include the unrefined one-shot audio recordings of events, such as the [[Hindenburg disaster]] in 1937.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://transom.org/2014/brief-history-of-documentary-forms/#npr|title=A Brief History of Documentary Forms|last=Carrier|first=Scott|date=3 Feb 2014|website=transom.org|publisher=|access-date=2 Dec 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 1939, CBS responded to growing anxieties about immigration in the U.S. with a six-month series, titled &quot;Americans All…Immigrants All,&quot; that highlighted the stories of immigrant communities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Shiffman|first=Dan|year=1996|title=A Standard for the Wise and Honest: The &quot;Americans All…Immigrants All&quot; Radio Broadcasts|jstor=23413750|journal=Studies in Popular Culture|volume=19|pages=99–107}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The lack of documentary style reporting in this era can be attributed, in part, to technological limitations; recording equipment was not easily portable.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== 1940s ===
An important moment in the establishment of radio documentary as a widely used and discussed format is the expansion of portable audio recording devices. In 1945, sound archivist and radio producer, [[Tony Schwartz (sound archivist)|Tony Schwartz]] began to use portable audio recording equipment to collect the sounds of his neighborhood in [[New York City]] to share on his WNYC radio show; his features ran for 30 years and grew to include the sounds of daily life recorded by and mailed to him from people around the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Suisman|first=David|year=2012|title=Listening to the City|url=http://www.folkways.si.edu/magazine-fall-winter-2012-listening-city/sounds/music/article/smithsonian|journal=Smithsonian Folkways Magazine|volume=|pages=|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt; This style of sharing true-life sound bytes would remain in public radio documentary.

In 1946, one of the most pivotal developments in the spread and stylization of radio documentary was the creation of the CBS Documentary Unit. It was the first sector of a major media network dedicated to this format of radio. The unit was &quot;'devoted exclusively to the production of programs dealing with major domestic and international issues and involving extraordinary research and preparation'&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Radio Utopia: Postwar Audio Documentary in the Public Interest|last=Ehrlich|first=Matthew C.|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=2011|isbn=|location=|pages=46–70|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Not only did the content deviate from programming that favors advertisers, the style deviated from the standard, creating a well known format. The style of reporting for the CBS features was adopted and melded by ABC and NBC networks. The format included extensive interviews to gain multiple perspectives of an issue, an adherence to journalistic ethics, and often a call to action; the programming was usually released as multiple segments and at peak times.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Examples of these first documentary projects include CBS' 1946 war feature, ''The Empty Noose'',&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; and ABC's 1949 program, ''V.D., A Conspiracy of Silence'',&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; addressing the lack of public attention to venereal disease.

=== 1970s ===
With the founding of [[NPR|National Public Radio]] in 1971,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/National-Public-Radio|title=National Public Radio (NPR) {{!}} American organization|newspaper=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2016-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; radio documentary began shifting again due to non-commercial educational media. For a short time, programs such as ''[[All Things Considered]]'' explored creative styles of presenting non-fiction by deviating from now traditional styles of radio documentary by hiring reporters outside of the radio sphere.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== 1990s-present ===
Important shifts in technology have allowed radio documentary to travel beyond the analog. In the advent of podcasting and internet radio, the FCC provides no guidelines for these media.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.fcc.gov/media/radio/audio-division|title=Audio Division|date=2015-11-03|newspaper=Federal Communications Commission|access-date=2016-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Programs are allowed to skirt FCC regulation, marking yet another shift in content and style of documentary programming. Current features that exemplify the new possibilities opened by podcasting include the often gritty subject matter of [[Love and Radio|Love + Radio]] and the critical success of the podcast [[Serial (podcast)|Serial]] due to the ability of listeners across the globe to access the content for free.

==Quotes==
{{quote|text=At its best, radio combines the power and immediacy of great documentary films with the intimacy and poetry of a ''New Yorker''-style magazine piece.|sign=[[Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism]]|source=[http://web.jrn.columbia.edu/studentwork/radio/documentary/ web.jrn.columbia.edu]}}

{{quote|text=Staring red-eyed at the mirror in front of me, having spent another day and half of the night with my computer, I ask myself fundamental questions: Why radio? Why documentary? Answer: No other medium can provide me with more freedom of creation and investigation. It meets my urgent interest in reality and the desire for a 'musical' expression. The material (''der Werkstoff'') is sound. And sound always surrounds us. And: I'm not so much interested in the description of stable situations, but in processes. Our medium is not space, but time; our stories are not glued to the ground, but have motion, life ... That's why!|sign=Helmut Kopetzky, German author|source=[http://www.helmut-kopetzky.de/main/self1.shtml Self-portrait]}}

{{quote|text=So what is a radio feature? Technically speaking, it is a 30- to 60-minute, elaborate broadcast from a semantic field related to a radio drama, that can contain all the elements from original sound (interviews) and author texts (epic or scenic type) to noise and music.|sign=Patrick Conley|source=[http://www.radio-feature.de/definition/definition_en.html 60 Years of Radio Feature in Germany], 2007}}

==Radio documentary in developing nations==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2011}}

There has been tremendous interest in the field of Radio Documentaries particularly in the developing nations such as India, Iran, South Korea and Malaysia. In India for example, Radio Documentary is gaining in popularity due to the flexibility, efficiency and accessibility to the masses. Producers such as '''Chitra Narain''' and '''Danish Iqbal''' have been accredited with its revival and popularity in the region. Danish Iqbal who is primarily a Drama Producer combined the elements of Dramatic narrative to produce some memorable Radio Documentaries. His Documentary '''&lt;nowiki&gt;&quot;Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai'&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' is considered a Classic for the use of effective narrative and ambient sounds. This Documentary presents a heartfelt account of unseen bridges between a Kashmiri Shikarah Wala and his Auto Rickshaw Driver friend in Delhi. Although they never met each other but their unseen bond is the subject of this rare Documentary which transcends the barriers of political, religious and regional prejudices.

Because both Chitra and Danish had a long tenure at Delhi and had creative collaboration with many Media Institutes, their influence is seminal in shaping the thinking of many of their students and co-workers. Danish won twice the prestigious '''Public Service Broadcasting Award''' for his documentaries.

==Notable feature makers==
{{columns-list|colwidth=18em|
* [[Sharon Davis]]
* [[Noah Adams]]
* [[Jay Allison]]
* [[Eurydice Aroney]]
* [[Tony Barrell (broadcaster)|Tony Barrell]]
* [[Alex Blumberg]]
* [[Peter Leonhard Braun]]
* [[Kyla Brettle]]
* [[Edwin Brys]]
* [[Bill Bunbury]]
* [[Scott Carrier]]
* [[Alex Chadwick]]
* [[Sharon Davis]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.linkedin.com/pub/sharon-davis/48/536/a42]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Bill Drake]]
* [[Stephen Erickson]]
* [[Joe Frank]]
* [[Laurence Gilliam]]
* [[John Gilliland]]
* [[Ira Glass]] (and ''[[This American Life]]'')
* [[Glenn Gould]] (The ''[[Solitude Trilogy]]'')
* [[Alan Hall]]
* [[Berit Hedemann]] (Prix Europa Yleisradio 1997 and 1998)
* [[David Isay]]
* [[Malta Jasperson]]
* [[Lisbeth Jessen]]
* [[Kitchen Sisters]]
* [[Ronan Kelly]]
* [[Brigitte Kirilow]]
* [[Helmut Kopetzky]]
* [[Robert Krulwich]]
* [[Bill Lichtenstein]]
* [[Klaus Lindemann]]
* [[Bosse Lindquist]] (Prix Futura/[[Prix Europa]] 1995, and others)
* [[Kaye Mortley]]
* [[Susan Marling]]
* [[Ewan MacColl]]
* [[Siobhan McHugh]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://siobhanmchugh.org|title=Siobhan McHugh|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Charles Parker (producer)|Charles Parker]]
* [[Piers Plowright]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/archive/20130801111936/http://www.rslit.org/air-and-water-thoughts-of-a-radio-fellow]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Lorenz Rollhäuser]] ([[Prix Europa]] 2008)
* [[Steve Rowland (record producer)|Steve Rowland]]
* Jane Ulman&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.linkedin.com/pub/jane-ulman/48/330/320]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Nancy Updike]]
* [[Emil Benčík]]
}}

==Notable resources==
* [http://airmedia.org Association of Independents in Radio]
* [http://americanradioworks.publicradio.org/ American RadioWorks]
* [https://archive.org/details/audio Archive.org Audio]
* [http://audiodocumentary.org AudioDocumentary.org]
* [http://www.hearingvoices.com/ Hearing Voices]
* [http://prx.org/ Public Radio eXchange]
* [http://www.radiodiaries.org/ Radio Diaries]
* [http://www.radiotopia.fm/ Radiotopia]
* [http://www.rte.ie/radio1/doconone/ RTE Documentary On One]
* [http://www.salt.edu/radio.html Salt Institute for Documentary Studies]
* [http://www.thisamericanlife.org/ This American Life]
* [http://transom.org Transom.org]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051107022040/http://www.thirdcoastfestival.org/index.asp Third Coast International Audio Festival]
* [http://tunein.com/radio/Documentary-g200/ Tune In - Radio Documentaries]

==Notable programs by region ==
{{Commons category|Radio documentaries}}
&lt;!-- {{Wiktionary}} --&gt;

=== Europe ===
==== Ireland ====
* [http://www.newstalk.com/documentaryonnewstalk Documentary On Newstalk] .
* [http://www.rte.ie/doconone RTE - Documentary on One] Irish Radio Documentaries.

==== Netherlands ====
* [http://www.2doc.nl/documentaires/series/radio-doc NPO radio documentaries] Dutch radio documentaries.

==== Sweden ====
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091226035150/http://www.sr.se/p1/documentary/ Swedish Radio, The Documentary Department]

==== United Kingdom ====
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02dbd4m BBC - Newshour Extra]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio/programmes/formats/documentaries/player BBC Radio Documentaries available to listen to online]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03z7zx8 BBC Radio 2 - World War One] Radio documentary about World War One
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02nrscw/episodes/downloads BBC Radio 3 - The Radio 3 Documentary]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00krfns BBC Radio 4 - Punt PI] Humorous radio documentary series.
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio2/radioballads/original/ BBC - The Radio Ballads]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/podcasts/series/docarchive BBC World Service documentaries]

=== North America ===
==== Canada ====
* [http://www.cbc.ca/radio/asithappens/features/asithappened CBC - As It Happened]
* [http://www.cbc.ca/radio/backstory CBC - Back Story]
* [http://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/features/bydesign CBC - By Design]
* [http://www.cbc.ca/radio/rewind CBC - Rewind]
* [http://www.cbc.ca/radio/stripped CBC - Stripped] Documentary series about the human body.
* [http://www.cbc.ca/radio/docproject CBC - The Doc Project]
* [http://www.cbc.ca/radio/thesundayedition CBC - The Sunday Edition] Radio programme featuring interviews, music, and radio documentaries.

==== United States ====
* [http://tunein.com/radio/Alabama-Life-p66146/ Alabama Life]
* [http://www.americaabroadmedia.org/ America Abroad]
* [http://www.americanradioworks.org/documentaries/ American Radio Works - documentaries]
* [http://www.apmreports.org/ APM Reports]
* [http://www.audiodoc.it Audiodoc]
* [http://tunein.com/radio/Babe-Ruths-Major-League-Debut-100th-Anniversary-p623704/ Babe Ruth's Major League Debut: 100th. Anniversary] Radio documentary series about baseball star Babe Ruth featuring interviews, documentaries, and tributes.
* [http://www.crossingeast.org/index.htm Crossing East] Radio documentary series about Asian migration to the United States of America.
* [http://www.elnuevosol.net/category/documentales-documentary El Nuevo Sol documentaries]
* [http://www.slate.com/articles/podcasts/getting_in/2015/09/getting_in_a_podcast_about_applying_to_college.html Getting In] Radio documentary series produced by ''Slate'' magazine about applying for college.
* [http://www.humanmedia.org/catalog/home.php Human Media] Radio documentary production group.
* [http://tunein.com/radio/Happy-Presidents-Day-p580490/ Happy Presidents Day!] Conversations, speeches, and documentaries about American presidents.
* [http://tunein.com/radio/International-Day-of-Peace-p791242/ International Day of Peace]
* [http://www.LCMedia.com/ Lichtenstein Creative Media]
* [http://www.kcrw.com/news-culture/shows/sonic-trace KCRW - Sonic Trace]
* [http://www.kcrw.com/news-culture/shows/strangers KCRW - Strangers]
* [http://kcur.org/programs/documentaries-and-specials KCUR documentaries and specials]
* [https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/so-well-spoken-podcast/ KQED documentaries]
* [http://www.radioproject.org/ Making Contact]
* [http://michelefreeman.org/ Michele Freeman] Radio documentary-maker.
* [http://michiganradio.org/topic/series-and-documentaries#stream/0 Michigan Radio series &amp; documentaries]
* [http://tunein.com/radio/Nature-Stories-p63572/ Nature Stories]
* [http://www.nyas.org/whatwedo/scpodcasts.aspx New York Academy]
* [http://99percentinvisible.org/ 99% Invisible] Radio documentary programme about architecture and design.
* [https://www.npr.org/programs/specials/disneyhall/radiodocs.html NPR Disney Radio Hall documentaries]
* [http://www1.nyc.gov/site/media/shows/secrets-of-new-york.page NYC Media - Secrets of New York]
* [https://audioboom.com/channel/outside-in Outside/In] Documentary series about nature and how humankind uses it.
* [http://www.audioport.org/ Pacifica Radio Network's Audioport]
* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/podcasts/ PBS - Frontline Audiocast]
* [http://tunein.com/radio/POV-p57699/ PBS - Point Of View]
* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/podcasts.html PBS - The American Experience]
* [http://tunein.com/radio/Post-Apartheid-South-Africa-20-Years-On-p600333/ Post-Apartheid South Africa: 20 Years On] Radio documentary series.
* [http://tunein.com/radio/Whose-Century-Is-It-p823856/ PRI - Whose Century Is It?]
* [https://www.prx.org/remix PRX Remix]
* [http://www.radiodiaries.org/ Radio Diaries of Sciences - Science &amp; The City]
* [http://www.wnyc.org/shows/radiolabmoreperfect/ Radiolab Presents: More Perfect]
* [http://tunein.com/radio/Resound-p45911/ Re:sound]
* [http://wgls.rowan.edu/episodes.php?feed=DOCUMENTARIES Rowan radio documentaries]
* [http://tunein.com/radio/RT-Documentaries-s102229/ RT radio documentaries]
* [http://siobhanmchugh.org/ Siobhan McHugh] Radio documentary-maker.
* [http://www.folkways.si.edu/ Smithsonian Folkways] Record label that produces recordings of music and radio documentaries.
* [http://www.soundportraits.org/ Sound Portraits]
* [http://www.soundfeatures.com/ SoundFeatures.Com - Updated listing of downloadable documentaries]
* [http://stateofthereunion.com/ State Of The Re:Union]
* [http://www.stufftheydontwantyoutoknow.com/ Stuff They Don't Want You To Know] Radio documentary series examining conspiracy theories.
* [http://www.talkinghistory.org/ Talking History]
* [http://tunein.com/radio/TANIS-p800774/ TANIS]
* [http://tunein.com/radio/The-Changing-World-p38931/ The Changing World]
* [http://www.theheartradio.org/ The Heart]
* [http://www.kitchensisters.org The Kitchen Sisters] Radio documentary-makers.
* [http://listeninglounge.blogspot.com/ The Listening Lounge]
* [http://newjimcrow.com/media/bringing-down-the-new-jim-crow-radio-documentary-series The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration In The Age Of Colorblindness] Radio documentary series
* [http://www.outsideonline.com/2060321/introducing-outside-podcast The Outside Podcast]
* [http://www.stanleyfoundation.org/radio.cfm The Stanley Foundation radio documentaries]
* [http://7thavenueproject.com/ The 7th. Avenue Project] Radio programme featuring documentaries and interviews.
* [http://www.nba.com/blazers/thetrail The Trail]
* [http://www.marketplace.org/topics/uncertain-hour The Uncertain Hour] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119071746/https://www.marketplace.org/topics/uncertain-hour |date=2018-11-19 }}
* [http://tunein.com/radio/Documentary-g200/ The Untold]
* [http://usandthempodcast.com/ Us &amp; Them]
* [http://www.vinnyhurrell.com/ Vinny Hurrell]
* [http://www.pri.org/collections/world-words The World In Words] Radio documentary series about linguistics.
* [http://tunein.com/radio/This-Thing-Called-Love-p577637/ This Thing Called Love]
* [http://www.kcrw.com/news-culture/shows/unfictional UnFictional]
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/history/voices-of-the-first-world-war Voices of the First World War] Radio documentary series by the Imperial War Museum about the First World War.
* [http://wamu.org/metro Metropocalypse] Documentary series about issues related to the Washington D.C. railways.
* [http://archives.wbur.org/insideout/ WBUR - Inside Out]
* [http://indianapublicmedia.org/profiles/about/ WFIU - Profiles]
* [http://www.wnyc.org/series/documentary-week/ WNYC - Documentary of the Week]
* [http://www.wnyc.org/series/specials/ WNYC - Documentary Specials] 
* [http://www.wnyc.org/shows/rookies/ WNYC - Radio Rookies] 
* [http://www.wnyc.org/shows/neighborhood/ WNYC - There Goes The Neighborhood] Documentary series about the gentrification of Brooklyn.

=== South Pacific / Australia ===
==== Australia ====
* [http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/backgroundbriefing/ ABC Radio National - Background Briefing]
* [http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/currentaffairsspecials/ ABC Radio National - Current Affairs Specials]
* [http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/earshot/ ABC Radio National - Earshot]
* [http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/hindsight/about/ ABC Radio National - Hindsight]
* [http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/mongrelnation/ ABC Radio National - Mongrel Nation] Six-part radio documentary series about immigration and multiculturalism in Australia.
* [http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/pocketdocs/ ABC Radio National - Pocketdocs]
* [http://www.abc.net.au/rn/radioeye ABC Radio National - Radio Eye]
* [http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/showcase/ ABC Radio National - Showcase]
* [http://www.abc.net.au/rn/nightair/ ABC Radio National - The Night Air]
* [http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/360/ ABC Radio National - 360 Documentaries]
* [http://www.sbs.com.au/yourlanguage/aboriginal/en/content/story-untold-part-1 SBS - The Story Untold - Part 1] Part 1 of the radio documentary  ''The Story Untold'', which is about the possibility of contact between people from the Indian subcontinent with the Indigenous people of Australia during the Stone Age.
* [http://www.sbs.com.au/yourlanguage/hindi/en/content/story-untold-part-2-aboriginal-australian-indian-links SBS - The Story Untold - Part 2] Part 2 of the radio documentary ''The Story Untold'', which is about the possibility of contact between people from the Indian subcontinent with the Indigenous people of Australia during the Stone Age.

==== New Zealand ====
* [http://www.radionz.co.nz/programmes/a-wrinkle-in-time Radio New Zealand - A Wrinkle In Time] Radio documentary series about ageing.
* [http://www.radionz.co.nz/national/programmes/spectrum Radio New Zealand - Spectrum]
* [http://www.radionz.co.nz/national/programmes/sunday Radio New Zealand - Sunday Morning With Wallace Chapman]

=== Western Asia ===
==== Qatar ====
* [http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/podcasts.html Al Jazeera radio documentaries]
{{Authority control}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Radio documentaries| ]]
[[Category:Documentaries]]
&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Radio documentary]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Radio documentary/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Strathbungo</title>
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      <text bytes="5540" xml:space="preserve">{{Multiple issues|
{{Sections|date=May 2020}}
{{No footnotes|date=May 2020}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox UK place
 
 |country = Scotland
 |official_name= Strathbungo
 |gaelic_name=Srath Mhungain
 |static_image_name= Strathbungo Parish Church, Glasgow, Scotland.jpg
 |static_image_caption= Strathbungo Parish Church
 |population= 
 |population_ref= 
 |os_grid_reference= NS579627
 |coordinates = {{coord|55.83654|-4.27057|display=inline,title}}
 |map_type= Scotland
 |community_scotland = Shawlands and Strathbungo
 |unitary_scotland= [[Glasgow]]
 |lieutenancy_scotland = Glasgow
 |constituency_westminster= [[Glasgow Central (UK Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Central]]
 |constituency_scottish_parliament= [[Glasgow Southside (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Southside]]
 |post_town= [[Glasgow]]
 |postcode_district = G41, G42
 |postcode_area= G
 |dial_code= [[UK Telephone numbering plan|0141]]
}}

'''Strathbungo''' grew up as a small village built along the Pollokshaws Road, one of the main arteries leading southwards from the centre of [[Glasgow]], adjoined by the Camphill Estate, now part of [[Queens Park, Glasgow|Queens Park]]. Strathbungo lay just inside [[Govan]] parish, on its boundary with [[Cathcart]] parish, and at one time a line just north of Allison Street and Nithsdale Street formed the boundary or 'march' between the counties of [[Lanarkshire|Lanark]] and [[Renfrewshire|Renfrew]].

The feudal superiors, the [[Maxwell Macdonald baronets|Maxwells of Pollok]], preferred the name Marchtown. This name is seen on some old maps, and survives in March Street. Test. 

The words 'Strathbungo Cross' appear on a [[tenement]] at the corner of Allison Street and Pollokshaws Road, but no satisfactory explanation has ever been given for the name Strathbungo, as 'Strath' (from [[Scottish Gaelic]]: ''Srath'') is normally a prefix for a wide river valley.  However, there is no river Bungo. &quot;Bungo&quot; may represent a nasalisation of [[St Mungo|Mungo]], the patron saint of Glasgow, from ''Srath Mhungain''.

Strathbungo developed as a [[Croft, Scotland|crofters]] and [[miners]] village in the early 18th century. By the end of that century, over 35 families were living in the village and [[weaving]] had become the principal occupation.

1859 and 1860 are the dates of the feuing dispositions granted by Sir John Maxwell of Pollok to the builder John McIntyre and quarrier William Stevenson for the development of the new Strathbungo. 1-10 Moray Place was the first block to be built in the new Strathbungo, to the designs of Alexander ‘Greek’ Thomson that set the path for Stratbungo to develop as a residential suburb of Glasgow, linked by the Glasgow, Barrhead and Neilston Direct Railway.  Thomson lived in the house that he designed at No 1 Moray Place and died there in 1875. The other terraces (named, as was Moray Place, after the protagonists in the [[Battle of Langside]] fought nearby), Regent Park Square, Queen Square and Princes Square (later renamed Marywood Square), were built from 1862 to 1880, to form a desirable residential suburb. In the 1890s, the first winner of the posthumous Alexander Thomson Medal, [[Charles Rennie Mackintosh]], lived at 27 Regent Park Square. Strathbungo was later extended in 1928-9 to include the red sandstone terraces of Vennard, Thorncliffe and Carswell Gardens. Strathbungo was designated a [[Conservation area (United Kingdom)|conservation area]] in 1973, although the Gardens were later removed and the area extended to include Nithsdale Street and Drive. 

In Alexander Thomson's death notice published in the'' Glasgow Herald'' of 23 March 1875, his place of death is described as &quot;1, Moray Place, Regent Park&quot; with no reference to Strathbungo; the residential suburb was initially styled Regent Park, although the area was always more widely known as Strathbungo.

By the 1860s [[tenement]] buildings had started to appear, and the last of the original village buildings were lost in the 1890s. The village never achieved [[burgh]] status and was annexed to [[Glasgow]] in 1891.

[[Strathbungo railway station]] opened on 1 December 1877, and closed on 28 May 1962.

The [http://www.bungoblog.com Strathbungo Society] helps promote the preservation of the Strathbungo Conservation Area and organises events for local people like 'Bungo at the Bells' at the New Year and the 'Bungo in the Back Lanes' event in June each year which was originally set up to help get people into the lanes in Strathbungo and to highlight the need for the refurbishment of them.

==External links==
*Maps of grid. ref. {{gbm4ibx|NS579627}}
* [http://www.bungoblog.com The Strathbungo Society's BungoBlog]
* [http://bygone.bungoblog.com Bygone Bungo - A history of Strathbungo]
* [http://www.scotcities.com/cathcart/strathbungo_crossmyloof.htm Strathbungo &amp; Crossmyloof - Origins and History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925064321/http://www.scotcities.com/cathcart/strathbungo_crossmyloof.htm |date=25 September 2019 }}    
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090502022338/http://www.southsidefestival.co.uk/ Southside Festival]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929011306/http://www.southsidehappenings.co.uk/ Southside Happenings]

{{Areas of Glasgow}}


{{Glasgow-geo-stub}}


[[Category:Areas of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Govanhill and Crosshill]]
&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Strathbungo]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Strathbungo/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Zentai</title>
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{{missing|origins in Japanese culture|date=March 2017}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}
[[File:Four women in zentai.jpg|alt=zentai suit|thumb|350x350px|Four women in zentai]]
[[File:Zentai in gold 373.jpg|thumb|Zentai in gold]]
A '''''zentai'' suit''' ({{etymology|ja|''{{lang|ja|ゼンタイ}}'' zentai}}) is a [[skin-tight garment]] that covers the entire body.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/arts/private-worlds/story-e6frg8n6-1111117049458|title=Private worlds|last=Crawford|first=Ashley|date=2 August 2008|work=The Australian|accessdate=16 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The word is a portmanteau of ''zenshin taitsu'' ({{lang-ja|全身タイツ||full-body tights}}).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ejje.weblio.jp/content/全身タイツ |title=全身タイツ definition|publisher=[[Weblio]]|accessdate=17 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Zentai'' is most commonly made using nylon/[[spandex]] blends.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/04/17/national/full-body-suits-give-identity-freedom-to-japans-zentai-festish-fans/#.U0-aDl7060w|title=Full-body suits give identity, freedom to Japan’s ‘zentai’ festish fans|publisher=[[The Japan Times]]date=17 April 2014 |accessdate=17 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Use==
The costumes are seen at major sporting events in North America and the United Kingdom. They created internationally recognized personalities out of [[The Green Men]], two fans of the [[Vancouver Canucks]] NHL team.&lt;ref name=&quot;Canucks&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://canucks.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=513183|title=Force &amp; Sully|author=Jory, Derek|date=11 January 2010|accessdate=25 May 2010|publisher=[[Vancouver Canucks]] and the [[National Hockey League]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Various professional [[street dance]]/[[hip hop dance]] groups use the outfits, such as The Body Poets in the United States,&lt;ref name=lucrative /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite video | people = Kristen Perez, editor | date = 10 October 2010 | title = The Body Poets- Demo Reel 2010 | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YMKmA-CAs8U | medium = streaming video | accessdate =15 July 2011 | time = 2:15 | quote = }}&lt;/ref&gt; and Remix Monkeys in the United Kingdom.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Remix Monkeys|url=http://www.facebook.com/remixmonkeys?sk=info|work=Remix Monkeys|publisher=Facebook|accessdate=15 July 2011|location=United Kingdom|year=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Full-body suits are used for video [[special effects]]: the original colors offered enables the person wearing the [[chroma key]] suit to be lifted easily from a video image.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Second skin, secret life|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/taranaki-daily-news/news/4148334/Second-skin-secret-life|accessdate=15 July 2011|newspaper=Taranaki Daily News|date=21 September 2010|location=New Plymouth NZ}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other applications have included music videos ([[Black Eyed Peas]]' song &quot;[[Boom Boom Pow]]&quot;, including the live performance at the [[Super Bowl]]), breast cancer awareness,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mdgxTtmpxsY |title=1 in 8 Pink Ladies on WCNC |publisher=YouTube |accessdate=25 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.prweb.com/releases/2009/10/prweb2981254.htm |title=Pink Ladies Take to Charlotte Streets with Breast Cancer Detection Message |publisher=Prweb.com |date=7 October 2009 |accessdate=25 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; fashion modeling on [[America's Next Top Model, Cycle 11#Now You See Me, Now You Don't|an episode]] of ''[[America's Next Top Model]]'', social anxiety workshops, television ([[Charlie Kelly (It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia)#Green Man|Charlie Kelly as Green Man]]),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://thefunrevolution.com/content/green-people-0 |title=Green people |publisher=The Fun Revolution |accessdate=25 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425084758/http://thefunrevolution.com/content/green-people-0 |archivedate=25 April 2012 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; a participant in public art project &quot;[[One &amp; Other]]&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Rawlinson|first=Kevin|title=The good, the bad and the naked of London's Plinth|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/news/the-good-the-bad-and-the-naked-of-londons-plinth-1802230.html|accessdate=28 September 2011|newspaper=The Independent|date=14 October 2009|location=London UK|quote=From the man in the skin-tight yellow Morph suit to the existential humanitarian who did absolutely nothing, 2,400 people have now climbed the fourth plinth in Trafalgar Square to take part in Antony Gormley's artwork.}}&lt;/ref&gt; and social experiments.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://aniadventure.livejournal.com/ |title=Ani's Adventures |publisher=Aniadventure.livejournal.com |accessdate=2012-11-26 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425083010/http://aniadventure.livejournal.com/ |archivedate=25 April 2012 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://blogs.ngm.com/blog_central/2010/10/halloween-is-the-time-when-humans-can-get-a-taste-of-what-it-is-like-to-roam-the-streets-as-an-animal-and-this-halloween-th.html |title=NGM Blog Central - A Halloween Zebra Migrates to Washington, D.C. - National Geographic Magazine - NGM.com |publisher=Blogs.ngm.com |date=2010-10-27 |accessdate=2012-11-26 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225200326/http://blogs.ngm.com/blog_central/2010/10/halloween-is-the-time-when-humans-can-get-a-taste-of-what-it-is-like-to-roam-the-streets-as-an-animal-and-this-halloween-th.html |archivedate=25 December 2012 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; Characters in zentai outfits often appear in videos by the YouTuber [[Poppy (entertainer)|Poppy]].

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Remix Monkeys Dance Clan group pose.jpg|UK-based Remix Monkeys is a dance troupe that uses [[Morphsuits]] in their street dance routines
File:Morphsuit in downtown Toronto 02.jpg|Two brand ambassadors for the [[Toronto Transit Commission]], with a sports fan
File:Female mannequin recoloured with a zentai facing its own shadowy reflection and the lit ones of its companions against the dark night behind the shopping window DSC6241.jpg|Red ones used to recolour mannequins to signal the winter sale
&lt;/gallery&gt;

===Legal limitations===
Since ''zentai'' cover one's face, [[French ban on face covering|a fine of up to €150]] may be issued to those who wear them publicly in [[France]]. Furthermore, some sports leagues, such as [[Major League Baseball]], ban the use of the costume hoods.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Rayner|first=Ben|title=Blue Jays see red over green men|url=https://www.thestar.com/sports/baseball/article/995109--blue-jays-see-red-over-green-men|accessdate=19 July 2011|newspaper=The Toronto Star|date=20 May 2011|location=Toronto ON}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Brands==
Companies have created brands of the suits including ''RootSuit'' or ''Superfan Suit'' in the United States, ''Bodysocks''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Misstear |first=Rachael |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2012/04/20/teenager-s-colourful-bodysock-business-booms-just-one-year-after-he-left-school-91466-30797539/ |title=Teenager's colourful bodysock business booms just one year after he left school - Wales News - News |publisher=WalesOnline |date=2012-04-20 |accessdate=2012-08-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; or ''Second Skins'' by [[Smiffy's]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=GB Olympic Rowing Team Get a Morale Boost from Smiffy's Fancy Dress Company Second Skin Union Jack Costumes|url=http://www.prweb.com/releases/smiffys-costumes/gb-rowing-team-olympics/prweb9671652.htm|accessdate=13 March 2013|newspaper=PRWEB UK|date=16 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Morphsuits]] in the United Kingdom, and Jyhmiskin in Finland. Morphsuits has achieved relative commercial success internationally. Between January and late October 2010, the company shipped 10,000 to Canada alone.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Bascaramurty|first=Dakshana|title=Zentai suits – not just fetish wear any more|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/family-and-relationships/halloween/zentai-suits-not-just-fetish-wear-any-more/article1776757/|accessdate=23 April 2011|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=28 October 2010|archive-date=4 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304183708/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/family-and-relationships/halloween/zentai-suits-not-just-fetish-wear-any-more/article1776757/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Morphsuits brand has actively tried to disassociate themselves from the existing ''zentai'' community, occasionally being listed as the product's co-inventor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=D'Alfonso|first=Daniel|title=Flagging some patriotic fashion|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/ipad/flagging-some-patriotic-fashion/story-fn6bfmgc-1225992966594|accessdate=15 July 2011|newspaper=Sunday Herald Sun|date=23 January 2011|location=Melbourne City MC AU}}&lt;/ref&gt; Superfan Suits acknowledges in interviews that the outfits have existed previously.&lt;ref name=lucrative&gt;{{cite news|last=Dluzen|first=Robin|title=SuperFanSuits.com: The Lucrative Business of Full Body Spandex|url=http://tincmag.com/2011/12/21/superfansuits-com-the-lucrative-business-of-full-body-spandex/|accessdate=7 July 2012|newspaper=TINC Magazine|date=25 July 2011|location=Chicago IL}}&lt;/ref&gt; The term &quot;morphsuit&quot; has [[Generic trademark|become a generic term]] in the process; one New Zealand-based newspaper refers to competing brand Jaskins as &quot;one of the main online morphsuit brands.&quot; Jaskins company founder Josh Gaskin says their origins are unclear, pegging the first usage with ''[[It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia]]''.

==See also==
&lt;!-- Please keep the links sorted alphabetically.  Keep this list short and do not add groups/people who wear Zentai. --&gt;
{{Div col}}
* [[Bodystocking]]
* [[Black light theatre]], which can use all-black zentai attire for its performances
* [[Catsuit]]
* [[Cosplay]]
* [[Dancewear]]
* ''[[Costumed character#In_Japan|Kigurumi]]''
* [[Spandex fetishism]]
* [[Morphsuits]]

'''Notable users of Zentai'''
* [[Joji (musician)#Pink Guy (2014–2017)|Pink Guy]], musical artist
* [[Jonathan Bree]], musical artist
* [[The Great Morgani]], performance artist
* [[Pandemonia]], performance artist
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Will Doig, &quot;[http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2010-03-03/the-weird-world-of-zentai/ Men Who Love Lycra]&quot;, ''The Daily Beast'', 3 March 2010.

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061208181504/http://www.thezentaiproject.org/ The Zentai Project] Site dedicated to people wearing ''zentai'' in public
* [http://kigsa.hp.infoseek.co.jp/zentai.html ZENTAI WOMAN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021114194403/http://kigsa.hp.infoseek.co.jp/zentai.html |date=14 November 2002 }}

[[Category:Costume design]]
[[Category:Fetish clothing]]
[[Category:One-piece suits]]&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Zentai]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Zentai/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>XanGo</title>
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      <text bytes="36846" xml:space="preserve">{{Multiple issues|
{{primary sources|date=August 2018}}
{{advert|date=August 2018}}
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{{Infobox company
|  name   = Xango, LLC.
|  logo   = Xango.svg
|  type   = [[Private company|Private]]
|  foundation     = {{Start date|2002}}
|  location       = [[Lehi, UT|Lehi, Utah]], [[United States|USA]]
|  key_people     =  Aaron Garrity, Gary Hollister, Joe Morton, Gordon Morton and Kent Wood
|  industry       = [[Multi-level Marketing]]
|  homepage       =  {{url|http://www.xango.com/}}{{small|(former)}}{{br}}{{url|https://www.zijainternational.com/}}{{small|(current owner)}}
}}
'''Xango, LLC''', (sometimes stylized as '''XANGO''' and '''XanGo''') was a privately owned [[Lehi, Utah|Lehi]], [[Utah]]-based [[multilevel marketing]] company founded in 2002. It was acquired by [[Zija International]] in May 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://directsellingnews.com/index.php/view/zija_international_acquires_xango|title=Zija International Acquires XANGO|publisher=Direct Selling News|date=10 May 2017|accessdate=3 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://secure.utah.gov/uccsearch/uccs/result#|title=UCC Certified Search|website=secure.utah.gov|access-date=2017-06-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; The company marketed and distributed Xango juice, a blended juice product consisting of [[mangosteen]] and other juices, and skin care, personal care, energy supplement and nutritional supplement products.&lt;ref name=&quot;FTC-July-2006&quot;&gt;[http://www.ftc.gov/os/comments/businessopprule/522418-08351.pdf Comments to the Federal Trade Commission by XANGO, LLC, on the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking for the Business Opportunity Rule (pdf)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302035335/http://www.ftc.gov/os/comments/businessopprule/522418-08351.pdf |date=2012-03-02 }}, July 12, 2006&lt;/ref&gt; The company was warned in 2006 by the [[FDA]] for illegally marketing more than 20 human health benefits for Xango juice. Test.

==Company overview==

===Executives===
*Gary Hollister, Founder, Chairman Emeritus, former Chief Executive, former Chairman of the Board&lt;ref name=&quot;SLT-7Oct08&quot;/&gt;
*Aaron Garrity, Founder, Chairman of the Board, CEO, former President&lt;ref&gt;[http://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=9356539&amp;itype=storyID &quot;At Xango in Utah, it's the brand, it's the man&quot;], The Salt Lake Tribune, June 10, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://directsellingnews.com/index.php/view/executive_connection_with_aaron_garrity_founder_chairman_and_ceo_xango#.UZeBH7Ucens &quot;Executive Connection with Aaron Garrity, Founder, Chairman and CEO, XANGO&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027134211/http://directsellingnews.com/index.php/view/executive_connection_with_aaron_garrity_founder_chairman_and_ceo_xango#.UZeBH7Ucens |date=2016-10-27 }}, Direct Selling News, December 2012&lt;/ref&gt;
*Joe Morton, Founder, Board of Directors&lt;ref&gt;[http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/7/8/lifeliving/18206277&amp;sec= &quot;Queen of Fruits, bottled&quot;], The Star, Malaysia, July 2007&lt;/ref&gt;  
*Gordon Morton, Founder, Board of Directors
*Kent Wood, Founder, Board of Directors&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.utahbusiness.com/articles/view/forty_under_1 &quot;Forty Under 40&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106215645/http://www.utahbusiness.com/articles/view/forty_under_1 |date=2016-01-06 }}, Utah Business, January 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

===Revenue===
Xango was a privately held company and as such did not publicly disclose its financial statements. Company press releases in 2005-2006 stated that sales totaled $40 million in 2003 and $150 million in 2004,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.industrialnewsupdate.com/news/food-processing/archives/2005/03/food_supplement.php &quot;Food Supplement Has Healthy Sales Growth, Gains Popularity&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810211525/http://www.industrialnewsupdate.com/news/food-processing/archives/2005/03/food_supplement.php |date=2009-08-10 }}, XANGO press release, March 9, 2005&lt;/ref&gt; and that 2005 sales were more than twice those of 2004.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.xangonewscenter.com/pressreleases/2006/4.html#4 &quot;XANGO Named Top Growth Company by Nutrition Business Journal Awards&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004213834/http://www.xangonewscenter.com/pressreleases/2006/4.html#4 |date=2008-10-04 }}, XANGO press release, February 9, 2006&lt;/ref&gt; In October 2007 the company said that cumulative sales since its inception five years earlier were over $1 billion and by November 2008 had exceeded $1.5 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;AP-Feb2008&quot;&gt;Foy P. (cited from Associated Press) [http://www.nbcnews.com/id/23071982 Is $40 ‘super fruit’ juice really good for you?], NBC News, February, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

In December 2012, ''Direct Selling News'' reported that Xango concluded its first ten years of operation in November 2012 with sales operations in 43 countries, 27 office locations, 49 distribution centers, more than two million distributors, and about $2 billion in cumulative revenues. Xango's revenues and annual reports have fueled much public and legal speculation that it is a [[pyramid scheme]].&lt;ref name=&quot;XANGO: Solid, Simple, Sizzling&quot;&gt;[http://directsellingnews.com/index.php/view/xango_solid_simple_sizzling#.UZeEKLUcens XANGO: Solid, Simple, Sizzling] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028200823/http://directsellingnews.com/index.php/view/xango_solid_simple_sizzling#.UZeEKLUcens |date=2017-10-28 }}, Direct Selling News, December 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

===Financial sponsorships and contributions===
In November 2006, Xango, LLC, became the official corporate jersey-front sponsor of [[Real Salt Lake]], a [[Major League Soccer|MLS]] [[football (soccer)|soccer]] team based in [[Salt Lake City]], Utah, for four years, at a cost of between $500,000 and $1 million per year.&lt;ref&gt;Jack Bell, [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/25/sports/soccer/25soccer.html?ex=1324702800&amp;en=e8bcf07948389597&amp;ei=5088&amp;partner=rssnyt&amp;emc=rss &quot;M.L.S. Wants Your Advertising&quot;], ''[[New York Times]]'', December 25, 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Xango's contract with Real Salt Lake ended after the 2013 season. In 2006, the company made a 5-year, $1 million grant to an [[Orem, Utah]] arts council for naming rights to what is now called the &quot;Xango Grand Theater&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Sara Israelsen, [http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,650199959,00.html &quot;Aging SCERA gaining new luster: 5-year-plan aims to turn building into a state-of-the-art facility&quot;],  ''[[Deseret Morning News]]'', October 19, 2006&lt;/ref&gt;
Xango, LLC, has been the top contributor to the political campaign of Utah Senator [[Orrin Hatch]], contributing $47,200 in 2008 and $46,700 in 2006, according to the [[Center for Responsive Politics]].&lt;ref name=CRP&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/contrib.php?cycle=2006&amp;cid=n00009869
|title=Orrin G. Hatch: Top Donors |accessdate=2008-10-04|publisher= [[Center for Responsive Politics]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Product overview==

===Products and distribution===
Xango (pronounced &quot;ZAN-go&quot;) is the common name of the company, XanGo LLC, as well as its first and flagship juice product (also often called Xango Juice).  It also has other products in the personal care and wellness industry.

Xango Juice is sold in the U.S. and (as of late-2011) exported to Australia, Canada, Germany, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Singapore, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.&lt;ref name=&quot;MNNA-7-30-07&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BPP&quot;&gt;Boey Ping Ping,[http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=/2007/7/8/lifeliving/18206277&amp;sec=lifeliving &quot;Queen of fruits, bottled&quot;], ''The Star'', July 8, 2007&lt;/ref&gt; The company began operating in Taiwan as of October 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;MNNA-7-30-07&quot;/&gt;

The company's business model is direct sales via [[multi-level marketing]] rather than retail sales, mainly using a nine-level multi-level marketing structure.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.xango.com/misc/comp_plan.html XanGo Compensation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707073729/http://www.xango.com/misc/comp_plan.html |date=2020-07-07 }}, company website, accessed February 16, 2007&lt;/ref&gt; In June 2006, the company said it had 350,000 distributors.&lt;ref name=&quot;DMN-6-11-07&quot;&gt;[http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,635213719,00.html &quot;Hollister, Garrity build healthy business&quot;], ''Deseret Morning News'', June 11, 2006&lt;/ref&gt;  In July, the company told the [[Federal Trade Commission]] that there were &quot;roughly 500,000 distributors worldwide&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;FTC-July-2006&quot;/&gt; and in November, it reported having more than 600 employees at its Lehi headquarters and more than 500,000 independent distributors in 15 international markets.&lt;ref name=&quot;PR-11-29-06&quot;&gt;{{Citation |publication-date=November 28, 2006 |title=XanGo Top Executives Named as Finalists in National Ernst &amp; Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award® 2006 |type=press release |publisher=NewHope360 |url=http://newhope360.com/supply-news-amp-analysis/xango-top-executives-named-finalists-national-ernst-young-entrepreneur-year |access-date=July 6, 2020 |archive-date=January 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106215645/http://newhope360.com/supply-news-amp-analysis/xango-top-executives-named-finalists-national-ernst-young-entrepreneur-year |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;  In July 2007, it said it had about 700,000 distributors,&lt;ref name=&quot;MNNA-7-30-07&quot;&gt;[http://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/v3/news_lite.php?id=276331 &quot;XANGO To Make Malaysia Launching Pad For Its Product&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208160354/http://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/v3/news_lite.php?id=276331 |date=2008-12-08 }}, Malaysian National News Agency, July 30, 2007&lt;/ref&gt; of whom an estimated 70 percent simply use their status to buy the juice at the discounted membership price.&lt;ref&gt;Chuck Jaffe, [http://newsok.com/article/3110827/1188132707?mp=0 &quot;Investing in juice hard to swallow&quot;], ''The Oklahoman'', August 26, 2007&lt;/ref&gt; In October 2008, it said that it operated in 24 countries and had more than 1 million independent distributors.&lt;ref name=&quot;SLT-7Oct08&quot;&gt;{{Citation |author=Tom Harvey |title=Business Digest |newspaper=[[The Salt Lake Tribune]] |publication-date=October 7, 2008 |url=http://www.sltrib.com/business/ci_10655285 |at=Leadership post |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012080415/http://www.sltrib.com/business/ci_10655285 |archivedate=October 12, 2008 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2013, the company stated that it operated in 43 countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.xango.com/about/company/about-xango#field-name-field-tab-1 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-07-06 |archive-date=2013-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329033854/http://www.xango.com/about/company/about-xango#field-name-field-tab-1 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the United States, Xango Juice sells for a retail price of $37.50 for a 750 ml (25.35 ounce) bottle.  Purchasing through Xango's distributor group, juice and other products can be bought at wholesale prices.  Xango also sells Reserve, a more expensive version of its original juice product with a higher mangosteen content.&lt;ref name=&quot;XANGO: Solid, Simple, Sizzling&quot;/&gt;{{citation needed|date=May 2013}}

In 2009, Xango launched Glimpse Skin Care, products made using undefined quantities of mangosteen. The Glimpse product line includes Luminescence Collection, Mineral Treatment, and Mangosteen Oils.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;http://www.xango.com/files/xango.com/pub/glimpsepp.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822150628/http://www.xango.com/files/xango.com/pub/glimpsepp.pdf |date=2013-08-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The company's Juni line of personal care products includes shampoos, conditioners, skin lotion, bar and body soaps.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.xango.com/files/xango.com/pub/junipp.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-07-06 |archive-date=2013-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827081944/http://www.xango.com/files/xango.com/pub/junipp.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Xango also sells various [[dietary supplements]] including 3SIXTY5 and 3SIXTY5 for Kids multivitamins;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.xango.com/about/products/xango-3sixty5 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-07-06 |archive-date=2013-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423115645/http://www.xango.com/about/products/xango-3sixty5 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Precis Men's Health, Omega-3, and Rest &amp; Renew;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.xango.com/about/products/precis#field-name-field-tab-2 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-07-06 |archive-date=2013-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423121218/http://www.xango.com/about/products/precis#field-name-field-tab-2 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Favao weight control products (body cleanse, fiber, and various protein supplements) -- which, according to the company, include mangosteen components as ingredients&lt;ref&gt;[http://directsellingnews.com/index.php/view/xango_solid_simple_sizzling#.UZeEKLUcens &quot;XANGO: Solid, Simple, Sizzling&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028200823/http://directsellingnews.com/index.php/view/xango_solid_simple_sizzling#.UZeEKLUcens |date=2017-10-28 }} ''Direct Selling News'', December 2012&lt;/ref&gt;—and Eleviv capsules,&lt;ref&gt;http://www.eleviv.com&lt;/ref&gt; which contain four herbal ingredients.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.xango.com/files/xango.com/pub/elevivpp.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-07-06 |archive-date=2013-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822232212/http://www.xango.com/files/xango.com/pub/elevivpp.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Xango Juice composition===
Xango Juice is a blend of mangosteen [[aril]] and pericarp [[purée]] with juice concentrates of eight other fruits: [[apple]], [[pear]] (juice and purée), [[grape]], [[blueberry]], [[raspberry]], [[strawberry]], [[cranberry]] and [[cherry]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Supplement facts&quot;, pop-up at [http://www.xango.com/drink/bottle.html The XanGo Bottle] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20071008123721/http://www.xango.com/drink/bottle.html |date=2007-10-08 }}, XANGO website, accessed February 18, 2007&lt;/ref&gt; Other ingredients include [[citric acid]], natural flavor, [[pectin]], [[xanthan gum]], [[sodium benzoate]], and [[potassium sorbate]].  Xango claims its juice contains [[xanthonoid]] compounds from the mangosteen pericarp.&lt;ref name=&quot;Test&quot;&gt;Clarisse Douaud, [http://www.nutraingredients-usa.com/news/ng.asp?n=77971-xango-chromadex-mangosteen &quot;XANGO plugs analytical method for xanthone content&quot;], NutraIngredients.com, July 5, 2007. Retrieved July 19, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Associated Press]] commissioned the [[Linus Pauling Institute]] to measure the [[in vitro]] antioxidant strength of Xango Juice against [[retail]] fruit juices. The antioxidant strength of XanGo Juice measured slightly higher than cranberry juice but lower than black cherry and less than half the value for blueberry juice.&lt;ref name=&quot;AP-Feb2008&quot;/&gt; However, the value of in vitro analysis of antioxidant strength is questionable, as there is no current evidence that antioxidant [[phytochemical]]s present in Xango or other fruit juices actually have functions inside the human body.&lt;ref name=&quot;Frei&quot;&gt;Frei B. [http://www.npicenter.com/anm/templates/newsATemp.aspx?articleid=23667&amp;zoneid=258 Controversy: What are the true biological functions of superfruit antioxidants?] Natural Products Information Center, April 1, 2009 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630062415/http://www.npicenter.com/anm/templates/newsATemp.aspx?articleid=23667&amp;zoneid=258 |date=June 30, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The measurements of antioxidant strength apply to test tubes, but consumed juices are affected by stomach acids that would neutralize or destroy antioxidant value preventing the same biological effects [[in vivo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AP-Feb2008&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Frei&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Lotito SB, Frei B |title=Consumption of flavonoid-rich foods and increased plasma antioxidant capacity in humans: cause, consequence, or epiphenomenon? |journal=Free Radical Biology &amp; Medicine |volume=41 |issue=12 |pages=1727–46 |date=December 2006 |pmid=17157175 |doi=10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.04.033}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2002, Xango founders Aaron Garrity, Gordon Morton, and Joseph Morton (doing business as DBC, LLC) applied for a [[United States patent]] (#6730333) for Xango Juice; however the application was rejected by the [[United States Patent and Trademark Office]] on April 21, 2005.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.amquix.info/xango/xango_4-21-05_patent_rejection.pdf US Patent and Trademark Office rejection of claim] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040156/http://www.amquix.info/xango/xango_4-21-05_patent_rejection.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}, mailed April 21, 2005&lt;/ref&gt; On November 3, 2008,  the [[U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit]] ruled that the decision of a patent appeals board to deny Xango's patent application would still stand.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/opinions/08-1120.pdf United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, decision  2008-1120 (Reexamination No. 90/007,178)],  Appeal from the United States Patent and Trademark Office, Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences, Decided November 3, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/opinions/08-1120.pdf &quot;Patent Appeals Board Survives Challenge].&quot; ''Legal Times'', November 4, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

==False advertising claims==

===Pericarp xanthones and potential health effects===
According to a 2006 warning by the US [[Food and Drug Administration]], XanGo's distributors had illegally used marketing materials to promote mangosteen juice claiming more than 20 human health benefits, including &quot;anti-inflammatory,&quot; &quot;anti-microbial,&quot; &quot;anti-fungal,&quot; &quot;anti-viral,&quot; &quot;anti-cancer,&quot; &quot;anti-ulcer,&quot; &quot;anti-hepatotoxic,&quot; &quot;anti-rhinoviral,&quot; and &quot;anti-allergic&quot; effects.&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA-warning&quot;&gt;[http://www.casewatch.org/fdawarning/prod/2006/xango.shtml U.S. Food and Drug Administration warning letter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011010228/https://www.casewatch.org/fdawarning/prod/2006/xango.shtml |date=2017-10-11 }}, September 20, 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Promotional literature for the product cites [[antioxidants]] from the inedible pericarp of the fruit as providing health benefits. None of these claims, however, has scientific proof established by [[peer-reviewed]] research and human [[clinical trials]], as discussed below.

The [[American Cancer Society]] profile of mangosteen juice states there is no reliable evidence that mangosteen juice, purée, or bark is effective as a [[cancer treatment]] in humans.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.cancer.org/docroot/ETO/content/ETO_5_3x_Mangosteen_Juice.asp?sitearea=ETO Profile of Mangosteen Juice] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203212952/http://www.cancer.org/docroot/ETO/content/ETO_5_3x_Mangosteen_Juice.asp?sitearea=ETO |date=2007-02-03 }}.&quot; American Cancer Society], revised June 1, 2005. Retrieved February 16, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;  As of April 2013, it also states that the mangosteen &quot;fruit has been shown to be rich in anti-oxidants. Very early laboratory studies suggest it may have promise as a topical treatment for acne. Early small laboratory and animal studies suggest that further research should be done to determine whether it can help to prevent cancer in humans.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/complementaryandalternativemedicine/pharmacologicalandbiologicaltreatment/mangosteen-juice]&lt;/ref&gt;

Pericarp xanthones remain under preliminary research to define their potential properties, which may include antioxidant&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Martinez|first=A|author2=Hernandez-Marin E |title=Xanthones as antioxidants: a theoretical study on the thermodynamics and kinetics of the single electron transfer mechanism.|journal=Food &amp; Function|date=April 2012|volume=3|issue=4|pages=442–450|pmid=22327405|doi=10.1039/c2fo10229c}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[chemopreventive]] effects.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Kurose H |author2=Shibata MA |author3=Iinuma M |author4=Otsuki Y |year=2012 |title=Alterations in Cell Cycle and Induction of Apoptotic Cell Death in Breast Cancer Cells Treated with α-Mangostin Extracted from Mangosteen Pericarp |journal=J Biomed Biotechnol |volume= 2012|issue=Apr 8 |pages= 672428|publisher= |doi=10.1155/2012/672428 |pmid=22577295 |pmc=3332218 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2007, the Mayo Clinic stated there was laboratory evidence that mangosteen xanthones had anti-inflammatory activity, but there was no evidence demonstrating such anti-inflammatory effects in humans.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/mangosteen/AN01197 Mangosteen juice: can it relieve arthritis pain?] MayoClinic.com, October 2007&lt;/ref&gt; The Mayo Clinic has since confirmed there is still no conclusive evidence of effectiveness.&lt;ref name=&quot;mayoclinic.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|title=Can drinking mangosteen juice reduce arthritis inflammation and pain?
|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/mangosteen/AN01197
|date=7 October 2011
|author=Brent A. Bauer
|publisher=Mayo Clinic
|accessdate=23 September 2013
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2009, XanGo scientific adviser, David Morton, participated in a four-part debate on the asserted claims of mangosteen health benefits.&lt;ref name=Crown1&gt;{{cite journal | title = Beyond the Mangosteen: A Future Full of Color | author = Crown I | journal = Engredea News and Analysis, NewHope 360 | date = April 1, 2009 | pages =  | url = http://newhope360.com/food-amp-beverage/beyond-mangosteen-future-full-color | accessdate = 2010-01-04 | archive-date = 2013-06-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130622224012/http://newhope360.com/food-amp-beverage/beyond-mangosteen-future-full-color | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Morton&gt;{{cite journal | title = Mangostana - Commentary on the Mangosteen | author = Morton DA | journal = Engredea News and Analysis, NewHope 360 | date = April 16, 2009 | pages =  | url = http://newhope360.com/news/g-mangostana-commentary-mangosteen | accessdate = 2010-01-04 | archive-date = 2013-11-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131103034113/http://newhope360.com/news/g-mangostana-commentary-mangosteen | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Crown2&gt;{{cite journal | title = A Rebuttal on Mangosteen | author = Crown I | journal = Engredea News and Analysis, NewHope 360 | date = May 5, 2009 | pages =  | url = http://newhope360.com/news/rebuttal-mangosteen | accessdate = 2010-01-04 | archive-date = 2013-11-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131103034232/http://newhope360.com/news/rebuttal-mangosteen | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | title = The Mangosteen Controversy | author1=Gross P |author2=Crown I |journal=Engredea News and Analysis, NewHope 360 |date=May 21, 2009| pages= |url= http://newhope360.com/supplements/mangosteen-controversy | accessdate = 2010-01-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===U.S. FDA warning===
On September 20, 2006, the United States [[Food and Drug Administration (United States)|Food and Drug Administration]] issued a [[FDA Warning Letter|Warning Letter]] to Xango LLC International in response to the company's promotion of Xango Juice as an aid to treat and/or cure various diseases.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/2006/ucm076067.htm |title=Warning Letter, Xango LLC, Intl |author=Collins BB, District Director|date=20 September 2006 |website=U.S. Food &amp; Drug Administration |publisher=US Food and Drug Administration, Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations |accessdate=15 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302140609/https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/2006/ucm076067.htm |archive-date=2 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The agency's letter warned that Xango Juice had not been properly tested for safety and efficacy, and as a proposed new drug, it could not be legally sold in the U.S. without prior approval of the FDA. Xango was warned that it could face enforcement action including seizure and/or injunction of products or suspension of business. Under FDA drug labeling rules, Xango, as manufacturer, is responsible for satisfying scientific criteria to make health claims on its product labels and all marketing materials. As of September 2008, the case remained open.

===Effectiveness===
The [[Mayo Clinic]] said in October 2005 that &quot;there are no published clinical trials showing evidence that either the fruit or its juice&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; marketed under the name Xango Juice&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; is an effective treatment for arthritis, cancer or any other disorder in humans.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/mangosteen/AN01197 Mangosteen (Xango) juice: Can it help arthritis?], Mayo Clinic, October 3, 2005, accessed February 16, 2007&lt;/ref&gt; In 2011 the Mayo Clinic reiterated that &quot;it is still too early to say for sure what role mangosteen juice has in treating arthritis symptoms.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;mayoclinic.com&quot;/&gt;

In February 2006, the U.C. Berkeley Wellness Newsletter, sponsored by the [[University of California at Berkeley]], said that &quot;Mangosteen marketers make farfetched and unsubstantiated claims for their products.&quot; The newsletter notes that &quot;there are no clinical trials, and what happens in a test tube or animal may not occur in a human. Any reported benefits in humans have been anecdotal. No one even knows if the processed fruit juice and capsules retain the potentially beneficial compounds. What’s more, the juice is typically a mix of fruit juices&amp;nbsp;– with an undisclosed amount of mangosteen in it.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wellnessletter.com/html/wl/2006/wlAskExperts0206.html &quot;Ask the Experts&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910145207/http://www.wellnessletter.com/html/wl/2006/wlAskExperts0206.html |date=2012-09-10 }}, U.C. Berkeley Wellness Newsletter, February 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Ralph W. Moss (writer)|Ralph Moss]], an [[alternative cancer treatment]] advocate,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cancerdecisions.com/about.html Ralph W. Moss, PhD], Author Biography, The Moss Reports&lt;/ref&gt; has said of mangosteen juice:
{{quote|In my opinion, what we have here is simply an overpriced fruit drink. Fruit drinks are often healthful beverages. But the only reason I can see that the promoters of mangosteen can get away with charging $37 for this product is that they are playing on patients' hopes and fears in a cynical way. Without the health claims, open or implied, the product could only be sold for at most $5 or $6 (which, for example, is the cost of antioxidant-rich pomegranate juice).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation
 |author=Ralph W. Moss |publication-date=May 16, 2004 |title=Cancer Decisions |at=A Friendly Skeptic Looks at Mangosteen, Part II |periodical=The Moss Reports |publisher=CancerDecisions.com |url=http://www.cancerdecisions.com/051604.html |accessdate= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040603013421/http://cancerdecisions.com/051604.html |archivedate=June 3, 2004 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

A 2008 medical [[case report]] described a patient with severe [[acidosis]] possibly attributable to a year of daily use (to lose weight, dose not described) of mangosteen juice (brand not described) infused with [[xanthonoid]]s,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Wong LP, Klemmer PJ |title=Severe lactic acidosis associated with juice of the mangosteen fruit Garcinia mangostana |journal=American Journal of Kidney Diseases |volume=51 |issue=5 |pages=829–33 |date=May 2008 |pmid=18436094 |doi=10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.12.043}}&lt;/ref&gt; as occurs in the manufacture of XanGo juice. The authors proposed that chronic exposure to alpha-[[mangostin]], a xanthone, could be toxic to [[mitochondria]]l function,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal  |vauthors=Matsumoto K, Akao Y, Yi H, etal |title=Preferential target is mitochondria in alpha-mangostin-induced apoptosis in human leukemia HL60 cells |journal=Bioorganic &amp; Medicinal Chemistry |volume=12 |issue=22 |pages=5799–806 |date=November 2004 |pmid=15498656 |doi=10.1016/j.bmc.2004.08.034}}&lt;/ref&gt; leading to impairment of [[cellular respiration]] and production of [[lactic acidosis]].

===Italian antitrust action===

In 2011 [[Italy]]'s [[Competition law|antitrust]] and [[consumer protection]] authority, the [[Autorità Garante della Concorrenza e del Mercato|AGCM]], suspended the activities of Xango in response to over-broad health claims, as well as possible violations of [[pyramid scheme]] laws.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Giovanna|first=Cavalli|title=Una lobby per il succo esotico Nei guai la bevanda &quot;miracolosa&quot;|url=http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2011/gennaio/03/Una_lobby_per_succo_esotico_co_9_110103017.shtml|accessdate=20 January 2014|newspaper=Corriere Della Sera|date=3 January 2011|language=Italian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Litigation==

===Tahitian Noni International===
[[Tahitian Noni International]] (TNI), a rival MLM beverage company, sued Xango, LLC, and several of its top executives in February 2003 in the 4th [[Courts of Utah|District Court]] in [[Provo, Utah]], alleging that Xango executives stole TNI's concept for a mangosteen-based supplement while they were employed by TNI's parent-company. After a countersuit against TNI was launched by Xango, LLC, the two parties settled out of court. A joint statement by TNI and Xango said that they had &quot;agreed to resolve their disputes and the litigation between them and their founders&quot; but the particulars of the settlement were not disclosed.&lt;ref&gt;Grace Leong, [http://www.heraldextra.com/content/view/178505/3/ &quot;Tahitian Noni, XANGO settle dispute over juice&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829041933/http://www.heraldextra.com/content/view/178505/3/ |date=2008-08-29 }},  ''Daily Herald'', May 11, 2006&lt;/ref&gt;

===Mismanagement allegations===
In 2009 The State of Utah's Supreme Court gave the green light to a XanGo investor to proceed with a suit that alleges corporate looting and mismanagement of millions of dollars by the Lehi supplements company's founders for their personal expenses including luxury cars and performance-enhancing medical treatments. The Utah Supreme Court overturned a 4th District Court ruling that dismissed a lawsuit filed in 2007 by Angel Investors LLC alleging XanGo's founders took millions of dollars in personal loans from the company and paid themselves excessive salaries while wasting corporate assets.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.heraldextra.com/business/local/article_224a56e3-b172-56f5-8076-92eab10d1959.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-07-06 |archive-date=2012-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120827052837/http://www.heraldextra.com/business/local/article_224a56e3-b172-56f5-8076-92eab10d1959.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2010 XanGo settled with Angel Investors for an undisclosed amount of money. &quot;Angel Investors, who had owned no more than 1 percent of the Lehi company, had charged in three lawsuits in Utah County that the founders deprived them of some of the return on their investment. The group cited such expenditures as $6,000 monthly auto allowances, family vacations and, in one case, $20,000 worth of home furnishings.&quot; The terms of the settlement were not disclosed.&lt;ref&gt;http://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=10588244&amp;itype=storyID&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2013 XanGo Founder Bryan Davis filed a lawsuit accusing his partners of spying, threatening employees, falsifying distributor positions to siphon off funds, defrauding on XanGo taxes and their personal taxes, falsifying records, changing credit card statements, charging as business expenses to purchase grand pianos, vacations, home renovations, landscaping, electronics, expensive bicycles, scooters, and for CEO Aaron Garrity, an open expense account for one mistress.

According to the lawsuit, Garrity embezzled hundreds of thousands of dollars in assets from the company, writing off clothing, medical enhancements, jewelry, event tickets, bicycles, electronics and chartered planes and vacations as business expenses. CFO Nate Brown set up secret founder accounts for Garrity and others to allow them to improperly spend XanGo assets.

Davis also alleges in the lawsuit that Garrity’s assistant, Andrea Waterfall, with whom he was in a relationship, had a company credit card that she used for personal expenses, and that Garrity sent in fraudulent expense reports.

Other allegations include Garrity using power and influence as a founder to threaten XanGo employees into turning a blind eye to his theft and instituting what he termed a “culture of giving” at XanGo meaning that founders and employees Garrity determined were in his good graces could unlimitedly use XanGo assets for their personal benefit.

The lawsuit further reports founders are alleged to have used XanGo employment and forced qualified distributor positions to siphon XanGo assets to family members and friends.

Davis alleges the founders conspired to give themselves illicit distributions through a tax fraud scheme and that the founders also formed various competing companies with XanGo assets. He is also claiming that the founders took steps to freeze him out of the company — ignoring Davis’ objections to wrongful conduct, falsifying board minutes to reflect unanimous consent to actions to which he had voiced objections, XanGo employees were told not to talk to Davis under penalty of termination, that founders also falsely claimed to XanGo employees that he had resigned his position at XanGo and disparaged him. As a result, Davis said XanGo withheld bonus/distribution payments to Davis as well as discontinuing employee benefits.

The lawsuit further states that Garrity has also misused XanGo’s security department to retaliate against Davis, Angel, leaders and founders of competing MLMs and XanGo distributors and employee, according to the suit; Garrity allegedly asked Justin Barrett to use his access to law enforcement databases to find information on these individuals that was not on public record, which information Garrity could then use to his advantage. He also requested that the XanGo Security Department obtain non-traceable wireless accounts for him for the purpose of online corporate intelligence gathering, dissemination of information and posting defamatory comments about competitors, distributors, employees and others. A bogus account was illegally created under the fictitious name “John Gable.”

The XanGo board’s attorney said the accusations are fabricated because Davis is attempting to extract an inflated buyout from them for his shares in the company. Benevento said several months ago, the XanGo board offered Davis a separation agreement due to his ongoing failure to fulfill his responsibilities and that Davis has failed to show up for work yet still expects a regular paycheck.

Garrity’s attorney refuted the claim, saying the allegations are to help Davis inflate his share holdings for a greater profit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.heraldextra.com/business/local/lawsuits-all-around----xango-co-founder-sues/article_b5ac1952-13cb-5bd5-84c6-fdd61b535e9e.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-07-06 |archive-date=2013-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607040947/http://www.heraldextra.com/business/local/lawsuits-all-around----xango-co-founder-sues/article_b5ac1952-13cb-5bd5-84c6-fdd61b535e9e.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Also in 2013 XanGo filed an action against Bryan Davis in the Third Judicial District Court (Utah and Salt Lake City) refuting Mr Davis claims in his lawsuit and claiming that Mr Davis was negligent in his duties.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.businessforhome.org/2013/05/xango-sues-co-founder-bryan-davis |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-07-06 |archive-date=2016-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316141729/https://www.businessforhome.org/2013/05/xango-sues-co-founder-bryan-davis/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Xango settled these cases ultimately, out of court for an undisclosed amount.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}

===Taxation issues===

In 2012 XanGo had issues concerning taxes. &quot;At the top of 2012 tax delinquency lists was $347,816 owed for the Lehi headquarters of Xango, a multilevel marketing company that sells nutritional supplements — which has its name on the uniforms of Real Salt Lake soccer players. That property is owned by Thai Properties, which is part of the same corporate group as Xango, said Nate Brown, chief financial officer for Xango&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/politics/55558174-90/lists-taxes-property-tax.html.csp&lt;/ref&gt;

==See also==
*[[List of ineffective cancer treatments]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Multi-level marketing}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Xango}}
[[Category:Companies based in Utah County, Utah]]
[[Category:Privately held companies based in Utah]]
[[Category:Companies established in 2002]]
[[Category:Multi-level marketing companies based in Utah]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Utah]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience]]
[[Category:2017 mergers and acquisitions]]
&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:XanGo]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[XanGo/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>Restaurant Nora</title>
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      <text bytes="10472" xml:space="preserve">{{advert|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Restaurant
| name             = Restaurant Nora
| image            = Restaurant Nora, Washington DC.jpg
| image_width      = 200px
| image_caption    = 
| established      = 1979-2017
| current-owner    = 
| head-chef        = [[Nora Pouillon]]
| food-type        = [[Local food|Local]]/[[Organic food|organic]]
| dress-code       =
| rating           = 
| street-address   = 
| city             = [[Washington, D.C.]]
| state            = 
| zip              = 
| country          = United States
| seating-capacity =
| reservations     =
| website          = {{URL|noras.com}}
}}
'''Restaurant Nora''', the eponymous restaurant of chef/owner [[Nora Pouillon]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], was America's first [[certified organic]] restaurant.&lt;ref name=&quot;Judkis&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Judkis |first1=Maura |title=Organic pioneer Nora Pouillon plans to retire, sell her eponymous restaurant |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/food/organic-pioneer-nora-pouillon-plans-to-retire-sell-her-eponymous-restaurant/2016/10/17/37f3c7ac-8fe8-11e6-9c85-ac42097b8cc0_story.html |work=Washington Post |date=October 18, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Opening and early years==
In 1979, self-taught chef [[Nora Pouillon]] opened Restaurant Nora on the corner of [[Florida Avenue]] and 21st in the [[DuPont Circle]] neighborhood.&lt;ref name=&quot;Judkis&quot; /&gt; Journalist [[Sally Quinn]] and her late husband, [[Washington Post]] executive editor, [[Ben Bradlee]] were early patrons and financial backers of the restaurant. Quinn offered a piece of advice: “Don’t mention anything about being healthy and natural. That sounds so unappetizing. That sounds like hippie food.” Pouillon ignored it, making her organic ingredients the focus of the restaurant.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reese&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Reese |first1=Jennifer |title=The story behind the woman who helped make healthy eating cool |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/the-story-behind-the-woman-who-helped-make-healthy-eating-cool/2015/04/21/f7a1162c-e846-11e4-aae1-d642717d8afa_story.html |work=Washington Post |date=April 21, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The early reviews for Nora's were mixed, with Robert Shoffner of the ''[[Washingtonian (magazine)|Washingtonian]]'' less than enthusiastic about Pouillon's food.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mundy&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Mundy |first1=Liza |title=Nora Pouillon’s Memoir Reminds Us How Rotten DC Food Used to Be |url=https://www.washingtonian.com/2015/04/09/nora-pouillons-memoir-reminds-us-how-rotten-dc-food-used-to-be/ |work=Washingtonian Magazine |date=April 9, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sugarman&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sugarman |first1=Carole |title=Nora's Moment |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/food/1993/09/22/noras-moment/cec668a3-6d1c-446c-b01c-2f1be93ee9c4/ |work=Washington Post |date=September 22, 1993}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1980, ''[[The Washington Post]]'''s Phyllis Richman noted that &quot;the cooking has matured,&quot; calling Nora's &quot;a sophisticated return to old-fashioned home cooking, with dishes from here and there but ingredients only from impeccable sources that raise their meats without chemicals.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Richman |first1=Phyllis |title=Dining 1980 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/magazine/1980/09/21/dining-1980/698227b2-9d16-400c-9211-fe96850118e2/ |work=Washington Post Magazine |date=September 21, 1980}}&lt;/ref&gt;

By the early 1990s, Nora's became a destination for D.C’s media and political elite, particularly in the administration of President [[Bill Clinton]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Sugarman&quot; /&gt; In 1996, Chef Nora was named U.S.A. Chef of the Year by the American Tasting Institute, and she published a cookbook, ''Cooking with Nora : seasonal menus from Restaurant Nora : healthy, light, balanced, and simple food with organic ingredients''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Slung&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Slung |first1=Michele |title=Book Report |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/1996/03/10/book-report/240324e3-92d6-4b2b-8ef0-3f58c1a7de92/ |work=Washington Post |date=March 10, 1996}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Organic certification==
In the mid-90s, Chef Nora began to investigate how Restaurant Nora could become an organic certified restaurant and learned that no certification process existed. She decided to set about creating those standards.&lt;ref name=&quot;Judkis&quot; /&gt; She worked for two years with Oregon Tilth, a nonprofit membership organization dedicated to supporting and advocating organic food and farming. The [[Oregon Tilth]] [[Certified Organic]] Program was established in 1982 and is an Accredited Certifying Agent for the USDA’s National Organic Program.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tilth&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://tilth.org/certification/|title=Organic Certification, Organic Farming -Oregon Tilth|work=Oregon Tilth}}&lt;/ref&gt;
The resulting standard required test that 95 percent of the food used, as a certified restaurant, must be obtained from USDA certified organic sources. “This meant obtaining proof of organic certification from all our suppliers,” she says. Chef Nora complied with the lengthy requirements, and in 1999 Nora's became the first certified organic restaurant in the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tilth&quot; /&gt;
For many restaurants across the country, achieving and maintaining proof that 95 percent of suppliers are organic is a costly and time-consuming process. As Chef Nora explained to Organic Connections Magazine about becoming certified:
“People don’t always understand how complicated and time consuming it is,” Pouillon explains. “Almost everything has to be organic down to the spices and coffee. It’s a lot of work to find certified organic farmers and track down certification papers from 35-plus purveyors every year. This process has to be done each year because the certificates have to be renewed each year.”&lt;ref name=&quot;Organic&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Soref |first1=Anna |title=Nora Pouillon: A Pioneer’s Odyssey to Organic |url=http://calmfulliving.com/project/nora-pouillon-a-pioneers-odyssey-to-organic/ |work=Organic Connections Magazine |issue=July–August 2012 |date=June 30, 2012 |pages=4–7 |access-date=July 6, 2020 |archive-date=March 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330013339/http://calmfulliving.com/project/nora-pouillon-a-pioneers-odyssey-to-organic/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Later years and closure==
By the early 2000s, the restaurant was a fixture in Washington's dining scene, being named among ''Washingtonian'' magazine's &quot;Very Best Restaurants.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Head |first1=Thomas |title=Restaurant Nora: Nora Pouillon's all-organic fine dining room. |url=https://www.washingtonian.com/2006/09/07/restaurant-nora/ |work=Washingtonian Magazine |date=September 7, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2016, Nora's was one of the approximately 100 restaurants reviewed in the first [[Michelin Guide]] for Washington, D.C.&lt;ref name=&quot;Judkis&quot; /&gt;

Restaurant Nora closed in June 2017, upon Chef Nora's retirement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Carman |first1=Tim |title=The closure of Restaurant Nora, a trailblazer in natural cuisine, will reduce the number of certified organic restaurants by 14 percent. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/going-out-guide/wp/2017/04/20/restaurant-noras-closure-will-reduce-the-number-of-certified-organic-restaurants-by-14-percent/ |work=Washington Post |date=April 20, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award by the [[James Beard Foundation]], celebrating her career at the restaurant.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Koenig |first1=Debbie |title=Nora Pouillon: 2017 Lifetime Achievement Award Winner |url=https://www.jamesbeard.org/blog/nora-pouillon-2017-lifetime-achievement-award-winner |website=James Beard Foundation |date=May 1, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In October 2018, D.C. restaurateur [[Ashok Bajaj]] bought the Restaurant Nora property for just more than $4 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Restaurant Nora building sells to D.C. restaurateur |url=https://wtop.com/news/2018/10/exclusive-restaurant-nora-building-sells-to-d-c-restaurateur/ |work=Washington Business Journal |publisher=WTOP |date=October 12, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notable patrons and events==
Restaurant Nora has held lunches, dinners and events for dignitaries, congressional members and [[White House]] administrations, and was a favorite of [[Hillary Clinton]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://thehill.com/capital-living/cover-stories/65541-the-home-of-organic-dining |title=The home of organic dining |publisher=TheHill |date= |accessdate=2013-12-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1993, President [[Bill Clinton]] held his first inaugural party at the restaurant.&lt;ref name=&quot;WSJ&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Hodgson|first=Moira|title=Horrified by Wonder Bread| url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/book-review-my-organic-life-by-nora-pouillon-1428684892|work=Wall Street Journal|date=April 10, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many of Clinton's cabinet members and staff ate at Nora's in the 90s, and Vice President [[Al Gore]] and [[Tipper Gore]] celebrated her 45th birthday at the restaurant.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sugarman&quot; /&gt;

President [[Jimmy Carter]] also ate at Nora’s, and so did [[Nancy Reagan]]. Asked about her Presidential patrons in The Washington Post, Pouillon said: “Neither of the Bush presidents ever set foot in Nora’s, but [[Laura Bush]] came, along with her two daughters,” Pouillon announces proudly. “Good food, it seems, is also bipartisan.”&lt;ref name=&quot;Reese&quot; /&gt;

In January 2010, President [[Barack Obama]] held a surprise birthday party for First Lady [[Michelle Obama]] at the restaurant.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/2010/01/michelle-obamas-surprise-birth.html|title=Michelle Obama's surprise birthday bash at Restaurant Nora|last=Akers|first=Mary Ann|date=January 17, 2010|website=The Washington Post|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2017-07-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/01/17/michelle-obamas-birthday_n_426199.html |title=Michelle Obama's Birthday Surprise Party At Restaurant Nora (PHOTOS) |publisher=Huffingtonpost.com |date= 2010-01-17|accessdate=2013-12-05 |first=Alexander |last=Belenky}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.noras.com/ Restaurant Nora]

{{Coord|38|54|46.1|N|77|2|50.6|W|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nora}}
[[Category:Restaurants in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Dupont Circle]]
[[Category:Organic food]]
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&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Restaurant Nora]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Restaurant Nora/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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{{Infobox company
|  name = Turnbull Engineering Ltd.
| logo = Saker Cars Logo.png
|  type   = 
|  founder        = Bruce Turnbull
|  foundation     = 
|  location       = [[Feilding]], New Zealand
|  key_people     = 
|  industry       = [[Automobile]] manufacturing
|  num_employees  = 
|  products       = Saker SV1, SVS GT, SVS Sprint
|  parent         = 
|  revenue        = 
|  homepage       = [http://sakersportscars.com Saker Cars]
}}

'''Saker''' ('''Saker Sports Cars''') are designed and built in [[Feilding]], New Zealand by Bruce Turnbull of Turnbull Engineering from 1989 to 2002. Turnbull has been providing technical assistance in the development of the [[Hulme F1]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.hulmesupercars.com/people/1006/bruce-turnbull/ Bruce Turnbull] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707171243/http://www.hulmesupercars.com/people/1006/bruce-turnbull/ |date=2020-07-07 }}, retrieved 8 January 2016&lt;/ref&gt; Since 2002 Sakers are being built and designed in [[Etten-Leur, Netherlands]] by Saker Sportscars B.V.

==Models==
The Saker SV1 was the first model of the car, entering limited production in 1992.&lt;ref name=SS03&gt;{{cite book | ref = SS03 | title = Katalog Samochody Świata 2003 | trans-title = World Car Catalogue 2003 | editor-first = Eligiusz | editor-last = Mazur | publisher = Print Shops Prego - Polska Sp. z o.o. | location = Warsaw, Poland | page = 219 | date = 2002 | issn = 1234-8198 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The car was road legal and regularly used for touring and competition. The SV1 was designed to be powered by a variety of engines, including V8 and V6. They were sold in the [[UK]], [[Japan]] and [[New Zealand]].

In 1999 Turnbull introduced the Saker SVS GT and SVS Sprint. The Sprint was an open-top version. These model features updated chassis and mechanics. The main changes were to the space-frame chassis, which was stretched by about {{convert|100|mm|in|abbr=on}} to allow it to accept a wider range of engines.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160505172644/http://www.constructorscarclub.org.nz/index.php?page=SakerSV1-Woodfield | archivedate = 2016-05-05 | url = http://www.constructorscarclub.org.nz/index.php?page=SakerSV1-Woodfield | title = Saker SV1 | first = Paul | last = Woodford | work = Constructors Car Club }}&lt;/ref&gt; The most common engine used was the [[Subaru]] Impreza WRX turbo flat-four with a converted transaxle for rear-wheel-drive, although Subaru flat-sixes could also be fitted. Both the GT and Sprint were manufactured in the Netherlands, though there was a dispute over the licensing{{clarify|date=February 2019}}.

A small number, as few as three, of race-only Saker GTs were also manufactured under license in the USA.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} One road-going Saker SVS was imported from New Zealand into the US in 2004. It was fitted with a Lexus 1UZ-FE 4.0-liter V8 engine mated to a Renault UN1 5-speed Transaxle. Since then it has been modified to accept a highly tuned Chevy LS6 5.7L V8, that produces almost 500bhp, mated to an Audi 01E (DQS variant) 6-speed transaxle. At the time of the engine change the owner also modified the body, headlights, tail lights, and front bumper/splitter to make the car look more modern.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}

==Netherlands==
[[File:Saker GT (front quarter).jpg|thumb|right|250px|Saker GT at the 2011 [[AutoRAI|Amsterdam International Motor Show]]]]
[[File:Sakers.jpg|thumb|right|250px|RapX and Sniper]]

In 2002 Huub Vermeulen ([[Dutch National Racing Team|DNRT]]) and Robbert Visser were wanting to make an affordable racing car. Bruce Turnbull's Saker appeared to meet that need. The rights to manufacture the cars were purchased and Saker Sportscars was founded in the Netherlands. The company is now run by Herbert Boender with the support of the Meyer brothers, Laurens{{who|date=February 2019}} and Gerrit{{who|date=February 2019}}.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}

Both the Saker GT and Sprint are still made by Saker Sportscars. In 2010 two new versions were added to the range, the RapX and the Sniper. However, the specifications remain the same as the GT and Sprint with only the bodywork changing.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}

===Sports car racing===
[[File:Saker GT-TDI.JPG|thumb|240px|left|GT racing]]
[[File:ALPRacingSaker.JPG|thumb|240px|left|A Saker RAPX competing in the Britcar Endurance Championship]]
The Saker Sportscar Challenge was founded in 2004 allowing Saker drivers to compete against each other under the banner of the DNRT. The Saker Sportscar Challenge was one of the top of amateur racing classes in the Netherlands. The series races were held at [[Circuit Park Zandvoort]], [[TT Circuit Assen]], [[Spa-Francorchamps]] and [[Brands Hatch]]. The final race of the season took place in late October at Circuit Park Zandvoort. Judging by the series' website, the last full season of the Saker Challenge was 2013.&lt;ref name=SC2015&gt;{{cite web | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150222084741/http://sakerchallenge.nl/results | archivedate = 2015-02-22 | url = http://sakerchallenge.nl/results | title = Raceverslagen | trans-title = Results | work = Saker Challenge | publisher = divinet.nl bv | language = Dutch }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alan Purbrick and David Brise have competed in the Britcar Endurance Championship driving a Saker RAPX for three years, achieving a race victory at the end of the 2018 season.

Along with the Saker Sportscar Challenge, Sakers also compete elsewhere. Sakers have raced for several years in the [[24 Hours of Dubai]] and achieved a class victory in the [[24 Hours of Barcelona]].{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Car manufacturers of New Zealand]]
[[Category:New Zealand brands]]
[[Category:Dutch racecar constructors]]&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Saker Cars]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Saker Cars/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="23855" xml:space="preserve">'''Todd Merlin Compton''' (born 1952) is an [[United States|American]] [[historian]] in the fields of [[Mormon history]] and [[Classics]]. Compton is a respected authority on [[List of Joseph Smith's wives|the plural wives of the LDS Church founder, Joseph Smith]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Comparing Mormon founder, FLDS leader on polygamy | website=The Salt Lake Tribune | date=2020-03-06 | url=https://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=52371806&amp;itype=CMSID | access-date=2020-07-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Biographical background ==
Compton is a member of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]&lt;ref name=Smith&gt;Smith, Julie M. &quot;An Interview with Todd Compton&quot;. http://www.timesandseasons.org/?p=2826. Accessed 1 November 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; who lived for a number of years in [[Santa Monica, California]].&lt;ref name=Sign/&gt;  He has served an [[Missionary (LDS Church)|LDS mission]] to [[Latter-day Saint movement in Ireland|Ireland]].&lt;ref&gt;*{{cite journal|first=Todd|last=Compton|title=Counter-Hierarchical Revelation|journal=[[Sunstone Magazine]]|volume=15|issue=2|date=June 1991|pages=34–41|format=[[PDF]]|url=https://www.sunstonemagazine.com/pdf/082-34-41.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;  He studied [[violin]] with [[Richard Nibley]]&lt;ref name=Smith/&gt; and has played electric violin with singer-songwriter Mark Davis.&lt;ref name=Sign/&gt;  In 1982 he completed a [[Master of Arts|master's degree]] from [[Brigham Young University]].  He later received a [[Ph.D.]] from [[UCLA]] in [[Classics]] (concentrating on [[Greek mythology|Greek]] and [[Indo-European mythology]]) which he taught for a year at [[University of Southern California|USC]].&lt;ref name=Smith/&gt;  He also taught at UCLA and [[California State University, Northridge]].  He has been an independent researcher since 1993, drawing a regular income by working as an ADS specialist for a law office.&lt;ref name=Smith/&gt;

Compton began his serious work in Mormon history as a Visiting Fellow at [[the Huntington Library]] studying the journals of [[Eliza R. Snow]].  He found that his [[Classics]] background helped his Mormon history work by teaching him respect for these primary documents.&lt;ref name=Smith/&gt;  While researching, and trying to note people identified in Snow's journals, Compton found that he needed a good list of [[Joseph Smith, Jr.|Joseph Smith]]'s plural wives.  Not finding one, he began researching his own list, which eventually grew into his 1997 book, ''In Sacred Loneliness: The Plural Wives of Joseph Smith''.

== Publications ==
Compton's notable works include ''In Sacred Loneliness: The Plural Wives of Joseph Smith'', which was awarded the Best Book Award from both the [[John Whitmer Historical Association]] and the [[Mormon History Association]].&lt;ref name=Sign&gt;{{cite web|title=In Sacred Loneliness: The Plural Wives of Joseph Smith (publisher's site)|url=http://www.signaturebooks.com/insacred.htm|publisher=[[Signature Books]]|accessdate=2008-07-14 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080316161600/http://signaturebooks.com/insacred.htm &lt;!-- Bot retrieved archive --&gt; |archivedate = 2008-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The Mormon History Association also awarded him the 2002 Best Documentary Award for his and Charles Hatch's book ''A Widow's Tale, The 1884-1886 Diary of Helen Mar Kimball Whitney'', and the 1996 Award of Excellence for his article &quot;A Trajectory of Plurality: An Overview of Joseph Smith's Thirty Three Plural Wives&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=MHA Awards|publisher=[[Mormon History Association]]|year=2006|url=http://www.mhahome.org/awards/07_Awards.pdf|accessdate=2008-07-14|format=PDF|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213160031/http://www.mhahome.org/awards/07_Awards.pdf|archivedate=2012-02-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Compton has contributed publications to the [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies]] (FARMS), including articles in ''FARMS Review of Books'' and ''Journal of Book of Mormon Studies'' and as an editor of the 1987 edition of [[Hugh Nibley]]'s ''Mormonism and Early Christianity''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Todd M. Compton|work=Authors|publisher=[[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies]]|url=http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/viewauthor.php?authorID=91|accessdate=2008-07-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;  He has also been published in ''The [[Encyclopedia of Mormonism]]'', ''Women and Authority: Re-emerging Mormon Feminism'', ''[[American Journal of Philology]]'', ''[[Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought]]'', ''[[Sunstone Magazine]]'', ''Classical Quarterly'', and the ''[[Journal of Popular Culture]]''.&lt;ref name=Sign/&gt;

From 1993–1998, Compton served on the Editorial Board for the periodical ''[[Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Editorial Board|pages=Inside Front Cover b|journal=[[Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought]]|volume=26|issue=1|date=Spring 1993|url=http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/dialogue,22645|accessdate=2008-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Editorial Board|pages=Inside Front Cover|journal=[[Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought]]|volume=31|issue=4|date=Winter 1998|url=http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/dialogue,8059|accessdate=2008-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Starting in 2004, Compton returned to work at ''Dialogue'', this time as the editorial staff's History Editor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Editor|pages=Inside Front Cover|journal=[[Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought]]|volume=37|issue=1|date=Spring 2004|url=http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/dialogue,33352|accessdate=2008-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Editorial Staff|work=[[Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought]]|publisher=Dialogue Foundation|url=http://www.dialoguejournal.com/staff/|accessdate=2008-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Compton has also served on the Board of Editors for the ''[[Journal of Mormon History]]'' since 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Board of Editors|journal=[[Journal of Mormon History]]|volume=26|issue=1|date=Spring 2000|pages=iii|url=http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/jmh,13256|accessdate=2008-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Staff of the Journal of Mormon History|work=[[Journal of Mormon History]]|publisher=[[Mormon History Association]]|url=http://www.mhahome.org/pubs/|accessdate=2008-07-29|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212034906/http://www.mhahome.org/pubs/|archivedate=2008-02-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Compton's biography of [[Jacob Hamblin]], ''A Frontier Life: Jacob Hamblin, Explorer and Indian Missionary'', was published by the [[University of Utah]] Press in September, 2013. {{citation span|It has received the Juanita Brooks Prize in Mormon Studies, the Mormon History Association's Best Biography award, the John Whitmer Historical Association's Best Biography award, The Evans Biography Award from the Mountain West Center for Regional Studies, and the Francis Armstrong Madsen Best Utah History Book Award from the Utah State Historical Society.|date=January 2015}} His article, &quot;'In &amp; through the roughefist country it has ever been my lot to travel'&quot;: Jacob Hamblin's 1858 Expedition Across the Colorado,&quot; (''Utah Historical Quarterly'', Winter 2012) received the Dale L. Morgan Award from the Utah State Historical Society.

In May 2017, through his company Pahreah Press, Compton published a book on the songwriting of the [[Beatles]], titled ''Who Wrote the Beatle Songs? A History of Lennon-McCartney''.

== Works ==
{{Overly detailed|section|date=July 2020}}
;Books
{{ref begin}}
*{{cite book
 | first      = Hugh W. | last = Nibley
 | authorlink = Hugh Nibley
 |editor1= Todd Compton |editor2=[[Stephen D. Ricks]]
  | title      = Mormonism and Early Christianity
 | year       = 1987
 | publisher  = [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies]]
 | series     = The Collected Works of Hugh Nibley
 | volume     = 4
 | location   = Salt Lake City
 | isbn       = 0-87579-127-1
 | url        = http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/books/?bookid=55
 }}
*{{cite book
 | author     = Compton, Todd M.
 | title      = In Sacred Loneliness: The Plural Wives of Joseph Smith
 | publisher  = [[Signature Books]]
 | year       = 1997
 | location   = Salt Lake City
 | isbn       = 1-56085-085-X
 }}
*{{cite book
 | author     = Whitney, Helen Mar
 |editor= Todd M. Compton |editor2=Charles M. Hatch  
 | title      = A Widow’s Tale: The 1884-1896 Diary of Helen Mar Whitney
 | publisher  = [[Utah State University Press]]
 | series     = Life Writings of Frontier Women
 | volume     = 6
 | year       = 2003
 | location   = Logan, Utah
 | isbn       = 0-87421-557-9
 }}
*{{cite book
 | author     = Compton, Todd M.
 | title      = Victim of The Muses: Poet as Scapegoat, Warrior and Hero in Greco-Roman and Indo-European Myth and History
 | publisher  = [[Center for Hellenic Studies]], Trustees for Harvard University
 | year       = 2006
 | location   = Washington, D.C.
 | isbn       = 0-674-01958-X
 }}
*{{cite book
 | author     = Gentry, Leland Homer
 |author2=Todd M. Compton
 | title      = Fire and Sword: A History of the Latter-day Saints in Northern Missouri, 1836-39
 | publisher  = Greg Kofford Books
 | year       = 2011
 | location   = Salt Lake City, Utah
 | isbn       = 978-1-58958-120-3
 }}
*{{cite book
 | author     = Compton, Todd M.
 | title      = A Frontier Life: Jacob Hamblin, Explorer and Indian Missionary
 | publisher  = University of Utah Press
 | year       = 2013
 | location   = Salt Lake City, Utah
 | isbn       = 
 }}
*{{cite book
 | author     = Compton, Todd M. 
 | title      = Who Wrote the Beatle Songs? A History of Lennon-McCartney
 | publisher  = Pahreah Press
 | year       = 2017
 | location   = San Jose, California
 | isbn       = 978-0-9988997-0-1
 }}
*{{cite book
 | author     = Compton, Todd M., ed. 
 | title      = The Ethics of the Uncanny: An Anthology of Great Ghost Stories
 | publisher  = Pahreah Press
 | year       = 2018
 | location   = San Jose, California
 | isbn       = 978-0-9988997-3-2
 }}
{{ref end}}

;Chapters
{{ref begin}}
*{{cite book
 | author     = ——
 | chapter    = Apostasy
 | title      = [[Encyclopedia of Mormonism]]
 | volume     = 1
 | editor     = [[Daniel H. Ludlow]]
 | publisher  = [[Macmillan Publishers (United States)|Macmillan]]
 | location   = New York
 | year       = 1992
 | isbn       = 0-02-879600-4
 | pages      = 56–58
 | chapter-url= http://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Apostasy
 }}
*{{cite book
 | author     = ——
 | chapter    = Symbolism
 | title      = [[Encyclopedia of Mormonism]]
 | volume     = 3
 | editor     = [[Daniel H. Ludlow]]
 | publisher  = [[Macmillan Publishers (United States)|Macmillan]]
 | location   = New York
 | year       = 1992
 | isbn       = 0-02-879602-0
 | pages      = 1428–30
 | chapter-url= http://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Symbolism
 }}
*{{cite book
 | author     = ——
 | chapter    = Fawn Brodie on Joseph Smith's Plural Wives and Polygamy: A Critical View
 | title      = Reconsidering 'No Man Knows My History': Fawn M. Brodie and Joseph Smith in Retrospect
 | url     = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780874212143
 | url-access = registration
 | editor     = Newell G. Bringhurst
 | publisher  = [[Utah State University Press]]
 | location   = Logan
 | year       = 1996
 | isbn       = 0-87421-214-6
 }}
*{{cite book
 | author     = ——
 | chapter    = Foreword
 | title      = Joseph Smith's Quorum of the Anointed, 1842-1845
 | editor1-first = Devery S. |editor1-last= Anderson |editor2-first= Gary James |editor2-last= Bergera 
 | publisher  = [[Signature Books]]
 | year       = 2005
 | location   = Salt Lake City
 | isbn       = 1-56085-186-4
 | oclc       = 57965858 
 }}
*{{cite book
 | author     = ——
 | chapter    = Plural Accidents: Writing In Sacred Loneliness
 | title      = Writing Mormon History: Historians and Their Books
 | editor     = Joseph W. Geisner
 | publisher  = [[Signature Books]]
 | location   = Salt Lake City
 | year       = 2020
 | isbn       = 9781560852810
 }}
{{ref end}}

;Articles and papers
{{ref begin}}
*{{cite journal
 | author     = Compton, Todd M.
 | title      = The Homeric roots of Virgil's Elysium, and Notes on the manuscript Montpellier 360 of Sallust
 | publisher  = Dept. of Humanities, Classics, and Comparative Literature, [[Brigham Young University]]
 | location   = Provo, UT
 | year       = 1982
 | series     = Master's thesis
 }}
*{{cite journal
 | author     = ——
 | title      = The Exile of the Poet: Bardic Expulsion and Death in the Archaic Greek and Indo-European Traditions
 | publisher  = [[University of California, Los Angeles]]
 | year       = 1988
 | series     = Doctoral thesis
 }}
*{{cite journal
 | doi        = 10.1111/j.0022-3840.1988.2202_99.x
 | author     = ——
 | title      = McCartney or Lennon?: Beatle Myths and the Composing of the Lennon-McCartney Songs
 | journal    = [[The Journal of Popular Culture]]
 | volume     = 22
 | issue      = 2
 | year       = 1988
 | pages      = 99–131
 }}
*{{cite journal
 | doi        = 10.1017/S0009838800043160
 | author     = ——
 | title      = What Are the Tornoi in ''Philebus'' 51C?
 | journal    = The Classical Quarterly
 | volume     = 40
 | issue      = 2
 | year       = 1990
 | pages      = 549–552
 | jstor        = 639118
 }}
*{{cite journal
 | author     = ——
 | title      = The Trial of the Satirist: Poetic Vitae (Aesop, Archilochus, Homer) as Background for Plato's Apology
 | journal    = [[American Journal of Philology]]
 | volume     = 111
 | issue      = 3
 | date       = Autumn 1990
 | pages      = 330–347
 | jstor        = 295155
 }}
*{{cite book
 | author     = ——
 | chapter    = The Handclasp and Embrace as Tokens of Recognition
 | title      = By Study and Also by Faith, Volume 1: Essays in Honor of Hugh W. Nibley on the Occasion of His Eightieth Birthday
 | editor     = John M. Lundquist, [[Stephen D. Ricks]]
 | publisher  = [[Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies]]
 | location   = Salt Lake City
 | year       = 1990
 | pages      = 611–42
 | isbn       = 0-87579-339-8
 | url        = http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/books/?bookid=108&amp;chapid=1249
 }}
*{{cite journal
 | author     = ——
 | title      = Counter-Hierarchical Revelation
 | journal    = [[Sunstone Magazine|Sunstone]]
 | volume     = 15
 | issue      = 2
 | date       = June 1991
 | pages      = 34–41
 | format     = [[PDF]]
 | url        = https://www.sunstonemagazine.com/pdf/082-34-41.pdf
 }}
*{{cite book
 | author     = ——
 | chapter    = Non-Hierarchical Revelation
 | title      = Women and Authority: Re-emerging Mormon Feminism
 | editor     = Maxine Hanks
 | publisher  = [[Signature Books]]
 | location   = Salt Lake City
 | year       = 1992
 | isbn       = 1-56085-014-0
 | url        = http://www.signaturebookslibrary.org/women/chapter7.htm#Revelation
 }}
*{{cite journal
 | author     = ——
 | title      = The Spirituality of the Outcast in the Book of Mormon
 | journal    = [[Journal of Book of Mormon Studies]]
 | volume     = 2
 | issue      = 1
 | date       = Spring 1993
 | pages      = 139–60
 | url        = http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/jbms/?vol=2&amp;num=1&amp;id=24
 }}
*{{cite journal
 |author      = ——
 |title       = Fanny Alger Smith Custer, Mormonism's First Plural Wife?
 |journal     = [[Journal of Mormon History]]
 |volume      = 22
 |issue       = 1
 |date        = Spring 1996
 |pages       = 172–205
 |url         = http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/jmh,18163
 |url-status     = dead
 |archiveurl  = https://web.archive.org/web/20081221184953/http://content.lib.utah.edu/u/?%2Fjmh%2C18163
 |archivedate = 2008-12-21
}}
*{{cite journal
 | author     = ——
 | title      = A Trajectory of Plurality: An Overview of Joseph Smith's Thirty-three Plural Wives
 | journal    = [[Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought]]
 | volume     = 29
 | issue      = 2
 | date       = Summer 1996
 | pages      = 1–38
 | url        = http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/dialogue,11268
 }}
*{{cite journal
 | author     = ——
 | title      = Christian Scholarship and the Book of Mormon
 | journal    = [[Sunstone Magazine|Sunstone]]
 | volume     = 20
 | issue      = 3
 | date       = September 1996
 | pages      = 74–81
 | format     = [[PDF]]
 | url        = https://www.sunstonemagazine.com/pdf/103-74-81.pdf
 }}
*{{cite journal
 | author     = ——
 | title      = Heaven and Hell: The Parable of the Loving Father and the Judgmental Son
 | journal    = [[Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought]]
 | volume     = 29
 | issue      = 4
 | date       = Winter 1996
 | pages      = 31–44
 | url        = http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/dialogue,11061
 }}
*{{cite journal
 | author     = ——
 | title      = In Sacred Loneliness: An Introduction and Some RLDS Portraits
 | journal    = [[John Whitmer Historical Association Journal]]
 | volume     = 19
 | year       = 1999
 | pages      = 62–78
 }}
*{{cite journal
 | author     = ——
 | title      = Thoughts on the Possibility of an Open Temple
 | journal    = [[Sunstone Magazine|Sunstone]]
 | volume     = 23
 | issue      = 1
 | date       = March 1999
 | pages      = 42–9
 | format     = [[PDF]]
 | url        = https://www.sunstonemagazine.com/pdf/113-41-49.pdf
 }}
*{{cite journal
 | author     = ——
 | title      = &quot;Remember Me in My Affliction&quot;: Louisa Beaman Young and Eliza R. Snow Letters, 1849
 | journal    = [[Journal of Mormon History]]
 | volume     = 25
 | issue      = 2
 | date       = Fall 1999
 | pages      = 46–69
 | url        = http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/jmh,11476
 }}
*{{cite journal
 | author     = ——
 | title      = Was Jesus a Feminist?
 | journal    = [[Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought]]
 | volume     = 32
 | issue      = 4
 | date       = Winter 1999
 | pages      = 1–17
 | url        = http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/dialogue,7853
 }}
*{{cite journal
 | author     = ——
 | title      = The Spiritual Roots of the Democratic Party: Why I Am a Mormon Democrat
 | publisher  = Sunstone Symposium
 | date       = Summer 2001
 | url        = http://toddmcompton.com/Democratic_speech.htm
}}
*{{cite journal
 | author     = ——
 | title      = John Willard Young, Brigham Young, and the Development of Presidential Succession in the LDS Church
 | journal    = [[Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought]]
 | volume     = 35
 | issue      = 4
 | date       = Winter 2002
 | pages      = 111–34
 | url        = http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/dialogue,28022
 }}
*{{cite journal
 | author     = ——
 | title      = &quot;Kingdom of Priests&quot;: Priesthood, Temple, and Women in the Old Testament and in the Restoration
 | journal    = [[Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought]]
 | volume     = 36
 | issue      = 3
 | date       = Fall 2003
 | pages      = 41–59
 | url        = http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/dialogue,29103
 }}
*{{cite book
 | author     = ——
 | chapter    = The New Mormon Women's History
 | title      = Excavating Mormon Pasts: The New Historiography of the Last Half Century
 |editor= Newell G. Bringhurst |editor2=[[Lavina Fielding Anderson]]
 | year       = 2004
 | publisher  = Greg Kofford Books
 | location   = Salt Lake City
 | pages      = 273–302
 | isbn       = 1-58958-091-5
 }}
*{{cite journal
 | author     = ——
 | title      = Civilizing the Ragged Edge: The Wives of Jacob Hamblin
 | journal    = [[Journal of Mormon History]]
 | date       = Summer 2007
 | volume     = 33
 | issue      = 2
 | pages      = 155–98
 }}
*{{cite journal
 | author     = ——
 | title      = A Playwright with a Passion for Unvarnished Depictions: An Interview with Tom Rogers
 | journal    = [[Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought]]
 | volume     = 41
 | issue      = 1
 | date       = Spring 2008
 | pages      = 67–90
 | url        = https://dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/Dialogue_V41N01_77.pdf
 }}
*{{cite journal
 | author     = ——
 | title      = Becoming a &quot;Messenger of Peace&quot;: Jacob Hamblin in Tooele
 | journal    = [[Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought]]
 | volume     = 42
 | issue      = 1
 | date       = Spring 2009
 | pages      = 1–29
 }}
*{{cite journal
 |author  = ——
 |title   = The Big Washout: The 1862 Flood in Santa Clara
 |journal = Utah Historical Quarterly
 |volume  = 77
 |issue   = 2
 |date    = Spring 2009
 |pages   = 108–125
 |url     = http://utah.ptfs.com/awweb/guest.jsp?smd=1&amp;cl=all_lib&amp;lb_document_id=22760
}}{{Dead link|date=August 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*{{cite book
 | author     = ——
 | chapter    = Early Marriage in the New England and Northeastern States, and in Mormon Polygamy: What Was the Norm?
 | title      = The Persistence of Polygamy: Joseph Smith and the Origins of Mormon Polygamy
 |editor= Newell G. Bringhurst |editor2=Craig L. Foster
 | publisher  = [[John Whitmer Books]]
 | year       = 2010
 | location   = Independence, Missouri
 | isbn       = 978-1-934901-13-7
 }}
*{{cite journal
 | author     = ——
 | title      = &quot;In &amp; through the roughefist country it has ever been my lot to travel&quot;: Jacob Hamblin's 1858 Expedition Across the Colorado
 | journal    = Utah Historical Quarterly
 | volume     = 80
 | issue      = 1
 | date       = Winter 2012
 | pages      = 4–21
 | url        = 
 }}
*{{cite journal
 | author     = ——
 | title      = Mitt Romney's Polygamous Heritage
 | journal    = personal website
 | volume     = 
 | issue      = 
 | date       = May 2012
 | pages      = 
 | url        = http://toddmcompton.com/romney_plural_lives.htm
 }}
*{{cite book
 | author     = ——
 | chapter    = 'The Lord Alone Knows How Deep the Sorrow Has Been in My Heart' MARY MINERVA DART JUDD (1838-1909)
 | title      = Women of Faith in the Latter Days, Volume Two, 1821-1845
 |editor= Richard E. Turley |editor2=Brittany A. Chapman
 | year       = 2012
 | publisher  = Deseret Book
 | location   = Salt Lake City
 | pages      = 167–82
 | isbn       = 
 }}
*{{cite journal
 | author     = ——
 | title      = Conquering the Black Ridge: The Communitarian Road in Pioneer Utah
 | journal    = Utah Historical Quarterly
 | volume     = 82
 | issue      = 3
 | date       = Summer 2014
 | pages      = 220–32
 | url        = 
 }}
*{{cite book
 | author     = ——
 | title      = Slickrock Missions:  Jacob Hamblin's Communitarian Expeditions across the Colorado
 | publisher  = Dixie State University
 | year       = 2015
 | location   = St. George, Utah
 | isbn       = 
 | url        = https://library.dixie.edu/special_collections/Juanita_Brooks_lectures/2015.pdf

 }}
*{{cite journal
 | author     = ——
 | title      = Infinite Canons: A Few Axioms and Questions, and in Addition, a Proposed Definition
 | journal    = personal website
 | volume     = 
 | issue      = 
 | date       = 2015
 | pages      = 
 | url        = http://toddmcompton.com/infinitecanonsprint.htm
 }}
{{ref end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.toddmcompton.com  Todd Compton's Home Page]
* {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n96-42666}}
* Audio of interview by [[John Dehlin]] for ''[[Mormon Stories]]'' [[podcast]]: [http://mormonstories.org/?p=65 Part 1], [http://mormonstories.org/?p=66 Part 2 and Part 3]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Compton, Todd}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Mormon missionaries]]
[[Category:American classical scholars]]
[[Category:21st-century American historians]]
[[Category:American Latter Day Saint writers]]
[[Category:American Mormon missionaries in Ireland]]
[[Category:Brigham Young University alumni]]
[[Category:Historians of the Latter Day Saint movement]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Mormon studies]]
[[Category:University of California, Los Angeles alumni]]
[[Category:Latter Day Saints from Utah]]
[[Category:Latter Day Saints from California]]
&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Todd Compton]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Todd Compton/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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| image                = Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2012 title card.png
| alt_name          = Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ''{{small|(season 5)}}
| caption              = 
| genre                = &lt;!--Genre must be sourced per Template:Infobox television instructions--&gt; [[Action (genre)|Action]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Comedy]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/61255/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-2012-enter-shredder/|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012): Enter Shredder|work=DVD Talk|accessdate=April 25, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| based_on             = [[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles]]&lt;br /&gt;by [[Kevin Eastman]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Peter Laird]]
| developer            = Ciro Nieli&lt;br /&gt;[[Joshua Sternin]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Jennifer Ventimilia|J. R. Ventimilia]]
| voices               = {{plainlist |
* [[Jason Biggs]] &lt;small&gt;(seasons 1–2)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seth Green]] &lt;small&gt;(seasons 3–5)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rob Paulsen]]
* [[Sean Astin]]
* [[Greg Cipes]]
* [[Hoon Lee]]
* [[Mae Whitman]]
* [[Kevin Michael Richardson]]
* [[Josh Peck]]
* [[Kelly Hu]]
* [[Nolan North]]
* [[Clancy Brown]]
* Christian Lanz
* [[Phil LaMarr]]
* [[Eric Bauza]]
* [[Fred Tatasciore]]
* [[J. B. Smoove]]
* [[David Tennant]]
* [[Gwendoline Yeo]]
}}
| opentheme            = &quot;Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles&quot;
| endtheme             = &quot;Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles&quot; (instrumental)
| theme_music_composer = [[Sebastian Evans (composer)|Sebastian Evans II]]&lt;br /&gt;Stan Martinez
| composer             = Sebastian Evans II&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://patch.com/california/hollywood/turtle-power-interview-sebastian-evans-composer-tmnt-nickelodeon|title=Turtle Power: Interview With Sebastian Evans, Composer of TMNT on Nickelodeon!|publisher=Hollywood Patch|language=English|author=Giorgio Chang|date=7 March 2017|accessdate=26 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.denofgeek.com/uk/tv/sebastian-evans/47928/sebastian-evans-interview-scoring-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles|title=Sebastian Evans interview: scoring Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles|publisher=Den of Geek|language=English|author=Matt Edwards|date=5 April 2017|accessdate=26 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| country              = United States
| language             = English
| num_seasons          = 5&lt;!--Per WikiProject Television consensus, seasons are incremented when episodes from that season air.--&gt;
| num_episodes         = 124&lt;!--Per WikiProject Television consensus, episodes are incremented either when episodes air, or when they are confirmed to have been produced.--&gt;
| list_episodes        = List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series) episodes
| executive_producer   = {{plainlist |
* Joshua Sternin
* J. R. Ventimilia
* Peter Hastings
* Ciro Nieli
* Brandon Auman
}}
| producer             = {{plainlist |
* MacGregor Middleton
}}
| runtime              = 22 minutes
| company              = [[Nickelodeon Animation Studio]]
| distributor          = [[Viacom Media Networks]]
| network              = [[Nickelodeon]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Nicktoons (United States)|Nicktoons]] (episodes 115-121)
|picture_format        = [[480i]] [[NTSC]]&lt;br /&gt; [[1080i]] [[HDTV]]
| first_aired          = {{Start date|2012|9|28}}&lt;ref&gt;http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles/listings/&lt;/ref&gt;
| last_aired           = {{End date|2017|11|12}}
| preceded_by          = [[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2003 TV series)|''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles'' (2003 TV series)]]
| followed_by          = ''[[Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles]]''
| website              = http://www.nick.com/ninja-turtles/
}}
'''''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles''''' (also known as '''''Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles''''' for its fifth season) is an American [[3D rendering|3D rendered]] [[computer animation|computer animated]] television series based on the [[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles|fictional superhero team]]. It aired on [[Nickelodeon]] in the United States from September 28, 2012 to November 12, 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;premiere date&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://insidetv.ew.com/2012/07/06/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-premiere-date-exclusive/ |title=Nickelodeon sets premiere date for 'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles' -- EXCLUSIVE |first=Tanner |last=Stransky |date=July 6, 2012 |publisher=Entertainment Weekly |accessdate=July 6, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was produced by [[Nickelodeon Animation Studio]]&lt;ref name=&quot;premiere date&quot; /&gt; and [[Bardel Entertainment]],&lt;ref&gt;https://bardel.ca/project/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles/&lt;/ref&gt; which handled [[traditional animation#Layout|layout]] and CG animation services. The series begins with the turtles emerging from their sewer home for the first time. They use their ninjutsu training to fight enemies in present-day [[New York City]].

The series was first announced in October 2009, following the news that Nickelodeon's parent company [[Viacom (2005–2019)|Viacom]] had acquired the rights to the ''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles'' franchise. The show was created to reach a core audience of boys aged 6 to 11; it was one half of Nickelodeon's strategy to reboot two established brands for new viewers, coinciding with Nickelodeon Animation Studio's development of new ''[[Winx Club]]'' episodes for girls. In 2011, it was revealed that the show's creative team would be led by designer Ciro Nieli and writers [[Jennifer Ventimilia|J.{{nbsp}}R.{{nbsp}}Ventimilia]] and [[Joshua Sternin]].

During the months leading to its premiere, Nickelodeon and [[Playmates Toys]] released lines of merchandise featuring the new character designs. The two-part premiere took place on September 28, 2012 and September 29, 2012, reaching 3.9 million viewers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cartoonbrew.com/biz/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-make-a-triumphant-return-to-tv-nick-announces-season-2-pick-up-70904.html|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Make a Triumphant Return to TV - Nick Announces Season 2 Pick Up|date=October 3, 2012|website=[[Cartoon Brew]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The debut ratings were the highest for a Nickelodeon animated series since 2009, leading to a second season pickup in October. Three more seasons followed; the fifth and final season was rebranded as ''Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles'' and did not fully air on Nickelodeon, as episodes 115-121 premiered exclusively on its sister channel [[Nicktoons (American TV channel)|Nicktoons]].

The series was succeeded by ''[[Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles]]'' in July 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2017/tv/news/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-reboot-2d-1202000951/|title=‘Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles’ CG Animated Series Gets 2D Reboot at Nickelodeon|publisher=Variety|quote=The CG series will air one last season starting Sunday, March 19.|date=March 2, 2017|accessdate=March 3, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.teenagemutantninjaturtles.com/2018/01/01/rob-paulsen-release-rise-tmnt/|title=Rob Paulsen Reveals Release Date for Rise of the TMNT|publisher=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles|language=English|author=Justin Wren|date=1 January 2018|accessdate=2 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Plot==
===Season 1===
{{main|Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012  TV series, season 1)}}
[[Ninjutsu]] master [[Hamato Yoshi]] ([[Splinter (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)|Splinter]]) is carrying his four pet turtles through the streets of [[Manhattan]] when he encounters members of an alien race called the Kraang. During an altercation with these aliens, Yoshi and the turtles are exposed to the Kraang's chemical, called [[mutagen]], which causes organic beings to undergo major physical transformations. Yoshi takes on characteristics of a brown rat and the turtles take on human characteristics. Yoshi retreats to the [[New York City water supply system|New York City sewers]] where he raises the four turtles as his sons and imparts to them his knowledge of ninjutsu.

Now teenagers, the turtles ([[Leonardo (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)|Leonardo]], [[Raphael (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)|Raphael]], [[Donatello (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)|Donatello]] and [[Michelangelo (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)|Michelangelo]]) venture to the surface for the first time and learn that the Kraang are using the mutagen as part of their plan to take over New York City. They befriend the teenage [[April O'Neil]] after she and her psychologist father Kirby are abducted by the Kraang. Donatello, who has developed a crush on April, is able to rescue her. While Kirby remains a prisoner of the Kraang, April becomes an ally of the turtles, who try to help her locate her father. April is also trained by Splinter to be a [[kunoichi]], a female ninja.

After learning of Splinter's and the turtles's presence in New York, Splinter's adoptive brother and long-time enemy Oroku Saki ([[Shredder (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)|Shredder]]) travels there from [[Japan]] and orders his birth clan, [[Foot Clan|the Foot]] to track down Splinter and his sons, and put an end to their clan. This family feud eventually earns the coincidence of two of Shredder's disciples, martial arts star Chris Bradford and Brazilian street thug Xever Montes, getting mutated into [[Tokka and Rahzar|Dogpound (later Rahzar)]] and Fishface. Learning about the Kraang's presence through his adopted daughter [[Karai (character)|Karai]], Shredder enters an alliance with the aliens to destroy their mutual enemies in the Hamato Clan.

The turtles later discover that the Kraang came to [[Earth]] from [[Dimension X (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)|Dimension X]] and built their headquarters with a company called TCRI and are plotting to use the mutagen and a set of Kraang-like powers that April was born with to convert Earth into a planet suitable for their race. After the turtles rescue Kirby, the Kraang invade New York, but the turtles and April emerge triumphant when they send the [[Technodrome]], the Kraang leader Kraang Prime's ship, crashing into the sea. Meanwhile, Splinter battles Shredder and learns that Karai is his own daughter, Hamato Miwa, who was kidnapped by Shredder and who believes that Splinter killed her mother. The season ends with the turtles celebrating their victory over the Kraang as Splinter hides the secret of Miwa from them.

===Season 2===
{{main|Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series, season 2)}}
The turtles struggle to contain an outbreak of mutations that occurs thanks to the leftover mutagen from the thwarted Kraang invasion. Kirby is among the victims of the outbreak, and a misunderstanding leads April to become very upset and ashamed of the turtles and break off their friendship. However, the turtles are able to earn her forgiveness when they save her from Karai, who has taken temporary command of the Foot while the Shredder is away in Japan. Along with April came her new friend [[Casey Jones (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)|Casey Jones]], who helps repel an assault on the turtles' lair. Kirby is eventually restored to his human form when Donatello manages to concoct another Kraang chemical called [[Antimutagen|retro-mutagen]], which causes organic beings to reverse their major physical transformations, and help keep it away from former T.C.R.I inventor [[Baxter Stockman]], who gets mutated into Stockman-Fly while under Shredder's employ.

Meanwhile, Shredder returns from Japan with the mutated Japanese bounty hunter Tiger Claw as his new second-in-command. Tiger Claw is later sent through a portal to the [[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 TV series)|1987–1996 animated series reality]], but later returns to the 2012 reality.

During a battle with the turtles, Karai is informed of her true nature by Leonardo (who has developed a crush on her since season 1), but she is too reluctant to accept it. When she is taken to the lair, she finally realizes the truth and disowns Shredder, who responds by imprisoning her. Repeated attempts to free Karai ultimately succeed, but Shredder captures her again and uses her as bait to kill the Hamato Clan. However, Karai ends up transforming into an albino horned viper, to everyone's horror.

In response to this, Shredder has the Foot Clan help the Kraang, who have just perfected the previously unstable mutagen, launch a second invasion of New York, starting by destroying the turtles' lair and forcing them to abandon it. The Kraang begin mutating New York's populace, including Kirby, despite the efforts of Earth's military and the turtles. Leonardo is gravely wounded when he is ambushed by the entire Foot, and Splinter is seemingly killed during a battle with Shredder. The turtles, April, and Casey are forced to flee to the O'Neil family's summer home in [[Upstate New York]] as the Kraang successfully conquers Manhattan.

===Season 3===
{{main|Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series, season 3)}}
The group takes refuge at the O'Neil family's summer home in North Hampton in order to recuperate from their loss at the hands of the Kraang and the Foot Clan. Leonardo takes an extended amount of time to recover, but guided by an apparition of Splinter, is able to overcome his physical and mental wounds. They eventually return to New York City with the goal of finding Splinter, Karai, Kirby, and their other missing allies and liberate the city from the Kraang. They are successful in finding Splinter and set up a temporary base in the abandoned Antonio's Pizza, and Donatello begins work on new samples of retro-mutagen as the search for Kirby and Karai continues.

Meanwhile, Shredder mutates Russian arms dealer Ivan Steranko and his only known disciple, high-tech master thief Anton Zeck, into [[Bebop and Rocksteady]] for stealing his helmet, the Kuro Kabuto, and hunting Karai in exchange for a safe departure from the Kraang-invaded city before sending them to find her again. The duo succeed behind the Turtles's backs and Shredder promises to cure Karai of her misery. The turtles, on the other hand, run into a recently founded mutant team called the [[Mighty Mutanimals]] (consisting of mutant allies that they made during the last two seasons, such as [[Slash (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)|Slash]], [[Leatherhead (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)|Leatherhead]], [[List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles characters#Pete|Pigeon Pete]] and former British neurochemist Dr. Tyler Rockwell) who are backed by their human ally Jack J. Kurtzman. Together, they manage to banish the Kraang back to Dimension X and free New York, but the effect of the invasion eventually earns Shredder cemented control of the city's criminal underworld for his efforts to create a mind-control serum meant for the turtles, Mutanimals and Karai.

The turtles are later offered by future time sorceress [[List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles characters#Renet|Renet]] to time travel to the past, where they meet up with a younger Hamato Yoshi and Oroku Saki, as well as Yoshi's late wife and Karai's mother, Teng Shen. During the battle between Yoshi and Saki inside the burning Hamato Clan dojo, Shen is accidentally killed by Saki, who meant to kill Yoshi instead. Saki leaves the dojo after his hair burns off from the fire and kidnaps Yoshi and Shen's baby daughter Miwa, vowing to raise her as Karai and leaving Yoshi to die. After his escape, the turtles save Yoshi, as they were &quot;always destined to&quot; before traveling back to the present with Renet.

When the Kraang return to Earth, the Turtles discover that the Kraang have another enemy from Dimension X in the form of the Triceraton Empire. Despite their best efforts and Shredder violating the Foot Clan's temporary truce with the Turtles by stabbing Splinter during the fight, the ruthless Triceratons activate the Heart of Darkness, a black hole-creating machine which annihilates both the Kraang, the Earth, and everyone on it. But just as it comes to the worst for the Turtles, April, and Casey, they are rescued by a friendly robot by the name of [[List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles characters#Fugitoid|Professor Honeycutt]] (also known as the Fugitoid) who uses his spacecraft to take the Turtles, April and Casey to a journey into space.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.teenagemutantninjaturtles.com/blog/tmnt-annihilation-earth-review/|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.com: ''TMNT – &quot;Annihilation: Earth!&quot; Review''|website=TeenageMutantNinjaTurtles.com|date=September 22, 2015|access-date=September 26, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Season 4===
{{main|Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012  TV series, season 4)}}
After the Turtles, April, and Casey are saved from the destruction of Earth, the Fugitoid uses his spacecraft the Ulixes to travel six months back in time in order for him and the Turtles to prevent the Triceraton Empire led by Emperor Zanmoran from again assembling the three components of the Heart of Darkness that are scattered throughout the universe before everything on Earth is lost. Besides fighting the Triceratons, the Turtles also face new enemies in outer space like Lord Vringath Dregg of the planet Sectoid and the bounty hunter Armaggon, and even have an adventure with their interdimensional [[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 TV series)|1987 counterparts]] and their enemy [[Krang]] who is an exiled relative of Kraang Subprime. Despite the efforts of the Turtles, the Triceratons are still able to collect all three pieces of the Black Hole Generator, only for the Turtles to return to Earth and join forces with their past selves to warn Splinter before he is killed by the Shredder, stop the detonator of the Heart of Darkness, and defeat the Triceratons. The Fugitoid destroys the Black Hole Generator near the Triceraton spacefleet, causing to explode, presumably killing the Triceratons. In the aftermath of the fight against the Triceratons, the past versions of the Turtles, April, and Casey leave Earth with the past Fugitoid in the Ulixes while the present Fugitoid's head reactivates in [[Geocentric orbit|Earth's orbit]].

Weeks later following the Triceraton Invasion being thwarted and the Foot Clan's disappearance, April is promoted to kunoichi at the time when the witch Shinigami arrives and is revealed that she is Karai's friend as they plot to rebuild the Hamato Clan and dispose of Shredder who is still recuperating from his last fight with Splinter. While Karai and Shinigami got some ninjas on their side, the Foot Clan strengthens the Footbot army by creating the Elite Footbots. Furthermore, some other crime organizations have been plotting to take over the Foot Clan's territory and a crystal shard of unimaginable power which April received from the alien Aeons during their space adventure is beginning to exert a baleful influence on her. Using a special mutagen formula made by Stockman-Fly, Oroku Saki recuperates and becomes Super-Shredder in order to take back control of the Foot Clan. Once a stable formula is made, Super-Shredder attacks the Turtles, the Mighty Mutanimals, Karai, and Shinigami which ends with Splinter falling in battle against Super-Shredder and is buried at the O'Neil family's summer home in North Hampton. This leads up to the final battle at Super-Shredder's hidden mansion where Leonardo manages to slay Super-Shredder and throw his mutated Kuro Kabuto to the other Turtles in victory.

=== Season 5 ===
{{Main|Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series, season 5)}}
Following the death of the Super-Shredder, Tiger Claw has led the unspecified Foot Cultists into obtaining the Scroll of the Demodragon and a special control amulet called the &quot;Seal of the Ancients&quot; that would enable him to summon the demodragon Kavaxas. When Kavaxas is summoned from the Netherworld, Tiger Claw plans to use Kavaxas' wish-granting abilities to revive the Shredder. Upon demonstrating the revival ability on Rahzar who fell in an underwater battle against Leatherhead, Kavaxas states that he will need the Kuro Kabuto that contains Shredder's mental energies. Upon Rahzar and Tiger Claw reclaiming the Kuro Kabuto after Kavaxas drained the soul out of Shredder's former right-hand man Hattori Tatsu, Kavaxas states that they will need the Shredder's heart for the revival to occur. The Foot Clan obtains the Shredder's heart that was in the possession of Don Vizioso. Upon Shredder's heart being placed on his corpse, Kavaxas begins to work on reviving Shredder as the Zombie Shredder. This goes against what Tiger Claw eventually planned when Undead Shredder destroys the Seal of the Ancients which enables Kavaxas to raise the spirits of the Netherworld in order to rule both worlds. While Splinter's ghost helps those fighting on the surface, Michelangelo managed to use gum to stick the Seal of the Ancients back together enabling him to have Kavaxas undo his damages and open the portal to the Netherworld as the Zombie Shredder drags Kavaxas back to the Netherworld.

Afterwards, the Turtles face different challenges like the return of Lord Dregg when he collaborates with Newtralizer, being transported to [[Miyamoto Usagi]]'s reality where they help to protect the pug Kintaro from the evil gray wolf Jei, an adventure featuring an alternate future ruled by mutant animals, and another adventure involving the return of Savanti Romero where he collaborates with [[Count Dracula]] to make Earth more habitable for monsters.

In the series finale, the Turtles, April, Casey, Karai, Shinigami, and the Mighty Mutanimals soon teamed up with the 1987 counterparts of the Ninja Turtles.  Together, they face the return of Bebop and Rocksteady, who are recruited by the Shredder and Kraang's 1987 counterparts.  They villains plan to conquer Earth of both the 1987 and 2012 realities with a fully powered Technodrome after their Bebop and Rocksteady were accidentally left behind. While the Turtles and their allies fight off a horde of Foot Soldiers from the 1987–1996 series reality and the 2012 Rock Soldiers led by [[Dimension X (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)#General Traag|Traag]] and [[Dimension X (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)#Sergeant Granitor|Granitor]], Bebop and Rocksteady discover Shredder and Krang's treacherous scheme to destroy the Earth and choose to become heroes in order to save the planet.

==Characters==
{{main|List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series) characters}}

* [[Leonardo (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)|Leonardo]] (voiced by [[Jason Biggs]] until &quot;The Wrath of Tiger Claw&quot;, [[Dominic Catrambone]] for the last seven episodes of Season 2, [[Seth Green]] in Seasons 3-5) – Leonardo, called &quot;Leo&quot; for short, is an enthusiastic [[ninjutsu]] student, who wears a blue mask, and fights with two swords called Niten Ryu. He leads the various missions of the Turtles.
* [[Donatello (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)|Donatello]] (voiced by [[Rob Paulsen]], who had previously voiced Raphael in [[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 series)|the 1987 series]]) – Donatello, called &quot;Donnie&quot; for short, is in charge of the design and manufacture of all of the tools and weapons in the Turtles' arsenal. He is also a gifted hacker. He wears a purple mask and fights with a [[bō]] which also can be converted to a [[naginata]] via a [[Switchblade|blade inside one end of the staff]].
* [[Raphael (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)|Raphael]] (voiced by [[Sean Astin]]) – Raphael, also called &quot;Raph&quot;, wears a red mask and fights with two [[Sai (weapon)|sai]]. Known for his rage, he commonly takes it out on Mikey, and on occasions Leo, due to their feud. He acts as the muscles of the Turtles' attacks.
* [[Michelangelo (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)|Michelangelo]] (voiced by [[Greg Cipes]]) – Michelangelo, known as &quot;Mikey&quot;, is the least mature of the turtles and is a lover of video games, skateboarding, pranks and pizza. He wears an orange mask and fights with two [[nunchaku]] which also can be converted into [[kusarigama]] via a blade inside of one of the sticks of each nunchaku and extra lengths of chain stored in the other. He brings a brighter mood than his brother towards the team.

==Background and production==
On October 21, 2009, [[Viacom (2005–present)|Viacom]] published a press release announcing that it had bought the complete rights of the ''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles'' franchise from [[Peter Laird]] for $60 million, and would be developing a CGI-animated TV series for its Nickelodeon family of channels for broadcast in 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite press release|url=https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/network-press-releases/nickelodeon-acquires-global-rights-to-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-for-60-million/|title=Nickelodeon Acquires Global Rights to Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles for $60 million|date=October 21, 2009|via=PR Newswire|access-date=July 7, 2020|archive-date=January 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113054906/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/network-press-releases/nickelodeon-acquires-global-rights-to-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-for-60-million/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The release also confirmed a [[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014 film)|feature film]] to be produced for [[Paramount Pictures]] (also a division of Viacom), set for an August 2014 release.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/jul/19/tuning-in-to-tv-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-have-/|title= Tuning in to TV: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles have new series, toys|work=[[The Washington Times]]|date=July 29, 2012|accessdate=July 23, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In a May 2011 issue of ''The Licensing Book'', Nickelodeon published subject-to-change [[concept art]] of all four turtles, along with artwork from the studio's revamped ''[[Winx Club]]'' series.&lt;ref name=&quot;issuu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/licensingbook/docs/6-11|title=The Licensing Book: Summer 2011|date=May 2011|via=Issuu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Both shows were developed simultaneously at Nickelodeon Animation Studio&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nickanimationstudio.com/what-we-do/|title=What We Do - Nick Animation Careers|date=November 20, 2012|website=web.archive.org|access-date=July 7, 2020|archive-date=November 20, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120123510/http://nickanimationstudio.com/what-we-do/|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt; as part of the company's strategy to reboot two established brands for new viewers.&lt;ref name=&quot;issuu&quot;/&gt; ''TMNT'' was geared to a core [[target demographic]] of boys aged 6 to 11,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://licenseglobal.com/magazine-article/nickelodeons-pam-kaufman-kid-marketing-maven|title=Nickelodeon's Pam Kaufman|date=April 6, 2018|work=License! Global}}&lt;/ref&gt; while ''Winx Club'' was intended to reach a similar age group of girls.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite interview|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113052344/https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-G3M6j4pCT3A/Xhv-RXUXZGI/AAAAAAAADIE/iMiKYqNxT30XnT-l6akzeYHrqWTDisY4QCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/TMNT-mention.png|last=Zarghami|first=Cyma|date=2012|title=Cyma Zarghami interview}}&lt;/ref&gt; In June, it was revealed that the show's creative team would be led by designer Ciro Nieli and writers [[Jennifer Ventimilia|J.{{nbsp}}R.{{nbsp}}Ventimilia]] and [[Joshua Sternin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ew.com/article/2011/06/14/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-sean-astin/|title=Sean Astin in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: He's Raphael|website=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The three crew members held an interview the following month; they mentioned that the turtles would be differentiated physically, but that their personalities would not be changed.&lt;ref name=&quot;comicbookmovie&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.comicbookmovie.com/teenage_mutant_ninja_turtles/jr-ventimilia-joshua-sternin-ciro-nieli-talk-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-tv-series-a43337|title=J.R. Ventimilia, Joshua Sternin, &amp; Ciro Nieli Talk Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles TV Series!|date=July 31, 2011|last=Romano|first=Paul|access-date=July 7, 2020|archive-date=January 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113054502/https://www.comicbookmovie.com/teenage_mutant_ninja_turtles/jr-ventimilia-joshua-sternin-ciro-nieli-talk-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-tv-series-a43337|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nieli stated that he had been influenced by the 1984 comics, while Ventimilia and Sternin were fans of the 1987 series and 1990s films in college.&lt;ref name=&quot;comicbookmovie&quot;/&gt;

At the [[American International Toy Fair]] in February 2012, the first line of tie-in figures was displayed. As previously announced, the line was produced by longtime ''TMNT'' licensee [[Playmates Toys]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2624394/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-toys-toy-fair/|title=Toy Fair 2012: Playmates Mutates More Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Figures|first=Jason|last=Stephens|website=MTV News}}&lt;/ref&gt; In March 2012, final artwork from the series was leaked on the Nickelodeon website before it was taken down. The images showed the designs of all four turtles, Shredder, Splinter, a teenage April O'Neil and the Kraang, an alien race that combines elements of both [[Krang]] and the Utroms.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.comicsalliance.com/2012/03/09/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-nickelodeon-images/ |title=Parting Shot: Nickelodeon Shells Out New 'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles' Images |first=Caleb |last=Goellner |date=March 9, 2012 |publisher=Comics Alliance |accessdate=March 27, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314134910/http://www.comicsalliance.com/2012/03/09/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-nickelodeon-images/ |archivedate=March 14, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; A trailer for the series was released on June 21, 2012, on [[Nickelodeon|Nickelodeon USA]].&lt;ref name=&quot;trailer&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= http://insidetv.ew.com/2012/06/21/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-nickelodeon-trailer/|title= Nickelodeon's 'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles' reboot: See the show's trailer here! -- EXCLUSIVE|first= Tanner|last= Stransky|date= June 21, 2012|publisher= Entertainment Weekly|accessdate= June 21, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; In July, Playmates released the show's merchandise ahead of its television debut.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/nickelodeons-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-toys-hit-toysrus-stores-nationwide-this-month-162835606.html|title=Nickelodeon's Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Toys Hit Toys'R'Us® Stores Nationwide This Month|date=July 18, 2012|website=web.archive.org|access-date=July 7, 2020|archive-date=November 8, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108160031/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/nickelodeons-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-toys-hit-toysrus-stores-nationwide-this-month-162835606.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Jason Biggs]] originally voiced [[Leonardo (TMNT)|Leonardo]] and [[Rob Paulsen]] voices [[Donatello (TMNT)|Donatello]].&lt;ref name=&quot;variety&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Lowry |first=Brian |url=https://variety.com/2012/tv/reviews/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-1117948429/ |title=Variety Reviews - Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - TV Reviews - - Review by Brian Lowry |publisher=Variety.com |date=September 26, 2012 |accessdate=October 20, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; In June 2011, it was confirmed that [[Sean Astin]] is playing Raphael and [[Greg Cipes]] is Michelangelo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://insidetv.ew.com/2011/06/14/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-sean-astin/|title= Sean Astin voicing Raphael in new 'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles'|first= Darren|last= Franich|date= July 14, 2011|publisher= [[Entertainment Weekly]]|location= [[New York City]]|accessdate= February 11, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; In August 2011, it was revealed that [[Mae Whitman]] would be the voice for [[April O'Neil]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Rob Paulsen |url=http://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/news/Voice-of-April-ONeil-revealed/ |title=Voice of April ONeil revealed |publisher=Behind The Voice Actors |date= |accessdate=July 16, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; In April 2012, it was announced that [[Phil LaMarr]] would be playing the role of [[Baxter Stockman]] and [[Nolan North]] would be playing a race of aliens known as [[Krang|the Kraang]],&lt;ref name=&quot;live&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://robpaulsenlive.com/episode-36-guest-phil-lamarr/ |title=Episode 36 Guest: Phil Lamarr |publisher=Rob Paulsen Live |date=April 13, 2012 |accessdate=July 7, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;north&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://robpaulsenlive.com/episode-38-guest-nolan-north/ |title=Episode 38 Guest: Nolan North |publisher=Rob Paulsen Live |date=April 27, 2012 |accessdate=July 7, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; while [[Roseanne Barr]] is confirmed to voice their leader, Kraang Prime.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/News/Exclusive-Teenage-Mutant-1059297.aspx |title=Exclusive: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Guest Cast Includes Roseanne Barr - Today's News: Our Take |publisher=TVGuide.com |date=January 18, 2013 |accessdate=July 23, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Actress [[Kelly Hu]] confirmed her role as [[Karai (character)|Karai]] in May 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;khu&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/kellyhu/status/204979727713308673 |title=Twitter / KellyHu: &quot;@JasonRainwater: @Kelly |publisher=Twitter.com |date= |accessdate=July 7, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Corey Feldman]], who previously voiced Donatello in the [[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990 film)|first]] and [[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III|third]] TMNT films, was confirmed to play the role of [[Slash (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)|Slash]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.theouthousers.com/index.php/news/123038-corey-feldman-is-slash-for-nicks-tmnt.html |title=Corey Feldman is Slash for Nick's TMNT |publisher=Theouthousers.com |date= |accessdate=July 16, 2013 |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191407/http://www.theouthousers.com/index.php/news/123038-corey-feldman-is-slash-for-nicks-tmnt.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Recurring TMNT character [[Casey Jones (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)|Casey Jones]] began appearing in the second season, and is voiced by former Nickelodeon star [[Josh Peck]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2012/08/03/new-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-balances-comedy-and-action |title=New Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Balances Comedy and Action |publisher=IGN |date= |accessdate=July 16, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/comic-con-nickelodeon-sets-legend-576484 Comic-Con: Nickelodeon Sets 'Legend of Korra,' 'Ninja Turtles' Panels (Exclusive)] Hollywood Reporter, Retrieved July 13, 2013&lt;/ref&gt; In June 2014, it was announced that [[Seth Green]] would replace [[Jason Biggs]] and Dominic Catrambone as the voice of Leonardo in season 3.&lt;ref name=&quot;hollywoodreporter1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/nickelodeon-renews-teenage-mutant-ninja-712533 |title=Nickelodeon Renews 'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles' for Season 4 (Exclusive) |publisher=Hollywood Reporter |date= |accessdate=June 17, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Episodes==
{{main|List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series) episodes}}
{{:List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series) episodes}}

==Related animation==
===''Half-Shell Heroes: Blast to the Past''===
On November 22, 2015, Nickelodeon aired a [[2D computer graphics|2D animated special]], ''Half-Shell Heroes: Blast to the Past''. In the special, the Ninja Turtles are accidentally transported back to the [[Cretaceous|Cretaceous period]] by an ancient [[meteorite]] and must work together with Rocksteady and Bebop (along with some newly befriended [[dinosaur]] allies) to get back to their own time, while simultaneously fending off would-be predators and a faction of the Triceraton Army led by General Zera (voiced by [[Kate Mulgrew]]), coming to prehistoric Earth. Random House also released a book based on the special while Playmates released new dinosaur toys in the fall to coincide with the program.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://m.ign.com/articles/2015/07/29/new-2d-animated-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-tv-special-announced||title=NEW 2D-ANIMATED TEENAGE MUTANT NINJA TURTLES TV SPECIAL ANNOUNCED|last=Nicholson|first=Max|work=IGN|date=November 24, 2015|accessdate=November 24, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The special was seen by 1.41 million viewers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/11/24/sunday-cable-ratings-nov-22-2015/|title=Sunday cable ratings: ‘Walking Dead’ rises with Glenn’s fate revealed, ‘Into the Badlands’ down in week 2|work=TV by the Numbers|date=November 24, 2015|last=Porter|first=Rick|accessdate=November 24, 2015|archive-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601232856/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/11/24/sunday-cable-ratings-nov-22-2015/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was released to DVD, through Nickelodeon and [[Paramount Home Media Distribution]], on March 15, 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Half-Shell-Heroes-Blast-To-The-Past/21820|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - 'Half-Shell Heroes: Blast to the Past' Special is Coming to DVD!|last=Lambert|first=David|work=TV Shows on DVD|date=December 14, 2015|accessdate=January 21, 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118153100/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Half-Shell-Heroes-Blast-To-The-Past/21820|archivedate=January 18, 2016|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Short films===
{{expand section|date=July 2017}}
A series of short films were released during the course of the series, including: ''Turtles in Time, Teenage Mecha Ninja Turtles, TMNT Team Up: The Short Series.

''Teenage Mecha Ninja Turtles'' focuses on the eponymous group, four human teen mecha pilots trained by an aged Michelangelo (with Greg Cipes reprising his role from the series) set in a futuristic New York City (circa 2090) inhabited both by humans and anthropormorphic animals, including a [[Scruff McGruff]]-like police chief. The four children each pilot colored turtle like mechs, and consist of the following: team leader Frida (voiced by [[America Young]]) pilots the red, Raphael-like mech; the blue mech with cloaking abilities that resembles Leonardo is piloted by Frida's antagonistic teammate Jackson ([[Eric Artel]]); the battle happy Kusama ([[Tania Gunadi]]) pilots the Michelangelo-like orange mech; and the purple mech, which is heavily armored and wields a bo staff that can transform into a hammer, is piloted by the nerdy and somewhat anxious Basque ([[Khary Payton]]). The short features the Mecha Turtles subduing a group of anthropomorphic thieves resembling [[Hyena]]s and other canines, consisting of wolf-like leader Grimm, spotted hyena-like members Jester Joe (both voiced by [[Eric Bauza]]) and Jester Jim (voiced by [[David Kaye (voice actor)|David Kaye]], who also voices the armored police officer Sgt. Swat), and several other silent members.

==Broadcast==
&lt;!-- Please see guidelines at MOS:TV#Broadcast and WP:NOTTVGUIDE. Wikipedia discourages the indiscriminate listing of every country that airs this show and encourages that only English-speaking countries are included. --&gt;
The series premiered on [[Canada|Canadian]] channel [[YTV (TV channel)|YTV]] on September 29, 2012. It also premiered on [[Nickelodeon (UK and Ireland)|Nickelodeon UK and Ireland]] in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] and the [[Republic of Ireland]] on October 1, 2012. It premiered on [[Nickelodeon (Australia and New Zealand)|Nickelodeon Australia and New Zealand]] in [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] on October 8, 2012. It premiered on [[Nickelodeon (Canada)|Nickelodeon Canada]] on September 2, 2013. In [[India]], it airs on [[Nickelodeon (India)|Nick HD+]]. It also airs on [[Channel 5 (UK)|Channel 5]] in the UK.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.channel5.com/show/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles/|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles|publisher=Channel 5|language=English|accessdate=23 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Reception==
[[IGN]] has given the show positive reviews, with many episodes reviewed being given the &quot;Editor's Choice&quot; title.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/tv/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-2012/1 |title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012): Season 1 - TV |publisher=IGN |date=October 18, 2012 |accessdate=July 16, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The season 2 finale &quot;The Invasion&quot; has received the highest rating of 10/10.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2014/09/26/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-the-invasion-review|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: &quot;The Invasion&quot; Review|last=Nicholson|first=Max|work=IGN|accessdate=January 27, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The series premiered in the U.S. to 3.9 million viewers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/starlight-runner-entertainment-tapped-prep-nickelodeons-hit-teenage-140034127.html|title=Starlight Runner Entertainment Tapped to Prep Nickelodeon's Hit Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Franchise for Multi-Platform - Yahoo! News&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' has praised the show, saying &quot;...handsomely produced effort, with a strong vocal cast, considerable humor and scads of high-spirited action. If the goal was to introduce the Turtles to a new generation — amphibious mission accomplished.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;variety&quot; /&gt;

===Accolades===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:95%;&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:#ccc; text-align:center;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background: LightSteelBlue;&quot; | Awards
|- style=&quot;background:#ccc; text-align:center;&quot;
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Recipients and nominees
! Result
|-
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|2013
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[40th Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards]]
|Outstanding Animated Program
|''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles''
|{{nom}}
|-
|Outstanding Casting for an Animated Series or Special
|Meredith Layne, Sarah Noonan, and Gene Vassilaros 
|{{nom}}
|-
|Outstanding Sound Editing - Animation
|Jeff Shiffman, Otis Van Osten, Anna Adams, Gerry Gonzalez, Matt Hall, Roger Pallan, John Sanacore, and Alex Ullrich
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=&quot;7&quot;|2014
|[[41st Annie Awards]]
|Outstanding Achievement, Editorial in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production
|Myra Lopez, Ana Adams, and Justin Baker
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[2014 Kids' Choice Awards]]
|Favorite Cartoon
|''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles''
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[2014 Nickelodeon Indonesia Kids' Choice Awards]]
|Favorite Cartoon Show
|''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles''
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[41st Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards]]
|Outstanding Casting for an Animated Series or Special
|Sarah Noonan, Gene Vassilaros, and Meredith Layne
|{{win}}
|-
|Outstanding Sound Mixing – Animation
|''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles''
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[66th Primetime Emmy Awards]]&lt;ref name=&quot;66emmy&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.emmys.com/sites/default/files/Downloads/66th-nominations-list.pdf | title=66th Annual Primetime Emmy Award Nominations | accessdate=July 10, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program (for Programming Less Than One Hour)]]
|&quot;The Manhattan Project&quot;
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[British Academy Children's Awards|2014 British Academy Children's Awards]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Children's in 2014|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2014/childrens|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]| accessdate= November 23, 2014 | date=November 23, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| International
|Alan Wan, Brandon Auman, Ciro Nieli
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|2015
|[[Producers Guild of America Awards 2014]]
|Outstanding Children's Program
|''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles''
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[2015 Kids' Choice Awards]]
|Favorite Cartoon
|''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles''
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[42nd Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards]]
|Outstanding Casting for an Animated Series or Special
|Meredith Layne, Sarah Noonan, and Gene Vassilaros
|{{win}} &lt;small&gt;(tie)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|Outstanding Sound Mixing – Animation
|''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles''
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|2016
|[[Producers Guild of America Awards 2015]]
|Outstanding Children's Program
|''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles''
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[43rd Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards]]
|Outstanding Casting for an Animated Series or Special
|Meredith Layne, Sarah Noonan, and Gene Vassilaros
|{{nom}}
|-
|Outstanding Sound Mixing – Animation
|Justin Brinsfield, Matt Corey, Manny Grijalva, D.J. Lynch, Jeff Shiffman
|{{win}}
|-
|Outstanding Sound Editing – Animation
|Jeff Shiffman, Jessey Drake, Anna Adams, Elliot Herman and Roger Pallan
|{{nom}}
|-
|2017
|[[44th Annie Awards]]
|Best Animated Television/Broadcast Production For Children
|&quot;Trans-Dimensional Turtles&quot;
| {{nom}}
|}

==Merchandise==

===Toys===
[[Playmates Toys]] created a new line of ''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles'' consumer products to go along with the show.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Nickelodeon: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Make a Triumphant Return to Television in New Nickelodeon Series|newspaper=India Retail News|date=October 4, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In mid-2012, Playmates Toys released their first wave of basic [[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles action figures]] which consisted of &quot;hero figures&quot; Leonardo, Donatello, Raphael, Michelangelo, Splinter and April O'Neil as well as &quot;villain characters&quot; Shredder, Kraang, and a Foot Soldier. In early 2013, Playmates released series 2 which consisted of the new &quot;hero&quot; character Metalhead as well as new villains Dogpound and Fishface. In April 2013, the third wave appeared which included the &quot;hero&quot; character Leatherhead as well as villains Snakeweed and Baxter Stockman.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.playmatestoys.com/brands/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles/toys/action-figures/basic |title=Basic Action Figures &amp;#124; Playmates Toys, Inc |publisher=Playmatestoys.com |accessdate=July 16, 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728132810/http://www.playmatestoys.com/brands/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles/toys/action-figures/basic |archivedate=July 28, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wave four was released in early August and it featured the villains Rat King and Spyroach as well as new &quot;Stealth Tech&quot; versions of the four turtles. Wave 5 was released in October with a 7 pack of Mousers as well as four baby versions of the Turtles (Turtles in training) October saw the final release of 2013 with wave six which included two new villains: Spider Bytez and a newly sculpted Shredder figure featuring a removable helmet and cape.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.comicsalliance.com/2013/02/12/toy-fair-2013-playmates-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-action-figures-ooze/ |title=Toy Fair 2013: Playmates' Upcoming 'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles' Figures And Vehicles |publisher=Comicsalliance.com |date=February 12, 2013 |accessdate=July 16, 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616050322/http://www.comicsalliance.com/2013/02/12/toy-fair-2013-playmates-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-action-figures-ooze/ |archivedate=June 16, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wave seven first appeared in February 2014 with figures for Kirby Bat, Squirrelanoid, Casey Jones, and Mutagen Man.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://toynewsi.com//news.php?itemid=21086 |title=New Nickelodeon TMNT Mutagen Man, Kirby Bat, and Squirrelanoid Figure Images |publisher=toynewsi.com |date=2013-09-19 |accessdate=October 8, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[The Lego Group]] released a [[Lego]] theme of ''[[Lego Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles|Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles]]'' between 2012 and 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://shop.lego.com/en-US/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-ByTheme|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles™ - LEGO Shop|website=shop.lego.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In July 2014, [[Build-A-Bear Workshop]] released a series of plush versions of the Turtles, as well as other TMNT themed apparel including an outfit of Shredder, along with items such as the Turtles' signature weapons.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nickalive.blogspot.com/2014/07/nickelodeons-teenage-mutant-ninja.html|title=NickALive!: Nickelodeon's &quot;Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles&quot; Arrive At Build-A-Bear Workshop|date=2014-07-20|website=NickALive!|access-date=2019-08-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In April 2014, [[Diamond Select Toys]] unveiled the first series of [[Minimates]] mini-figures based on the Nickelodeon series.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://comicsalliance.com/diamond-select-toys-c2e2-2014-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-minimates-retro-captain-america-x-men-spider-man/ |title=DST Reveals 'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles' Minimates and More at C2E2 |publisher=ComicsAlliance.com |date=April 28, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906123435/http://comicsalliance.com/diamond-select-toys-c2e2-2014-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-minimates-retro-captain-america-x-men-spider-man/ |archivedate=September 6, 2015 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; Two unpainted promotional figures were given away at [[Comic-Con International]] 2014, and Series 1 was released in fall 2014 as blind bags at [[Kmart]] and comic shops, and in 2-packs at [[Toys &quot;R&quot; Us]]. Each location had one or two exclusive characters in addition to their shared characters. Series 2 was released in comic shops in early-2015 and at Toys &quot;R&quot; Us in mid-2015, again with both shared and exclusive figures. Series 3 is scheduled for both locations for the fall of 2015. A Series 4 has been confirmed.

===Comics===
Similar to the ''[[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures]]'' series from [[Archie Comics]], which spanoff from the original TV series, [[IDW Publishing]] released a spin-off comic title named ''[[New Animated Adventures]]'' featuring original adventures, starting July 2013. The series was cancelled after 24 issues, and was succeeded by a revised story program entitled ''[[Amazing Adventures (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)|Amazing Adventures]]'', which was launched in August 2015. One of the main reasons for this revision was the inclusion of the [[Shredder (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)|Shredder]] as a vital character into the comic stories, which had been neglected in ''New Animated Adventures''.&lt;ref&gt;[http://tmnt-ninjaturtles.com/tmnt-new-animated-adventures-canceled/ TMNT-NinjaTurtles.com: &quot;''TMNT New Animated Adventures'' Canceled&quot;] (22 April 2015)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://comicsalliance.com/idw-tmnt-amazing-adventures/ Comics Alliance: &quot;IDW Announces ''TMNT Amazing Adventures'', With Backup Story By James Kochalka&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623160259/http://comicsalliance.com/idw-tmnt-amazing-adventures/ |date=June 23, 2016 }} (15 May 2015)&lt;/ref&gt; ''Amazing Adventures'' was published until September 2017, with a total of fourteen regular issues, one special story guest-starring [[Carmelo Anthony]], a three-issue story arch titled ''Robotanimals'', and the crossover miniseries ''[[Batman/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures]]''.

===Home media===
The series has also been released to [[home video]], mainly [[DVD]]. Nickelodeon's typical Region 1 DVD release schedule is to release each season across three or four volumes, consisting of four DVDs total, with each disc containing about 6-7 sequential episodes.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;padding:0 8px;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Season
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;padding:0 8px;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Episodes
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;padding:0 8px;&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;| DVD release dates
|-
! Region 1
! Region 2
! Region 4
|-
 | style=&quot;width:15px; background:#00ae1a;&quot;|
 | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series) episodes#Season 1 (2012–13)|1]]'''
 | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 26
 | style=&quot;padding: 0 8px;&quot; | Volume 1: Rise of the Turtles: {{Start date|2013|2|26}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Volume-Release/12943|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Vol. 1: Rise of the Turtles|publisher=TV Shows on DVD|date=February 26, 2013|accessdate=July 16, 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713151352/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Volume-Release/12943|archivedate=July 13, 2015|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Volume 2: Enter Shredder: {{Start date|2013|7|16}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Volume-Release/13343|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Vol. 2: Enter Shredder|publisher=TV Shows on DVD|date=July 16, 2013|accessdate=July 16, 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720210351/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Volume-Release/13343|archivedate=July 20, 2015|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Volume 3: Ultimate Showdown: {{Start date|2013|10|01}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Volume-Release/13568|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Vol. 3: Ultimate Showdown|publisher=TV Shows on DVD|date=October 1, 2013|accessdate=July 16, 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720193824/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Volume-Release/13568|archivedate=July 20, 2015|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Complete 1st Season: {{Start date|2014|10|7}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Complete-1st-Season/14681|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - The Complete 1st Season|publisher=TV Shows on DVD|date=October 7, 2014|accessdate=July 16, 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720181258/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Complete-1st-Season/14681|archivedate=July 20, 2015|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Pulverizer Power: {{Start date|2015|6|9}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Volume-Release/15466|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Pulverizer Power|publisher=TV Shows on DVD|date=June 9, 2015|accessdate=July 16, 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720180721/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Volume-Release/15466|archivedate=July 20, 2015|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt; The Complete 1st and 2nd Seasons: {{Start date|2015|10|6}}&lt;ref name=&quot;TV Shows on DVD&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Complete-1st-2nd-Seasons/15720|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - The Complete 1st and 2nd Seasons DVD Information|publisher=TV Shows on DVD|date=October 6, 2015|accessdate=November 3, 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117003235/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Complete-1st-2nd-Seasons/15720|archivedate=November 17, 2015|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |Complete Season: {{Start date|2013|11|18}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00DW6CAYS |title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Complete Season 1 (R2) |work=[[Amazon.co.uk]] |accessdate=April 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | style=&quot;padding: 0 8px;&quot; | Volume 1: {{Start date|2013|3|6}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-rise-of-the-turtles/dp/6138863 |title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Rise of the Turtles (R4) |publisher=EzyDVD Pty Ltd. |accessdate=April 14, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415112748/http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-rise-of-the-turtles/dp/6138863 |archivedate=April 15, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Volume 2: {{Start date|2013|6|26}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-enter-shredder/dp/6140873 |title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Enter Shredder (R4) |publisher=EzyDVD Pty Ltd. |accessdate=April 14, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415112845/http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-enter-shredder/dp/6140873 |archivedate=April 15, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Volume 3: {{Start date|2013|9|4}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-kraang-invasion/dp/6143682 |title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Kraang Invasion |publisher=EzyDVD Pty Ltd. |accessdate=April 14, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415113921/http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-kraang-invasion/dp/6143682 |archivedate=April 15, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Volume 4: {{Start date|2013|10|23}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-ultimate-showdown/dp/6144882 |title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Ultimate Showdown (R4) |publisher=EzyDVD Pty Ltd. |accessdate=April 14, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415115717/http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-ultimate-showdown/dp/6144882 |archivedate=April 15, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Complete Season: {{Start date|2013|10|23}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanity.com.au/products/2236333/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles---Season-1--Boxset|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Season 1 &amp;#124; Boxset|website=Sanity}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
 | style=&quot;width:15px; background:#883485;&quot;|
 | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''[[List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series) episodes#Season 2 (2013–14)|2]]'''
 | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 26
 | style=&quot;padding: 0 8px;&quot; | Volume 4: Mutagen Mayhem: {{Start date|2014|3|18}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Volume-Release/14081|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Vol. 4: Mutagen Mayhem|publisher=TV Shows on DVD|date=March 18, 2014|accessdate=July 16, 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720220227/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Volume-Release/14081|archivedate=July 20, 2015|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Volume 5: The Good, The Bad and Casey Jones: {{Start date|2014|7|1}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Volume-Release/14419|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Vol. 5: The Good, The Bad and Casey Jones|publisher=TV Shows on DVD|date=July 1, 2014|accessdate=July 16, 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720191112/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Volume-Release/14419|archivedate=July 20, 2015|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Volume 6: Showdown in Dimension X: {{Start date|2014|12|2}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Volume-Release/14957|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Vol. 6: Showdown in Dimension X|publisher=TV Shows on DVD|date=December 2, 2014|accessdate=July 16, 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720181256/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Volume-Release/14957|archivedate=July 20, 2015|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Complete 1st and 2nd Seasons: {{Start date|2015|10|6}}&lt;ref name=&quot;TV Shows on DVD&quot;/&gt;
 | style=&quot;padding: 0 8px;&quot; |Complete Season: {{Start date|2015|3|30}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00QNNZ51C/ |title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles:   Season Two (R2) |publisher=[[Amazon.co.uk]] |accessdate=July 23, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | style=&quot;padding: 0 8px;&quot; | Volume 5: {{Start date|2014|6|25}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-season-2-volume-1-mutagen-mayhem/dp/6150859 |title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Mutagen Mayhem (R4) |publisher=EzyDVD Pty Ltd. |accessdate=April 14, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415115111/http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-season-2-volume-1-mutagen-mayhem/dp/6150859 |archivedate=April 15, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Volume 6: {{Start date|2014|9|10}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanity.com.au/products/2273731/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles---Old-Friends-New-Enemies|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Old Friends, New Enemies|website=Sanity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Volume 7: {{Start date|2015|1|7}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanity.com.au/products/2288838/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Renegade-Rampage|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja: Renegade Rampage|website=Sanity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Volume 8: {{Start date|2015|3|25}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanity.com.au/products/2293333/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles---Into-Dimension-X|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Into Dimension X|website=Sanity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Complete Season: {{Start date|2015|6|24}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanity.com.au/products/2296555/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles---Season-2--Boxset|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Season 2 &amp;#124; Boxset|website=Sanity}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
 | style=&quot;width:15px; background:#1e32ff;&quot;|
 | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''[[List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series) episodes#Season 3 (2014–15)|3]]'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 26
 | style=&quot;padding: 0 8px;&quot; |  Volume 7: Retreat: {{Start date|2015|3|10}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Season-3-Volume-1/15132|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles -  Volume 7|publisher=TV Shows on DVD|date=March 10, 2014|accessdate=July 16, 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717202807/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Season-3-Volume-1/15132|archivedate=July 17, 2015|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Volume 8: Return to NYC: {{Start date|2015|7|14}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Volume-Release/15536|title=Volume 8: Return to NYC!|publisher=TV Shows on DVD|date=July 14, 2015|accessdate=July 16, 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716102830/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Volume-Release/15536|archivedate=July 16, 2015|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Volume 9: Revenge: {{Start date|2015|12|1}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Season-3-Volume-1/15132|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Volume 9: Revenge|publisher=TV Shows on DVD|date=1 December 2015|accessdate=1 December 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024153755/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Season-3-Volume-1/15132|archivedate=October 24, 2015|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Complete Season: {{Start date|2016|9|5}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Season 3 Complete Collection|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B01CSFS704|website=Amazon|accessdate=16 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | style=&quot;padding: 0 8px;&quot; | Volume 9: {{Start date|2015|6|24}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanity.com.au/products/2296554/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles---Retreat|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Retreat!|website=Sanity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Volume 10: {{Start date|2015|9|9}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanity.com.au/products/2299674/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles---Return-To-NYC|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Return To NYC!|website=Sanity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Volume 11: {{Start date|2015|11|5}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanity.com.au/products/2302827/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles---React|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - React|website=Sanity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Volume 12: {{Start date|2016|4|7}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanity.com.au/products/2309470/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles---Season-3---Vol-4|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Season 3 - Vol 4|website=Sanity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Complete Season: {{Start date|2016|5|12}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanity.com.au/products/2309961/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles---Season-3--Boxset|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Season 3 &amp;#124; Boxset|website=Sanity}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
 | style=&quot;width:15px; background:#ffa500;&quot;|
 | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''[[List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series) episodes#Season 4 (2015–16)|4]]'''
 | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 26
 | style=&quot;padding: 0 8px;&quot; | Volume 10: Beyond the Known Universe: {{Start date|2016|5|24}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Season-4-Vol-1/22064|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles DVD news: Announcement for  Vol. 10: Beyond the Known Universe|publisher=TV Shows on DVD|date=March 7, 2016|accessdate=March 14, 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314112244/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Season-4-Vol-1/22064|archivedate=March 14, 2016|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  Volume 11: Earth's Last Stand: {{Start date|2016|12|13}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Lambert|first1=David|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Formal Press Release for Vol. 11: Earth's Last Stand'|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Earths-Last-Stand/22724|website=TV Shows on DVD|accessdate=16 October 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014024204/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Earths-Last-Stand/22724|archivedate=October 14, 2016|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Volume 12: Super Shredder (episodes 20-26): {{Start date|2017|03|21}}&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Lambert|first1=David|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - 'Tales of the Turtles V1: Super Shredder' DVD Announced'|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Super-Shredder/22971|website=TV Shows on DVD|accessdate=2 March 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303124610/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Super-Shredder/22971|archivedate=March 3, 2017|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Beyond the Known Universe: {{Start date|2016|10|10}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Intergalactic/dp/B01KJXCHRQ/ref=pd_bxgy_74_img_2?_encoding=UTF8&amp;pd_rd_i=B01KJXCHRQ&amp;pd_rd_r=4baf2850-d7db-11e8-8985-39fc5c8546e7&amp;pd_rd_w=7hv1C&amp;pd_rd_wg=kbRO7&amp;pf_rd_i=desktop-dp-sims&amp;pf_rd_m=A3P5ROKL5A1OLE&amp;pf_rd_p=466c8fd0-3653-4c9b-86fa-f9bc8fd2ae35&amp;pf_rd_r=6QDWBS4PRV6HPVDVY0TH&amp;pf_rd_s=desktop-dp-sims&amp;pf_rd_t=40701&amp;psc=1&amp;refRID=6QDWBS4PRV6HPVDVY0TH|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Beyond The Known Universe &amp; Intergalactic Attack|date=October 10, 2016|via=Amazon}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Earth's Last Stand: {{Start date|2017|03|27}}&lt;ref name=&quot;amazon.co.uk&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-SuperShredder/dp/B06WD4Z7CP/ref=sr_1_11?ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1540419518&amp;sr=8-11&amp;keywords=teenage+mutant+ninja+turtles+dvd|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Earth's Last Stand &amp; SuperShredder S4 V3&amp;4|date=March 27, 2017|via=Amazon}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Super Shredder: {{Start date|2017|03|27}}&lt;ref name=&quot;amazon.co.uk&quot;/&gt;
 | style=&quot;padding: 0 8px;&quot; | Volume 13: {{Start date|2016|5|12}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanity.com.au/products/2309962/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles---Beyond-The-Known---Season-4---Vol-1|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Beyond The Known - Season 4 - Vol 1|website=Sanity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Volume 14: {{Start date|2016|9|15}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanity.com.au/products/2315864/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles---Intergalactic-Attack|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Intergalactic Attack|website=Sanity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Volume 15: {{Start date|2016|11|23}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanity.com.au/products/2319054/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles---Earths-Last-Stand---Season-4---Vol-3|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Earth's Last Stand - Season 4 - Vol 3|website=Sanity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Volume 16: {{Start date|2017|4|12}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanity.com.au/products/2329073/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles---Super-Shredder---Season-4---Vol-4|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Super Shredder - Season 4 - Vol 4|website=Sanity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Complete Season: {{Start date|2017|6|14}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanity.com.au/products/2336284/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles---Season-4--Boxset|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Season 4 &amp;#124; Boxset|website=Sanity}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
 | style=&quot;width:15px; background:#dc143c;&quot;|
 | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''[[List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series) episodes#Season 5: Tales of The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2017-18)|5]]'''
 | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 20
 | style=&quot;padding: 0 8px;&quot; | Volume 12: Super Shredder (episodes 1-4): {{Start date|2017|03|21}}&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Volume 13: Wanted: Bebop &amp; Rocksteady: {{Start date|2017|09|12}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Lambert|first1=David|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Press Release, Box for 'Wanted: Bebop &amp; Rocksteady' DVDs|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Wanted-Bebop-and-Rocksteady/23437|website=TV Shows on DVD|accessdate=24 July 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028123604/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Wanted-Bebop-and-Rocksteady/23437|archivedate=October 28, 2017|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Volume 14: The Final Chapters: {{Start date|2017|12|12}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Lambert|first1=David|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - 'Tales of the Turtles V3: The Final Chapters' DVD Announced|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Tales-V3-Final-Chapters/23683|website=TV Shows on DVD|accessdate=25 September 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925011609/http://tvshowsondvd.com/news/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Tales-V3-Final-Chapters/23683|archivedate=September 25, 2017|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | {{N/a|TBA}}
 | style=&quot;padding: 0 8px;&quot; | Volume 17: {{Start date|2017|6|14}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanity.com.au/products/2336283/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles---Cult-Of-Shredder---Season-5---Vol-1|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Cult Of Shredder - Season 5 - Vol 1|website=Sanity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Volume 18: {{Start date|2017|9|6}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanity.com.au/products/2348214/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles---Monsters-And-Mutants---Season-5---Vol-2|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Monsters And Mutants - Season 5 - Vol 2|website=Sanity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Volume 19: {{Start date|2017|11|15}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanity.com.au/products/2350770/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles---Wanted---Bebop-and-Rocksteady|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Wanted - Bebop and Rocksteady|website=Sanity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Volume 20: {{Start date|2018|4|11}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanity.com.au/products/2365479/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles---The-Final-Chapters|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - The Final Chapters|website=Sanity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Complete Season: {{Start date|2018|4|11}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanity.com.au/products/2365480/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles---Season-5--Boxset|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Season 5 &amp;#124; Boxset|website=Sanity}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

===Video games===
In 2013, [[Nickelodeon]] released ''[[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Rooftop Run|Rooftop Run]]'' for [[iOS]] devices such as the [[iPhone]], [[iPad]], and [[iPod Touch]].

On August 28, 2013, [[Activision]] released ''[[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows (video game)|Out of the Shadows]]'', a downloadable 3D [[beat 'em up]] game, for [[Xbox 360]] and [[Microsoft Windows]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Ishaan|url=http://www.siliconera.com/2013/07/08/tmnt-out-of-the-shadows-and-more-in-this-years-summer-of-arcade-line-up/ |title=TMNT: Out of the Shadows And More In This Year's Summer of Arcade Line-up |publisher=Siliconera |date=July 8, 2013 |accessdate=July 16, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; On April 15, 2014, a version was released for the [[PlayStation 3]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Playstation&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles™: Out of the Shadows|url=http://us.playstation.com/games/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-out-of-the-shadows-ps3.html|website=us.playstation.com/|accessdate=July 15, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709150940/http://us.playstation.com/games/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-out-of-the-shadows-ps3.html|archivedate=July 9, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The game features an online [[multiplayer video game|multiplayer]] co-op for up to four players.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Sliwinski |first=Alexander |url=http://www.joystiq.com/2013/03/04/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-out-of-the-shadows-this-summer/ |title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows this summer |publisher=Joystiq |date=March 4, 2013 |accessdate=July 16, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Activision also released a ''[[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2013 video game)|Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles]]'' video game based on the series for [[Wii]], [[Xbox 360]], and [[Nintendo 3DS]] on October 22, 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/nickelodeon-and-activision-reveal-new-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-video-game-based-on-the-networks-hit-cg-animated-series-216223551.html |title=Nickelodeon and Activision Reveal New Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles™ Video Game Based... - NEW YORK, July 19, 2013 /PRNewswire/ |publisher=Prnewswire.com |date= |accessdate=September 27, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On September 4, 2014. Activision announced there being a second game based on the show called ''[[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Danger of the Ooze|Danger of the Ooze]]''. The game was released on October 28, 2014 for the [[Nintendo 3DS]] and [[Xbox 360]], and the [[PlayStation 3]]. The game was developed by [[Wayforward Technologies|Wayforward]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Danger-PlayStation/dp/B00MEXP34Y/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1436242219&amp;sr=8-1&amp;keywords=Teenage+Mutant+Ninja+Turtles:+Danger+of+the+Ooze|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Danger of the OOZE - PlayStation 3|publisher=|via=Amazon}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Leonardo, Michelangelo, Donatello, and Raphael appear as playable characters in the video game ''[[Nickelodeon Kart Racers]]'' and it's the first Nickelodeon crossover video game for consoles to feature Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles characters.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote-inline|Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series)}}
* {{Official website|http://www.nick.com/ninja-turtles/}}
* {{IMDb title|1877889|Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles}}
* {{bcdb |Other_Studios/N/Nickelodeon/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles/ |Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles }}

{{Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles}}
{{Former Nickelodeon original series}}

{{Portal bar|Nickelodeon|Cartoon|Television|United States|Speculative fiction}}

[[Category:Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series)| ]]
[[Category:2012 American television series debuts]]
[[Category:2017 American television series endings]]
[[Category:2010s American animated television series]]
[[Category:2010s American science fiction television series]]
[[Category:2010s Nickelodeon shows]]
[[Category:Alien invasions in television]]
[[Category:American children's animated action television series]]
[[Category:American children's animated adventure television series]]
[[Category:American children's animated comedy television series]]
[[Category:American children's animated drama television series]]
[[Category:American children's animated science fantasy television series]]
[[Category:American children's animated superhero television series]]
[[Category:English-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Television shows set in New York City]]
[[Category:Nicktoons]]
[[Category:American animated television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters]]
[[Category:2010s American children's television series]]
[[Category:Animated television series reboots]]
[[Category:Powered exoskeletons in television]]
[[Category:American computer-animated television series]]
[[Category:Television series about revenge]]
[[Category:Animated television series about turtles]]
&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series)]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series)/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>2-EPT probability density function</title>
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      <text bytes="6263" xml:space="preserve">{{Probability distribution |
  name       =2-EPT Density Function|
  type       =density|
  pdf_image  =|
  cdf_image  =|
  parameters = &lt;math&gt;(\textbf{A}_N,\textbf{b}_N,\textbf{c}_N,\textbf{A}_P,\textbf{b}_P,\textbf{c}_P)&lt;/math&gt; 

&lt;math&gt;\mathfrak{Re}(\sigma(\textbf{A}_P))&lt;0&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math&gt;\mathfrak{Re}(\sigma(\textbf{A}_N))&gt;0&lt;/math&gt;|
  support    =&lt;math&gt;x \in (-\infty; +\infty)\!&lt;/math&gt;|
  pdf        = &lt;math&gt;f(x) = 
    \left\{\begin{matrix}
      \textbf{c}_Ne^{\textbf{A}_Nx}\textbf{b}_N &amp; \text{if }x &lt; 0
      \\[8pt]
      \textbf{c}_Pe^{\textbf{A}_Px}\textbf{b}_P &amp; \text{if }x \geq 0
    \end{matrix}\right.
  &lt;/math&gt;|
  cdf        = &lt;math&gt;F(x) = 
    \left\{\begin{matrix}
      \textbf{c}_N\textbf{A}_N^{-1}e^{\textbf{A}_Nx}\textbf{b}_N &amp; \text{if }x &lt; 0
      \\[8pt]
      1 + \textbf{c}_P\textbf{A}_P^{-1}e^{\textbf{A}_Px}\textbf{b}_P &amp; \text{if }x \geq 0
    \end{matrix}\right.
  &lt;/math&gt;|
  mean       =&lt;math&gt; -\textbf{c}_N(-\textbf{A}_N)^{-2}\textbf{b}_N + \textbf{c}_P(-\textbf{A}_P)^{-2}\textbf{b}_P&lt;/math&gt;|
  median     =|
  mode       =|
  variance   =|
  skewness   =&lt;!-- to do --&gt;||
  kurtosis   =&lt;!-- to do --&gt;||
  entropy    =&lt;!-- to do --&gt;|
  mgf        =|
  char       =&lt;math&gt; -\textbf{c}_N(Iiu-\textbf{A}_N)^{-1}\textbf{b}_N+\textbf{c}_P(Iiu-\textbf{A}_P)^{-1}\textbf{b}_P&lt;/math&gt;|
}}

In [[probability theory]], a '''2-EPT probability density function''' is a class of [[probability density function]]s on the real line. The class contains the density functions of all distributions that have [[Characteristic function (probability theory)|characteristic function]]s that are strictly proper [[rational function]]s (i.e., the degree of the numerator is strictly less than the degree of the denominator). Test123.

==Definition==

A 2-EPT probability density function is a [[probability density function]] on &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}&lt;/math&gt; with a strictly proper rational [[Characteristic function (probability theory)|characteristic function]].  On either &lt;math&gt;[0, +\infty)&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math&gt;(-\infty, 0)&lt;/math&gt; these probability density functions are exponential-polynomial-trigonometric (EPT) functions.

Any EPT density function on &lt;math&gt;(-\infty, 0)&lt;/math&gt; can be represented as
:&lt;math&gt;f(x)=\textbf{c}_Ne^{\textbf{A}_Nx}\textbf{b}_N ,&lt;/math&gt;
where ''e'' represents a matrix exponential, &lt;math&gt;(\textbf{A}_N,\textbf{A}_P)&lt;/math&gt; are square matrices, &lt;math&gt;(\textbf{b}_N,\textbf{b}_P)&lt;/math&gt; are column vectors and &lt;math&gt;(\textbf{c}_N,\textbf{c}_P)&lt;/math&gt; are row vectors.  Similarly the EPT density function on &lt;math&gt;[0, -\infty)&lt;/math&gt; is expressed as 
:&lt;math&gt;f(x)=\textbf{c}_Pe^{\textbf{A}_Px}\textbf{b}_P.&lt;/math&gt;

The parameterization &lt;math&gt;(\textbf{A}_N,\textbf{b}_N,\textbf{c}_N,\textbf{A}_P,\textbf{b}_P,\textbf{c}_P)&lt;/math&gt;
is the minimal realization&lt;ref&gt;Kailath, T. (1980) ''Linear Systems'', Prentice Hall, 1980&lt;/ref&gt; of the 2-EPT function.

The general class of probability measures on &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}&lt;/math&gt; with (proper) rational characteristic functions are densities corresponding to mixtures of the pointmass at zero (&quot;[[delta distribution]]&quot;) and 2-EPT densities. Unlike [[Phase-type distribution|phase-type]] and matrix geometric&lt;ref&gt;Neuts, M. &quot;Probability Distributions of Phase Type&quot;, Liber Amicorum Prof. Emeritus H. Florin pages 173-206, Department of Mathematics, University of Louvain, Belgium  1975&lt;/ref&gt; distributions, the 2-EPT probability density functions are defined on the whole real line. It has been shown that the class of 2-EPT densities is closed under many operations and using minimal realizations these calculations have been illustrated for the two-sided framework in Sexton and Hanzon.&lt;ref&gt;Sexton, C. and Hanzon,B.,&quot;State Space Calculations for two-sided EPT Densities with Financial Modelling Applications&quot;, ''www.2-ept.com''&lt;/ref&gt; The most involved operation is the [[convolution]] of 2-EPT densities using state space techniques. Much of the work centers on the ability to decompose the rational characteristic function into the sum of two rational functions with poles located in either the open left or open right half plane. The [[variance-gamma distribution]] density has been shown to be a 2-EPT density under a parameter restriction and the [[variance gamma process]]&lt;ref&gt;Madan, D., Carr, P., Chang, E. (1998) &quot;The Variance Gamma Process and Option Pricing&quot;, ''European Finance Review'' 2: 79–105&lt;/ref&gt; can be implemented to demonstrate the benefits of adopting such an approach for financial modelling purposes. 

It can be shown using [[Parseval's theorem]] and an isometry that approximating the discrete time rational transform is equivalent to approximating the 2-EPT density itself in the L-2 Norm sense. The rational approximation software RARL2 is used to approximate the discrete time rational characteristic function of the density.&lt;ref&gt;Olivi, M. (2010) &quot;Parametrization of Rational Lossless Matrices with Applications to Linear System Theory&quot;, HDR Thesis {{full|date=November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Applications==
Examples of applications  include option pricing, computing the Greeks and risk management calculations.{{citation needed|date=February 2012}} Fitting 2-EPT density functions to empirical data has also been considered.&lt;ref&gt;Sexton, C., Olivi, M., Hanzon, B, &quot;Rational Approximation of Transfer Functions for Non-Negative EPT Densities&quot;, [http://www.2-ept.com/uploads/8/2/3/7/8237897/rational_approximation_of_transfer_functions_for_non-negative_ept_densities.pdf Draft paper] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201014543/http://www.2-ept.com/uploads/8/2/3/7/8237897/rational_approximation_of_transfer_functions_for_non-negative_ept_densities.pdf |date=2020-12-01 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notes ==
&lt;references/&gt;

==External links==
*[http://www.2-ept.com/ 2 - Exponential-Polynomial-Trigonometric (2-EPT) Probability Density Functions] Website for background and Matlab implementations

{{ProbDistributions|continuous-infinite}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Variance-Gamma Distribution}}
[[Category:Types of probability distributions]]

[[ru:Распределение variance-gamma]]
&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:w:en:2-EPT probability density function]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[2-EPT probability density function/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Walgreen Company&lt;!-- Don't change to Walgreen's --&gt;
| logo = Walgreens 2005 primary logo.svg
| image = Walgreens1126.jpg
| image_caption = A Walgreens store in [[Steamboat Springs, Colorado]]
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| trade_name = Walgreens
| founded = {{start date and age|1901}}&lt;br/&gt;[[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| founder = [[Charles Rudolph Walgreen]]
| hq_location = 200 Wilmot Road
| hq_location_city = [[Deerfield, Illinois]]
| hq_location_country = [[United States]]
| num_locations = 9,277&lt;ref name=store_count&gt;{{Cite web| url = http://news.walgreens.com/fact-sheets/store-count-by-state.htm| title = Store Count by State {{!}} Walgreens Newsroom| website = news.walgreens.com| access-date = March 24, 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160404155415/http://news.walgreens.com/fact-sheets/store-count-by-state.htm| archive-date = April 4, 2016| url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_served = [[United States]]
| key_people = [[James A. Skinner]] (Executive Chairman)&lt;br/&gt;[[Stefano Pessina]] (Executive Vice Chairman &amp; CEO)&lt;br/&gt;Richard Ashworth (President)
| industry = [[Retail]]
| products = {{unbulleted list|[[Drug store]]|[[Pharmacy (shop)|Pharmacy]]}}
| parent = [[Walgreens Boots Alliance]]&lt;br/&gt;(2014–present)
| homepage = {{URL|walgreens.com}}
| footnotes = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Pasquarelli |first=Adrianne |url=http://adage.com/article/cmo-strategy/walgreens-rebrands-rival-cvs-scoops-aetna/311514/ |title=GOODBYE 'CORNER OF HAPPY &amp; HEALTHY.' WALGREENS REBRANDS AS RIVAL CVS SCOOPS UP AETNA |work=[[AdAge]] |date=December 4, 2017 |accessdate=December 5, 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

'''Walgreen Company''' or simply '''Walgreens''' is an American company that operates as the second-largest [[Pharmacy (shop)|pharmacy store]] chain in the United States behind [[CVS Health]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2015/06/30/cvs-to-buy-all-of-targets-pharmacy-stores-a-win-win-for-both/#1b65050769d1|title=CVS to Buy All of Target's Pharmacy Stores -- A Win-Win For Both|first=Trefis|last=Team|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; It specializes in filling prescriptions, health and wellness products, health information, and photo services.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.walgreens.com|title=Welcome to Walgreens - Your Home for Prescriptions, Photos and Health Information|website=www.walgreens.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of August&amp;nbsp;31, 2019, the company operated 9,277&lt;!-- exact count changes regularly--&gt; stores in the United States. It was founded in [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], in 1901. The Walgreens headquarters office is in the [[Chicago metropolitan area|Chicago suburb]] of [[Deerfield, Illinois|Deerfield]], Illinois&lt;!--Specify state because some Chicago suburbs are in Indiana and Wisconsin--&gt;.&lt;!--Cited in headquarters section--&gt;

In 2014 the company agreed to purchase the remaining 55% of Switzerland-based [[Alliance Boots]] to form a global business. Under the terms of the purchase, the two companies merged to form a new [[holding company]], [[Walgreens Boots Alliance]] Inc., on December 31, 2014. Walgreens became a subsidiary of the new company, which retains its Deerfield headquarters and trades on the [[Nasdaq]] under the symbol {{NasdaqSymbol|WBA}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Linnane|first1=Ciara|title=Walgreen ticker changes to WBA after merger with Boots Alliance|url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/walgreen-ticker-changes-to-wba-after-merger-with-boots-alliance-2014-12-31 |website=Market Watch|accessdate=December 31, 2014|date=December 31, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==History==

===Company history===
[[File:Old &quot;Walgreen&quot; sign, San Antonio.JPG|thumb|Early &quot;Walgreen Drugs&quot; sign still in use in [[San Antonio]], [[Texas]]]]Walgreens began in 1901, with a small food front store on the corner of Bowen and Cottage Grove Avenues in Chicago, owned by [[Galesburg, Illinois|Galesburg]] native [[Charles Rudolph Walgreen|Charles R. Walgreen]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url= http://www.walgreens.com/topic/about/companyhistory.jsp|title= Our History|publisher= Walgreens
|accessdate= March 6, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 1913, Walgreens had grown to four stores on [[Chicago's South Side]]. It opened its fifth in 1915 and four more in 1916. By 1919, there were 20 stores in the chain. As a result of [[Prohibition in the United States|alcohol prohibition]], the 1920s were a successful time for Walgreens. Although alcohol was illegal, prescription whiskey was available and sold by Walgreens.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=When Cannabis Meets Capitalism|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/27/business/27pot.html|newspaper=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1922 the company introduced a [[malt]]ed [[milkshake]], which led to its establishing ice cream manufacturing plants. The next year, Walgreen began opening stores away from residential areas. In the mid 1920s, there were 44 stores with annual sales of $1,200,000 combined. Walgreens had also expanded by then into [[Minnesota]], [[Missouri]], and [[Wisconsin]].

By 1930 it had 397 stores with annual sales of [[US$]]4,000,000. This expansion partly was attributed to selling prescribed alcohol, mainly whiskey, which Walgreen often stocked under the counter, as accounted in Daniel Okrent's ''Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition''.&lt;ref&gt;Daniel Okrent, Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition (197)&lt;/ref&gt; The stock market crash in October 1929 and the subsequent [[Great Depression]] did not greatly affect the company. By 1934, Walgreens was operating in 30 states with 601 stores.

After Charles Walgreen Sr. died in 1939, his son [[Charles Rudolph Walgreen Jr.|Charles R. Walgreen Jr.]] took over the chain until his retirement. The Charles R. Walgreen (Walgreen Jr.) years were relatively prosperous, but lacked the massive expansion seen in the early part of the century. Charles &quot;Cork&quot; R. Walgreen III took over after Walgreen Jr.'s retirement in the early 1950s and modernized the company by switching to [[barcode]] scanning. The Walgreen family was not involved in senior management of the company for a short time following Walgreen III's retirement.

In 1986, it acquired the MediMart chain from Stop &amp; Shop.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb3007/is_15_25/ai_n29055026/ | work=Chain Drug Review | title=Walgreens buys Medi Mart | year=2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1995, Kevin P. Walgreen was made a vice-president and promoted to Senior Vice President of Store Operations in 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://news.walgreens.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=1108 |title= Kevin P. Walgreen |publisher= Walgreens |accessdate= March 6, 2008 |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080406121055/http://news.walgreens.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=1108 |archivedate= April 6, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On July 12, 2006, [[David Bernauer]] stepped down as CEO of Walgreens and was replaced by company president [[Jeff Rein]]. Holding degrees in accounting and pharmacy from the University of Arizona, Rein was a pharmacist, store manager, district manager, and treasurer prior to being named [[Chief Executive Officer]] and [[Chair (official)|Chairman of the Board]]. Greg Wasson, former President of [[Walgreens Health Services]], was named President and Chief Operations Officer.

On October 10, 2008, Rein abruptly quit as CEO and was replaced by Alan G. McNally as Chairman and Acting CEO.&lt;ref name=&quot;reinretires&quot;&gt;[http://biz.yahoo.com/bw/081010/20081010005363.html?.v=1]{{dead link|date=September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On January 26, 2009, [[Gregory Wasson]] was named CEO effective February 1, 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| last = Wohl| first = Jessica| title = Walgreen picks insider Wasson to be next CEO| work = Reuters| date = January 26, 2009| url = https://www.reuters.com/article/ousiv/idUSTRE50P0RT20090126| accessdate = January 26, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In February 2020, Walgreens announced the appointment of Richard Ashworth as President of the company. Prior to the appointment, he served as President of Operations for Walgreens.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/walgreens-boots-alliance-appoints-richard-151500275.html|title=Walgreens Boots Alliance Appoints Richard Ashworth President of Walgreens|website=finance.yahoo.com|language=en-US|access-date=March 12, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyherald.com/business/20200206/walgreens-names-new-president|title=Walgreens names new president|last=Klicki|first=Richard|date=February 6, 2020|website=Daily Herald|language=en-US|access-date=March 12, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===21st-century expansion===
[[File:Walgreens on Canal Street in New Orleans at night.JPG|thumb|250px|A [[Neon lighting|neon-lit]] store on Canal Street in {{no wrap|[[New Orleans]]}}]]
* 2006: Walgreens acquired the [[Happy Harry's]] chain in [[Delaware]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Maryland]], and [[New Jersey]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2006-06-06/business/0606060110_1_walgreen-happy-harry-alan-levin Walgreen to acquire Happy Harry's chain - Baltimore Sun] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221004037/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2006-06-06/business/0606060110_1_walgreen-happy-harry-alan-levin |date=February 21, 2011 }}. Articles.baltimoresun.com (June 6, 2006). Retrieved on September 5, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
* October 2007: Walgreens opened its 6,000th store, in [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]].&lt;ref&gt;{{USCongRec|2007|S13359}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* January 2008: Walgreens purchased 20 stores in Puerto Rico from [[Farmacias El Amal]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://drugtopics.modernmedicine.com/drugtopics/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=485816 Walgreens to acquire 20 drugstores from Farmacia El Amal | Drug Topics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714110109/http://drugtopics.modernmedicine.com/drugtopics/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=485816 |date=July 14, 2011 }}. Drugtopics.modernmedicine.com (January 21, 2008). Retrieved on September 5, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
* July 2009: Walgreens operates in all 50 states, the [[District of Columbia]], and [[Puerto Rico]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.chaindrugreview.com/inside-this-issue/news/08-03-2009/walgreens-becomes-a-truly-national-chain|title=Walgreens becomes a truly national chain|first=Mike|last=Vogel|publisher=Chain Drug Review|date=Aug 3, 2009|accessdate=June 27, 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927131846/http://www.chaindrugreview.com/inside-this-issue/news/08-03-2009/walgreens-becomes-a-truly-national-chain|archivedate=September 27, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* February 17, 2010: Walgreens announced plans to acquire New York City-area chain [[Duane Reade]] for $1.075 billion, including debt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Walgreens&quot;&gt;[http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20100217005827/en/Walgreens-Acquire-York-based-Drugstore-Chain-Duane-Reade &quot;Walgreens to Acquire New York-based Drugstore Chain Duane Reade&quot;], February 17, 2010, retrieved June 27, 2013&lt;/ref&gt; Walgreens continues to use the Duane Reade name on some stores in the New York City metropolitan area
* March 24, 2011: Walgreens acquired [[Drugstore.com]] for $409 million. Drugstore.com, in turn, owned Beauty.com. In 2013 Beauty.com was named by Internet Retailer Magazine in its Top 100 online retail sites list.&lt;ref name=post&gt;{{cite news |title=Boom! Walgreens Buys Online Retailer Drugstore.com For $409 Million |work=TechCrunch |date=March 24, 2011 |url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/03/24/boom-walgreens-buys-online-retailer-drugstore-com-for-409-million/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.internetretailer.com/2012/11/27/beautycom-refined-look|title=Merchandising and Design - Beauty.com: A refined look - Internet Retailer|author=Kevin Woodward|publisher=|accessdate=June 15, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* April 30, 2011: Walgreens operated 8,169 stores; it had expanded into Guam and Puerto Rico.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2014/03/24/new-partnerships-to-aid-walgreens-growth-but-higher-promotional-investment-can-impact-margins/#50d1c0325603|title=New Partnerships To Aid Walgreen's Growth But Higher Promotional Investment Can Impact Margins|last=Team|first=Trefis|work=Forbes|access-date=November 2, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* August 18, 2011: Walgreens introduced its &quot;Nice!&quot; [[store brand]] of food and household products. Fully rolled out in 2012, the Nice! brand replaced a variety of existing Walgreens store brands such as Deerfield Farms, Cafe W, and others.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Walgreens|title=Walgreens Launches Nice!™ Store Brand Chainwide, Continues Building Value and Loyalty with its Private Brands|url=http://news.walgreens.com/article_print.cfm?article_id=5457|accessdate=July 17, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* June 19, 2012: Walgreens paid $6.7 billion for a 45% interest in [[Alliance Boots]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-18504340 | work=BBC News | title=US retailer Walgreen buys 45% stake in Alliance Boots | date=June 19, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* July 5, 2012: Walgreens entered into an agreement to acquire [[Mid-South (region)|Mid-South]] drug store chain operating under the [[USA Drug]], Super D Drug, May's Drug, Med-X, and Drug Warehouse banners. The deal was expected to be finalized by September 1, 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://drugstorenews.com/article/walgreens-acquire-mid-south-drug-store-chain|title=Walgreens to acquire mid-South drug store chain|publisher=Drug Store News|date=July 5, 2012|accessdate=July 5, 2012|archive-date=July 8, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708172604/http://drugstorenews.com/article/walgreens-acquire-mid-south-drug-store-chain|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* September 10, 2013: Walgreens announced it had acquired [[Kerr Drug]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.drugstorenews.com/article/walgreens-furthers-reach-north-carolina-acquisition-kerr-drug | title=Walgreens furthers reach into North Carolina with acquisition of Kerr Drug | work=Drug Store News | date=September 10, 2013 | accessdate=September 11, 2013 | archive-date=September 13, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913012840/http://www.drugstorenews.com/article/walgreens-furthers-reach-north-carolina-acquisition-kerr-drug | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* September 14, 2013: Walgreens opens its first store in the U.S. Virgin Islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.caribjournal.com/2013/09/17/walgreens-opens-first-store-in-united-states-virgin-islands/#|title=Walgreens Opens First Store in United States Virgin Islands|last=|first=|date=September 14, 2013|work=|accessdate=September 15, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* August 6, 2014: Walgreens exercised its option to purchase the remaining 55% of [[Alliance Boots]]. The combined company is known as the [[Walgreens Boots Alliance]] and is headquartered in Chicago.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/aug/06/walgreens-buys-alliance-boots-9bn-pounds | title=Walgreens buys up rest of Alliance Boots: The Guardian | date=August 6, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WalgreensBoots&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Post Alliance Boots buyout Walgreens to stay on in US|url=http://www.chicagonews.net/index.php/sid/224504233|accessdate=August 7, 2014|publisher=Chicago News.Net}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*August 9, 2014 Walgreens Boots Alliance purchased a share in the Almus Generic brand for an unknown price. Almus was based in the UK with Walgreens bringing the generic medication into the US. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.almus.com/|title=Home {{!}} Almus|website=www.almus.com|access-date=2020-04-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* On October 27, 2015, Walgreens announced that it would acquire its rival [[Rite Aid]] for $9 per share, a deal valued at $9.4 billion, pending regulatory and shareholder approval. The deal will result in a merger of two of the United States' three largest pharmacy chains.&lt;ref name=wsj-walgreensriteaid&gt;{{cite news|title=Walgreens, Rite Aid Unite to Create Drugstore Giant|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/walgreens-boots-alliance-nears-deal-to-buy-rite-aid-1445964090|accessdate=October 28, 2015|work=The Wall Street Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; In response to being able to receive approval, Walgreens said that it would be willing to divest up to 1,000 stores to win regulatory approval for its Rite Aid purchase.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Walgreens may sell 1,000 stores for Rite Aid deal|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2015/11/02/walgreens-rite-aid-sell-stores/75067210/|website=USA Today|accessdate=November 3, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Walgreens and Rite Aid, combined, own approximately 200 million square feet of retail space in addition to 21 million square feet of office and warehouse space. The two chains operate 12,900 stores in the United States. Walgreens operates 13,100 stores across 11 countries. Walgreens' CEO has stated that there is potentially over $1 billion in savings to be reaped from the merger through synergies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news | title=Walgreens To Buy Rite Aid At A Great Price, To Become The Largest U.S. Pharmacy | url =https://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2015/11/02/walgreens-buys-rite-aid-at-a-great-price-becomes-the-largest-u-s-pharmacy/ | work=[[Forbes]] | date=November 2, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; On December 21, 2016, it was announced that [[Fred's]] would acquire 865 Rite Aid stores as a result of the merger for the price of US$950 million for [[antitrust]] reasons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Fred's Acquiring 865 stores|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/walgreens-rite-aid-to-sell-stores-to-freds-for-merger-approval-1482248465|work=wsj.com|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|date=December 21, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; In January 2017, Walgreens reached a deal to lower the price of the acquisition from $9.4 to $6.8-$7.4 billion and delayed the closing by six months.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2017/01/30/walgreens-rite-aid-acquisition/97235932/|title=$2B less? Walgreens, Rite Aid lower price of still-unfinished deal|newspaper=USA TODAY|access-date=January 30, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; On June 29, 2017, Walgreens announced that it would drop its original plan to acquire Rite Aid due to resistance from federal regulators, and would instead buy about half of Rite Aid's existing stores for $5.18 billion in cash.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/walgreens-rite-aid-end-9-4-billion-merger-walgreens-to-buy-half-of-rite-aid-stores-1498735324|title=Walgreens, Rite Aid End $9.4 Billion Merger|first1=Sharon|last1=Terlep|first2=Brent|last2=Kendall|date=June 29, 2017|publisher=|via=www.wsj.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under the terms of the agreement, Walgreens will acquire 2,186 stores, 3 distribution centers, and other Rite Aid inventory.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-walgreens-rite-aid-deal-20170629-story.html|title=Walgreens scraps Rite Aid bid, will buy 2,000+ stores instead in $5.2 billion deal|first=Lisa|last=Schencker|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The stores are expected to be converted from Rite Aid stores into Walgreens stores, making Walgreens the largest drug-store chain by number of locations in the U.S. with over 10,200 stores.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2017/06/29/walgreens-rite-aid/438450001/|title=Walgreens abandons Rite Aid bid, will instead buy nearly half of stores|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The company also agreed to pay Rite Aid a $325 million fee for ending the earlier merger agreements.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt; The deal was scrapped on June 29, 2017. On September 19, 2017, the [[Federal Trade Commission]] (FTC) approved a fourth deal agreement to purchase Rite Aid with 1,932 stores for $4.38 billion total.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-09-19/walgreens-pact-to-buy-fewer-rite-aid-stores-wins-u-s-approval|title=Walgreens Wins U.S. Approval for Rite Aid Deal on Fourth Try|first1=Robert|last1=Langreth|first2=David|last2=McLaughlin|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.]]|location=[[New York City]]|date=September 19, 2017|accessdate=September 19, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* On July 28, 2016, Walgreens announced it would shut down [[Drugstore.com]], as well as Beauty.com, in order to focus on its own Walgreens.com website.&lt;ref&gt;Northwest Innovation, &quot; [http://www.nwinnovation.com/drugstore_com_beauty_com_to_be_shut_down_by_walgreens/s-0066446.html Drugstore.com, Beauty.com To Be Shut Down By Walgreens].&quot; July 28, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;
* In October 2017, Walgreens announced they would be closing approximately 600 stores in the two years. The stores would be mostly Rite Aid locations and the closings would begin in the spring of 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Sweeney |first=Brigid |url=http://www.chicagobusiness.com/article/20171025/NEWS07/171029921/walgreens-to-close-600-stores-in-wake-of-rite-aid-deal |title=Walgreens to close 600 stores in wake of Rite Aid deal |work=[[Crain's Chicago Business]] |date=October 25, 2017 |accessdate=October 26, 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* In January 2018, Walgreens stated that it expects to acquire 1,932 Rite Aid locations by the spring of 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2018/01/04/walgreens-rite-aid/1003860001/|title=Walgreens close to completing purchase of 1,900+ Rite Aid stores|work=USA TODAY|access-date=January 4, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*In August 2019, Walgreens announced it would be closing approximately 200 stores.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/walgreens-plans-close-200-u-220520356.html|title=Walgreens plans to close 200 U.S. stores, according to new SEC filing|website=finance.yahoo.com|language=en-US|access-date=August 8, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Contributions to popular culture===
Walgreens claims credit for the popularization of the malted [[milkshake]] (or at least its version of the malted milkshake, invented by [[Ivar &quot;Pop&quot; Coulson]] in 1922),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.walgreens.com/about/history/hist4.jsp |title= Our Past |publisher= Walgreens |accessdate= March 6, 2008 |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080501155205/http://www.walgreens.com/about/history/hist4.jsp |archivedate= May 1, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; although milkshakes and [[malted milk]] had been around for some time before. This development coincided with the invention of the [[Blender (device)|electric blender]] in the same year.

In November 2010 Walgreens filed a [[trademark infringement]] [[lawsuit]] against the [[Wegmans]] supermarket chain, claiming the &quot;W&quot; in the Wegman's logo is too similar to Walgreens'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Walgreens sues Wegmans in logo dispute |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=November 6, 2010 |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/AP0d26cbf8d065497781f4dc5f4336a3b3.html |accessdate=November 17, 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108222151/http://online.wsj.com/article/AP0d26cbf8d065497781f4dc5f4336a3b3.html |archivedate=November 8, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The lawsuit was settled in April 2011, with Wegmans agreeing to discontinue use of its &quot;W&quot; logo by June 2012, although the supermarket retains the right to use the &quot;Wegmans&quot; name in script.&lt;ref name=&quot;auipb&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.ipbrief.net/2011/04/27/wegmans-settles-with-walgreens-over-war-of-w%E2%80%99s/|title= Wegmans Settles with Walgreens over War of W's|author= Richard Patterson|date= April 27, 2011|work= Intellectual Property Brief|publisher= American University|accessdate=June 9, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Jo Natale, Wegmans director of media relations, &quot;The cost of making relatively minor changes to a limited number of products was much less than the cost of litigating this case to the end.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;walgreenpr&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wegmans.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/PressReleaseDetailView?langId=-1&amp;storeId=10052&amp;catalogId=10002&amp;productId=720935 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505055539/http://www.wegmans.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/PressReleaseDetailView?productId=720935&amp;storeId=10052&amp;catalogId=10002&amp;langId=-1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 5, 2011 |title=Press Release: Wegmans Releases Statement on Lawsuit Resolution |accessdate=June 9, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The logo for the [[Washington Nationals]] baseball team is very similar to the Walgreens &quot;W&quot; (though it dates back to the 1960s iteration of the [[Texas Rangers (baseball)#Washington Senators (1961–1971)|Washington Senators]]);&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/blogs/citydesk/2011/05/06/the-law-of-the-letter-could-nats-curly-w-be-taken-away/|title=The Law of the Letter: Could Nats' Curly W Be Taken Away?|work=Washington City Paper|accessdate=June 15, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; to date, Walgreens never challenged the Nationals' use of their &quot;W&quot; in a lawsuit.

==Corporate operations==
Walgreens has its corporate headquarters in [[Deerfield, Illinois]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.walgreens.com/topic/marketing/contactus/default1.jsp Contact Us].&quot; Walgreens. Retrieved on January 30, 2011. &quot;Write Walgreen Co. 200 Wilmot Road Deerfield, IL 60015.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.deerfield.il.us/departments/publicworks/maps_and_info/gis.aspx GIS Maps] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906043615/http://www.deerfield.il.us/departments/publicworks/maps_and_info/gis.aspx |date=2010-09-06 }}.&quot; City of Deerfield. Retrieved on February 5, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2009, Walgreens employed 5,200 people at its headquarters.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/1623822171.html?dids=1623822171:1623822171&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;type=current&amp;date=Jan+9%2C+2009&amp;author=James%20P%20Miller&amp;pub=Chicago+Tribune&amp;desc=Strong+medicine+at+Walgreens%3A+1%2C000+cuts&amp;pqatl=google Strong medicine at Walgreens: 1,000 cuts].&quot; ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''. January 9, 2009. News 34. Retrieved on February 2, 2011. &quot;About 500 of those cuts will occur at the 5200-person headquarters.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Walgreens has had a technology office located in [[Chicago]] since 2010. The location serves as a their digital hub.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-biz-walgreens-tech-center-chicago-20171017-story.html|title=Walgreens expanding tech office in Chicago, doubling downtown employees to 600|last=Channick|first=Robert|work=chicagotribune.com|access-date=April 12, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1987 Walgreens employed about 1,100 people at its headquarters, which was at the time in an [[unincorporated area]] on the west side of Deerfield.&lt;ref&gt;Little, Anne. &quot;[https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/24635182.html?dids=24635182:24635182&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;type=current&amp;date=Jul+08%2C+1987&amp;author=Anne+Little&amp;pub=Chicago+Tribune+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&amp;desc=TAKING+A+CORRIDOR+TO+SUCCESS+DEERFIELD%27S+ECONOMY+BOOMING+WITH+OFFICE+BUILDINGS&amp;pqatl=google Taking a corridor to success Deerfield's economy booming with office buildings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222222853/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/24635182.html?dids=24635182:24635182&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;type=current&amp;date=Jul+08%2C+1987&amp;author=Anne+Little&amp;pub=Chicago+Tribune+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&amp;desc=TAKING+A+CORRIDOR+TO+SUCCESS+DEERFIELD%27S+ECONOMY+BOOMING+WITH+OFFICE+BUILDINGS&amp;pqatl=google |date=February 22, 2013 }}.&quot; ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''. July 8, 1987. Deerfield/Northbrook 5. Retrieved on February 5, 2011. &quot;[...]and the corporate headquarters of Walgreen Co., which is in an unincorporated area on the western side of Deerfield, with about 1,100.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Who Owns Whom: North America''. [[Dun &amp; Bradstreet, Ltd.]], Directories Division, 1987. &quot;[https://books.google.com/books?id=sbsVAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=Walgreen+Wilmot&amp;dq=Walgreen+Wilmot&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=pw1NTY72NcL38AaDwN2sDg&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CDcQ6AEwAA 420]. Retrieved on February 5, 2011. &quot;WALGREEN CO., 200 Wilmot Rd.. Deerfield. II. 60015&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2000, headquarters was still in an unincorporated area in [[West Deerfield Township]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/MapItDrawServlet?geo_id=16000US1718992&amp;_bucket_id=50&amp;tree_id=420&amp;context=saff&amp;_lang=en&amp;_sse=on Deerfield village, Illinois]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.&quot; [[U.S. Census Bureau]]. Retrieved on February 5, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

In summer 2014 a corporate relocation to Switzerland was considered as part of a merger with Alliance Boots, a European drugstore chain.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/06/30/renouncing-corporate-citizenship|title=At Walgreen, Renouncing Corporate Citizenship|first=Andrew Ross|last=Sorkin|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; This drew controversy as many consumers felt that it was an attempt at [[tax inversion]]. On August 5, 2014, Walgreens announced that they would not be relocating their headquarters.

In spring 2018 Walgreens announced it would relocate about 1,800 jobs, many of them relating to its digital and IT operations, to the newly renovated [[Old Chicago Main Post Office]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/15/walgreens-to-move-1800-jobs-into-new-chicago-office.html Walgreens to move 1,800 jobs into new Chicago office] Retrieved July 6, 2018
&lt;/ref&gt;

== Brands ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+List of Walgreens Boots Alliance brands&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.walgreensbootsalliance.com/newsroom/multimedia/company-photos/global-brands/|title=Product Brands {{!}} Walgreens Boots Alliance|website=www.walgreensbootsalliance.com|access-date=September 26, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Brand
!Product
|-
|Almus Generics
|Medication
|-
|Be Jolly
|Holiday
|-
|Big Roll
|Toilet Paper
|-
|Botanics
|Skincare
|-
|Complete Home
|Household
|-
|CYO
|Cosmetics
|-
|Certainty 
|Incontinence 
|-
|Dashing
|Holiday
|-
|Finest Nutrition
|Vitamins
|-
|Infinitive
|Electronics
|-
|Liz Earle
|Skincare (UK)
|-
|Modern Expressions
|Holiday
|-
|Nice!
|Groceries
|-
|[[No. 7 (brand)|No. 7]]
|Skincare
|-
|Patriot Candles
|Candles
|-
|PetShoppe
|Pets
|-
|Playright
|Toys
|-
|Sleek MakeUP
|Cosmetics
|-
|Smile &amp; Save
|Paper Towels
|-
|Soap &amp; Glory
|Cosmetics
|-
|Soltan
|Sunscreen (UK)
|-
|Well at Walgreens
|Healthcare
|-
|Well Beginnings 
|Baby
|-
|West Loop
|Clothing
|-
|Wexford
|Office Supplies
|-
|YourGoodSkin
|Skincare
|}

==Store model==
[[File:Walgreens store.jpg|thumb|A Walgreens on Rt.1 South, Saugus, Massachusetts]]

Walgreens stores were once connected to local groceries. In Chicago, their flagship market, they teamed up with either [[Eagle Food Centers]] or [[Dominick's]] Finer Foods, usually with a &quot;walkthru&quot; to the adjoining store and often sharing personnel. This concept was instated to compete with the popular dual-store format used by chief competitor [[Jewel (supermarket)|Jewel-Osco]]/Albertsons-Sav-On. They eventually ended the relationship with Eagle and focused primarily on a connection to the Dominick's stores. PharmX-[[Rexall]] filled the vacated Walgreen locations joined to Eagle stores.

[[File:Washington Marriott.JPG|thumb|left|A Walgreens &quot;corner drugstore&quot;, located in a [[Marriott Hotels &amp; Resorts|Marriott]] street-level retail space, on the corner of a heavily trafficked intersection in [[Washington, D.C.]]]]
In its 2009 business model, Walgreens are freestanding corner stores, with the entrance on the street with the most [[traffic flow]], figuratively making it a &quot;corner drugstore&quot; similar to how many independent pharmacies evolved. Many stores have a drive-through pharmacy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url= http://www.walgreens.com/store/promotion/printer_refills/default.jsp?ban=ribbons_inkjet |title= Printer Cartridge Refills |publisher= Walgreens |accessdate= March 6, 2008|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080302161746/http://www.walgreens.com/store/promotion/printer_refills/default.jsp?ban=ribbons_inkjet |archivedate = March 2, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Most freestanding stores have a similar look and layout, including a bigger and more spacious layout than certain stores within major cities. Newer buildings have a more modern design to them compared to older stores. Stores within major cities, such as [[New York City|New York]] and [[Chicago]], could have multiple floors. Behind the front registers are [[tobacco products]] and [[Alcoholic drink|alcoholic beverages]]. However, some stores do not sell these products, e.g., [[New Jersey]] stores that do not sell alcohol and [[Massachusetts]] stores that do not sell tobacco.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Stores usually have a beauty counter located near the cosmetics, with busier stores having a [[Consultant|beauty consultant]]. All stores have a photo department, which is either behind the front register or in a separate part of the store. There are self-serve photo [[Interactive kiosk|kiosks]] near the photo department, where customers can print photos and photo products. All stores have a [[pharmacy]], usually located in the back, where people can drop off and pick up [[Prescription drug|prescriptions]] as well as purchase certain drugs containing [[pseudoephedrine]].

==Related ventures==
[[File:Wag's Restaurant.jpg|thumb|right|[[Wag's]] menu logo circa 1985]]Walgreens used to own [[Grupo Sanborns|Sanborns]], one of the largest pharmacy and department store chains in [[Mexico]]. Walgreens purchased Sanborns from Frank Sanborn in 1946 and sold it to [[Grupo Carso]] in 1982.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url=http://www.sanborns.com.mx/sanborns/sanborns_hist.asp
 |title=Sanborn Hermanos
 |publisher=[[Grupo Sanborns|Sanborns]]
 |language=Spanish
 |accessdate=March 6, 2008
 |url-status=dead
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228175659/http://www.sanborns.com.mx/Sanborns/sanborns_hist.asp
 |archivedate=February 28, 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2014, [[Farmacias Benavides]] was acquired by Walgreens and serves as the company's Mexican arm.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com.mx/estrategias-globales-de-walgrestrategias-globales-de-walgreens-boots-allianceeens-boots-alliance/|title=La receta de Walgreens Boots Alliance para que Farmacias Benavides entre a su plan global • Forbes México|last=Aznarez|first=Cesar|date=2019-06-11|website=Forbes México|language=es-MX|access-date=2020-04-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the 1980s Walgreens owned and operated a chain of casual family restaurants/[[pancake house]]s called [[Wag's]], an attempt to compete with [[F. W. Woolworth Company|Woolworth's]] [[lunch counter]]s. The Wag's restaurants were very similar in concept to [[Denny's]], [[IHOP]], and Golden Bear. At the high point, it had over 100 locations. Walgreens sold most of these to [[Marriott Corp.]] in 1988,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
 |url= https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE5DD1431F933A05755C0A96E948260
 |title= Marriott to Buy 91 Wag's Restaurants
 |work= [[The New York Times]]
 |publisher= Reuters
 |date= June 30, 1988
 |accessdate= March 6, 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt; and by 1991 the chain was out of business.

==Consumer record==
In February 2020, Walgreens agreed to pay $7.5 million to settle a consumer protection lawsuit accusing the company of placing people’s health at risk by allowing an untrained person to handle over 745,000 prescriptions. (This included over 100,000 prescriptions of controlled substances.) The State of California, Alameda County and Santa Clara County all took part in the investigation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/02/03/walgreens-to-pay-7-5-million-to-settle-fake-pharmacist-lawsuit/|title=Walgreens to pay $7.5 million to settle fake pharmacist lawsuit |publisher=San Jose Mercury News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In December 2012, a judge ordered Walgreens to pay $16.57 million to settle a lawsuit claiming that over 600 stores were illegally dumping hazardous waste and unlawfully disposing of customer records containing confidential medical information.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2012/12/13/walgreens-illegal-dumping/1767869/|title=Walgreens must pay $16M for illegal dumping|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A San Jose, California, court in January 2018 allowed Walgreens to pay $2.25 million to resolve a consumer protection lawsuit brought by Bay Area prosecutors alleging that the company sold expired baby food, infant formula and over-the-counter drugs. The suit also alleged that Walgreens violated state law by charging more than the lowest posted or advertised price for items.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/01/30/bay-area-walgreens-settles-suit-claiming-it-sold-expired-baby-food/ |title=Walgreens settles lawsuit alleging it sold expired baby food in Bay Area |last=Green |first=Jason |work=The Mercury News |date=January 31, 2018 |accessdate=May 2, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Investor relations===
In September 2018 Walgreens agreed to pay $34.5 million to settle a [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] (SEC) investigation on charges of misleading investors on financial targets. The SEC alleged that former CEO Greg Wasson and then-CFO Wade Miquelon acted &quot;negligently&quot; in giving financial estimates.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=LaVito |first=Angelica |title=Walgreens to pay $34.5 million to settle charges of misleading investors on financial targets |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/09/28/sec-charges-walgreens-and-2-former-execs-with-misleading-investors-on-earnings-goals.html |website=CNBC |accessdate=May 2, 2019 |language=en |date=September 28, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Prescriptions===
[[File:Walgreenssign.jpg|thumb|right|A Walgreens in [[Little Egg Harbor, New Jersey]], which opened in 2006]]
As of June 2008, Walgreens &quot;agreed to stop altering prescriptions without physician approval as part of a multi-state agreement to settle allegations of improper billing,&quot; reported the ''Knoxville News Sentinel'':&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2008/jun/05/walgreens-agrees-stop-altering-perscriptions/ |work=Knoxville News Sentinel |title=Walgreens agrees to stop altering perscriptions &amp;#91;sic&amp;#93; |date=June 5, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pharmacyfraudsettlement.com/Walgreens/ |title=The Walgreens Case |publisher=Behn &amp; Wyetzner }}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{quote|Walgreens was accused of switching the dosage forms on three medications commonly prescribed for [[Medicaid]] patients without [[physician|doctor]] approvals in order to boost profits. This resulted in Medicaid programs nationwide paying much more for the medications than they normally would have, according to a press release by the [Tennessee] attorney general's office. Walgreen Co. agreed to comply with state and federal laws on the matter, plus pay $35 million to the federal government, 42 states and the [[Commonwealth]] of [[Puerto Rico]].}}

&quot;The compliance agreement will be in effect for five years. Walgreens did not admit liability, as part of the settlement,&quot; reported the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Walgreens to pay $35 million to settle drug-fraud suit |url=http://www.suntimes.com/business/986995,wags060408.article |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |date=June 4, 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607002953/http://www.suntimes.com/business/986995%2Cwags060408.article |archivedate=June 7, 2008 |accessdate=June 27, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Walgreens website invited users to write reviews of some OTC products such as [[vitamins]] and nutritionals but did not invite users to write reviews of the corresponding Walgreens-branded products. A recent revision of the Walgreens website has added the ability to review any product it sells.

===Allegations of discrimination===
In March 2008 Walgreens settled a lawsuit with the [[Equal Employment Opportunity Commission]] (EEOC) that alleged the company discriminated against African Americans for $24 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;eeoc.gov&quot;&gt;[http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/newsroom/release/3-25-08.cfm Final Decree entered with Walgreens for $24 million in landmark race discrimination suit by EEOC]. Eeoc.gov. Retrieved on September 5, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; The settlement was split between the 10,000 African-American employees of the company.&lt;ref name=&quot;eeoc.gov&quot;/&gt; In the agreement, Walgreens avoided any admission of guilt.

{{quote|The decree, one of the largest monetary settlements in a race case by the EEOC, provides for the payment of over $24 million to a class of thousands of African American workers and orders comprehensive injunctive relief designed to improve the company's promotion and store assignment practices.}}

In September 2011 Walgreens settled a lawsuit with the EEOC that claimed that a store improperly terminated a worker with diabetes for eating a package of the store's food while working to stop a hypoglycemia attack.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Walgreens Sued By EEOC For Disability Discrimination|url=http://www.natlawreview.com/article/walgreens-sued-eeoc-disability-discrimination|accessdate=December 13, 2013|newspaper=The National Law Review|date=September 12, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Medicaid===
Also in 2008, Walgreens &quot;agreed to pay $35 million to the U.S. and 42 states and Puerto Rico for overcharging state Medicaid programs by filling prescriptions with more expensive dosage forms of ranitidine, a generic form of Zantac and fluoxetine, which is a generic form of Prozac.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kell&quot;&gt;{{cite news| url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204409004577158743226473430.html | work=The Wall Street Journal | first=John | last=Kell | title=Lawsuit Says Walgreen, Par Pharma Overcharged | date=January 13, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2009 Walgreens threatened to leave the Medicaid program, the state and federal partnership to provide health insurance coverage to the poor, in Delaware, over reimbursement rates. Walgreens was the largest pharmacy chain in the state and the only chain to make such a threat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/06/04/walgreen-idUSN0422921420090604 | work=Reuters | title=UPDATE 1-Walgreen exiting Delaware Medicaid program | date=June 4, 2009 | access-date=July 7, 2020 | archive-date=July 3, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703175251/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/06/04/walgreen-idUSN0422921420090604 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The state of Delaware and Walgreens reached an agreement on payment rates and the crisis was averted.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.chaindrugreview.com/front-page/newsbreaks/reports-walgreens-reaches-medicaid-rx-deal-in-delaware|title=Reports: Walgreens reaches Medicaid Rx deal in Delaware|date=August 11, 2009|accessdate=June 27, 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831095610/http://www.chaindrugreview.com/front-page/newsbreaks/reports-walgreens-reaches-medicaid-rx-deal-in-delaware|archivedate=August 31, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2010 Walgreens stopped accepting Medicaid in Washington state, leaving its one million Medicaid recipients unable to get their prescriptions filled at these 121 stores.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2011367936_walgreens18m.html |work=The Seattle Times |first=Janet I. |last=Tu |title=Walgreens: no new Medicaid patients as of April 16 |date=March 17, 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195102/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2011367936_walgreens18m.html |archivedate=January 11, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On April 20, 2012, the [[U.S. Department of Justice]] announced that Walgreens agreed to pay $7.9 million in settlement. The fine relates to allegations of violations of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute and the False Claims Act regarding beneficiaries of federal health care programs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=9f51abb9-4ded-46e2-9622-88b28abc9000|title=Walgreens pays $7.9 million after kickback allegations - Lexology|first1=Calfee|last1=Halter|first2=Griswold LLP-Anthea R.|last2=Daniels|first3=Mona|last3=Ma|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In January 2019, Walgreens Boots Alliance Inc. agreed to pay more than $269 million to settle federal and state lawsuits that accused the corporation of overbilling federal health-care programs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/walgreens-to-pay-269-million-on-claims-it-overcharged-federal-programs-11548204714|title=Walgreens to Pay $269 Million on Claims It Overcharged Federal Programs|last=Thomas|first=Patrick|date=January 22, 2019|website=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Express Scripts===
In 2011 Walgreens announced it would end its relationship with Express Scripts,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/breaking/chi-walgreen-ramps-up-for-end-of-express-scripts-deal-20111230,0,7670406.story |work=Chicago Tribune |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111231181555/http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/breaking/chi-walgreen-ramps-up-for-end-of-express-scripts-deal-20111230%2C0%2C7670406.story |archivedate=December 31, 2011 |title=Walgreens ramps up for end of Express Scripts deal |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; a prescription benefits manager. A coalition of minority groups, led by [[Al Sharpton]]'s National Action Network,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.nydailynews.com/blogs/dailypolitics/2011/12/document-drop-al-sharpton-v-walgreens#comment-911716 | location=New York | work=Daily News | title=Document Drop: Al Sharpton V. Walgreens | access-date=July 7, 2020 | archive-date=January 23, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123050024/http://www.nydailynews.com/blogs/dailypolitics/2011/12/document-drop-al-sharpton-v-walgreens#comment-911716 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; sent letters urging CEO Gregory Wasson to reconsider. Groups sending letters were National Hispanic Christian Leadership Conference,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.bizjournals.com/prnewswire/press_releases/2011/12/28/DC27937 | title=Largest Latino Religious Group Joins Chorus Critical of Walgreens Plans to Abandon Lower-income &amp; Minority Communities Would Consider Urging Boycott if Course not Changed}}&lt;/ref&gt; the Congress of Racial Equality,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/congress-of-racial-equality-core-warns-walgreens-decision-to-drop-express-scripts-will-hurt-poor-135695368.html Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) Warns Walgreens Decision to Drop Express Scripts... - NEW YORK, Dec. 15, 2011 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/]. Prnewswire.com (December 15, 2011). Retrieved on September 5, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Hispanic Leadership Fund&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.yahoo.com/hispanic-leadership-fund-walgreens-dispute-threatens-health-care-150707718.html]{{dead link|date=September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; and others. On July 19, 2012, Walgreens and Express Scripts announced a multi-year pharmacy network agreement that includes rates and terms under which Walgreens would participate in the broadest Express Scripts retail pharmacy network available to new and existing clients as of September 15, 2012.

===Use of proprietary drugs===
Walgreens was named in a lawsuit by the [[United Food and Commercial Workers|United Food and Commercial Workers Unions]] and Employers Midwest Health Benefits Fund in the Northern District Court of Illinois in January 2012. The suit alleges Walgreens and [[Par Pharmaceutical]] violated the [[Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://ifawebnews.com/2012/01/24/walgreen-par-sued-for-alleged-rico-violations-drug-overcharges/ Walgreen, Par sued for alleged RICO violations, drug overcharges] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022003324/http://ifawebnews.com/2012/01/24/walgreen-par-sued-for-alleged-rico-violations-drug-overcharges/ |date=October 22, 2012 }}. IFAwebnews.com (January 24, 2012). Retrieved on September 5, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;at least two widespread schemes to overcharge&quot; for generic drugs.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kell&quot;/&gt;

{{quote|The lawsuit alleges drugstore chain Walgreen and generic pharmaceutical maker Par established a partnership in which Par manufactured and/or marketed generic versions of antacid Zantac and antidepressant Prozac in dosage forms that weren't subject to private and governmental reimbursement limitations.

It further said Walgreen purchased those dosage forms from Par at a cost substantially higher than the widely prescribed dosage forms and then &quot;systematically and unlawfully filled its customers' prescriptions with Par's more expensive products rather than the inexpensive dosage forms that were prescribed by physicians.&quot;}}

===Distribution of oxycodone===
In September 2012 the U.S. [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] (DEA) accused Walgreens of endangering public safety and barred the company from shipping oxycodone and other controlled drugs from its [[Jupiter, Florida]], distribution center. The DEA said that Walgreens failed to maintain proper controls to ensure it didn't dispense drugs to addicts and drug dealers. The DEA also said that six of Walgreens' Florida pharmacies ordered in excess of a million oxycodone pills a year. In contrast, in 2011 the average pharmacy in the U.S. ordered 73,000 oxycodone tablets a year according to the DEA. One Walgreens pharmacy located in Fort Myers, Florida, ordered 95,800 pills in 2009, but by 2011, this number had jumped to 2.2 million pills in one year. Another example was a Walgreens pharmacy located in Hudson, Florida, a town of 34,000 people near Clearwater, that purchased 2.2 million pills in 2011, the DEA said. Immediate suspension orders are an action taken when the DEA believes a registrant, such as a pharmacy or a doctor, is &quot;an imminent danger to the public safety.&quot; All DEA licensees &quot;have an obligation to ensure that medications are getting into the hands of legitimate patients,&quot; said Mark Trouville, former DEA special agent in charge of the Miami Field Division. &quot;When they choose to look the other way, patients suffer and drug dealers prosper.&quot;

The Jupiter, Florida, distribution center, which opened in 2001, is one of 12 such distribution centers owned by Walgreens. Since 2009, Walgreens' Jupiter facility has been the largest distributor of oxycodone in the state of Florida, the DEA said. Over the past three years, its market share has increased, and 52 Walgreens are among the top 100 oxycodone purchasers in the state, the DEA said.&lt;ref&gt;[http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/story/2012/09/17/walgreens-and-oxycodone/57782912/1 Walgreens and Oxycodone – USATODAY.com]. Usatoday30.usatoday.com. Retrieved on September 5, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2013 [[United States Attorney]] [[Wifredo Ferrer]] said Walgreens committed &quot;an unprecedented number&quot; of recordkeeping and dispensing violations. Walgreens was fined $80 million, the largest fine in the history of the Controlled Substances Act at that time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/06/11/walgreens-drug-oxycodone-license-80-million/2412451/|title=Walgreens to pay $80 million for oxycodone violations|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sale of tobacco===
In common with other U.S. pharmacies (a major exception is [[CVS Pharmacy]]), Walgreens stocks [[tobacco products]] for sale to the public. Some campaigners in the United States advocate the [[Tobacco-Free Pharmacies|removal of tobacco from pharmacies]] owing to the [[Health effects of tobacco|health risks associated with smoking]] and the apparent contradiction of selling cigarettes alongside [[smoking cessation]] products and [[asthma medication]].&lt;ref name=ANR&gt;{{cite web|title=Tobacco-Free Pharmacies |url=http://www.no-smoke.org/learnmore.php?id=615 |work=Americans for Nonsmokers' Rights |accessdate=July 18, 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522033905/http://www.no-smoke.org/learnmore.php?id=615 |archivedate=May 22, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Walgreens and other pharmacies who continue to sell tobacco products have been subject to criticism, and attempts have been made to introduce regional bans on the practice, which has taken place in the City and County of [[San Francisco]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news| last = Rubenstein| first = Sarah| title = Cigarette Sales in Drugstores Come Under Fire| newspaper = [[The Wall Street Journal]]| date = July 29, 2008| url = https://blogs.wsj.com/health/2008/07/29/cigarette-sales-in-drugstores-come-under-fire/| accessdate = April 16, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news| last = Hussar, PhD| first = Daniel A.| title = Pharmacy cigarette sales must end| newspaper = Modern Medicine| date = March 1, 2009| url = http://drugtopics.modernmedicine.com/drugtopics/Modern+Medicine+Now/Pharmacy-cigarette-sales-must-end/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/585685| accessdate = April 16, 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110714111244/http://drugtopics.modernmedicine.com/drugtopics/Modern+Medicine+Now/Pharmacy-cigarette-sales-must-end/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/585685| archive-date = July 14, 2011| url-status = dead| df = mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Walgreens defends its tobacco sales policy by reasoning that through selling tobacco in its outlets, it is more readily able to offer to customers advice and products for quitting smoking. As of December 2017, Walgreens changed its slogan from &quot;At the corner of happy and healthy&quot; and &quot;On your way to Well&quot; to &quot;Trusted since 1901&quot;. As of January 1, 2019, with the commonwealth-wide prohibition of the sale of tobacco and similar products in pharmacies, Walgreens no longer sells those products in its Massachusetts locations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://countertobacco.org/massachusetts-becomes-6th-state-to-pass-tobacco-21-1st-state-to-prohibit-tobacco-sales-in-pharmacies/|title=Massachusetts becomes 6th state to pass Tobacco 21, 1st State to Prohibit Tobacco Sales in Pharmacies – Counter Tobacco|website=countertobacco.org|access-date=December 5, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On October 7, 2019, Walgreens announced the end of sales for all [[e-cigarette]] products (including market leaders [[blu eCigs|blu]] and [[Juul]]) within the next few weeks, to be wound down in an 'orderly manner'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2019/10/07/walgreens-kroger-ecigarette-sales-vaping/3902875002/|title=E-cigarette sales discontinued at Walgreens, Kroger as crisis continues|last=Bomey|first=Nathan|date=October 7, 2019|work=[[USA Today]]|accessdate=October 8, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
===Theranos Partnership===
In 2013, Walgreens partnered with [[Theranos]] to offer in-store blood tests at more than 40 locations in Arizona, providing Theranos with 150 million dollars via a blood test prepurchase agreement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.engadget.com/2014/11/18/walgreens-blood-tests/|title=Walgreens to offer affordable and needle-free blood tests in more stores (updated)|work=[[Business Insider]]|date=November 18, 2014|access-date=September 4, 2016|author=Moon, Mariella}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Theranos blood tests were previously used on drug trial patients for [[GlaxoSmithKline]] and [[Pfizer]], both companies stated that there were no active projects with Theranos in October 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/business/21656196-theranos-ambitious-silicon-valley-firm-wants-shake-up-market-medical|title=Young blood|work=[[The Economist]]|date=June 27, 2015|access-date=September 4, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Duhaime-Ross&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title = Theranos didn't work with the huge drug company it supposedly made money from, drug company says|last=Duhaime-Ross|first=Arielle|date=October 26, 2015|url = https://www.theverge.com/2015/10/26/9618390/Theranos-glaxosmithkline-denies-partnership-pfizer-blood-test|website = The Verge|accessdate = October 29, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; In November 2016, Walgreen Co. filed suit against Theranos in a federal court in Delaware, for breach of contract, citing relevations of inaccurate blood tests, and incompetent analysis. In June 2017, Theranos reported to investors that the suit, which originally sought $140 million in damages, was settled for less than $30 million.&lt;ref&gt;Weaver, Christopher, John Carreyrou and Michael Siconolfi, [https://www.wsj.com/articles/walgreens-seeks-to-recover-140-million-investment-from-theranos-1478642410 &quot;Walgreen Sues Theranos, Seeks $140 Million in Damages&quot;], ''The Wall Street Journal'', November 8, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/06/21/theranos-walgreens-reportedly-reach-a-deal-to-settle-suit-for-under-30-million.html|title=Theranos, Walgreens reportedly reach a deal to settle suit for under $30 million|last=Thomas|first=Lauren|work=CNBC|date=June 21, 2017|access-date=June 21, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;.
===Pricing and advertising===
[[Wisconsin]]'s [[Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection|Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection]] fined Walgreens over differences between shelf price and scanned price and for signage in 2012. In 2013, Walgreens paid a $29,241 fine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news| title = Walgreens fined for price scanner inaccuracies| date = March 25, 2013 | url = https://www.channel3000.com/news/local-news/walgreens-fined-for-price-scanner-inaccuracies/158694113 | accessdate = March 3, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The New York State Attorney General announced in April 2016 that a settlement was reached in complaint that Walgreens used misleading advertising and overcharged consumers. Walgreens would pay $500,000 in penalties, fees and costs, and change advertising and other practices.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news| last = HEATH| first = DAN| title = Walgreens fined over pricing issues |newspaper = PRESS REPUBLICAN| date = April 21, 2016 | url = http://www.pressrepublican.com/news/local_news/walgreens-fined-over-pricing-issues/article_ce288c0b-1f1e-5fc8-bd92-7f9c39c27a78.html | accessdate = March 4, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A judge in Kansas City, Missouri, ordered Walgreens to pay a $309,000 fine for pricing discrepancies in 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news| last = HEATH| first = DAN| title = Missouri judge fines Walgreens $309,000 in pricing case | newspaper = The Spokesman-Review| date = June 17, 2016 | url = http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2016/jun/17/missouri-judge-fines-walgreens-309000-in-pricing-c/ | accessdate = March 4, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Medication denied because of religious beliefs===
In June 2018 a staff pharmacist at a Walgreens in [[Peoria, Arizona]], refused to give a woman medication to end her pregnancy. The medication was prescribed by a doctor after tests revealed that the pregnancy would end in a miscarriage. The woman said she was left &quot;in tears and humiliated&quot;. Walgreens responded that its policy &quot;allows pharmacists to step away from filling a prescription for which they have a moral objection&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-44591528|title=Pregnant woman 'humiliated' by Walgreens|last=Seales|first=Rebecca|date=June 24, 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=June 24, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/Walgreens/photos/a.305142443610.145906.117497138610/10155931214178611/?type=3&amp;comment_id=10155943791103611&amp;reply_comment_id=10155945132533611&amp;comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R9%22%7D|title=Walgreens|website=www.facebook.com|access-date=June 24, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==See also==
{{Portal|Chicago|Illinois|Companies}}
* [[CVS Pharmacy]]
* [[Rite Aid]]
* [[Alliance Boots]]
* [[Walgreen Coast]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

===Bibliography===
* [[John U. Bacon]] {{cite book|title= America's Corner Store: Walgreen's Prescription for Success|authorlink= |year= 2004|publisher= [[John Wiley &amp; Sons]]|location= [[Hoboken, New Jersey|Hoboken]]|isbn= 978-0-471-42617-2|page= |pages= |url= https://archive.org/details/americascornerst00baco|accessdate= |url-access= registration}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.walgreens.com Walgreens Official website]
 
{{authority control}}
{{Walgreens}}
{{Illinois Corporations}}
{{Theranos}}

[[Category:Pharmacies of the United States]]
[[Category:Companies based in Deerfield, Illinois]]
[[Category:American companies established in 1901]]
[[Category:Retail companies established in 1901]]
[[Category:1901 establishments in Illinois]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the New York Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Former components of the Dow Jones Industrial Average]]
[[Category:Health care companies based in Illinois]]&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Walgreens]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Walgreens/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>South Carolina Army National Guard</title>
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      <text bytes="20033" xml:space="preserve">{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = South Carolina Army National Guard
| image = South Carolina National Guard logo.PNG
| image_size = 220
| caption = Seal of the South Carolina National Guard
| dates = 
| country = {{flag|United States}}
| allegiance = {{flag|South Carolina}}
| branch = [[File:Seal of the United States Army National Guard.svg|15px]]&amp;nbsp; [[Army National Guard]]
| type = ARNG Headquarters Command
| role = [[Military reserve force]]
| size = 9,253&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.governing.com/gov-data/military-civilian-active-duty-employee-workforce-numbers-by-state.html |title=Reserve Forces Military by State |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=30 September 2017 |publisher=[[Governing (magazine)|Governing]] |access-date=22 May 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| command_structure = [[South Carolina National Guard]]
| commander1 = [[Henry McMaster]]
| commander1_label = Commander-in-chief
| commander2 =  Major General Van McCarty
| garrison = [[Columbia, South Carolina]]
| ceremonial_chief = 
| colonel_of_the_regiment = 
| nickname = 
| patron = 
| motto = 
| colors = 
| march = 
| mascot = 
| battles = 
| notable_commanders = 
| anniversaries = 
}}

The '''South Carolina Army National Guard''' is a component of the [[United States Army]] and the [[United States National Guard]].  Nationwide, the '''[[Army National Guard]]''' comprises approximately one half of the U.S. Army's available combat forces and approximately one third of its support organization.  National coordination of various state National Guard units is maintained through the [[National Guard Bureau]].

South Carolina Army National Guard units are trained and equipped as part of the United States Army.  The same [[United States Army enlisted rank insignia|ranks]] and [[United States Army officer rank insignia|insignia]] are used and National Guardsmen are eligible to receive all [[Awards and decorations of the United States military|United States military awards]]. The South Carolina Guard also bestows a number of [[Awards and decorations of the National Guard|state awards]] for local services rendered in or to the state of [[South Carolina]].

The South Carolina Army National Guard is composed of approximately 10,000 Soldiers (as of February, 2009), and maintains 80 facilities across the state with over 2 million square feet (180,000 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) of space.

==Units and formations==
Army National Guard Element, JFHQ-SC  
* [[263rd Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States)|263rd Army and Air Missile Defense Command (263rd AAMDC)]], Anderson
** Headquarters and Headquarters Battery (HHB), Anderson
** [[678th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States)|678th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (678th ADAB)]], Eastover&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/Catalog/HeraldryMulti.aspx?CategoryId=10160&amp;menu=Uniformed%20Services&amp;from=recent |title=Archived copy |access-date=7 July 2020 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063537/http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/Catalog/HeraldryMulti.aspx?CategoryId=10160&amp;menu=Uniformed%20Services&amp;from=recent |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
** 2nd Battalion, 263rd Air Defense Artillery Regiment (2-263rd ADAR), Anderson
*** HHB, Anderson
*** Battery A, Seneca
*** Battery B, Easley
*** Battery C, Clemson
*** Battery D, Clemson
**1st Battalion, 178th Field Artillery Regiment (1-178th FA), Georgetown
***HHB, Georgetown
***Battery A, Andrews
***Battery B, Clinton
***Battery C, Manning
***FSC, Hemingway
* [[218th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade]] (218th MEB), Charleston
** Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC), Charleston
** 1st Battalion, 118th Infantry Regiment, Mullins
*** HHC, Mullins
*** Company A, Moncks Corner
*** Company B, North Charleston
*** Company C, Mount Pleasant
*** Company D, Marion
*** 1118th Forward Support Company (1118th FSC), Summerville
** 4th Battalion, [[118th Infantry Regiment (United States)|118th Infantry Regiment]], Union. (30th ABCT)
*** HHC, Union.
*** Company A, Conway.
*** Company B, Gaffney.
*** Company C, Fountain Inn.
*** Hotel Company, Greer. (formerly 1263rd FSC)
**218th Brigade Support Battalion (218th BSB), Varnville, SC
** 111th Signal Company, North Charleston
**108th Chemical Company, North Charleston.
* 228th Signal Brigade, Spartanburg
** HHC, Spartanburg
** 151st Signal Battalion, Greenville
*** HHC, Greenville
*** Company A, Greenwood
*** Company B, Hodges
*** Company C, Camden
*** Company B, 198th Signal Battalion
* 59th Troop Command, West Columbia
** 122nd Engineer Battalion, Edgefield
*** HHC, Edgefield
*** Forward Support Company, Edgefield
*** 124th Engineer Company (Horizontal Construction), Saluda
*** 125th Engineer Company, Abbeville
*** 1221st Engineer Company (Clearance), Graniteville
*** 1225th Engineer Detachment (Survey &amp; Design), Batesburg
*** 1226th Engineer Detachment (Asphalt), Batesburg
*** 1227th Engineer Detachment (Concrete), Batesburg
** 178th Engineer Battalion, Rock Hill
*** HHC, Rock Hill
*** Forward Support Company, Rock Hill
*** 174th Engineer Company, Wellford
*** 1223rd Engineer Company (Vertical Construction), Walterboro
*** 1782nd Engineer Company, Lancaster
*** 1222nd Engineer Company (Sapper), Fort Mill
** 51st Military Police Battalion (51st MPB), Florence
***Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment (HHD), Florence
***132nd Military Police Company (132nd MPC) (Combat Support), West Columbia
***133rd Military Police Company (133rd MPC) (Combat Support), Timmonsville
** 751st Combat Sustainment Support Battalion (751st CSSB), Newberry
*** HHC, Newberry
*** 741st Quartermaster Company (Water Purification), Barnwell
*** 742nd Ordnance Company, Eastover
*** 264th Engineer Detachment (Firefighting Headquarters), Eastover
** 1050th Transportation Battalion, Newberry
*** Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment (HHD), Newberry
*** 1052nd Transportation Company (Cargo), Kingstree
*** 1053rd Transportation Company (Light/Medium Truck), Bennettsville
*** 1055th Transportation Company (Cargo), Laurens
* 59th Aviation Troop Command (59th ATC), McEntire JNGB
**[[111th Aviation Regiment (United States)|1st Battalion (General Support), 111th Aviation Regiment]]
*** Company A (UH-60)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.scguard.com/news/south-carolina-army-national-guard-and-air-force-reserve-join-together-for-air-transport-training/|title=South Carolina Army National Guard and Air Force Reserve join together for air transport training|publisher=South Carolina National Guard|date=25 December 2016|access-date=7 July 2020|archive-date=30 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930111201/https://www.scguard.com/news/south-carolina-army-national-guard-and-air-force-reserve-join-together-for-air-transport-training/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** [[151st Aviation Regiment (United States)|1st Battalion (Attack Reconnaissance), 151st Aviation Regiment]]
*** HHC
*** Company A (UH-60)&lt;ref name=&quot;SSPP&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.scguard.com/news/south-carolina-national-guard-strengthens-state-partnership-program-while-fighting-wildfires/|title=South Carolina National Guard strengthens State Partnership Program while fighting wildfires|publisher=South Carolina National Guard|date=25 December 2016|access-date=7 July 2020|archive-date=30 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930105508/https://www.scguard.com/news/south-carolina-national-guard-strengthens-state-partnership-program-while-fighting-wildfires/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** Company B
*** Company C (AH-64D)&lt;ref name=&quot;CUTWU&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.scguard.com/news/1-151st-arb-conducts-unique-training-with-us-navy/|title=1-151st ARB conducts unique training with US Navy|publisher=South Carolina National Guard|date=25 December 2016|access-date=7 July 2020|archive-date=30 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930111953/https://www.scguard.com/news/1-151st-arb-conducts-unique-training-with-us-navy/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** Company D (AVUM)&lt;ref name=&quot;CUTWU&quot;/&gt;
*** Company E (Forward Support)
** [[151st Aviation Regiment (United States)|2nd Battalion, 151st Aviation Regiment]]
*** HHC&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.scguard.com/news/south-carolina-national-guard-members-rescue-injured-hiker/|title=South Carolina National Guard members rescue injured hiker|publisher=South Carolina National Guard|date=25 December 2016|access-date=7 July 2020|archive-date=30 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930063100/http://www.scguard.com/news/south-carolina-national-guard-members-rescue-injured-hiker/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** Company A at Army Aviation Support Facility Donaldson Field, Greenville (UH-72)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.scguard.com/news/sc-national-guard-recovers-helicopter/|title=SC National Guard recovers helicopter|publisher=South Carolina National Guard|date=25 December 2016|access-date=7 July 2020|archive-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226054916/http://www.scguard.com/news/sc-national-guard-recovers-helicopter/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** 351st Aviation Support Battalion (351st ASB), Sumter&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://minationalguard.com/detachment-2-company-b-351st-aviation-support-battalion/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-02-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314103107/http://minationalguard.com/detachment-2-company-b-351st-aviation-support-battalion/ |archive-date=14 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[238th Aviation Regiment (United States)|2nd Battalion (General Support) Battalion, 238th Aviation Regiment]] at Army Aviation Support Facility Donaldson Field, Greenville
** Company B (CH-47D/F)
*** Detachment 1&lt;ref name=&quot;SSPP&quot;/&gt;
* 43rd Civil Support Team (43rd CST), West Columbia
* 1051st Judge Advocate General Detachment (1051st JAGD), Columbia
* Detachment 24, OSACOM
* 108th [[Public affairs (military)|Public Affairs Detachment]] (108th MPAD)
* 246th Army Band
* 251st Medical Company
* 218th Regiment (Leadership)
** 1st Battalion
** 2nd Battalion: OCS
** 3rd Battalion
** 4th Battalion
** 5th Battalion

==Duties==
National Guard units can be mobilized at any time by [[President of the United States|presidential order]] to supplement regular armed forces, and upon declaration of a [[state of emergency]] by the [[governor]] of the state in which they serve. Unlike [[United States Army Reserve|Army Reserve]] members, National Guard members cannot be mobilized individually (except through voluntary transfers and Temporary DutY Assignments, TDY), but only as part of their respective [[military unit|unit]]s. However, there has been a significant number of individual activations to support military operations (2001-?); the legality of this policy is a major issue within the National Guard.

===Active duty callups===
For much of the final decades of the twentieth century, National Guard personnel typically served &quot;[[One weekend a month, two weeks a year]]&quot;, with a portion working for the Guard in a full-time capacity.  The current forces formation plans of the US Army call for the typical National Guard unit (or National Guardsman) to serve one year of active duty for every three years of service.  More specifically, current [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] policy is that no Guardsman will be involuntarily activated for a total of more than 24 months (cumulative) in one six-year enlistment period (this policy was due to change 1 August 2007; the new policy states that soldiers will be given 24 months between deployments of no more than 24 months; individual states have differing policies).

==History==
{{Expand section|date=June 2008}}

The South Carolina Army National Guard was originally formed in 1670.  The [[Militia Act of 1903]] organized the various [[U.S. state|state]] [[militia]]s into the present National Guard system.

The South Carolina National Guard's militia predecessors saw action in the Revolutionary War, War of 1812, Mexican War, American Civil War, and the Spanish–American War.

South Carolina's National Guard first served in their National Guard capacity on the Mexican Border during the Punitive Expedition of 1916–1917. With the United States entry into the First World War, the SCNG was federalized and several key units were composed of National Guard troops from the state. The 118th Infantry of the 30th Division and the 117th Engineers, along with the 105th Ammunition Train, 105th Sanitary Train, 30th Division Sanitary Detachment, and HQ Company of the 30th Division.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;&quot;Murphy, Elmer and Thomas,Robert. &quot;The Thirtieth Division in the World War&quot;. 1936&lt;/ref&gt;

The 118th Infantry (formerly the 1st SC Infantry) formed one of the four infantry regiments that made up the 30th Division. The 30th trained at Camp Sevier outside Greenville, SC and was sent to France. The 118th, along with the rest of the division (minus the division's artillery regiment) fought under British Expeditionary Force command. The 30th alongside the 27th Division (the federalized NY National Guard) formed 2nd Corps. After further training with the British, the 30th Division was sent to Kemmel, Belgium (just south of Ypres), where the 118th got their first time in the trenches. Although relatively quiet, the 118th was able to learn a great deal from this experience. In preparation for the last great Allied Offensive, the division trained alongside tanks prior to being moved to the edge of the German Hindenburg Line. On 29 September, the 118th infantry in reserve supported the breaking of the Hindenburg Line by other units of the 30th Division near the French village of Bellicourt. Following this success, the division continued to fight a retreating, but not defeated German Army. They suffered heavy casualties to German artillery, gas, and machine gun fire. The 118th fought until 19 October, not seeing combat again prior to the Armistice. The 118th had six Medal of Honor recipients (two posthumous)in their ranks to include future SCNG Adjutant General James Dozier. Many more men of the regiment were awarded Distinguished Service Crosses and foreign awards for valor.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt; 

[[File:111-SC-26552-ac cropped.jpg|thumb|118th Infantry Regiment Burial Party Brancourt, France 11 Oct. 1918]]

The first battalion of the 117th Engineers were formed as part of the 42nd Infantry Division. They were joined with men from the California National Guard to create the 117th Engineers. The 42nd, known as the Rainbow Division, earned its name due to the efforts made to create a unit that encompassed men from around the country.The 117th Engineers were tasked with road construction, road repair, construction of shelters, construction and repair of trenches, wiring and cutting of barbed wire, establishing assault paths, and clearing of obstacles. They performed all of these duties in addition to standing in as infantry in several circumstances and policing the battlefield of human remains. They participated in four campaigns: the Champagne Marne, the Aisne Marne, the Saint Mihiel Offensive, and the Meuse Argonne. The 117th served with the 42nd Division through the Armistice.&lt;ref&gt;Snead, David l. &quot;South Carolina Engineers in the 42nd (Rainbow) Division in World War I&quot;.2003. https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1011&amp;context=hist_fac_pubs&lt;/ref&gt;

The 118th Infantry was reactivated in World War Two. The regiment became a Separate Infantry Regiment as the Army restructured with only three, not four regiments making up an infantry division. For that reason, the 118th was not part of the 30th Division like they had been during the First World War. The 118th regiment was first deployed to Iceland. Their purpose was to defend the island nation and Allied assets, from the threat of German invasion. The 118th was eventually sent to England where individual companies served as cadre to train replacements and zero weapons. Elements of the 2nd Battalion protected bridges during the Battle of the Bulge.

[[Image:1-151st ARB battalion-wide interdiction attack exercise 140405-Z-XO310-024.jpg|thumb|right|An AH-64 Apache of the 151st Aviation Regiment]]

South Carolina aviation troops and their [[AH-64 Apache]] attack helicopters were called to Kuwait as part of [[Operation Southern Watch]] between August 1999 and February 2000. As Task Force 151, commanded by LTC David Anderson, the Task Force was augmented by [[Mississippi Army National Guard|Mississippi]] and [[Minnesota Army National Guard]] units, along with individual personnel from the National Guards of New Hampshire, Arizona, and Washington state.

South Carolina's C Company, 1-151st Aviation was deployed to Kosovo under operational control of 1-104 AVN of the Pennsylvania ARNG (as were National Guard aviation units from Alabama and Nebraska) during KFOR 5A operations from July 2003 to February 2004.

Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC),along with A, B, D, and L Companies of the 1-151st Aviation were deployed as Task Force 1-151st Aviation during Operation Iraqi Freedom II &amp; III from October 2004 to October 2005, where they gained fame flying their AH-64A Apaches in an experimental two-tone grey scheme in support of the 1st Stryker Brigade, 25th Infantry Division (Light), and then supported operations of the II Marine Expeditionary Force (II MEF) in Al-Anbar Province. Task Force 1-151 was augmented with National Guard personnel from Tennessee, Missouri, and Maryland and the Individual Ready Reserve of the Army.  L Company, 1-151 was augmented with National Guard personnel from Idaho, Iowa, Kentucky, Ohio, and Wyoming, serving with distinction during OIF.

In the fall of 2008, a CH-47D Detachment, B Company, 2-238th Aviation was activated in support of OEF, and deployed to Afghanistan. Paired with [[Illinois National Guard]], B Company was split between three different forward operating bases, Bagram, Kandahar/Shank, and Salerno, with each acting independently of the others. The detachment's main missions included resupply, troop movement, and air assaults on high-value targets. B Company, 2-238th Aviation returned home in fall of 2009 after serving with great distinction and perseverance during Operation Enduring Freedom II.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}

===Historic units===
* [[File:118InfRegtCOA.png|50px]] 118th Infantry Regiment
* [[File:218InfRegtCOA.jpg|50px]] 218th Infantry Regiment
* [[File:263rdArmorReg.png|50px]] 263rd Armor Regiment
* [[File:202CavRegtCOA.jpg|50px]] 202nd Cavalry Regiment
* [[File:178FARegtCOA.jpg|50px]] 178th Field Artillery Regiment (178th FAR)
* [[File:151AvnRgtCOA.jpg|50px]] 151st Aviation Regiment
* [[File:263_ADA_Bde_DUI.png|50px]] [[263rd Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States)|263rd Air Defense Artillery Brigade]] (263rd ADAB)

==See also==
*[[169th Fighter Wing]]
*[[Task Force Mustang|Combat Aviation Brigade, 36th Infantry Division]] - approx. 15 SC ARNG soldiers deployed to Iraq in Sep 2006.
* [[South Carolina Naval Militia]]
* [[South Carolina State Guard]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.history.army.mil/ARNG/NG-SC.htm Bibliography of South Carolina Army National Guard History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008002825/http://www.history.army.mil/ARNG/NG-SC.htm |date=8 October 2012 }} compiled by the [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061022144002/http://www.scguard.com/arng/default.aspx South Carolina Army National Guard], accessed 26 Nov 2006
*[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/army/arng-sc.htm GlobalSecurity.org South Carolina Army National Guard], accessed 26 Nov 2006

{{NGbystate}}
{{US Army navbox}}

[[Category:United States Army National Guard by state]]
[[Category:Military in South Carolina]]&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:South Carolina Army National Guard]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[South Carolina Army National Guard/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>South Sudan People's Defence Forces</title>
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      <text bytes="58637" xml:space="preserve">{{distinguish|South Sudan Defence Forces (militia)}}
{{hatnote|&quot;Defence&quot; is spelt &quot;Defense&quot; in the name in some sources.}}
{{Infobox national military
|name=South Sudan People's Defence Forces
&lt;!--- formerly Sudan People's Liberation Army ---&gt;
|image=[[File:Flag of the SPLA (2011 to present).svg|border|275px]]
|caption=Flag of the South Sudan People's Defence Forces
|headquarters=Bilpham, [[Central Equatoria]]
Wunyiek, [[Northern Bahr el Ghazal]]&lt;br /&gt;Mapel, [[Western Bahr el Ghazal]]
|founded=1983 as Sudan People's Liberation Army; renamed 2018
|commander-in-chief=President [[Salva Kiir Mayardit]]
|minister=[[Angelina Teny]]
|commander=General Johnson Juma Okot (since 11 May 2020)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Kiir sacks army chief Gabriel Jok|url=https://radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/kiir-sacks-army-chief-gabriel-jok|website=Radio Tamazuj|language=en|access-date=2020-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520055349/https://radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/kiir-sacks-army-chief-gabriel-jok|archive-date=2020-05-20|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|commander_title=Chief of General Staff
|branches=Ground Force&lt;br /&gt;[[South Sudan Air Force|Air Force]] and Air Defence&lt;br /&gt;Riverine/Navy&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.eyeradio.org/spla-renamed-south-sudan-defense-force-major-army-shake/|title=SPLA renamed South Sudan Defense Force in a major army shake up|date=2017-05-16|work=Eye Radio Network|access-date=2018-06-17|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617220027/http://www.eyeradio.org/spla-renamed-south-sudan-defense-force-major-army-shake/|archive-date=2018-06-17|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|population=
|age=18
|active=210,000, with paramilitary forces of an estimated 19,100
|amount=10,240,750,031 SSP ($78,615,712) [2016/17]
|reserve=76,000.
|percent_GDP=0.86% (2015 est.)
|domestic_suppliers=[[Military Industry Corporation]]
|foreign_suppliers={{flag|Israel}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Ethiopia}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|United States of America}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Kenya}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Uganda}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Tanzania}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|United Kingdom}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|India}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|China}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Russia}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Nigeria}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Egypt}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Canada}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Australia}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|South Africa}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Ghana}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|Japan}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flag|South Korea}}
|history='''[[List of wars involving South Sudan|Military history of South Sudan]]'''
*[[First Sudanese Civil War]] ''(SPLM)''
*[[Second Sudanese Civil War]] ''(SPLM)''
*[[Battle of Malakal]] ''(SPLM)''
*[[Sudan internal conflict (2011–)|Sudan–SPLM-N War]] ''(SPLM)''
*[[2012 South Sudan–Sudan border conflict|Heglig Crisis]] ''(SPLM)''
*[[South Sudanese Civil War]] ''(SPLM)''
}}

The  '''South Sudan People's Defence Forces''' ('''SSPDF'''), formerly the '''Sudan People's Liberation Army''' ('''SPLA'''), is the army of the [[South Sudan|Republic of South Sudan]]. The SPLA was founded as a [[guerrilla]] movement against the government of [[Sudan]] in 1983 and was a key participant of the [[Second Sudanese Civil War]], led by [[John Garang]]. After Garang's death in 2005, [[Salva Kiir]] was named the SPLA's new Commander-in-Chief. As of 2010, the SPLA was divided into [[Division (military)|divisions]] of 10,000–14,000 soldiers. Test123. 

Following the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in 2005, the last remaining large and well-equipped militia, the '''South Sudan Defence Forces''' ('''SSDF'''), under General [[Paulino Matiep]], signed an agreement with Kiir known as the Juba Declaration, which amalgamated the two forces under the SPLA banner.

Following [[South Sudan's independence]] in 2011, Kiir became President and the SPLA became the new republic's regular army. In May 2017 there was a restructure and the SPLA took on the name of South Sudan Defence Forces (SSDF), with another change in September 2018 to South Sudan People's Defence Forces. {{as of|2018}}, the army was estimated to have 185,000 soldiers as well as an unknown number of personnel in the small [[South Sudan Air Force]]. {{as of|2019}}, the SSPDF comprised the Ground Force, Air Force, Air Defence Forces and Presidential Guard. Test123. 

==History==
===1983: Inception===
In May 1983 a number of mutinies broke out in the barracks of the Sudanese army in the southern regions, most notably in [[Bor, South Sudan|Bor]],&lt;ref&gt;Africa Watch Committee. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1K_5IOdPQ-sC&amp;pg=PA16 Denying the Honor of Living: Sudan, a Human Rights Disaster : an Africa Watch Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702102524/https://books.google.com/books?id=1K_5IOdPQ-sC&amp;pg=PA16 |date=2017-07-02 }}''. New York, N.Y.: Africa Watch Committee, 1990. p. 16&lt;/ref&gt; and also at [[Ayod]], [[Pochalla]], [[Wangkai]], and [[Pibor]]. The mutinies were organised and executed by then Major [[Kerubino Kuanyin Bol]] and Major [[William Nyuon Bany]], and these actions led to the creation of the SPLA.&lt;ref &gt;{{cite web | first=Gordon | last=Buay | title=Who Is CDR. William Nyuon Bany Machar? | website=Gurtong Trust | date=24 Jan 2011 | url=http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ctl/ArticleView/mid/519/articleId/4743/Who-Is-CDR-William-Nyuon-Bany-Machar.aspx | access-date=20 June 2020 | archive-date=20 June 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620235306/http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ctl/ArticleView/mid/519/articleId/4743/Who-Is-CDR-William-Nyuon-Bany-Machar.aspx | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=scrollz&gt;{{cite web | author=Teresa  | title=Brief Biography and Facts About Major(Cdr). Late William Nyuon Bany Machar | website=City Scrollz | date=21 June 2019 | url=https://cityscrollz.com/835 | access-date=20 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Sudan People's Liberation Army was founded on 16 May 1983 (later a [[public holiday]] known as SPLA Day)&lt;ref &gt;{{cite web | last=Shaw | first=Toby | title=SPLA Day in South Sudan in 2021 | website=Office Holidays | date=1 January 2020 | url=https://www.officeholidays.com/holidays/south-sudan/spla-day | access-date=20 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; under the leadership of Commander-in-Chief [[John Garang de Mabior]].&lt;ref name=&quot;r0&quot;&gt;Rone, Jemera. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NkeXxtzFSHAC Civilian Devastation: Abuses by All Parties in the War in Southern Sudan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111210207/http://books.google.com/books?id=NkeXxtzFSHAC |date=2014-01-11 }}''. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1994. p. xiv&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;f210&quot;/&gt; Bol was appointed second ranking Commander, and Bany third.&lt;ref name=scrollz/&gt;  By June 1983, the majority of mutineers had moved to [[Ethiopia]] or were on their way. The Ethiopian government's decision to support the emerging SPLA was a means of exacting revenge upon the Sudanese government for its support of [[Eritrean War of Independence|Eritrean rebels]].&lt;ref name=&quot;f252&quot;/&gt;

SPLA struggled for a united and secular Sudanese state.&lt;ref name=&quot;r90&quot;/&gt; Garang said the struggle of the South Sudanese was the same as that of marginalised groups in the north, such as the [[Nuba]] and [[Fur people]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;a20&quot;&gt;Africa Watch Committee. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1K_5IOdPQ-sC&amp;pg=PA18 Denying the Honor of Living: Sudan, a Human Rights Disaster : an Africa Watch Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702102527/https://books.google.com/books?id=1K_5IOdPQ-sC&amp;pg=PA18 |date=2017-07-02 }}''. New York, N.Y.: Africa Watch Committee, 1990. pp. 18-19&lt;/ref&gt; Until 1985, SPLA directed its public denouncements of the Sudanese government specifically at Nimeiri. During the years that followed, SPLA propaganda denounced the [[Khartoum]] government as a family affair that played on sectarian tensions.&lt;ref name=&quot;a20&quot;/&gt; SPLA denounced the introduction of [[sharia]] law in September 1983.&lt;ref name=&quot;a23&quot;&gt;Africa Watch Committee. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1K_5IOdPQ-sC&amp;pg=PA23 Denying the Honor of Living: Sudan, a Human Rights Disaster : an Africa Watch Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812070939/https://books.google.com/books?id=1K_5IOdPQ-sC&amp;pg=PA23 |date=2017-08-12 }}''. New York, N.Y.: Africa Watch Committee, 1990. p. 23&lt;/ref&gt;

===War in the 1980s===
[[File:Flag of the SPLA (until 2011).svg|left|thumb|Official flag of the Sudan People's Liberation Army until 2011]]

In the village of Bilpam, the first full-fledged SPLA battalion graduated in 1984. The name 'Bilpam' carried great symbolic importance for SPLA for years to come, as the epicentre of the uprising. After Bilpam, other SPLA training camps were established at [[Dimma (woreda)|Dimma]], [[Bonga]] and [[Panyido]].&lt;ref name=&quot;f252&quot;/&gt;

In the mid-1980s the SPLA armed struggle blocked development projects of the Sudanese government, such as the [[Jonglei Canal]] and the [[Bentiu]] Oil Fields.&lt;ref&gt;Africa Watch Committee. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1K_5IOdPQ-sC&amp;pg=PA65 Denying the Honor of Living: Sudan, a Human Rights Disaster : an Africa Watch Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702102537/https://books.google.com/books?id=1K_5IOdPQ-sC&amp;pg=PA65 |date=2017-07-02 }}''. New York, N.Y.: Africa Watch Committee, 1990. p. 65&lt;/ref&gt;

SPLA launched its first advance in [[Equatoria]] in 1985-1986. During this campaign, SPLA were confronted by a number of pro-government militias. The conduct of SPLA forces was chaotic, with many atrocities against the civilian population. The SPLA drove out around 35,000 [[Uganda]]n refugees (who had settled in Equatoria since the early 1980s) back into Uganda.&lt;ref name=&quot;a153&quot;/&gt;

SPLA had a complicated relationship with [[Anyanya II]]. Anyanya II forces blocked the expansion of SPLA between 1984 and 1987, as Anyanya II attacked SPLA recruits heading for Ethiopia. Anyanya II also attacked civilians believed to be SPLA supporters.&lt;ref name=&quot;r1&quot;&gt;Rone, Jemera. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NkeXxtzFSHAC Civilian Devastation: Abuses by All Parties in the War in Southern Sudan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111210207/http://books.google.com/books?id=NkeXxtzFSHAC |date=2014-01-11 }}''. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1994. p. 1&lt;/ref&gt; The conflict between Anyanya II and SPLA had a political dimension, as Anyanya II sought to build an independent South Sudanese state.&lt;ref name=&quot;r27&quot;&gt;Rone, Jemera. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NkeXxtzFSHAC&amp;pg=PA27 Civilian Devastation: Abuses by All Parties in the War in Southern Sudan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111210236/http://books.google.com/books?id=NkeXxtzFSHAC&amp;pg=PA27 |date=2014-01-11 }}''. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1994. p. 27&lt;/ref&gt; SPLA tried to win over the leaders of Anyanya II.&lt;ref name=&quot;r21&quot;/&gt; The Anyanya II commander [[Gordon Kong Chuol]] aligned with SPLA in late 1987. Other sectors of Anyanya II followed his example over the ensuing years, marginalizing the remainder of Anyanya II (allied with the Sudanese government).&lt;ref name=&quot;r21&quot;&gt;Rone, Jemera. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NkeXxtzFSHAC&amp;pg=PA21 Civilian Devastation: Abuses by All Parties in the War in Southern Sudan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111210202/http://books.google.com/books?id=NkeXxtzFSHAC&amp;pg=PA21 |date=2014-01-11 }}''. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1994. pp. 21, 23&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Rone, Jemera. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NkeXxtzFSHAC&amp;pg=PA101 Civilian Devastation: Abuses by All Parties in the War in Southern Sudan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111210224/http://books.google.com/books?id=NkeXxtzFSHAC&amp;pg=PA101 |date=2014-01-11 }}''. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1994. p. 101&lt;/ref&gt;

Another force that confronted SPLA were the ''Murahaleen'' militias in northern [[Bahr el Ghazal (region of South Sudan)|Bahr el-Ghazal]]. Warfare between SPLA and ''Muraleheen'' began in 1987. By 1988 SPLA controlled most of the northern Bahr el-Ghazal.&lt;ref name=&quot;a153&quot;&gt;Africa Watch Committee. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1K_5IOdPQ-sC&amp;pg=PA153 Denying the Honor of Living: Sudan, a Human Rights Disaster : an Africa Watch Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812070908/https://books.google.com/books?id=1K_5IOdPQ-sC&amp;pg=PA153 |date=2017-08-12 }}''. New York, N.Y.: Africa Watch Committee, 1990. pp. 153-155&lt;/ref&gt; Unlike the Anyanya II, the ''Murahaleen'' had no political ambitions.&lt;ref name=&quot;r27&quot;/&gt;

In March 1986, the SPLA kidnapped a Norwegian aid worker of the Christian NGO Kirkens Nødhjelp ([[Norwegian Church Aid]]).&lt;ref&gt;Norsk Bistandshistorie (Norwegian aid history), Randi Rønning Balsvik, 2016. p. 115 https://www.idunn.no/ht/2017/02/randi_roenning_balsvik_norsk_bistandshistorie {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419063337/https://www.idunn.no/ht/2017/02/randi_roenning_balsvik_norsk_bistandshistorie |date=2018-04-19 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Moorcroft writes that by this time, 'training, weapons, and discipline improved as the guerillas scored more and more victories. In November 1987 the guerillas captured the small town of [[Kurmak]] near the Ethiopian border. It was 450 miles from the capital, but the nearby dam provided most of Khartoum's electricity.' The government showed itself very nervous about containing the SPLA advance.&lt;ref&gt;Moorcroft, 'Omar al-Bashir and Africa's Longest War,' 2015, 72.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Political openings===
SPLA boycotted the 1986 elections. In half of the constituencies of southern Sudan elections could not be held due to the SPLA boycott.&lt;ref name=&quot;a20&quot;/&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;a22&quot;&gt;Africa Watch Committee. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1K_5IOdPQ-sC&amp;pg=PA22 Denying the Honor of Living: Sudan, a Human Rights Disaster : an Africa Watch Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811080403/https://books.google.com/books?id=1K_5IOdPQ-sC&amp;pg=PA22 |date=2017-08-11 }}''. New York, N.Y.: Africa Watch Committee, 1990. p. 22&lt;/ref&gt; In September 1989, the RCC invited different sectors to a 'National Dialogue Conference'. The SPLA refused to attend.&lt;ref&gt;Africa Watch Committee. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1K_5IOdPQ-sC&amp;pg=PA25 Denying the Honor of Living: Sudan, a Human Rights Disaster : an Africa Watch Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812070942/https://books.google.com/books?id=1K_5IOdPQ-sC&amp;pg=PA25 |date=2017-08-12 }}''. New York, N.Y.: Africa Watch Committee, 1990. p. 25&lt;/ref&gt;

On November 15, 1988, SPLA entered into an alliance with the DUP. The two parties had agreed on the lifting of the state of emergency and abolition of sharia law. The press release was made public through an announcement on Radio SPLA. After DUP rejoined the government, a ceasefire with SPLA was achieved.&lt;ref name=&quot;a20&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Africa Watch Committee. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1K_5IOdPQ-sC&amp;pg=PA53 Denying the Honor of Living: Sudan, a Human Rights Disaster: an Africa Watch Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702102531/https://books.google.com/books?id=1K_5IOdPQ-sC&amp;pg=PA53 |date=2017-07-02 }}''. New York, N.Y.: Africa Watch Committee, 1990. p. 53&lt;/ref&gt; After the elections, negotiations between SPLA and [[Sadiq al-Mahdi]] started, but were aborted after SPLA shot down a civilian airplane, killing 60 people.&lt;ref name=&quot;a20&quot;/&gt;

With the NIF coup d'état in 1989, all peace talks ended.&lt;ref&gt;Guarak, Mawut Achiecque Mach. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ggRAkGJvAucC&amp;pg=PA128 Integration and Fragmentation of the Sudan: An African Renaissance]''. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2011. p. 128&lt;/ref&gt; SPLA launched a major offensive between 1989 and the fall of the Ethiopian [[Derg]] government in 1991. It captured various towns, such as Bor, [[Waat]], [[Maridi]], [[Mundri]], [[Yambio]], [[Kaya, South Sudan|Kaya]], [[Kajo-Kaji]], [[Nimule]], [[Kapoeta]], [[Torit]], [[Akobo, South Sudan|Akobo]] and [[Nasir]]. 
By the middle of 1991, SPLA controlled most parts of southern Sudan with the exception of the major garrison towns ([[Juba]], [[Yei, South Sudan|Yei]], [[Malakal]] and [[Wau, South Sudan|Wau]])&lt;ref name=&quot;r21&quot;/&gt; Between January 21 and 29, 1990, SPLA shelled Juba. SPLA forces also moved into the [[Nuba Mountains]] and the southern parts of the [[Blue Nile State]]. In comparison with its 1985–1986 offensive in Equatoria, the conduct of SPLA was now more orderly.&lt;ref name=&quot;a153&quot;/&gt;

===1991: Setback and split===
[[File:Generals of South Sudan.jpg|thumb|High-ranking SPLA officers at the South Sudan independence celebrations, 2011]]

But the downfall of the [[Derg]] government in Ethiopia in May 1991 caused a major setback. The Ethiopian government had provided the SPLA with military supplies, training facilities and a safe haven for bases for 18 years. Soon after the change of government in Ethiopia, SPLA accompanied hundreds of thousands of refugees back into Sudan.&lt;ref name=&quot;r21&quot;/&gt;

A split in SPLA had simmered since late 1990, as [[Lam Akol]] and [[Riek Machar]] began to question Garang's leadership.&lt;ref name=&quot;r25&quot;/&gt; Akol began secretly contacting SPLA officers to join his side, especially among the [[Nuer people|Nuer]] and [[Shilluk people]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;f208&quot;/&gt; The situation deteriorated after the fall of the Derg.&lt;ref name=&quot;r25&quot;&gt;Rone, Jemera. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NkeXxtzFSHAC&amp;pg=PA25 Civilian Devastation: Abuses by All Parties in the War in Southern Sudan]''. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1994. p. 25&lt;/ref&gt; As the Derg regime crumbled, Akol published a document titled ''Why Garang Must Go Now''.&lt;ref name=&quot;f208&quot;&gt;Guarak, Mawut Achiecque Mach. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ggRAkGJvAucC&amp;pg=PA208 Integration and Fragmentation of the Sudan: An African Renaissance]''. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2011. p. 208&lt;/ref&gt; The split was made public on August 28, 1991, in what became known as the [[Nasir Declaration]]. The dissidents called for democratization of SPLA, a stop to human rights abuses, and an independent South Sudan (in contrast to the SPLA line of creating a united and secular Sudan). Kong Coul joined the rebellion. The 'SPLA-Nasir' was joined by the SPLA forces in [[Ayod]], [[Waat]], [[Adok]], [[Abwong]], [[Ler, South Sudan|Ler]] and Akobo.&lt;ref name=&quot;r90&quot;&gt;Rone, Jemera. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NkeXxtzFSHAC&amp;pg=PA90 Civilian Devastation: Abuses by All Parties in the War in Southern Sudan]''. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1994. p. 90&lt;/ref&gt; A period of chaos reigned inside SPLA, as it was not clear which units sided with Garang and which with SPLA-Nasir.&lt;ref&gt;Rone, Jemera. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NkeXxtzFSHAC&amp;pg=PA91 Civilian Devastation: Abuses by All Parties in the War in Southern Sudan]''. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1994. p. 91&lt;/ref&gt;

Garang issued a statement through the SPLA radio communications system, denouncing the coup. Nine out of eleven (excluding himself) SPLA/M PMHC members sided with Garang.&lt;ref name=&quot;f210&quot;&gt;Guarak, Mawut Achiecque Mach. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ggRAkGJvAucC&amp;pg=PA210 Integration and Fragmentation of the Sudan: An African Renaissance]''. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2011. p. 210&lt;/ref&gt; The mainstream SPLA led by Garang was based in [[Torit]].&lt;ref name=&quot;r0&quot;/&gt; The two SPLA factions fought each other, including attacks on civilians on their opponents' turf.&lt;ref&gt;Rone, Jemera. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NkeXxtzFSHAC&amp;pg=PA3 Civilian Devastation: Abuses by All Parties in the War in Southern Sudan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111075644/http://books.google.com/books?id=NkeXxtzFSHAC&amp;pg=PA3 |date=2014-01-11 }}''. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1994. p. 3&lt;/ref&gt;

===Battles of 1992===
As of 1992 the Sudanese government launched a major offensive against SPLA, which was weakened by the split with [[SPLA-Nasir]]. SPLA lost control of Torit (where SPLA was headquartered), Bor, [[Yirol]], [[Pibor]], [[Pochalla]] and Kapoeta.&lt;ref&gt;Rone, Jemera. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NkeXxtzFSHAC&amp;pg=PA35 Civilian Devastation: Abuses by All Parties in the War in Southern Sudan]''. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1994. p. 35&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=DeRouen4&gt;{{cite book|title=Civil wars of the world: major conflicts since World War II|author=Karl R. DeRouen and Uk Heo|volume=1|page=748|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

SPLA made two attacks on Juba in June–July 1992. SPLA nearly captured the town. After the attacks, the Sudanese government forces committed harsh reprisals against the civilian population. Summary executions of suspected SPLA collaborators were carried out.&lt;ref&gt;Rone, Jemera. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NkeXxtzFSHAC&amp;pg=PA56 Civilian Devastation: Abuses by All Parties in the War in Southern Sudan]''. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1994. pp. 56-58&lt;/ref&gt; On September 27, 1992 the deputy commander-in-chief of SPLA, William Nyuon, defected and took a section of fighters with him.&lt;ref name=&quot;f220&quot;&gt;Guarak, Mawut Achiecque Mach. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ggRAkGJvAucC&amp;pg=PA220 Integration and Fragmentation of the Sudan: An African Renaissance]''. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2011. p. 220&lt;/ref&gt; SPLA recaptured Bor on November 29, 1991.&lt;ref&gt;Rone, Jemera. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NkeXxtzFSHAC&amp;pg=PA99 Civilian Devastation: Abuses by All Parties in the War in Southern Sudan]''. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1994. p. 99&lt;/ref&gt;

===Mid-1990s===
As of the mid-1990s, the majority of the population of Southern Sudan lived in areas under the control of either the mainstream SPLA or SPLA-Nasir.&lt;ref&gt;Rone, Jemera. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NkeXxtzFSHAC&amp;pg=PA12 Civilian Devastation: Abuses by All Parties in the War in Southern Sudan]''. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1994. p. 12&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- 
SPLA insisted that they fought for the liberation of all Sudanese people.&lt;ref name=&quot;a57&quot;&gt;Africa Watch Committee. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=1K_5IOdPQ-sC&amp;pg=PA57 Denying the Honor of Living: Sudan, a Human Rights Disaster : an Africa Watch Report]''. New York, N.Y.: Africa Watch Committee, 1990. p. 57&lt;/ref&gt; The SPLA battalion in the Nuba Mountains (the New Cush Battalion) had many Muslims in its ranks, including its leader Yusuf Kowa.&lt;ref name=&quot;a57&quot;/&gt; --&gt;

===2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement===
In 2004, a year before the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, the [[Child Soldiers International|Coalition to Stop Child Soldiers]], estimated that there were between 2,500 and 5,000 children serving in the SPLA.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/SPLA-to-demobilize-all-child,36125 |title=SPLA to demobilize all child soldiers by end of the year - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan |publisher=Sudan Tribune |date= |accessdate=2012-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215035106/http://www.sudantribune.com/SPLA-to-demobilize-all-child,36125 |archive-date=2011-02-15 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Salva Kiir-3, by Stein Ove Korneliussen.jpg|thumb|Salva Kiir Mayardit, Commander-in-Chief of SPLA]]

Following the signing of the CPA, a SPLA reorganisation process began. This process was actively supported by funding from the [[United States]]. In 2005, Garang restructured the top leadership of SPLA, with a Chief of General Staff, Lt. Gen. [[Oyay Deng Ajak]], and four Deputy Chiefs of General Staff: Maj. Gen. Salva Mathok Gengdit (Administration), Maj. Gen. Bior Ajang Aswad (Operations), Maj. Gen. [[James Hoth Mai]] (Logistics) and Maj. Gen. Obuto Mamur Mete (Political and Moral Orientation).&lt;ref name=&quot;Rands10&quot;/&gt;
[[File:Sudan Envoy - Malakal JIU.jpg|thumb|SPLA officer as part of [[Joint Integrated Units]] during the CPA era]]
The initial organisation of the SPLA, based on divisions, was assembled in mid-2005 but not actually put into practice in the field until 2006. It was based on six divisions (in Upper Nile State; [[2nd Division (South Sudan)|2nd Division]]: Equatorias; [[3rd Division (South Sudan)|3rd Division]]: Northern Bahr el Ghazal and Warrap states; [[4th Division (South Sudan)|4th Division]] [[Unity State]]; the [[5th Division (South Sudan)|5th Division]] in [[Lakes State]], the 6th Division, SPLA personnel in the [[Joint Integrated Units]]) and four independent brigades.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Richard|last=Rands|title=In Need of Review: SPLA Transformation in 2006–10 and Beyond|url=http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/pdfs/HSBA-SWP-23-SPLA-Transformation-2006-10-and-Beyond.pdf|date=2010|page=9|publisher=Small Arms Survey HSBA|access-date=2012-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901042441/http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/pdfs/HSBA-SWP-23-SPLA-Transformation-2006-10-and-Beyond.pdf|archive-date=2012-09-01|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The four independent brigades grouped SPLA forces in Southern Blue Nile, Bor (Jonglei), the Nuba Mountains (South Kordofan) and Raja (Western Bahr el Ghazal).

Probably more important than the reorganisation was the Juba Declaration, signed by Salva and General [[Paulino Matiep]] on 8 January 2006. Matiep commanded the South Sudan Defence Forces (SSDF), the largest and best-equipped militia (about 50,000 men) that remained beyond SPLA control. Paulino was appointed Deputy Chief of Staff, the second highest position,&lt;ref name=tribune&gt;{{cite web | last=Paterno | first=Steve | title=Plural news and views on Sudan | website=Sudan Tribune | date=24 August 2012 | url=https://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?mot236 | access-date=20 June 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721031013/http://sudantribune.com/spip.php?mot236 | archive-date=21 July 2013 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; his subordinate generals became part of the SPLA without any reduction in rank, and about 50,000 SSDF were added to the SPLA payroll.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=John|last=Young|title=The Fate of Sudan: The Origins and Consequences of a Flawed Peace Process|publisher=Zed Books|date=2012|pages=121–2}} in Alex de Waal, The Real Politics of the Horn of Africa, Polity 2015 96.&lt;/ref&gt; The number of generals in the SPLA also rose as Salva promoted hundreds of existing SPLA officers to match the arriving ex-SSDF generals. By 2011 and independence, the SPLA had 745 generals. At about the same time, the legislature voted to double infantrymen's base pay from the equivalent of $75 a month (the rate under Khartoum's control) to $150.{{cn|date=June 2020}} The unification of the two largest armed groups in the region seriously weakened Khartoum’s control of South Sudan.&lt;ref name=tribune/&gt;

In 2007–08 the independent brigades in Blue Nile, Bor, and the Nuba Mountains became the 10th, [[8th Division (South Sudan)|8th]], and 9th divisions, respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Richard|last=Rands|title=In Need of Review: SPLA Transformation in 2006–10 and Beyond|url=http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/pdfs/HSBA-SWP-23-SPLA-Transformation-2006-10-and-Beyond.pdf|date=2010|page=10|publisher=Small Arms Survey HSBA|access-date=2012-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901042441/http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/pdfs/HSBA-SWP-23-SPLA-Transformation-2006-10-and-Beyond.pdf|archive-date=2012-09-01|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 9th and 10th Divisions thus fell north of the 1-1-56 Independence dividing line between North and South Sudan. The last independent brigade, in [[Raja]], became part of the 5th Division.

===Ministry of Defence===
In 2007, the SPLM/A established a Ministry of Defence. Gen. [[Dominic Dim Deng]], an SPLA veteran, was chosen as the first Minister for SPLA Affairs and the first political officer of the SPLA. Dim died in a plane crash in 2008 alongside his wife, [[Josephine Apieu Jenaro Aken]], and other SPLA officers. He is buried alongside his wife at the SPLA headquarters in Bilpham, Juba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rands10&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Richard|last=Rands|title=In Need of Review: SPLA Transformation in 2006–10 and Beyond|url=http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/pdfs/HSBA-SWP-23-SPLA-Transformation-2006-10-and-Beyond.pdf|date=2010|page=|publisher=Small Arms Survey HSBA|access-date=2012-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901042441/http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/pdfs/HSBA-SWP-23-SPLA-Transformation-2006-10-and-Beyond.pdf|archive-date=2012-09-01|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Deputy Chief of Staff (Logistics) James Hoth Mai replaced Oyay Deng Ajak as Chief of General Staff in May 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;sudantribune.com&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Kiir appoints new army Chief of Staff, relieves deputies|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article31363|newspaper=Sudan Tribune|date=June 1, 2009|accessdate=January 7, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107103315/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article31363|archive-date=January 7, 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2010 U.S. diplomats reported that [[Samora]] &quot;made a point to discuss how the SPLA needed to be reorganized. He stated that the SPLA was top heavy, carrying nearly 550 general officers and providing more than 200 security guards for each minister.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;10ADDISABABA176&lt;/ref&gt;

The 2005 [[Comprehensive Peace Agreement]] stipulated that the SPLA in northern Sudan were to move south of the 1956 North-South boundary during the interim period, excepting those part of the [[Joint Integrated Units]], composed of equal numbers from the SPLA and the [[Sudanese Armed Forces]].&lt;ref&gt;CPA Annexure I, Part 1, Article 7.1.2&lt;/ref&gt; Officially, this move did take place, in 2008, with the 10th Division relocating its headquarters to Guffa, five kilometers south of the Blue Nile-Upper Nile border, and most of its troops to al-Fuj, Yafta and Marinja on the southern side.&lt;ref&gt;International Crisis Group, Sudan’s Spreading Conflict (II): War in Blue Nile Crisis Group Africa Report N°204, 18 June 2013, p.14&lt;/ref&gt; But more than 1,600 fighters remained north of the line. In early June 2011, following the lack of progress on popular consultations in Southern Kordofan &amp; Blue Nile, the SAF attempted to forcefully disarm Nuba SPLA soldiers, and fighting began in Southern Kordofan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/8591.pdf|title=p.3|access-date=2019-05-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417085556/https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/8591.pdf|archive-date=2020-04-17|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the fighting began, former SPLA 9th and 10th Division fighters proclaimed themselves the [[Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North]] (SPLA-N), under [[Malik Agar]] as Chairman and Commander-in-Chief.&lt;ref&gt;ibid ODI p.7&lt;/ref&gt;

The Government of Southern Sudan named the SPLA General Headquarters outside Juba 'Bilpam'.&lt;ref name=&quot;f252&quot;&gt;Guarak, Mawut Achiecque Mach. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ggRAkGJvAucC&amp;pg=PA252 Integration and Fragmentation of the Sudan: An African Renaissance]''. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2011. pp. 252-253&lt;/ref&gt; The headquarters staff was expanded after 2008 to match the ten-division structure. This expansion coincided with the completion of the GHQ facility at Bilpam, built by DynCorp with funds from the [[U.S. State Department]]’s Africa Peacekeeping Program (AFRICAP).&lt;ref&gt;Rands 2010, 11&lt;/ref&gt;

Work on a national security strategy began in late 2012.{{sfn|IISS|2013|p=532}}

===Southern Civil War===
{{update|date=October 2014}}
{{main|South Sudanese Civil War}}
On December 15, 2013, fighting broke out in Juba between different factions of the armed forces in what the South Sudanese government described as a [[coup d'état]]. President Kiir announced that the attempt had been put down the next day, but fighting resumed December 16. Military spokesman Colonel Philip Aguer said that some military installations had been attacked by armed soldiers but that &quot;the army is in full control of Juba.&quot; He added that an investigation was under way.&lt;ref name=&quot;aljaz1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Heavy gunfire rocks South Sudan capital|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/12/heavy-gunfire-heard-south-sudan-capital-201312167240288669.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=16 December 2013|accessdate=17 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217194107/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/12/heavy-gunfire-heard-south-sudan-capital-201312167240288669.html|archive-date=17 December 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Eventually the Sudan People's Liberation Movement split into two main factions, divided on the issue over leadership of the ruling party:
*The '''Sudan People's Liberation Movement (In Government)''' was led by President Kiir; it was the ruling faction that signed the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in January 2005. Kiir served as president of the Transitional Autonomous Region of South Sudan from its formation in 2005 after Garang's death till the country's independence in 2011. The SPLM-IO faction formally withdrew from the SPLM ruling faction in 2013.
*The '''[[Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition|Sudan People's Liberation Movement (In Opposition)]]''' was formed in 2013 and is led by former South Sudan Vice President [[Riek Machar]]. The group is the major opponent to the SPLM-IG faction in the [[South Sudan civil war|Southern Sudanese civil war]].

The coordination of the April–July 2015 attack by the SPLA-IG in Unity State—involving multiple divisions across multiple sectors—indicates a high level of operational planning from Juba.&lt;ref&gt;Interim Report of the Panel of Experts, S/2015/656, 21 August 2015, Annex V, p.37&lt;/ref&gt; The ferocity with which people were chased into the swamps to be killed was aimed at annihilating the SPLM/A-in-Opposition's support, and led to systematic destruction of villages and towns.

The [[Tiger Faction New Forces]] (also called Tiger Faction or 'The Tigers')&lt;ref name=&quot;dismiss&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?iframe&amp;page=imprimable&amp;id_article=58273 |title=Tiger faction of ethnic Shilluk kingdom dismisses integration into SPLM-IO |author= |work=Sudan Tribune |date=11 March 2016 |accessdate=26 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220183322/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?iframe&amp;page=imprimable&amp;id_article=58273 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; split from the SPLA in late October 2015. A [[Shilluk people|Shilluk]] militia, it aimed to reverse the [[States of South Sudan|division of South Sudan into 28 (later 32) states]] in order to restore the territory of the [[Shilluk Kingdom]] to its 1956 borders.&lt;ref name=&quot;dismiss&quot; /&gt; Led by Yoanis Okiech, the TFNF started an insurgency against the [[Sudan People's Liberation Movement|SPLM]] government.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/facts-figures/south-sudan/conflict-of-2013-14/the-conflict-in-upper-nile.html |title=The Conflict in Upper Nile State |author= |work=[[Small Arms Survey]] |date=8 March 2016 |accessdate=28 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224222009/http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/facts-figures/south-sudan/conflict-of-2013-14/the-conflict-in-upper-nile.html |archive-date=24 February 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2016, however, it also came into conflict with the [[Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition|SPLM-IO]] rebels, leading to Okiech's death and the group's destruction in January 2017.

Over the course of the war, the SPLA has become dominated by Dinka, in particular Dinka from greater Bahr el-Ghazal. The Panel of Experts wrote in 2016, &quot;While other tribes are represented in SPLA, they are increasingly marginalized, rendering the multi-tribal structure of the army largely a façade that obscures the central role that Dinka now play in virtually all major theatres of the conflict&quot;. (S/2016/963, 8)
===2017–2018: SSDF to SSPDF===
On May 16, 2017, Kiir  announced a restructure of the army and change of name to the South Sudan Defence Forces (SSDF).&lt;ref name=anrestructure&gt;{{cite web | first=Deng | last=Machol | title=South Sudan president restructures army, changes its name to SSDF | website=Africanews | date=16 May 2017 | url=https://www.africanews.com/2017/05/16/south-sudan-president-restructures-army-changes-its-name-to-ssdf/ | access-date=20 June 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230080538/https://www.africanews.com/2017/05/16/south-sudan-president-restructures-army-changes-its-name-to-ssdf// | archive-date=30 December 2019 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cessation of hostilities agreement was reached in December 2017, but never really took effect.{{cn|date=June 2020}} In August 2017, Kiir announced that the new name for the army would be the South Sudan People's Defence Forces (SSPDF) &quot;by the need to represent the will of the people&quot;. He said that there was a need to reorganise and professionalise the army.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Isabirye|first1=Joel|title=From SPLA to SSPDF: The Detailed Account of why South Sudan is changing the name of its Heroic National Army|url=http://theinvestigatornews.com/2017/08/spla-sspdf-detailed-account-south-sudan-changing-name-heroic-national-army/|accessdate=October 9, 2017|work=The Investigator|date=August 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618003010/https://theinvestigatornews.com/2017/08/spla-sspdf-detailed-account-south-sudan-changing-name-heroic-national-army/|archive-date=18 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Professor Joel Isabirye, the change of name would shift the discourse from the era of liberation, which had now concluded, to one of national defence, which is ongoing – with the focus on defending the country against external aggression. The insertion of &quot;People’s&quot; into the name &quot;could be to avoid being dragged back into history when during the Second Sudanese Civil War (1983-2005) a militia called South Sudan Defense Forces (SSDF) emerged and aligned with the Government of Sudan&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=South Sudan president says changed SPLA name to represent will of people|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article63161|accessdate=October 9, 2017|work=Sudan Tribune|location=Juba|language=en|date=August 4, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010010300/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article63161|archive-date=October 10, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The negotiations stalled over disagreement among the parties about power sharing, future security arrangements and whether Riak Machar could return from exile to political life in South Sudan. In early May 2018, a two-day meeting of the Parties to the Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in South Sudan (R-ARCSS) started in [[Addis Ababa]]. The parties were to take stock of the progress so far of the R-ARCSS, the pending tasks, and debate the way forward.{{cn|date=June 2020}}

The army was officially renamed South Sudan People's Defence Forces in September 2018 by a Republican order read on the state-owned TV channel SSBC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=SPLA officially renamed 'South Sudan People's Defence Forces' - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan|url=https://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article66360|access-date=2020-06-17|website=www.sudantribune.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029044026/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article66360|archive-date=2019-10-29|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The renaming occurred ten days before implementation of new security arrangements, which include the reunification of the national army. President Kiir was also Commander-in-Chief of the army.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=SPLA Becomes South Sudan People’s Defence Forces (SSPDF) | website=Taarifa Rwanda | date=3 October 2018 | url=https://taarifa.rw/spla-becomes-south-sudan-peoples-defence-forces-sspdf/ | language=la | access-date=20 June 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620074849/https://taarifa.rw/spla-becomes-south-sudan-peoples-defence-forces-sspdf/ | archive-date=20 June 2020 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

As of 2018, the army was estimated to have 185,000 soldiers as well as an unknown number of personnel in the small [[South Sudan Air Force]].{{sfn|IISS|2018|p=487}} 

According to the CIA ''[[World Factbook]]'' {{as of|lc=yes|June 2020}}, &quot;under the September 2018 peace agreement, all armed groups in South Sudan were to assemble at designated sites where fighters could be either disarmed and demobilized, or integrated into unified military and police forces; the unified forces were then to be retrained and deployed prior to the formation of a national unity government; all fighters were ordered to these sites in July 2019, but as of April 2020 this process had not been completed&quot;.&lt;ref name=ciawf2020&gt;{{cite web | title=Africa :: South Sudan | website=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]. The World Factbook | date=17 June 2020 | url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/od.html | access-date=20 June 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907162153/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/od.html | archive-date=7 September 2017 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===2019===
As of 2019, the SSPDF comprised the Ground Force, Air Force, Air Defense Forces, and Presidential Guard.&lt;ref name=ciawf2020/&gt;

In October 2019, more than 40 members of South Sudan People’s Defense Forces (SSPDF) undertook two-day training organised by the [[United Nations Mission in South Sudan]] (UNMISS) in [[Kuajok]], Gogrial.&lt;ref name=unmiss&gt;{{cite web | first=Manyang | last=Mayom | title=South Sudan People’s Defense Force (SSPDF) lauds UNMISS for training in international human rights and humanitarian law | website=Africanews | date=18 October 2019 | url=https://www.africanews.com/2019/10/18/south-sudan-peoples-defense-force-sspdf-lauds-unmiss-for-training-in-international-human-rights-and-humanitarian-law-by-manyang-mayom/ | access-date=20 June 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619105024/https://www.africanews.com/2019/10/18/south-sudan-peoples-defense-force-sspdf-lauds-unmiss-for-training-in-international-human-rights-and-humanitarian-law-by-manyang-mayom// | archive-date=19 June 2020 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; UNMISS has been in the country since 2011, aiming to consolidate peace and achieve security to allow economic growth and political stability. They were deploying more than 19,000 personnel in the country as of September 2019.&lt;ref name=ciawf2020/&gt;

==Structure and equipment==
{{update|section|date=June 2020}}
The SPLA was commanded by the Chief of General Staff] (COGS). Deputy Chief of Staff (Logistics) James Hoth Mai replaced Oyay Deng Ajak as Chief of General Staff in May 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;sudantribune.com&quot;/&gt; [[James Hoth Mai]] was superseded by [[Paul Malong Awan]] as COGS in 2014.

After the restructure as SSDF, Malong was superseded by [[James Ajongo Mawut]] (May 2017–April 2018), with the position now referred to as &quot;chief of defence force(s)&quot;. On 28 April 2018, Chief of General Staff [[James Ajongo Mawut]] died in Cairo from a short illness.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-south-sudan-army/south-sudans-army-chief-general-james-ajongo-has-died-government-spokesman-idUSKBN1HR100|title=Wartorn South Sudan's army chief dies|last=Dumo|first=Denis|work=U.S.|access-date=2018-06-17|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617215947/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-south-sudan-army/south-sudans-army-chief-general-james-ajongo-has-died-government-spokesman-idUSKBN1HR100|archive-date=2018-06-17|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was replaced by General Gabriel Jok Riak on 4 May 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/new-south-sudan-army-chief-sworn-in|title=New South Sudan army chief sworn in|work=Radio Tamazuj|access-date=2018-06-17|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618002550/https://radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/new-south-sudan-army-chief-sworn-in|archive-date=2018-06-18|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 11 May 2020 President Kiir removed Riak and appointed General Johnson Juma Okot as Chief of Defence Forces, who had been serving as deputy chief.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=South Sudan leader sacks army chief | website=Xinhua | date=21 March 2017 | url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-05/12/c_139050910.htm | language=la | access-date=20 June 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620042434/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-05/12/c_139050910.htm | archive-date=20 June 2020 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
===SPLA structure and equipment===
The COGS oversaw five directorates, each led by a Deputy Chief of General Staff (DCOGS):{{when|date=June 2020}}
* Administration
* Operations
* Logistics
* Political and Moral Orientation
* Training and Research

The SPLA had nine divisions and a small air force, all of which reported to the DCOGS, Operations:

*'''[[1st Division (South Sudan)|1st Division]]''' : Renk, [[Upper Nile State]]. Established 2006. After the CPA, [[George Athor]] was appointed a major general and confirmed in overall commander of Division I (2005–07) before being moved to SPLA HQ in Bilpam as director for administration.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Kuyok Abol|last=Kuyok|title=South Sudan: The Notable Firsts|url=https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=622LCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT889&amp;dq=%22Division+I%22+Athor+%22Upper+Nile%22&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwja_4yO14HiAhWDyoUKHVl0DSMQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22Division%20I%22%20Athor%20%22Upper%20Nile%22&amp;f=false|page=|publisher=AuthorHouse|date=2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Small Arms Survey]] wrote in early 2016 that '..[the] Division, stationed in Renk and widely regarded as the best fighting force in the country, is largely [[Nuer people|Nuer]]. Until 2 December 2015, it was under the command of [[Stephen Buay]], a Bul Nuer who was subsequently redeployed to lead the SPLA's [[4th Division (South Sudan)|4th Division]] in Rubkona, [[Unity State]].'&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Small Arms Survey|title=The Conflict in Upper Nile State|url=http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/fileadmin/docs/archive/south-sudan/conflict-crisis-2013-15/upper-nile/HSBA-Conflict-Upper-Nile-March-2016.pdf|access-date=2019-05-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303121920/http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/fileadmin/docs/archive/south-sudan/conflict-crisis-2013-15/upper-nile/HSBA-Conflict-Upper-Nile-March-2016.pdf|archive-date=2019-03-03|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
*'''[[2nd Division (South Sudan)|2nd Division]]''' : Giada Barracks, Juba, [[Central Equatoria|Central Equatoria State]] Established 2006. By 2013 division headquarters was at [[Mogiri]] east of Juba.&lt;ref&gt;https://allafrica.com/stories/201312171665.html&lt;/ref&gt; On 19 August 2011, it was reported that the UN SRSG would visit [[Kapoeta]] to meet the County Commissioner and the Commander of Brigade 9 of the SPLA's 2nd Division.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201108221292.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2019-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419120141/http://allafrica.com/stories/201108221292.html |archive-date=2012-04-19 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''[[3rd Division (South Sudan)|3rd Division]]''' : Winejok, [[Northern Bahr el Ghazal]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://radiotamazuj.org/en/article/south-sudan-army-defection-wunyiik |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624105043/https://radiotamazuj.org/en/article/south-sudan-army-defection-wunyiik |archive-date=2016-06-24 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (also covers [[Warrap (state)|Warrap State]])
*'''[[4th Division (South Sudan)|4th Division]]''' : Mapel, [[Western Bahr el Ghazal]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://radiotamazuj.org/en/article/missing-money-spla-div-4-widows-unpaid |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624092012/https://radiotamazuj.org/en/article/missing-money-spla-div-4-widows-unpaid |archive-date=2016-06-24 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (formerly at Rubkona){{Flagicon image|SPLA 4 Division SSI.svg}} Established 2006. Rands wrote in 2010 that &quot;Upon integrating into the SPLA, the core forces of [[Paulino Matiep]], under the command of Tahib Gatluak, [remained] in Mayom County in Unity State. Some were then redeployed to Juba to join Matiep’s bodyguard. The remaining men were deployed as part of the 4th Division in Duar, Unity State.&quot; News reports on December 21, 2013 from [[Bentiu]] said the 4th Division commander, [[James Koang Chuol]], had declared that he has deposed the caretaker governor and that his forces were no longer loyal to President [[Salva Kiir]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article49274|title=Unity state's 4th division commander defects, assumes governorship - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan|website=sudantribune.com|accessdate=October 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320045656/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article49274|archive-date=March 20, 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chuol said he had overthrown Governor [[Joseph Monytuel]] after surviving an assassination attempt. Koang said that the 4th Division's tank unit allegedly tried to kill him at around 7pm on Friday upon being ordered by Monytuel at the behest of senior SPLA members in Juba. Significant forces from Division IV defected to the [[Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition]], with their arms and ammunition.&lt;ref name=&quot;S16-656&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/S_2015_656.pdf|title=S/2016/656|page=22|access-date=2019-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219222750/http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/S_2015_656.pdf|archive-date=2020-02-19|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Division IV was involved in the April–July [[Unity State]] offensive by the SPLA, alongside Bul Nuer youth, other SPLA forces, and other armed groups.&lt;ref&gt;Interim Report of the Panel of Experts, S/2016/656, 21 August 2015, Annex V.&lt;/ref&gt; In 2015-16, the division was placed under the command of [[Stephen Buay]].
*'''[[5th Division (South Sudan)|5th Division]]''' : Girinti Barracks, Wau, [[Western Bahr el Ghazal|Western Bahr el Ghazal State]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article58577|title=SPLA launches military operations against SPLA-IO forces in Bahr-el-Ghazal region - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan|author=|date=|website=www.sudantribune.com|accessdate=1 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401212717/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article58577|archive-date=1 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; (formerly at Rumbek)https://www.nyamile.com/2018/06/01/buay-rolnyang-to-appear-in-military-court-very-soon/
*'''[[6th Division (South Sudan)|6th Division]]''' : Maridi, [[Western Equatoria]]. On 13 August 2016, some 800 to 900 troops from SPLA Division VI launched an incursion into the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], crossing the border and engaging in a battle with SPLM/A in Opposition.&lt;ref&gt;Report of the Panel of Experts, S/2016/963, p.3&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''[[7th Division (South Sudan)|7th Division]]''' : Owachi, [[Upper Nile State]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/facts-figures/south-sudan/armed-groups/southern-dissident-militias/ssdma-upper-nile.html|title=SSDM/A-Upper Nile|author=|date=|website=www.smallarmssurveysudan.org|accessdate=1 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401144523/http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/facts-figures/south-sudan/armed-groups/southern-dissident-militias/ssdma-upper-nile.html|archive-date=1 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rands wrote in 2010 that '..[m]uch of the SPLA's 7th Division operating west of the Nile in the Shilluk areas of Upper Nile State is composed of former forces of the SSDF commander [[Peter Gadet]], now a major general in the SPLA. Gadet stayed with SAF Military Intelligence during the Juba Declaration process and many were suspicious of his allegiances. As of the time of writing when Rands wrote, Gadet's authority over his former men in the 7th Division was unclear.&lt;ref&gt;Rands 2010, 15.&lt;/ref&gt; Still under command of Peter Gadet in 2013. Significant forces from Division VII defected to the [[Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition]], with their arms and ammunition.&lt;ref name=&quot;S16-656&quot;/&gt; Gadet died on 15 April 2019.
*'''[[8th Division (South Sudan)|8th Division]]''' : Bor, [[Jonglei|Jonglei State]]
*'''[[Mechanized Division (South Sudan)|Mechanized Division]]''' : Mapel, [[Western Bahr el Ghazal|Western Bahr el Ghazal State]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/facts-figures/south-sudan/conflict-of-2013-14/the-conflict-in-bahr-el-ghazal.html|title=The Conflict in Bahr el Ghazal|author=|date=|website=www.smallarmssurveysudan.org|accessdate=1 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829211056/http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/facts-figures/south-sudan/conflict-of-2013-14/the-conflict-in-bahr-el-ghazal.html|archive-date=29 August 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Circa July 15, 2017, the Mechanized Division, with the 8th Infantry Division, was to deploy forces to the Juba-Bor road to ensure the safety of travelers, the SPLA spokesperson announced. The move came after a series of deadly road attack by armed men.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://eyeradio.org/spla-deploys-soldiers-juba-bor-road/|title=SPLA deploys soldiers along Juba-Bor road|date=July 15, 2017|accessdate=October 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502094756/https://eyeradio.org/spla-deploys-soldiers-juba-bor-road/|archive-date=May 2, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Special Forces brigade (South Sudan)|Special Forces brigade]] with four battalions
*The '''[[South Sudan Air Force|Sudan People's Air Force]]''' : Juba, [[Central Equatoria|Central Equatoria State]]

According to a 2015 security agreement with the [[Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition]], military forces currently stationed in Juba, Bor and Malakal are to be moved to bases at least 25 kilometers outside of each respective city. The Presidential Guard at Giada Barracks and SPLA's General Headquarters in Bilpam are authorized exceptions to the agreement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thenationmirror.com/news/south-sudan-news/1684-spla-starts-redeploying-forces-out-of-juba|title=SPLA Starts redeploying forces out of Juba|first=News|last=Desk|date=|website=thenationmirror.com|accessdate=1 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401212835/http://www.thenationmirror.com/news/south-sudan-news/1684-spla-starts-redeploying-forces-out-of-juba|archive-date=1 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Equipment===
[[File:SPLA T-72.png|thumb|A [[T-72]] in SPLA service]]

As of 2013 the SPLA's land forces operated the following heavy equipment:
*110 x [[T-72]]{{sfn|IISS|2013|p=532}}
*A small number of [[T-55]] tanks{{sfn|IISS|2013|p=532}}
*12 x [[2S1 Gvozdika]]{{sfn|IISS|2013|p=532}}
*12 x [[2S3 Akatsiya]]{{sfn|IISS|2013|p=532}}
*15 x [[BM-21 Grad]]{{sfn|IISS|2013|p=532}}
*[[Mamba APC]]
*More than 30 82mm mortars{{sfn|IISS|2013|p=532}}

As of 2013 the [[South Sudan Air Force]] operated the following aircraft:
*1 x [[Beechcraft 1900]]{{sfn|IISS|2013|p=532}}
*9 x [[Mil Mi-17]]{{sfn|IISS|2013|p=532}}
*1 x [[Mil Mi-17|Mi-172]]{{sfn|IISS|2013|p=532}}

==Defence expenditure==

According to the 2013 edition of the [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]]' report ''The Military Balance'', South Sudan's defence budgets since 2011 have been as follows:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Year !! South Sudanese pounds !! US dollar equivalent 
|-
| 2011 || 1.6bn || 533m
|-
| 2012 || 2.42bn || 537m 
|-
| 2013 || 2.52bn ||
|}

==See also==
*[[Democratic Change (South Sudan)]], formerly Sudan People's Liberation Movement - Democratic Change, a political party
*[[Sudan Liberation Movement/Army]], a Sudanese rebel group active in Darfur, founded as the Darfur Liberation Front
*[[Sudan People's Liberation Movement]] (SPLM), a political party in South Sudan founded as the political wing of the SPLA
*[[Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition]], a mainly South Sudanese political party that split from the Sudan People's Liberation Movement in 2013
*[[Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North]], a political party and militant organisation in the Republic of Sudan

==Notes==
{{Ibid|date=July 2019}}
{{reflist}}

==References==
*{{cite book|last=International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS)|title=The Military Balance 2018|year=2018|publisher=IISS|location=London|issn=0459-7222|ref={{SfnRef|IISS|2018}}}}
*{{cite book|last=International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS)|title=The Military Balance 2013|year=2013|publisher=IISS|location=London|issn=0459-7222|ref={{SfnRef|IISS|2013}}}}
* {{cite book|first=Richard|last=Rands|title=In Need of Review: SPLA Transformation in 2006–10 and Beyond|url=http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/pdfs/HSBA-SWP-23-SPLA-Transformation-2006-10-and-Beyond.pdf|date=2010|page=|publisher=Small Arms Survey HSBA}}

==Further reading==
*Sikainga, Ahmad Alawad, and Daly, M. W., Civil war in the Sudan, London ; New York : British Academic Press : Distributed by St. Martinʾs Press in the United States of America and Canada, 1993. (See Douglas and Prunier article on origins of SPLA)
*Further reading: African Rights, 1997. ''Food and Power in Sudan: A Critique of Humanitarianism,'' London: African Rights. Militarism and brutality of the early SPLA.

==External links==
{{commons category-inline|SPLA}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20141006115502/https://radiotamazuj.org/en/article/who%E2%80%99s-who-splm-juba-faction-riek-gai-kok Who's who in SPLM-Juba]
*[http://sudanproject.ryanspencerreed.com/gallery/ Photographer's Account of the SPLA - &quot;The Cost of Silence: A Traveling Exhibition&quot;]
* [http://jackson.yale.edu/event/screening-of-my-star-in-the-sky-and-qa-with-filmmakers/ Documentary on a child soldier that escaped the LRA]
*U.S. Embassy Khartoum, [https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/06KHARTOUM1650_a.html SOUTHERN SUDAN: APPROXIMATE TROOP STRENGTH AND EQUIPMENT INVENTORY OF SUDAN PEOPLE,S LIBERATION ARMY], 06KHARTOUM1650_a, July 12, 2006 15:59 (Wednesday).
	
{{Military of Africa}}
{{South Sudan topics}}

[[Category:Factions of the First Congo War]]
[[Category:Factions of the Second Congo War]]
[[Category:Factions of the South Sudanese Civil War]]
[[Category:Guerrilla organizations]]
[[Category:Rebel groups in Sudan]]
[[Category:Rebel groups in South Sudan]]
[[Category:Second Sudanese Civil War]]
[[Category:Military of South Sudan]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1983]]
[[Category:1983 establishments in Sudan]]
&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:South Sudan People's Defence Forces]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[South Sudan People's Defence Forces/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>Timeline of Lynn, Massachusetts</title>
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      <text bytes="27307" xml:space="preserve">The following is a timeline of the [[Lynn, Massachusetts#History|history]] of [[Lynn, Massachusetts|Lynn]], [[Massachusetts]], USA.
{{Dynamic list}}
{{TOC right}}

==17th-18th century==
* 1629 - Saugus founded.  Among the founders—[[Edmund Ingalls]]
* 1637 - Saugus renamed &quot;[[King's Lynn|Lynn]].&quot;{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
* 1642 - [[Saugus Iron Works National Historic Site|Saugus Iron Works]] in business.
* 1644 - [[Reading, Massachusetts|Reading]] separates from Lynn.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
* 1720 - Lynnfield burying-ground established.{{sfn|Arrington|1922}}
* 1732 - Saugus burying-ground established.{{sfn|Arrington|1922}}
* 1782 - [[Lynnfield, Massachusetts|Lynnfield]] separates from Lynn.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
* 1793 - Post office in operation.{{sfn|Arrington|1922}}
* 1797 - Population: 2,291.{{sfn|Morse|1797}}

==19th century==
* 1803 - Floating Bridge constructed on [[Salem Turnpike|Salem-Boston turnpike]].{{sfn|Arrington|1922}}
* 1810 - Population: 4,087.&lt;ref name=census1998&gt;{{citation |title=Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990 |year=1998 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/working-papers/1998/demo/POP-twps0027.html |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1812 - Eastern Burial-Place established.{{sfn|Arrington|1922}}
* 1814 - Town House built.{{sfn|Industries of Massachusetts|1886}}
* 1815
** [[Saugus, Massachusetts|Saugus]] separates from Lynn.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
** Social Library formed.&lt;ref name=davies&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.princeton.edu/~davpro/databases/index.html |title=American Libraries before 1876 |author= Davies Project |publisher=Princeton University |accessdate=October 1, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Image:1852 Lyceum Lynn Massachusetts map detail by McIntyre BPL 1285.png|thumb|right|Lyceum building]]
* 1830 - ''Lynn Record'' newspaper begins publication.&lt;ref name=&quot;lc&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/search/titles/results/?state=Massachusetts&amp;county=Essex&amp;city=Lynn&amp;rows=50&amp;sort=date |title=US Newspaper Directory |location=Washington DC |work=Chronicling America |publisher=Library of Congress |accessdate=October 1, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1838
** [[Eastern Railroad (Massachusetts)|Eastern Railroad]] in operation.{{sfn|Industries of Massachusetts|1886}}
** Lynn Natural History Society formed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |journal=Magazine of Horticuture |date=October 1843 |title=Lynn Natural History Society |location=Boston, Mass. |publisher=Hovey &amp; Co. }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1840 - Population: 9,367.&lt;ref name=census1998 /&gt;
* 1841
** Lyceum building constructed.{{sfn|Newhall|1890}}
** [[Frederick Douglass]] moves to Lynn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title= Frederick Douglass Chronology |publisher=U.S. National Park Service |accessdate=May 30, 2015 |url=http://www.nps.gov/frdo/historyculture/frederick-douglass-chronology.htm |work=Frederick Douglass National Historic Site }}&lt;/ref&gt;
** September 28 - [[Frederick Douglass]] is thrown off&lt;ref&gt;{{Wikisource-inline|Page:My Bondage and My Freedom (1855).djvu/411 |single=true}}&lt;/ref&gt; the [[Eastern Railroad (Massachusetts)|Eastern Railroad]] train at [[Lynn station|Lynn Central Square station]] for refusing to sit in the segregated coach&lt;ref name=&quot;nps.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.nps.gov/frdo/learn/historyculture/frederick-douglass-chronology.htm |title=Frederick Douglass Chronology - Frederick Douglass National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service) |website=www.nps.gov |language=en |access-date=2018-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.civilrightsteaching.org/desegregation/transportation-protests/ |title=Transportation Protests: 1841 to 1992 |website=www.civilrightsteaching.org |language=en |access-date=2018-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://primaryresearch.org/resistance-to-the-segregation-of-public-transportation-in-the-early-1840s/ |title=Resistance to the Segregation of Public Transportation in the Early 1840's |website=primaryresearch.org |language=en |access-date=2018-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1845 [[Frederick Douglass]] writes his first autobiography ''[[Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;nps.gov&quot;/&gt; while living in Lynn
* 1848 - First [[High Rock Tower Reservation|High Rock Tower]] built.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ci.lynn.ma.us/attractions_highrocktower.shtml |title=High Rock Park |publisher=City of Lynn |accessdate=October 1, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1850
** City of Lynn incorporated.
** [[George Hood (Massachusetts politician)|George Hood]] becomes mayor.
** [[Pine Grove Cemetery (Lynn, Massachusetts)|Pine Grove Cemetery]] consecrated.{{sfn|Arrington|1922}}
* 1851 - First [[Old Lynn High School|High School]] built.
* 1852
**May - [[Swampscott, Massachusetts|Swampscott]] separates from Lynn.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
**June - [[Benjamin Franklin Mudge]] becomes mayor.
* 1853
**February - [[Saugus Branch Railroad]] opens for passengers with four stations in Lynn. Lynn's [[Andrews Breed]] is the railroad's first superintendent.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Carlson|first=Stephen P.|title=All Aboard!|year=1980|publisher=Stephen P. Carlson|location=Saugus, Massachusetts}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Bradlee&gt;{{cite book|last=Bradlee|first=Francis F. C.|title=The Eastern Railroad: A Historical Account of Early Railroading in Eastern New England|year=1917|publisher=The Essex Institute|location=Salem, MA|url=https://archive.org/stream/easternrailroad00bradgoog#page/n5/mode/2up}}&lt;/ref&gt;
**March - [[Nahant, Massachusetts|Nahant]] separates from Lynn.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
**April - [[Daniel C. Baker]] becomes mayor.
[[File:Ezra Warren Mudge.png|thumb|right|Ezra W. Mudge]]
* 1854 - ''Lynn Weekly Reporter'' newspaper begins publication.&lt;ref name=&quot;lc&quot; /&gt;
* 1855
**[[Andrews Breed]] becomes mayor.
**Lynn Library Association organized.&lt;ref name=davies /&gt;
* 1856
**[[Ezra W. Mudge]] becomes mayor.
**African Methodist Episcopal Church established.{{sfn|Industries of Massachusetts|1886}}
* 1858
** [[William F. Johnson]] becomes mayor.
** [[Telegraphy|Telegraph]] in service.
** St. Mary's Cemetery consecrated.{{sfn|Arrington|1922}}
* 1859 - [[Edward S. Davis]] becomes mayor.
* 1860 - [[New England Shoemakers Strike of 1860]] begins in Lynn
* 1861 - [[Hiram N. Breed]] becomes mayor.
* 1862
**[[Peter M. Neal]] becomes mayor.
**Free Public Library established.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.noblenet.org/lynn/about.html |title=About our library |author=Lynn Public Library |accessdate=October 1, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061004182326/http://www.noblenet.org/lynn/about.html |archivedate=October 4, 2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1863 - [[Lynn and Boston Street Railway|Boston &amp; Lynn Horse Railroad]] begins operating.{{sfn|Johnson|1880}}
* 1865
** April 19 - original High Rock Tower destroyed by fire
* 1866
**[[Roland G. Usher]] becomes mayor.
** [[Mary Baker Eddy]] experiences the [[Christian Science#The fall in Lynn|fall in Lynn]], believed by [[Christian Scientist]]s to mark the birth of their religion.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Fraser |first=Caroline |authorlink=Caroline Fraser |title=God's Perfect Child: Living and Dying in the Christian Science Church |url=http://www.godsperfectchild.com/ |year=1999 |publisher=Henry Holt and Company |isbn=978-0805044317 |page=52 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Image:Music Hall and central market, by George C. Herbert.jpg|thumb|right|Music Hall]]
* 1867
** City Hall dedicated.{{sfn|Nichols|1869}}
** ''Lynn Transcript'' newspaper begins publication.&lt;ref name=&quot;lc&quot; /&gt;
* 1868 - [[YMCA|Young Men's Christian Association]] organized.{{sfn|Newhall|1890}}
* 1870
**[[Edwin Walden]] becomes mayor.
**Music Hall opens.{{sfn|Newhall|1890}}
* 1872
** Labor strike by shoemakers.&lt;ref name=brenner2009&gt;{{cite book|editor1= Aaron Brenner |editor2= Benjamin Day |editor3=[[Immanuel Ness]] |title=Encyclopedia of Strikes in American History|year=2015 |orig-year=2009 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-45707-7 |chapter= Timeline |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=xmVsBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PR17 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
**[[James N. Buffum]] becomes mayor.
**[[Independent Order of Odd Fellows|Odd Fellows]] Hall built.{{sfn|Industries of Massachusetts|1886}}
**[[Boston, Revere Beach &amp; Lynn Railroad]] chartered.&lt;ref name=Bradlee /&gt;
* 1873
**[[Jacob M. Lewis]] becomes mayor.
**Soldiers' Monument installed.{{sfn|Industries of Massachusetts|1886}}
* 1876 - ''[[The Daily Item (Lynn)|Lynn City Item]]'' newspaper begins publication.&lt;ref name=&quot;lc&quot; /&gt;
*1877 - [[Samuel M. Bubier]] becomes mayor.
[[File:St Stephens Church Lynn, MA 01.jpg|thumb|right|St. Stephen's Memorial Episcopal Church]]
* 1879
**January - [[George Plaisted Sanderson]] becomes mayor.
**June - 250th anniversary of settlement.{{sfn|Anniversary|1880}}
* 1880 - [[Lynn Masonic Hall]] built.
* 1881
** [[Henry B. Lovering]] elected mayor.
** [[Lynn Woods Reservation|Lynn Woods]] established.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ci.lynn.ma.us/citydepartments_lynnwoods.shtml |title=Lynn Woods Reservation |publisher=City of Lynn |accessdate=October 1, 2012 |archive-date=October 1, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001102415/http://www.ci.lynn.ma.us/citydepartments_lynnwoods.shtml |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
** [[St. Stephen's Memorial Episcopal Church]] built.
** [[St. Mary's High School (Lynn, Massachusetts)|Saint Mary's Boys High School]] established.
[[File:Grand Army of the Republic Hall, Lynn MA.jpg|thumb|right|G.A.R. Hall and Museum]]
*1882 - Lynn's [[Henry B. Lovering]] is elected to the [[United States House of Representatives]].
* 1883
** [[William L. Baird]] becomes mayor.
** [[Thomson-Houston Electric Company]] in business.
* 1885
** [[John R. Baldwin]] becomes mayor.
** [[G.A.R. Hall and Museum|G.A.R. Hall]] built.
* 1886 - [[George D. Hart]] becomes mayor.
* 1887
** [[English High School (Lynn, Massachusetts)|English High School]] established.
** [[Henry Cabot Lodge]] becomes [[Massachusetts's 6th congressional district]] [[United States House of Representatives|representative]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=W.H. Michael |title=Official Congressional Directory: Fiftieth Congress |year=1889 |edition=2nd |location=Washington DC |publisher=Government Printing Office |chapter= Massachusetts |chapterurl= https://archive.org/stream/officialcongres31pringoog#page/n62/mode/2up |title-link=Official Congressional Directory }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1888
** March 11-14 Lynn and all of Massachusetts are crippled by the [[Great Blizzard of 1888]]&lt;ref name=Blizzard_1888&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.massmoments.org/moment-details/blizzard-shuts-down-massachusetts.html |title=March 11, 1888, Blizzard Shuts Down Massachusetts |publisher=Massachusetts Foundation for the Humanities |accessdate=2020-01-18 |quote=On this day in 1888, ordinary life in Massachusetts came to a standstill. One of the most destructive blizzards ever to strike the East Coast raged for 36 hours.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** [[George C. Higgins]] becomes mayor.
** [[Thomson-Houston Electric Company]] powers the first [[List of streetcar systems in the United States#Massachusetts|electric streetcar in Massachusetts]]:&lt;ref name=HighlandCircuitInElectricalWorld&gt;''[https://books.google.com/books?id=zYVMAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=RA3-PA303#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false The Thomson-Houston Road at Lynn, Mass.]'', The Electrical World, Dec. 8, 1888, page 303&lt;/ref&gt; the Highland Circuit of the [[Lynn and Boston Street Railway|Lynn &amp; Boston Railway Company]]&lt;ref name=HighlandCircuitInElectricPower&gt;''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Dzs8AQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA21#v=onepage&amp;f=true Electric Railway at Lynn, Mass.]'', Electric Power, January, 1889, page 21&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1889
** [[Asa T. Newhall]] becomes mayor.
** A fire sweeps through the downtown, destroying a large swath of commercial and retail space.
* 1890 - [[Fabens Building]] and [[Tapley Building]] constructed.
* 1891
**[[E. Knowlton Fogg]] becomes mayor.
**[[Lynn Bank Block]] and [[Mowers' Block]] built.
* 1892
**[[Elihu B. Hayes]] becomes mayor.
**[[General Electric]] formed by a merger of [[Edison General Electric Company]] of [[Schenectady, New York]] and Thomson-Houston Electric Company of Lynn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=FAQs: How did the firm impact the advent of electricity?|url=http://www.jpmorgan.com/pages/jpmorgan/about/history/faq#Question_10|publisher=J.P. Morgan|accessdate=3 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Lynn [[English High School (1892 building)|English High School]] on Essex Street opens&lt;ref name=MACRIS&gt;{{cite web|url=http://mhc-macris.net/Details.aspx?MhcId=LYN.681|title=MACRIS inventory record for English High School (498 Essex Street)|publisher=Commonwealth of Massachusetts|accessdate=2017-01-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;
**[[Lynn Classical High School]] opened.
* 1893 - [[Lynn Armory]] built.
[[Image:Lynn Historical Society emblem Massachusetts 1898.png|thumb|right|Emblem of Lynn Historical Society, 1898]]
* 1894 - [[Charles E. Harwood]] becomes mayor.
* 1895 - [[Boston and Maine Railroad|Boston and Maine]]'s Central Square station rebuilt.&lt;ref name=netransit /&gt;
* 1896
**[[Eugene A. Besson]] becomes mayor.
**[[Old Post Office Building (Lynn, Massachusetts)|Post Office]] built.
* 1897
**[[Walter L. Ramsdell]] becomes mayor.
**Lynn Historical Society incorporated.
* 1898 - [[Lynn Public Library]] built.
* 1899 - [[William Shepherd (Massachusetts politician)|William Shepherd]] becomes mayor.

==20th century==
[[File:Vamp Building.jpg|thumb|right|Vamp Building]]
* 1900 - Population: 68,513.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
* 1903
**[[Henry W. Eastham]] becomes mayor.
**[[Vamp Building]] constructed.
* 1904
** second [[High Rock Tower Reservation|High Rock Tower]] constructed &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ci.lynn.ma.us/attractions_highrocktower.shtml |title=High Rock Park, Tower and Observatory |publisher=City of Lynn |accessdate=2017-06-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1905
** [[St. Michael the Archangel Parish, Lynn|St. Michael the Archangel Parish]] established.
** 431 factories in Lynn.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
* 1906 -  [[Charles Neal Barney]] becomes mayor.
* 1907 [[Lynndyl, Utah]], a town named after Lynn, is founded.
* 1908 - [[Thomas F. Porter]] becomes mayor.
* 1909 - [[James E. Rich]] becomes mayor.
* 1911 - [[William P. Connery, Sr.]] becomes mayor.
* 1913
**[[George H. Newhall]] becomes mayor.
**Chamber of Commerce established.{{sfn|Arrington|1922}}
[[File:LynnMA OldEnglishHighSchoolBuilding.jpg|thumb|right|English High School 1916 section]]
* 1916 - James Street addition to the original [[English High School (1892 building)|Lynn English High School]] opens
* 1918 - [[Walter H. Creamer]] becomes mayor.
[[File:Walter H. Creamer.png|thumb|right|Walter H. Creamer]]
* 1921 - Bridge rebuilt on [[Salem Turnpike|Salem-Boston turnpike]].{{sfn|Arrington|1922}}
* 1922
**[[Harland A. McPhetres]] becomes mayor.
**Lynn's [[William P. Connery, Jr.]] is elected to the United States House of Representatives.
* 1924
** March 29 - Fire destroys the 1892 portion of the original [[English High School (1892 building)|Lynn English High School]]&lt;ref name=&quot;English_High_School_1892_fire&quot;&gt;{{cite book |date=1923 |title=Quarterly of the National Fire Protection Association, Volume 17 |publisher=National Fire Protection Association |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wbEhAQAAMAAJ&amp;lpg=PA366&amp;pg=PA366#v=onepage |page=366 |access-date=2020-01-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1926 - [[Ralph S. Bauer]] becomes mayor.
[[File:Lynn Post Office.jpg|thumb|right|Lynn Post Office]]
* 1930
** Population: 102,320.
** [[J. Fred Manning]] becomes mayor.
[[File:Capitoldiner.jpg|thumb|right|Capitol Diner]]
* 1933 - [[United States Post Office–Lynn Main]] built.
* 1937
**March 28 - Highland Circuit electric streetcar line (first [[List of streetcar systems in the United States#Massachusetts|electric trolley in Massachusetts]]) is converted to motor bus operations
**June - Congressman [[William P. Connery Jr.|William P. Connery, Jr.]] dies.
**September - [[Lawrence J. Connery]] elected to fill his late brother's [[Massachusetts's 7th congressional district|Congressional seat.]]
**November - [[Manning Bowl]] stadium opens.
* 1938 - [[Capitol Diner]] in business.
* 1940
**[[Albert Cole (Massachusetts)|Albert Cole]] becomes mayor.
** [[Fraser Field]] opens.
* 1943
**[[River Works]] plant opens.
**Mayor Albert Cole resigns to serve in U.S. Army. [[Arthur J. Frawley]] becomes acting mayor.
* 1944
**[[Arthur J. Frawley]] elected mayor.
* 1946
** Albert Cole becomes mayor.
** [[Lynn Red Sox]] baseball team active.
[[File:Lynn City Hall MA 01.jpg|thumb|right|Lynn City Hall]]
* 1947
**[[Lynn Vocational and Technical Institute]] established (approximate date).{{citation needed|date=October 2012}}
**[[WLYN]] goes on the air.
* 1949
** [[Lynn Memorial City Hall and Auditorium|City Hall]] built.
** [[Lynn Tigers]] baseball team active.
* 1948 - [[Stuart A. Tarr]] becomes mayor.
* 1952
**[[Arthur J. Frawley]] becomes mayor.
**[[Boston and Maine Corporation|Boston and Maine]]'s [[Lynn (MBTA station)|Central Square station]] rebuilt.&lt;ref name=netransit /&gt;
* 1953 - Lynn's [[Harry Agganis]] signs with the [[Boston Red Sox]].
* 1955 - Harry Agganis dies at the age of 26.
* 1956 - [[Thomas P. Costin, Jr.]] becomes mayor.
* 1959 - The [[Chicago Bears]] defeat the [[Philadelphia Eagles]] 24-21 in the Cardinal Cushing Charity Game held at the Manning Bowl.
* 1960 - ''Lynn Sunday Post'' begins publication.&lt;ref name=&quot;lc&quot; /&gt;
* 1961
**July - Mayor Thomas P. Costin, Jr. resigns to become Postmaster of Lynn. [[M. Henry Wall]] becomes acting mayor.
**November - M. Henry Wall elected mayor.
* 1963 - [[WBWL (FM)|WBWL]] begins broadcasting.
*1965 - [[North Shore Community College]] established
* 1966
**[[Irving E. Kane]] becomes mayor.
**[[The Rolling Stones]] kick off their [[The Rolling Stones American Tour 1966|North American Tour]] at the Manning Bowl.
* 1970 - [[J. Warren Cassidy]] becomes mayor.
* 1972
**January - [[Pasquale Caggiano]] becomes mayor.
**April - Pasquale Caggiano dies. [[Walter F. Meserve]] becomes acting mayor.
**July - [[Antonio J. Marino]] becomes mayor.
**Plans to construct [[Interstate 95 in Massachusetts|Interstate 95]] through Lynn and [[Lynn Woods Reservation]] are scrapped&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.architects.org/architectureboston/articles/roads-not-taken|title=The Roads Not Taken|website=www.architects.org|access-date=2017-06-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bostonroads.com/roads/I-95N_MA/|title=Interstate 95-Massachusetts (North of Boston Section)|website=www.bostonroads.com|access-date=2017-06-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1974 - [[David L. Phillips]] becomes mayor.
* 1975
**Lynn's [[Thomas W. McGee]] becomes [[Speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives]]
**[[Great Stew Chase]] footrace begins.
* 1976 - Antonio J. Marino becomes mayor.
* 1980 - [[Lynn Sailors]] baseball team formed.
* 1981 - November - Fire levels approximately three square blocks of the downtown, destroying 17 buildings&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/29/us/blaze-destroys-urban-complex-in-lynn-mass.html |title=BLAZE DESTROYS URBAN COMPLEX IN LYNN, MASS. |work=New York Times |accessdate=2018-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1982 - Lynn Sailors relocate to [[Burlington, Vermont]].
* 1986 - [[Albert V. DiVirgilio]] becomes mayor.
* 1990 - The [[Bay State Titans]], a semi-pro football team, is established. The team's Defensive Tackle, [[Eric Swann]], would be selected with the 6th overall pick in the [[1991 NFL Draft]].
* 1992
**[[Patrick J. McManus]] becomes mayor.
**[[Central Square - Lynn]] [[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority|MBTA]] station rebuilt.&lt;ref name=&quot;netransit&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.transithistory.org/roster/MBTARouteHistory.pdf|title=Changes to Transit Service in the MBTA district |last=Belcher |first=Jonathan |date=31 December 2011 |publisher=NETransit |accessdate=13 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1999 - New [[Lynn Classical High School]] building opened.

==21st century==
{{Expand section|date=October 2012}}
* 2001 - City website online (approximate date).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20010723123312/http://www.ci.lynn.ma.us/ |url= http://www.ci.lynn.ma.us/ |archivedate= July 2001 |title=City of Lynn, Massachusetts Official Homepage |via= Internet Archive, [[Wayback Machine]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2002 - [[Edward J. Clancy, Jr.]] becomes mayor.
* 2003 - [[North Shore Spirit]] baseball team begins play.
* 2004 - [[KIPP Lynn Academy]] opens.
* 2007 - North Shore Spirit cease operations.
* 2008 - [[North Shore Navigators]] baseball team relocates to Lynn.
* 2010
** Population: 90,329.
** [[Judith Flanagan Kennedy]] becomes Lynn's first female mayor.
* 2011 - [[KIPP Academy Lynn Collegiate]] (High School) holds its first class.
* 2012 - [[KIPP Academy Lynn]] opens doors the Highlands.
* 2014 - Seasonal ferry service to/from Boston is established
* 2016 - Ferry service is suspended
* 2017 - Ferry service resumes
* 2018
** 200th birthday of [[Frederick Douglass]] is celebrated throughout the year&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://masshumanities.org/files/programs/douglass/Douglass-200-Lynn.pdf |title=Frederick Douglass' 200th Birthday in Lynn |publisher=Lynn Douglass 200th Committee |access-date=2018-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.itemlive.com/2018/02/02/re-examining-fredrick-douglasss-time-lynn/ |title=Re-Examining Fredrick Douglass's Time In Lynn |publisher=Lynn Daily Item / itemlive.com |accessdate=2018-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** [[Thomas M. McGee]] becomes mayor
** Ferry service is suspended

==See also==
* [[Lynn, Massachusetts#History|Lynn history]]
* [[List of mayors of Lynn, Massachusetts]]
* [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Lynn, Massachusetts]]
* [[:Category:Timelines of cities in Massachusetts|Timelines]] of other [[List of municipalities in Massachusetts|municipalities]] in Essex County, Massachusetts: [[Timeline of Gloucester, Massachusetts|Gloucester]], [[Timeline of Haverhill, Massachusetts|Haverhill]], [[Timeline of Lawrence, Massachusetts|Lawrence]], [[Timeline of Newburyport, Massachusetts|Newburyport]], [[Timeline of Salem, Massachusetts|Salem]]
* {{req|Timeline of Massachusetts}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |location = Boston |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |series=[[American Guide Series]] |title = Massachusetts: a Guide to its Places and People |author = Federal Writers' Project |date = 1937 |chapter=Chronology |hdl=2027/mdp.39015014440781 |author-link=Federal Writers' Project }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[History of Massachusetts]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
;Published in the 18th-19th century
* {{Citation
|publisher = At the presses of S. Hall, and Thomas &amp; Andrews |location = Boston |author = Jedidiah Morse |title = American Gazetteer |chapterurl=https://archive.org/stream/americangazettee00mors#page/n299/mode/2up |chapter=Lynn |date = 1797
| ref = {{harvid|Morse|1797}}
}}
* {{Citation |publisher = J.H. Eastburn |location = Boston |title = The history of Lynn |author = Alonzo Lewis |date = 1829 |oclc = 11545142 |ol = 6905784M }}
* {{Citation |publisher = Printed by S. N. Dickinson |location = Boston |author = Alonzo Lewis |title = The history of Lynn, including Nahant |date = 1844 |edition=2nd |ol = 24930364M }}
* {{Citation |publisher = J.L. Shorey |location = Boston |author1 = Alonzo Lewis |author2=James R. Newhall |title = History of Lynn, Essex County, Massachusetts: including Lynnfield, Saugus, Swampscot, and Nahant |date = 1865 |ol = 13446280M }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_sCAAAAYAAJ |title=Lynn Directory, 1867 |publisher=Sampson, Davenport &amp; Co. |location=Lynn, Mass.
|year=1867 }}
* {{Citation |publisher = T. P. Nichols, printer |location = Lynn, Mass.|title = City Hall of Lynn |date = 1869
| ref = {{harvid|Nichols|1869}}
|ol = 14000539M}}
* {{Citation |publisher = Pub. by order of the City Council |location = Lynn |title = Centennial Memorial of Lynn, Essex County, Massachusetts |date = 1876 |chapterurl= https://archive.org/stream/centennialmemori00lynn#page/128/mode/2up |chapter=Chronological Table
}}
* {{Citation |publisher = Published by order of the City Council |title = Proceedings in Lynn, Massachusetts, June 17, 1879: being the two hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the settlement |date = 1880 |oclc = 4042721
| ref = {{harvid|Anniversary|1880}}
|ol = 6905493M }}
* {{Citation |publisher = T. P. Nichols, printer |location = Lynn, Mass. |author = David Newhall Johnson |title = Sketches of Lynn: or, the changes of 50 years |date = 1880
| ref = {{harvid|Johnson|1880}}
|ol = 14042347M }}
* {{Citation |publisher = International Pub. Co. |location = New York |title = Industries of Massachusetts |date = 1886 |oclc = 19803267 |chapterurl=https://archive.org/stream/industriesofmass00wars#page/n13/mode/2up |chapter=City of Lynn
| ref = {{harvid|Industries of Massachusetts|1886}}
}}
* {{Citation |publisher = Lewis &amp; Winship |date = 1886 |location = Lynn, Mass |title = Lynn and Surroundings
|ol = 14021197M}}
* {{Citation |publisher = E. F. Bacheller |date = 1888 |location = Lynn, Mass. |title = Lynn Manual and Essex County Road Book
|ol = 24157919M}}
* {{Citation
|publisher = G. C. Herbert |location = Lynn |title = History of Lynn, Essex County, Massachusetts |author = James R. Newhall |date = 1890 |volume=2 |issue=1864–1893 |oclc = 2882816
| ref = {{harvid|Newhall|1890}}
|ol = 13523901M }}

;Published in the 20th century
* {{Citation
| title = Encyclopædia Britannica
| location = New York
| date = 1910
| edition=11th
| oclc = 14782424
| via=Internet Archive
|chapterurl = https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediabri17chisrich#page/172/mode/2up |chapter= Lynn
| ref = {{harvid|Britannica|1910}}
| title-link = Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition
}}
* {{Citation
|publisher = Lewis Historical Publishing Company |location = New York |title = Municipal History of Essex County in Massachusetts |author = Benjamin F. Arrington
|date = 1922 |oclc = 1619460 |chapterurl=https://archive.org/stream/municipalhistory01arri#page/n457/mode/2up
|chapter=City of Lynn
| ref = {{harvid|Arrington|1922}}
}}
* {{cite book
|url= https://www.flickr.com/photos/mastatelibrary/sets/72157634979942497/ |title= Atlas of the City of Lynn, Massachusetts |publisher= L.J. Richards &amp; Co. |year= 1924
|via=[[State Library of Massachusetts]] }}
* {{Citation |publisher = Harvard University Press |isbn = 0674133900 |series = Harvard Studies in Urban History |title = Class and Community: the industrial revolution in Lynn |author = Alan Dawley |date = 1976 |url-access = registration |url = https://archive.org/details/classcommunityin00dawl_0 }}

{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Lynn, Massachusetts}}
* [http://dp.la/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&amp;page_size=100&amp;q=lynn+massachusetts Works related to Lynn, MA], various dates (via [[Digital Public Library of America]]).
* [https://www.loc.gov/pictures/search/?q=Lynn%20Massachusetts Items related to Lynn, Mass.], various dates (via US Library of Congress)
* [http://maps.bpl.org/explore/location/lynn-mass-7 Maps of Lynn] (via Boston Public Library, Map Center)
* [http://heritage.noblenet.org/exhibits/show/lynn-public-library Images related to history of Lynn] (via Lynn Public Library)

{{MA year nav}}
{{Essex County, Massachusetts}}

[[Category:Lynn, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Timelines of cities in Massachusetts|Lynn]]&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Timeline of Lynn, Massachusetts]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Timeline of Lynn, Massachusetts/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>Politics of the International Space Station</title>
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      <text bytes="19541" xml:space="preserve">{{multiple image|total_width=450|image1=ISS Main Contributors.svg|image2=ISS Hardware Allocation.png|caption1={{legend|#B00000|Primary contributing nations}}{{legend|#F07568|Formerly contracted nations}}|caption2=Allocation of [[US Orbital Segment]] hardware usage between contributors|alt1=A world map highlighting Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland in red and Brazil in pink. See adjacent text for details.|alt2=Four pie charts indicating how each part of the American segment of the ISS is allocated. See adjacent text for details.}}
&lt;!-- {{double image|left|Russian Orbital Segment.png|300|US Orbital Segment - May 2011.jpg|140|Annotated image of the Russian Orbital Segment configuration as of 2011|The [[USOS]] is shared by [[NASA]], [[European Space Agency|ESA]], [[Canadian Space Agency|CSA]] and [[Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency|JAXA]]||}} --&gt;

'''Politics of the International Space Station''' have been affected by [[superpower]] rivalries, international treaties and funding arrangements. The [[Cold War]] was an early factor, overtaken in recent years by United States distrust of China. The station has an international crew, with the use of their time, and that of equipment on the station, being governed by treaties between participant nations.

==Usage of crew and hardware==

The space agencies that participate in the [[International Space Station]] are the United States' [[NASA]], Russia's [[Roscosmos State Corporation|Roscosmos]], Japan's [[JAXA]], Europe's [[European Space Agency|ESA]] and Canada's [[Canadian Space Agency|CSA]]. The Russian part of the station is operated and controlled by Roscosmos and provides Russia with the right to nearly one-half of the crew time for the ISS. The allocation of remaining crew time (three to four crew members of the total permanent crew of six) and hardware within the other sections of the station is as follows: ''[[Columbus (ISS module)|Columbus]]'': 51% for the ESA, 46.7% for NASA, and 2.3% for CSA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ESA-IGA&quot; /&gt; ''[[Japanese Experiment Module|Kibō]]'': 51% for the JAXA, 46.7% for NASA, and 2.3% for CSA.&lt;ref name=&quot;JAXA-MOU&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/nasa_japan.html|title=Memorandum of Understanding Between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States of America and the Government of Japan Concerning Cooperation on the Civil International Space Station|publisher=NASA|accessdate=19 April 2009|date=24 February 1998}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Destiny (ISS module)|Destiny]]'': 97.7% for NASA and 2.3% for CSA.&lt;ref name=&quot;CSA-MOU&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/nasa_csa.html|title=Memorandum of Understanding Between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States of America and the Canadian Space Agency Concerning Cooperation on the Civil International Space Station|publisher=NASA|accessdate=19 April 2009|date=29 January 1998}}&lt;/ref&gt; Crew time, electrical power and rights to purchase supporting services (such as data upload and download and communications) are divided 76.6% for NASA, 12.8% for JAXA, 8.3% for ESA, and 2.3% for CSA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ESA-IGA&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JAXA-MOU&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CSA-MOU&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Manifest&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/iss_manifest.html|title=Consolidated Launch Manifest|accessdate=8 July 2008|publisher=NASA|author=NASA|date=2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SSSM&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=David|last=Harland|title=The Story of Space Station Mir|publisher=Springer-Verlag New York Inc|date=30 November 2004|location=New York|isbn=978-0-387-23011-5|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/storyofspacestat0000harl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==History==

In 1972 a milestone was reached in co-operation between the United States and the Soviet Union in space with the [[Apollo-Soyuz Test Project]]. The project occurred during a period of [[détente]] between the two superpowers, and led in July 1975 to [[Soyuz 19]] docking with an [[Apollo Command/Service Module|Apollo]] spacecraft. 

From 1978 to 1987, the USSR's [[Interkosmos]] program included allied Warsaw Pact countries, and countries which were not Soviet allies, such as India, Syria and France, in crewed and uncrewed missions to Space stations Salyut 6 and 7. In 1986, the USSR extended its co-operation to a dozen countries in the [[Mir]] program. From 1994 to 1998, NASA Space Shuttles and crew visited Mir in the [[Shuttle–Mir program]]. 

In 1998, assembly of the space station began.&lt;ref name=&quot;OnOrbit&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/ISSRG/pdfs/on_orbit.pdf |title=On-Orbit Elements |publisher=NASA |author=NASA |date=18 February 2010 |accessdate=19 June 2010 |format=PDF |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029013438/http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/ISSRG/pdfs/on_orbit.pdf |archivedate=29 October 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  On 28 January 1998, the Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement (IGA) was signed. This governs ownership of modules, station usage by participant nations, and responsibilities for station resupply. The signatories were the United States of America, Russia, Japan, Canada and eleven member states of the European Space Agency (Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom).&lt;ref name=&quot;PartStates&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/esaHS/partstates.html|title=Human Spaceflight and Exploration—European Participating States|accessdate=17 January 2009|publisher=European Space Agency (ESA)|date=2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ESA-IGA&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.spaceflight.esa.int/users/index.cfm?act=default.page&amp;level=11&amp;page=1980|title=ISS Intergovernmental Agreement|publisher=European Space Agency (ESA)|accessdate=19 April 2009|date=19 April 2009|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610083738/http://www.spaceflight.esa.int/users/index.cfm?act=default.page&amp;level=11&amp;page=1980|archivedate=10 June 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; With the exception of the United Kingdom, all of the signatories went on to contribute to the Space Station project. A second layer of agreements was then achieved, a memoranda of understanding between NASA and ESA, CSA, RKA and JAXA. These agreements are then further split, such as for the contractual obligations between nations, and trading of partners' rights and obligations.&lt;ref name=&quot;ESA-IGA&quot; /&gt; Use of the [[Russian Orbital Segment]] is also negotiated at this level.&lt;ref name=&quot;RSA-MOU&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/nasa_rsa.html|title=Memorandum of Understanding Between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States of America and the Russian Space Agency Concerning Cooperation on the Civil International Space Station|publisher=NASA|accessdate=19 April 2009|date=29 January 1998}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:ISS Agreements.jpg|thumb|right|Dated January 29, 1998]]

In 2010, the ESA announced that European countries which were not already part of the program would be allowed access to the station in a three-year trial period.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.space-travel.com/reports/EU_mulls_opening_ISS_to_more_countries_999.html|title=EU mulls opening ISS to more countries|publisher=Space-travel.com|accessdate=16 November 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In March 2012, a meeting in Quebec City between the leaders of the space agencies of Canada, Japan, Russia, the United States and involved European nations resulted in a renewed pledge to maintain the space station until at least 2020. NASA reports to be still committed to the principles of the mission but also to use the station in new ways, which were not elaborated. CSA President Steve MacLean stated his belief that the station's [[Canadarm]] will continue to function properly until 2028, alluding to Canada's likely extension of its involvement beyond 2020.&lt;ref&gt;[https://vancouversun.com/technology/Canada+renews+pledge+International+Space+Station+until+2020/6235789/story.html Canada renews pledge to International Space Station until 2020.] The Vancouver Sun. 1 March 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

==By nation==
{{Expand-section|date=August 2019}}

===Brazil===
Brazil joined the ISS as a partner of the United States and this included a contract with NASA to supply hardware to the Space Station.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=NASA Signs International Space Station Agreement With Brazil|url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/news/releases/1996_1998/h97-233.html|date=14 October 1997|accessdate=18 January 2009|publisher=NASA}}&lt;/ref&gt; In return, NASA would provide Brazil with access to NASA ISS facilities on-orbit, as well as a flight opportunity for one Brazilian astronaut during the course of the ISS program. However, due to cost issues, the subcontractor [[Embraer]] was unable to provide the promised ExPrESS pallet, and Brazil left the program in 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Made in Brazil O Brasil na Estação Espacial Internacional|url=http://www.gizmodo.com.br/conteudo/made-brazil-o-brasil-na-estacao-espacial-internacional/|publisher=Gizmodo Brazil|accessdate=9 March 2011|author=Emerson Kimura|language=Portuguese|date=2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Brasil/0,,AA1549783-5598,00-BRASIL+ESTA+FORA+DO+PROJETO+DA+ESTACAO+ESPACIAL+ISS.html]&lt;/ref&gt; Regardless, the first Brazilian astronaut, [[Marcos Pontes]], was sent to ISS in April 2006 for a short stay during the [[Expedition 13]] where he realized the [[Missão Centenário]].&lt;ref name=&quot;space.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://www.space.com/2222-brazils-astronaut-fresh-iss-crew-reach-orbit.html | title=Brazil's First Astronaut, Fresh ISS Crew Reach Orbit}}&lt;/ref&gt; This was Brazil's first space traveler and he returned to Earth safely.&lt;ref name=&quot;space.com&quot;/&gt; Pontes trained on the Space Shuttle and Soyuz, but ended up going up with the Russians, although he did work at the U.S. Johnson Space Center after returning to Earth.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/08/world/americas/08rio.html]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== China ===
{{further|Chinese exclusion policy of NASA}}
China is not an ISS partner, and no Chinese nationals have been aboard. China has its own contemporary human space program, [[Project 921]], and has carried out co-operation and exchanges with countries such as Russia and Germany in human and robotic space projects.&lt;ref name=&quot;english.mofcom.gov.cn&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=28 September 2011 Posted: 20:25 BJT(25 GMT) xinhuanet |url=http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/newsrelease/counselorsoffice/westernasiaandafricareport/201109/20110907761198.html |title=Ministry of Commerce People'S Republic of China |publisher=English.mofcom.gov.cn |date=28 September 2011 |accessdate=1 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fpc.state.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/106143.pdf | title=We're sorry, that page can't be found| date=2017-02-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; China launched its first experimental space station,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/reports/iss_reports/2011/09292011_prt.htm |title=NASA – 09-29-2011 |publisher=Nasa.gov |date=29 September 2011 |accessdate=1 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tiangong 1]], in September 2011,&lt;ref name=&quot;Tiangong I&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Tiangong I |publisher=Chinese Space Agency |date=4 June 2011 |url=http://en.cmse.gov.cn/list.php?catid=44 |access-date=7 July 2020 |archive-date=4 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504193459/http://en.cmse.gov.cn/list.php?catid=44 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; and has officially initiated the permanently crewed [[Chinese space station]] project.&lt;ref name=&quot;China modular space station&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=China modular space station program officially initiated |publisher=Chinese Space Agency |date=4 June 2011 |url=http://en.cmse.gov.cn/list.php?catid=64 |access-date=7 July 2020 |archive-date=25 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425080932/http://en.cmse.gov.cn/list.php?catid=64 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2007, Chinese vice-minister of science and technology Li Xueyong said that China would like to participate in the ISS.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Sebastian Rice |url=http://www.itwire.com/science-news/space/14908-china-wants-to-help-with-space-station |title=China wants to help with Space Station |publisher=iTWire |date=17 October 2007 |accessdate=1 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2010, ESA Director-General Jean-Jacques Dordain stated his agency was ready to propose to the other 4 partners that China be invited to join the partnership, but that this needs to be a collective decision by all the current partners.&lt;ref name=&quot;ESAproposesInvite&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://spacenews.com/esa-chief-lauds-renewed-us-commitment-space-station-earth-science/|title=ESA Chief Lauds Renewed U.S. Commitment to Space Station, Earth Science|date=2 March 2010|publisher=Peter B. de Selding, Space News}}&lt;/ref&gt; While ESA is open to China's inclusion, the US is against it.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Spotts|first=Pete|title=NASA's Bolden walks tight rope on China trip|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2010/1016/NASA-s-Bolden-walks-tight-rope-on-China-trip|journal=The Christian Science Monitor|accessdate=5 October 2011|date=2010-10-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; US concerns over the transfer of technology that could be used for military purposes echo similar concerns over Russia's participation prior to its membership.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.universetoday.com/82368/can-china-enter-the-international-space-family/|title=Can China enter the international space family?|publisher=Universetoday.com|date=10 January 2011|accessdate=16 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Kulacki|first=Gregory|title=US and China need contact, not cold war|journal=Nature|volume=474|issue=7352|pages=444–445|date=June 2011|doi=10.1038/474444a|pmid=21697927}}&lt;/ref&gt; Concerns over Russian involvement were overcome and NASA became solely dependent upon Russian crew capsules when its shuttles were grounded after the Columbia accident in 2003,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d04201t.pdf |title=GAO-04-201T NASA: Shuttle Fleet's Safe Return to Flight Is Key to Space Station Progress |format=PDF |accessdate=1 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; and again after its retirement in 2011.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120303003122/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/legislative/hearings/10-12-11_OPENING_STATEMENT.pdf]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://science.house.gov/sites/republicans.science.house.gov/files/documents/hearings/102611_Gerstenmaier.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-07-07 |archive-date=2014-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921073021/http://science.house.gov/sites/republicans.science.house.gov/files/documents/hearings/102611_Gerstenmaier.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

The Chinese government has voiced a belief that international exchanges and co-operation in the field of aerospace engineering should be intensified on the basis of mutual benefit, peaceful use and common development.&lt;ref name=&quot;english.mofcom.gov.cn&quot; /&gt; China's crewed [[Shenzhou (spacecraft)|Shenzhou]] spacecraft use an [[APAS]] docking system, developed after a 1994–1995 deal for the transfer of Russian Soyuz spacecraft technology. Included in the agreement was training, provision of Soyuz capsules, life support systems, docking systems, and space suits. American observers comment that Shenzhou spacecraft could dock at the ISS if it became politically feasible, whilst Chinese engineers say work would still be required on the rendezvous system. [[Shenzhou 7]] passed within about 50 kilometres of the ISS.&lt;ref name=&quot;fpc.state.gov&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Sullivan|first=Patricia|title=Vladimir Syromyatnikov; Designed Docking System for Space Capsules|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/30/AR2006093001038.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=1 October 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://english.cri.cn/6909/2011/11/14/2941s667032.htm |title=China Ready to Conduct 2nd Space Docking |publisher=English.cri.cn |accessdate=1 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

American co-operation with China in space is limited, though efforts have been made by both sides to improve relations,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/newsrelease/commonnews/200609/20060903267934.html |title=Ministry of Commerce People'S Republic of China |publisher=English.mofcom.gov.cn |date=26 September 2006 |accessdate=1 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; but in 2011 new American legislation further strengthened legal barriers to co-operation, preventing NASA co-operation with China or Chinese owned companies, even the expenditure of funds used to host Chinese visitors at NASA facilities, unless specifically authorized by new laws,&lt;ref name=&quot;justice1&quot;&gt;{{citation|first=Virginia|last=Seitz|title=Memorandum Opinion for the General Counsel, Office of Science and Technology Policy|url=http://www.justice.gov/olc/2011/conduct-diplomacy.pdf|journal=Office of Legal Counsel|volume=35|date=11 September 2011|accessdate=23 May 2012|archive-date=13 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713080223/http://www.justice.gov/olc/2011/conduct-diplomacy.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!--page3--&gt;
&lt;!--These sentences are spread across the refs in this section, I need some help organising them--&gt;at the same time China, Europe and Russia have a co-operative relationship in several space exploration projects.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-06/01/c_13326632.htm |title=China may become space station partner |agency=Xinhua News Agency |date=1 June 2010 |accessdate=1 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Between 2007 and 2011, the space agencies of Europe, Russia and China carried out the ground-based preparations in the [[Mars500]] project, which complement the ISS-based preparations for a human mission to Mars.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mars500 partners&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Mars500 partners | publisher = ESA |date=4 June 2011 | url = http://mars500.imbp.ru/en/partners.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===India, South Korea===
The heads of both the South Korean and Indian space research organisation [[ISRO]] announced at the first plenary session of the 2009 [[International Astronautical Congress]] that their nations wished to join the ISS program, with talks due to begin in 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;ISRO and KARI to join ISS&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2009/10/14/333406/south-korea-india-to-begin-iss-partnership-talks-in.html|title=South Korea, India to begin ISS partnership talks in 2010|work=Flight International|accessdate=14 October 2009|date=19 June 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Italy===
Italy has a contract with NASA to provide services to the station, and also takes part in the program directly via its membership in ESA.&lt;ref name=&quot;Italy&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.asi.it/en/flash_en/living/the_international_space_station_iss|title=International Space Station (ISS)|publisher=Italian Space Agency|date=18 January 2009|accessdate=18 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223133847/http://www.asi.it/en/flash_en/living/the_international_space_station_iss|archive-date=23 December 2008|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

==See also==
*[[Outer Space Treaty]]
*[[Space advocacy]]
*[[Space law]]
*[[Space policy]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}

[[Category:International Space Station]]
[[Category:Politics]]
&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Politics of the International Space Station]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Politics of the International Space Station/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="52933" xml:space="preserve">{{for|United States Navy ships named after Robert Peary|USS Robert E. Peary}}
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{{Infobox person
| name               = Robert Peary
| image              = Robert Peary self-portrait, 1909.jpg
| caption            = At [[Cape Sheridan]], 1909
| birth_name         = Robert Edwin Peary
| birth_date         = {{birth date|1856|05|06}}
| birth_place        = [[Cresson, Pennsylvania]], U.S.
| death_date         = {{death date and age|1920|02|20|1856|05|06}}
| death_place        = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.
| alma_mater         = [[Bowdoin College]]
| known_for          = Claim to have reached the [[geographic North Pole]] on his travels with Matthew Henson, he was second.
| spouse             = [[Josephine Diebitsch Peary]]
| children           = 2
| awards             = {{ubl|[[Cullum Geographical Medal]]|[[Charles P. Daly Medal]]|[[Hubbard Medal]]}}
| module             = {{infobox military person|embed=yes
 |embed_title        = {{colored infobox header|color=#c3d6ef|Military career}}
 |allegiance         = {{flagu|United States|1912}}
 |branch_label       = Branch
 |branch             = {{naval|US|1864}}
 |serviceyears_label = Service&amp;nbsp;years
 |serviceyears       = 1881–1911
 |rank               = [[Rear admiral (United States)|Rear admiral]]
 |unit               = [[Civil Engineer Corps]]
  }}
}}

'''Robert Edwin Peary Sr.''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ɪər|i}}; May 6, 1856&amp;nbsp;– February 20, 1920) was an American explorer and [[United States Navy]] officer who made several expeditions to the [[Arctic]] in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He is best known for claiming to have reached the [[geographic North Pole]] with his expedition on April 6, 1909. Test123.

Peary was born in [[Cresson, Pennsylvania]], but following his father's death at a young age, was raised in [[Portland, Maine]].  He went to a prominent boarding school called Loomis Chaffe. He attended [[Bowdoin College]], then joined the [[U.S. National Geodetic Survey|National Geodetic Survey]] as a draftsman. Peary enlisted in the navy in 1881, as a civil engineer. In 1885, he was made chief of surveying for the [[Nicaragua Canal]] (which was never built). Peary visited the Arctic for the first time in 1886, making an unsuccessful attempt to cross [[Greenland]] by [[dogsled]]. [[Peary expedition to Greenland of 1891–1892|He returned in 1891]] much better prepared, and by reaching [[Independence Fjord]] (in what is now known as [[Peary Land]]) proved conclusively that Greenland was an island. He was one of the first Arctic explorers to study [[Inuit]] survival techniques.

On his 1898–1902 expedition, Peary set a new &quot;[[Farthest North]]&quot; record by reaching Greenland's northernmost point, [[Cape Morris Jesup]]. Peary made two further expeditions to the Arctic, in 1905–1906 and in 1908–1909. During the latter, he claimed to have reached the North Pole. Peary received a number of awards from [[Learned society|geographical societies]] during his lifetime, and in 1911 received the [[Thanks of Congress]] and was promoted to [[Rear admiral (United States)|rear admiral]]. He served two terms as president of [[The Explorers Club]] and retired to [[Eagle Island (Casco Bay, Maine)|Eagle Island]].

Peary's claim to have reached the North Pole was widely debated in contemporary newspapers (along with a competing claim made by [[Frederick Cook]]), but eventually won widespread acceptance. In 1989, British explorer [[Wally Herbert]] concluded Peary did not reach the pole, although he may have been as close as {{convert|60|mi|km|0}}. His conclusions have been widely accepted, although disputed by some authorities.

==Early life, education, and career==
[[File:Peary.jpg|thumb|alt= Photographic portrait of Peary |Peary {{circa|1900}}]]
Robert Edwin Peary was born on May 6, 1856, in [[Cresson, Pennsylvania]], to Charles N. and Mary P. Peary. After his father died in 1859, Peary's mother moved with their son and settled in [[Portland, Maine]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NavalHistory&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.navy.mil/bios/peary_roberte.htm |title=Rear Admiral Robert E. Peary, US Navy 1856–1920 |work=Biographies in Naval History |publisher=[[Naval History &amp; Heritage Command]], US Navy |accessdate=December 29, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; After growing up there, Peary attended [[Bowdoin College]], some {{convert|36|mi|km|0}} to the north, where he was a member of the [[Delta Kappa Epsilon]] and [[Phi Beta Kappa]] fraternities. He was also part of the rowing team. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.worldrowing.com/news/five-renowned-people-who-rowed] &lt;/ref&gt;[http://www.pbk.org/infoview/PBK_InfoView.aspx?t=&amp;id=59 Who Belongs To Phi Beta Kappa], Phi Beta Kappa website, accessed Oct 4, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bowdoin&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bowdoin.edu/news/archives/1bowdoincampus/005262.shtml|title=What They Packed|publisher=bowdoin.edu|accessdate=November 28, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; He graduated in 1877 with a civil engineering degree.&lt;ref name=Mills510&gt;Mills 2003, p.&amp;nbsp;510.&lt;/ref&gt;

Peary lived in [[Fryeburg, Maine]], from 1878 to 1879. During that time he made a profile survey from the top of Fryeburg's Jockey Cap Rock. The 360-degree survey names the larger hills and mountains visible from the summit. After Peary's death, his boyhood friend, Alfred E. Burton, suggested that the profile survey be made into a monument. It was cast in bronze and set atop a granite cylinder and erected to his memory by the Peary family in 1938. A hike of less than a mile leads visitors to the summit and the monument.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mainetrailfinder.com/trails/trail/jockey-cap|title=Jockey Cap – Maine Trail Finder|website=www.mainetrailfinder.com|access-date=June 11, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

After college, Peary worked as a draftsman making technical drawings at the [[U.S. National Geodetic Survey|United States Coast and Geodetic Survey]] office in Washington, D.C. He joined the [[United States Navy]] and on October 26, 1881, was commissioned as a civil engineer, with the relative rank of lieutenant.&lt;ref name=NavalHistory/&gt; From 1884 to 1885 he was an assistant engineer on the surveys for the [[Nicaragua Canal]] and later became the engineer in charge. As reflected in a diary entry he made in 1885, during his time in the Navy, he resolved to be the first man to reach the [[North Pole]].&lt;ref name=Mills510/&gt;

In April 1886, he wrote a paper for the [[National Academy of Sciences]] proposing two methods for crossing Greenland's ice cap. One was to start from the west coast and trek about {{convert|400|mi|km|-1}} to the east coast. The second, more difficult path, was to start from [[Whale Sound]] at the top of the known portion of [[Baffin Bay]] and travel north to determine whether Greenland was an island or if it extended all the way across the Arctic.&lt;ref name=Mills511/&gt; Peary was promoted to the rank of lieutenant commander on January 5, 1901, and to commander on April 6, 1902.&lt;ref name=NavalHistory/&gt;

==Initial Arctic expeditions==
Peary made his first expedition to the [[Arctic]] in 1886, intending to cross Greenland by [[dog sled]], taking the first of his own suggested paths. He was given six months' leave from the Navy, and he received $500 from his mother to book passage north and buy supplies. He sailed on a [[whaler]] to Greenland, arriving in [[Qeqertarsuaq|Godhavn]] on June 6, 1886.&lt;ref name=Mills510/&gt; Peary wanted to make a solo trek, but a young Danish official named Christian Maigaard convinced him he would die if he went out alone. Maigaard and Peary set off together and traveled nearly {{convert|100|mi|km|-1}} due east before turning back because they were short on food. This was the second-farthest penetration of Greenland's ice sheet at the time. Peary returned home knowing more of what was required for long-distance ice trekking.&lt;ref name=Mills511&gt;Mills 2003, p.&amp;nbsp;511.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Matthew Henson 1910.jpg|thumb|upright|alt= Photograph of Matthew Henson dressed in polar gear | [[Matthew Henson]], Peary's assistant, in 1910]]
Back in Washington attending with the US Navy, in November 1887 Peary was ordered  to survey likely routes for a proposed Nicaragua Canal. To complete his tropical outfit he needed a sun hat. He went to a men's clothing store where he met 21-year-old [[Matthew Henson]], a black man working as a sales clerk. Learning that Henson had six years of seagoing experience as a [[cabin boy]],&lt;ref name=Nuttall856&gt;Nuttall 2012, p.&amp;nbsp;856.&lt;/ref&gt; Peary immediately hired him as a personal [[valet]].&lt;ref name=Nuttall855&gt;Nuttall 2012, p.&amp;nbsp;855.&lt;/ref&gt;

On assignment in the jungles of Nicaragua, Peary told Henson of his dream of Arctic exploration. Henson accompanied Peary on every one of his subsequent Arctic expeditions, becoming his field assistant and &quot;first man&quot;, a critical member of his team.&lt;ref name=Mills511/&gt;&lt;ref name=Nuttall855/&gt;

==Second Greenland expedition==
In 1891, [[Peary expedition to Greenland of 1891–1892|Peary returned to Greenland]], taking the second, more difficult route that he laid out in 1886: traveling farther north to find out whether Greenland was a larger landmass extending to the North Pole. He was financed by several groups, including the [[American Geographic Society]], the [[Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University|Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences]], and the [[Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences]]. Members of this expedition included Peary's aide Henson, [[Frederick A. Cook]], who served as the group's surgeon; the expedition's ethnologist, Norwegian skier [[Eivind Astrup]]; bird expert and marksman [[Langdon Gibson]], and [[John M. Verhoeff]], who was a weatherman and mineralogist. Peary also took his wife along as dietitian, though she had no formal training.&lt;ref name=Mills511/&gt; Newspaper reports criticized Peary for bringing his wife.&lt;ref name=&quot;Conefrey&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=How to Climb Mt. Blanc in a Skirt: A Handbook for the Lady Adventurer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q4UbYjoz0-EC&amp;pg=PT103 |page=103 |first=Mick |last=Conefrey |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2011 |isbn=9780230112421}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File: Portrait of Robert Edwin Peary.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt= Photograph of Peary in civilian clothing | Peary in civilian clothing]]
On June 6, 1891, the party left Brooklyn, New York, in the seal hunting ship SS ''Kite''. In July, as ''Kite'' was ramming through sheets of surface ice, the ship's iron [[tiller]] suddenly spun around and broke Peary's lower leg; both bones snapped between the knee and ankle.&lt;ref name=Mills511/&gt;&lt;ref name=Conefrey/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;year&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=My Arctic Journal: A Year among Ice-fields and Eskimos |url=https://archive.org/details/myarcticjournaly00pear |page=[https://archive.org/details/myarcticjournaly00pear/page/24 24] |last=Peary |first=Josephine Diebitsch |authorlink=Josephine Diebitsch Peary |publisher=[[Longmans Green]] |year=1894}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peary was unloaded with the rest of the supplies at a camp they called Red Cliff, at the mouth of [[MacCormick Fjord]] at the north west end of [[Inglefield Gulf]]. A dwelling was built for his recuperation during the next six months. Josephine stayed with Peary. Gibson, Cook, Verhoeff, and Astrup hunted game by boat and became familiar with the area and the [[Inuit]] people.&lt;ref name=Mills511/&gt;

[[File: Robert Edwin Peary.jpg|thumb|right|upright| alt= Photograph of Peary dressed in furs to survive winter | Peary was one of the first Arctic explorers to study Inuit survival techniques.]]
Unlike most previous explorers, Peary had studied Inuit survival techniques; he built [[igloo]]s during the expedition and dressed in practical furs in the native fashion. By wearing furs to preserve body heat and building igloos, he was able to dispense with the extra weight of tents and sleeping bags when on the march.  Peary also relied on the Inuit as hunters and dog-drivers on his expeditions. He pioneered the system—which he called the &quot;Peary system&quot;—of using support teams and establishing supply caches for Arctic travel. The Inuit were curious about the American party and came to visit Red Cliff. Josephine was bothered by their body odor (they did not bathe), their flea infestations and their food. She studied the people, however, and kept a journal of her experiences.&lt;ref name=Conefrey/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;year&quot;/&gt; In September 1891, Peary's men took dog sled teams and pushed inland onto the ice sheet to lay caches of supplies. They did not go farther than {{convert|30|mi|km|-1}} from Red Cliff.&lt;ref name=Mills511/&gt;

Peary's leg mended by February 1892. By April, he made some short trips with Josephine and an Inuit dog sled driver to native villages to purchase supplies. On May 3, 1892, Peary finally set out on the intended trek with Henson, Gibson, Cook, and Astrup. At about the {{convert|150|mi|km|-1|adj=on}} mark, Peary continued on with Astrup. The two found the {{convert|1000|m|ft|adj=on}} high view from Navy Cliff to be revealing: they saw [[Independence Fjord]] and concluded that Greenland was an island. The men trekked back to Red Cliff and arrived on August 6, having traveled a total of {{convert|1250|mi|km|-1}}.&lt;ref name=Mills511/&gt;

In 1896, he received his degrees in Kane Lodge No. 454, [[New York City]],&lt;ref name=&quot;stjohnslodgedc.org&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/textfiles/famous.html | title = List of famous freemasons | website = freemasonry.bcy.ca | access-date = Sep 30, 2018 | language = en | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20011004153632/http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/textfiles/famous.html | archive-date = Oct 4, 2001 | url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and presented the Lodge the Masonic Flag that was raised on May 20–25, 1895, at [[Independence Bay]], Greenland.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.pinallodge30.com/famousmasons.aspx | title = Famous Masons | access-date = Sep 30, 2018 | language = en | archive-url = https://archive.today/20111224182230/http://www.pinallodge30.com/famousmasons.aspx | archive-date = December 24, 2011 | url-status = bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt; He was a [[Master Mason]].&lt;ref name =&quot;stjohnslodgedc.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.stjohnslodgedc.org/famous-masons | title = Famous Freemasons in the course of history | language = en | website = stjohnslodgedc.org | access-date = Sep 30, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151116030150/http://www.stjohnslodgedc.org/famous-masons | archive-date = Nov 15, 2015 | url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==1898–1902 expeditions==
[[File: Ipy-conger1 figure-01.jpg|thumb| alt= Photograph of a building at Fort Conger | Peary used abandoned [[Fort Conger]] during his 1898–1902 expedition]]
As a result of Peary's 1898–1902 expedition, he claimed an 1899 visual discovery of &quot;Jesup Land&quot; west of Ellesmere.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author = William Herbert Hobbs | title = The Progress of Discovery and Exploration Within the Arctic Region | journal = [[Annals of the Association of American Geographers]] | year = 1937 | volume = 27 | issue = 1 | page = 16 | doi=10.1080/00045603709357155}}&lt;/ref&gt; He claimed that this sighting of [[Axel Heiberg Island]] was prior to its discovery by Norwegian explorer [[Otto Sverdrup]]'s expedition. This contention has been universally rejected by exploration societies and historians.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/?id=v6THcynQQDMC | author = Harold Horwood | title = Bartlett: The Great Explorer | publisher = [[Doubleday Canada]] | year = 2010 | page = 56| isbn = 9780385674355 }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the American Geographical Society and the [[Royal Geographical Society of London]] honored Peary for tenacity, mapping of previously uncharted areas, and his discovery in 1900 of [[Cape Morris Jesup|Cape Jesup]] at the north tip of Greenland. Peary also achieved a &quot;farthest north&quot; for the western hemisphere in 1902 north of Canada's [[Ellesmere Island]]. Peary was promoted to [[Lieutenant commander (Royal Navy)|lieutenant commander]] in the Navy in 1901 and to [[Commander (Royal Navy)|commander]] in 1902. &lt;ref&gt;Register of Commissioned Officers of the United States Navy. Editions of 1902 and 1903.&lt;/ref&gt;

==1905–1906 expedition==
Peary's next expedition was supported by fundraising through the [[Peary Arctic Club]], with generous gifts of $50,000 from George Crocker, the youngest son of banker [[Charles Crocker]], and $25,000 from [[Morris K. Jesup]], to buy Peary a new ship.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Peary Gets $50,000; M.K. Jesup Gives $25,000|newspaper=[[New York Times]]|date=July 13, 1905|page=7}}&lt;/ref&gt; The {{SS|Roosevelt|1905|6}} navigated through the ice between Greenland and Ellesmere Island, establishing an American hemisphere &quot;farthest north by ship&quot;. The 1906 &quot;Peary System&quot; dogsled drive for the pole across the rough sea ice of the Arctic Ocean started from the north tip of Ellesmere at 83° north latitude. The parties made well under {{convert|10|mi|km}} a day until they became separated by a storm.

[[File:Peary's steamer Roosevelt, Hudson-Fulton Parade.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of the SS ''Roosevelt'' |''Roosevelt'' in the [[Hudson–Fulton Celebration|Hudson–Fulton parade]] in 1909]]
As a result, Peary was without a companion sufficiently trained in navigation to verify his account from that point northward. With insufficient food, and  uncertainty whether he could negotiate the ice between himself and land, he made the best possible dash and barely escaped with his life from the melting ice. On April 20, he was no farther north than 86°30' latitude. For obvious reasons, this latitude was never published by Peary. It is in a typescript of his April 1906 diary, discovered by [[Wally Herbert]] in his assessment commissioned by the [[National Geographic Society]] in the late 1980s. (Herbert, 1989). The typescript suddenly stopped there, one day before Peary's April 21 purported &quot;farthest&quot;. The original of the April 1906 record is the only missing diary of Peary's exploration career.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dioi.org/cot.htm#cpwf |title=Dennis Rawlins Contributions 1|website=dioi.org |access-date=June 16, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; He claimed the next day to have achieved a [[Farthest North]] world record at 87°06' and returned to 86°30' without camping. This implied a trip of at least {{convert|72|nmi|km}} between sleeping, even assuming direct travel with no detours.

After returning to ''Roosevelt'' in May, Peary began weeks of difficult travel in June heading west along the shore of Ellesmere. He discovered Cape Colgate, from whose summit he claimed in his 1907 book&lt;ref&gt;R. Peary, ''Nearest the Pole'', 1907, pp.&amp;nbsp;202, 207, 280.&lt;/ref&gt; that he had seen a previously undiscovered far-north &quot;[[Crocker Land]]&quot; to the northwest on June 24, 1906. A later review of his diary for this time and place found that he had written, &quot;No land visible.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dioi.org/cot.htm#ypcx |title=Contributions Dennis Rawlins 2|website=dioi.org |access-date=June 16, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; On December 15, 1906, the [[National Geographic Society]] of the United States, which was primarily known for publishing a popular magazine, certified Peary's 1905–1906 expedition and &quot;Farthest&quot; with its highest honor, the [[Hubbard Medal]]. No major professional geographical society followed suit. In 1914 [[Donald Baxter MacMillan|Donald MacMillan]] and Fitzhugh Green's expedition found that Crocker Land did not exist.

==Reaching the North Pole==
[[File:Photograph of the Robert Peary Sledge Party Posing with Flags at the North Pole - NARA - 542472.jpg|thumb|upright| alt=Photograph of the Robert Peary Sledge Party Posing with Flags at what was assumed to be the North Pole | The party at what was assumed to be the North Pole]]
For his final assault on the pole, Peary and 23 men, including [[Ross Gilmore Marvin]], set off from New York City on July 6, 1908, aboard the ''Roosevelt'', commanded by [[Robert Bartlett (explorer)|Robert Bartlett]]. They wintered near [[Cape Sheridan]] on Ellesmere Island, and from Ellesmere departed for the pole on February 28, 1909. The last support party was turned back from Bartlett Camp on April 1, in a latitude no greater than 87° 45' N. The figure is based upon Bartlett's slight miscomputation of the distance of a single [[Thomas Hubbard Sumner|Sumner line]] from the pole.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

On the final stage of the journey toward the North Pole, Peary told Bartlett to stay behind. He continued with five assistants, none but Henson (who had served as navigator and craftsman on Peary's 1891-2 expedition) capable of making navigation observations: [[Matthew Henson]], Ootah, Egigingwah, Seegloo, and Ooqueah. On April 6, he established Camp Jesup within {{convert|3|mi|spell=in|0}} of the pole according to his own readings &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Profile: African-American North Pole Explorer Matthew Henson|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/2003/01/profile-african-american-north-pole-explorer-matthew-henson/|date=2003-01-10|website=Culture|language=en|access-date=2020-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Henson scouted ahead to what was thought to be the North Pole site; he returned with the greeting, &quot;I think I'm the first man to sit on top of the world,&quot; much to Peary's chagrin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://geog.ucsb.edu/who-was-the-first-person-to-reach-the-north-pole/|title=Who Was the First Person To Reach the North Pole? {{!}} UC Geography|website=geog.ucsb.edu|access-date=2020-02-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Peary was unable to fully enjoy the fruits of his labors. Upon returning to civilization, he learned that Frederick A. Cook, a surgeon on the 1891–1892 Peary expedition, claimed to have reached the pole in 1908.&lt;ref name=Nuttall856/&gt; Despite remaining doubts, a committee of the National Geographic Society, as well as the Naval Affairs Subcommittee of the U.S. House of Representatives, credited Peary with reaching the North Pole.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|last = Henderson|first = Bruce|date = April 2009|title = Who Discovered the North Pole?|url = https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/who-discovered-the-north-pole-116633746|magazine = [[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian Magazine]]|accessdate = January 17, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A reassessment of Peary's notebook in 1988 by polar explorer [[Wally Herbert]] found it &quot;lacking in essential data&quot;, thus renewing doubts about Peary's discovery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last = Wilford|first = John N.|date = 1988-08-22|title = Doubts cast on Peary's claim to Pole|url = https://nyti.ms/2J3ew8k|newspaper = [[The New York Times]]|accessdate = January 17, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last = Tierney|first = John|date = September 7, 2009|title = Who Was First at the North Pole?|url = https://tierneylab.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/09/07/who-was-first-at-the-north-pole|newspaper = The New York Times|accessdate = January 17, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Later life ==
{{full citations needed|date=April 2019}}
[[File:The Three Polar Stars, 1913 (8889621500).jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of Roald Amundsen, Ernest Shackleton and Peary | [[Roald Amundsen|Amundsen]], [[Ernest Shackleton|Shackleton]], and Peary, in January 1913]]
Peary was promoted to the rank of captain in the Navy on October 20, 1910.&lt;ref&gt;''New York Times'', October 11, 1910.{{full short|date=April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; By his lobbying,&lt;ref&gt;See Congressman de Alva Alexander in Rawlins, 1973.{{full short|date=April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peary headed off a move among some U.S. Congressmen to have his claim to the pole evaluated by other explorers. Eventually recognized by Congress to have &quot;attained&quot; the pole, Peary was given the [[Thanks of Congress]] by a special act in March 1911.&lt;ref&gt;''New York Times'', March 4, 1911.{{full short|date=April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peary was promoted to the rank of [[Rear admiral (United States)|rear admiral]] in the Navy Civil Engineer Corps, retroactive to April 6, 1909. He retired the same day, to [[Eagle Island (Casco Bay, Maine)|Eagle Island]] on the coast of [[Maine]], in the town of Harpswell.&lt;ref&gt;''New York Times'', March 30, 1911.{{full short|date=April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

His home there has been designated a Maine State Historic Site. After his retirement, Peary received many honors from numerous scientific societies in Europe and America for his Arctic explorations and discoveries. He served twice as president of [[The Explorers Club]], from 1909 to 1911, and 1913 to 1916.

In early 1916, Peary became chairman of the National Aerial Coast Patrol Commission, a private organization created by the [[Aero Club of America]]. It advocated the use of aircraft to detect warships and submarines off the U.S. coast.&lt;ref&gt;''New York Times'', January 24, 1916, and March 31, 1916.{{full short|date=April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peary used his celebrity to promote the use of military and naval aviation, which led directly to the formation of [[United States Navy Reserve|Naval Reserve]] aerial coastal patrol units during the [[First World War]]. At the close of the First World War, Peary proposed a system of eight airmail routes, which became the genesis of the U.S. Postal Service's airmail system.&lt;ref&gt;''New York Times'', November 25, 1918.{{full short|date=April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Peary died in Washington, D.C. on February 20, 1920. He was buried in [[Arlington National Cemetery]]. More than 60 years later, Matthew Henson was honored by being re-interred nearby in Arlington Cemetery on April 6, 1988.{{-}}

==Marriage and family==
[[File:Josephine Peary portrait 1892.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Photograph of Josephine Diebitsch | [[Josephine Diebitsch]] in 1892]]
On August 11, 1888, Peary married [[Josephine Diebitsch]], a business school valedictorian who thought the modern woman should be more than just a mother. Diebitsch had started working at the [[Smithsonian Institution]] when she was 19–20 years old, replacing her father after he became ill and filling his position as a [[linguist]]. She resigned from the Smithsonian in 1886 upon becoming engaged to Peary.

The newlyweds honeymooned in [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]], then moved to Philadelphia because Peary was assigned there. Peary's mother accompanied them on their honeymoon, and she moved into their Philadelphia apartment but not without friction between the two women. Josephine told Peary that his mother should return to live in Maine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stafford2004&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pearyeagleisland.org/documents/JosephinebiobyEdStafford.htm |title=Biography of Josephine Peary |first=Edward Peary |last=Stafford |work=Peary's Eagle Island |year=2004 |accessdate=December 30, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004214045/http://www.pearyeagleisland.org/documents/JosephinebiobyEdStafford.htm |archivedate=October 4, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Marie Peary.jpg|thumb|upright| alt= Photograph of Peary's daughter Marie Ahnighito Peary |Marie Ahnighito Peary was born in 1893.]]
They had two children together, Marie Ahnighito and Robert Peary, Jr. His daughter wrote several books, including a children's book about the Arctic adventures.&lt;ref&gt;Peary, Marie Ahnighito, The Red Caboose (1932, [[William Morrow and Company|William Morrow]] &amp; Co.).&lt;/ref&gt; As an explorer, Peary was frequently gone for years at a time. In their first 23 years of marriage, he spent only three with his wife and family. He missed the birth of his son and his early death.

Peary and his aide Henson both had relationships with Inuit women outside of marriage and fathered children with them.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sherman&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last = Sherman|first = J.|author-link = Josepha Sherman|date = 2005|title = Exploring the North Pole: The Story of Robert Edwin Peary and Matthew Henson|url = https://archive.org/details/exploringnorthpo0000sher|url-access = registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peary appears to have started a relationship with Aleqasina (''Alakahsingwah'') when she was about 14 years old.&lt;ref name=&quot;herbert&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last = Herbert|first = W.|author-link = Wally Herbert|date = 1989|title = The Noose of Laurels|url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780689120343|url-access = registration|pages =[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780689120343/page/206 206–207]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://nativetimes.com/life/people/5994-us-explorers-inuit-kin-plug-into-globalized-world|title=US explorers' Inuit kin plug into globalized world|last=Hanley|first=Charles J.|date=September 7, 2011|work=[[Native Times]]|access-date=January 18, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; She bore him at least two children, including a son called Kaala,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Karree,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1987/07/13/anaukaq-henson-80-dies/5406beb9-9bf7-4f31-839d-f1ac55079fe8/|title=Anaukaq Henson, 80, dies|last=|first=|date=1987-07-13|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=January 17, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; or Kali.&lt;ref name=&quot;counter&quot;&gt;[http://nunatsiaq.com/stories/article/Matthew_Hensons_descendants_honour_their_ancestor/ Jane George, &quot;Standing on the shoulders of a giant; Matthew Henson’s descendants honour their ancestor&quot;], ''Nunatsiaq News Online'', April 9, 2009, accessed October 2, 2013&lt;/ref&gt; French explorer and ethnologist [[Jean Malaurie]] was the first to report on Peary's descendants after spending a year in Greenland in 1951–52.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

[[S. Allen Counter]], a [[Harvard]] neuroscience professor, interested in Henson's role in the Arctic expeditions, went to Greenland in 1986. He found Peary's son Kali and Henson's son Anaukaq, then octogenarians, and some of their descendants.&lt;ref name=&quot;counter&quot; /&gt; Counter arranged to bring the men and their families to the United States to meet their American relatives and see their fathers' gravesites.&lt;ref name=&quot;counter&quot; /&gt; Later, Counter wrote about the episode in his book, ''North Pole Legacy: Black, White, and Eskimo'' (1991). He also gained national recognition of Henson's role in the expeditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;counter&quot; /&gt; A subsequent documentary by the same name was also released. Wally Herbert also noted the relationship and children in his book on Peary's 1909 expedition, published in 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;Herbert&quot; /&gt;

==Controversy==
Peary's claim to have reached the North Pole has long been subject to doubt.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/23/opinion/c-a-correction-310788.html?scp=3&amp;sq=%20Cook%20Peary%20correction%20north%20pole%20neither&amp;st=cse &quot;A Correction&quot;]. ''[[The New York Times]]''. August 23, 1988.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Some polar historians believe that Peary honestly thought he had reached the pole. Others have suggested that he was guilty of deliberately exaggerating his accomplishments. Peary's account has been newly criticized by [[Pierre Berton]] (2001) and Bruce Henderson (2005).

===Lack of independent validation===
Peary did not submit his evidence for review to neutral national or international parties or to other explorers.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Peary's claim was certified by the National Geographic Society (NGS) in 1909 after a cursory examination of Peary's records, as NGS was a major sponsor of his expedition.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; This was a few weeks before Cook's Pole claim was rejected by a Danish panel of explorers and navigational experts.

The National Geographic Society limited access to Peary's records. At the time, his proofs were not made available for scrutiny by other professionals, as had been done by the Danish panel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; [[Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor|Gilbert Grosvenor]] persuaded the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]] not to get involved. The [[Royal Geographical Society]] (RGS) of London gave Peary its gold medal in 1910,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=December 16, 1909|title=Nations Hail Peary as Pole Discoverer|journal=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; despite internal council splits which only became known in the 1970s. The RGS based their decision on the belief that the NGS had performed a serious scrutiny of the &quot;proofs&quot;, which was not the case.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} Neither the [[American Geographical Society]] nor any of the geographical societies of semi-Arctic [[Scandinavia]] has recognized Peary's North Pole claim.

===Criticisms===

{{more citations needed|date=April 2019}}
{{see also|Peary Channel (Greenland)}}

====Omissions in navigational documentation====
The party that accompanied Peary on the final stage of the journey did not include anyone trained in navigation who could either confirm or contradict Peary's own navigational work. This was further exacerbated by Peary's failure to produce records of observed data for steering, for the direction (&quot;[[Magnetic declination|variation]]&quot;) of the compass, for his longitudinal position at any time, or for zeroing-in on the pole either latitudinally or transversely beyond Bartlett Camp.&lt;ref&gt;Herbert, 1989; Rawlins, [http://www.dioi.org/cot.htm#wpst Contributions]&lt;/ref&gt;

====Inconsistent speeds====
[[File:PearyBartlett.png|thumb|alt= Photograph of Peary and Robert Bartlett | Peary and Robert Bartlett at [[Battle Harbour]] in 1909]]
The last five marches when Peary was accompanied by a navigator (Capt. Bob Bartlett) averaged no better than {{convert|13|mi|km}} marching north. But once the last support party turned back at &quot;Camp Bartlett&quot;, where Bartlett was ordered southward, at least {{convert|133|nmi|km}} from the pole, Peary's claimed speeds immediately doubled for the five marches to Camp Jesup. The recorded speeds quadrupled during the two and a half-day return to Camp Bartlett&amp;nbsp;– at which point his speed slowed drastically. Peary's account of a beeline journey to the pole and back—which would have assisted his claim of such speed—is contradicted by his companion Henson's account of tortured detours to avoid &quot;pressure ridges&quot; (ice floes' rough edges, often a few meters high) and &quot;leads&quot; (open water between those floes).

In his official report, Peary claimed to have traveled a total of  304 nautical miles between April 2, 1909, (when he left Bartlett's last camp) and April 9 (when he returned there), {{convert|133|nmi|km}} to the pole, the same distance back, and {{convert|38|nmi|km}} in the vicinity of the pole.{{citation needed|date=November 2016}} These distances are counted without detours due to drift, leads and difficult ice, i.e. the distance traveled must have been significantly higher to make good the distance claimed.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} Peary and his party arrived back in Cape Columbia on the morning of April 23, 1909, only about two and a half days after Capt Bartlett, yet Peary claimed he had traveled a minimum of {{convert|304|nmi|km}} more than Bartlett (to the Pole and vicinity).{{citation needed|date=April 2013}}

The conflicting and unverified claims of Cook and Peary prompted [[Roald Amundsen]] to take extensive precautions in navigation during his Antarctic expedition so as to leave no room for doubt concerning his 1911 attainment of the South Pole, which—like [[Robert Falcon Scott]]'s a month later in 1912—was supported by the sextant, [[theodolite]], and compass observations of several other navigators.

====Review of Peary's diary====
[[File:Diary of Robert E. Peary - NARA - 304960.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|alt= Photograph of Peary's diary entry for his arrival at the North pole | Peary's diary entry for arrival at the [[North Pole]]]]
The diary that Robert E. Peary kept on his 1909 polar expedition was finally made available for research in 1986. Historian [[Larry Schweikart]] examined it, finding that: the writing was consistent throughout (giving no evidence of post-expedition alteration), that there were consistent [[pemmican]] and other stains on all pages, and that all evidence was consistent with a conclusion that Peary's observations were made on the spot he claimed. Schweikart compared the reports and experiences of Japanese explorer [[Naomi Uemura]], who reached the North Pole alone in 1978, to those of Peary and found they were consistent.&lt;ref&gt;[[Larry Schweikart]], &quot;Polar Revisionism and the Peary Claim: The Diary of Robert E. Peary,&quot; ''The Historian'', XLVIII, May 1986.&lt;/ref&gt; However, Peary made no entries in the diary on the crucial days of April 6 and 7, 1909, and his famous words &quot;The Pole at Last!&quot;, allegedly written in his diary at the pole, were written on loose slips of paper that were inserted into the diary.

====1984 and 1989 National Geographic Society studies====
In 1984 the National Geographic Society (a major sponsor of Peary's expeditions) commissioned the Arctic explorer [[Wally Herbert]] to write an assessment of Peary's original 1909 diary and astronomical observations. As Herbert researched the material, he came to believe that Peary must have falsified his records and concluded that he did not reach the Pole.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; His book, ''The Noose of Laurels'', caused a furor when it was published in 1989. If Peary did not reach the pole in 1909, Herbert himself would claim the record of being the first to reach the pole on foot.&lt;ref name=&quot;Herbert&quot;&gt;American Polar Society: Sir Wally Herbert]. (Dead link.  Archived here: https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094308/http://www.americanpolar.org/sir-wally-herbert/ )&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1989 the NGS also conducted a two-dimensional photogrammetric analysis of the shadows in photographs and a review of ocean depth measures taken by Peary; its staff concluded that he was no more than {{convert|5|mi|km}} away from the pole. Peary's original camera (a 1908 #4 Folding Pocket Kodak) has not survived. As such cameras were made with at least six different lenses from various manufacturers, the focal length of the lens—and hence the shadow analysis based on it—must be considered uncertain at best.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} The NGS has never released Peary's photos for an independent analysis. Specialists questioned the Society's conclusions.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Washington Post&quot;, December 12, 1989; &quot;Scientific American&quot;, March and June, 1990&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

The NGS commissioned the Foundation for the Promotion of the Art of Navigation to resolve the issue. Their 1989 report concluded that Peary had indeed reached the Pole.  Gilbert M. Grosvenor, president of the NGS, said, &quot;I consider this the end of a historic controversy and the confirmation of due justice to a great explorer.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Thomas D. Davies, ''Robert E. Peary At The North Pole'', Starpath Publications, 17 Dec 2009; {{ISBN|9780914025207}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Review of depth soundings====
Supporters of Peary and Henson assert that the depth soundings they made on the outward journey have been matched by recent surveys, and so their claim of having reached the Pole is confirmed.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.matthewhenson.com/northpoleproofDEPTH2.htm &quot;Proof Henson &amp; Peary reached Pole&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710211807/https://matthewhenson.com/northpoleproofDEPTH2.htm |date=July 10, 2020 }}, ''Matthew A Henson website''. Retrieved August 11, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Only the first few of the Peary party's soundings, taken nearest the shore, touched bottom; experts have said their usefulness is limited to showing that he was above deep water.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}&lt;ref&gt;Peary's expedition possessed 4000 fathoms of sounding line, but he took only 2000 with him over an ocean already established as being deeper in many regions. See, D. Rawlins, ''U. S. Naval Institute Proceedings'', June 1970, p.&amp;nbsp;38, and ''Polar Notes'' (Dartmouth College), volume 10, October, 1970, p.&amp;nbsp;38.&lt;/ref&gt; Peary stated (in 1909 Congressional hearings about the expedition) that he made no longitudinal observations during his trip, only latitude observations, yet he maintained he stayed on the &quot;Columbia meridian&quot; all along, and that his soundings were made on this meridian.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} The pack ice was moving all the time, so he had no way of knowing where he was without longitudinal observations.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}

===Recreation of expedition in 2005===
British explorer [[Tom Avery]] and four companions recreated the outward portion of Peary's journey in 2005, using replica wooden sleds and [[Canadian Eskimo Dog]] teams. They ensured their sled weights were the same as Peary's sleds throughout their journey. They reached the North Pole in 36 days, 22 hours—nearly five hours faster than Peary.&lt;ref&gt;Rawlins, [http://www.dioi.org/det.htm#pdxm Zero]&lt;/ref&gt; Avery writes on his web site that: &lt;blockquote&gt;The admiration and respect which I hold for Robert Peary, Matthew Henson and the four Inuit men who ventured North in 1909, has grown enormously since we set out from Cape Columbia. Having now seen for myself how he traveled across the pack ice, I am more convinced than ever that Peary did indeed discover the North Pole.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tomavery.net/gallery_np2005.html Tom Avery website], retrieved May 2007 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215115623/http://www.tomavery.net/gallery_np2005.html |date=February 15, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;After reaching the Pole, Avery and his team were airlifted off the ice rather than returning by dogsled.

Analysis of the speeds made by Avery do more to cast doubt on Peary's claim than to confirm it.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} While Peary claimed {{convert|130|nmi|km}} made good in his last five marches, horrific ice conditions meant that Avery managed only {{convert|71|nmi|km}}{{which|date=December 2014}} in his last five marches. Avery never exceeded {{convert|90|nmi|km}} in any five-day stretch, and was losing over {{convert|7|mi|km}} a day at this time to the southerly drift of the ice.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} Avery matched Peary's overall 37-day total in part because Peary was held up by open water for five days at the Big Lead. But Peary had a team consisting of 133 dogs and 25 men, meaning he was able to keep his &quot;polar party&quot; fresh for the sprint to the Pole. Peary's team was more experienced than Avery's at dog sledding.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}

== Legacy ==
[[File:Robert Peary monument at Cape York, Greenland.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|alt=Photograph of the Peary monument at Cape York, Greenland | Peary monument at [[Cape York, Greenland|Cape York]]]]
Several United States Navy ships have been named {{USS|Robert E. Peary}}. The [[Peary–MacMillan Arctic Museum]] at Bowdoin College is named for Peary and fellow Arctic explorer [[Donald Baxter MacMillan|Donald B. MacMillan]]. In 1986, the [[United States Postal Service]] issued a 22-cent postage stamp in honor of Peary and Henson;&lt;ref name=&quot;Scott catalog # 2223&quot;&gt;[[Scott catalog]] # 2223.&lt;/ref&gt; they were previously honored in 1959.&lt;ref&gt;[[Scott catalog]] # 1128.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Peary Land]], [[Peary Glacier]], [[Peary Nunatak]] and [[Cape Peary]] in Greenland, [[Peary Bay]] and [[Peary Channel]] in [[Canada]], as well as [[Mount Peary]] in Antarctica, are named in his honor. The lunar crater [[Peary (crater)|Peary]], appropriately located at the moon's north pole, is also named after him.&lt;ref&gt;[http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/4627 Peary], Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature, International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN)&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Camp Peary]] in York County, Virginia is named for Admiral Peary.   Originally established as a Navy [[Seabee]] training center during World War II, it was repurposed in the 1950s as a [[Central Intelligence Agency]] training facility.  It is commonly called &quot;The Farm&quot;.

Admiral Peary Vocational Technical School, located in a neighboring community very close to his birthplace of Cresson, PA, was named for him and was opened in 1972. Today the school educates over 600 students each year in numerous technical education disciplines.

Major General [[Adolphus Greely]], leader of the ill fated [[Lady Franklin Bay Expedition]] from 1881 to 1884, noted that no Arctic expert questioned that Peary courageously risked his life traveling hundreds of miles from land, and that he reached regions adjacent to the pole. After initial acceptance of Peary's claim, he later came to doubt Peary's having reached 90°. 

In his book ''Ninety Degrees North'', polar historian Fergus Fleming describes Peary as &quot;undoubtedly the most driven, possibly the most successful and probably the most unpleasant man in the annals of polar exploration&quot;.{{uncited quote|date=April 2019}}

In 1932, and expedition was made by Robert Bartlett and Peary's daughter, Marie Ahnighito Peary Stafford on the ''[[Effie M. Morrissey]]'' to erect a monument to Peary at [[Cape York, Greenland]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bowdoin.edu/arctic-museum/exhibits/2004/peary-monument.html|title=Peary-MacMillan Arctic Museum, Exhibition: Building the Peary Monument|website=Bowdoin|accessdate=June 6, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Honors ==
{{more citations needed|section|date=April 2017}}
Medals
* American Geographical Society, [[Cullum Geographical Medal]] (1896)
* American Geographical Society, [[Charles P. Daly Medal]] (1902)&lt;ref name=&quot;amergeog&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.amergeog.org/honorslist.pdf |title=American Geographical Society Honorary Fellowships |publisher=amergeog.org |accessdate=March 2, 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704200812/http://www.amergeog.org/honorslist.pdf |archivedate=July 4, 2009 |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* National Geographic Society, [[Hubbard Medal]] (1906)
* Royal Geographical Society of London, special great gold medal
* National Geographic Society of Washington, the special great gold medal
* [[Geographical Society of Philadelphia]], great gold medal
* Chicago Geographical Society, Helen Culver medal
* Imperial German Geographical Society, Nachtigall gold medal
* Royal Italian Geographical Society, King Humbert gold medal
* Imperial Austrian Geographical Society
* Hungarian Geographical Society gold medal
* Royal Belgian Geographical Society gold medal
* Royal Geographical Society of Antwerp gold medal
* [[Spanish Campaign Medal]]

[[File:Peary daughter at grave.jpg|thumb|Edwin Denby and Peary's daughter at grave, [[Arlington National Cemetery]], April 6, 1922]]
Honorary degrees
* Bowdoin College bestowed the honorary degree of doctor of laws
* Edinburgh University bestowed an honorary degree of doctor of laws

Honorary memberships
* New York Chamber of Commerce honorary member.
* Pennsylvania Society Honorary member
* Manchester Geographical Society Honorary membership
* Royal Netherlands Geographical Society of Amsterdam Honorary membership&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = Recognition of Robert E. Peary the Arctic explorer|date = January 21, 1911|url = http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/IPY/IPY_017_pdf/G635p4b381911.pdf|accessdate = August 21, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Other
* Royal Scottish Geographical Society, special trophy, a replica in silver of the ships used by Hudson, Baffin, and Davis.
* Grand Officer of the [[Legion of Honor]], awarded 1913&lt;ref&gt;'' Appleton's Cyclopædia of American Biography,'' Volume 8, edited by James Grant Wilson, John Fiske, 1918, pg. 527&lt;/ref&gt;
* In Arlington National Cemetery on April 6, 1922, the Admiral Robert Edwin Peary monument was unveiled by his daughter, Mrs. Marie Peary Stafford.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Dignitaries of the Nation Brave Rain to Honor Peary|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84026749/1922-04-07/ed-1/seq-15/|accessdate=11 May 2015|work=The Washington Times|date=7 April 1922|location=Washington D.C.|page=15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Numerous government officials, including [[President Harding]] and Former [[United States Secretary of the Navy|Secretary of the Navy]] [[Edwin Denby (politician)|Edwin Denby]] were in attendance.
* On May 28, 1986, the [[United States Postal Service]] issued a 22 cent [[postage stamp]] in his and Matthew Henson's honor.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scott catalog # 2223&quot;/&gt;

== Footnotes ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{cite book
 |last = Berton
 |first = P.
 |authorlink = Pierre Berton
 |title = The Arctic Grail
 |publisher = [[Anchor Books]]
 |year = 2001
 |isbn = 9780385658454
}}
*{{cite book
 |last = Bryce
 |first = R. M.
 |title = Cook &amp; Peary: the polar controversy, resolved
 |date = 1997
 |publisher = [[Stackpole Books]]
 |location = Mechanicsburg
 |isbn = 9780689120343
 |url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780689120343
 }}
*{{cite book
 |last = Coe
 |first = B.
 |title = Kodak Cameras: The First Hundred Years
 |year = 2003
 |publisher = Hove Foto Books
 |location = East Sussex
 |isbn = 9781874707370
}}
*{{cite book
 |last = Davies
 |first = T. D.
 |title = Robert E. Peary at the North Pole
 |year = 2009
 |publisher = Starpath Publications
 |location = Seattle
 |isbn = 9780914025207
}}
*{{cite book
 |last = Fleming
 |first = F.
 |title = Ninety degrees north: the quest for the North Pole
 |date = 2001
 |publisher = [[Granta Books]]
 |location = London
 |isbn = 9781862074491
}}
*{{cite book
 |last = Henderson
 |first = B.
 |title = True North: Peary, Cook, and the Race to the Pole
 |publisher = [[W. W. Norton and Company]]
 |year = 2005
 |isbn = 9780393327380
}}
*{{cite book
 |last = Herbert
 |first = W.
 |authorlink = Wally Herbert
 |title = The noose of laurels: Robert E. Peary and the race to the North Pole
 |date = 1989
 |publisher = [[Atheneum Books]]
 |location = New York
 |isbn = 9780689120343
 |url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780689120343
 }}
*{{cite book
 |last = Mills
 |first = W. J.
 |title = Exploring Polar Frontiers: A Historical Encyclopedia
 |year = 2003
 |publisher = [[ABC-CLIO]]
 |isbn = 9781576074220
}}
*{{cite book
 |last = Nuttall
 |first = M.
 |title = Encyclopedia of the Arctic
 |year = 2012
 |publisher = [[Routledge]]
 |isbn = 9781579584368
}}
*{{cite book
 |last = Rawlins
 |first = D.
 |authorlink = Dennis Rawlins
 |title = Peary at the North Pole: fact or fiction?
 |year = 1973
 |publisher = Robert B. Luce
 |location = Washington
 |isbn = 9780883310427
 |url = https://archive.org/details/pearyatnorthpole00denn
 }}
*{{cite book
 |last = Robinson
 |first = M.
 |title = The Coldest Crucible: Arctic Exploration and American Culture
 |year = 2006
 |publisher = [[University of Chicago Press]]
 |isbn = 9780226721842
}}
* [[Larry Schweikart|Schweikart, L.]] ''Polar Revisionism and the Peary Claim: The Diary of Robert E. Peary'', The Historian, XLVIII, May 1986, pp.&amp;nbsp;341–358.
* American History, Feb. 2013, Vol. 47 Issue 6, p.&amp;nbsp;33
* Brendle, A. &quot;Profile: African-American North Pole Explorer Matthew Henson.&quot; ''National Geographic News''. National Geographic Society, 28 Oct. 2010. Web. 29 Nov. 2015
* Dolan, S. ''Matthew Henson''. New York: Chelsea Juniors, 1992. Print.
* Johnson, D. ''Onward''. Washington D.C.: National Geographic, 1949. Print. 
* &quot;On Top Of The World&quot; ''American History'' 47.6 (2013): 33–41. ''History Reference'' ''Center''. Web. 16 Dec. 2015
* &quot;Robert Peary.&quot; ''American History''. ABC-CLIO, 2015. Web. 21 Oct. 2015.

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikisource author}}
* {{BHL author}}
* {{Librivox author|id=9598}}
* {{OL author}}
* {{Gutenberg author|id=8383}}
* {{Internet Archive author|sname=Robert Edwin Peary}}
* {{Worldcat id|lccn-n50049394}}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/013349}}
* [https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/1086 Peary-Cook Controversy Collection] at Dartmouth College Library
* [https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/2853 The Papers of Robert Peary] at Dartmouth College Library
* [https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/1142 Arthur Malcolm Dodge Photographs and Article on 1896 Peary Expedition] at Dartmouth College Library
* [https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/2989 George Putnam Diary and Photo Album from the 1896 Peary Greenland Expedition] at Dartmouth College Library
* [https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/3219 Personal Diary of J.M. Wiseman fireman of S.S. Roosevelt] at Dartmouth College Library


{{Polar exploration|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:1856 births]]
[[Category:1920 deaths]]
[[Category:American explorers]]
[[Category:American polar explorers]]
[[Category:Bowdoin College alumni]]
[[Category:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery]]
[[Category:Discovery and invention controversies]]
[[Category:Explorers of the Arctic]]
[[Category:Grand Officiers of the Légion d'honneur]]
[[Category:People from Cambria County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:People from Harpswell, Maine]]
[[Category:People from Portland, Maine]]
[[Category:Portland High School (Maine) alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Cullum Geographical Medal]]
[[Category:United States Coast and Geodetic Survey personnel]]
[[Category:United States Navy rear admirals (lower half)]]
[[Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships]]&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Robert Peary]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Robert Peary/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>2013 Republican Party of Virginia convention</title>
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      <text bytes="27224" xml:space="preserve">The '''2013 Republican Party of Virginia convention''' was the process by which the [[Republican Party of Virginia]] selected its nominees for the offices [[Governor of Virginia|Governor]], [[Lieutenant Governor of Virginia|Lieutenant Governor]], and [[Attorney General of Virginia|Attorney General]] for the [[Virginia elections, 2013|2013 general election]] in November. The convention was held on May 17 and 18, 2013, in the state capital of [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]] at the [[Richmond Coliseum]].

[[Ken Cuccinelli]]'s [[de facto]] nomination for governor was confirmed by [[acclamation]] at the convention. There were seven candidates for lieutenant governor; after an epic ten-hour, four-ballot battle, [[E.W. Jackson]] emerged as the nominee in an upset over better-funded candidates. [[Mark Obenshain]] narrowly defeated [[Rob Bell (Virginia politician)|Rob Bell]] for the attorney general nomination.

==Background==
===Cuccinelli vs. Bolling and switch to convention===
In 2008, incumbent Lt. Governor [[Bill Bolling]] made a deal with then-Attorney General [[Bob McDonnell]] whereby McDonnell would run for governor and Bolling would run for re-election as lieutenant governor in [[Virginia gubernatorial election, 2009|2009]], and then Bolling would receive McDonnell's support for his own candidacy for governor in 2013.  The deal was widely known and as such, Bolling was effectively running for Governor since 2009,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/virginia-politics/post/rep-eric-cantor-to-endorse-lt-gov-bill-bolling-over-atty-gen-ken-cuccinelli-in-governors-race/2012/06/07/gJQAPRtKLV_blog.html Rep. Eric Cantor to endorse Lt. Gov. Bill Bolling over Atty. Gen. Ken Cuccinelli in governor’s race]&lt;/ref&gt; and in April 2010, Bolling filed the necessary paperwork to run in 2013.&lt;ref&gt;[http://voices.washingtonpost.com/virginiapolitics/2010/04/post_672.html Bolling forms committee to run for governor in 2013]&lt;/ref&gt; Virginia Attorney General [[Ken Cuccinelli]], elected alongside McDonnell and Bolling in 2009, stated that he intended to run for re-election as attorney general in 2013, but did not rule out running for Governor.&lt;ref&gt;[http://washingtonexaminer.com/article/117374#.ULWvvNffSc0 Cuccinelli denies plans for Senate run]&lt;/ref&gt; In December 2011, Attorney General Ken Cuccinelli told his staff that he would run against Bolling for governor in 2013; the news went public, and in response, Bolling issued a statement accusing Cuccinelli of putting &quot;his own personal ambition ahead of the best interests of the commonwealth and the Republican Party.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;washingtonpost.com&quot;&gt;[https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/virginia-politics/post/ken-cuccinelli-announces-he-will-run-for-va-governor-in-2013/2011/12/01/gIQAH2kjHO_blog.html Ken Cuccinelli announces he will run for Va. governor in 2013]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/dec/20/bolling-ties-2013-hopes-to-romney/ Bolling ties 2013 hopes to Romney]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.politico.com/blogs/davidcatanese/1211/Cuccinelli_I_have_decided_to_run_for_governor.html Cuccinelli: 'I have decided to run for governor]&lt;/ref&gt; This infuriated Bolling and set up a [[primary election|primary]].&lt;ref name=&quot;washingtonpost.com&quot;/&gt; Cuccinelli's announcement came two days before the annual statewide conference of Virginia Republicans, at which Bolling and his staff expressed being upset with Cuccinelli's decision.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/dec/4/cuccinelli-bid-upsets-bolling-backers-at-retreat/?page=all Cuccinelli’s bid for Va. governor upsets Bolling and his backers]&lt;/ref&gt;

In June 2012, the party's State Central Committee, which had new members since the committee previously voted to hold a primary, reversed course and voted 47-31 to select a nominee via convention in 2013, igniting much controversy among party members.&lt;ref name=&quot;APswitch&quot;&gt;[http://hamptonroads.com/2012/06/virginia-gop-picks-closed-convention-2013 Virginia GOP picks closed convention for 2013]&lt;/ref&gt; The switch was a major blow to Bolling's candidacy, as Cuccinelli supporters were more ardent and involved in the party and thus more willing to travel to a day-long convention.&lt;ref name=&quot;WTswitch&quot;&gt;[http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/jun/15/va-gop-switches-primary-convention-make-2013-guber/ Va. GOP switches from primary to convention to make 2013 gubernatorial nomination]&lt;/ref&gt; Proponents of the reversal said a convention would prevent [[Democratic Party of Virginia|Democrats]] from meddling in the selection (Virginia does not register voters by party, making primaries open to voters regardless of party).&lt;ref name=&quot;WTswitch&quot;/&gt; Primaries are also run by the State Board of Elections and taxpayer funded; proponents said a convention, which is funded by the party, would save the state money.&lt;ref name=&quot;APswitch&quot;/&gt; Convention proponents also argued that nominees selected by convention historically perform better in the general election than nominees selected by primary, and that conventions allow candidates to present their cases within the party, preventing candidates from tearing each other down via negative advertising seen by the general electorate.&lt;ref name=&quot;APswitch&quot;/&gt; Opponents of the reversal said a convention would disenfranchise military voters who are unable to physically attend a convention, and would cost the party too much money.&lt;ref name=&quot;APswitch&quot;/&gt; Bolling called the switch &quot;unprecedented and unfair&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;WTswitch&quot;/&gt;

On November 28, 2012, Bolling withdrew from the race, in a &quot;recognition of how difficult it would be [for him] to win the nomination&quot;, making Cuccinelli the de facto nominee.&lt;ref&gt;[http://theroanokestar.com/2012/11/28/lt-governor-bill-bolling-exits-virginia-governors-race-2/ Lt. Governor Bill Bolling Exits Virginia Governor’s Race]&lt;/ref&gt;

===Importance of office of lieutenant governor===
The lieutenant governor of Virginia is a part-time role and has historically been a largely ceremonial post, with the primary responsibility being breaking the rare 20-20 tie in the 40-member [[Senate of Virginia]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=Aky-V0CFFWEC&amp;pg=PA9&amp;lpg=PA9&amp;dq=virginia+lieutenant+governor+ceremonial+role&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=yXC0jUsWHl&amp;sig=yWBVJ2EFbAx-tYIbdnbeJlmVGlU&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=KpyZUcnQGYay0QGUsYD4Ag&amp;ved=0CFsQ6AEwCDgK#v=onepage&amp;q=virginia%20lieutenant%20governor%20ceremonial%20role&amp;f=false] ''Virginia's Native Son: The Election and Administration of Governor L. Douglas Wilder'' by J.L. Jeffries, {{ISBN|9781557534118}}]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A36813-2005Jun1.html Lt. Governor Hopeful Plans 6 Offices Across Va.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://voices.washingtonpost.com/virginiapolitics/2011/02/virginias_lieutenant_governor.html UPDATED: Virginia lieutenant governor breaks rare Senate tie]&lt;/ref&gt; The office is also seen as a stepping stone to the office of governor.&lt;ref name=&quot;FFLS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://news.fredericksburg.com/newsdesk/2013/04/13/lt-governor-race-crowded-heated/ |title=Lt. governor race crowded, heated |access-date=2013-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130417010641/http://news.fredericksburg.com/newsdesk/2013/04/13/lt-governor-race-crowded-heated/ |archive-date=2013-04-17 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the practical importance of the office increased dramatically after the [[Virginia elections, 2011|2011 state Senate elections]] created an evenly divided Senate with 20 Republicans and 20 Democrats, making the lieutenant governor's tiebreaking power critical and determining which party holds control of the Senate.&lt;ref name=&quot;FFLS&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://hamptonroads.com/2011/11/virginia-republicans-claim-victory-state-senate |title=Virginia Republicans claim victory in state Senate |access-date=2020-07-07 |archive-date=2017-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207174809/http://hamptonroads.com/2011/11/virginia-republicans-claim-victory-state-senate |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Speculation and field====
After the 2011 elections, there was much speculation as to who the nominee for the office would be, since Bolling was vacating the seat.&lt;ref name=&quot;WPhopefuls&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://articles.washingtonpost.com/2011-11-16/local/35281522_1_lieutenant-governor-republican-candidates-virginia-republicans |title=Corey Stewart, Keith Fimian among hopefuls weighing 2013 run for Va. lieutenant governor |access-date=2020-07-07 |archive-date=2013-06-30 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130630135527/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2011-11-16/local/35281522_1_lieutenant-governor-republican-candidates-virginia-republicans |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Potential candidates who considered bids but did not run included Mark Obenshain, former GOP congressional nominee [[Keith Fimian]], and state Sen. [[Jeff McWaters]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WPhopefuls&quot;/&gt; Obenshain ended up running for attorney general; Fimian began raising money but decided not to run for the sake of his family;&lt;ref&gt;[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20121127132448/http://www.coreystewart.com/2012/04/10/stewart-to-run-for-lieutenant-governor/ Stewart to run for lieutenant governor]&lt;/ref&gt; and speculation on McWaters waned and he never entered the race.&lt;ref&gt;[http://hamptonroads.com/2012/10/mcwaters-says-no-governor-run-undecided-lg McWaters says 'no' to governor run, undecided on LG]&lt;/ref&gt;

The field began taking shape in mid-2012. [[Prince William County]] Board of Supervisors Chairman [[Corey Stewart (politician)|Corey Stewart]] was the first to enter the race, announcing his bid in April 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://news.fredericksburg.com/on-politics/2012/04/11/prince-william-republican-corey-stewart-announces-run-for-lg/ |title=Prince William Republican Corey Stewart announces run for LG |access-date=2013-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206175932/http://news.fredericksburg.com/on-politics/2012/04/11/prince-william-republican-corey-stewart-announces-run-for-lg/ |archive-date=2013-12-06 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; State Sen. [[Steve Martin (Virginia politician)|Steve Martin]] of [[Chesterfield County, Virginia|Chesterfield]] announced he was running in June 2012 (on the same day that he filled in for Bolling in presiding over a [[pro forma]] session of the Senate).&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/virginia-politics/post/virginia-sen-stephen-martin-plans-run-for-lt-governor/2012/06/20/gJQAc7ieqV_blog.html Virginia Sen. Stephen Martin plans run for lt. governor]&lt;/ref&gt; State [[Virginia House of Delegates|Delegate]] [[Scott Lingamfelter]] also joined the race in June 2012.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/virginia-politics/post/scott-lingamfelter-announces-for-lieutenant-governor/2012/06/28/gJQAecrS9V_blog.html Scott Lingamfelter announces run for lieutenant governor]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Stafford County, Virginia|Stafford County]] Board of Supervisors Chairwoman [[Susan Stimpson]] announced her run in August 2012.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/virginia-politics/post/susan-stimpson-announces-lieutenant-governor-bid/2012/08/23/36303aa6-ed1a-11e1-a80b-9f898562d010_blog.html Susan Stimpson announces lieutenant governor bid]&lt;/ref&gt; Former delegate and state senator [[Jeannemarie Devolites Davis]] filed her paperwork to run in September 2012.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/virginia-politics/post/jeannemarie-devolites-davis-running-for-lieutenant-governor/2012/09/24/eaa39226-068d-11e2-858a-5311df86ab04_blog.html Jeannemarie Devolites Davis running for lieutenant governor]&lt;/ref&gt; Northern Virginia businessman and director of the state Republican 2012 election efforts [[Pete Snyder]] entered the race in November 2012.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.timesdispatch.com/news/latest-news/snyder-joins-crowded-gop-field-for-lieutenant-governor/article_47b4f8e0-3827-11e2-ab59-001a4bcf6878.html Snyder joins crowded GOP field for lieutenant governor]&lt;/ref&gt; Attorney and pastor [[E.W. Jackson]] of [[Chesapeake, Virginia|Chesapeake]] rounded out the field, announcing he was running in December 2012 at the annual conference of state Republicans.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.timesdispatch.com/news/state-regional/jackson-formally-opens-campaign-for-lieutenant-governor/article_f2cd8af4-0330-5163-badf-90a6032bd585.html Jackson formally opens campaign for lieutenant governor]&lt;/ref&gt;

===Attorney General race===
Cuccinelli's run for governor meant the attorney general's office was open in 2013. Within two weeks, three candidates announced bids for the office in 2013. State Sen. Mark Obenshain of [[Harrisonburg, Virginia|Harrisonburg]] announced he was exploring a run on December 2, 2011,&lt;ref&gt;[http://blogs.roanoke.com/politics/2011/12/02/obenshain-exploring-run-for-attorney-general/ Obenshain exploring run for attorney general]&lt;/ref&gt; shortly after Cuccinelli announced he was running for governor, and formally entered the race nearly a year later in November 2012.&lt;ref&gt;[http://blogs.roanoke.com/politics/2012/11/27/obenshain-kicks-off-run-for-attorney-general/ Obenshain kicks off run for attorney general]&lt;/ref&gt; On December 6, 2011, Delegate [[Rob Bell (Virginia politician)|Rob Bell]] of [[Charlottesville, Virginia|Charlottesville]] entered the race. [[Fairfax County]] [[Court clerk|Circuit Court Clerk]] John Frey entered the race the next day.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-state-of-nova/post/fairfax-clerk-john-frey-announces-run-for-virginia-attorney-general/2011/12/07/gIQAIs6lcO_blog.html Fairfax Clerk John Frey announces run for Virginia attorney general]&lt;/ref&gt; Frey dropped out in November 2012, saying his opponents had spent more time campaigning across the state than he did.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.timesdispatch.com/news/republican-john-frey-withdrawing-from-va-attorney-general-s-race/article_3f8582d8-3891-11e2-a360-0019bb30f31a.html  Republican John Frey withdrawing from Va. attorney general's race]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Candidates on the ballot==
===Governor===
*[[Ken Cuccinelli]], Attorney General of Virginia

Cuccinelli became the de facto nominee in January 2013, as Bolling had withdrawn and no other candidate filed for the Republican nomination by the deadline.&lt;ref&gt;[http://blogs.roanoke.com/politics/2013/01/14/cuccinelli-becomes-the-republican-nominee-for-governor/ Cuccinelli becomes the Republican nominee for governor]&lt;/ref&gt;

===Lieutenant Governor===
*[[Jeannemarie Devolites Davis]], former State Senator and former State Delegate
*[[E.W. Jackson]], pastor, conservative activist and candidate for the U.S. Senate [[United States Senate election in Virginia, 2012|in 2012]]
*[[Scott Lingamfelter]], State Delegate
*[[Steve Martin (Virginia politician)|Steve Martin]], State Senator
*[[Pete Snyder]], businessman
*[[Corey Stewart (politician)|Corey Stewart]], Chairman of the Prince William County Board of Supervisors
*[[Susan Stimpson]], Chairwoman of the Stafford County Board of Supervisors

===Attorney General===
*[[Rob Bell (Virginia politician)|Rob Bell]], State Delegate
*[[Mark Obenshain]], State Senator

==Convention proceedings==
===Approval of rules===
The convention was called to order on the afternoon of May 17, 2013. Rules for the convention, which were previously released, were adopted, and the convention then recessed.

The rules required a full 50% + 1 vote majority to win the nomination in each race. Multiple ballots were anticipated for the lieutenant governor race, as none of the seven candidates were expected to reach a majority so quickly. Only one ballot was required for attorney general. In the lieutenant governor balloting, if no candidate reached a majority after the first ballot, the bottom two candidates with the fewest votes would be eliminated, and five candidates would be on the second ballot. On the second ballot, the bottom two would be eliminated, and three candidates would be on the third ballot. If no candidate reached a majority after the third ballot, the third candidate would be eliminated, and the two remaining candidates would be on the fourth and final ballot.

===Nomination of Cuccinelli===
The convention was called back to order on the morning of May 18, 2013. Cuccinelli was formally nominated by acclamation as thousands of delegates roared &quot;aye&quot; on the motion to nominate him for governor.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wjla.com/articles/2013/05/ken-cuccinelli-set-for-gop-nomination-for-virginia-governor-88991.html Ken Cuccinelli nominated for governor by Virginia GOP]&lt;/ref&gt; In his acceptance speech, Cuccinelli stressed his record, contrasting his years of public service in Virginia with his Democratic opponent [[Terry McAuliffe]]'s career. He rolled out a vision including specific calls for reforms of the tax code, education, and regulations.&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.today/20130630100742/http://www.talkradionews.com/news/2013/05/18/text-of-ken-cuccinellis-acceptance-speech-at-richmond-convention.html%23.UZmupcqNAg8 Text of Ken Cuccinelli’s Acceptance Speech at Richmond Convention]&lt;/ref&gt;

===Candidate speeches===
According to the rules, candidates for lieutenant governor and attorney general were allotted seven minutes each to speak before the delegates. The most notable speech was that of E.W. Jackson, who electrified the crowd in an impassioned speech in which he rejected the label of &quot;African-American&quot;, declaring, &quot;I am not an African-American, I am an American! I am tired of the hyphenation. No more hyphenation!&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.news-reporter.com/news/2013-06-13/Opinions/GUEST_COLUMN.html |title=‘Let liberty light the way’ |access-date=2013-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921124756/http://www.news-reporter.com/news/2013-06-13/Opinions/GUEST_COLUMN.html |archive-date=2015-09-21 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; He also vowed to &quot;get the government off our backs, off our property, out of our families, out of our health care and out of our way.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;WPsettles&quot;&gt;[https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/va-politics/va-republicans-set-to-nominate-statewide-ticket-for-2013/2013/05/18/a616f92a-bf67-11e2-9b09-1638acc3942e_story.html Va. GOP settles on Cuccinelli, Obenshain and Jackson for November ballot]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.wsls.com/story/22290593/virginia-republicans-choose-ew-jackson-for-lt-governor-nominee |title=Virginia Republicans choose E.W. Jackson for Lt. Governor nominee |access-date=2013-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625191340/http://www.wsls.com/story/22290593/virginia-republicans-choose-ew-jackson-for-lt-governor-nominee |archive-date=2013-06-25 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Nomination of Mark Obenshain===
Obenshain defeated Bell on the first ballot by a margin of 55%-45%.&lt;ref name=&quot;55pct&quot;&gt;[http://www.whsv.com/news/headlines/Obenshain-Celebrates-Republican-Nomination-208090831.html#.UZm8XMqNAg8 Mark Obenshain Celebrates Republican Nomination]&lt;/ref&gt; After the ballots were counted, Bell came to the podium and motioned to withdraw his candidacy and nominate Obenshain for attorney general. Obenshain was then nominated by acclamation. Obenshain's nomination came 35 years after his father, [[Richard D. Obenshain]], received the Republican nomination for the [[United States Senate]] on the same stage at the Richmond Coliseum in May 1978. Richard Obenshain was killed in a plane crash a few months after his nomination. Mark Obenshain was joined by his mother, Richard's widow, on the stage to accept the nomination.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/05/18/state-sen-mark-obenshain-nominated-for-virginia-attorney-general-by-gop/ State Sen. Mark Obenshain nominated for Virginia attorney general by GOP]&lt;/ref&gt;

===Nomination of E.W. Jackson===
Chaos and conflicting statements went around the convention during the second, third, and fourth ballots in what appeared to be a stop-Jackson movement by the Snyder campaign. Snyder received the endorsements of tea party activist [[Jamie Radtke]], and from Lingamfelter after his elimination, during balloting, which the campaign posted on flyers around the Coliseum. In the fourth round of balloting, flyers were distributed on the floor falsely claiming that Cuccinelli, Obenshain, and Stewart endorsed Snyder for the fourth ballot.&lt;ref name=&quot;RTD&quot;&gt;[http://www.timesdispatch.com/news/latest-news/article_ff488808-bfc9-11e2-87fd-001a4bcf6878.html Virginia GOP convention: Jackson wins LG nomination as Snyder withdraws]&lt;/ref&gt; All three of those campaigns denounced the flyers, and Stewart endorsed Jackson, even taking a lap around the floor with him to show his support.&lt;ref name=&quot;RTD&quot;/&gt;

Shortly after 10:00 pm [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]], after eight hours of voting and four ballots, Pete Snyder went to the stage and motioned to withdraw his candidacy and nominate E.W. Jackson for lieutenant governor by acclamation. After a loud &quot;aye&quot; from the delegates, Jackson took to the stage, and after a short victory speech, was joined by Cuccinelli and Obenshain, as the 2013 Republican ticket was presented.&lt;ref name=&quot;WPsettles&quot;/&gt;

===Voting===
Convention voting used a weighted vote system in which votes were allocated to local city or county unit committees based on their city's or county's population. Each vote cast could be worth more or less than one weighted vote depending on how many votes were cast from that unit.{{Citation needed|date=September 2018}}

====First ballot====
Obenshain won the attorney general race with 55% of both the weighted vote and the raw vote.&lt;ref name=&quot;round1&quot;/&gt; Per the rules, Davis and Martin were eliminated after the first ballot as they placed sixth and seventh, respectively, out of seven candidates.

=====Lieutenant governor=====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; 
! colspan=&quot;3&quot;| '''Official results'''&lt;ref name=&quot;round1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.rpv.org/sites/default/files/164%20RPV%20Round%201%20Weighted%20RECONCILIATION%201.pdf |title=Round 1 Results |access-date=2013-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905132847/http://www.rpv.org/sites/default/files/164%20RPV%20Round%201%20Weighted%20RECONCILIATION%201.pdf |archive-date=2013-09-05 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- 
| style=&quot;padding:10px; text-align:center; width:155px;&quot;| '''Candidate'''
| style=&quot;padding:10px; text-align:center; width:100px;&quot;| '''Weighted votes'''
| style=&quot;padding:10px; text-align:center; width:100px;&quot;| '''Percentage''' 
&lt;!-- | style=&quot;padding:10px; text-align:center;&quot;| '''Raw non-weighted vote''' --&gt;
|-
| E.W. Jackson
| 3,732
| 31.3%
|-
| Susan Stimpson
| 1,798
| 15.1%
|-
| Corey Stewart
| 1,769 
| 14.8%
|-
| Pete Snyder
| 1,739
| 14.6%
|-
| Scott Lingamfelter
| 1,375
| 11.5%
|-
| ''Jeannemarie Devolites Davis''
| ''861''
| ''7.2%''
|-
| ''Steve Martin''
| ''662''
| ''5.5%''
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot;| Total weighted votes cast: 11,936
|}

=====Attorney general=====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; 
! colspan=&quot;3&quot;| '''Official results'''&lt;ref name=&quot;round1&quot;/&gt;
|- 
| style=&quot;padding:10px; text-align:center; width:155px;&quot;| '''Candidate'''
| style=&quot;padding:10px; text-align:center; width:100px;&quot;| '''Weighted votes'''
| style=&quot;padding:10px; text-align:center; width:100px;&quot;| '''Percentage''' 
&lt;!-- | style=&quot;padding:10px; text-align:center;&quot;| '''Raw non-weighted vote''' --&gt;
|-
| '''Mark Obenshain'''
| '''6,584'''
| '''55.2%'''
|-
| Rob Bell
| 5,354
| 44.8%
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot;| Total weighted votes cast: 11,936
|}

====Second ballot====
Per the rules, Stimpson and Lingamfelter were eliminated after the second ballot, as they placed fourth and fifth, respectively, out of five candidates. Stimpson and Stewart actually received more raw, or popular, votes than Snyder, who placed second, but Snyder received a higher weighted vote count.&lt;ref name=&quot;secondballot&quot;/&gt; (Stewart received the votes of 1,297 delegates, Stimpson received the votes of 1,232 delegates, and Snyder received the votes of 1,196 delegates.&lt;ref name=&quot;secondballot&quot;/&gt; However, Snyder received more weighted votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;secondballot&quot;/&gt;)
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; 
! colspan=&quot;3&quot;| '''Official results'''&lt;ref name=&quot;secondballot&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.rpv.org/sites/default/files/164%20RPV%20Round%202%20Weighted%20RECONCILIATION%201.pdf |title=Round 2 Results (PDF) |access-date=2013-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616075324/http://www.rpv.org/sites/default/files/164%20RPV%20Round%202%20Weighted%20RECONCILIATION%201.pdf |archive-date=2013-06-16 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- 
| style=&quot;padding:10px; text-align:center; width:155px;&quot;| '''Candidate'''
| style=&quot;padding:10px; text-align:center; width:100px;&quot;| '''Weighted votes'''
| style=&quot;padding:10px; text-align:center; width:100px;&quot;| '''Percentage''' 
&lt;!-- | style=&quot;padding:10px; text-align:center;&quot;| '''Raw non-weighted vote''' --&gt;
|-
| E.W. Jackson
| 4,560
| 38.2%
|-
| Pete Snyder
| 2,029
| 17.0%
|-
| Corey Stewart
| 1,910 
| 16.0%
|-
| ''Susan Stimpson''
| ''1,874''
| ''15.7%''
|-
| ''Scott Lingamfelter''
| ''1,432''
| ''12.0%''
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot;| Total weighted votes cast: 11,936
|}

====Third ballot====
Per the rules, Stewart was eliminated after the third ballot, as he received the fewest votes.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; 
! colspan=&quot;3&quot;| '''Official results'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.rpv.org/sites/default/files/164%20RPV%20Round%203%20Weighted%20RECONCILIATION%201.pdf |title=Round 3 Results (PDF) |access-date=2013-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616075402/http://www.rpv.org/sites/default/files/164%20RPV%20Round%203%20Weighted%20RECONCILIATION%201.pdf |archive-date=2013-06-16 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- 
| style=&quot;padding:10px; text-align:center; width:155px;&quot;| '''Candidate'''
| style=&quot;padding:10px; text-align:center; width:100px;&quot;| '''Weighted votes'''
| style=&quot;padding:10px; text-align:center; width:100px;&quot;| '''Percentage''' 
&lt;!-- | style=&quot;padding:10px; text-align:center;&quot;| '''Raw non-weighted vote''' --&gt;
|-
| E.W. Jackson
| 5,934
| 49.7%
|-
| Pete Snyder
| 3,652
| 30.6%
|-
| ''Corey Stewart''
| ''2,350''
| ''19.7%''
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot;| Total weighted votes cast: 11,936
|}

====Fourth ballot====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; 
! colspan=&quot;3&quot;| '''Official results'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.rpv.org/sites/default/files/164%20RPV%20Round%204%20Weighted%20RECONCILIATION%201.pdf |title=Round 4 Results (PDF) |access-date=2013-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627013640/http://www.rpv.org/sites/default/files/164%20RPV%20Round%204%20Weighted%20RECONCILIATION%201.pdf |archive-date=2013-06-27 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- 
| style=&quot;padding:10px; text-align:center; width:155px;&quot;| '''Candidate'''
| style=&quot;padding:10px; text-align:center; width:100px;&quot;| '''Weighted votes'''
| style=&quot;padding:10px; text-align:center; width:100px;&quot;| '''Percentage''' 
&lt;!-- | style=&quot;padding:10px; text-align:center;&quot;| '''Raw non-weighted vote''' --&gt;
|-
| '''E.W. Jackson'''
| '''6,936'''
| '''58.1%'''
|-
| Pete Snyder
| 4,948
| 41.9%
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot;| Total weighted votes cast: 11,936
|}

==See also==
*[[Virginia gubernatorial election, 2013]]
*[[Virginia lieutenant gubernatorial election, 2013]]
*[[Virginia elections, 2013]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:2013 Virginia elections]]
[[Category:Political party assemblies]]&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:2013 Republican Party of Virginia convention]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[2013 Republican Party of Virginia convention/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>Richard Cizik</title>
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      <text bytes="23096" xml:space="preserve">'''Richard Cizik''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|aɪ|z|ɪ|k}} {{Respell|SYE|zik}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sAoU9Dki6YQ|title=Richard Cizik interview with Rob Stewart|accessdate=31 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;) is President of the New Evangelical Partnership for the Common Good.  He was the Vice President for Governmental Affairs of the [[National Association of Evangelicals]] (NAE) and one of the most prominent [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]] [[lobbyist]]s in the [[United States]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NAE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.nae.net/index.cfm?FUSEACTION=nae.staff&amp;navGroup=OGA |title=National Association of Evangelicals Executive Leaders |access-date=2020-07-07 |archive-date=2006-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061013201516/http://www.nae.net/index.cfm?FUSEACTION=nae.staff&amp;navGroup=OGA |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Grist&quot;&gt;[http://www.grist.org/news/maindish/2005/10/05/cizik/ Cizik Matters: An interview with green evangelical leader Richard Cizik], by Amanda Griscom Little, ''[[Grist Magazine]]'', October 5, 2005&lt;/ref&gt;  In his position with the NAE, Cizik's primary responsibilities were setting the organization's policy on issues and lobbying the [[White House]], [[United States Congress|Congress]], and the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NAE&quot; /&gt;  Cizik also served as NAE's national spokesman and edited a monthly magazine, ''NAE Washington Insight''.&lt;ref name=&quot;NAE&quot; /&gt;  Since 2003, Cizik has been active in a type of environmentalism known as &quot;[[creation care]]&quot;; his stance on [[global warming]] has drawn both support and criticism from fellow Evangelicals.&lt;ref name=&quot;CT article&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Moyers&quot;&gt;[https://www.pbs.org/moyers/moyersonamerica/green/index.html Is God Green?], by [[Bill Moyers]], ''Moyers on America'', [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]], 2006&lt;/ref&gt; He serves on the Board of Advisors of the [[Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions]].

In 2008, he and [[Nobel Prize]] winner [[Eric Chivian]], as a team, were named one of the 100 [[Time 100|most influential scientists and thinkers]] by ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1733748_1733754_1736213,00.html Eric Chivian &amp; Richard Cizik] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504103556/http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1733748_1733754_1736213,00.html |date=2009-05-04 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; On December 11, 2008, Cizik gave his resignation from his position with NAE after a December 2 radio broadcast of [[NPR]]'s ''[[Fresh Air]]'' in which he voiced support for same-sex civil unions.&lt;ref name=&quot;CT article&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SFGATE&quot;&gt;[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2008/12/11/national/a144713S91.DTL&amp;tsp=1 Top evangelical resigns after backing gay unions], by Eric Gorski, &quot;[[San Francisco Chronicle]]&quot;, December 11, 2008&lt;/ref&gt; His comments and his resignation have generated both strong support and strong criticism within the evangelical Christian community.&lt;ref name=ABC&gt;[https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=6491162&amp;page=1 New Evangelists Buck the Christian Right]. [[ABC News]]. Published December 19, 2008. Accessed December 19, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

In January 2010, Cizik launched the [[New Evangelical Partnership for the Common Good]] together with [[David P. Gushee]], professor of Christian Ethics at Mercer University, and Steve Martin, a pastor and documentary filmmaker.&lt;ref name=&quot;CP article&quot;&gt;[http://www.christianpost.com/article/20100124/evangelicals-call-for-cancellation-of-haiti-s-foreign-debt/index.html New Evangelical Group Calls for Haiti Debt Cancellation], by Michelle A. Vu, &quot;[[The Christian Post]]&quot;, January 24, 2010&lt;/ref&gt;  The faith-based non-profit, which represents the merger of the previously distinct but sometimes interrelated efforts of the three founding partners, reportedly exists &quot;to advance human well-being as an expression of our love for Jesus Christ, which is itself a grateful response to his love for us and for a good but suffering world.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;NEP&quot;&gt;[http://www.newevangelicalpartnership.org/?q=node/4 New Evangelical Partnership for the Common Good]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Biography==
Cizik graduated with a B.A., cum laude, in political science from [[Whitworth College]], received an M.A. in Public Affairs from the George Washington University School of Public &amp; International Affairs (now called the Elliot School of International Affairs), a Master of Divinity from Denver Seminary and an honorary doctorate in Christian Leadership from the Methodist Episcopal Church.&lt;ref&gt;Duke University, &quot;[http://nicholasinstitute.duke.edu/people/cizik Board of Advisors - Rev. Richard Cizik - Nicholas Institute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306163244/http://nicholasinstitute.duke.edu/people/cizik |date=2012-03-06 }}&quot;. Accessed 2 May 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

On May 18, 2014, Whitworth University, awarded Cizik an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters. The University's Provost stated that &quot;Richard Cizik, an alumnus from the class of 1973, is a pastor, writer, environmentalist, thinker, and activist...For his commitment to truth and to the Lordship of Jesus Christ, to the health of our planet and the well-being of humanity, and in recognition of his strength of purpose and his courage in speaking out on crucial issues as a thoughtful and fully committed man of God, I am proud to represent Whitworth University as we confer upon Richard Cizik this degree of doctor of humane letters, honoris causa.&quot;

He was awarded a post-graduate fellowship from the Scottish Rite Foundation to study at the George Washington University (1973-1974) and by the Rotary International Foundation to study at the Political Science University in Taipei, Taiwan (1975-1976).  Cizik sits on advisory boards of the Institute on Religion and Public Policy, the Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions at Duke University, and the Evangelical Environmental Network.

Cizik was named in 2006 by Beliefnet to be one of the &quot;Most Inspirational&quot; leaders of the year.

In 2007, Virginia Governor Tim Kaine named Cizik to the Virginia Climate Commission.  That appointment has led to his speaking on climate change at the University of Virginia, Eastern Mennonite University, Roanoke College, among many other universities around the country.

Fast Company magazine named him in 2008 to a list of &quot;Most Creative Thinkers.&quot;  He was named an Open Society Fellow of the Open Society Institute in 2009–2010, during which time he built relationships between scholars and activists on topics such as war and peace, climate change, and criminal justice.

In 2010, he was named to a list of &quot;Fifty Evangelical Leaders Who Shaped a Generation: The Renegade,&quot; by Roof Top Blog, WordPress and appeared in the acclaimed documentary on nuclear arms, directed by Lucy Walker and distributed by Participant Media, entitled &quot;Countdown To Zero.&quot;  Cizik has subsequently been a regular participant in Global Zero gatherings, including Summits held in London, England, and the Ronald Reagan Library in Simi Valley, California, and as a speaker at the Global Zero Inaugural Conference, held in Paris, in December, 2008.

In 2010, Cizik helped create and serves as co-chair of &quot;The Casablanca Institute&quot; to foster interfaith dialogue, build relationships between Evangelical Christians and Muslim leaders, and to seek common ground on the major issues facing both religious constituencies and the planet.  In 2013, the Casablanca Institute was named one of the top ten &quot;Best New Think Tanks&quot; in a global ranking called &quot;Global Go To Think Tank Rankings.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gotothinktank.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/2012-Global-Go-To-Think-Tank-Report.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-02-02 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228075634/http://www.gotothinktank.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/2012-Global-Go-To-Think-Tank-Report.pdf |archivedate=2013-02-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Career==

===National Association of Evangelicals===
Cizik was a staff member at the NAE from 1980 to 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;CT article&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Duke&quot;&gt;[http://www.nicholas.duke.edu/institute/bio-cizik.html Cizik biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060919121828/http://www.nicholas.duke.edu/institute/bio-cizik.html |date=2006-09-19 }} at the Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions' website&lt;/ref&gt;  He described himself in the early years as a &quot;pro-[[George W. Bush|Bush]] [[American conservatism|conservative]]&quot; and generally took conservative positions on issues such as [[gay marriage]], [[abortion]], and [[stem-cell research]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Grist&quot; /&gt;  As the organization's primary lobbyist, Cizik was influential in pushing conservative Evangelical-supported legislation at a national level.  However, he began moving more towards the center in the 1990s.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRD&quot;&gt;[http://www.theird.org/NETCOMMUNITY/Page.aspx?pid=867&amp;srcid=198 Interview with Richard Cizik]{{Dead link|date=August 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, with Terry Gross. ''[[Fresh Air (NPR)|NPR's Fresh Air]], 12/2/2008&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2004/10/14/christian_lobbying_finds_success/ Christian lobbying finds success], by Farah Stockman, ''[[Boston Globe]]'', October 14, 2004&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Reuters&quot;&gt;[http://today.reuters.com/news/articlenews.aspx?type=politicsNews&amp;storyID=2006-09-25T195455Z_01_N20188245_RTRUKOC_0_US-ENVIRONMENT-EVANGELICALS.xml Evangelical Christian lobbyist pushes environment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016205356/http://today.reuters.com/news/articlenews.aspx?type=politicsNews |date=2006-10-16 }}, by Deborah Zabarenko, [[Reuters]], September 25, 2006&lt;/ref&gt;

As national spokesman for millions of evangelicals, he has worked successfully with both Democrats and Republicans. In the fall of 2008, however, he began to publicly criticize John McCain (&quot;I thought John McCain was a principled person,&quot; &quot;But John McCain...seems to be waffling on issue after issue&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;Smacks McCain&quot;&gt;[http://coloradoindependent.com/8807/evangelical-leader-smacks-mccain-for-lack-of-principle Evangelical leader smacks McCain for lack of ‘principle’], by Cara Degette. Colorado Independent, 9/22/08&lt;/ref&gt; He voted for Barack Obama during the primaries,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121937082033962551?mod=googlenews_wsj For Some Evangelicals, GOP Ties Are No Longer Binding], by Suzanne Sataline. [[Wall Street Journal]], 8/22/08&lt;/ref&gt; and strongly implied that he had voted for Obama in the general election.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRD&quot;/&gt; This, along with statements about abortion and same-sex civil unions, did not represent the NAE's position, and he resigned a week later.&lt;ref name=&quot;CT interview&quot; /&gt;

===Environmental activism===
After hearing scientist and fellow Evangelical [[John T. Houghton|John Houghton]] present evidence on [[global warming]] in 2002, Cizik was convinced that environmentalism, and especially climate change, should be a part of the Evangelical political agenda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moyers&quot; /&gt;

Cizik calls this environmentalism &quot;creation care.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Grist&quot; /&gt;  He differentiates &quot;creation care&quot; from other environmentalism because of the former's roots &quot;not in politics or ideology, but in the scriptures.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Grist&quot; /&gt;  Cizik cites several [[Bible]] verses to support his position, including [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%202:15;&amp;version=9;; Genesis 2:15] and [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Revelation%2011:18;&amp;version=9; Revelation 11:18].&lt;ref name=&quot;Grist&quot; /&gt;

Cizik has been criticized for his global warming advocacy by fellow evangelicals and conservatives.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moyers&quot; /&gt;  He has responded to some of these critics by asking whether his critics are possibly being influenced by ties to the conservative movement or oil and gas companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moyers&quot; /&gt;

Cizik's name appeared as a signatory on an initial draft of the 2006 [[Evangelical Climate Initiative]]'s &quot;Call to Action,&quot; but it was absent from the final draft.  In an interview with [[Bill Moyers]], Cizik indicated that pressure from his colleagues at the NAE caused him to remove his name from the statement.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moyers&quot;/&gt; In fact the Executive Committee, responding to twenty Evangelical leaders who asked the NAE not to take a stance on global warming,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cornwallalliance.org/docs/appeal-letter-to-the-national-association-of-evangelicals-on-the-issue-of-global-warming.pdf 20 Christian leaders appeal to the NAE], January 2006&lt;/ref&gt; had passed a resolution stating that &quot;global warming is not a consensus issue&quot; and instructing its staff &quot;to stand by and not exceed in any fashion our approved and adopted statements concerning the environment contained within the Evangelical Call to Civic Responsibility.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cornwallalliance.org/articles/read/fact-sheet-evangelicals-should-be-wary-of-the-politicization-and-bad-science-of-global-warming-alarmism/#Resources Cornwall Alliance fact sheet]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot;&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/08/national/08warm.htm Evangelical Leaders Join Global Warming Initiative], by Laurie Goodstein, ''[[New York Times]]'', February 8, 2006&lt;/ref&gt; (The 2001 document, ''For the Health of the Nation: An Evangelical Call to Civic Responsibility'', includes a section on &quot;protect[ing] God's creation&quot; but does not mention climate change.&lt;ref name=&quot;NAE Civic Responsibility&quot;&gt;''[http://www.nae.net/images/civic_responsibility2.pdf For the Health of the Nation: An Evangelical Call to Civic Responsibility] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220154318/http://www.nae.net/images/civic_responsibility2.pdf |date=2008-12-20 }}'', National Association of Evangelicals, 2004&lt;/ref&gt;)

In January 2007, Cizik and [[Eric Chivian]] co-hosted the launch of a collaboration between scientists and Evangelicals, presenting it as a joint project of Harvard Medical School's Center for Health and the Global Environment and the NAE.&lt;ref&gt;[http://chge.med.harvard.edu/media/releases/jan_17.html Media advisory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070121114534/http://chge.med.harvard.edu/media/releases/jan_17.html |date=2007-01-21 }}, Harvard Medical School Center for Health and the Global Environment, January 17, 2007&lt;/ref&gt; The 28 participants released &quot;An Urgent Call to Action,&quot; which presented human-induced climate change as a primary concern and called for prompt public policy solutions.&lt;ref&gt;[http://chge.med.harvard.edu/media/releases/documents/signedstatement.pdf An Urgent Call to Action: Scientists and Evangelicals Unite to Protect Creation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719171426/http://chge.med.harvard.edu/media/releases/documents/signedstatement.pdf |date=2008-07-19 }}, January 17, 2007&lt;/ref&gt; Critics of the collaboration pointed out that the NAE had not changed its position on climate change,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cornwallalliance.org/articles/read/contrary-to-media-reports-national-association-of-evangelicals-has-not-endorsed-latest-statement-on-global-warming/ Contrary to Media Reports, National Association of Evangelicals Has Not Endorsed Latest Statement on Global Warming], Cornwall Alliance press release, January 17, 2007&lt;/ref&gt; but in response to a reporter's question Cizik insisted that the NAE board had approved &quot;this dialogue.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://chge.med.harvard.edu/media/releases/documents/transcript.pdf#Page=11 Transcript] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712081226/http://chge.med.harvard.edu/media/releases/documents/transcript.pdf#Page=11 |date=2010-07-12 }}, press conference, January 17, 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

In March 2007, [[James Dobson]], head of [[Focus on the Family]], and 24 other evangelical leaders signed a letter asking &quot;the NAE board to ensure that Mr. Cizik faithfully represents the policies and commitments of the organization, including its defense of traditional values,&quot; and suggesting that Cizik resign &quot;if he cannot be trusted to articulate the views of American evangelicals on environmental issues.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.citizenlink.org/pdfs/NAELetterFinal.pdf |title=Letter to the NAE Board from 25 evangelical leaders |access-date=2020-07-07 |archive-date=2010-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621165930/http://www.citizenlink.org/pdfs/NAELetterFinal.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A number of other evangelical leaders declined to sign Dobson's letter on the grounds that it was un-Christian.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}  [[Richard Land]] of the [[Southern Baptist Convention]] noted, &quot;I didn't feel that it was the most productive, most redemptive way to address the problem,&quot; and [[Leith Anderson]], NAE president, stated that his mail was &quot;overwhelmingly supportive of Rich.&quot;  Cizik has responded by saying that &quot;It's time we return to being people known for our love and care of the earth and our fellow human beings.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20070315180323/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17553246/site/newsweek/ &quot;Beliefwatch:Tree Hugger&quot;, Newsweek, March 19th, 2007, pg. 13]&lt;/ref&gt;

In December 2008, NAE President Leith Anderson reiterated that ''For the Health of the Nation'' contains the NAE's only official position on the environment, and confirmed that &quot;we don't [have a specific position] on global warming or emissions. [Cizik] has spoken as an individual on that.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;CT interview&quot;&gt;[http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2008/decemberweb-only/150-41.0.html Interview: NAE President Leith Anderson on Richard Cizik's Resignation], by Sarah Pulliam, ''[[Christianity Today]]''. Published December 11, 2008. Accessed December 18, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2008, TIME magazine named Richard Cizik and Eric Chivian to its list of most influential &quot;Thinkers and Scientists&quot; list called the &quot;TIME 100.&quot;

In 2012, Rich Cizik became the Chief Spokesperson for the Good Steward Campaign, an ecumenically Christian environmental organization working on college campuses to inform and engage students in conversations about climate change, stewardship, creation care, and fossil fuel divestment. Rich travels up and down the East Coast doing speaking events for the Good Steward Campaign and spoken at schools like the University of Virginia and Eastern Mennonite University. He continues in this role today.

===Gay rights issues===
Cizik supported the passage of [[California Proposition 8 (2008)|Proposition 8]] and recently signed his name to a full-page ad in ''[[The New York Times]]''' accusing the [[Gay Community|gay population]] of &quot;anti-religious bigotry&quot;, especially against [[Mormon]]s, and &quot;trying to start a religious war.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;CT article&quot; /&gt; In response, a gay rights group placed another full-page advertisement in ''[[The Salt Lake Tribune]]'' titled &quot;Lies in the name of the Lord&quot; and featuring [[Pinocchio]] carrying a whitewashed &quot;Cizik Version&quot; of the [[Bible]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CT article&quot; /&gt;

Cizik made a statement on the [[National Public Radio]] program &quot;Fresh Air&quot; in December 2008 in which he said that he supports same-sex civil unions and is “shifting” on gay marriage.&lt;ref name=&quot;CT article&quot;&gt;[http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2008/decemberweb-only/150-42.0.html Richard Cizik Resigns from the National Association of Evangelicals], by Sarah Pullman. ''[[Christianity Today]]''. Published December 11, 2008. Accessed December 11, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;  He also commented that about 4 in 10 young evangelicals have a homosexual, bisexual, or transsexual friend or family member and about 5 in 10 favor either same-sex marriage or civil unions.&lt;ref name=ABC/&gt; Cizik later appeared to shift his position, releasing a statement reading: &quot;I am now and always have been committed to work to pass laws that protect and foster family life, and to work against government attempts to interfere with the integrity of the family, including same-sex 'marriage' and civil unions.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;CT article&quot;/&gt; However, in a return visit to &quot;Fresh Air&quot; in July 2010, Cizik reiterated his support for same-sex civil unions and expressed his ambivalence about same-sex marriage.&lt;ref name=&quot;FreshAir28July2010&quot;&gt;[https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128776382 Ousted Evangelical Reflects On Faith, Future ], by Terri Gross. ''[[Fresh Air]]''. Published July 28, 2010. Accessed July 28, 2010&lt;/ref&gt;  His NPR remarks led Cizik to resign from his position with the NAE.&lt;ref name=&quot;CT article&quot;/&gt;

Cizik's statements found support by some older evangelicals such as [[Jim Wallis]] and by many younger evangelicals, some of which [[ABC News]] says consider Cizik as a &quot;hero&quot;.&lt;ref name=ABC/&gt; In contrast, the NAE stated that Ciziks' positions do not &quot;appropriately represent the values and convictions&quot; of the NAE.&lt;ref name=ABC/&gt; David Brody, [[Christian Broadcasting Network]] correspondent, commented on the divided reaction by saying that &quot;At the end of the day, evangelicals are not going to budge on the life and marriage issues.&quot;&lt;ref name=ABC/&gt;

===Abortion and health care===

Cizik has described himself as an &quot;advocate for pro-life policies without exception.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;CT article&quot;/&gt; He supports government distribution of [[contraception]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CT article&quot;/&gt; He has stated that &quot;younger evangelicals [...] are decidedly pro-life&quot; and that &quot;health care is just as important to younger evangelicals as is abortion.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;CT article&quot;/&gt;  Cizik also conceived and helped draft the definite statement on evangelical support for family planning in 2012 entitled &quot;A Christian Call to Common Ground on Family Planning, Maternal and Children's Health and Abortion Reduction&quot; released at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C. on October 15, 2012.

On December 24, 2012 Newsweek wrote in a piece entitled &quot;Can Safe Sex Save the Earth?&quot; that &quot;If his ouster [National Association of Evangelicals] was meant to silence him, it didn't work.&quot;  And that &quot;Cizik has also made the case that access to contraceptives is not only good for people, but also, since it helps curb overpopulation, good for the planet. On his blog, he calls family planning a “green technology.”

==See also==
* [[God's Warriors]], a [[God's Warriors#Criticism|controversial]] [[CNN]] [[news media|news program]] where [[Christiane Amanpour]] labeled Cizik as one of &quot;[[God's Warriors#God.E2.80.99s Christian Warriors|God's Christian Warriors]]&quot;.

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{C-SPAN|Richard Cizik}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cizik, Richard}}
[[Category:Living people]]
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[[Category:American evangelicals]]
[[Category:Leaders of Christian parachurch organizations]]
[[Category:Elliott School of International Affairs alumni]]
[[Category:Christianity and environmentalism]]
[[Category:Religious action on climate change]]
[[Category:Sustainability advocates]]
[[Category:Whitworth University alumni]]
[[Category:Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs]]&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Richard Cizik]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Richard Cizik/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>Vince Cable</title>
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      <text bytes="177263" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Former Leader of the Liberal Democrats}}
{{use British English|date=July 2017}}
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{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = Sir Vince Cable&lt;!-- NOTE: please do not add the title &quot;Dr&quot; to his name: see [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (biographies)#Academic titles]] --&gt;
| honorific-suffix = 
| image = Official portrait of Sir Vince Cable crop 2.jpg
| office = [[Leader of the Liberal Democrats]]
| deputy = [[Jo Swinson]]
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| 1namedata       = [[Sal Brinton|The Baroness Brinton]]
| term_start = 20 July 2017
| term_end = 22 July 2019
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| term_end2 = 8 May 2015
| predecessor2 = [[Peter Mandelson|The Lord Mandelson]]
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| office3 = [[List of Deputy Leaders of the Liberal Democrats|Deputy Leader of the Liberal Democrats]]
| leader3 = [[Menzies Campbell]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Nick Clegg]]
| term_start3 = 2 March 2006
| term_end3 = 26 May 2010
| predecessor3 = [[Menzies Campbell]]
| successor3 = [[Simon Hughes]]
{{Collapsed infobox section begin|[[Liberal Democrat Frontbench Team|Lib Dem frontbench positions]]}}
| office5 = [[Liberal Democrat frontbench team|Liberal Democrat Spokesperson]] for [[Department of Health and Social Care|Health and Social Care]]
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| term_start5 = 21 August 2019
| term_end5 = 21 October 2019
| predecessor5 = [[Judith Jolly, Baroness Jolly|The Baroness Jolly]]
| successor5 = [[Luciana Berger]]
| office6 = [[Liberal Democrat frontbench team|Liberal Democrat Treasury Spokesman]]
| leader6 = [[Tim Farron]]
| term_start6 = 8 May 2017
| term_end6 = 20 July 2017
| predecessor6 = [[Susan Kramer, Baroness Kramer|The Baroness Kramer]]
| successor6 = [[Susan Kramer, Baroness Kramer|The Baroness Kramer]]
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| office8 = [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrat]] [[Liberal Democrat frontbench team|Spokesperson]] for [[Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy|Business, Innovation and Skills]]
| term_start8 = 7 January 2015
| term_end8 = 11 May 2015
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| predecessor8 = [[John Thurso|The Viscount Thurso]] {{small|(2010)}}{{Ref label|bbb|b}}
| successor8 = [[Lorely Burt|The Baroness Burt of Solihull]]
| office9 = [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrat]] [[Liberal Democrat frontbench team|Spokesperson]] for [[UK Trade &amp; Investment|Trade and Industry]]
| leader9 = [[Charles Kennedy]]
| term_start9 = 9 August 1999
| term_end9 = 12 June 2003
| predecessor9 = [[David Chidgey, Baron Chidgey|David Chidgey]]
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{{Collapsed infobox section end}}
| office10 = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]]&lt;br /&gt;for [[Twickenham (UK Parliament constituency)|Twickenham]]
| term_start10 = 9 June 2017
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| term_start11 = 1 May 1997
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| birth_name = John Vincent Cable
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1943|5|9|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[York]], England
| death_date = 
| death_place = 
| party = [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]] {{small|(1988–present)}}
| otherparty = [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] {{small|(before 1965)}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] {{small|(1966–1982)}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Social Democratic Party (UK)|Social Democrats]] {{small|(1982–1988)}}
| spouse = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|Olympia Rebelo&lt;br /&gt;|1968|2001|end=d}}|{{marriage|Rachel Smith&lt;br /&gt;|2004}}}}
| children = 3
| alma_mater = {{unbulleted list|{{nowrap|[[Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge]]}}|[[University of Glasgow]]}}
| relatives = [[Ayrton Cable]] (grandson)
| website = {{URL|vincecable.org|Official website}}
| signature = Signature of Vince Cable.png
| footnotes = {{small|a. {{note|aaa}}Office vacant from 12 May 2010 to 7 January 2015.}}&lt;br /&gt;{{small|b. {{note|bbb}}Office vacant from 12 May 2010 to 7 January 2015.}}
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|description      = from the BBC programme ''[[Desert Island Discs]]'', 18 January 2009&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC-b00gq4n2&quot;&gt;{{Cite episode |title=Vince Cable |series=Desert Island Discs |serieslink=Desert Island Discs |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00gq4n2 |accessdate=18 January 2014 |station=BBC Radio 4 |date=18 January 2009 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014001744/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00gq4n2 |archivedate=14 October 2013  }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| caption = Cable in 2017
}}
'''Sir John Vincent Cable''' (born 9 May 1943)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url = https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-40655847|title = The Vince Cable story: Profile of new Lib Dem leader|last = Wheeler|first = Brian|date = 20 July 2017|accessdate = 22 July 2019|work = [[BBC News]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190526172216/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-40655847|archive-date = 26 May 2019|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a British politician who was [[Leader of the Liberal Democrats|Leader of the]] [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]] from 2017 to 2019. He was [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Twickenham (UK Parliament constituency)|Twickenham]] from 1997 to 2015 and from 2017 to 2019. He also served in the [[Cabinet (UK)|Cabinet]] as [[Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy|Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills]] from 2010 to 2015.

Cable studied Economics at [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] and [[University of Glasgow|Glasgow]], before working as an economic adviser to the [[Government of Kenya]] in the 1960s, and for the [[Commonwealth Secretary-General|Commonwealth Secretariat]] in the 1970s and 1980s. During this period, he also lectured in economics at Glasgow. He later served as Chief Economist for [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]] in the 1990s. Initially active in the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]], Cable became a Labour councillor in Glasgow in the 1970s, during which time he also served as a [[Special adviser (UK)|special adviser]] to then-[[Secretary of State for Trade|Trade Secretary]] [[John Smith (Labour Party leader)|John Smith]]. In 1982, however, he defected to the newly-formed [[Social Democratic Party (UK)|Social Democratic Party]], which later amalgamated with the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]] to form the Liberal Democrats.

After standing unsuccessfully for [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]] four times, Cable was elected for [[Twickenham (UK Parliament constituency)|Twickenham]] in [[1997 United Kingdom general election|1997]]. He was quickly appointed the [[Liberal Democrat Frontbench Team|Liberal Democrat Treasury Spokesman]], and was later [[2006 Liberal Democrats deputy leadership election|elected as Deputy Leader]] in 2006. Cable resigned from both of these positions in May 2010 after being appointed as Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills in the [[Cameron–Clegg coalition|coalition government]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://iaindale.blogspot.com/2010/05/vince-cable-resigns.html |title=Vince Cable Resigns! |publisher=Iaindale.blogspot.com |date=26 February 2010 |accessdate=19 June 2010 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529155933/http://iaindale.blogspot.com/2010/05/vince-cable-resigns.html |archivedate=29 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; He lost his seat in [[2015 United Kingdom general election|2015]], although later regained it in [[2017 United Kingdom general election|2017]]. Cable subsequently stood in the [[2017 Liberal Democrats leadership election|leadership election]] to replace [[Tim Farron]], and was elected unopposed.&lt;ref name=itvleader&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.itv.com/news/2017-07-20/vince-cable-named-new-leader-of-liberal-democrats/|title=Vince Cable named new leader of Liberal Democrats|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720190640/http://www.itv.com/news/2017-07-20/vince-cable-named-new-leader-of-liberal-democrats/|archivedate=20 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In May 2019, Cable led the Liberal Democrats to their best national electoral performance since the [[2010 United Kingdom general election|2010 election]], gaining fifteen seats in the [[2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom|European Parliament election]]. This followed a campaign in which the party ran on an [[Opposition to Brexit in the United Kingdom|anti-Brexit]] platform under the slogan, &quot;[[Bollocks to Brexit]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/topics/crjeqkdevwvt/the-uks-european-elections-2019|title=The UK's European elections 2019|date=26-27 May 2019|website=BBC News|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810175827/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/topics/crjeqkdevwvt/the-uks-european-elections-2019|archive-date=10 August 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/staggers/2019/05/why-liberal-democrats-bollocks-brexit-slogan-stroke-genius | title=Why the Liberal Democrats' &quot;Bollocks to Brexit&quot; slogan is a stroke of genius | access-date=27 May 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829232622/https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/staggers/2019/05/why-liberal-democrats-bollocks-brexit-slogan-stroke-genius | archive-date=29 August 2019 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; He subsequently announced his intention to retire from politics, and stood down as leader on 22 July 2019, upon [[2019 Liberal Democrats leadership election|the election]] of [[Jo Swinson]]; he stood down from Parliament at the [[2019 United Kingdom general election|2019 general election]].

==Early life and education==
Cable was born in [[York]], to a [[working-class]] [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]-supporting family. His father, Len, was a craftsman for [[Rowntree's]], and his mother, Edith, packed chocolates for [[Terry's]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Boseley|first=Sarah|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/mar/10/vince-cable-adult-education-mental-illness-speech|title=Vince Cable: adult education helped my mother overcome mental illness|date=10 March 2015|via=The Guardian|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810171933/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/mar/10/vince-cable-adult-education-mental-illness-speech|archivedate=10 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cable attended [[Nunthorpe Grammar School]] where he became [[Head Boy]]. He then attended [[Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge]], where he initially studied [[Natural Sciences (Cambridge)|Natural Sciences]] and later switched to [[Economics]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.moneymarketing.co.uk/analysis/vince-cable/182423.article |title=Vince Cable |work=MoneyMarketing.co.uk |date=12 March 2009 |accessdate=23 September 2009 |location=London |first=Nicola |last=York |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324105548/http://www.moneymarketing.co.uk/analysis/vince-cable/182423.article |archivedate=24 March 2012  }}&lt;/ref&gt; He was the President of the [[Cambridge Union Society|Cambridge Union]] in 1965. He was also a committee member and later President-elect of the [[Cambridge University Liberal Club]], but he resigned from the Liberal Party before taking up the office of President.&lt;ref&gt;[http://keynessociety.wordpress.com/about-the-keynes-society/ About us] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831181530/http://keynessociety.wordpress.com/about-the-keynes-society/ |date=31 August 2013 }} Keynes Society&lt;/ref&gt; Whilst at Cambridge, he was a contemporary of the [[Cambridge Mafia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/1480c361-337a-3c66-b8fe-908e8bfbd3f4|title=Subscribe to read|website=Financial Times|accessdate=25 October 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025185504/https://www.ft.com/content/1480c361-337a-3c66-b8fe-908e8bfbd3f4|archivedate=25 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1966, at the end of his studies at the [[University of Cambridge]], Cable was appointed as an [[Overseas Development Institute]] Fellow (ODI Nuffield Fellow) working in [[Kenya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/3579.pdf |title=Life as a Fellow: Dr Vincent Cable MP, Liberal Democrat Treasury Spokesperson, The Treasury, Kenya, 1966–1968, From a speech presented at the ODI Fellowship Scheme 40th Anniversary |publisher=Overseas Development Institute (ODI) |date=15 July 2003 |accessdate=9 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110151245/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/3579.pdf |archive-date=10 November 2011 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

He graduated in 1973 with a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in Economics from the [[University of Glasgow]] on [[economic integration]] and [[industrialisation]].&lt;ref name=&quot;cablephd&quot;&gt;{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Vincent |last=Cable |title=Economic integration and the industrialisation of small, developing nations : the case of Central America |publisher=University of Glasgow |date=1973 |url=http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.528593 |authorlink=Vince Cable |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219164835/http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.528593 |archivedate=19 December 2013  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Economics career==
Cable lectured for a time at the [[University of Glasgow]] and was a Visiting Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Global Governance at the [[London School of Economics]], for a three-year period until 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://vincentcable.org.uk/en/page/about-vince-cable |title=Archived copy |accessdate=13 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418051635/http://vincentcable.org.uk/en/page/about-vince-cable |archivedate=18 April 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2016, Cable was made Honorary Professor of Economics at the [[University of Nottingham]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/news/pressreleases/2016/january/sir-vince-cable-is-made-an-honorary-professor-at-the-university-of-nottingham.aspx|title=Sir Vince Cable is made an Honorary Professor at The University of Nottingham – The University of Nottingham|website=www.nottingham.ac.uk|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419100848/https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/news/pressreleases/2016/january/sir-vince-cable-is-made-an-honorary-professor-at-the-university-of-nottingham.aspx|archivedate=19 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1966 to 1968, he was a Treasury Finance Officer to the [[Government of Kenya|Kenyan Government]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.libdems.org.uk/cabinet_detail.aspx?name=Dr_Vince_Cable_MP&amp;pPK=34755921-9323-4a73-8e4f-5f030c6ff139|title=Dr Vince Cable MP – Secretary of State for Business|publisher=Liberal Democrats|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212020017/http://www.libdems.org.uk/cabinet_detail.aspx?name=Dr_Vince_Cable_MP&amp;pPK=34755921-9323-4a73-8e4f-5f030c6ff139|archivedate=12 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1969, he visited [[Central America]] as a researcher on the recently formed [[Central American Common Market]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://web.stanford.edu/group/tomzgroup/pmwiki/uploads/1206-1969-Cable-a-JHS.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=23 August 2017 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812170856/http://web.stanford.edu/group/tomzgroup/pmwiki/uploads/1206-1969-Cable-a-JHS.pdf |archivedate=12 August 2017  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

From the early to mid-1970s, Cable served as First Secretary under [[Hugh Carless]] in the [[Latin America]]n department of the [[Foreign Office]]. He was involved in a [[Confederation of British Industry|CBI]] [[trade mission]] to [[South America]] at this time, engaging in six months of [[commercial diplomacy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt; In the late 1970s, he was [[Special advisers (UK government)|special adviser]] to [[John Smith (Labour Party leader)|John Smith]] when the latter was [[Secretary of State for Trade|Trade Secretary]]. He was an adviser to the UK Government and then to the [[Commonwealth Secretary-General]] [[Shridath Ramphal|Shridath &quot;Sonny&quot; Ramphal]] in the 1970s and 1980s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.georginacapel.com/our-author/vince-cable-mp/|title=Sir Vince Cable – Georgina Capel Associates ltd|work=Georgina Capel Associates ltd|accessdate=13 July 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823120559/http://www.georginacapel.com/our-author/vince-cable-mp/|archivedate=23 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cable served in an official capacity at the [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting]] of [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1983|1983]] in Delhi, witnessing &quot;private sessions at first hand&quot; involving [[Indira Gandhi]], then-[[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Margaret Thatcher]], [[Lee Kuan Yew]], and [[Bob Hawke]] among others. He was also present at the summits of [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1985|1985]], [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1987|1987]], and [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1989|1989]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Free Radical : a Memoir.|last=Vincent.|first=Cable|date=2009|publisher=Atlantic Books Ltd|isbn=9781848874381|location=New York|oclc=792687014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the same period, he contributed to the [[Brandt Report|Brandt Commission]], the [[Palme Commission]], and the [[United Nations|UN]]'s [[Brundtland Commission]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;

From the 1980s onwards, Cable authored and co-wrote numerous publications in favour of [[Globalization|globalisation]], [[free trade]], and [[economic integration]] such as ''Protectionism and Industrial Decline'', ''The Commerce of Culture'', and ''Developing with Foreign Investment''.

Cable worked for the oil company [[Royal Dutch Shell]] from 1990 to 1997, serving as its Chief Economist between 1995 and 1997. His role at Shell came under scrutiny as the company was accused of playing a role in a turbulent era of [[Nigerian politics]] during the dictatorship of [[Sani Abacha|General Sani Abacha]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/uk-politics/2009/09/mehdi-hasan |title=Vince Cable: Beneath the halo |magazine=New Statesman |accessdate=21 December 2010 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222035618/http://www.newstatesman.com/uk-politics/2009/09/mehdi-hasan |archivedate=22 December 2010  }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.politics.co.uk/reference/john-vincent-cable|title=Vincent Cable|website=politics.co.uk|accessdate=13 July 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823160954/http://www.politics.co.uk/reference/john-vincent-cable|archivedate=23 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2017, Cable became a [[Strategic advisory board|strategic advisor]] on the World Trade Board for the annual World Trade Symposium co-organised by [[Misys]] and [[Financial Times|FT Live]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://worldtradesymposium.com/sir-vince-cable-joins-world-trade-board-as-strategic-advisor/#|title=Sir Vince Cable joins World Trade Board as strategic advisor|work=World Trade Symposium|accessdate=26 August 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826072846/https://worldtradesymposium.com/sir-vince-cable-joins-world-trade-board-as-strategic-advisor/|archivedate=26 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://worldtradesymposium.com/the-board/|title=World Trade Board {{!}} World Trade Symposium|website=worldtradesymposium.com|accessdate=26 August 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826075409/https://worldtradesymposium.com/the-board/|archivedate=26 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Political career==
{{See also|Electoral history of Vince Cable}}

===Early years===
At [[university]], Cable was a member of the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]] but then joined the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in 1966. In [[1970 United Kingdom general election|1970]], he contested [[Glasgow Hillhead (UK Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Hillhead]] for Labour, but failed to unseat the sitting [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] MP, [[Tam Galbraith]]. The same year, Cable stood for election to the [[Glasgow Corporation|Corporation of Glasgow]] in the Partick West ward, but failed to be elected. He became a Labour [[councillor]] in 1971, representing Maryhill ward, and stood down in 1974. In [[1979 United Kingdom general election|1979]], he sought the Labour Party nomination for [[Hampstead (UK Parliament constituency)|Hampstead]], losing to [[Ken Livingstone]], who was unsuccessful in taking the seat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/blog/2009/dec/26/michael-white-politicians-decade-vincent-cable|title=Michael White's politicians of the decade: Vincent Cable|last=White|first=Michael|date=26 December 2009|work=The Guardian|accessdate=31 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101175531/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/blog/2009/dec/26/michael-white-politicians-decade-vincent-cable|archive-date=1 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In February 1982, he defected to the recently created [[Social Democratic Party (UK)|Social Democratic Party]] (SDP). He was the [[SDP-Liberal Alliance]] parliamentary candidate for his home city of [[York (UK Parliament constituency)|York]] in both the [[1983 United Kingdom general election|1983]] and [[1987 United Kingdom general election|1987 general election]]s. Following the 1988 merger of the SDP and the Liberal Party, he finished in second place at the [[1992 United Kingdom general election|1992 general election]] to [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] MP [[Toby Jessel]] in the Twickenham constituency, by 5,711 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

===Member of Parliament (1997–2015)===
Cable entered the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] after defeating sitting Conservative MP [[Toby Jessel]] in the Twickenham constituency in his second attempt, at the [[1997 United Kingdom general election|1997 general election]]. He subsequently increased his majority at the elections of [[2001 United Kingdom general election|2001]], [[2005 United Kingdom general election|2005]] and increased still further in [[2010 United Kingdom general election|2010]]. He lost his seat in [[2015 United Kingdom general election|2015]], but regained it at the [[2017 United Kingdom general election|snap election in 2017]].

In 2004, Cable was a contributor to the [[Economic liberalism|economically liberal]] ''[[The Orange Book: Reclaiming Liberalism|Orange Book]],'' which advocated for policies such as greater private sector involvement in higher education and healthcare.&lt;ref name=&quot;newstatesman.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/uk-politics/2010/07/liberal-democrats-social-party|title=Yellows in peril: the struggle for the soul of liberalism|website=www.newstatesman.com|accessdate=28 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613234919/https://www.newstatesman.com/uk-politics/2010/07/liberal-democrats-social-party|archive-date=13 June 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.politics.co.uk/reference/john-vincent-cable|title=Vincent Cable|website=politics.co.uk|accessdate=28 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823160954/http://www.politics.co.uk/reference/john-vincent-cable|archive-date=23 August 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-12310041|title=Did Lib Dem Book lead to coalition?|first=Edward|last=Stourton|date=23 February 2011|publisher=|accessdate=28 August 2018|via=www.bbc.co.uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828203317/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-12310041|archive-date=28 August 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/uk-politics/2009/09/mehdi-hasan|title=Vince Cable: Beneath the halo|website=www.newstatesman.com|accessdate=28 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613160747/https://www.newstatesman.com/uk-politics/2009/09/mehdi-hasan|archive-date=13 June 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, he has described himself as being a [[social democracy|social democrat]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/uk-politics/2011/05/cable-government-8220-power|title=I can see another financial bomb going off|work=newstatesman.com|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529090649/http://www.newstatesman.com/uk-politics/2011/05/cable-government-8220-power|archivedate=29 May 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as an &quot;open markets&quot; [[Liberalism|liberal]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/vince-cables-keynote-speech-on-growth|title=Vince Cable's keynote speech on growth – GOV.UK|website=www.gov.uk|accessdate=13 July 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823120629/https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/vince-cables-keynote-speech-on-growth|archivedate=23 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; and stated his desire to reconcile &quot;economic liberalism with wider moral values and social justice&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/uk-politics/2009/09/mehdi-hasan|title=Vince Cable: Beneath the halo|website=www.newstatesman.com|accessdate=13 July 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714022224/http://www.newstatesman.com/uk-politics/2009/09/mehdi-hasan|archivedate=14 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Following the ''Orange Book'', Cable was one of several [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Lib Dem]] MPs who oversaw the party's shift towards economic liberalism with the adoption of a more [[free market]] approach,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3621340.stm|title=BBC NEWS {{!}} Politics {{!}} Lib Dems call for pro-market move|website=news.bbc.co.uk|accessdate=23 August 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222170930/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3621340.stm|archivedate=22 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Political Ideology in Britain (Contemporary Political Studies)|last=Leach|first=Robert|publisher=|isbn=978-0230584730|location=|pages=50|date=15 July 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; a development which was suggested by some as having helped lead to the [[2010 United Kingdom government formation|2010 coalition with the Conservatives]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;newstatesman.com&quot;/&gt; In 2005, as Liberal Democrat Treasury spokesperson, he suggested the possibility of the party dropping its commitment to a 50p top rate of income tax, supported exempting people on low income from income tax completely, and explored the possibility of a [[flat tax]], with the former two proposals later becoming party policy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4262630.stm|title=Lib Dems call for 'fairer' taxes|work=BBC News|accessdate=23 August 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823121642/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4262630.stm|archivedate=23 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/lib-dems-may-support-controversial-flat-tax-plan-222951.html|title=Lib Dems may support controversial flat-tax plan|date=24 May 2005|work=The Independent|accessdate=23 August 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823115629/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/lib-dems-may-support-controversial-flat-tax-plan-222951.html|archivedate=23 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Also in 2005, he said that there was no future for the Liberal Democrats to the left of [[New Labour]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/vince-cable-dancing-fan-cable-keeps-his-party-on-its-toes-493194.html|title=Vince Cable: Dancing fan Cable keeps his party on its toes|date=6 June 2005|work=The Independent|accessdate=23 August 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823115539/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/vince-cable-dancing-fan-cable-keeps-his-party-on-its-toes-493194.html|archivedate=23 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was critical of what he considered the Labour government's slow response to cutting [[government waste]], later accusing Labour of allowing a &quot;writhing nest&quot; of [[quango]]s to develop.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3887053.stm|title=Brown axes 104,000 civil servants|work=BBC News|date=12 July 2004|accessdate=23 August 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823122913/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3887053.stm|archivedate=23 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Schifferes|first=Steve|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/vote_2005/issues/4357741.stm|title=Election 2005: Issues Analysis: The £35bn cuts claim|work=BBC News|date=6 April 2005|accessdate=23 August 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823122820/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/vote_2005/issues/4357741.stm|archivedate=23 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Prior to the 2005 Liberal Democrat party conference, Cable did not rule out the possibility that the Lib Dems might form a [[coalition government]] with the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservatives]] in the event of a [[hung parliament]] at the forthcoming general election. However, party leader [[Charles Kennedy]] said that the Lib Dems would remain an &quot;independent political force&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4246080.stm |title=Interview: Vincent Cable |author=Justin Parkinson |work=BBC News |date=18 September 2005 |accessdate=19 November 2007 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223055306/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4246080.stm |archivedate=23 December 2007  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In late-2005 or early-2006, Cable presented [[Charles Kennedy]] a letter signed by eleven out of the twenty-three frontbenchers, including himself, expressing a lack of confidence in Kennedy's leadership of the Liberal Democrats. On 5 January 2006, because of pressure from his frontbench team and an [[ITN News]] report documenting his [[alcoholism]], [[Charles Kennedy]] announced a [[2006 Liberal Democrats leadership election|leadership election]] in which he pledged to stand for re-election. However, he resigned on 7 January. Cable did not run for the party leadership, instead supporting [[Menzies Campbell]]'s candidacy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1511962/Campbell-chosen-to-take-on-Tories.html|title=Campbell chosen to take on Tories|last1=Carlin|first1=Brendan|last2=Jones|first2=George|last3=Isaby|first3=Jonathan|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826112130/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1511962/Campbell-chosen-to-take-on-Tories.html|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=3 March 2006|accessdate=26 August 2017|archivedate=26 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Expenses====
A Twickenham resident, Cable commuted by train into [[Central London]] daily and so claimed the &quot;London Supplement&quot; instead of the Additional Costs Allowance. However, the ''[[Daily Telegraph]]'' reported in May 2009 that he had been unaware that he was entitled to the London Supplement and so in 2004 wrote to the Fees Office to ask if he could receive retrospective payments for 2002–03 and 2003–04. The Fees Office refused the request, informing Cable that these accounts were already closed.&lt;ref name=13dt&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mps-expenses/5314829/Vince-Cable-doesnt-claim-for-second-home-but-asked-for-backdated-London-Supplement-MPs-expenses.html |title=Vince Cable doesn't claim for second home but asked for backdated London Supplement: MPs' expenses |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=13 May 2009 |first=Nick |last=Allen |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090517001058/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mps-expenses/5314829/Vince-Cable-doesnt-claim-for-second-home-but-asked-for-backdated-London-Supplement-MPs-expenses.html |archivedate=17 May 2009  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

When overall MP allowances are ranked, Cable came in 568th for 2007–08 (out of 645 MPs). The ''[[Daily Telegraph]]'' also noted that he did not take a recent 2.33% salary rise.&lt;ref name=13dt/&gt;

===Deputy Leadership of the Liberal Democrats (2006–2010)===
[[File:CleggCable.jpg|thumb|right|Cable with Liberal Democrat leader [[Nick Clegg]] in 2009]]
Cable won plaudits for his repeated warnings and campaigns on the high level of [[personal debt]] in Britain.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2008/feb/20/vincentcable.liberaldemocrats |title=The cult of Cable |quote=...Cable had been warning against Britain's growing personal credit card debt for several years...&quot; |newspaper=The Guardian |accessdate=16 January 2009 |date=20 February 2008 |author=Michael White |location=London |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217182828/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2008/feb/20/vincentcable.liberaldemocrats |archivedate=17 December 2013  }}&lt;/ref&gt; His was a significant voice of criticism during the [[Northern Rock]] crisis, calling for the [[Nationalisation of Northern Rock|nationalisation of the bank]], capitalising on the claimed indecisiveness of both the Labour Government and Conservative Opposition on the issue.

In May 2010, Cable declared his resignation as Deputy Leader to dedicate more time to his [[United Kingdom Cabinet|Cabinet]] role as [[Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills|Business Secretary]]. His responsibilities and authority were somewhat reduced when it was revealed in December 2010 that he had boasted to ''Daily Telegraph'' reporters posing as constituents of his &quot;nuclear option&quot; to bring the government down by his resignation. Still worse, he claimed to the reporters that he had &quot;declared war&quot; on [[Rupert Murdoch]] of News Corporation despite having the responsibility to impartially arbitrate on the News Corporation bid to acquire the remaining 60.9% of BSkyB it did not already own. Amid cries for his resignation or sacking, all his responsibilities concerning the bid were removed. Cable did not resign.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}

====Acting leader of the Liberal Democrats (2007)====
Following the resignation of Sir [[Menzies Campbell]] as Party Leader on 15 October 2007, Cable being Deputy Leader automatically succeeded him as Party Leader, pending a leadership election. He declined to stand for leader, reportedly fearing [[ageism]] (Campbell's critics were accused of ageism,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.hrzone.com/engage/employees/sir-menzies-a-victim-of-ageism|title=Sir Menzies - a victim of ageism?|date=17 October 2007|work=HRZone|accessdate=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050520/https://www.hrzone.com/engage/employees/sir-menzies-a-victim-of-ageism|archive-date=3 July 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Cable was only 2 years his junior).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-40655847|title=The Vince Cable story|last=Wheeler|first=Brian|date=20 July 2017|work=BBC News|accessdate=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009144853/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-40655847|archive-date=9 October 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cable received significant acclaim during his tenure as Acting Party Leader, with particular praise for his strong performances at [[Prime Minister's Questions]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7118733.stm |title=Vince Cable: Acting like a leader |work=BBC News |date=30 November 2007 |first=Arif |last=Ansari |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217165113/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7118733.stm |archivedate=17 February 2009  }}&lt;/ref&gt; He was popular in the party and media for his attacks on the government's record over [[Northern Rock]], [[Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs|HMRC's]] loss of 25,000,000 individuals' child benefit data and the party funding scandal surrounding [[David Abrahams (Labour party donor)|David Abrahams']] secret donations to the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]]. The latter attracted for Cable positive media attention for a joke at PMQs describing [[Gordon Brown]]'s &quot;remarkable transformation in the last few weeks from [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] to [[Mr Bean]], creating chaos out of order rather than order out of chaos&quot;, called by ''[[The Economist]]'', &quot;the single best line of [[Gordon Brown]]'s premiership&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10225014&amp;fsrc=RSS |title=Liberal Democrat leaders: The final straight |work=The Economist |date=29 November 2007 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222214414/http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10225014&amp;fsrc=RSS |archivedate=22 December 2007  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Views on the financial crisis====
[[File:Vince Cable, March 2008.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Vince Cable in March 2008]]
Cable is credited by some{{who|date=August 2017}} with prescience of the [[Financial crisis of 2007–2008|global financial crisis of 2007–2010]]. In November 2003, Cable asked [[Gordon Brown]], then-[[Chancellor of the Exchequer|Chancellor]], &quot;Is not the brutal truth that&amp;nbsp;... the growth of the British economy is sustained by consumer spending pinned against record levels of personal debt, which is secured, if at all, against house prices that the [[Bank of England]] describes as well above equilibrium level?&quot; Brown replied, &quot;As the Bank of England said yesterday, consumer spending is returning to trend. The Governor said,
&quot;there is no indication that the scale of debt problems have ... risen markedly in the last five years.&quot; He also said that the fraction of household income used up in debt service is lower than it was then.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/2003/nov/13/interest-rates |title=House of Commons Debates 13 November 2003 vol 413 col 396–400 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704022509/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/2003/nov/13/interest-rates |archivedate=4 July 2009  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In his book ''The Storm'', Cable writes, &quot;The trigger for the current global financial crisis was the US mortgage market and, indeed, the scale of improvident and unscrupulous lending on that side of the Atlantic dwarfs into insignificance the escapades of our own banks.&quot; Cable commented that he had not warned about this: &quot;one of the problems of being a British MP is that you do tend to get rather parochial and I haven't been to the States for years and years, so I wouldn't claim to have any feel for what's been going on there.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Dominic Lawson |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article5949844.ece |title=News Review interview: Vince Cable |work=The Sunday Times |date=22 March 2009 |location=London|author-link=Dominic Lawson }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In September 2008, Cable praised the-then US [[George W. Bush|President George W. Bush]] for his [[Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008|response to the financial crisis]] and for attempting to &quot;save Western [[capitalism]].&quot; He compared this with [[Gordon Brown|Prime Minister Gordon Brown]]'s response which Cable claimed was to be like a &quot;Fairy Godmother&quot; to the banks, and a &quot;sideshow&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/money/news/article-1642205/Monday-View-Brown-is-not-lenders-Fairy-Godmother.html|title=Monday View: Brown is not lenders' Fairy Godmother|work=Mail Online|accessdate=24 July 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031114832/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/money/news/article-1642205/Monday-View-Brown-is-not-lenders-Fairy-Godmother.html|archivedate=31 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{deprecated inline|certain=yes|date=October 2019}}

Cable has also been vocal over the [[bankers' bonuses|bonus culture]] in the banking system. He has called for bonuses to all bank employees to be frozen.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7878418.stm Brown 'very angry' about bonuses] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212085010/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7878418.stm |date=12 February 2009 }} BBC News, 9 February 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

However, Cable has been criticised by some, mostly Conservatives, for &quot;[[flip-flopping]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://conservativehome.blogs.com/leftwatch/2010/04/vince-cable-is-a-serialflipflopper.html |title=Vince Cable is a serial-flip-flopper |publisher=Conservative Home Leftwatch |date=8 January 2009 |accessdate=24 April 2010 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430041832/http://conservativehome.blogs.com/leftwatch/2010/04/vince-cable-is-a-serialflipflopper.html |archivedate=30 April 2010  }}&lt;/ref&gt; on issues in connection with the crisis. For example, he is accused of criticising the Government's policy of [[Quantitative Easing]], when in January 2009 he used the phrase &quot;the [[Robert Mugabe]] school of economics&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/vincent-cable-confiscating-savings-from-the-poor-is-both-stupid-and-cruel-1231923.html |title=Vincent Cable: Confiscating savings from the poor is stupid and cruel |newspaper=The Independent |date=8 January 2009 |accessdate=14 April 2010 |location=London |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100506055904/http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/vincent-cable-confiscating-savings-from-the-poor-is-both-stupid-and-cruel-1231923.html |archivedate=6 May 2010  }}&lt;/ref&gt; while in March 2009 he said, &quot;directly increasing the amount of money flowing into the economy is now the only clear option&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.libdems.org.uk/press_releases_detail.aspx?title=Bank_of_England_has_now_run_out_of_conventional_weapons_-_Cable&amp;pPK=a636a96d-7dee-4817-846b-b28942d496f4 |title=Bank of England has now run out of conventional weapons – Cable |publisher=Liberal Democrats |date=5 March 2009 |accessdate=14 April 2010 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414182851/http://www.libdems.org.uk/press_releases_detail.aspx?title=Bank_of_England_has_now_run_out_of_conventional_weapons_-_Cable&amp;pPK=a636a96d-7dee-4817-846b-b28942d496f4 |archivedate=14 April 2010  }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Liberal Democrats also have responded that he was making the point that QE &quot;needed to be managed with a great deal of care&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;c4news-factcheck-vc-20100407&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://blogs.channel4.com/factcheck/2010/04/07/is-vince-cables-economic-reputation-fully-deserved/ |title=Is Vince Cable's economic reputation fully deserved? |publisher=Channel4 News FactCheck |date=7 April 2010 |accessdate=24 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100422053021/http://blogs.channel4.com/factcheck/2010/04/07/is-vince-cables-economic-reputation-fully-deserved/ |archivedate=22 April 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On the issue of fiscal stimulus, Cable said in October 2008, &quot;it is entirely wrong for the government to assume the economy should be stimulated by yet more public spending rather than tax cuts&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7696733.stm |title=Fiscal rules are dead – Cameron |work=BBC News |date=29 October 2008 |accessdate=14 April 2010 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216105104/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7696733.stm |archivedate=16 February 2009  }}&lt;/ref&gt; In February 2009, however, he said, &quot;we believe – and the Government say that they believe – in the need for a fiscal stimulus. Despite the severe financial constraints on the public sector, we believe that such a stimulus is right and necessary&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmhansrd/cm090202/debtext/90202-0006.htm |title=House of Commons Debates 2 February 2009 col 593 |publisher=Hansard |accessdate=14 April 2010 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301093423/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmhansrd/cm090202/debtext/90202-0006.htm |archivedate=1 March 2009  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On the principle of the independence of the Bank of England, Cable said at the 2008 Liberal Democrat party conference, &quot;The Government must not compromise the independence of the Bank of England by telling it to slash [[interest rate]]s.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.libdems.org.uk/speeches_detail.aspx?title=Bournemouth_2008%3a_Vince_Cable_speech&amp;pPK=3c384eaf-f99c-48e3-ac68-5e7354231c51 |title=Bournemouth 2008: Vince Cable speech |publisher=Liberal Democrats |date=15 September 2008 |accessdate=14 April 2010 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414173625/http://www.libdems.org.uk/speeches_detail.aspx?title=Bournemouth_2008:_Vince_Cable_speech&amp;pPK=3c384eaf-f99c-48e3-ac68-5e7354231c51 |archivedate=14 April 2010  }}&lt;/ref&gt; The following month, though, he called on the Chancellor to urge the Governor of the Bank to make &quot;a large cut in interest rates&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://northdevon-libdems.org.uk/news/000058/cable_to_halt_the_bank_tsunami_slash_interest_rates.html |title=Cable: To halt the bank tsunami, slash interest rates |date=5 October 2008 |accessdate=14 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120712213840/http://northdevon-libdems.org.uk/news/000058/cable_to_halt_the_bank_tsunami_slash_interest_rates.html |archivedate=12 July 2012  }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Liberal Democrats have responded that this in no way changes their policy on [[Bank of England]] independence.&lt;ref name=&quot;c4news-factcheck-vc-20100407&quot;/&gt;

===Coalition government minister (2010–2015)===
[[File:With Dr Vince Cable MP.jpg|thumb|Cable autographing a copy of his book, ''The Storm''|207x207px]]
At the [[2010 United Kingdom general election|2010 general election]] Cable was again returned as MP for Twickenham. With the election resulting in a [[hung parliament]], Cable was a key figure in coalition talks, particularly the unsuccessful negotiations with the Labour Party. The Liberal Democrats [[Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition agreement|entered a coalition agreement]] with the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] on 11 May 2010, and Cable was appointed [[Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills]] on 12 May. [[Elizabeth II|The Queen]] approved his appointment as a [[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|Privy Counsellor]], and he formally joined the [[Privy Council]] on 13 May 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/blog/2010/may/12/general-election-2010-davidcameron|title=New government – live blog|work=[[guardian.co.uk]]|date=12 May 2010|accessdate=12 May 2010|location=London|first=Haroon|last=Siddique|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217183207/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/blog/2010/may/12/general-election-2010-davidcameron|archivedate=17 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/topstorynews/2010/05/her-majestys-government-49840 |title=Her Majesty's Government |work=Number 10 website |publisher=Office of the Prime Minister |date=12 May 2010 |accessdate=12 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100515034600/http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/topstorynews/2010/05/her-majestys-government-49840 |archivedate=15 May 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.privy-council.org.uk/output/Page76.asp |title=Privy Counsellors |publisher=Privy Council Office |accessdate=14 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202200122/http://www.privy-council.org.uk/output/Page76.asp |archivedate=2 December 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In May 2010, Cable insisted the coalition government was not split over planned increases to non-business [[Capital Gains Tax]], which some thought would raise taxes on sales of second homes by 40% or 50%. Senior Conservative MPs attacked the rise as a tax on the [[middle class|middle-classes]] and a betrayal of Conservative values. Cable said that it was a &quot;key&quot; part of the coalition deal and there was no disagreement over it between the coalition partners.&lt;ref name=&quot;CG tax rise&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8707931.stm |title=Capital Gains Tax: No coalition split says Vince Cable |work=BBC News |date=27 May 2010 |accessdate=19 June 2010 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514181758/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8707931.stm |archivedate=14 May 2014  }}&lt;/ref&gt; Cable said the changes to Capital Gains Tax would help to fulfill the Lib Dem aim of bringing more &quot;fairness&quot; to the tax system: &quot;It's very important that we have wealth taxed in the same way as income.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;CG tax rise&quot;/&gt; He continued,

{{quote|At present it is quite wrong and it is an open invitation to tax avoidance to have people taxed at 40% or potentially 50% on their income, but only taxed at 18% on capital gains; it leads to large scale tax avoidance so for reasons of fairness and practicality, we have agreed that the capital gains tax system needs to be fundamentally reformed.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;CG tax rise&quot;/&gt;}}

In July 2010, Cable sought to reform [[Line of credit|credit lines]] amid a &quot;significant demand&quot; (according to the [[Forum of Private Business]]) of smaller firms finding it harder to secure loans. Among a range of proposals published in a [[green paper]], Cable urged banks to limit bonus and [[Dividend|dividend payments]] to &quot;pre-crisis and 2009 levels respectively&quot;, the green paper stating that such a move would enable banks to retain £10,000,000,000 of additional capital in 2010 could in turn sustain £50,000,000,000 of new lending.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/7911219/Vince-Cable-threatens-tax-on-profits-if-banks-pay-staff-rather-than-lend.html|title=Vince Cable threatens tax on profits if banks pay staff rather than lend|last=Armitstead|first=Louise|journal=Daily Telegraph|date=27 July 2010|accessdate=3 November 2017|issn=0307-1235|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917214001/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/7911219/Vince-Cable-threatens-tax-on-profits-if-banks-pay-staff-rather-than-lend.html|archivedate=17 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[File:Lionel Barber, Editor, FT and Rt Hon Dr Vince Cable, Business Secretary (5879954131).jpg|left|thumb|Cable with ''[[Financial Times]]'' editor [[Lionel Barber]] in 2011]]
The left-leaning parts of the British press have been critical of his role in the [[Cameron-Clegg coalition|Coalition Government]], from ''[[The Guardian]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=David Batty |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/dec/04/cable-criticised-uturn-tuition-fees |title=Cable under renewed fire over U-turn on tuition fees |newspaper=Guardian |date=4 December 2010 |accessdate=21 December 2010 |location=London |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217183135/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/dec/04/cable-criticised-uturn-tuition-fees |archivedate=17 December 2013  }}&lt;/ref&gt; to the ''[[Morning Star (British newspaper)|Morning Star]]'' describing him as &quot;the man who started off a Lib Dem and now looks more convincingly Tory than most of the Tory frontbench&quot; for his role in supporting public spending cuts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://peoples-press.com/morning-star-online-from-2004/editorial/item/95064-no-truth-in-this-cable |title=No truth in this Cable |work=[[Morning Star (British newspaper)|The Morning Star]] |date=10 September 2010 |page=8 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918021541/https://peoples-press.com/morning-star-online-from-2004/editorial/item/95064-no-truth-in-this-cable |archivedate=18 September 2017  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Beginning in 2010 and continuing throughout the Conservative-Lib Dem coalition's tenure in office, Cable led the drive for [[deregulation]]; notably the &quot;[[Red tape|Red Tape]] Challenge&quot; to reduce existing regulation and the &quot;One In, One Out&quot; rule to limit any future regulation, Cable agreeing with the need for a &quot;bonfire of regulations&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/vince-cable-speech-bcc-annual-conference-central-hall-westminster-15-march-2012|title=Vince Cable Speech: BCC Annual Conference, Central Hall, Westminster, 15 March 2012 – GOV.UK|website=www.gov.uk|accessdate=17 July 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918022510/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/vince-cable-speech-bcc-annual-conference-central-hall-westminster-15-march-2012|archivedate=18 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-politics-19535440/vince-cable-on-a-carefully-considered-bonfire-of-regulations|title=Vince Cable on a 'carefully considered' bonfire of regulations|website=BBC News|accessdate=17 July 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171126191448/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-politics-19535440/vince-cable-on-a-carefully-considered-bonfire-of-regulations|archivedate=26 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''The Guardian'' dubbed this as &quot;[[Neoliberalism|neoliberal]]&quot; while the response from the business community was largely positive.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/jun/04/vince-cable-tory-songbook|title=Vince Cable is a Neoliberal Democrat|date=4 June 2010|work=The Guardian|accessdate=17 July 2017|issn=0261-3077|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610180302/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/jun/04/vince-cable-tory-songbook|archivedate=10 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.itv.com/news/story/2012-09-10/business-secretary-vince-cable-red-tape-health-and-safety-inspections/|title=Cable vows to cut back red tape|work=ITV News|accessdate=17 July 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917214000/http://www.itv.com/news/story/2012-09-10/business-secretary-vince-cable-red-tape-health-and-safety-inspections/|archivedate=17 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In September 2010, during a speech at the Liberal Democrat conference, Cable said that bankers present more of a threat to Britain than [[Trade unions in the United Kingdom|trade unions]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/sep/22/vince-cable-full-speech|title=Liberal Democrat conference: Vince Cable speech in full|last=guardian.co.uk|date=22 September 2010|work=The Guardian|accessdate=17 July 2017|issn=0261-3077|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129223200/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/sep/22/vince-cable-full-speech|archivedate=29 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam (8406710162).jpg|thumb|Cable and [[Hugo Swire]] with [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng]], General Secretary of the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]], London, 2013]]
After the interim report on banking by [[John Vickers]] was published in April 2011, Cable said: &quot;I was very impressed with the quality of the analysis. It does address head on the issue of banks that are too big to fail, the dependency on the government guarantee. It makes the case for separation,&quot; he added.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/8444306/Sir-John-Vickers-unveils-radical-shake-up-of-banking-industry-regulation.html|title=Sir John Vickers unveils radical shake-up of banking industry regulation|date=12 April 2011|work=Telegraph.co.uk|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415003329/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/8444306/Sir-John-Vickers-unveils-radical-shake-up-of-banking-industry-regulation.html|archivedate=15 April 2011|last1=Wilson|first1=Harry}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In June 2011, Cable said &quot;rewards for failure&quot; were unforgivable at a time when real wages were being squeezed across the country. Speaking at the [[Association of British Insurers]] biennial conference, Cable warned he planned to bring &quot;excessive and unjustified&quot; executive pay under control by launching a fresh consultation. He said that although &quot;Britain does have some world-class executives&quot;, [[investor]]s had not seen a [[Return on investment|return]] &quot;since the turn of the century&quot; and claimed executive pay was 120 times that of the average UK employee, whereas it was only 45 in 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/8592727/Vince-Cable-attacks-executive-pay-levels.html|title=Vince Cable attacks executive pay levels|date=23 June 2011|work=Telegraph.co.uk|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819075206/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/8592727/Vince-Cable-attacks-executive-pay-levels.html|archivedate=19 August 2013|last1=Dunkley|first1=Jamie}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cable later revealed Government plans that would require companies to publish &quot;more informative remuneration reports&quot; for [[shareholder]]s. The plans also included [[Say on pay|binding votes by shareholders]] on executive pay as well as greater transparency and diversity on boards.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/9033594/Vince-Cable-shareholders-should-hold-binding-votes-on-executive-pay.html | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | title=Vince Cable: shareholders should hold binding votes on executive pay | date=23 January 2012 | url-status=live | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124214808/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/9033594/Vince-Cable-shareholders-should-hold-binding-votes-on-executive-pay.html | archivedate=24 January 2012 | df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In November 2011, Cable announced the first of several reforms to employment laws. Beginning with changes to the tribunal system, he proposed the introduction of tribunal fees for employees making [[Claim (legal)|claims]] against employers, stating that the current system had become a &quot;major impediment&quot; to small businesses hiring people.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2011/jan/27/vince-cable-proposals-reform-employment-tribunals|title=Government sets out proposals to reform employment tribunals|last=Mulholland|first=Hélène|date=27 January 2011|work=The Guardian|accessdate=25 October 2017|last2=agencies|issn=0261-3077|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026002437/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2011/jan/27/vince-cable-proposals-reform-employment-tribunals|archivedate=26 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/reforming-employment-relations|title=Reforming employment relations – GOV.UK|website=www.gov.uk|accessdate=25 October 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025190030/https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/reforming-employment-relations|archivedate=25 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The tribunal fees were later ruled unlawful by the [[Supreme Court of the United Kingdom|Supreme Court]] in 2017 after a court victory by trade union [[UNISON]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-40727400|title=Employment tribunal fees ruled unlawful|date=26 July 2017|work=BBC News|accessdate=25 October 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729082704/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-40727400|archivedate=29 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Vince Cable &amp; Stephen Hester.jpg|thumb|200x200px|left|Cable with former banker and [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] [[Stephen Hester]] in 2013]]
In an article in May 2012, Cable denounced the &quot;red tape factories&quot; of the [[European Union]], calling for increased deregulation and [[labour market flexibility]], as well as the expansion of the [[European Single Market|Single Market]] and scrapping of the [[Working Time Directive 2003|Working Time Directive]]. He revealed that at a recent meeting of European economic ministers, a group of like-minded nations had formed in making these same demands.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/eu/9250316/The-tide-is-turning-against-EU-bureaucracy.html|title=The tide is turning against EU bureaucracy|last=Cable|first=Vince|journal=Daily Telegraph|date=7 May 2012|accessdate=25 October 2017|issn=0307-1235|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026001415/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/eu/9250316/The-tide-is-turning-against-EU-bureaucracy.html|archivedate=26 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In September 2012, Cable and his department colleague [[Michael Fallon]] announced a large package of [[deregulation]] for businesses, including scrapping 3,000 regulations and implementing exemptions from health and safety inspections for shops, [[pub]]s, and offices. Cable claimed that businesses should not be &quot;tied up in unnecessary red tape&quot;, but the move was criticised by trade unions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19540318|title=Safety inspections set to be cut|date=10 September 2012|work=BBC News|accessdate=25 October 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913192732/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19540318|archivedate=13 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/d3f24a66-fa9b-11e1-93da-00144feabdc0|title=Subscribe to read|website=Financial Times|accessdate=25 October 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025190013/https://www.ft.com/content/d3f24a66-fa9b-11e1-93da-00144feabdc0|archivedate=25 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.itv.com/news/2012-09-10/vince-cable-to-cut-back-on-red-tape-in-health-and-safety-shake-up/|title=Vince Cable to 'cut back on red tape' in health and safety shake-up|work=ITV News|accessdate=25 October 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025054130/http://www.itv.com/news/2012-09-10/vince-cable-to-cut-back-on-red-tape-in-health-and-safety-shake-up/|archivedate=25 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Days later Cable announced further deregulation involving changes to employment laws, proposing to reduce employee compensation for unfair dismissals and allowing employers and employees to agree to an out-of-court 'pay off' for under-performance dismissals. This was also criticised by trade unions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-19594879|title=Tribunal payouts to be limited|date=14 September 2012|work=BBC News|accessdate=25 October 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171127220645/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-19594879|archivedate=27 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/employment-law-reforms-are-attack-on-workers-unions-claim-8139430.html|title=Employment law reforms are attack on workers, unions claim|date=14 September 2012|work=The Independent|accessdate=25 October 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026001231/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/employment-law-reforms-are-attack-on-workers-unions-claim-8139430.html|archivedate=26 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In January 2013, Cable rejected calls by Labour for the government to intervene in the [[High Street|high street]] crisis following the collapse of music retailer, [[HMV]], he said: &quot;it is not the job of Government to sort out the problems of competition on the high street. Consumers make their choices and there are consequences.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/money/city-news/george-osborne-warned-high-street-1536514?service=responsive|title=Plan B or bust: George Osborne warned High Street will die unless Tories act|last=Hiscott|first=Graham|date=16 January 2013|work=mirror|accessdate=23 August 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823114737/http://www.mirror.co.uk/money/city-news/george-osborne-warned-high-street-1536514?service=responsive|archivedate=23 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/fffa9c9c-5f3d-11e2-be51-00144feab49a|title=Subscribe to read|website=Financial Times|accessdate=23 August 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823114914/https://www.ft.com/content/fffa9c9c-5f3d-11e2-be51-00144feab49a|archivedate=23 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; In December 2013, Cable supported the continuation of [[Zero-hour contract|zero hours contracts]] after a government review, saying &quot;they have a place in today’s labour market&quot;,&amp;nbsp;although admitting there had &quot;been evidence of abuse.&quot; His statements were met with negative responses from British [[trade unions]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/10527009/Vince-Cable-supports-zero-hours-contracts.html|title=Vince Cable supports zero hours contracts|work=Telegraph.co.uk|accessdate=13 July 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823143448/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/10527009/Vince-Cable-supports-zero-hours-contracts.html|archivedate=23 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Jaguar XE - Arrival in London (15182848171).jpg|left|thumb|270x270px|Cable making a guest appearance for the reveal of [[Jaguar XE]] at the [[Earls Court Exhibition Centre]] in 2014]]
In 2014, during the [[Gaza–Israel conflict|Israel-Gaza conflict]], Cable received criticism for his involvement in the signing off of arms deals to [[Israel]], primarily concerning component parts used in the assembly of [[Elbit Hermes 900|Hermes drones]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/aug/07/uk-arms-licences-gaza-nick-clegg|title=Nick Clegg challenged over Vince Cable role in approving Israel arms sales|last=Mason|first=Rowena|date=7 August 2014|work=The Guardian|accessdate=24 July 2017|last2=correspondent|first2=political|issn=0261-3077|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917213717/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/aug/07/uk-arms-licences-gaza-nick-clegg|archivedate=17 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/aug/12/british-arms-exports-israel-gaza-block-suspension|title=UK government to block arms exports to Israel if military action resumes|last=Neate|first=Rupert|date=12 August 2014|work=The Guardian|accessdate=24 July 2017|issn=0261-3077|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917213719/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/aug/12/british-arms-exports-israel-gaza-block-suspension|archivedate=17 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shortly afterwards, he announced that arms exports to Israel would be suspended unless the recently declared ceasefire was upheld, a response which was condemned by [[Sayeeda Warsi, Baroness Warsi|Baroness Warsi]], and by the [[Campaign Against Arms Trade|CAAT]] who called it &quot;very weak&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/08/12/israel-arms-embargo_n_5671921.html|title=UK Will Only Halt Arms Exports To Israel If They Bomb Gaza Again|last=reporter|first=Asa Bennett Business|last2=UK|first2=Huffington Post|date=12 August 2014|website=HuffPost UK|accessdate=24 July 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918021011/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/08/12/israel-arms-embargo_n_5671921.html|archivedate=18 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In February 2015, Cable was reportedly a speaker at an event hosted by various arms companies at a London hotel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/vince-cable-one-of-40-mps-on-guest-list-for-arms-dealers-dinner-in-london-10026302.html|title=Revealed: the 40 MPs who attended arms dealers dinner|date=5 February 2015|work=The Independent|accessdate=23 August 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823120029/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/vince-cable-one-of-40-mps-on-guest-list-for-arms-dealers-dinner-in-london-10026302.html|archivedate=23 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2015, Cable refused to issue export licences for the sale of [[Paveway IV]] laser-guided bomb to the [[Royal Saudi Air Force]] over concern about how they might be used in the [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen]]. Cable came under pressure from then-[[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[David Cameron]], Defence Secretary [[Michael Fallon]] and Foreign Secretary [[Philip Hammond]] for the immediate resumption of exports. Cable stated he was then given specific assurances by the [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] that the UK would be given oversight of potential bombing targets to minimise the risk of civilian casualties, including involvement in decisions, to a similar level given to the [[United States]]. On this understanding, Cable agreed to issue export licences for a £200,000,000 order for the weapons. In 2016, it became apparent the Ministry of Defence did not have this level of oversight, to which Cable responded &quot;That is categorically contrary to what I was told was going to happen.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian-20161104&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/04/mod-seriously-misled-me-on-saudi-arms-sales-says-vince-cable |title=MoD seriously misled me on Saudi arms sales, says Vince Cable |author=Nick Hopkins |newspaper=The Guardian |date=4 November 2016 |accessdate=5 November 2016 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105130004/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/04/mod-seriously-misled-me-on-saudi-arms-sales-says-vince-cable |archivedate=5 November 2016  }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dn-20150716&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.defensenews.com/story/breaking-news/2015/07/16/britain-diverts-bombs-destined-for-raf-to-help-saudi-fight-in-yemen/30236031/ |title=RAF Bombs Diverted to Saudis for Yemen Strikes |publisher=Gannett |work=DefenseNews |date=16 July 2015 |accessdate=5 November 2016 |quote=Britain is transferring Paveway IV precision guided bombs originally earmarked for the Royal Air Force to Saudi Arabia to enable the Gulf state to build stocks of the weapon being used against targets in Yemen and Syria, sources here said. }}{{Dead link|date=August 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independent-20151127&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/uk-could-be-prosecuted-for-war-crimes-over-missiles-sold-to-saudi-arabia-that-were-used-to-kill-a6752166.html |title=UK could be prosecuted for war crimes over missiles sold to Saudi Arabia that were used to kill civilians in Yemen |author=James Cusick |newspaper=The Independent |date=27 November 2015 |accessdate=5 November 2016 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106123118/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/uk-could-be-prosecuted-for-war-crimes-over-missiles-sold-to-saudi-arabia-that-were-used-to-kill-a6752166.html |archivedate=6 November 2016  }}&lt;/ref&gt; The sale is being investigated by the [[Committees on Arms Export Controls]].&lt;ref name=&quot;independent-20160310&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/saudi-arabia-use-of-british-weapons-in-yemen-to-be-investigated-by-parliamentary-commission-a6922906.html |title=Saudi Arabia's use of British weapons in Yemen to be investigated by Parliamentary commission |author=Cahal Milmo |newspaper=The Independent |date=10 March 2016 |accessdate=5 November 2016 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106062102/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/saudi-arabia-use-of-british-weapons-in-yemen-to-be-investigated-by-parliamentary-commission-a6922906.html |archivedate=6 November 2016  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

====December 2010 ''Daily Telegraph'' comments====
In late-December 2010, undercover reporters from ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', posing as constituents, set up a meeting with Cable, who expressed frustration with being in the coalition and compared it to &quot;fighting a war&quot;; he stated he had &quot;a nuclear option... if they push me too far then I can walk out and bring the government down and they know that&quot;, and had to &quot;pick&quot; his fights carefully. He also claimed the Liberal Democrats had pressed for a &quot;very tough approach&quot; to the UK's banks, which had been opposed by the Conservatives. He described the coalition's attempt at fast, widespread reforms (including the health service and local governments) as being a &quot;kind of [[Maoism|Maoist]] revolution&quot;, and thought &quot;we [the Government] are trying to do too many things... a lot of it is Tory inspired. The problem is not that they are Tory-inspired, but that they haven’t thought them through. We should be putting a brake on them.&quot; When his comments appeared in the press, Cable stated, &quot;Naturally I am embarrassed by these comments and I regret them&quot;, before reaffirming his commitment to the Coalition Government, stating that &quot;I am proud of what it is achieving&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/liberaldemocrats/8215462/Vince-Cable-I-could-bring-down-the-Government.html |title=Vince Cable: I could bring down the Government |publisher=Telegraph.co.uk |date=20 December 2010 |accessdate=21 December 2010 |location=London |first=Holly |last=Watt}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Norman Smith |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-12045792 |title=Vince Cable said he could quit coalition if pushed |publisher=bbc.co.uk |date=21 December 2010 |accessdate=21 December 2010 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221051137/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-12045792 |archivedate=21 December 2010  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In part of the ''Daily Telegraph'' transcript that it did not disclose, Cable stated in reference to [[Rupert Murdoch]]'s [[News Corporation takeover bid for BSkyB]], &quot;I have declared war on Mr Murdoch and I think we are going to win.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-12053656|title=Vince Cable criticises Murdoch takeover in secret tapes|publisher=bbc.co.uk|date=21 December 2010|accessdate=21 December 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223045454/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-12053656|archivedate=23 December 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following this revelation, Cable had his responsibility for media affairs – including ruling on Murdoch's takeover plans – withdrawn from his role as Business Secretary.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=Patrick |last=Wintour |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/dec/21/vince-cable-war-murdoch-gaffe |title=Humiliated Vince Cable stripped of Sky role after 'war with Murdoch' gaffe |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=21 December 2010 |accessdate=23 January 2011 |location=London |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204222939/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/dec/21/vince-cable-war-murdoch-gaffe |archivedate=4 December 2013  }}&lt;/ref&gt; In May 2011, the [[Press Complaints Commission]] upheld a complaint regarding the ''Telegraph'''s use of subterfuge.&lt;ref&gt;''[[The Guardian]]'', 10 May 2011, [https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/may/10/daily-telegraph-vince-cable-tapes Daily Telegraph censured by PCC over Vince Cable tapes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231215038/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/may/10/daily-telegraph-vince-cable-tapes |date=31 December 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cable's stature in the Government grew since then, being dubbed &quot;the moral centre of this Coalition&quot; by [[Peter Oborne]], chief political commentator at the ''Daily Telegraph''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/9285065/Leave-Business-Secretary-Vince-Cable-alone-hes-the-moral-centre-of-this-Coalition.html|title=Leave Business Secretary Vince Cable alone – he's the moral centre of this Coalition|date=23 May 2012|work=Telegraph.co.uk|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525043717/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/9285065/Leave-Business-Secretary-Vince-Cable-alone-hes-the-moral-centre-of-this-Coalition.html|archivedate=25 May 2012|last1=Oborne|first1=Peter}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Royal Mail sale====
As Business Secretary, Cable oversaw the [[privatisation]] of the [[Royal Mail]] in 2013. The share price increased by 38% within a day and 70% in a year. The [[National Audit Office (United Kingdom)|National Audit Office]] said that the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills was too cautious when setting the sale price, but that a planned postal workers' union strike also affected the government's sale price. Cable refused to apologise, and said that the Government had been right to take a cautious approach, pointing out that the sale had raised £2,000,000,000 for the taxpayer, with a further £1,500,000,000 from the 30% stake in Royal Mail which it had retained. The NAO also noted that some &quot;priority investors&quot;, had made significant profits following the sale, having been allocated more shares in the belief that they would form part of a stable and supportive shareholder base. However, almost half of the shares allocated to them had been sold within a few weeks of the sale.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-26819971|title=BBC News – Business Secretary Vince Cable defends Royal Mail sale|work=BBC News|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406074328/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-26819971|archivedate=6 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/royal-mail-vince-cable-faces-grilling-from-mps-over-privatisation-8966518.html|title=Royal Mail: Vince Cable faces grilling from MPs over privatisation|work=Evening Standard|accessdate=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201140131/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/royal-mail-vince-cable-faces-grilling-from-mps-over-privatisation-8966518.html|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Post-ministerial career ===
Cable lost his seat, previously considered [[safe seat|safe]] – with a majority of 12,140 – to the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] candidate [[Tania Mathias]] at the [[2015 United Kingdom general election|2015 general election]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url =https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2015-32643817|title =Vince Cable loses seat to the Conservatives|date =8 May 2015|website =BBC News|url-status =live|archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20150508043552/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2015-32643817|archivedate =8 May 2015|df =dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mathias won with a majority of 2,017 votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url =https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/general-election-2015/11591281/conservative-government-live.html|title =Election 2015 Live Report|date =8 May 2015|website =The Guardian|url-status =live|archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20150513215954/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/general-election-2015/11591281/conservative-government-live.html|archivedate =13 May 2015|df =dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cable's elimination from Parliament, combined with the Liberal Democrats' collective defeat at the election, and the formation of a Conservative majority government obliged him to resign as Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills, a position which he held for the majority of its existence. He had also enjoyed the longest tenure as [[President of the Board of Trade]] since that of [[Peter Thorneycroft]], which ended in 1957.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/11593996/Why-the-next-Conservative-Government-wont-be-business-as-usual.html|title=Why the next Conservative Government won't be business as usual|last=Dakers|first=Marion|journal=Daily Telegraph|date=9 May 2015|accessdate=1 December 2018|issn=0307-1235|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201135225/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/11593996/Why-the-next-Conservative-Government-wont-be-business-as-usual.html|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Return to parliament===

Cable announced on 18 April 2017 his intention to stand for his former seat of Twickenham at the [[2017 United Kingdom general election|snap general election]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/vince-cable-general-election-run-parliament-lib-dem-business-secretary-snap-announcement-a7689056.html |title=Vince Cable to run for parliament again after Theresa May's snap general election announcement |author-last=Mortimer |author-first=Caroline |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=18 April 2017 |accessdate=19 April 2017 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419003212/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/vince-cable-general-election-run-parliament-lib-dem-business-secretary-snap-announcement-a7689056.html |archivedate=19 April 2017  }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=May|first=Josh|url=https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/liberal-democrats/vince-cable/news/85149/coalition-bigwigs-vince-cable|title=Coalition bigwigs Vince Cable, Simon Hughes and Ed Davey prepare to stand again for the Liberal Democrats|work=Politics Home|date=18 April 2017|accessdate=18 April 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422145736/https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/liberal-democrats/vince-cable/news/85149/coalition-bigwigs-vince-cable|archivedate=22 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; In May 2017, Cable urged Liberal Democrat supporters to vote tactically for [[Ealing Central and Acton (UK Parliament constituency)|Ealing Central and Acton]] Labour candidate [[Rupa Huq]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Hughes|first=Laura|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/05/08/revealed-sir-vince-cable-urges-lib-dem-supporters-back-labour/|title=Revealed: Sir Vince Cable urges Lib Dem supporters to back Labour candidates in general election|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=8 May 2017|accessdate=18 May 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511013850/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/05/08/revealed-sir-vince-cable-urges-lib-dem-supporters-back-labour/|archivedate=11 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the election, he was successful in winning back his former seat, with a majority of 9,762 votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2017-40208821|title=Ex-Lib Dem leader Nick Clegg loses – but Vince Cable's back|date=9 June 2017|work=[[BBC Online]]|accessdate=9 June 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609020510/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2017-40208821|archivedate=9 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In a cross-party effort shortly after the election, Cable along with former Labour Party Leader [[Ed Miliband]] and veteran Conservative MP [[Kenneth Clarke|Ken Clarke]] made a joint submission to [[Ofcom]], opposing [[21st Century Fox]]'s takeover bid of [[Sky UK|Sky]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/jul/01/senior-cross-party-mps-consider-holding-vote-on-murdochs-sky-takeover-bid|title=Senior cross-party MPs consider holding vote on Murdoch's Sky takeover bid|last=Ruddick|first=Graham|date=1 July 2017|work=The Guardian|accessdate=23 August 2017|last2=Sweney|first2=Mark|issn=0261-3077|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823120009/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/jul/01/senior-cross-party-mps-consider-holding-vote-on-murdochs-sky-takeover-bid|archivedate=23 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Following [[Tim Farron]]'s resignation as leader of the Liberal Democrats, Cable announced his candidacy in the subsequent [[2017 Liberal Democrats leadership election|leadership election]].&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc.co.uk&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-40339334|title=Sir Vince Cable to run for Lib Dem leadership|date=20 June 2017|via=www.bbc.co.uk|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620113507/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-40339334|archivedate=20 June 2017|work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In July, he called for pro-EU MPs to support and &quot;rally around&quot; Chancellor [[Philip Hammond]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/42f9f748-6c83-11e7-b9c7-15af748b60d0|title=Pro-EU MPs should support Philip Hammond, says Vince Cable |website=Financial Times|accessdate=23 August 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823115105/https://www.ft.com/content/42f9f748-6c83-11e7-b9c7-15af748b60d0|archivedate=23 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Leader of the Liberal Democrats ==
On 20 July 2017, Cable became leader of the Liberal Democrats after facing no competition.&lt;ref name=itvleader/&gt; He was the oldest leader of a major UK political party since [[Winston Churchill|Sir Winston Churchill]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.sky.com/story/vince-cable-lib-dem-leader-economic-guru-and-romantic-novelist-10954630|title=Vince Cable: Challenges for new Lib Dem leader|work=Sky News|accessdate=24 July 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720053310/http://news.sky.com/story/vince-cable-lib-dem-leader-economic-guru-and-romantic-novelist-10954630|archivedate=20 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Policies===
In a manifesto released upon his ascent to leadership, Cable revealed his policy priorities as Liberal Democrat leader would include tackling inequality, improving public services, opposing [[Brexit]], electoral reform and young people.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.libdems.org.uk/vince-manifesto|title=Ambitious for our country; ambitious for our party - Vince Cable's Leadership Manifesto|last=http://www.libdems.org.uk/|date=20 July 2017|work=Liberal Democrats|accessdate=31 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201075417/https://www.libdems.org.uk/vince-manifesto|archive-date=1 February 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Vince Cable at Brighton 2018.jpg|thumb|Cable addressing a Liberal Democrat fringe meeting in 2018]]
In late 2017 Cable revealed that he had become &quot;more [[Interventionism (economics)|interventionist]]&quot; economically due to experiences while in the [[Cameron–Clegg coalition|Coalition]] government.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/vince-cable-interview-meet-ex-business-secretary-hoping-become-lib-dem-leader-1627184|title=Vince Cable interview: Meet the ex-business secretary hoping to become Lib Dem leader|last=Silvera|first=Ian|date=21 June 2017|work=International Business Times UK|accessdate=31 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131200914/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/vince-cable-interview-meet-ex-business-secretary-hoping-become-lib-dem-leader-1627184|archive-date=31 January 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Subsequently, Cable has called for the blocking of several foreign takeovers of UK companies in the [[High tech#Technology sectors|technology sector]], and for the reform of UK takeover laws in the form of the 'Cadbury Clause' that had been suggested by figures within the Conservative Party.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/vince-cable-warning-after-china-takeover-of-chip-designer-imagination-technologies-8mwrsm3cl|title=Vince Cable warning after China takeover of chip designer Imagination Technologies|last=Collingridge|first=Simon Duke and John|date=24 September 2017|work=The Sunday Times|accessdate=31 January 2018|issn=0956-1382|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131200913/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/vince-cable-warning-after-china-takeover-of-chip-designer-imagination-technologies-8mwrsm3cl|archive-date=31 January 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/jan/12/gkn-rejects-7bn-hostile-approach-melrose-vince-cable|title=GKN rejects £7bn hostile approach from rival Melrose|last=Fletcher|first=Nick|date=12 January 2018|work=The Guardian|accessdate=31 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130143654/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/jan/12/gkn-rejects-7bn-hostile-approach-melrose-vince-cable|archive-date=30 January 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.sky.com/story/cable-demands-tech-sector-defence-after-aveva-merger-11022177|title=Cable demands tech sector 'defence' after Aveva merger|work=Sky News|accessdate=31 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131202356/https://news.sky.com/story/cable-demands-tech-sector-defence-after-aveva-merger-11022177|archive-date=31 January 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following the leak of the [[Paradise Papers]], Cable commented that direct rule of [[crown dependencies]] should be threatened if substantial progress was not made in curbing aggressive tax avoidance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/vince-cable-paradise-papers-overseas-territories-tax-practices-avoidance-offshore-accounts-money-a8043766.html|title=Vince Cable warns direct rule should be imposed if British overseas territories fail to tackle 'unacceptable' tax practices|date=8 November 2017|work=The Independent|accessdate=31 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131202438/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/vince-cable-paradise-papers-overseas-territories-tax-practices-avoidance-offshore-accounts-money-a8043766.html|archive-date=31 January 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-08/u-k-should-threaten-direct-rule-over-tax-havens-cable-says|title=U.K. Should Threaten Direct Rule Over Tax Havens, Cable Says|date=8 November 2017|work=Bloomberg.com|accessdate=31 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131200735/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-08/u-k-should-threaten-direct-rule-over-tax-havens-cable-says|archive-date=31 January 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In September 2017 Cable echoed Foreign Secretary [[Boris Johnson]] in calling for greater taxation of foreign speculators in the housing market.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/ccf20b8c-9d31-11e7-8cd4-932067fbf946|title=Subscribe to read|website=Financial Times|accessdate=31 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131201319/https://www.ft.com/content/ccf20b8c-9d31-11e7-8cd4-932067fbf946|archive-date=31 January 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has also called for the reform of [[empty dwelling management order]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/01/01/11000-homes-empty-longer-decade/|title=More than 11,000 homes empty for longer than a decade|last=Ward|first=Victoria|date=2018|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=31 January 2018|issn=0307-1235|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201021711/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/01/01/11000-homes-empty-longer-decade/|archive-date=1 February 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In an 8 November 2017 pre-Budget speech at the [[City of London]], Cable announced the Liberal Democrats under his leadership would seek to revive the fiscal [[Golden Rule (fiscal policy)|Golden Rule]] of former Labour Chancellor [[Gordon Brown]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/liberal-democrats-would-resurrect-gordon-brown-s-golden-rule-gq22gvdkf|title=Liberal Democrats would resurrect Gordon Brown's 'golden rule'|last=Editor|first=Philip Aldrick, Economics|date=8 November 2017|work=The Times|accessdate=31 January 2018|issn=0140-0460|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131201207/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/liberal-democrats-would-resurrect-gordon-brown-s-golden-rule-gq22gvdkf|archive-date=31 January 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In early 2018, Cable's leadership saw former Conservative donors [[Peter Stringfellow|Peter J Stringfellow]] and [[Charlie Mullins]] switch and pledge their support to Cable and the Liberal Democrats over Brexit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/foreign-affairs/brexit/news/93244/former-tory-donor-switches-funding-lib-dems-over-brexit|title=Former Tory donor switches to funding Lib Dems over Brexit|last=PoliticsHome.com|date=1 March 2018|work=PoliticsHome.com|accessdate=10 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418005450/https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/foreign-affairs/brexit/news/93244/former-tory-donor-switches-funding-lib-dems-over-brexit|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/903839/Brexit-news-UK-Peter-Stringfellow-BBC-European-Union-EU-Conservative-Labour-Lib-Dem|title=Embarrassing moment Peter Stringfellow forgets name of EU he desperately wants to stay in|last=Barnes|first=Joe|date=12 January 2018|work=Express.co.uk|accessdate=10 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201215218/https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/903839/Brexit-news-UK-Peter-Stringfellow-BBC-European-Union-EU-Conservative-Labour-Lib-Dem|archive-date=1 February 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On education, Cable has rejected cutting or abolishing university tuition fees. He has instead announced that he would seek to implement lifelong learning accounts which would serve as endowments to all young people to help pay for education or training at any future date, and suggested this endowment could range from £5,000 to £10,000 per head (the average university student debt in England is £50,800 upon graduation as of 2017),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-40493658|title=Student debts 'rise to more than £50,000'|last=Coughlan|first=Sean|date=5 July 2017|work=BBC News|accessdate=31 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206054342/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-40493658|archive-date=6 February 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; costing around £10 billion a year. Cable claimed the policy could be funded from reform of capital gains, inheritance, and property taxes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/nov/21/building-houses-saving-nhs-budget-benefits-liberal-democrats-vince-cable|title=Building houses and saving the NHS: how Lib Dems would tackle this budget {{!}} Vince Cable|last=Cable|first=Vince|date=21 November 2017|work=The Guardian|accessdate=31 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201075214/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/nov/21/building-houses-saving-nhs-budget-benefits-liberal-democrats-vince-cable|archive-date=1 February 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Also on education, he proposes to abolish the [[Ofsted]] inspectorate and reform school [[League Tables|league tables]] to focus on pupil well-being rather than exam results because a “change in emphasis” is needed away from competition.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/vince-cable-builds-youth-army-to-fight-brexit-tbgtwh8rg|title=Vince Cable builds youth army to fight Brexit|last=Shipman|first=Tim|date=4 March 2018|work=The Sunday Times|accessdate=10 March 2018|issn=0956-1382|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311095434/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/vince-cable-builds-youth-army-to-fight-brexit-tbgtwh8rg|archive-date=11 March 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.tes.com/news/school-news/breaking-news/vince-cable-targets-are-infantilising-teachers|title=Vince Cable: Targets are 'infantilising' teachers|date=11 October 2017|work=Tes|accessdate=10 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325231925/https://www.tes.com/news/school-news/breaking-news/vince-cable-targets-are-infantilising-teachers|archive-date=25 March 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He supported the February 2018 [[Universities Superannuation Scheme|USS]] strikes, calling for the government to underwrite lecturers' pensions,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/education/universities/news/93110/vince-cable-urges-govt-intervene-university-strikes|title=Vince Cable urges govt to intervene in university strikes|last=PoliticsHome.com|date=24 February 2018|work=PoliticsHome.com|accessdate=10 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325233807/https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/education/universities/news/93110/vince-cable-urges-govt-intervene-university-strikes|archive-date=25 March 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; while refusing to cross a [[Picketing|picket line]] at the [[Cass Business School]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/mar/06/oxford-university-blocks-challenge-to-staff-pension-cuts-proposals-universities-strike|title=Oxford University blocks staff attempts to challenge pension cuts|last=Adams|first=Richard|date=6 March 2018|work=The Guardian|accessdate=10 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309185005/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/mar/06/oxford-university-blocks-challenge-to-staff-pension-cuts-proposals-universities-strike|archive-date=9 March 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 22 March, Cable announced that at an earlier meeting of European liberal parties he had garnered the signed agreements of eight European [[Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe group|ALDE]] Prime Ministers demanding another referendum on the terms of Britain's exit from the European Union. Shortly after, however, in contradiction to Cable's announcement ALDE issued a statement denying that there had been any joint agreement about backing another referendum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/mar/22/second-brexit-referendum-eight-eu-pms-deny-backing-liberal-democrats|title=Lib Dems embarrassed as EU leaders deny Brexit statement|last=Elgot|first=Jessica|last2=Stewart|first2=Heather|date=22 March 2018|work=The Guardian|accessdate=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418093027/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/mar/22/second-brexit-referendum-eight-eu-pms-deny-backing-liberal-democrats|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2018/03/22/one-third-eu-leaders-back-call-second-brexit-referendum/|title=Sir Vince Cable facing humiliation after EU leaders disown claim they backed calls for second Brexit referendum|last=Maidment|first=Jack|date=22 March 2018|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=17 April 2018|issn=0307-1235|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418061736/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2018/03/22/one-third-eu-leaders-back-call-second-brexit-referendum/|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/liberal-democrats/vince-cable/news/93841/humiliation-vince-cable-eu-prime|title=Humiliation for Vince Cable as EU prime ministers deny backing second referendum|last=PoliticsHome.com|date=22 March 2018|work=PoliticsHome.com|accessdate=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418005437/https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/liberal-democrats/vince-cable/news/93841/humiliation-vince-cable-eu-prime|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In June, Cable set out plans to create a state land-buying agency to [[Compulsory purchase in England and Wales|compulsorily purchase]] land at 40% below market value.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/jun/26/lib-dems-vince-cable-land-buying-agency-to-boost-house-building|title=Lib Dems propose land-buying agency to boost house building|last=Walker|first=Peter|date=26 June 2018|work=The Guardian|accessdate=31 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101140140/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/jun/26/lib-dems-vince-cable-land-buying-agency-to-boost-house-building|archive-date=1 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cable also unveiled a proposal to develop a [[sovereign wealth fund]], totalling £100 billion of assets, to be paid for partly by a tax on gifts.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.cityam.com/263118/liberal-democrats-announce-plans-create-uks-first-sovereign|title=Liberal Democrats announce plans to create UK's first sovereign wealth fund|last=Ashworth|first=Louis|date=16 September 2018|accessdate=31 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101095631/http://www.cityam.com/263118/liberal-democrats-announce-plans-create-uks-first-sovereign|archive-date=1 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://citywire.co.uk/new-model-adviser/news/lib-dems-wed-tax-lifetime-gifts-to-create-100bn-citizen-fund/a1155458|title=Lib Dems: we'd tax lifetime gifts to create £100bn 'citizen fund'|work=Citywire|accessdate=31 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101095445/https://citywire.co.uk/new-model-adviser/news/lib-dems-wed-tax-lifetime-gifts-to-create-100bn-citizen-fund/a1155458|archive-date=1 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In response to both the 2017 and 2018 [[Budget of the United Kingdom|Autumn Budget announcements]], Cable called for a large increase in [[public service]]s spending and the end of austerity, attacking the Conservative government's 2018 Autumn Budget for failing to meet his demands on increased spending.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/theresa-may-end-austerity-final-say-peoples-vote-brexit-conservative-conference-income-tax-a8572751.html|title=If Theresa May truly wanted to end austerity, she'd give voters the option to stay in the EU|work=The Independent|accessdate=30 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201135237/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/theresa-may-end-austerity-final-say-peoples-vote-brexit-conservative-conference-income-tax-a8572751.html|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/opinion/vince-cable-brexit-s-real-life-impacts-are-already-hitting-uk-hard-1-4823306|title=Vince Cable: Brexit's real-life impacts are already hitting UK hard|accessdate=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201135211/https://www.scotsman.com/news/opinion/vince-cable-brexit-s-real-life-impacts-are-already-hitting-uk-hard-1-4823306|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; He criticised Labour for not voting against a package of Conservative tax cuts which included raising the personal income tax [[Personal allowance|allowance]] and higher rate income tax [[Income tax threshold|threshold]], money that he argued would be better used on reversing cuts to benefits.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/nov/01/labour-mps-table-amendment-objecting-to-partys-tax-cut-stance|title=Labour MPs defy whips and McDonnell to vote against Tory tax cuts|last=Stewart|first=Heather|date=1 November 2018|work=The Guardian|accessdate=30 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202024618/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/nov/01/labour-mps-table-amendment-objecting-to-partys-tax-cut-stance|archive-date=2 December 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.libdems.org.uk/lib-dems-lead-rebellion-against-tory-tax-cuts-for-higher-earners|title=Lib Dems lead rebellion against Tory tax cuts for higher earners|last=http://www.libdems.org.uk/|date=1 November 2018|work=Liberal Democrats|accessdate=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201180825/https://www.libdems.org.uk/lib-dems-lead-rebellion-against-tory-tax-cuts-for-higher-earners|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Commentary===
[[File:Caroline Lucas and Vice Cable sharing a joke.jpg|thumb|257x257px|Cable as leader of the Liberal Democrats with Green MP [[Caroline Lucas]]]]
Electorally, Cable asserted that the Liberal Democrats under his leadership would win over substantial numbers of younger Labour voters &quot;when the penny drops&quot; about Labour's stance on Brexit, and that &quot;young supporters will soon notice&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.cityam.com/267270/vince-cable-penny-drops-labours-real-stance-brexit-young|title=Vince Cable: Young people will be disillusioned about Labour's Brexit views|last=Haslett|first=Emma|date=25 June 2017|accessdate=9 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514065553/http://www.cityam.com/267270/vince-cable-penny-drops-labours-real-stance-brexit-young|archive-date=14 May 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jun/23/labour-young-voters-betray-brexit|title=Labour won over young voters. But it is betraying them on Brexit {{!}} Vince Cable|last=Cable|first=Vince|date=23 June 2017|work=The Guardian|accessdate=9 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420220924/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jun/23/labour-young-voters-betray-brexit|archive-date=20 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aside from Brexit, he claimed that adopting and pitching policies like higher taxation of wealth would also help in winning over Labour voters.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/liberal-democrats-taxes-rise-rich-wealthy-inequality-corbyn-voters-vince-cable-a7931161.html|title=Lib Dems to commit to higher wealth taxes in bid to tackle inequality 'tearing' Britain apart|date=5 September 2017|work=The Independent|accessdate=9 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514070545/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/liberal-democrats-taxes-rise-rich-wealthy-inequality-corbyn-voters-vince-cable-a7931161.html|archive-date=14 May 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/emilyashton/vince-cable-reckons-he-can-win-over-jeremy-corbyns-young|title=Vince Cable Reckons He Can Win Over Jeremy Corbyn's Young Followers|work=BuzzFeed|accessdate=9 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316190925/https://www.buzzfeed.com/emilyashton/vince-cable-reckons-he-can-win-over-jeremy-corbyns-young|archive-date=16 March 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite this, the Liberal Democrats under Cable's leadership have drawn observations from numerous political commentators such as Stephen Bush of ''[[New Statesman]]'' and [[John Rentoul]] of ''[[The Independent]]'' who noted that Liberal Democrat national polling had remained static even with significantly negative public perceptions of both the Labour and Conservative parties.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/lib-dems-vince-cable-jeremy-corbyn-labour-brexit-tuition-fees-a8181086.html|title=The Lib Dem 'stop Brexit' ship is sinking. Now, many of their supporters are flocking to Jeremy Corbyn|date=27 January 2018|work=The Independent|accessdate=10 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310193634/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/lib-dems-vince-cable-jeremy-corbyn-labour-brexit-tuition-fees-a8181086.html|archive-date=10 March 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/elections/2018/02/why-are-liberal-democrats-doing-so-badly|title=Why are the Liberal Democrats doing so badly?|website=www.newstatesman.com|accessdate=10 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203021825/https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/elections/2018/02/why-are-liberal-democrats-doing-so-badly|archive-date=3 February 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/vince-cable-fails-to-spark-lib-dems-into-life-9207t9dsp|title=Vince Cable fails to spark Lib Dems into life|last=Fisher|first=Henry Zeffman, Lucy|date=27 December 2017|work=The Times|accessdate=10 March 2018|issn=0140-0460|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514141611/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/vince-cable-fails-to-spark-lib-dems-into-life-9207t9dsp|archive-date=14 May 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/editorials/liberal-democrats-conference-local-elections-last-change-saloon-a8246191.html|title=The local elections are last chance saloon for the Lib Dems|date=8 March 2018|work=The Independent|accessdate=10 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313150932/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/editorials/liberal-democrats-conference-local-elections-last-change-saloon-a8246191.html|archive-date=13 March 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://inews.co.uk/news/politics/lib-dems-30-last-chance-strike-gold/|title=Lib Dems at 30: Last chance to strike gold?|date=4 March 2018|work=iNews|accessdate=10 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514141419/https://inews.co.uk/news/politics/lib-dems-30-last-chance-strike-gold/|archive-date=14 May 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rentoul, as well as politics historian [[Glen O'Hara]] pointed to traditional and once potential Liberal Democrat voters Cable might wish to target as now having become solidly Labour voters.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/dec/27/lib-dems-facing-fight-for-political-future-in-2018|title=Lib Dems 'facing fight for political future' in 2018|last=Elgot|first=Jessica|date=27 December 2017|work=The Guardian|accessdate=10 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318035434/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/dec/27/lib-dems-facing-fight-for-political-future-in-2018|archive-date=18 March 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; ''[[The Times]]'' Red Box editor and columnist Matt Chorley, in assessing Cable's leadership, wrote how there was already a &quot;grey-haired nasal leftie running an opposition party&quot; (in reference to [[Jeremy Corbyn]]) and therefore Cable was not needed.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/why-are-lib-dems-so-unpopular-ssgmj927b|title=Why are Lib Dems so unpopular?|last=Editor|first=Matt Chorley, Red Box|date=9 March 2018|accessdate=9 March 2018|issn=0140-0460|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309144137/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/why-are-lib-dems-so-unpopular-ssgmj927b|archive-date=9 March 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cable has received significant critical commentary surrounding his leadership of the Liberal Democrats in terms of policy proposals and stances. In particular, Cable's support for a [[Referendums related to the European Union|second referendum]] on membership of the European Union and his comment that older Brexit voters were driven by nostalgia were met with negative reactions from the likes of broadcaster [[Julia Hartley-Brewer|Julia Hartley Brewer]], government Cabinet member [[Sajid Javid]], and others.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/liberal-democrats/news/93516/vince-cable-branded-offensive-and|title=Vince Cable branded 'offensive' and 'disrespectful' for 'white faces' comment|last=PoliticsHome.com|date=12 March 2018|work=PoliticsHome.com|accessdate=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418040038/https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/liberal-democrats/news/93516/vince-cable-branded-offensive-and|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.cityam.com/282032/vince-cable-slammed-white-faces-brexit-slur|title=Cable slammed for &quot;white faces&quot; Brexit slur|last=Cahill|first=Helen|date=11 March 2018|accessdate=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418031649/http://www.cityam.com/282032/vince-cable-slammed-white-faces-brexit-slur|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://talkradio.co.uk/news/julia-hartley-brewer-clashes-sir-vince-cable-over-parliaments-ability-vote-down-brexit|title=Julia Hartley-Brewer clashes with Sir Vince Cable over Parliament's ability to vote down Brexit|accessdate=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417192443/http://talkradio.co.uk/news/julia-hartley-brewer-clashes-sir-vince-cable-over-parliaments-ability-vote-down-brexit|archive-date=17 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/07/21/vince-cable-wants-vote-brexit-yet-knows-insulting-sounds/|title=Vince Cable wants you to vote again on Brexit – yet he knows how insulting he sounds|last=Bennett|first=Asa|date=21 July 2017|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=16 April 2018|issn=0307-1235|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625232748/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/07/21/vince-cable-wants-vote-brexit-yet-knows-insulting-sounds/|archive-date=25 June 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.cityam.com/272345/uk-business-recoils-vince-cables-suggestion-second-eu|title=UK business recoils at Vince Cable's suggestion of a second EU referendum|last=Cahill|first=Helen|date=19 September 2017|accessdate=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418031627/http://www.cityam.com/272345/uk-business-recoils-vince-cables-suggestion-second-eu|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2018/03/vince-cable-not-brexit-voters-is-the-one-stuck-in-the-past/|title=Vince Cable, not Brexit voters, is the one stuck in the past {{!}} Coffee House|date=12 March 2018|work=Coffee House|accessdate=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312175436/https://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2018/03/vince-cable-not-brexit-voters-is-the-one-stuck-in-the-past/|archive-date=12 March 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, some in the media have expressed agreement with Cable's position on Brexit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.theneweuropean.co.uk/top-stories/truth-is-the-first-casualty-of-vince-cables-speech-1-5440466|title=Letter: Truth is the first casualty in battle of Cable's speech|last=Thomas|first=Sarah|work=The New European|accessdate=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418031503/http://www.theneweuropean.co.uk/top-stories/truth-is-the-first-casualty-of-vince-cables-speech-1-5440466|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/andrew-hawkins/brexit-polling_b_17696370.html|title=Did The Old Really 'Shaft' The Young Over Brexit?|date=7 August 2017|work=HuffPost UK|accessdate=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418031510/https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/andrew-hawkins/brexit-polling_b_17696370.html|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/vince-cable-brexit-white-nigel-farage-nostalgia-lib-dem-ukip-immigration-racist-a8251966.html|title=Vince Cable is absolutely right about nostalgic Brexit voters, and people like Nigel Farage know it|date=12 March 2018|work=The Independent|accessdate=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418043111/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/vince-cable-brexit-white-nigel-farage-nostalgia-lib-dem-ukip-immigration-racist-a8251966.html|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other policy, such as punitive taxation of foreign housing investors was criticised in ''[[Forbes]]'' and by the [[Adam Smith Institute]] think tank, ''Forbes'' describing Cable's proposed policy as being a cure &quot;worse than the economic disease it's designed to solve.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/simonconstable/2017/09/21/u-k-politician-offers-cure-for-housing-that-is-worse-than-the-disease/#4811600015fd|title=U.K. Politician Offers Cure For Housing That Is Worse Than The Disease|last=Constable|first=Simon|work=Forbes|accessdate=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417193028/https://www.forbes.com/sites/simonconstable/2017/09/21/u-k-politician-offers-cure-for-housing-that-is-worse-than-the-disease/#4811600015fd|archive-date=17 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.adamsmith.org/news/cable-housing-wrong|title=Vince Cable hits out at all the wrong targets on housing|work=Adam Smith Institute|accessdate=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417192223/https://www.adamsmith.org/news/cable-housing-wrong|archive-date=17 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ''[[Financial Times]]'' considered Cable to be part of a &quot;coalition of anti-capitalists&quot; due to his calls for foreign takeovers of British companies to be blocked,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/656fae20-1639-11e8-9e9c-25c814761640|title=Subscribe to read|website=Financial Times|accessdate=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417192256/https://www.ft.com/content/656fae20-1639-11e8-9e9c-25c814761640|archive-date=17 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in ''[[The Telegraph (London)|The Daily Telegraph]]'' his policies were likened unfavourably to those of the Labour Party.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2017/11/08/vince-cables-pitch-uk-plc-sensible-corbyn/|title=Vince Cable's pitch to UK plc: we're more sensible than Corbyn|last=Wallace|first=Tim|date=8 November 2017|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=16 April 2018|issn=0307-1235|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417205026/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2017/11/08/vince-cables-pitch-uk-plc-sensible-corbyn/|archive-date=17 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Political journalist [[Andrew Rawnsley]] of ''[[The Observer]]'' was critical of Cable's general approach but conceded the possibility of Cable's anti-Brexit policy paying off eventually.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Rawnsley|first=Andrew|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/sep/16/has-vince-cable-been-smoking-too-many-hallucinogenic-drugs|title=Has Vince Cable been trying too many hallucinogenic drugs?|work=The Observer|date=16 September 2017|accessdate=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418093108/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/sep/16/has-vince-cable-been-smoking-too-many-hallucinogenic-drugs|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 7 September 2018, Cable announced his intention to resign as leader of the Liberal Democrats. He initially said he would resign once Brexit has been resolved or stopped, and when his proposed party reforms had been accepted,&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/sep/07/vince-cable-step-down-lib-dem-leader-brexit-resolved-stopped|title=Vince Cable to step down 'after Brexit is resolved or stopped'|last=Walker|first=Peter|date=7 September 2018|work=The Guardian|accessdate=31 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101175529/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/sep/07/vince-cable-step-down-lib-dem-leader-brexit-resolved-stopped|archive-date=1 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/vince-cable-will-resign-as-liberal-democrat-leader-2018-9|title=Vince Cable announces plans to resign as Liberal Democrat leader|work=Business Insider|accessdate=31 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022014408/http://uk.businessinsider.com/vince-cable-will-resign-as-liberal-democrat-leader-2018-9|archive-date=22 October 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; but in March 2019, he said that he would resign in May 2019 after the local elections.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-47577739 |title=Sir Vince Cable to quit as Lib Dem leader in May |date=14 March 2019 |access-date=20 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401021325/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-47577739 |archive-date=1 April 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Following the [[2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom]], he confirmed on 24 May that he would stand down on 23 July 2019.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-48403038  &quot;Liberal Democrats start leadership contest&quot;, ''BBC News'', 24 May 2019] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525023007/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-48403038 |date=25 May 2019 }}. Retrieved 24 May 2019&lt;/ref&gt;

==Views==
Cable has compared himself to [[centrist]] French [[President of France|President]] [[Emmanuel Macron]], saying that as Business Secretary he had worked with Macron (then an economy minister) personally and that they have a &quot;very similar&quot; approach. He believes his party should occupy the &quot;vast middle ground&quot;, likening the political conditions of the UK with those of France.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-40680626|title=Vince Cable: I can offer the same formula as Macron|date=21 July 2017|work=BBC News|accessdate=24 July 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723055822/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-40680626|archivedate=23 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jul/01/vince-cable-lib-dems-mimic-emmanuel-macron|title=Vince Cable: Lib Dems should emulate tactics of Emmanuel Macron|last=Stewart|first=Heather|date=1 July 2017|work=The Guardian|accessdate=24 July 2017|last2=Elgot|first2=Jessica|issn=0261-3077|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723135013/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jul/01/vince-cable-lib-dems-mimic-emmanuel-macron|archivedate=23 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cable asserts that there is an &quot;appetite&quot; for &quot;middle-of-the-road politics&quot; which he claims he can provide,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/sep/18/vince-cable-likens-theresa-may-to-headteacher-barricaded-in-her-office|title=Vince Cable likens May to headteacher 'barricaded in her office'|last=Walker|first=Peter|date=18 September 2017|work=The Guardian|accessdate=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422062539/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/sep/18/vince-cable-likens-theresa-may-to-headteacher-barricaded-in-her-office|archive-date=22 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and has decried what he sees as the mistreatment of “middle-of-the-road [[Brownism|Brownite]] type” politicians like [[Tom Watson (Labour politician)|Tom Watson]] by the &quot;hard left&quot; within the Labour Party.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.skygroup.sky/corporate/media-centre/articles/en-gb/sophy-ridge-on-sunday-interview-with-vince-cable-mp-liberal-democrat-leader-230717|title=Sky Corporate|website=Sky|accessdate=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422034458/https://www.skygroup.sky/corporate/media-centre/articles/en-gb/sophy-ridge-on-sunday-interview-with-vince-cable-mp-liberal-democrat-leader-230717|archive-date=22 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

He is a supporter of the [[Social Liberal Forum]], a centre-left group within the Liberal Democrats.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.vincecable.org/about-us.html|title=Vince Cable|website=www.vincecable.org|accessdate=31 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208152745/http://www.vincecable.org/about-us.html|archive-date=8 February 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/vince-cable-warns-nick-clegg-that-lib-dems-must-return-to-radical-party-roots-8527239.html|title=Vince Cable warns Nick Clegg that Lib Dems must return to 'radical'|work=The Independent|accessdate=31 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101102436/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/vince-cable-warns-nick-clegg-that-lib-dems-must-return-to-radical-party-roots-8527239.html|archive-date=1 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/jul/23/vince-cable-exposed-lib-dem-divide|title=Vince Cable has exposed the Liberal Democrat divide {{!}} Vernon Bogdanor|last=Bogdanor|first=Vernon|date=23 July 2012|work=The Guardian|accessdate=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202030201/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/jul/23/vince-cable-exposed-lib-dem-divide|archive-date=2 December 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Trade===
[[File:President of Burma (9299580892).jpg|thumb|Cable with [[Myanmar]]'s President [[Thein Sein]] in London, July 2013]]
He supported the proposed [[Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership]] trade agreement (TTIP), saying in 2014 that &quot;if you are a true believer in free trade then you want to trade more with the US.&quot; To critics such as trade unions he replied that he was &quot;genuinely baffled&quot; about their fears that TTIP would lead to the [[Privatization|privatisation]] of the NHS, adding that TTIP had &quot;nothing to do with allowing the Americans to interfere with our NHS&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/10/02/ttip-vince-cable-ukip_n_5914040.html|title=Cable Mocks Ukip For Opposing Controversial US-EU Trade Deal|date=2 October 2014|work=HuffPost UK|accessdate=22 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223232302/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/10/02/ttip-vince-cable-ukip_n_5914040.html|archive-date=23 February 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ttip-vince-cables-response-to-ttip-no-public-benefits-but-major-costs/ttip-vince-cables-detailed-response-to-ttip-no-public-benefits-but-major-costs|title=TTIP: Vince Cable's detailed response to 'TTIP: no public benefits, but major costs' - GOV.UK|accessdate=22 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223171306/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ttip-vince-cables-response-to-ttip-no-public-benefits-but-major-costs/ttip-vince-cables-detailed-response-to-ttip-no-public-benefits-but-major-costs|archive-date=23 February 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2018, concerning the possibility of US-UK trade deal which might follow the United Kingdom's future exit from the European Union, Cable warned that a trade deal in such circumstances might involve agreeing to open up the NHS to private American healthcare firms. Cable claimed this was unlike TTIP in which public services were to remain protected and therefore he argued the UK should remain in the EU.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://inews.co.uk/opinion/comment/vince-cable-best-way-protect-nhs-america-work-eu/|title=Vince Cable: the only way to protect the NHS from private US firms is to work with the EU|date=9 February 2018|work=iNews|accessdate=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418031848/https://inews.co.uk/opinion/comment/vince-cable-best-way-protect-nhs-america-work-eu/|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/pmqs-theresa-may-nhs_uk_5a7afd58e4b07af4e81fc180|title=Theresa May Refuses To Rule Out The NHS Being Part Of UK/US Trade Deal|date=7 February 2018|work=HuffPost UK|accessdate=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418031558/https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/pmqs-theresa-may-nhs_uk_5a7afd58e4b07af4e81fc180|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cable also warned that a post-Brexit trade deal with the US might lead to accepting lower standards in farming produce, less food being produced in the UK and less employment for farmers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2017/07/26/news/us-trade-deal-would-not-offset-potential-losses-of-hard-brexit--1093108/|title=US trade deal 'would not offset potential losses of hard Brexit'|last=Association|first=Elizabeth Arnold, Press|website=The Irish News|accessdate=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417192417/https://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2017/07/26/news/us-trade-deal-would-not-offset-potential-losses-of-hard-brexit--1093108/|archive-date=17 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cable thinks free trade is not a [[zero-sum game]] and that it is mutually beneficial for nations, stating: &quot;Countries are better off when they participate in specialisation, with consumers benefiting from greater choice, higher quality products, and lower prices.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.cityam.com/283827/stop-sacrificing-free-trade-banging-protectionist-drum|title=Stop sacrificing free trade by banging the protectionist drum|last=Cable|first=Sir Vince|date=12 April 2018|accessdate=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417191916/http://www.cityam.com/283827/stop-sacrificing-free-trade-banging-protectionist-drum|archive-date=17 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has condemned British and American politicians such as [[Donald Trump]] who he claims exploit the &quot;anger and fear&quot; over potential job losses which may result from foreign trade competition.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

===Human rights===
In May 2018, Theresa May welcomed Turkish President [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] to the United Kingdom for a three-day state visit. Erdoğan declared that the United Kingdom is &quot;an ally and a strategic partner, but also a real friend.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/president-erdogan-theresa-may-post-brexit-trade-turkey-a8351531.html Post-Brexit, the UK will need Turkey for trade – and Erdogan is using that to his advantage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514214843/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/president-erdogan-theresa-may-post-brexit-trade-turkey-a8351531.html |date=14 May 2018 }}&quot;. ''The Independent.'' 14 May 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Cable denounced the visit, saying that &quot;The UK has a strong, proud history of democracy and human rights, but our reputation on the world stage is in danger of being eroded by this Conservative government’s desire to woo world leaders like [Donald] Trump and Erdoğan. May’s administration appears to have substituted diplomacy for sycophancy in its pursuit of Brexit.&quot; Cable said that Erdoğan &quot;is responsible for alarming [[2016–present purges in Turkey|oppression and violence]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/may/13/theresa-may-under-fire-human-rights-as-turkish-president-lands-in-uk Campaigners call for UK to act on rights as Turkish president arrives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516162236/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/may/13/theresa-may-under-fire-human-rights-as-turkish-president-lands-in-uk |date=16 May 2018 }}&quot;. ''The Guardian.'' 13 May 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

In response to the murder of the [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]] opposition journalist [[Jamal Khashoggi]], Cable said: &quot;This situation gets murkier and murkier. The Government should have already suspended arms export licences to Saudi Arabia given the outrages in Yemen. This reinforces the argument for loosening the bonds to the regime.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Turkey 'will not allow cover-up' after Saudi Arabia claims Jamal Khashoggi died in 'fist fight' |url=http://www.itv.com/news/2018-10-20/jamal-khashoggi-dead-saudi-arabia-istanbul/ |work=ITV News |date=20 October 2018 |access-date=20 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020201847/https://www.itv.com/news/2018-10-20/jamal-khashoggi-dead-saudi-arabia-istanbul/ |archive-date=20 October 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Taxation and economy===
As an economist, Cable considers [[Adam Smith]] and [[John Maynard Keynes]] to be his heroes, recommending Smith's ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'' and [[Robert Skidelsky, Baron Skidelsky|Robert Skidelsky]]’s ''Life of John Maynard Keynes'' to novice economists.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/my-london-vince-cable-6464942.html|title=My London: Vince Cable|work=Evening Standard|accessdate=22 August 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823121312/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/my-london-vince-cable-6464942.html|archivedate=23 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thefreethinktank.com/interview-sir-vince-cable/|title=Interview with Sir Vince Cable – The Freethink Tank|date=24 February 2017|work=The Freethink Tank|accessdate=22 August 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823133807/http://www.thefreethinktank.com/interview-sir-vince-cable/|archivedate=23 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

He has been a proponent of greater [[Capital expenditure|capital spending]], or borrowing to invest, and has made the case for this several times during and after the 2010-2015 coalition government.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/economics/economics/2013/03/after-cables-intervention-austerity-consensus-crumbling|title=Leader: After Cable's intervention, the austerity consensus is crumbling|website=www.newstatesman.com|accessdate=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201135217/https://www.newstatesman.com/economics/economics/2013/03/after-cables-intervention-austerity-consensus-crumbling|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2013/mar/07/clegg-cable-borrowing-capital-investment|title=Clegg fails to back Cable's call for more borrowing to fund capital investment|last=Wintour|first=Patrick|last2=Watt|first2=Nicholas|date=7 March 2013|work=The Guardian|accessdate=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202030159/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2013/mar/07/clegg-cable-borrowing-capital-investment|archive-date=2 December 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.sky.com/story/sir-vince-cable-admits-regret-coalition-austerity-policies-may-have-led-to-brexit-vote-11499891|title=Sir Vince Cable admits 'regret' coalition austerity policies may have led to Brexit vote|work=Sky News|accessdate=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201135227/https://news.sky.com/story/sir-vince-cable-admits-regret-coalition-austerity-policies-may-have-led-to-brexit-vote-11499891|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cable has called the [[Demutualization|demutualisation]] of [[building society|building societies]] &quot;one of the greatest acts of test123 economic vandalism in modern times&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2012/jun/18/cable-laments-destruction-building-societies|title=Vince Cable laments destruction of building societies|first1=Jill|last1=Treanor|first2=Juliette|last2=Jowit|date=18 June 2012|via=The Guardian|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810172219/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2012/jun/18/cable-laments-destruction-building-societies|archivedate=10 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cable supports the continuation of the Liberal Democrat policy of a [[Hypothecated tax|hypothecated]] 1p rise in income tax to pay for improved health and social care,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC9/7/2017&quot;&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-40547733 Brexit may never happen – Sir Vince Cable] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709104650/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-40547733 |date=9 July 2017 }} ''[[BBC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2017-39822306|title=Lib Dems pledge 1p income tax rise to fund NHS|last=Gallagher|first=James|date=6 May 2017|work=BBC News|accessdate=22 August 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911184140/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2017-39822306|archivedate=11 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; along with proposals for replacing national insurance taxes with a likewise hypothecated new NHS and social care tax .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/liberal-democrats/vince-cable/news/92588/vince-cable-backs-new-nhs-and|title=Vince Cable backs new NHS and social care tax to replace National Insurance|last=PoliticsHome.com|date=5 February 2018|work=PoliticsHome.com|accessdate=10 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415210118/https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/liberal-democrats/vince-cable/news/92588/vince-cable-backs-new-nhs-and|archive-date=15 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has also voiced support for a [[wealth tax]] to raise £15 billion or the equivalent of “less than one-third of 1pc of household wealth, net of debt” which would be used to address “intergenerational inequality.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.cityam.com/275391/autumn-budget-2017-liberal-democrats-leader-vince-cable|title=Lib Dems &quot;investigating&quot; wealth tax to fund youth grant|last=Neilan|first=Catherine|date=8 November 2017|accessdate=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418031511/http://www.cityam.com/275391/autumn-budget-2017-liberal-democrats-leader-vince-cable|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cable has been critical of the [[National Living Wage]] (the UK system of minimum wage), arguing in 2015 that [[Small and medium-sized enterprises|smaller businesses]] would struggle to pay employees higher rates.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://businessadvice.co.uk/hr/employment-law/vince-cable-warns-small-firms-in-the-north-east-will-be-put-out-of-business-because-of-the-national-living-wage/|title=Vince Cable warns small firms in the North East will be put out of business because of the national living wage {{!}} Business Advice|date=12 October 2015|work=Business Advice|accessdate=13 July 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107013435/http://businessadvice.co.uk/hr/employment-law/vince-cable-warns-small-firms-in-the-north-east-will-be-put-out-of-business-because-of-the-national-living-wage/|archivedate=7 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

He has called for companies [[Google]], [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], and [[Facebook]] to be broken up,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/apr/19/cable-calls-for-tech-titans-google-facebook-and-amazon-to-be-broken-up|title=Vince Cable calls for break-up of Google, Facebook and Amazon|last=Stewart|first=Heather|date=19 April 2018|work=The Guardian|accessdate=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420165829/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/apr/19/cable-calls-for-tech-titans-google-facebook-and-amazon-to-be-broken-up|archive-date=20 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/16168474.Regulators_should_be_ready_to__break_up__tech_giants_like_Facebook__Amazon_and_Google/|title=Regulators should be ready to 'break up' tech giants like Facebook, Amazon and Google|website=HeraldScotland|accessdate=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421233312/http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/16168474.Regulators_should_be_ready_to__break_up__tech_giants_like_Facebook__Amazon_and_Google/|archive-date=21 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and supports the introduction of a digital services tax on technology companies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2018/10/29/hammond-unveils-digital-services-tax-make-tech-giants-pay-fair/|title=Hammond unveils digital services tax to raise £400 million a year|last=Boland|first=Hannah|date=29 October 2018|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=1 November 2018|last2=Field|first2=Matthew|issn=0307-1235|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101032758/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2018/10/29/hammond-unveils-digital-services-tax-make-tech-giants-pay-fair/|archive-date=1 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===New party===
Cable has held differing views over time on the possibility of a new party emerging which could involve the Liberal Democrats. After the election of Jeremy Corbyn to the Labour leadership in 2015, Cable called on centre-left MPs from Labour and the Liberal Democrats to unite to prevent the Conservatives holding a “monopoly on power.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/sep/18/vince-cable-calls-for-labour-and-lib-dem-centre-left-mps-to-unite|title=Vince Cable calls for Labour and Lib Dem centre-left MPs to unite|last=Mason|first=Rowena|last2=Perraudin|first2=Frances|date=18 September 2015|work=The Guardian|accessdate=9 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322084313/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/sep/18/vince-cable-calls-for-labour-and-lib-dem-centre-left-mps-to-unite|archive-date=22 March 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.itv.com/news/update/2015-09-20/cable-new-party-may-form-after-corbyns-labour-win/|title=Cable: New party may form after Corbyn's Labour win|work=ITV News|accessdate=9 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415190938/http://www.itv.com/news/update/2015-09-20/cable-new-party-may-form-after-corbyns-labour-win/|archive-date=15 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/tim-farron-rules-out-vince-cables-centre-left-party-idea-why-would-we-create-a-new-party-10510208.html|title=Tim Farron rules out Vince Cable's centre-left party idea|date=20 September 2015|work=The Independent|accessdate=9 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415194001/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/tim-farron-rules-out-vince-cables-centre-left-party-idea-why-would-we-create-a-new-party-10510208.html|archive-date=15 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He made a similar suggestion in the lead up to the [[2017 United Kingdom general election|2017 general election]], predicting a new party in the event of Labour undergoing electoral collapse.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/vince-cable-says-creation-of-new-political-party-may-depend-on-how-lib-dems-perform-at-the-election_uk_591990b5e4b00f308cf696c5|title=Vince Cable Says Creation Of New Party Depends On How Lib Dems Perform At The Election|date=16 May 2017|work=HuffPost UK|accessdate=9 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218160756/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/vince-cable-says-creation-of-new-political-party-may-depend-on-how-lib-dems-perform-at-the-election_uk_591990b5e4b00f308cf696c5|archive-date=18 February 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/general-election-2017-new-centre-left-party-could-emerge-after-tory-landslide-sir-vince-cable-a3538951.html|title=New centre left party will emerge after Tory landslide|work=Evening Standard|accessdate=9 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415193823/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/general-election-2017-new-centre-left-party-could-emerge-after-tory-landslide-sir-vince-cable-a3538951.html|archive-date=15 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; After becoming [[Vince Cable#Leader of the Liberal Democrats|leader]] of the Liberal Democrats, however, he rejected a proposal for a new anti-Brexit party by former government adviser [[James Chapman (journalist)|James Chapman]], insisting that anti-Brexit figures should join the Liberal Democrats instead.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/15477426.Lib_Dems_dismiss_claims_Cable_supporting_creation_of_new_political_party/|title=Lib Dems dismiss claims Cable supporting creation of new political party|website=HeraldScotland|accessdate=9 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415190754/http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/15477426.Lib_Dems_dismiss_claims_Cable_supporting_creation_of_new_political_party/|archive-date=15 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://leftfootforward.org/2017/11/vince-cable-i-was-asked-to-lead-a-new-pro-remain-party-heres-why-i-said-no/|title=Vince Cable: I was asked to lead a new pro-Remain party. Here's why I said no {{!}} Left Foot Forward|website=leftfootforward.org|accessdate=9 March 2018|date=15 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221222304/https://leftfootforward.org/2017/11/vince-cable-i-was-asked-to-lead-a-new-pro-remain-party-heres-why-i-said-no/|archive-date=21 February 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Jeremy Corbyn===
Cable has criticised the Labour Party under [[Jeremy Corbyn]], referring to its economics as &quot;Venezuelan&quot; and believes it is now dominated by &quot;anti-capitalist zealots&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-07-19/dancing-74-year-old-offers-brits-hope-that-brexit-is-reversible|title=He Predicted Britain's Financial Crash. Now He Thinks Brexit May Not Happen|date=19 July 2017|work=Bloomberg.com|accessdate=24 July 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719134554/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-07-19/dancing-74-year-old-offers-brits-hope-that-brexit-is-reversible|archivedate=19 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2017/jul/14/vince-cable-liberal-democrats-interview-brexit-eu-referendum|title=Vince Cable: 'The Brexiteers are only just beginning to understand the can of worms they opened'|last=Moss|first=Stephen|date=14 July 2017|work=The Guardian|accessdate=24 July 2017|issn=0261-3077|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727234226/https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2017/jul/14/vince-cable-liberal-democrats-interview-brexit-eu-referendum|archivedate=27 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; He claims Labour's policy of a large [[corporation tax]] hike would have negative effects on consumers and employees rather than reduce inequality. Instead, Cable suggests using [[land value tax]] to, for example, replace [[Rates in the United Kingdom|business rates.]] He has also long suggested aligning capital gains tax with income tax as a kind of anti-avoidance measure, previously noting this was last a policy of past Conservative [[Chancellor of the Exchequer|Chancellor]] [[Nigel Lawson]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jul/22/vince-cable-wealth-taxes-win-back-labour-voters |title=Vince Cable plans wealth taxes to win back Labour voters |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723121157/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jul/22/vince-cable-wealth-taxes-win-back-labour-voters |archivedate=23 July 2017  }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/vince-cable-government-cannot-wash-its-hands-of-tax-1732750.html|title=Vince Cable: Government cannot wash its hands of tax|date=6 July 2009|work=The Independent|accessdate=24 July 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823120423/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/vince-cable-government-cannot-wash-its-hands-of-tax-1732750.html|archivedate=23 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Coalitions and electoral pacts ===
Cable has taken a sceptical approach to the question of potential coalitions with other parties since 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/vince-cable-lib-dems-brexit-referendum-coalition-labour-conservatives-2017-7|title=Vince Cable tells Business Insider: Britain may never leave the EU|work=Business Insider|accessdate=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219223238/http://uk.businessinsider.com/vince-cable-lib-dems-brexit-referendum-coalition-labour-conservatives-2017-7|archive-date=19 December 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In April 2018, he said that the Liberal Democrats would never form a coalition government with Labour led by Jeremy Corbyn,&lt;ref name=&quot;timesofisrael&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://jewishnews.timesofisrael.com/vince-cable-interview-jn/|title=Sir Vince Cable: Lib Dems won't prop up Corbyn|last=Mendel|first=Jack|date=4 April 2018|work=|accessdate=8 April 2018|publisher=Jewish News Online|location=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408211210/http://jewishnews.timesofisrael.com/vince-cable-interview-jn/|archive-date=8 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and previously opposed the idea in 2015 as well where he said working with Labour was &quot;inconceivable&quot; because of Jeremy Corbyn's economic policies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34305994|title=Farron offers a 'home' to Labour MPs|date=20 September 2015|work=BBC News|accessdate=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110172016/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34305994|archive-date=10 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cable claims he would not work with the Conservatives either, comparing a coalition with the Conservatives to &quot;mating with a [[Mantis|praying mantis]]&quot; where &quot;You get eaten at the end of it.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2017/07/vince-cable-theresa-may-s-tory-conference-speech-could-have-been-taken-out-mein|title=Vince Cable: Theresa May's Tory conference speech &quot;could have been taken out of Mein Kampf&quot;|website=www.newstatesman.com|accessdate=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422062319/https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2017/07/vince-cable-theresa-may-s-tory-conference-speech-could-have-been-taken-out-mein|archive-date=22 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/06/21/vince-cable-will-not-agree-support-tory-government-like-mating/|title=Vince Cable will not agree to support Tory Government because it is like 'mating with a praying mantis'|last=Hope|first=Christopher|date=21 June 2017|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=21 April 2018|issn=0307-1235|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422011059/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/06/21/vince-cable-will-not-agree-support-tory-government-like-mating/|archive-date=22 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rather than a coalition or propping up a government, he would prefer to work on &quot;issue-by-issue&quot; instead.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jul/04/lib-dems-may-back-government-on-case-by-case-basis-say-sources|title=Lib Dems may back government on case-by-case basis, say sources|last=Elgot|first=Jessica|date=4 July 2017|work=The Guardian|accessdate=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422062208/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jul/04/lib-dems-may-back-government-on-case-by-case-basis-say-sources|archive-date=22 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cable ruled out the idea of [[Electoral alliance|electoral pacts]] in mid-April during the [[2017 United Kingdom general election|2017 general election]] campaign.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/vince-cable-rule-out-liberal-democrat-labour-electoral-pact-general-election-8-june-conservatives-a7690341.html|title=Vince Cable rules out Lib Dem electoral pact with Labour|date=19 April 2017|work=The Independent|accessdate=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421234016/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/vince-cable-rule-out-liberal-democrat-labour-electoral-pact-general-election-8-june-conservatives-a7690341.html|archive-date=21 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/89ac692e-05a0-3adb-8da3-6f81fe1f67d6|title=Vince Cable rules out Lib Dem-Labour electoral pact|date=19 April 2017|website=Financial Times|accessdate=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421233149/https://www.ft.com/content/89ac692e-05a0-3adb-8da3-6f81fe1f67d6|archive-date=21 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, in early May, Cable was recorded suggesting that Liberal Democrat supporters vote for Labour candidates in certain seats where they could stop the Conservatives.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/general-election-2017-liberal-democrats-paper-candidates-constituencies-tactical-voting-vince-cable-a7724276.html|title=Lib Dems say candidates 'should back off' to help Labour defeat Tories|date=8 May 2017|work=The Independent|accessdate=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421233749/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/general-election-2017-liberal-democrats-paper-candidates-constituencies-tactical-voting-vince-cable-a7724276.html|archive-date=21 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/liberal-democrats/vince-cable/news/85753/vince-cable-tells-lib-dem-voters|title=Vince Cable tells Lib Dem voters to consider backing Labour candidates|last=PoliticsHome.com|date=8 May 2017|work=PoliticsHome.com|accessdate=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422063749/https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/liberal-democrats/vince-cable/news/85753/vince-cable-tells-lib-dem-voters|archive-date=22 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/05/08/revealed-sir-vince-cable-urges-lib-dem-supporters-back-labour/|title=Revealed: Sir Vince Cable urges Lib Dem supporters to back Labour candidates in general election|last=Hughes|first=Laura|date=8 May 2017|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=21 April 2018|issn=0307-1235|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511013850/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/05/08/revealed-sir-vince-cable-urges-lib-dem-supporters-back-labour/|archive-date=11 May 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/politics/vince-cable-urges-lib-dem-10380732|title=Vince Cable secretly taped urging Lib Dem supporters to vote Labour|last=Bartlett|first=Nicola|date=8 May 2017|work=mirror|accessdate=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422062127/https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/politics/vince-cable-urges-lib-dem-10380732|archive-date=22 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Responding to the story on [[LBC]] radio, Cable restated that he would not work with Labour and said that the Liberal Democrats had more &quot;common ground&quot; with the Conservatives under David Cameron than with Labour under Jeremy Corbyn.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/liberal-democrats-say-jeremy-corbyns-policies-are-completely-unacceptable-unlike-david-camerons-2017-5|title=Liberal Democrats say Jeremy Corbyn's policies are 'completely unacceptable' — unlike David Cameron's|work=Business Insider|accessdate=23 August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820174916/http://uk.businessinsider.com/liberal-democrats-say-jeremy-corbyns-policies-are-completely-unacceptable-unlike-david-camerons-2017-5|archivedate=20 August 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shortly after, Cable was due to appear and speak at a [[Compass (think tank)|Compass]] event in support of a [[Progressive alliance (UK)#21st century|'progressive alliance]]' (a proposed electoral pact between the [[Green Party of England and Wales|Green Party]], the Liberal Democrats, and Labour) but backed out, stating it was &quot;too late&quot; for a progressive alliance because he couldn't work with Labour &quot;in its current form.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/emilydugan/vince-cable-says-its-too-late-for-a-progressive-alliance-on|title=Vince Cable Says It's &quot;Too Late&quot; For A Progressive Alliance – On The Night He's Meant To Be Launching It|work=BuzzFeed|accessdate=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421232707/https://www.buzzfeed.com/emilydugan/vince-cable-says-its-too-late-for-a-progressive-alliance-on|archive-date=21 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He had previously spoken at a progressive alliance event by Compass in 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/staggers/2016/07/budding-progressive-alliance-wants-take-back-brexit-heartlands|title=A budding progressive alliance wants to take back the Brexit heartlands|website=www.newstatesman.com|accessdate=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422062255/https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/staggers/2016/07/budding-progressive-alliance-wants-take-back-brexit-heartlands|archive-date=22 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Brexit===
Cable believed [[Brexit]] might never happen. He maintained that when people saw the economic costs they would turn against it and a cross-party coalition of opponents to Brexit might develop. Cable said, &quot;the whole question of continued membership will once again arise&quot; if people's living standards worsened and unemployment rose.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jul/09/brexit-may-never-happen-says-vince-cable-liberal-democrats|title=I'm beginning to think Brexit may never happen, says Vince Cable|first=Rowena Mason Deputy political|last=correspondent|date=9 July 2017|via=The Guardian|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710144330/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jul/09/brexit-may-never-happen-says-vince-cable-liberal-democrats|archivedate=10 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC9/7/2017&quot; /&gt;

Cable called for cross-border digital services and a single EU market for [[Netflix]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/mediatechnologyandtelecoms/digital-media/11355831/Vince-Cable-calls-for-single-EU-market-for-Netflix.html|title=Vince Cable calls for single EU market for Netflix|last=Williams|first=Christopher|journal=Daily Telegraph|date=2015|accessdate=25 October 2017|issn=0307-1235|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025184954/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/mediatechnologyandtelecoms/digital-media/11355831/Vince-Cable-calls-for-single-EU-market-for-Netflix.html|archivedate=25 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 23 June 2018 Cable appeared at the [[People's Vote]] march in London to mark the second anniversary of [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum|the referendum to leave the European Union]]. People's Vote is a campaign group calling for a public vote on the final [[Brexit]] deal between the UK and the European Union. In his speech he said, &quot;keep fighting, keep hoping, we will win.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | last = Staff writer | title = 'At least 100,000' march for vote on final Brexit deal | url = https://news.sky.com/story/live-thousands-marching-for-vote-on-final-brexit-deal-11414177 | work = [[Sky News]] | date = 23 June 2018 | accessdate = 25 June 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180625185649/https://news.sky.com/story/live-thousands-marching-for-vote-on-final-brexit-deal-11414177 | archive-date = 25 June 2018 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cable maintained it &quot;beggars belief that the army and the police are now being asked to prepare for riots in the chaotic aftermath of a botched Brexit. (...)  For the 'true believers' - the fundamentalists - the costs of Brexit have always been irrelevant.  Years of economic pain justified by the erotic spasm of leaving the European Union.  Economic pain felt - of course - not by them by those least able to afford it. (...) [Theresa May] is dutifully delivering a policy she doesn't really believe in; failing in negotiations; losing public support; and all to appease a dwindling group of angry people in her party who will denounce her as a traitor, whatever she comes up with. (...) Our sympathy can only extend so far, while she puts the interests of the country second to the whims of the extremists in her party.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-45553411 Sir Vince Cable: Economic pain from Brexiteers' 'erotic spasm'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918074223/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-45553411 |date=18 September 2018 }} ''[[BBC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tuition fees===
In 2017, Cable defended the [[Tuition fees in the United Kingdom|£9,000 per year university tuition fees cap]], claiming it would be &quot;dangerous and stupid&quot; and a &quot;cheap populist gesture&quot; to abolish tuition fees, adding that the &quot;40% of students&quot; who go to university should not be subsidised by the &quot;60% who don't&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.sky.com/story/scrapping-tuition-fees-would-be-stupid-sir-vince-cable-10934161|title=Cable: Scrapping tuition fees would be stupid|work=Sky News|accessdate=13 July 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702142844/http://news.sky.com/story/scrapping-tuition-fees-would-be-stupid-sir-vince-cable-10934161|archivedate=2 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The comments were criticised on social media by figures on the left, while Conservative MP [[Jo Johnson]] voiced support for Cable's stance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/michael-gove-vince-cable-anger-university-tuition-fees_uk_595a0b8be4b02734df334f0e|title=Vince Cable And Michael Gove Spark Anger Over 'Hypocritical' Tuition Fee Defences|date=3 July 2017|work=HuffPost UK|accessdate=13 July 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703133705/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/michael-gove-vince-cable-anger-university-tuition-fees_uk_595a0b8be4b02734df334f0e|archivedate=3 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Housing===
On housing, he has backed building on [[Green belt (United Kingdom)|green belts]] as a solution to the housing crisis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/may/20/uk-double-number-new-homes-300000-vince-cable|title=UK needs to double number of new homes to 300,000 a year: Vince Cable|last=Wintour|first=Patrick|date=20 May 2014|work=The Guardian|accessdate=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418093051/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/may/20/uk-double-number-new-homes-300000-vince-cable|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He proposes allowing councils to levy up to a 500% council tax on [[Housing in the United Kingdom#Empty homes|empty homes]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/liberal-democrats/vince-cable/news/96314/vince-cable-empty-homes-should|title=Vince Cable: Empty homes should face 500% council tax bills|last=PoliticsHome.com|date=26 June 2018|work=PoliticsHome.com|accessdate=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201135202/https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/liberal-democrats/vince-cable/news/96314/vince-cable-empty-homes-should|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===The House of Lords===
In 2018, Cable wrote that he had opposed and still opposed the [[House of Lords]], the [[upper house]] of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]], for being made up of unaccountable members. However, he expressed his appreciation for the Lords' &quot;capacity to defeat and embarrass the government&quot; over [[Brexit]] legislation, in which he argued the House of Lords were exercising more thorough oversight.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Cable|first1=Vince|title=The House of Lords is leaping to the defence of UK democracy|url=https://www.ft.com/content/88ff8496-545a-11e8-84f4-43d65af59d43|accessdate=12 May 2018|work=[[Financial Times]]|date=12 May 2018|location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513053745/https://www.ft.com/content/88ff8496-545a-11e8-84f4-43d65af59d43|archive-date=13 May 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Personal life==
Cable's first wife was Olympia Rebelo, a [[Goan Catholics|Goan Roman Catholic]], whom he met &quot;in the unromantic setting of a [[York]] mental hospital where we happened to be working as nurses during a summer holiday.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Sunday Times]] |author=Vince Cable |title=Married to the multiculture |date=30 October 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; They had three children together and she completed her PhD in History at [[Glasgow University]] in 1976.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |publisher=[[University of Glasgow]] DSpace Service |title=Brazilian presidential elections of the first Republic, 1889–1930 |year=1976 |last=Cable |first=Olympia |url=https://dspace.gla.ac.uk/handle/1905/293 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306024336/https://dspace.gla.ac.uk/handle/1905/293 |archivedate=6 March 2012  }}&lt;/ref&gt; Olympia was diagnosed with [[breast cancer]] shortly after the [[1987 United Kingdom general election|1987 general election]]. After apparently successful treatment, the disease returned in the mid-1990s and before the [[1997 United Kingdom general election|1997 general election]]. She died shortly after the [[2001 United Kingdom general election|2001 general election]].

In 2004, he married Rachel Wenban Smith. When appearing on [[BBC Radio 4]]'s ''[[Desert Island Discs]]'' programme in January 2009, Cable revealed that he wears the [[wedding ring]]s from both of his marriages.&lt;ref name=&quot;Romantic&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article5537291.ece |title='Two rings' Cable is Mr Romantic |last=Brooks |first=Richard |date=18 January 2009 |work=The Sunday Times |accessdate=19 January 2009 |location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A keen [[ballroom dance]]r, Cable long expressed his desire to appear on the BBC's hit television show ''[[Strictly Come Dancing]]'';&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7121335.stm |title=Lib Dem Cable reveals dance dream |work=BBC News |date=30 November 2007 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229104018/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7121335.stm |archivedate=29 December 2008  }}&lt;/ref&gt; he appeared on the Christmas 2010 edition of the show, partnered by [[Erin Boag]] and dancing the [[Foxtrot]]. He performed well and scored 36/40 from the judges, including a mark of 10/10 from head judge [[Len Goodman]]. Cable was the second politician to appear on the show, after former Conservative MP [[Ann Widdecombe]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-11767413|title=Vince Cable to star in Christmas Strictly Come Dancing|work=BBC News|date=16 November 2010|accessdate=16 November 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116201214/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-11767413|archivedate=16 November 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cable is a Patron of MyBigCareer,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mybigcareer.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708204812/http://www.mybigcareer.org/|date=8 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; (a career guidance charity for young people), the [[polycystic kidney disease|Polycystic Kidney Disease]] Charity (PKD),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pkdcharity.org.uk |title=UK Polycystic Kidney Disease Charity Website |publisher=Pkdcharity.org.uk |accessdate=21 December 2010 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225141741/http://www.pkdcharity.org.uk/ |archivedate=25 December 2010  }}&lt;/ref&gt; a Patron of the [[Changez Charity]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.richmondandtwickenhamtimes.co.uk/news/8797573.Royal_bride_to_be_ponders_charity_offer/ |title=Royal bride-to-be Kate Middleton could be new patron of Whitton-based charity Changez |work=Richmond and Twickenham Times |date=20 January 2011 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307185210/http://www.richmondandtwickenhamtimes.co.uk/news/8797573.Royal_bride_to_be_ponders_charity_offer/ |archivedate=7 March 2012  }}&lt;/ref&gt; and chair of [http://www.hctgroup.org/ HCT Group], a social enterprise transport operator.

Cable's eldest grandson is social activist and entrepreneur [[Ayrton Cable]].&lt;ref name=Standard&gt;{{cite web|title=Vince Cable's grandson, nine, screens his animal welfare film in Commons|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/vince-cables-grandson-nine-screens-his-animal-welfare-film-in-commons-8105834.html|website=[[London Evening Standard]]|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526164256/http://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/vince-cables-grandson-nine-screens-his-animal-welfare-film-in-commons-8105834.html|archivedate=26 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours==
* He was sworn in as a member of [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council]] in 2010 upon his appointment as [[Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy]] and [[President of the Board of Trade]] in the [[Cameron–Clegg coalition|Coalition Government]]. This gave him the [[Honorific|Honorific Title]] &quot;[[The Right Honourable]]&quot; for Life.
* In [[David Cameron]]’s [[2015 Dissolution Honours]], Cable was appointed a [[Knight Bachelor]] for political and public service.&lt;ref&gt;{{London Gazette |issue=61359 |date=22 September 2015 |page=17615 |supp=y}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/arrise-sir-vince-vince-cable-knighted-at-palace-1-7633232 |title=Arrise Sir Vince – Vince Cable knighted at palace |newspaper=[[The Yorkshire Post]] |date=18 December 2015 |accessdate=25 July 2016 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713130617/http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/arrise-sir-vince-vince-cable-knighted-at-palace-1-7633232 |archivedate=13 July 2016  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Bibliography==
*''Open Arms'' Vince Cable (Corvus, 2017) {{ISBN|9781786491718}}
* ''After the Storm: The World Economy and Britain's Economic Future'' Vince Cable (Atlantic Books, 2016) {{ISBN|9781782394495}}
*''Free Radical: A Memoir'' Vince Cable (Atlantic Books, 2010) {{ISBN|9781848870468}}
* ''The Storm: The World Economic Crisis and What it Means'' Vince Cable (Atlantic Books, 2009) {{ISBN|1-84887-057-4}}
* ''[[The Orange Book: Reclaiming Liberalism]]'' edited by [[David Laws]] and [[Paul Marshall (financier)|Paul Marshall]]; contributions by Vincent Cable and others (Profile Books, 2004) {{ISBN|1-86197-797-2}}
* ''Regulating Modern Capitalism (Centre for Reform Papers)'' Vincent Cable (Centre for Reform, 2002) {{ISBN|1-902622-36-7}}
* ''Commerce (Liberal Democrat Consultation Papers)'' Vincent Cable (Liberal Democrat Publications, 2002) {{ISBN|1-85187-688-X}}
* ''Globalization: Rules and Standards for the World Economy (Chatham House Papers)'' Vincent Cable, Albert Bressand (Thomson Learning, 2000) {{ISBN|1-85567-350-9}}
* ''Globalisation &amp; Global Governance'' Vincent Cable (Thomson Learning, 1999) {{ISBN|0-8264-6169-7}}
*''Preparing for EMU: A Liberal Democrat Response (Centre for Reform Papers)'' Vincent Cable (Centre for Reform, 1999) {{ISBN|1-902622-06-5}}
* ''China and India: Economic Reform and Global Integration'' Vincent Cable (Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1995) {{ISBN|1-899658-00-9}}
* ''Global Superhighways: The Future of International Telecommunications Policy (International Economics Programme Special Paper)'' Vincent Cable, Catherine Distler (Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1995) {{ISBN|0-905031-97-0}}
* ''The World's New Fissures: Identities in Crisis'' Vincent Cable (Demos, 1994) {{ISBN|1-898309-35-3}}
* ''Trade Blocs: The Future of Regional Integration'' edited by Vincent Cable and David Henderson (The Brookings Institution, 1994) {{ISBN|0-905031-81-4}}
* ''Commerce of Culture: Experience of Indian Handicrafts'', Vincent Cable (Lancer International, 1990) {{ISBN|81-7062-004-X}}
* ''Developing with Foreign Investment'' edited by Vincent Cable and Bishnodat Persaud (Routledge, 1987) {{ISBN|0-7099-4825-5}}
* ''Economics and the Politics of Protection: Some Case Studies of Industries (World Bank Staff Working Papers Number 569)'' Vincent Cable (World Bank, 1984) {{ISBN|0-8213-0199-3}}
* ''World Textile Trade and Production Trends'' Vincent Cable, Betsy Baker (Economist Intelligence Unit, 1983) {{ISBN|0-86218-084-8}}
* ''Case Studies in Development Economics'' Vincent Cable (Heinemann Educ., 1982) {{ISBN|0-435-33937-0}}
* ''The Role of Handicrafts Exports: Problems and Prospects Based on Indian Experience (ODI Working Paper)'' Vincent Cable (Overseas Development Institute, 1982) {{ISBN|0-85003-086-2}}
* ''British Electronics and Competition with Newly Industrialising Countries'' Vincent Cable, Jeremy Clarke (Overseas Development Institute, 1981) {{ISBN|0-85003-076-5}}
* ''Evaluation of the Multifibre Arrangement and Negotiating Options'' Vincent Cable (Commonwealth Secretariat, 1981) {{ISBN|0-85092-204-6}}
* ''British Interests and Third World Development'' Vincent Cable (Overseas Development Institute, 1980) {{ISBN|0-85003-070-6}}
* ''Britain's Pattern of Specialization in Manufactured Goods With Developing Countries and Trade Protection (World Bank Staff Working Paper No 425/8 Oct)'' Vincent Cable, Ivonia Rebelo (World Bank, 1980) {{ISBN|0-686-36204-7}}
* ''World Textile Trade and Production'' Vincent Cable (Economist Intelligence Unit, 1979) {{ISBN|0-900351-85-3}}
* ''South Asia's Exports to the EEC: Obstacles and Opportunities'' Vincent Cable, Ann Weston (Overseas Development Institute, 1979) {{ISBN|0-85003-068-4}}
* ''World Textile Trade and Production'' Vincent Cable (Economist Intelligence Unit, 1979) ISBN B0000EGG8M
* ''Import Controls: The Case Against'' Vincent Cable (Fabian Society, 1977) {{ISBN|0-7163-1335-9}}
* ''Glasgow: Area of Need'' Vincent Cable. Essay in 'The Red Paper on Scotland' ed. [[Gordon Brown]]. Edinburgh 1975. {{ISBN|0-9501890-7-3}}
* ''Glasgow's Motorways: a Technocratic Blight'' (New Society, 2 September. 1974)
* ''Whither Kenyan Emigrants?'' Vincent Cable (Fabian Society, 1969) {{ISBN|0-7163-2018-5}}

===Autobiography===
* (2010) ''Free Radical: A Memoir''. Atlantic Books. {{ISBN|978-1848870475}}

==See also==
*[[Liberal Democrat Frontbench Team]]
*[[Opposition to Brexit in the United Kingdom]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Vince Cable}}
{{Wikiquote}}
*[http://www.vincecable.org/ Vince Cable] official site
*[https://www.twitter.com/vincecable/ Vince Cable] Twitter profile
*[http://www.libdems.org.uk/people/vince-cable Vincent Cable MP] official Liberal Democrats profile
*[http://www.trlibdems.org.uk/ Twickenham and Richmond Liberal Democrats]
*{{UK MP links | parliament = sir-vince-cable/207 | hansard = dr-vincent-cable | hansardcurr = 2413 | guardian = 786/vincent-cable | publicwhip = Vincent_Cable | theywork = vincent_cable | record = Vince-Cable/Twickenham/1140 | bbc = 25665.stm | journalisted=vince-cable }}
*{{Worldcat id|lccn-n78-4413}}
*[http://www.typepad.com/services/trackback/6a00e54ee8dd9788330133f1fd0412970b Tracking Vince Cable (universities &amp; research only)] at Research Fortnight
*{{C-SPAN|vincentcable}}
;News articles
*[http://www.thirdway.org.uk/editions/summer-2009/high-profile/gold-standard.aspx ''Gold standard?'']{{Dead link|date=August 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''[[Third Way Magazine]]'', 11 May 2009
*[http://www.newstatesman.com/uk-politics/2009/09/mehdi-hasan Vince Cable: Beneath the halo] ''[[New Statesman]]'', September 2009
*[http://howtomakeadifference.net/2009/01/vince-cable/ Profile of Cable (2009) by Fran Monks; How to Make a Difference]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130523052809/http://www.debretts.com/people/biographies/browse/c/18980/(John)%20Vincent%20(Vince)+CABLE.aspx ''Debrett's People of Today'']

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[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Advocates of the European Union]]
[[Category:Alumni of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Liberal Democrats (UK)]]
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[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]
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&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Vince Cable]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Vince Cable/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Zero waste</title>
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      <text bytes="52154" xml:space="preserve">[[Fsle:Four_Hills_Landfill.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Used products dumped at a scrap metal recycler]]

'''Zero Waste''' is a set of principles focused on [[waste prevention]] that encourages the redesign of [[natural resource|resource]] life cycles so that all products are [[reuse]]d. The goal is for no trash to be sent to [[landfill]]s, [[incineration|incinerators]], or the ocean. Currently, only 9% of [[plastic recycling|plastic is actually recycled]]. In a zero waste system, material will be reused until the optimum level of consumption.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095965261400849X|title=Minimizing the increasing solid waste through zero waste strategy}}&lt;/ref&gt; The definition adopted by the ''Zero Waste International Alliance'' (ZWIA)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://zwia.org/|title=Zero Waste International Alliance|author=|date=|website=zwia.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; is:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Zero Waste: The conservation of all resources by means of responsible production, consumption, reuse, and recovery of all products, packaging, and materials, without burning them, and without discharges to land, water, or air that threaten the [[environmental hazard|environment]] or human health.

&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Zero Waste refers to waste prevention as opposed to end-of-pipe [[waste management]].&lt;ref name=Snow&gt;{{cite web|author1=Snow, W. |author2=Dickinson J. |date=2001 |title=The end of waste: Zero waste by 2020|url=http://www.zerowaste.co.nz/assets/Reports/TheEndofWaste.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;  It is a whole systems approach that aims for a massive change in the way materials flow through society, resulting in no waste.&lt;ref name=Snow/&gt; Zero waste encompasses more than eliminating waste through [[recycling]] and [[reuse]], it focuses on restructuring production and distribution systems to reduce waste.&lt;ref name=Davidson&gt;{{cite web |author=Davidson, G. |date=2011 |title=Waste Management Practices: Literature Review|url=https://www.dal.ca/content/dam/dalhousie/pdf/sustainability/Waste%20Management%20Literature%20Review%20Final%20June%202011%20(1.49%20MB).pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zero waste is more of a goal or ideal rather than a hard target.{{according to whom|date=January 2019}}&lt;ref name=Spiegelman&gt;{{cite web|author=Spiegelman, H. |date=2006 |title=Transitioning to Zero Waste - What can local governments do NOW?|url=http://www.rcbc.ca/files/u3/PPI_Zero_Waste_and_Local_Govt.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Zero Waste provides guiding principles for continually working towards eliminating wastes.&lt;ref name=Snow/&gt;

Advocates expect that government regulation is needed to influence industrial choices over product and packaging design, manufacturing processes, and material selection.&lt;ref name=Townsend&gt;{{cite journal |author=Townsend, W. K. |date=2010 |title=Zero waste: an aspiration or an oxymoron? |journal=Waste Management &amp; Research |volume=28|issue=1|pages=1–3|doi=10.1177/0734242X09356145 |pmid=20065044 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Advocates say eliminating waste decreases pollution, and can also reduce costs due to the reduced need for raw materials.

== Cradle-to-cradle / cradle-to-grave ==

The [[cradle-to-grave]] is a linear model for materials that begins with resource extraction, moves to product manufacturing, and ends by a &quot;grave&quot;, where the product is disposed of in a [[landfill]].  Cradle-to-grave is in direct contrast to [[cradle-to-cradle]] materials or products, which are recycled into a products at the end of their lives, so that ultimately there is no waste.&lt;ref name=McDonough&gt;{{cite web |author1=McDonough, W. |author2=Braungart, M. |date=2003 |title=The cradle-to-cradle alternative.|url=http://www.mcdonough.com/speaking-writing/the-cradle-to-cradle-alternative/#.UzxdSUlzZAg }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cradle-to-cradle focuses on designing industrial systems so that materials flow in closed-loop cycles which mean that waste is minimized, and waste products can be recycled and reused. Cradle-to-cradle simply goes beyond dealing with issues of waste after it has been created, by addressing problems at the source and by re-defining problems by focusing on [[design]].&lt;ref name=McDonough/&gt;  The cradle-to-cradle model is sustainable and considerate of life and future generations.&lt;ref name=McDonough/&gt;

The cradle-to-cradle framework has evolved steadily from theory to practice.&lt;ref name=Davidson/&gt;  In the industrial sector, it is creating a new notion of materials and material flows. Just as in the natural world, in which one organism's &quot;waste&quot;, cycles through an ecosystem to provide nourishment for other living things, cradle-to-cradle materials circulate in closed-loop cycles, providing nutrients for nature or industry.&lt;ref name=McDonough/&gt;

An example of a closed loop, cradle-to-cradle product design is DesignTex Fabric. It has designed an upholstery fabric, Climatex Lifecycle, which is a blend of [[pesticide]]- and residue-free wool and organically grown [[ramie]], dyed and processed entirely with [[nontoxic]] chemicals.

The spread of [[industrialization]] worldwide has been accompanied by a large increase in waste production. In 2012 the [[World Bank]] stated that 1.3 billion tonnes of municipal waste was produced by urban populations and estimates that that number will reach 2.2 billion tonnes by 2025 (Global Solid Waste Management Market - Analysis and Forecast). The increase in solid waste production increases the need for landfills. With the increase in [[urbanization]], these landfills are being placed closer to communities. These landfills are disproportionately located in areas of low socioeconomic status with primarily non-white populations.  Findings indicated these areas are often targeted as waste sites because permits are more easily acquired and there was generally less community resistance.  Additionally, within the last five years, more than 400 hazardous waste facilities have received formal enforcement actions for unspecified violations that were considered to be a risk to human health.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Stretesky|first=P.|last2=McKie|first2=R.|date=2016|title=A perspective on the historical analysis of race and treatment storage and disposal facilities in the United States.|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=11|issue=3|pages=031001|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/11/3/031001|url=https://www.dora.dmu.ac.uk/bitstream/2086/14982/1/A%20historical%20perspective%20on%20race%20and%20waste%20disposal.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There is a growing global population that is faced with limited resources from the environment.[[Zero waste#cite note-7|&lt;sup&gt;[7]&lt;/sup&gt;]] To relieve the pressures placed on the finite resources available it has become more important to prevent waste. To achieve zero waste, waste management has to move from a linear system to be more cyclical so that materials, products, and substances are used as efficiently as possible. Materials must be chosen so that it may either return safely to a cycle within the environment or remain viable in the industrial cycle.[[Zero waste#cite note-ZWA-8|&lt;sup&gt;[8]&lt;/sup&gt;]]

Zero waste promotes not only reuse and recycling but, more importantly, it promotes prevention and product designs that consider the entire product life cycle.[[Zero waste#cite note-ZWA-8|&lt;sup&gt;[8]&lt;/sup&gt;]] Zero waste designs strive for reduced materials use, use of recycled materials, use of more benign materials, longer product lives, reparability, and ease of disassembly at end of life.[[Zero waste#cite note-Davidson-3|&lt;sup&gt;[3]&lt;/sup&gt;]] Zero waste strongly supports sustainability by protecting the environment, reducing costs and producing additional jobs in the management and handling of wastes back into the industrial cycle.[[Zero waste#cite note-ZWA-8|&lt;sup&gt;[8]&lt;/sup&gt;]] A Zero waste strategy may be applied to businesses, communities, industrial sectors, schools and homes.

Benefits proposed by advocates include:
* Saving money. Since waste is a sign of [[inefficiency]], the reduction of waste can reduce costs.
* Faster Progress. A zero waste strategy improves upon production processes and improving environmental prevention strategies which can lead to take larger, more innovative steps.
* Supports sustainability. A zero waste strategy supports all three of the generally accepted goals of sustainability - economic [[well-being]], [[environmental protection]], and social well-being.[[Zero waste#cite note-ZWA-8|&lt;sup&gt;[8]&lt;/sup&gt;]]
* Improved material flows. A zero waste strategy would use far fewer new raw materials and send no waste materials to landfills. Any material waste would either return as reusable or recycled materials or would be suitable for use as [[compost]].[[Zero waste#cite note-ZWA-8|&lt;sup&gt;[8]&lt;/sup&gt;]]

=== Health ===

A major issue with landfills is [[hydrogen sulphide]], which is released during the natural decay of waste. Studies have shown a positive association between increased [[lung cancer]] [[mortality rate]]s and increased [[morbidity]] and mortality related to [[respiratory disease]] and hydrogen sulfide exposure. These studies also showed that the hydrogen sulfide exposure increased with proximity to the landfill.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mataloni|first=F. |last2=Badaloni|first2=C. |last3=Golini|first3=M. |last4=Bolignano|first4=A. |last5=Bucci|first5=S. |last6=Sozzi|first6=R. |last7=Forastiere|first7=F.|last8=Davoli|first8=M.|last9=Ancona|first9=C.|date=2016|title=Morbidity and mortality of people who live close to municipal waste landfills: a multisite cohort study |journal=International Journal of Epidemiology |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=806–15 |doi=10.1093/ije/dyw052 |pmid=27222499 |pmc=5005946}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Household chemicals and prescription drugs are increasingly being found in large quantities in the [[landfill leachate|leachate from landfills]]. This is causing concern about the ability of landfills to contain these materials and the possibility of these chemicals and drugs making their way into the [[groundwater pollution|groundwater]] and the surrounding environment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Masoner|first=Jason R. |last2=Kolpin|first2=Dana W. |last3=Furlong|first3=Edward T. |last4=Cozzarelli|first4=Isabelle M. |last5=Gray|first5=James L. |date=2016-04-01 |title=Landfill leachate as a mirror of today's disposable society: Pharmaceuticals and other contaminants of emerging concern in final leachate from landfills in the conterminous United States |journal=Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry |language=en |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=906–918 |doi=10.1002/etc.3219 |pmid=26562222 |issn=1552-8618|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/f6c27f650bf9e096988df648cb400a4f627887c4 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Zero waste promotes a circular material flow that allows materials to be used over and over, reducing the need for landfill space.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Song|first=Qingbin |last2=Li|first2=Jinhui |last3=Zeng|first3=Xianlai |date=2014 |title=Minimizing the Increasing Solid Waste Through Zero Waste Strategy |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=104 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.08.027 |pages=199–210}}&lt;/ref&gt; Through zero waste the number of toxins released into the air and water would be decreased and products examined to determine what chemicals are used in the production process.

Health Issues related to landfills:
* [[Birth defects]] and low [[birth weight]]: Associated with close proximity to landfills, exposure to [[particle matter]] and [[nitrogen dioxide]]
* [[Respiratory disease]] and lung cancer: Related to the release of hydrogen sulfide
Zero waste's promotion of a cyclical product life can help reduce the need to create and fill landfills. This can help reduce incidences of respiratory diseases and birth defects that are associated with the [[toxin]]s released from landfills. Zero waste also can help preserve local environments and [[drinking water]] sources by preventing pollutants from entering the ecosystem.

== History ==

=== 2002–2003 ===

The movement gained publicity and reached a peak in 1998–2002, and since then has been moving from &quot;theory into action&quot; by focusing on how a &quot;zero waste community&quot; is structured and behaves. The website of the Zero Waste International Alliance has a listing of communities across the globe that have created public policy to promote zero-waste practices. See also the Eco-Cycle website for examples of how this large nonprofit is leading Boulder County, Colorado on a Zero-Waste path and watch a 6-minute video about the zero-waste big picture. Finally, there is a USA zero-waste organization named the GrassRoots Recycling Network that puts on workshops and conferences about zero-waste activities.

The [[California Integrated Waste Management Board]] established a zero waste goal in 2001.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://waste360.com/mag/waste_california_adopts_zero |title=California Adopts Zero Waste Goal in Strategic Plan |author= |date=1 April 2002 |website=waste360.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The [http://www.sfenvironment.org/ City and County of San Francisco’s Department of the Environment] established a goal of zero waste in 2002,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.sfenvironment.org/zero-waste/overview/legislation |title=Policies Related to Zero Waste |author= |date=15 October 2011 |website=SF Environment}}&lt;/ref&gt; which led to the [[San Francisco Mandatory Recycling and Composting Ordinance|City's Mandatory Recycling and Composting Ordinance in 2009]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sfenvironment.org/article/recycling-and-composting/mandatory-recycling-and-composting-ordinance|title=Recycling &amp; Composting in San Francisco - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)|author=|date=16 May 2013|website=sfenvironment.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; With its ambitious goal of zero waste and policies, San Francisco reached a record-breaking 80% diversion rate in 2010,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://sfmayor.org/index.aspx?recordid=113&amp;page=846|title=Mayor Lee Announces San Francisco Reaches 80 Percent Landfill Waste Diversion, Leads All Cities in North America - Office of the Mayor |author= |date= |website=sfmayor.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; the highest diversion rate in any North American city. San Francisco received a perfect score in the waste category in the Siemens US and Canada Green City Index, which named San Francisco the greenest city in North America.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=US and Canada Green City Index |date=2011 |url=http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/greencityindex_international/all/en/pdf/report_northamerica_en.pdf |author=Economist Intelligence Unit |publisher=Siemens AG}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2009: The Zero Waste lifestyle movement emerges ===

In 2008, Zero Waste was a term used to describe manufacturing and municipal waste management practices. Bea Johnson, a French American woman living in California, decided to apply it to her household of 4. In 2009, she started sharing her journey through the popular blog, [https://zerowastehome.com/ Zero Waste Home], and in 2010, was featured in the [[New York Times]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/16/fashion/18spy.html&lt;/ref&gt; The article, which introduced mainstream to the concept of waste-free living, received much criticism from people confusing it for a bohemian lifestyle. These critical reviews began to shift after images of the family and their interior were widely broadcast in worldwide media. In 2013, Johnson published &quot;Zero Waste Home: The Ultimate Guide to Simplifying your Life by Reducing your Waste&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dragon1.com/downloads/dragon1-zero-waste-manifesto.pdf|title=Zero Waste Manifesto|website=Dragon1|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dubbed “Bible for the zero waste pursuer” by Book Riot, it provides a simple to follow methodology of 5R’s with in depth practical tips on how to eliminate waste in a household. Translated in 27 languages (as of 2019), the international bestseller helped spread the concept to a wide audience. 
Some of Bea’s followers and readers went on to 1) start their own blogs, such as Lauren Singer,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://zerowastehome.com/about/book/|title=The Book|website=Zero Waste Home|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; an eco activist living in New York, whose Social Media channels spread the concept to millennials, 2) open package-free stores, such as Marie Delapierre who opened the first unpackaged store in Germany&lt;ref&gt;https://unverpackt-kiel.de/wir#das-team-id&lt;/ref&gt; (based on the model of Unpackaged&lt;ref&gt;https://www.beunpackaged.com/&lt;/ref&gt;, the first package-free concept in our modern era), 3) launch non-profit organizations, such as Natalie Bino, founding member of Zero Waste Switzerland.&lt;ref&gt;https://zerowasteswitzerland.ch/en/&lt;/ref&gt;
Over the years, the Zero Waste lifestyle experienced a significant increase in followers. Thousands of social media channels, blogs, unpackaged stores&lt;ref&gt;https://app.zerowastehome.com&lt;/ref&gt;, lines of reusables and organizations have emerged worldwide. And in turn, the fast evolving grass root movement created a demand for large corporations, such as [[Unilever]] and [[Procter and Gamble]], to conceive reusable alternatives to disposables.

=== Present day ===
[[File:Zero waste.jpg|thumb|An example of a zero waste starter kit that includes: a reusable water bottle, reusable cutlery, mason jars, upcycled spice jar, and reusable grocery bag.]]
Behavior change is a central factor, necessary for shifting to more sustainable waste management but there is a lack of research with regards to behavior change intervention. Critics of Zero Waste point out that a material could be reusable, organic, non-toxic, and renewable but still be ethically inferior to single use products. Bags made of baby seal pelts or tiger skin, for example, theoretically meet the definitions of &quot;zero waste&quot;, but are hardly superior to single use plastic bags. Similarly, a toxic material, such as lead in solder, may be replaced by less toxic materials like tin and silver. But if the [[silver mining|mining of silver]] and [[tin mining|tin]] releases more [[mercury (element)|mercury]] or damages sensitive coral islands, the protection of landfills in developed nations is hardly paramount. While Zero Waste advocates have sophisticated answers as to why these examples do not meet the definition of Zero Waste (e.g., that the bodies of seals and tigers, or mining waste, is of equal concern), critics say that Life Cycle Analysis, habitat protection, carbon neutralization, or &quot;Zero Extinction&quot; are more environmentally astute philosophies than waste-centric measures. The simple accounting of measurable waste diversion, reuse, recycling rates, etc. is an attractive and useful tool, but a campaign based on a goal of literally stopping the last 5% of waste might will come at the expense of other environmental and sustainability goals.

Within the [[waste management industry|waste industry]] itself, other tensions exist between those who view zero waste as post-discard total [[recycling]] of materials only, and those who view zero waste as the reuse of all high-level function. It is probably the defining difference between established recyclers and emerging zero-wasters. A signature example is a difference between smashing a [[glass bottle]] (recovering cheap glass) and [[refill]]ing the bottle (recovering the entire function of the container).
	
The tension between the literal application of natural processes and the creation of industry-specific more efficient reuse modalities is another tension. Many observers look to nature as an ultimate model for production and innovative materials. Others point out that industrial products are inherently non-natural (such as chemicals and [[plastics]] that are mono-molecular) and benefit greatly from industrial methods of reuse, while natural methods requiring degradation and reconstitution are wasteful in that context.
	
[[Biodegradable plastic]] is the most prominent example. One side argues that [[biodegradation]] of plastic is wasteful because plastic is expensive and environmentally damaging to make. Whether made of [[starch]] or [[petroleum]], the manufacturing process expends all the same materials and energy costs. Factories are built, raw materials are procured, investments are made, machinery is built and used, humans labor and make use of all normal human inputs for education, housing, food etc. Even if the plastic is biodegraded after a single use, all of those costs are lost so it is much more important to design plastic parts for multiple reuse or perpetual lives. The other side argues that keeping plastic out of a dump or the sea is the sole benefit of interest.
	
Companies moving towards &quot;zero landfill&quot; plants include [[Subaru]], [[Xerox]] and [[Anheuser-Busch]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/environment/2008-02-18-green-factories_N.htm|title=&quot;Zero landfill&quot; plants|accessdate= 9 March 2011 | work=USA Today|first=Chris|last=Woodyard|date=19 February 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The movement continues to grow among the youth around the world under the organization Zero Waste Youth&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20130528153545/http://zerowasteyouth.org/en/&lt;/ref&gt;, which originated in Brazil and has spread to Argentina, Puerto Rico, Mexico, the United States, and Russia. The organization multiplies with local volunteer ambassadors&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://zerowasteyouth.org/en/?page_id=9 |title=Ambassadors |publisher=Zero Waste Youth Movement |accessdate=2013-07-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721182349/http://zerowasteyouth.org/en/?page_id=9 |archivedate=2014-07-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt; who lead zero waste gatherings and events to spread the zero waste message.

==Packaging example==
{{main|sustainable packaging}}
{{main|reusable packaging}}
[[File:Glass milk bottles.jpg|right|thumb|Returnable glass milk bottles]]
Milk can be shipped in many forms.  One of the traditional forms was reusable returnable glass milk bottles, often home delivered by a milkman. While some of this continues, other options have recently been more common: [[single use|one-way]] gable-top paperboard cartons, one-way aseptic cartons, one-way recyclable glass bottles, one-way [[milk bag]]s, and others. Each system claims some advantages and also has possible disadvantages. From the zero waste standpoint, the [[reuse of bottles]] is beneficial because the material usage per trip can be less than other systems. The primary input (or resource) is [[silica]]-[[sand]], which is formed into glass and then into a bottle. The bottle is filled with [[milk]] and distributed to the consumer. A [[reverse logistics]] system returns the bottles for cleaning, inspection, sanitization, and reuse. Eventually, the heavy-duty bottle would not be suited for further use and would be recycled. Waste and landfill usage would be minimized. The material waste is primarily the wash water, detergent, transportation, heat, bottle caps, etc. While true zero waste is never achieved, a [[life cycle assessment]] can be used to calculate the waste at each phase of each cycle.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Life cycle assessment of different reuse percentages for glass beer bottles|journal=The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment
|author1=Teresa M. Mata |author2=Carlos A. V. Costa | volume =6 | issue =5 | pages =307–319| date =2001 | language = | doi=10.1007/BF02978793}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| last =Spitzly| first =David| year =1997| title =Life Cycle Design of Milk and Juice Packaging| publisher =U.S. Environmental Protection Agency| location =| page =| url= http://www.umich.edu/~nppcpub/research/milkjuice.pdf| accessdate =29 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last= Singh |first=Jay | last2=Krasowski |first2=Aric |last3=Singh |first3=S. Paul |date=January 2011 |title= Life cycle inventory of HDPE bottle-based liquid milk packaging systems| journal = Packaging Technology and Science
|pages= 49–60|doi=10.1002/pts.909 |volume=24|url=https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/it_fac/61 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Van Doorsselaer |first=K | last2= Lox |first2=F |year= 2000 |title=Estimation of the energy needs in life cycle analysis of one-way and returnable glass packaging | journal = Packaging Technology and Science  |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=235–239 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1099-1522(199909/10)12:5&lt;235::AID-PTS474&gt;3.0.CO;2-W }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Recycling and rotting (composting) ==
{{Main|Recycling}}
	
It is important to distinguish recycling from Zero Waste.
	
Some{{who|date=January 2016}} claim that the key component to zero waste is [[recycling]] while others{{who|date=January 2016}} reject that notion in favor of reusing high function. The common understanding of recycling is simply that of placing bottles and cans in a recycle bin. The modern version of recycling is more complicated and involves many more elements of financing and government support. For example, a 2007 report by the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] states that the US recycles at a national rate of 33.4% and includes in this figure composted materials. In addition many worldwide commodity industries have been created to handle the materials that are recycled. At the same time, claims of recycling rates have sometimes been exaggerated, for example by the inclusion of [[soil]] and organic matter used to cover garbage dumps daily, in the &quot;recycled&quot; column. In states with recycling incentives, there is constant local pressure to pump up the recycling rate figures.
	 
The movement toward recycling has separated itself from the concept of zero waste. One example of this is the [[computer industry]] where worldwide millions of PC's are disposed of as [[electronic waste]] each year (160 million in 2007). Those computers that enter the recycling stream are broken down into a small amount of [[raw materials]] while most merely enter dumps through export to [[third world countries]]. Companies are then able to purchase some raw materials, notably [[steel]]&lt;!-- not much steel in a computer--&gt;, [[copper]] and [[glass]], reducing the use of new materials. On the other hand, there is an industry, more aligned with the Zero Waste principle of design for long term reuse, that actually repairs computers. It is called the [[refurbishment (electronics)|Computer Refurbishing]] industry and it predates the current campaign to just collect and ship electronics. They have organizations and conferences and have for many years donated computers to schools, clinics and non-profits. Zero Waste planning demands that components be redesigned for effective reuse over long lives leading to even more refurbishing and repair.
	
There is one seminal example that brings out the difference between Zero Waste and recycling in stark relief. That example, quoted in Getting To Zero Waste{{sfn | Palmer | 2004 | p=}}, is the software business. Zero Waste is sensitive to the waste of intellectual effort that would be caused by the need to recreate certain basic inventions of software (called objects in software design) as opposed to copying them over and over whenever needed. The waste would occur as the software developers consume resources while solving problems already solved earlier. The application of Zero Waste analysis is straightforward as it recommends conserving human effort. On the other hand, the usual approach of recycling would be to look for some materials that could be found to reuse. The materials on which software is saved (such as paper or diskettes)is of little significance compared to the saving of human effort and if software is saved electronically, there is no media at all. Thus Zero Waste correctly identifies a wasteful behavior to avoid while recycling has no application.
	
The recycling movement has been embraced by the [[garbage industry]] because it serves so well as [[greenwashing]] i.e. a way to show that design for garbage creation is acceptable because materials will be kept out of a dump by recycling them. Zero Waste, on the other hand, offers the garbage industry no such screen against public condemnation of waste, and therefore actually threatens the continued need for garbage disposal. For example, in [[Alameda County, California]], garbage dumping is charged a surcharge of $8/ton (as of 2009) which goes entirely for a recycling subsidy but none of which goes for any kind of Zero Waste style designing. Zero Waste has received no support from the garbage industry or politicians under their control except in those cases where it can be claimed to consist solely of more recycling.

=== Reduce, Reuse and Recycle ===

Zero waste is poorly supported by the enactment of government laws to enforce the [[waste hierarchy]]. In practice, these laws invariably emphasize destruction and recycling, while the reuse component is marginalized.{{opinion|date=July 2016}}
	
A special feature of Zero Waste as a design principle is that it can be applied to any product or process, in any situation or at any level. Thus it applies equally to toxic chemicals as to benign plant matter. It applies to the waste of atmospheric purity by [[Solid fuel|coal-burning]] or the waste of radioactive resources by attempting to designate the excesses of [[nuclear power plant]]s as &quot;[[nuclear waste]]&quot;. All processes can be designed to minimize the need for discard, both in their own operations and in the usage or consumption patterns which the design of their products leads to. Recycling, on the other hand, deals only with simple materials.
	
Zero Waste can even be applied to the waste of human potential by enforced [[poverty]] and the denial of educational opportunity. It encompasses redesign for reduced [[energy wasting]] in industry or transportation and the wasting of the earth's [[rainforest]]s. It is a general principle of designing for the efficient use of all resources, however defined.

The recycling movement may be slowly branching out from its solid waste management base to include issues that are similar to the community sustainability movement.
	 
Zero waste, on the other hand, is not based in waste management limitations to begin with but requires that we maximize our existing reuse efforts while creating and applying new methods that minimize and eliminate destructive methods like incineration and recycling. Zero Waste strives to ensure that products are designed to be repaired, refurbished, re-manufactured and generally reused.. (&quot;What is Zero Waste?&quot;, para 2).

Online web services, like [[Freecycle Network|Free Cycle]] or the [http://www.regives.com/ reGives] Network have risen in popularity over the last decade where locals can give items that they no longer need to others locally in an effort to keep items out of landfills and work toward a zero waste lifestyle.

== Significance of dump capacity ==

Many dumps are currently exceeding carrying capacity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nrra.net/sweep/time-is-running-out-the-u-s-landfill-capacity-crisis/|title=Time is Running Out: The U.S. Landfill Capacity Crisis – SWEEP|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-13|archive-date=2019-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608093209/https://nrra.net/sweep/time-is-running-out-the-u-s-landfill-capacity-crisis/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is often used as a justification for moving to Zero Waste. Others counter by pointing out that there are huge tracts of land available throughout the US and other countries which could be used for dumps. Proposals abound to destroy all garbage as a way to solve the garbage problem. These proposals typically claim to convert all or a large portion of existing garbage into oil and sometimes claim to produce so much oil that the world will henceforth have abundant liquid fuels. One such plan, called Anything Into Oil, was promoted by Discover Magazine and Fortune Magazine in 2004 and claimed to be able to convert a refrigerator into &quot;light Texas crude&quot; by the application of high-pressure steam.

=== Corporate initiatives ===
{{Update|section|date=November 2017}}
An example of a company that has demonstrated a change in landfill waste policy is [[General Motors]] (GM). GM has confirmed their plans to make approximately half of its 181 plants worldwide &quot;landfill-free&quot; by the end of 2010. Companies like [[Subaru]], [[Toyota]], and [[Xerox]] are also producing landfill-free plants. Furthermore, The [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) has worked with GM and other companies for decades to minimize the waste through its WasteWise program. The goal for General Motors is finding ways to recycle or reuse more than 90% of materials by: selling scrap materials, adopting [[reusable part]]s boxes to replace [[cardboard]], and even recycling used work gloves. The remainder of the scraps might be incinerated to create energy for the plants. Besides being nature-friendly, it also saves money by cutting out waste and producing a more efficient production. All these organizations push forth to make our world clean and producing zero waste.

A [[garden centre]] in Faversham, UK, has started to prevent plastic plant pots from being passed down to customers. Instead, it reuses the plastic pots only locally in the garden center, but upon selling it to its customers it repots the plants in paper plant pots. It also sells plants wrapped in hessian, and uses a variety of techniques to prevent handing down (single-use) plastics to customers&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.kentonline.co.uk/faversham/news/garden-centre-selling-plastic-free-christmas-trees-194714/ Edibleculture in Faversham has stopped packaging its Christmas trees in plastic]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Re-use or rot of waste ===

The waste sent to landfills may be harvested as useful materials, such as in the production of [[solar energy]] or [[natural fertilizer]] /[[de-composted]] [[manure]] for crops.

It may also be reused and recycled for something that we can actually use.&lt;ref name=&quot;roper&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1504/IJETM.2006.009000| volume = 6 | issue = 3/4| pages = 313–345 | last = Roper | first = William E. | title = Strategies for building material reuse and recycle | journal = International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management | year = 2006 | url =  }}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;The success of General Motors in creating zero-landfill facilities shows that zero-waste goals can be a powerful impetus for manufacturers to reduce their waste and carbon footprint,&quot; says Latisha Petteway, a spokesperson for the EPA.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/money/autos/environment/2008-09-04-gm-zero-landfill_N.htm|title=GM plans to dump use of landfills|last=Cary|first=S. S.|date=4 September 2008|work=[[USA Today]]|accessdate=23 September 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Construction and deconstruction==
{{contradict|date=January 2019}}
Zero Waste is a goal, a process, a way of thinking that profoundly changes our approach to resources and production. Zero Waste is not about recycling and diversion from landfills but about restructuring production and distribution systems to [[waste prevention|prevent waste]] from being manufactured in the first place. The materials that are still required in these re-designed, resource-efficient systems will be reused many times as the products that incorporate them are reused. [[Deconstruction]] can be described as construction in reverse. It involves carefully taking apart a building to maximize the reuse of materials, thereby reducing waste and conserving resources. Deconstruction can capture materials and some components from the millions of buildings that are existing and that were poorly designed for high level reuse but it is not a favored approach from a Zero Waste point of view. Zero Waste favors the design of buildings as assemblages of high level components, not their creation from rough materials such as [[lumber]], [[cement]] or plaster. The details are not worked out yet but to the extent that entire rooms, entire walls, roofs or floors or entire utility systems can be pre-built and installed as completed components, that will be the goal of Zero Waste design. Until buildings are built as components capable of later dismantling, deconstruction is a stop-gap process that the United States can use to minimize the waste of [[building material]]s. For now, the largest parts that we are able to save tend to be architectural elements, windows, doors, and metals, many of which are being saved and resold by reuse yards such as Urban Ore in Berkeley, California. The main parts that still need to be crushed are wood flooring, [[brick wall]]s, and structural timbers.&lt;ref name=&quot;roper&quot;/&gt; The [[demolition]] of traditional buildings has been long done by [[wrecking ball]] or bulldozer. Social and political artifacts, such as demolition contractor licenses and required permits that can only be satisfied by destruction and discard (with partial recycling of rubble and steel), render the destruction and disposal costs cheaper than deconstruction. Approximately seventy pounds of the waste is generated for about every square foot of the residential building demolition. It is arguable that this is artificial economics, based on the cultural preference for wastefulness and that Zero Waste designs of dismantlable components will ultimately be the cheapest as well as the most conservative way to reuse buildings. Further discussions of this topic may be found on the ZWI website.&lt;ref name=&quot;roper&quot;/&gt;

Roper's comments in the paragraph above are either misquoted or wrong concerning wood flooring, structural wood and bricks needing to be crushed.  Brick, wood and stone are among the oldest truly recyclable materials used in construction. A historic review of old buildings, barns and bridges clearly shows that brick, stones and timber are reused from older buildings. Some of the oldest structures on the planet are built with materials that were recycled from previous structures.  One recent example is the [[Mayflower Barn]] at Jordans just north of High Wycombe, UK.  The barn is clearly built of reused timbers, possibly sourced from the salvage of the Mayflower ship.  It is simply a fact of life that historically materials that could be reused were reused.

In more recent construction, structural timber components, including large timbers, glued laminated beams, floor joists, studs and flooring are some of the most valuable structural components salvaged when a structure is demolished if there is an interest in salvaging.  If you need proof, go down to any local construction salvage yard and look at the value of trusses, wood beams, floor joists, studs and flooring.  Today they have value when someone saves them.

One of the barriers of reusing structural materials is the bias of building code officials and building departments that discriminate against reusing materials.  Codes and building departments require compliance to codes, including the source of materials.  Your average contractor cannot just use 100-year-old 2x8 (50x200) salvaged floor joists because the building department requires a graded joist.  The contractor then has to find an engineer or wood technologist to verify the material suitability for its use.

==Market-based campaigns==

Market-based, legislation-mediated campaigns like [[Extended Producer Responsibility]] (EPR) and the [[Precautionary Principle]] are among numerous campaigns that have a Zero Waste slogan hung on them by means of claims they will ineluctably lead to policies of Zero Waste. At the moment, there is no evidence that EPR will increase reuse, rather than merely moving discard and disposal into [[private-sector]] dumping contracts. The Precautionary Principle is put forward to shift liability for proving new chemicals are safe from the public (acting as guinea pig) to the company introducing them. As such, its relation to Zero Waste is dubious. Likewise, many organizations, cities and counties have embraced a Zero Waste slogan while pressing for none of the key Zero Waste changes. In fact, it is common for many such to simply state that recycling is their entire goal. Many commercial or industrial companies claim to embrace Zero Waste but usually mean no more than a major materials recycling effort, having no bearing on product redesign. Examples include [[Staples Inc.|Staples]], [[Home Depot]], [[Toyota]], [[General Motors]] and computer [[take-back]] campaigns. Earlier [[social justice]] campaigns have successfully pressured [[McDonald's]] to change their meat purchasing practices and [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] to change its labor practices in Southeast Asia. Those were both based on the idea that organized consumers can be active participants in the economy and not just passive subjects. However, the announced and enforced goal of the public campaign is critical. A goal to reduce waste generation or dumping through greater recycling will not achieve a goal of product redesign and so cannot reasonably be called a Zero Waste campaign.&lt;ref name=&quot;roper&quot;/&gt;

==How to achieve==

National and provincial governments often set targets and may provide some funding, but on a practical level, waste management programs (e.g. pickup, dropoff, or containers for recycling and composting) are usually implemented by local governments, possibly with regionally shared facilities.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url = |title = Towards a Zero Waste Strategy for an English Local Authority |last = Cole|first = C| journal = Resources, Conservation and Recycling |volume=89 |year=2014 |pages=64–75|doi=10.1016/j.resconrec.2014.05.005|pmid = |access-date = |display-authors=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Reaching the goal of zero waste requires the products of manufacturers and [[industrial designer]]s to be easily disassembled for recycling and incorporated back into nature or the industrial system; [[durability]] and [[repairability]] also reduce unnecessary churn in the product life cycle. Minimizes packaging also solves many problems early in the supply chain. If not mandated by government, choices by retailers and consumers in favor of zero-waste-friendly products can influence production. More and more schools are motivating their students to live a different life and rethink every polluting step they may take.&lt;ref&gt;[[Zero waste#cite note-27]]&lt;/ref&gt;{{Circular reference|date=October 2019}} To prevent material from becoming waste, consumers, businesses, and non-profits must be educated in how to reduce waste and recycle successfully.&lt;ref&gt;[[Zero waste#cite note-Snow-2]]&lt;/ref&gt;{{Circular reference|date=October 2019}}

===The 5R’s of Bea Johnson===

In the book, &quot;Zero Waste Home: The Ultimate Guide to Simplifying your Life by Reducing your Waste”&lt;ref&gt;[[Zero waste#cite note-28]]&lt;/ref&gt;{{Circular reference|date=October 2019}}, the author, Bea Johnson, provides a modified version of the [[waste management hierarchy|3Rs]], the [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Refuse,_Reduce,_Reuse,_Recycle,_Rot.png 5Rs]: Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Rot to achieve Zero Waste at home. The method, which she developed through years of practicing waste free living and used to reduce her family’s annual trash to fit in a pint jar, is now widely used by individuals, businesses and municipalities worldwide.

===Zero Waste Hierarchy===
The Zero Waste Hierarchy describes a progression of policies and strategies to support the Zero Waste system, from highest and best to lowest use of materials. It is designed to be applicable to all audiences, from policy-makers to industry and the individual.  It aims to provide more depth to the internationally recognized 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle); to encourage policy, activity and investment at the top of the hierarchy; and to provide a guide for those who wish to develop systems or products that move us closer to Zero Waste. It enhances the Zero Waste definition by providing guidance for planning and a way to evaluate proposed solutions. All over the world, in some form or another, a pollution prevention hierarchy is incorporated into recycling regulations, solid waste management plans, and [[resource conservation]] programs. In Canada, a [[pollution prevention]] hierarchy otherwise referred to as the Environmental Protection Hierarchy was adopted. This Hierarchy has been incorporated into all recycling regulations within Canada and is embedded within all resource conservation methods which all government mandated waste prevention programs follow. While the intention to incorporate the 4th R (recovery)prior to disposal was good, many organizations focused on this 4th R instead of the top of the hierarchy resulting in costly systems designed to destroy materials instead of systems designed to reduce environmental impact and waste. Because of this, along with other resource destruction systems that have been emerging over the past few decades, Zero Waste Canada along with the Zero Waste International Alliance have adopted the only internationally peer reviewed Zero Waste Hierarchy that focuses on the first 3Rs; Reduce, Reuse and Recycle including Compost.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://zerowastecanada.ca/zero-waste-hierarchy/ |title=Zero Waste Hierarchy |website=Zero Waste Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Zero waste jurisdictions==
{{expand list|date=August 2016}}
Various governments have declared zero waste as a goal, including:

* Brazil
** [[Florianópolis, Santa Catarina]]
* Canada
** [[Vancouver]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/vancouver-votes-to-ban-single-use-straws-foam-cups-and-take-out-containers-1.3933955|title=Vancouver votes to ban single-use straws, foam cups and take-out containers|date=May 17, 2018|work=[[CTV News]]|access-date=July 28, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; (see [[Vancouver#Zero Waste 2040 Strategy|Zero Waste 2040 Strategy]])
* Italy
** [[Capannori]], [[Tuscany]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/05/pioneering-italian-town-leads-europe-in-waste-recycling/|title=Pioneering Italian Town Leads Europe in Waste Recycling|date=17 May 2013|work=[[Inter Press Service]]|accessdate=9 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Japan
** [[Kamikatsu, Tokushima]]
*United States
** [[Austin, Texas]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.austintexas.gov/sites/default/files/files/Trash_and_Recycling/MasterPlan_Final_12.30.pdf |title=Austin Resource Recovery Master Plan |date=December 15, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
** [[Boulder, Colorado]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www-static.bouldercolorado.gov/docs/Zero-Waste-Strategic-Plan-Action-Plan-Web-1-201604131208.pdf?_ga=2.98671070.1991020725.1527005153-1422738164.1527005153 |title=City of Boulder Zero Waste Strategic Plan |date=November 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
** [[Fort Collins, Colorado]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.fcgov.com/recycling/pdf/RoadtoZeroWasteReport_FINAL.pdf |title=Road to Zero Waste Plan |author=Zero Waste Associates |date=December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** [[San Francisco]], [[California]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://sfenvironment.org/sites/default/files/editor-uploads/zero_waste/pdf/resolutionzerowastedate.pdf |title=Resolution Setting Zero Waste Date |date=March 6, 2003 |website=SF Environment }}&lt;/ref&gt;

An example of [[network governance]] approach can be seen in the UK under New Labour who proposed the establishment of regional groupings that brought together the key stakeholders in waste management (local authority representatives,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; waste industry, government offices etc.) on a voluntary basis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Davoudi 2005 493–517&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Davoudi|first=S|author2=Evans |title=The Challenge of governance in regional waste planning|journal=Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy|year=2005|volume=23|issue=4|pages=493–517|doi=10.1068/c42m}}&lt;/ref&gt; There is a lack of clear government policy on how to meet the targets for diversion from landfill which increases the scope at the regional and local level for governance networks.&lt;ref name=&quot;Davoudi 2005 493–517&quot;/&gt; The overall goal is set by government but the route for how to achieve it is left open, so stakeholders can coordinate and decide how best to reach it.&lt;ref name=&quot;Geels 2008&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Geels|first=F|title=The feasibility of systems thinking in sustainable consumption and production policy: A report to the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs|year=2008|publisher=DEFRA|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Zero Waste is a strategy promoted by environmental NGOs but the waste industry is more in favour of the capital intensive option of energy from waste incineration.&lt;ref name=&quot;Davoudi 2005 493–517&quot;/&gt; Research often highlights public support as the first requirement for success.&lt;ref name=&quot;Young 2010 236–244&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Young|first=C-Y |author2=Ni, S-P |author3=Fan, K-A|title=Working towards a zero waste environment in Taiwan|journal=[[Waste Management &amp; Research]]|year=2010|volume=28|issue=3 |pages=236–244|doi=10.1177/0734242x09337659|pmid=19710109 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In Taiwan, public opinion was essential in changing the attitude of business, who must transform their material use pattern to become more sustainable for Zero Waste to work.&lt;ref name=&quot;Young 2010 236–244&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Frosch|first=R|author2=Gallopoulos |title=Strategies for manufacturing|journal=Scientific American|year=1989|volume=261|pages=144–152|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0989-144|issue=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The latest development in Zero Waste is the city of Masdar in Abu Dhabi which promises to be a Zero Waste city. Innovation and technology is encouraged by government creating an innovation friendly environment without being prescriptive.&lt;ref name=&quot;Geels 2008&quot;/&gt; To be a successful model of sustainable urban development it will also require the involvement and co-operation from all members of society emphasizing the importance of network governance.

==See also==
{{Portal|Environment|Ecology}}
*[[Composting]]
*[[Environmentalism]]
*[[Miniwaste]]
*[[Paul Connett]]
*[[Phase-out of lightweight plastic bags]]
*[[Precycling]]
*[[Source reduction]]
*[[Sustainable packaging]]
*[[Waste]]
*[[Zero waste agriculture]]
*Zero-waste event
*[[Zero-waste fashion]]
*[[Supermarket#Types of supermarkets|Zero-waste supermarkets]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Paul|title=Getting to Zero Waste|url=http://www.gettingtozerowaste.com/|date=January 2005|publisher=Purple Sky Press|isbn=978-0-9760571-0-9}}

==External links==
===Advocacy organizations===
*[http://www.zerowasteinstitute.org/ Zero Waste Institute]
*[http://www.zerowastenetwork.org/ Zero Waste Network]
*[http://www.zwia.org/ Zero Waste International Alliance] (ZWIA)
*[http://www.zerowaste.org/ Zero Waste Alliance]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130528153545/http://zerowasteyouth.org/en/ Zero Waste Youth]
*[http://www.zerowasterecycler.com/ Zero Waste Segregation]

===Regional advocacy organisations===
*[http://www.zerowasteeurope.eu/ Zero Waste Europe]
*[http://www.zwallianceuk.org/ Zero Waste Alliance UK]
*[http://www.zerowastescotland.org.uk/ Zero Waste Scotland]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100506035015/http://www.zerowasteaustralia.org/ Zero Waste Australia]
*[http://ilzb.org/ Zero Waste Institute Brazil]
*[http://www.zerowastecalifornia.org/ Zero Waste California]
*[http://www.zerowaste.co.nz/ Zero Waste New Zealand]
*[http://zerowjp.wixsite.com/zwjp/ Zero Waste Japan]
*[http://www.productpolicy.org/ Product policy Institute]
*[http://www.productstewardship.us/ The Product Stewardship Institute]
*[http://www.container-recycling.org/ Container Recycling Institute]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051125033511/http://www.recyclingtoday.com/news/news.asp?ID=1605 GrassRoots Recycling Institute]
*[http://www.nzwc.ca/Pages/default.aspx/ Canada Zero Waste Council]	
*[http://www.zerowasterecycler.com/ Zero Waste India]	
*[http://www.zero-waste.co.uk/ Zero Waste Management]	
;News
*{{cite news|url=https://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/articles/2007/03/11/a_world_without_waste/|title=A world without waste|last=Winter|first=Jessica|date=11 March 2007|work=[[The Boston Globe]]}}

{{Pollution}}
{{Recycling}}	
{{Sustainability}}
{{Waste}}

[[Category:Waste management concepts]]
[[Category:Industrial ecology]]
[[Category:Waste minimisation]]&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Zero waste]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Zero waste/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>2000 Mar del Plata Sevens</title>
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      <text bytes="18016" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Rugby Sevens
| series = &lt;small&gt;'''[[1999–2000 World Sevens Series|IRB Sevens I]]'''&lt;/small&gt;
| countries = {{flag|Argentina}}
| date = 12–13 January 2000
| champions1 = {{ru7|FIJ}}
| runnersup1 = {{ru7|NZL}}
| champions2 = {{ru7|ARG}}
| runnersup2 = {{ru7|CAN}}
| champions3 = {{ru7|ESP}}
| runnersup3 = {{ru7|CHI}}
| matches = 41
| tries = 
| top point scorer = 
| top try scorer = 
| prevseason = 
| nextseason = [[2002 Mar del Plata Sevens|2002]]
}}

The '''2000 Mar del Plata Sevens''' was a [[rugby sevens]] tournament that took place at the [[Estadio José María Minella]] in [[Mar del Plata]] between the 12–13 January 2000. It was the fourth edition of the [[Mar del Plata Sevens]] and was also the fourth round of the held in [[Argentina]] as the fourth round of the [[1999–2000 World Sevens Series]].&lt;ref name = rugby7-2000/&gt;

During the tournament, the first draw in the series history occurred when [[Samoa national rugby sevens team|Samoa]] and [[Australia national rugby sevens team|Australia]] played out an 14-all draw in Pool D. In the cup final, [[Fiji national rugby sevens team|Fiji]] took out their second cup final of the season defeating [[New Zealand national rugby sevens team|New Zealand]] 26-14. The hosts ([[Argentina national rugby sevens team|Argentina]]) took out the plate while [[Spain national rugby sevens team|Spain]] won the bowl.&lt;ref name = rugby7-2000/&gt;

==Teams==
Sixteen national teams played in the Mar Del Plata Sevens with the national teams being the same teams as in the previous round which was held in [[2000 Punta del Este Sevens|Punta del Este]].&lt;ref name=rugby7-2000/&gt;
{{columns-list|colwidth=28em|
* {{Ru7|ARG}}
* {{Ru7|AUS}}
* {{Ru7|BRA}}
* {{Ru7|CAN}}
* {{Ru7|CHI}}
* {{Ru7|FIJ}}
* {{Ru7|FRA}}
* {{Ru7|GER}}
* {{Ru7|NZL}}
* {{Ru7|PAR}}
* {{Ru7|PER}}
* {{Ru7|SAM}}
* {{Ru7|ESP}}
* {{Ru7|RSA}}
* {{Ru7|USA}}
* {{Ru7|URU}}
}}

==Format==
The pool stage was played on the first day of the tournament. The 16 teams were separated into four pools of four teams and teams in the same pool played each other once. The top two teams in each pool advanced to the Cup quarterfinals to compete for the 2000 Mar del Plata Sevens title.{{ciation needed|date=May 2020}}

==Summary==
The opening day of the 2000 Mar del Plata sevens saw the first draw in the series history with Samoa and Australia recording a 14-all draw in the final match of the day. Earlier results though put Samoa top of Pool D by a single point over Australia. New Zealand continued their form in the series, conceeding only seven points (against [[France national rugby sevens team|France]]) in the pool stage to finish top of Pool B with France joining them. Fiji finished top of Pool A with wins over [[Germany national rugby sevens team|Germany]] (56–5), [[Uruguay national rugby sevens team|Uruguay]] (61–7) and [[Canada national rugby sevens team|Canada]] (40–14) with Canada joining them in second place. The final pool saw [[South Africa national rugby sevens team|South Africa]] finish top of the pool with hosts, Argentina coming in second place.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://irbsevens1999.irb.org/update/html/Argentina/Argentina121.html|title=World Sevens series record its first draw|date=13 January 2000|publisher=[[World Rugby|International Rugby Board]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010306103817/http://irbsevens1999.irb.org/update/html/Argentina/Argentina121.html|archive-date=6 March 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Day 2 saw an Fiji and New Zealand final for the fourth tournament in a row after both teams recorded victories in their quarters and semis to make it to the cup final. For Fiji they defeated France 47–7 before knocking off Samoa in the semi-finals 19–7. New Zealand recorded a victory over Canada in the quarter-finals before defeating first-time cup semi-finalists, Australia with Australian coach, [[Glen Ella]] stating, &quot;It was good to finally break through&quot;. In the cup final, it was Fiji who defeated New Zealand to tie the series after four rounds after coming back from 14–0 down to win 26–14. Hosts, Argentina won the plate final while Spain won the bowl defeating [[Chile national rugby sevens team|Chile]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://irbsevens1999.irb.org/update/html/Argentina/Argentina124.html|title=Australia finally reach top four but Fiji takes the Cup|date=14 January 2000|publisher=International Rugby Board|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020704044256/http://irbsevens1999.irb.org/update/html/Argentina/Argentina124.html|archive-date=4 July 2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Pool stages==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|-
!colspan=2|Key to colours in group tables
|-
| style=&quot;background:#cfc; width:20px;&quot;|
|align=left|Teams that advanced to the Cup quarterfinals
|-
|||align=left|Teams that advanced to the Bowl quarterfinals
|}

===Pool A===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|-
!width=&quot;200&quot;|Team
!width=&quot;40&quot;|Pld
!width=&quot;40&quot;|W
!width=&quot;40&quot;|D
!width=&quot;40&quot;|L
!width=&quot;40&quot;|PF
!width=&quot;40&quot;|PA
!width=&quot;40&quot;|+/-
!width=&quot;40&quot;|Pts
|-bgcolor=ccffcc
|align=left| {{Ru7|FIJ}}
|3||3||0||0||157||26||+131||'''9''' 
|-bgcolor=ccffcc
|align=left| {{Ru7|CAN}}
|3||2||0||1||80||64||+16||'''7''' 
|-
|align=left| {{Ru7|GER}}
|3||1||0||2||19||96||−77||'''5'''
|-
|align=left| {{Ru7|URU}}
|3||0||0||3||24||94||−70||'''3'''
|}
&lt;small&gt;Source: [http://www.worldrugby.org/tournament/1387/standings World Rugby] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629215609/http://www.worldrugby.org/tournament/1387/standings |date=2016-06-29 }}&lt;/small&gt;

{{rugbybox |date = 12 January 2000 |time = 15:30
|home= {{Ru7-rt|GER}} |score= 7–0 |away= {{Ru7|URU}}
|report = |stadium = [[Estadio José María Minella]], Mar del Plata
}}
----
{{rugbybox |date = 12 January 2000 |time = 16:50
|home= {{Ru7-rt|CAN}} |score= 26–17 |away= {{Ru7|URU}}
|report = |stadium = [[Estadio José María Minella]], Mar del Plata
}}
----
{{rugbybox |date = 12 January 2000 |time = 18:10
|home= {{Ru7-rt|FIJ}} |score= 56–5 |away= {{Ru7|GER}}
|report = |stadium = [[Estadio José María Minella]], Mar del Plata
}}
----
{{rugbybox |date = 12 January 2000 |time = 19:30
|home= {{Ru7-rt|FIJ}} |score= 61–7 |away= {{Ru7|URU}}
|report = |stadium = [[Estadio José María Minella]], Mar del Plata
}}
----
{{rugbybox |date = 12 January 2000 |time = 20:50
|home= {{Ru7-rt|CAN}} |score= 40–7  |away= {{Ru7|GER}}
|report = |stadium = [[Estadio José María Minella]], Mar del Plata
}}
----
{{rugbybox |date = 12 January 2000 |time = 22:20
|home= {{Ru7-rt|FIJ}} |score= 40–14 |away= {{Ru7|CAN}}
|report = |stadium = [[Estadio José María Minella]], Mar del Plata
}}
&lt;small&gt;Source: [http://www.worldrugby.org/tournament/1387/results World Rugby] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629191338/http://www.worldrugby.org/tournament/1387/results |date=2016-06-29 }}&lt;/small&gt;

===Pool B===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|-
!width=&quot;200&quot;|Team
!width=&quot;40&quot;|Pld
!width=&quot;40&quot;|W
!width=&quot;40&quot;|D
!width=&quot;40&quot;|L
!width=&quot;40&quot;|PF
!width=&quot;40&quot;|PA
!width=&quot;40&quot;|+/-
!width=&quot;40&quot;|Pts
|-bgcolor=ccffcc
|align=left| {{Ru7|NZL}}
|3||3||0||0||114||7||+107||'''9''' 
|-bgcolor=ccffcc
|align=left| {{Ru7|FRA}}
|3||2||0||1||98||21||+77||'''7''' 
|-
|align=left| {{Ru7|USA}}
|3||1||0||2||17||83||−66||'''5'''
|-
|align=left| {{Ru7|PER}}
|3||0||0||3||10||128||−118||'''3'''
|}
&lt;small&gt;Source: [http://www.worldrugby.org/tournament/1387/standings World Rugby] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629215609/http://www.worldrugby.org/tournament/1387/standings |date=2016-06-29 }}&lt;/small&gt;
{{rugbybox |date = 12 January 2000 |time = 15:50
|home= {{Ru7-rt|USA}} |score= 17–10 |away= {{Ru7|PER}}
|report = |stadium = [[Estadio José María Minella]], Mar del Plata
}}
----
{{rugbybox |date = 12 January 2000 |time = 17:10
|home= {{Ru7-rt|FRA}} |score= 33–0 |away= {{Ru7|USA}}
|report = |stadium = [[Estadio José María Minella]], Mar del Plata
}}
----
{{rugbybox |date = 12 January 2000 |time = 18:30
|home= {{Ru7-rt|NZL}} |score= 53–0 |away= {{Ru7|PER}}
|report = |stadium = [[Estadio José María Minella]], Mar del Plata
}}
----
{{rugbybox |date = 12 January 2000 |time = 19:50
|home= {{Ru7-rt|NZL}} |score= 40–0 |away= {{Ru7|USA}}
|report = |stadium = [[Estadio José María Minella]], Mar del Plata
}}
----
{{rugbybox |date = 12 January 2000 |time = 21:10
|home= {{Ru7-rt|FRA}} |score= 58–0  |away= {{Ru7|PER}}
|report = |stadium = [[Estadio José María Minella]], Mar del Plata
}}
----
{{rugbybox |date = 12 January 2000 |time = 22:40
|home= {{Ru7-rt|NZL}} |score= 21–7 |away= {{Ru7|FRA}}
|report = |stadium = [[Estadio José María Minella]], Mar del Plata
}}
&lt;small&gt;Source: [http://www.worldrugby.org/tournament/1387/results World Rugby] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629191338/http://www.worldrugby.org/tournament/1387/results |date=2016-06-29 }}&lt;/small&gt;

===Pool C===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|-
!width=&quot;200&quot;|Team
!width=&quot;40&quot;|Pld
!width=&quot;40&quot;|W
!width=&quot;40&quot;|D
!width=&quot;40&quot;|L
!width=&quot;40&quot;|PF
!width=&quot;40&quot;|PA
!width=&quot;40&quot;|+/-
!width=&quot;40&quot;|Pts
|-bgcolor=ccffcc
|align=left| {{Ru7|RSA}}
|3||3||0||0||106||24||+82||'''9''' 
|-bgcolor=ccffcc
|align=left| {{Ru7|ARG}}
|3||2||0||1||101||21||+80||'''7''' 
|-
|align=left| {{Ru7|ESP}}
|3||1||0||2||36||90||−54||'''5'''
|-
|align=left| {{Ru7|BRA}}
|3||0||0||3||12||120||−108||'''3'''
|}
&lt;small&gt;Source: [http://www.worldrugby.org/tournament/1387/standings World Rugby] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629215609/http://www.worldrugby.org/tournament/1387/standings |date=2016-06-29 }}&lt;/small&gt;
{{rugbybox |date = 12 January 2000 |time = 16:10
|home= {{Ru7-rt|ESP}} |score= 29–0 |away= {{Ru7|BRA}}
|report = |stadium = [[Estadio José María Minella]], Mar del Plata
}}
----
{{rugbybox |date = 12 January 2000 |time = 17:30
|home= {{Ru7-rt|RSA}} |score= 38–12 |away= {{Ru7|BRA}}
|report = |stadium = [[Estadio José María Minella]], Mar del Plata
}}
----
{{rugbybox |date = 12 January 2000 |time = 18:50
|home= {{Ru7-rt|ARG}} |score= 36–7 |away= {{Ru7|ESP}}
|report = |stadium = [[Estadio José María Minella]], Mar del Plata
}}
----
{{rugbybox |date = 12 January 2000 |time = 20:10
|home= {{Ru7-rt|RSA}} |score= 54–0 |away= {{Ru7|ESP}}
|report = |stadium = [[Estadio José María Minella]], Mar del Plata
}}
----
{{rugbybox |date = 12 January 2000 |time = 21:40
|home= {{Ru7-rt|RSA}} |score= 14–12  |away= {{Ru7|ARG}}
|report = |stadium = [[Estadio José María Minella]], Mar del Plata
}}
----
{{rugbybox |date = 12 January 2000 |time = 23:00
|home= {{Ru7-rt|ARG}} |score= 53–0 |away= {{Ru7|BRA}}
|report = |stadium = [[Estadio José María Minella]], Mar del Plata
}}
&lt;small&gt;Source: [http://www.worldrugby.org/tournament/1387/results World Rugby] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629191338/http://www.worldrugby.org/tournament/1387/results |date=2016-06-29 }}&lt;/small&gt;

===Pool D===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|-
!width=&quot;200&quot;|Team
!width=&quot;40&quot;|Pld
!width=&quot;40&quot;|W
!width=&quot;40&quot;|D
!width=&quot;40&quot;|L
!width=&quot;40&quot;|PF
!width=&quot;40&quot;|PA
!width=&quot;40&quot;|+/-
!width=&quot;40&quot;|Pts
|-bgcolor=ccffcc
|align=left| {{Ru7|SAM}}
|3||2||1||0||98||28||+70||'''8''' 
|-bgcolor=ccffcc
|align=left| {{Ru7|AUS}}
|3||2||1||0||83||14||+69||'''8''' 
|-
|align=left| {{Ru7|CHI}}
|3||1||0||2||45||94||−49||'''5'''
|-
|align=left| {{Ru7|PAR}}
|3||0||0||3||26||116||−90||'''3'''
|}
&lt;small&gt;Source: [http://www.worldrugby.org/tournament/1387/standings World Rugby] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629215609/http://www.worldrugby.org/tournament/1387/standings |date=2016-06-29 }}&lt;/small&gt;
{{rugbybox |date = 12 January 2000 |time = 16:30
|home= {{Ru7-rt|CHI}} |score= 38–19 |away= {{Ru7|PAR}}
|report = |stadium = [[Estadio José María Minella]], Mar del Plata
}}
----
{{rugbybox |date = 12 January 2000 |time = 17:50
|home= {{Ru7-rt|AUS}} |score= 33–0 |away= {{Ru7|CHI}}
|report = |stadium = [[Estadio José María Minella]], Mar del Plata
}}
----
{{rugbybox |date = 12 January 2000 |time = 19:10
|home= {{Ru7-rt|SAM}} |score= 42–7 |away= {{Ru7|PAR}}
|report = |stadium = [[Estadio José María Minella]], Mar del Plata
}}
----
{{rugbybox |date = 12 January 2000 |time = 20:30
|home= {{Ru7-rt|SAM}} |score= 42–7 |away= {{Ru7|CHI}}
|report = |stadium = [[Estadio José María Minella]], Mar del Plata
}}
----
{{rugbybox |date = 12 January 2000 |time = 22:00
|home= {{Ru7-rt|AUS}} |score= 36–0  |away= {{Ru7|PAR}}
|report = |stadium = [[Estadio José María Minella]], Mar del Plata
}}
----
{{rugbybox |date = 12 January 2000 |time = 23:20
|home= {{Ru7-rt|SAM}} |score= 14–14 |away= {{Ru7|AUS}}
|report = |stadium = [[Estadio José María Minella]], Mar del Plata
}}
&lt;small&gt;Source: [http://www.worldrugby.org/tournament/1387/results World Rugby] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629191338/http://www.worldrugby.org/tournament/1387/results |date=2016-06-29 }}&lt;/small&gt;

==Finals==

===Bowl===
{{Round8
&lt;!--Date-Place|Team 1|Score 1|Team 2|Score 2 --&gt;
&lt;!--quarter finals --&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;13 January – [[Mar del Plata]]&lt;/small&gt; |'''{{Ru7|GER}}'''|'''12'''|{{Ru7|PER}}|7
|&lt;small&gt;13 January – [[Mar del Plata]]&lt;/small&gt; |'''{{Ru7|CHI}}'''|'''31'''|{{Ru7|BRA}}|5
|&lt;small&gt;13 January – [[Mar del Plata]]&lt;/small&gt; |'''{{Ru7|ESP}}'''|'''20'''|{{Ru7|PAR}}|12
|&lt;small&gt;13 January – [[Mar del Plata]]&lt;/small&gt; |'''{{Ru7|USA}}'''|'''21'''|{{Ru7|URU}}|15
&lt;!--semi finals  --&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;13 January – [[Mar del Plata]]&lt;/small&gt; |{{Ru7|GER}}|12|'''{{Ru7|CHI}}'''|'''42'''
|&lt;small&gt;13 January – [[Mar del Plata]]&lt;/small&gt; |'''{{Ru7|ESP}}'''|'''14'''|{{Ru7|USA}}|7
&lt;!--final  --&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;13 January – [[Mar del Plata]]&lt;/small&gt; |{{Ru7|CHI}}|7|'''{{Ru7|ESP}}'''|'''38'''
}}
&lt;small&gt;Source: [http://www.worldrugby.org/tournament/1387/results World Rugby] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629191338/http://www.worldrugby.org/tournament/1387/results |date=2016-06-29 }}&lt;/small&gt;

===Plate===
{{Round4
&lt;!--Date-Place|Team 1|Score 1|Team 2|Score 2 --&gt;
&lt;!--semi finals  --&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;13 January – [[Mar del Plata]]&lt;/small&gt;|{{ru7|FRA}}|12|'''{{ru7|ARG}}'''|'''28'''
|&lt;small&gt;13 January – [[Mar del Plata]]&lt;/small&gt;|{{ru7|RSA}}|17|'''{{ru7|CAN}}'''|'''35'''
&lt;!--final  --&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;13 January – [[Mar del Plata]]&lt;/small&gt;|'''{{ru7|ARG}}'''|'''26'''|{{ru7|CAN}}|14
}}
&lt;small&gt;Source: [http://www.worldrugby.org/tournament/1387/results World Rugby] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629191338/http://www.worldrugby.org/tournament/1387/results |date=2016-06-29 }}&lt;/small&gt;

===Cup===
{{Round8
&lt;!--Date-Place|Team 1|Score 1|Team 2|Score 2 --&gt;
&lt;!--quarter finals --&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;13 January – [[Mar del Plata]]&lt;/small&gt; |'''{{Ru7|FIJ}}'''|'''47'''|{{Ru7|FRA}}|7
|&lt;small&gt;13 January – [[Mar del Plata]]&lt;/small&gt; |'''{{Ru7|SAM}}'''|'''10'''|{{Ru7|ARG}}|5
|&lt;small&gt;13 January – [[Mar del Plata]]&lt;/small&gt; |'''{{Ru7|AUS}}'''|'''22'''|{{Ru7|RSA}}|5
|&lt;small&gt;13 January – [[Mar del Plata]]&lt;/small&gt; |'''{{Ru7|NZL}}'''|'''43'''|{{Ru7|CAN}}|7
&lt;!--semi finals  --&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;13 January – [[Mar del Plata]]&lt;/small&gt; |'''{{Ru7|FIJ}}'''|'''28'''|{{Ru7|SAM}}|12
|&lt;small&gt;13 January – [[Mar del Plata]]&lt;/small&gt; |{{Ru7|AUS}}|5|'''{{Ru7|NZL}}'''|'''26'''
&lt;!--final  --&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;13 January – [[Mar del Plata]]&lt;/small&gt; |'''{{Ru7|FIJ}}'''|'''26'''|{{Ru7|NZL}}|14
}}
&lt;small&gt;Source: [http://www.worldrugby.org/tournament/1387/results World Rugby] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629191338/http://www.worldrugby.org/tournament/1387/results |date=2016-06-29 }}&lt;/small&gt;

==Tournament placings==
{{col-float|firstcol=20em}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; padding-bottom:0;&quot;
! Place
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|{{noflag}}Team
! Points
|-
| {{gold1}}
|align=left| {{Ru7|FIJ}} || 20
|-
| {{silver2}}
|align=left| {{Ru7|NZL}} || 16
|-
| rowspan=2| {{bronze3}}
|align=left| {{Ru7|AUS}} || 12
|-
|align=left| {{Ru7|SAM}} || 12
|-
| 5
|align=left| {{Ru7|ARG}} || 8
|-
| 6
|align=left| {{Ru7|CAN}} || 6
|-
| rowspan=2| 7
|align=left| {{Ru7|FRA}} || 4
|-
|align=left| {{Ru7|RSA}} || 4
|}

{{col-float-break}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; padding-bottom:0;&quot;
! Place
! style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|{{noflag}}Team
! Points
|-
| 9
|align=left| {{Ru7|ESP}} || 2
|-
|10
|align=left| {{Ru7|CHI}} || 0
|-
| rowspan=2| 11
|align=left| {{Ru7|GER}} || 0
|-
|align=left| {{Ru7|USA}} || 0
|-
| rowspan=4| 13
|align=left| {{Ru7|BRA}} || 0
|-
|align=left| {{Ru7|PAR}} || 0
|-
|align=left| {{Ru7|PER}} || 0
|-
|align=left| {{Ru7|URU}} || 0
|}
{{col-float-end}}
&lt;small&gt;Source: [http://www.rugby7.com/IRBS.asp?Y=2000 Rugby7.com]&lt;ref name = standings-2000/&gt;&lt;/small&gt;

==References==
{{reflist|refs=

&lt;ref name = rugby7-2000&gt;{{cite web 
 |year=2000
 |title= IRB Sevens I - Mar del Plata, Argentina. 1/13/2000 - 1/14/2000			
 |website= rugby7.com
 |accessdate= 25 May 2016
 |url= http://rugby7.com/st.asp?T=PDE-2000
 |url-status=live
 }}
&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name = standings-2000&gt;{{cite web 
 |date= 2000
 |title= IRB Sevens Standings
 |website= Rugby 7
 |accessdate= 26 May 2016
 |url= http://www.rugby7.com/IRBS.asp?Y=2000
 |url-status= live
 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160526165246/http://www.rugby7.com/IRBS.asp?Y=2000
 |archivedate= 26 May 2016}}
&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url = http://www.rugby7.com/st.asp?T=MDP-2000|title = Mar del Plata Sevens 2000|date= 2013-06-03|work = rugby7.com}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-other|[[1999–2000 World Sevens Series|IRB Sevens I]]}}
{{succession box|title= 2000 Mar del Plata Sevens|before=[[2000 Punta del Este Sevens]]|after=[[2000 Wellington Sevens]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Mar del Plata Sevens}}
{{1999–2000 World Sevens Series}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mar del Plata}}
[[Category:Mar del Plata Sevens|2000]]
[[Category:2000 rugby sevens competitions]]
[[Category:2000 in Argentine rugby union]]
[[Category:January 2000 sports events]]
&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:w:en:2000 Mar del Plata Sevens]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[2000 Mar del Plata Sevens/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>if6sfnxapp5ktt2qragp7q0j2ee6ozn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sports in Toronto</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>114749</id>
    <revision>
      <id>540372</id>
      <parentid>539948</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-27T19:38:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>34092</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="141475" xml:space="preserve">{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2018}}
[[File:Postal terminal now Air Canada Centre.jpg|thumb]]

==Clubs==
{{Main|List of sports teams in Toronto}}

===Professional sports teams based in the Greater Toronto Area===
Toronto has teams in nearly every [[Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada|North American major professional league]], including the [[Toronto Blue Jays]] ([[Major League Baseball|MLB]]), [[Toronto Argonauts]] ([[Canadian Football League|CFL]]), [[Toronto Raptors]] ([[National Basketball Association|NBA]]), [[Toronto FC]] ([[Major League Soccer|MLS]]) and the [[Toronto Maple Leafs]] ([[National Hockey League|NHL]]). Toronto is one of 4 North American cities (alongside [[Sports in Chicago|Chicago]], [[Sports in Los Angeles|Los Angeles]], &amp; [[Sports in Washington, D.C.|Washington, D.C.]]) to have won [[championship|titles]] in its five major leagues (MLB, NHL, NBA, MLS and either [[National Football League|NFL]] or CFL), and the only one to have done so in the Canadian Football League.

[[Rogers Media|Rogers Communications]] operates the Toronto Blue Jays [[baseball]] team through Rogers Blue Jays Baseball Partnership and the Rogers Centre. Canada Inc., a joint venture between Rogers Communications and Bell Canada owns 75% of [[Maple Leaf Sports &amp; Entertainment]], owns the Toronto Maple Leafs, Toronto Raptors, Toronto Argonauts, and Toronto FC of [[Major League Soccer]], as well as their minor league [[farm team]]s, the [[Toronto Marlies]] of the [[American Hockey League]] (AHL), [[Raptors 905]] of the [[NBA G League]] and [[Toronto FC II]] of the [[USL League One]].

[[Scotiabank Arena]] (home of the Leafs, Raptors, and [[Toronto Rock]] ([[National Lacrosse League|NLL]]); previously known as Air Canada Centre) and [[Rogers Centre]] (home of the Blue Jays; previously known as SkyDome) are located in the downtown core and are within a 9 minute walking distance from one another via Bremner Boulevard.&lt;ref&gt;https://goo.gl/maps/gUys1RBius862Hud9 Google Maps&lt;/ref&gt; Rogers Centre was the first stadium to have a fully retractable motorized roof. [[BMO Field]] (home of Toronto FC and the Argonauts) and [[Coca-Cola Coliseum]] (home of the Toronto Marlies; previously known as Ricoh Coliseum) are located at [[Exhibition Place]], situated just outside the downtown core, while also being within a 2 minute walking distance from one another via Nova Scotia Avenue.&lt;ref&gt;https://goo.gl/maps/ggKXSf1ikunUP6V18 Google Maps&lt;/ref&gt; [[Lamport Stadium]] (home of the [[Toronto Wolfpack]] ([[Super League]]) and [[Toronto Arrows]] ([[Major League Rugby|MLR]]); practice field for the Argonauts) also neighbours Exhibition Place in Toronto's West End, being within a 9 minute walking distance from BMO Field via [[Liberty Village]].&lt;ref&gt;https://goo.gl/maps/vktuMTKsY3Hk8qs19 Google Maps&lt;/ref&gt; 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|-
!Club
!Sport
!League
!Venue
!Established (lineage)
!Championships
![[Forbes]] valuation (year)

|-
|[[Toronto Argonauts]]
|[[Canadian football]]
|[[Canadian Football League]]
|[[BMO Field]]
|1873{{efn|Founded in 1873, the club is the oldest existing sports team in North America still using its original name, and they are the oldest-surviving team in both the modern-day CFL and East Division.&lt;ref name=CFLFacts&gt;''Canadian Football League Facts, Figures &amp; Records.'' (2009). pg. 23&lt;/ref&gt;}} 
|17 [[Grey Cup]]s&lt;br /&gt;(last in [[105th Grey Cup|2017]])
|—

|-
|[[Toronto Maple Leafs]]
|[[Ice hockey]]
|[[National Hockey League]]
|[[Scotiabank Arena]]
|1927&lt;br&gt;(1917){{efn|The club was originally nicknamed the &quot;[[Toronto Arenas|Toronto Arenas/Torontos]]&quot; in 1917, then changed their nickname to the &quot;[[Toronto St. Patricks]]&quot; in 1919. The club was finally rebranded to their current nickname, the &quot;Toronto Maple Leafs&quot; in 1927}} 
|13 [[Stanley Cup]]s&lt;br /&gt;(last in [[1967 Stanley Cup Finals|1967]])
|$1.50 billion USD (2019)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/teams/toronto-maple-leafs/|title=Toronto Maple Leafs|work=[[Forbes]]|accessdate=December 9, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

|-
|[[Toronto Blue Jays]]
|[[Baseball]]
|[[Major League Baseball]]
|[[Rogers Centre]]
|1977
|2 [[World Series]]&lt;br /&gt;(last in [[1993 World Series|1993]])
|$1.625 billion USD (2020)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/teams/toronto-blue-jays/|title=Toronto Blue Jays|work=[[Forbes]]|accessdate=April 23, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

|-
|[[Toronto Raptors]]
|[[Basketball]]
|[[National Basketball Association]]
|Scotiabank Arena
|1995
|1 [[Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy|NBA Title]]&lt;br /&gt;(last in [[2019 NBA Finals|2019]])
|$2.1 billion USD (2020)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/teams/toronto-raptors/|title=Toronto Raptors|work=[[Forbes]]|accessdate=February 11, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

|-
|[[Toronto Rock]]
|[[Lacrosse]]
|[[National Lacrosse League]]
|Scotiabank Arena
|1999&lt;br&gt;(1998){{efn|Although established in Toronto in 1999, the club's history originated in 1998 when it was founded as the [[Ontario Raiders]] who played their home games in [[Hamilton, Ontario]].}}
|6 [[National Lacrosse League Cup|NLL Cups]]&lt;br /&gt;(last in [[2011 NLL season|2011]])
|—

|-
|[[Toronto Marlies]]
|Ice hockey
|[[American Hockey League]]
|[[Coca-Cola Coliseum]]{{efn|Although the Coca-Cola Coliseum is their primary home venue, approximately 4 of their regular season home games are played at Scotiabank Arena}}
|2005&lt;br&gt;(1978){{efn|Although established in Toronto in 2005, the club's history originated back in 1978 when it was founded as the [[New Brunswick Hawks]] (1978-82). The club later became the [[St. Catharines Saints]] (1982-1986), the [[Newmarket Saints]] (1986-91), &amp; the [[St. John's Maple Leafs]] (1991-2005) before ultimately settling in Toronto.}}
|1 [[Calder Cup]]{{efn|Historically, the club has won 2 Calder Cups, but only 1 was won while based in Toronto. An additional Calder Cup championship was won in 1982 when the club was based in [[Moncton, New Brunswick]] as the [[New Brunswick Hawks]].}}&lt;br /&gt;(last in [[2018 Calder Cup playoffs|2018]])
|—

|-
|[[Toronto FC]]
|[[Soccer]]
|[[Major League Soccer]]
|BMO Field
|2007
|1 [[MLS Cup]]&lt;br /&gt;(last in [[MLS Cup 2017|2017]]){{efn|The club has also won 7 [[Voyageurs Cup]]s (last in [[2018 Canadian Championship|2018]]) which is the domestic trophy awarded to the best professional soccer club in Canada by virtue of winning the annual [[Canadian Championship]] tournament. The winner is also awarded Canada's berth in the [[CONCACAF Champions League]]. In addition to winning the MLS Cup in [[2017 Toronto FC season|2017]], the club also won the [[domestic treble]] by virtue of also winning the [[Supporters' Shield]] (for completing the MLS regular season with the best record overall as determined by the MLS points system) as well as winning the [[2017 Canadian Championship]].}} 
|$395 million USD (2019)&lt;ref name=forbesmls&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/chrissmith/2019/11/04/major-league-soccers-most-valuable-teams-2019-atlanta-stays-on-top-as-expansion-fees-sale-prices-surge/#72d3b3b051b5|title=Major League Soccer’s Most Valuable Teams 2019: Atlanta Stays On Top As Expansion Fees, Sale Prices Surge|work=[[Forbes]]|date=November 4, 2019|accessdate=November 6, 2019|last=Smith|first=Chris}}&lt;/ref&gt;

|-
|[[Brampton Beast]]
|Ice hockey
|[[ECHL]]
|[[CAA Centre]]
|2013
|0
|—

|-
|[[Toronto FC II]]
|Soccer
|[[USL League One]]
|[[BMO Training Ground]]
|2015
|0
|—

|-
|[[Raptors 905]]
|Basketball
|[[NBA G League]]
|[[Paramount Fine Foods Centre]]{{efn|Although the Paramount Fine Foods Centre in [[Mississauga, Ontario]] is their primary home venue, approximately 2 of their regular season home games are played at Scotiabank Arena in Toronto.}}
|2015
|1 [[List of NBA G League champions|D-League Title]]{{efn|The club won the championship during the league's final season of their branding as the &quot;NBA D-League&quot;. The following season, the league's name was rebranded to its current one, the &quot;NBA G League&quot;, after a title sponsorship deal was reached with [[Gatorade]].}} &lt;br /&gt;(last in [[2016–17 NBA Development League season|2017]])
|—

|-
|[[Toronto Wolfpack]]
|[[Rugby league]]
|[[Super League]]
|[[Lamport Stadium]]
|2017
| 0 (in Super League){{efn|The club competes in a [[promotion and relegation]] system, and has won championships in lower tier divisions. The club won the [[League 1 (rugby league)|League 1]] season championship in 2017, and was promoted to the [[RFL Championship]]. In 2019, the team was the champion of the [[RFL Championship]] playoffs, and was promoted to Super League.}} 
|—

|-
|Toronto Nationals
|[[Cricket]]
|[[Global T20 Canada]]
|[[CAA Centre]]
|2018
|0 
|—

|-
|[[Toronto Arrows]]
|[[Rugby union]]
|[[Major League Rugby]]
|[[Alumni Field (York University)|Alumni Field]]&lt;br /&gt;Lamport Stadium
|2019&lt;br&gt;(2017)
|0
|—

|-
|[[York9 FC]]
|Soccer
|[[Canadian Premier League]]
|[[York Lions Stadium]]
|2019
|0 
|—

|-
|Brampton Wolves
|Cricket
|[[Global T20 Canada]]
|[[CAA Centre]]
|2019
|0 
|—

|-
|[[Toronto Six]]
|Ice hockey
|[[National Women's Hockey League]]
|
|2020
|0
|–
|}

===Semi-professional or amateur sports teams in Toronto===

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|-
!Club
!Sport
!League
!Venue
!Established
!Championships
|-
|[[Toronto Maple Leafs (semi-pro baseball)|Toronto Maple Leafs]]
|Baseball
|[[Intercounty Baseball League]]
|[[Christie Pits]]
|1969
|8
|-
|[[Toronto Croatia]]
|Soccer
|[[Canadian Soccer League]]
|[[Centennial Park Stadium]]
|1956
|8
|-
|[[Serbian White Eagles]]
|Soccer
|[[Canadian Soccer League]]
|[[Centennial Park Stadium]]
|1968
|1
|-
|[[Toronto Rush]]
|Ultimate Disc
|[[American Ultimate Disc League]]
|[[Varsity Stadium]]
|2013
|1
|-
|[[Scarborough SC]]
|Soccer
|[[Canadian Soccer League]]
|[[Birchmount Stadium]]
|2014
|0
|-
|[[Toronto FC Academy]]
|Soccer
|[[League1 Ontario]]
|[[KIA Training Ground]]
|2014
|1
|-
|Sanjaxx Lions
|Soccer
|[[League1 Ontario]]
|[[Monarch Park Stadium]]
|2015
|0
|-
|North Toronto Nitros
|Soccer
|[[League1 Ontario]]
|[[Varsity Stadium]]
|2016
|0
|}

===College sports===

Three [[U Sports]] [[Ontario University Athletics]] athletic programs reside in the Toronto.

====University teams====
* [[Ryerson Rams]] ([[Ryerson University]]) (est. 1948)
* [[Toronto Varsity Blues|Varsity Blues]] ([[University of Toronto]]) (est. 1877)
* [[York Lions]] ([[York University]]) (est. 1968)
* [[UOIT Ridgebacks]] ([[University of Ontario Institute of Technology]]) (est. 2006)

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
!Institution
!Nickname
!Location&lt;br /&gt;(Ontario)
!Founded
!Type
! data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot;| Enrollment
!Endowment
!Joined
!Division
|-
| [[Ryerson University]]
| [[Ryerson Rams|Rams]]
| [[Toronto]]
| 1948
| Public
| 32,670
| $125.8M
| 1972-73
| East
|-
| {{sort|Toronto|[[University of Toronto]]}}
| [[Toronto Varsity Blues|Varsity Blues]]
| [[Toronto]]
| 1827
| Public
| 73,185
| $2.38B
| 1955-56
| East
|-
| [[York University]]
| [[York Lions|Lions]]
| [[Toronto]]
| 1959
| Public
| 42,400
| $306M
| 1972-73
| East
|-
| {{sort|Ontario Tech|[[University of Ontario Institute of Technology]]}}
| [[University of Ontario Institute of Technology Ridgebacks|Ridgebacks]]
| [[Oshawa]]
| 2003
| Public
| 5,000
| ---
| 2006-07
| East
|}

'''Facilities'''

&lt;div style=&quot;&quot;&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;
|- bgcolor=&quot;#efefef&quot;
!Institution!!Football&lt;br /&gt;Stadium!!Seated&lt;br /&gt;Capacity!!Basketball&lt;br /&gt;Arena!!Seated&lt;br /&gt;Capacity!!Hockey&lt;br /&gt;Arena!!Seated&lt;br /&gt;Capacity!!Soccer&lt;br /&gt;Stadium!!Seated&lt;br /&gt;Capacity

|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;| [[University of Toronto|Toronto]]||[[Varsity Stadium]]||5,000||[[Goldring Centre for High Performance Sport|Goldring Centre]]||2,000||[[Varsity Arena]]||4,116||[[Varsity Stadium]]||5,000
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;| [[Ryerson University|Ryerson]]||No Football|| -- ||[[Maple Leaf Gardens|Mattamy Athletic Centre]]||1,000||[[Maple Leaf Gardens|Mattamy Home Ice]]||2,796||[[Monarch Park Stadium]]||3,000
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;| [[York University|York]]||[[Alumni Field (York University)|Alumni Field]]||2,000||[[Tait McKenzie Centre]]|| 1,200 ||[[Canlan Ice Sports – York]]|| 1,700 ||[[Alumni Field (York University)|Alumni Field]]||2,000
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;| [[University of Ontario Institute of Technology|UOIT]]||No Football|| -- ||Campus Recreation &amp; Wellness Centre|| 2,000&lt;ref name=&quot;oua.ca&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://www.oua.ca/directory/uoit | title=Directory: UOIT Ridgebacks - Ontario University Athletics (OUA) | access-date=July 7, 2020 | archive-date=June 24, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624212759/http://www.oua.ca/directory/uoit | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; ||UOIT Campus Ice Centre||550||Vaso's Field|| 1,000&lt;ref name=&quot;oua.ca&quot;/&gt;

|}

====Community colleges====
* [[Seneca College|Seneca Sting]]
* [[Humber College|Humber Hawks]]
* [[George Brown College|George Brown Huskies]]
* [[Centennial College|Centennial Colts]]

====Junior====
* [[Toronto Predators]]
* [[Toronto Jr. Canadiens]]
* [[Toronto Patriots]]
* [[St. Michael's Buzzers]]
* [[North York Rangers]]

==Ice hockey==
:{{Main|Toronto Maple Leafs|Toronto Blueshirts|Toronto Arenas|Toronto St. Patricks|Toronto Ontarios|Toronto Tecumsehs|Toronto 228th Battalion (NHA)|Toronto Toros|Toronto Marlies|Toronto Roadrunners|Toronto Furies|Toronto Six}}
[[File:Toronto Professional Hockey Club, 1906–97.jpg|thumb|Team members of the 1906–07 [[Toronto Professional Hockey Club]]. Founded in 1906, the club was the first professional hockey team in Toronto.]]
The city is known for the [[Toronto Maple Leafs]] of the [[National Hockey League]], a team with passionate support in the city, and the most financially successful sports franchise in the country.  The team built Maple Leaf Gardens, a sporting venue which served as the home arena for the Maple Leafs, and was also used for cultural and other events.  Since 1999, they have played in the [[Scotiabank Arena]] (initially referred to as the Air Canada Centre).  The team's roots stretch back to the [[Toronto Blueshirts]] of the [[National Hockey Association]], the predecessor to the NHL.  The NHA was founded in 1909 without any teams from Toronto. In 1911, the [[Mutual Street Arena|Arena Gardens]] was being built and [[Ambrose O'Brien]], who had operated four NHA franchises but decided to get out of the business, sold two of his franchises to Toronto-based groups.  The Toronto Hockey Club purchased one, which would become known as the Blueshirts, and a second was sold to a group affiliated with the Tecumseh Lacrosse Club for $500 cash and promissory notes for $2,000 which would be called the [[Toronto Tecumsehs]].  They were scheduled to begin play in the 1911-12 season, but construction delays led to the two Toronto teams being dropped from the schedule and they instead began play in 1912–13.

After a year of play, the Tecumsehs were sold and renamed the [[Toronto Ontarios]].  The following year the team was purchased by [[Eddie Livingstone]], who renamed them the Toronto Shamrocks in January 1915.  Later that year, Livingstone purchased the Blueshirts giving him ownership of two NHA teams, but after the [[Pacific Coast Hockey Association]] raids left him with only enough players for one team, he transferred Shamrocks players to the Blueshirts and only the Blueshirts competed in the [[1915–16 NHA season]]. When Livingstone failed to sell the Shamrocks, the NHA seized the franchise, which was left dormant for the year before being reactivated in [[1916–17 NHA season|1916–17]], awarding it to a Canadian military team, the [[Toronto 228th Battalion (NHA)|Toronto 228th Battalion]]. When the regiment was ordered overseas in February 1917, the team was forced to withdraw.  That left the NHA with an odd number of teams, and as a result, the team owners, who wanted Livingstone out of the league, decided to suspend operations of the Blueshirts for the remainder of the season. Following the end of the season, Toronto was reinstated, with the condition that the club was to be sold within 60 days. However, Livingstone obtained a court order to prevent the sale.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |newspaper=Montreal Gazette |date=March 19, 1917 |title=Suit Against N.H.A. Clubs |page=16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before the start of the 1917–18 season, the NHA owners announced that the league would not operate in the 1917–18 season. About two weeks later, all of the owners except Livingstone announced that they were creating a new league, the National Hockey League.  Livingstone was not invited to participate in the new league.  However, the other teams wished to continue a team in Toronto, and also needed a fourth team to balance the schedule.  Accordingly, Livingstone's landlord, the Toronto Arena Company, was given a temporary franchise in the NHL and leased Livingstone's Torontos players for the inaugural [[1917–18 NHL season]].{{sfn|Holzman|Nieforth|2002|p=157}}  Although the team had no official name, it was made up mostly of former Blue Shirts and as a result, the newspapers still called the team the Blue Shirts or the Torontos, as they always had.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=The Toronto Blue Shirts a.k.a. The Torontos, the NHL's first Stanley Cup champions 1917-1918| last=Morrison |first=John |last2=Mclatchy |first2=Doug |publisher=Hockey Information Service Inc. |year=1996 |isbn=1-894014-00-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The Arena Company had originally promised to return the Toronto players to Livingstone if no transfer could be arranged. Instead, before the [[1918–19 NHL season|1918–19 season]], it formed a new club, which was known as the [[Toronto Arenas]].{{sfn |Holzman |Nieforth |2002 |pp=197–198}} This new franchise was separated from the Arena Company. The dispute with Livingstone forced the Arena Company into bankruptcy.  The Arenas were sold to a group headed by [[Charles Querrie]] for $5000, who renamed them the [[Toronto St. Patricks]].  In 1927, with the team in trouble financially due to Querrie having lost a lawsuit to former Livingstone, Querrie put the St. Pats up for sale and agreed in principle to sell them for $200,000 to a group that would move the team to [[Philadelphia]].&lt;ref name=thoughages&gt;{{cite web|url=http://sports.nationalpost.com/2010/12/01/maple-leafs-owners-through-the-ages/|title=Maple Leafs' owners through the ages|last=Sandler|first=Jeremy|newspaper=[[National Post]]|date=December 1, 2010|accessdate=March 19, 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20140320041448/http://sports.nationalpost.com/2010/12/01/maple-leafs-owners-through-the-ages/|archivedate=March 20, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;  However, [[Conn Smythe]] persuaded Querrie that civic pride was more important than money and put together a syndicate that bought the St. Pats.  Smythe himself invested $10,000 of his own money and his group contributed $75,000 up front and a further $75,000 due 30 days later, with minority partner [[Jack Bickell]] retaining his $40,000 share in the team.&lt;ref name=thoughages/&gt;&lt;ref name=smythe&gt;{{cite web|url=http://sports.nationalpost.com/2011/10/21/excerpt-the-lives-of-conn-smythe/|title=The Lives of Conn Smythe: From the Battlefield to Maple Leaf Gardens: A Hockey Icon's Story|year=2011|accessdate=January 11, 2014|work=[[National Post]]|first=Kelly|last=McParland|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20140112052642/http://sports.nationalpost.com/2011/10/21/excerpt-the-lives-of-conn-smythe/|archivedate=January 12, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The deal was finalized on Valentine's Day,&lt;ref name=smythe/&gt; and the new owners quickly renamed the team the Toronto Maple Leafs.&lt;ref name=smytheyoung&gt;{{cite book |last1=Smythe |first1=Conn |author1-link=Conn Smythe|last2=Young |first2=Scott |author2-link=Scott Young (writer)|title=Conn Smythe: If you can't beat 'em in the alley |year=1981 |publisher=McClelland and Stewart |location=Toronto, Ontario |isbn=0-7710-9078-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|85–86}}

When the [[World Hockey Association]], a rival league to the NHL, awarded Doug Michel an Ontario-based franchise in 1971 for $25,000 to play in the WHA's inaugural [[1972–73 WHA season|1972–73 season]],&lt;ref name=Bassett/&gt; Toronto was one of several cities under consideration as home for the team. [[Harold Ballard]], owner of the Maple Leafs and Maple Leaf Gardens, offered to rent the arena to the team, but Michel found the rent excessive.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=No WHA decomposure: New hockey body is 'alive and kicking'|date=January 21, 1972|first=Dick|last=Beddos|newspaper=[[The Globe and Mail]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=ballardterms&gt;{{cite news|title=Ballard gives WHA terms|date=December 11, 1971|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  He then tried to base the team in [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]], but the city did not have an appropriate venue.&lt;ref name=ballardterms/&gt;  Michel settled on [[Ottawa]] and the team became the [[Ottawa Nationals]].  However, after a season at the [[Ottawa Civic Centre]], the team decided to relocate and played their home playoff games at Maple Leaf Gardens. During this time, the team was referred to as the Ontario Nationals.  The team moved to Toronto permanently for the following season after being sold to [[John F. Bassett]], son of former Leafs part-owner [[John Bassett]].&lt;ref name=Bassett&gt;{{cite news|title=Bassett buys WHA's Ottawa franchise, seeks Toronto home, nickname for team|first=Paul|last=Patton|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=May 3, 1973}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Future Leafs owner [[Steve Stavro]] was a minority shareholder.&lt;ref name=Bassett/&gt; They were renamed the [[Toronto Toros]] in June 1973.  However, they could only attract a fraction of the attendance numbers the competing Leafs drew.  In their inaugural season, they played out of [[Varsity Arena]], but played the next two seasons out of Maple Leaf Gardens.  The team played their final game in Toronto in 1976, after which a drop in attendance and onerous lease terms at the Gardens forced them to relocate to [[Birmingham, Alabama]] as the [[Birmingham Bulls (WHA)|Birmingham Bulls]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=WHA will operate in 2-division setup|date=August 19, 1976|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Ricohcoliseum.jpg|thumb|Originally built in 1920, [[Coca-Cola Coliseum]] was renovated in 2003 in order to accommodate the [[Toronto Marlies]], the [[American Hockey League|AHL]] affiliate of the Maple Leafs. ]]
In the early 1980s, Ballard and the owner of the [[Edmonton Oilers]] discussed to possibility of the franchise swapping home cities with the Maple Leafs, with Ballard receiving $50 million to compensate him for relocating to the smaller city, but the deal fell through.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/sports/hockey/2009/10/11/peter_pocklington_book_says_oilersleafs_almost_swapped_cities.html|title=Peter Pocklington book says Oilers-Leafs almost swapped cities|first=Sylvia|last=Strojek|date=October 11, 2009|accessdate=July 15, 2017|newspaper=[[Toronto Star]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There have been numerous attempts to establish a [[Potential National Hockey League expansion#Greater Toronto Area|second NHL team in the Greater Toronto Area]] or nearby [[Potential National Hockey League expansion#Hamilton|Hamilton]].  The latter briefly had the [[Hamilton Tigers]] in the NHL from 1920, when local interests purchased and relocated the [[Quebec Bulldogs]], until 1925 when they folded.

In 2003, the [[Toronto Roadrunners]] of the [[American Hockey League]] played their inaugural season out of a renovated [[Ricoh Coliseum]] in Exhibition Place. They served as a [[farm club]] for the NHL's Edmonton Oilers.  After a season of bad attendance, the team relocated to [[Edmonton]], [[Alberta]].  However, with the Ricoh Coliseum vacated, a new tenant for the facility was found with the Maple Leafs relocating their AHL farm team, the [[St. John's Maple Leafs]], from [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador]] to Toronto as the [[Toronto Marlies]] in 2005.

Toronto has also hosted various international hockey tournaments: hosting parts of the [[Summit Series|1972]] and [[1974 Summit Series]]; parts of the [[1976 Canada Cup|1976]] and [[1991 Canada Cup]]s; parts of the [[2004 World Cup of Hockey]] &amp; all of the [[2016 World Cup of Hockey|2016 edition]]; and parts of the [[2015 World Junior Ice Hockey Championship|2015]] &amp; [[2017 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships]].

Participation in [[minor hockey]] is very popular. The [[Greater Toronto Area]] is home to the [[Greater Toronto Hockey League]] (GTHL), the largest minor hockey league in the world, and the North York Hockey League.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}

The Greater Toronto Area has also been home to several women's hockey team including the professional [[Canadian Women's Hockey League]]'s (CWHL) [[Markham Thunder]] and [[Toronto Furies]]. However, the league ceased operations in 2019. In 2020, the [[National Women's Hockey League]] (NWHL) announced expansion to Toronto with the [[Toronto Six]] taking the ice for the 2020–21 season.

==Baseball==
:{{Main|Toronto Blue Jays|Toronto Maple Leafs (International League)}}
[[File:Toronto Diamond Park.jpg|thumb|[[Diamond Park (Toronto)|Diamond Park]] was the fourth home of the [[Toronto Maple Leafs (International League)|Toronto Maple Leafs]] baseball team. The team was founded in 1895 and was a member of the [[International League]].]]
Professional baseball has had a presence in the city at the minor league level since 1896 with the [[Toronto Maple Leafs (International League)|Toronto Maple Leafs]] of the AAA [[International League]]. It was in a game against the Leafs on September 4, 1914 at [[Hanlan's Point Stadium]] where [[Babe Ruth]] hit his first professional [[home run]]&lt;ref name=wonderful&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto's Baseball Story And Its New, Wonderful Tale|date=October 19, 1992|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|first=Dave|last=Anderson}}&lt;/ref&gt; while also pitching a complete game [[one-hitter (baseball)|one-hitter]] for the visiting [[Providence Grays]]. A year after the conclusion of his MLB career, hall of famer [[Nap Lajoie]] served as player manager for the Maple Leafs in 1917, winning the International League's batting title with a .380 average at 42 years of age, while also managing his team to the league's championship in his only season with the team. In 1926, hall of fame pitcher [[Carl Hubbell]] was assigned to the Maple Leafs, and finished the season with a 7-7 record on that championship winning team. In 1943, hall of fame hitter [[Ralph Kiner]] was assigned to play with the Maple Leafs, but left the team after a few weeks upon being called to duty by the U.S. Navy. Hall of famer [[Sparky Anderson]] was also a member of the Leafs as both a player (1960-1963) and a manager (1964).&lt;ref name=wonderful/&gt; 

Toronto interests long pursued a major league team for the city. Toronto was proposed as the home for a [[National League]] (NL) team by [[Albert Spalding]] when he was established the league in 1876.&lt;ref name=wonderful/&gt; Exhibition games were played by both the NL and [[American League]] (AL) of [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) in Toronto in the 1910s.&lt;ref name=vila&gt;{{cite news|title=Vila intimates change coming|date=December 2, 1918|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|The Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Member of Parliament#Canada|Member of Parliament]] [[Bernard Rickart Hepburn]] was granted a Toronto franchise by the [[Federal League]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Millions of dollars for Federal League|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|The Globe]]|date=January 5, 1914}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=insists/&gt; a rival major league to the NL and AL, for its inaugural season in 1914,&lt;ref name=insists/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto is in Federal League to a certainty: All doubt was swept aside last night|date=January 27, 1914|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|The Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto and the Federal Leaguers: Still a chance for a team in this city|date=December 30, 1913|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|The Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; after the franchise was revoked from [[Cleveland]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto joins Federal League: Tinker and Brown have jumped|date=December 29, 1913|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|The Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=visiting&gt;{{cite news|title=Federal President visiting Toronto|date=December 31, 1913|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|The Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; After speculation the franchise would be returned to Cleveland&lt;ref name=visiting/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Federal to keep Toronto in League: Another Crisis of Outlaw Organization Straightened Out at Chicago|date=February 8, 1914|newspaper=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; or moved to [[Cincinnati]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Want Toronto's place in Federal League|date=January 15, 1914|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|The Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Cincinnati for outlaws?: Federal League May Transfer Toronto Franchise to Redland|date=January 23, 1914|newspaper=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto gives up hope of the Feds: Slight Prospect of This City Being Represented|date=January 24, 1914|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|The Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; it was transferred to [[Brooklyn]] to become the [[Brooklyn Tip-Tops]] prior to playing a game in Toronto.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto Fed. Franchise is taken to Brooklyn|date=February 14, 1914|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|The Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Federal League to play in Brooklyn|date=February 14, 1914|newspaper=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hepburn cited his inability to find a park to play at in short notice as the reason the team didn't launch.&lt;ref name=insists/&gt; However, he secured an agreement with the league which granted him the rights to a team for the following season.&lt;ref name=insists&gt;{{cite news|title=Hepburn insists Toronto will have Feds|date=February 20, 1914|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|The Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Though Toronto would be proposed as the new home to the [[Kansas City Packers]] Federal League franchise for the 1915 season,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Federals planning stronger circuit|date=October 25, 1914|newspaper=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; no team ever came to fruition in the city.

Toronto interests put forward a bid to buy the [[History of the Washington Senators (1901–60)|Washington Nationals]] to move them to Toronto in 1918 when there was discussion of the team relocating.&lt;ref name=vila/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto capitalist makes an offer to Ban|date=December 6, 1918|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|The Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Most momentous week in the history of baseball|date=December 5, 1918|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|The Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Major bee is buzzing again|date=November 22, 1918|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|The Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The following year it was reported that there were plans for the [[Boston Red Sox]], [[Chicago White Sox]] and [[New York Yankees]], which were dissatisfied with the President of the AL [[Ban Johnson]], to break away and form their own new major league, which would include Toronto.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto is named to join American League rebellion|date=November 7, 1919|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|The Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In 1922 a Toronto group attempted to purchase the Boston Red Sox to relocate them to Toronto.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Emphatic denials that Toronto men get Boston option|date=December 7, 1922|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|The Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Frazee flatly denies transfer of Red Sox|date=December 7, 1922|newspaper=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The owner of the [[Boston Braves (baseball)|Boston Braves]], [[Lou Perini]], tried to sell his team to Toronto interests in the early 1950s before relocating them to become the [[Milwaukee Braves]].&lt;ref name=globechairman/&gt;  While owning the Maple Leafs baseball team, [[Jack Kent Cooke]] set his sights on bringing MLB to Toronto. He made a bid on the [[St. Louis Browns]] in 1953,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Bill De Witt Confirms Cooke Seeking Brownies' Franchise|date=April 28, 1953|first=Al|last=Nickleson|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; but the team was sold to a competing group which relocated them to become the [[Baltimore Orioles]] the following season.&lt;ref name=notready&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto Not Ready: Major League Ball Franchise For Baltimore|date=September 30, 1953|first=Jim|last=Vipovod|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The AL considered Toronto as a potential home for the [[Philadelphia Athletics]] before they became the [[Kansas City Athletics]] in 1955,&lt;ref name=enlarged&gt;{{cite news|title=Enlarged Ball Park To Seat 38,790 Fans|date=January 27, 1955|last=Smith|first=Wilf|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto May Win Out With Major Franchise Of Philadelphia A's|date=July 13, 1953|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; after Cooke bid on them,&lt;ref name=franchisefirst/&gt; but the city's lack of a major league venue was an obstacle to acquiring a team.&lt;ref name=notready/&gt;&lt;ref name=enlarged/&gt;  Cooke unsuccessfully bid on the [[Detroit Tigers]] in 1956,&lt;ref name=franchisefirst/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Cooke in Bid for Detroit; Lions Withdrawing Offer|date=June 29, 1956|first=Al|last=Nickleson|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Cooke, Veeck groups Tiger rivals|date=June 29, 1956|newspaper=[[Toronto Daily Star]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; reportedly to move them to Toronto.&lt;ref name=globechairman/&gt;  In 1957 he submitted a bid for a NL expansion team for Toronto.&lt;ref name=franchisefirst&gt;{{cite news|title='If we can get big league franchise we will get the stadium' -- Cooke|date=September 11, 1957|newspaper=[[Toronto Daily Star]]|first=Neil|last=MacCarl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Cooke to Apply for NL Franchise: His Bid Will Be Made Within Next 72 Hours|date=September 11, 1957|first=Jim|last=Vipovod|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Sees Toronto Joining NL: O'Malley Outlines Ten-Team Circuit|date=October 2, 1957|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|first=Jim|last=Vipovod}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Shag pans O'Malley's 10-team league|date=October 2, 1957|newspaper=[[Toronto Daily Star]]|first=Milt|last=Dunnell}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In 1958, Cooke offered to withdraw from Toronto if the [[Los Angeles Dodgers]], who were considering relocating, moved to the city, in exchange for partial ownership of the club.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=By Jim Coleman|first=Jim|last=Coleman|date=May 31, 1958|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto May Win Dodgers' Franchise|date=May 24, 1958|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Metropolitan Toronto: Allen at Bat for the Big League|date=May 28, 1958|first=Ronald|last=Haggart|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Didn't Favor Toronto, Warren Giles Insists|date=June 10, 1958|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  That same year it was reported that Toronto was one of the cities that the owner of the [[Washington Senators (1960–1971)|Washington Senators]] was considering relocating his team to.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=New Angle: Senators Latest To Talk Toronto In Rumor Mart|date=July 7, 1958|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In 1959 Cooke became one of the founding owners in the [[Continental League]], a proposed third major league of baseball, getting a team for Toronto for a fee of $50,000,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Third Major League Is Formed in Baseball|date=July 28, 1959|newspaper=The New York Times|first=Howard|last=Tuckner}}&lt;/ref&gt; but the league disbanded a year later without ever staging a game.  Cooke later applied to the AL for a Toronto expansion team in 1960, but found the expansion terms too onerous,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Cooke Seeks AL Berth: Stadium Guarantee Included in Bid|date=October 13, 1960|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Canadians ready if peace bid fails|date=November 24, 1960|newspaper=The New York Times|first=John|last=Drebinger}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto By-Passed in AL Expansion Moves|date=October 27, 1960|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Cooke will beat Toronto into big time|date=January 10, 1961|newspaper=[[Toronto Daily Star]]|first=Neil|last=MacCarl}}&lt;/ref&gt; and considered purchasing the [[Cincinnati Reds]] for Toronto in 1961 after their owner died.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Just Conversation: Cooke Denies Report He Has Bid for Reds|date=March 31, 1961|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1967, with mounting losses, the owner of the baseball Maple Leafs sough a buyer to keep the team in Toronto.&lt;ref name=helpinghand/&gt;&lt;ref name=notover/&gt; [[Maple Leaf Gardens Limited]], owner of the Maple Leafs of the NHL, considered purchasing the team,&lt;ref name=helpinghand&gt;{{cite news|title=Hockey Leafs offer helping hand to struggling baseball namesakes|last=Dechman|first=Phillip|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=August 28, 1967}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=notover&gt;{{cite news|title=Game's not over yet for ball Leafs, support grows to keep team here|last=Dechman|first=Phillip|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=September 7, 1967}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=doom/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Baseball club gives assurance stadium bill will be paid|last=Dechman|first=Phillip|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=November 2, 1967}}&lt;/ref&gt; but the deal ultimately fell apart due to concerns about the team's home, [[Maple Leaf Stadium]], which needed up to $250,000 in repairs and whose owner wanted $4 million to purchase it.&lt;ref name=notover/&gt;&lt;ref name=doom&gt;{{cite news|title=Ballard lays Leafs' doom to apathy|date=October 18, 1967|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; Harold Ballard, part owner of MLGL, said that the company's interest was due in part to help position itself to go after an MLB franchise for Toronto.&lt;ref name=notover/&gt;&lt;ref name=doom/&gt;  The team was subsequently relocated out of Toronto to [[Louisville, Kentucky]].

In 1967 a Toronto group was one of six to submit a bid for a NL expansion team.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title= Toronto bid made for N.L. franchise|date=November 14, 1967|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto submits one of six formal bids as N.L. decides to add two teams by 1971|date=December 2, 1967|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In 1971, Howard Webster, chairman of ''The Globe and Mail'', made an offer to purchase the [[San Diego Padres]] and relocate them to Toronto but it was refused.&lt;ref name=globechairman&gt;{{cite news|title=Globe chairman seeks big-league ball for Toronto|first=Jim|last=Vipond|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=October 9, 1971}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=NL Padres officials turn down 2nd offer|date=November 10, 1971|first=Jim|last=Vipond|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In early 1974, MLGL announced plans to build a new baseball stadium in Toronto,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=East of Yonge near expressway: Free stadium if Metro adopts Ballard's $190 million development|date=January 16, 1974|first=Alden|last=Baker|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; but the city ultimately decided to renovate [[Exhibition Stadium]] to make it suitable for baseball.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Work could start this fall: Metro votes 23 to 6 to enlarge the CNE Stadium|date=February 27, 1974|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|last=Simpson|first=Jeff}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Baseball franchise seekers may pool their resources to expedite stadium plan|date=January 24, 1974|first=Jim|last=Vipond|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Later that year a group called Canadian Baseball Co. led by Sydney Cooper submitted an application to both the AL and NL for a franchise.&lt;ref name=bothapproached&gt;{{cite news|title=Both major leagues will be approached|date=November 20, 1974|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=gardensseek/&gt;&lt;ref name=consolidation/&gt;  Cooper had previously been part of Webster's group.&lt;ref name=bothapproached/&gt;  At the time it was reported that there were at least four groups bidding for a Toronto team, including ones led by [[Labatt Brewing Company]], MLGL&lt;ref name=gardensseek&gt;{{cite news|title=Gardens will seek baseball franchise|date=November 28, 1974|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Robert Hunter, the former President of the International League Maple Leafs, in addition to Canadian Baseball Co.&lt;ref name=bothapproached/&gt;&lt;ref name=consolidation&gt;{{cite news|title=Franchise consolidation not sighted: Toronto bids likely to fatten price|date=December 4, 1974|first=Mary|last=Trueman|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title='Not a question of money': Godfrey leads Metro delegation seeking major-league franchise|date=October 11, 1974|last=Parsons|first=Anne|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Fourth group pursues franchise: As among major baseball clubs sought for Toronto by Labatt|date=November 29, 1974|first=Mary|last=Trueman|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Lorne Duguid, vice-president of [[Hiram Walker]] Distillers and MLGL executive, led MLGL's bid.&lt;ref name=gardensseek/&gt;
[[File:Toronto, Skydome, N.Y. Yankees vs. BlueJays.JPG|thumb|left|Inside the [[Rogers Centre]]. A game between the [[New York Yankees]] and [[Toronto Blue Jays]]. The team moved into the stadium in 1989.]]
In 1975, the owner of the Baltimore Orioles stated that he was in negotiations to sell his team to a Toronto group.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Orioles will be sold to highest bidder|date=February 8, 1975|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The following January, [[San Francisco Giants]] owner [[Horace Stoneham]] agreed to sell the team for $13.25 million to a group headed by Labatt intending to relocate it to Toronto. The team would have begun play in the 1976 season at Exhibition Stadium, and be called the Toronto Giants.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Giants Moving: Toronto |author= |newspaper=St. Petersburg Times |date=January 9, 1976|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hbwMAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=Ql8DAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5064,759147 }}&lt;/ref&gt; However the plan to move the Giants was quashed by a U.S. court.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |author=CBC Archives |date=April 4, 1976 |title=Will Toronto Ever Get a Franchise |url=http://archives.cbc.ca/sports/baseball/clips/3274/ |work=CBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The MLGL group also bid on the Giants, with Ballard stating that they had offered $15 million for the team,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=2 Toronto-based groups seek franchise at winter baseball meetings in Florida|date=December 4, 1975|first=Jim|last=Vipond|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; after having previously negotiated with the owners of the Baltimore Orioles, Chicago White Sox, [[Cleveland Indians]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Big league baseball asks Ballard to buy team for Toronto|date=March 16, 1972|newspaper=Toronto Star|first=Jim|last=Proudfoot}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Oakland Athletics]] in their attempt to acquire a team for Toronto.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ballard confident Gardens group soon will buy Giants ballclub|date=October 21, 1975|first=Don|last=Ramsay|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Labatt group then pursued a NL expansion team, but when the NL only agreed to consider expanding in March 1976, while the AL voted to grant Toronto a team,&lt;ref name=eastern/&gt;&lt;ref name=rival/&gt; they switched gears.  A second Toronto group backed by [[Carling O'Keefe]] also applied for the AL expansion team.&lt;ref name=eastern/&gt;&lt;ref name=rival&gt;{{cite news|title=Rival bidders meet president MacPhail in fight for team|date=March 23, 1976|last=Perkins|first=Dave|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=shift/&gt;  Less than a week later, the AL awarded the team to the Labatt group, which included Webster, and the [[Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce]] (CIBC), for $7 million.&lt;ref name=eastern&gt;{{cite news|title=Expansion approved In Eastern Division: Toronto can join American League in 1977|date=March 22, 1976|first=Dave|last=Perkins|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Labatt's, Webster get ball franchise|date=March 27, 1976|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|first=Paul|last=Patton}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto Is Given A.L. Franchise|date=March 27, 1976|newspaper=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=p47&gt;Diamond Dreams: 20 Years of Blue Jays Baseball, Stephen Brunt, p.47, Penguin Books, {{ISBN|0-14-023978-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A few days later the NL had their own vote on expanding to Toronto and Washington, but while receiving a majority support of 10-2 it failed to pass due to lack of unanimity and was put off for two weeks.&lt;ref name=shift&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto group made NL bid before AL shift in expansion|date=October 19, 1985|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|first=Paul|last=Patton}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=battletoronto&gt;{{cite news|title=Bowie tells how he lost 'battle of Toronto'|date=February 28, 1987|newspaper=Toronto Star|first=Milt|last=Dunnell}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=kuhn/&gt;  The NL objected to the AL's expansion in to Toronto, arguing that the NL was a better match for the city with a natural rivalry with the [[Montreal Expos]], and asked baseball commissioner [[Bowie Kuhn]] to intervene so they could reconsider their own expansion plans.&lt;ref name=battletoronto/&gt;&lt;ref name=kuhn&gt;{{cite news|title=National League asks Kuhn for Toronto priority|date=March 30, 1976|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|first=Paul|last=Patton}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kuhn requested a moratorium on the AL's expansion plans,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=American League again says no to Kuhn's bid for a moratorium|date=April 15, 1976|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=AL defies Kuhn, votes to proceed with Toronto move|date=April 17, 1976|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; but a second non-unanimous vote by the NL on expanding to Toronto&lt;ref name=battletoronto/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Baseball franchise in Toronto rejected by National League|date=April 27, 1976|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|first=Paul|last=Patton}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=National League Bars Expansion: N.L. Rejects Bid to Add Two Teams|date=April 27, 1976|newspaper=The New York Times|first=Eonard|last=Koppett}}&lt;/ref&gt; left Toronto uncontested to the AL.  The [[Toronto Blue Jays]]' inaugural campaign was in 1977 with Exhibition Stadium chosen as the site for the team's home games. Built in the 1950s, it was rebuilt in 1976 to satisfy the requirements for baseball. In 1989, the team moved to the newly built SkyDome (now known as the [[Rogers Centre]]).  Although the team performed poorly, placing last in the [[American League East]] for each of its first three years, successful drafting and team management resulted in improved performance that led to the team's first pennant in 1985, and culminated with consecutive [[World Series]] victories in 1992 and 1993.

The city is also home to the [[Toronto Maple Leafs (semi-pro baseball)|Toronto Maple Leafs]] baseball club of the [[Intercounty Baseball League]]. Toronto has also hosted parts of the [[2009 World Baseball Classic]].

==Basketball==
:{{Main|Toronto Raptors|Toronto Huskies|Toronto Tornados|Buffalo Braves}}
[[File:Raptors 0607.JPG|thumb|Inside the Air Canada Centre, the Toronto Raptors play the [[Milwaukee Bucks]]. The Raptors moved into the arena in 1999.]]
Basketball is among the fastest growing sports in Toronto and is the most popular sport among the city's youth and [[millennials]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news | url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/why-toronto-is-becoming-basketball-city/article21404856/ |title = Why Toronto is becoming Basketball City}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although not as historically entrenched in Toronto culture as other sports, basketball does have significant milestones in the city. The first major professional basketball game in the city was an exhibition between the [[Fort Wayne Zollner Pistons]] and [[Rochester Royals]] of the [[National Basketball League (United States)|National Basketball League]] at the Gardens in 1946.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Collegians, Pro Cagers Play to 11,867 Patrons|date=January 17, 1946|last=Rosknfeld|first=Bobbie|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Basketball Bill Not Sell-Out Yet|date=January 12, 1946|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Gardens Set For Cagers|date=January 16, 1946|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The first game of the professional [[Basketball Association of America]], forerunner of the [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA), was contested at Maple Leaf Gardens (MLG) between the [[Toronto Huskies]] and the [[New York Knicks|New York Knickerbockers]] on November 1, 1946.&lt;ref name=firstgame&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nba.com/canada/History_of_Basketball_in_Canad-Canada_Generic_Article-18023.html|title=History of Basketball in Canada|publisher=NBA Media Ventures, LLC|accessdate=April 13, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the Huskies folded after the league's inaugural season following losses thought to total $60,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Huskies Drop From BAA Join Three Other Clubs As Pro Caqe Casualties|date=June 28, 1947|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Numerous exhibition and regular season NBA and [[American Basketball Association]] (ABA) games were held at both MLG and [[SkyDome]] over the years,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=SkyDome exhibition not going through roof|date=October 27, 1993|first=James|last=Christie|work=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=NBA returns but passes on SkyDome|date=September 13, 1991|first=James|last=Christie|work=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Suns shade 76ers|date=October 22, 1991|first=Larry|last=Millson|work=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=No decision on Toronto as a pro basketball town|date=January 15, 1972|last=Sokol|first=Al|publisher=Toronto Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=January 13, 1972|work=The Globe and Mail|title=Toronto cage fans are on trial as ABA teams unveil big stars}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Promoters hoping their doubleheader will lead to a basketball franchise|date=January 6, 1972|last=Cauz|first=Louis|work=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; including a total of 16 regular season [[Buffalo Braves]] games at MLG from 1971-75&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Basketball/NBA/Toronto/2004/11/03/699007.html|title=The road was paved|date=November 3, 2004|accessdate=October 8, 2013|work=[[Toronto Sun]]|last=Buffery|first=Steve}}&lt;/ref&gt; in an attempt to gauge the city's interest in a full-time team.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Buffalo Braves may be experimental team: NBA will test Toronto basketball fans' appetites next season on part-time basis|last=Proudfoot|first=Dan|date=February 13, 1973|work=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ruby Richman, the former coach of Canada's national basketball team, working with the head of Maple Leaf Gardens Limited (MLGL) Harold Ballard, pursued a number of existing ABA and NBA teams to relocate to the city in the 1970s.&lt;ref name=richmanquest/&gt;&lt;ref name=nbaawards/&gt;&lt;ref name=covetsrockets/&gt;  Richman had a tentative agreement to purchase both the [[Miami Floridians]] and [[Pittsburgh Condors]] of the ABA with the plan to merge them into a single Toronto-based team, but the deal fell through.&lt;ref name=richmanquest&gt;{{cite news|title=Ruby Richman's quest: The pro basketball chase|date=March 3, 1976|last=Fear|first=Jonathan|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Later Richman held negotiations with the [[Detroit Pistons]], which were seeking $5 million for the franchise, but pulled out when the price was raised to $8.25 million.&lt;ref name=richmanquest/&gt;  MLGL attempted to purchase the Braves for $8.5 million and relocate them to Toronto in 1974,&lt;ref name=richmanquest/&gt;&lt;ref name=dream&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto dream of NBA team remains dream|date=January 14, 1975|work=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Snyder rejects Gardens bid of $8.5 million for Braves|work=The Globe and Mail|date=October 5, 1974}}&lt;/ref&gt; and again several times later,&lt;ref name=richmanquest/&gt;&lt;ref name=hawks/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Bid to bring Braves to Toronto has 50-50 chance|last=Goodman|first=Jeffrey|date=December 14, 1977|work=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VFM_AAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=KVIMAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=4925,5570645|title=Toronto group seeking Braves|date=December 14, 1977|accessdate=October 8, 2013|publisher=[[Windsor Star]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; with Carling O'Keefe also considering purchasing the team in 1976,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto bid made for Braves, club owner Paul Snyder says|date=February 25, 1976|work=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; but the owners eventually chose to move the team to [[San Diego]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=gU4sAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=os0EAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=4052,1555484|title=Boston, Buffalo Exchange Owners; Buffalo Transfer to San Diego Approved|date=July 8, 1978|accessdate=October 8, 2013|publisher=[[Spartanburg Herald-Journal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Nt0hAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=G0cEAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=4972,3789055|title=Brown now looking west|date=June 23, 1978|accessdate=October 8, 2013|publisher=[[The Daily News (Kentucky)|Daily News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When Toronto was awarded an expansion NBA franchise in 1974 for the 1975-76 season&lt;ref name=nbaawards&gt;{{cite news|title=NBA awards expansion franchise to Toronto for 1975-76 season|date=June 22, 1974|work=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=withoutowner&gt;{{cite news|title=N.B.A. Adds Toronto, Without Owner|date=June 22, 1974|first=Sam|last=Goldaper|newspaper=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=back&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto is back in NBA picture|last=Keller|first=Arlie|publisher=Toronto Star|date=September 26, 1975}}&lt;/ref&gt; MLGL was one of three groups to bid for the rights to the team,&lt;ref name=nbaawards/&gt;&lt;ref name=withoutowner/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ballard expects to win bid for NBA franchise by end of November|date=November 8, 1974|work=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Fresh backing is expected for Toronto's NBA entry|last=Keller|first=Arlie|publisher=Toronto Star|date=December 13, 1974}}&lt;/ref&gt; but the club never materialized since no group was able to secure funding for the expansion fee of at least $6.15 million.&lt;ref name=dream/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=NBA lowers curtain on Toronto's quest for team next season|date=January 15, 1975|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Richman seeks NBA backers for Toronto|date=January 8, 1975|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  MLGL attempted to purchase and relocate the [[Houston Rockets]] in 1975, which were seeking $8 million for the team, but the teams lease ultimately prevented a relocation.&lt;ref name=richmanquest/&gt;&lt;ref name=covetsrockets&gt;{{cite news|title=Ballard covets NBA Rockets, sends Richman to make deal|date=September 25, 1975|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Rockets' president doubts Ballard to get Houston NBA team|date=September 26, 1975|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In 1976, MLGL attempted to buy the [[Atlanta Hawks]].&lt;ref name=hawks&gt;{{cite news|title=Basketball by this fall is MLG aim|date=June 3, 1976|work=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=back/&gt; In 1979, a Toronto group which included Ballard again pushed for an expansion franchise, but lost out to the [[Dallas Mavericks]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto's NBA bid is real longshot|date=February 8, 1979|first=Jeffry|last=Goodman|work=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=roundup: Toronto team may join NBA|date=February 5, 1979|work=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Toronto interests considered purchasing and relocating the [[Kansas City Kings]] in 1979.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Don't order NBA tickets yet|date=June 29, 1979|publisher=Toronto Star|first=Ken|last=McKee}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In 1983, [[Cleveland Cavaliers]] owner [[Ted Stepien]] stated that &quot;the chances are 999-to-1&quot; that his team would be relocated and renamed the Toronto Towers, playing their games in MLG,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Cav owner almost certain Toronto Towers in NBA|work=The Globe and Mail|date=March 16, 1983|first=Paul|last=Palango}}&lt;/ref&gt; with Carling O'Keefe thought to be involved financially in the deal,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Brewery considers investing in Cavs|date=March 15, 1983|last=Palango|first=Paul|work=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; but he ultimately sold it to a local group.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=CBA today; NBA next?|work=The Globe and Mail|date=October 21, 1983|first=Paul|last=Patton}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A Toronto group which included [[Bill Ballard]], son of Harold, and [[Basketball Hall of Fame]]r [[Wilt Chamberlain]] submitted an application and $100,000 deposit for an NBA expansion franchise for MLG in 1986, but of the six cities to apply&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/08/21/sports/sports-people-toronto-in-nba-bid.html|title=Sports people; Toronto in N.B.A. Bid|date=August 21, 1986|accessdate=January 27, 2014|work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto investors seek NBA franchise|date=August 20, 1986|work=The Globe and Mail|first=James|last=Davidson}}&lt;/ref&gt; Toronto was not one of the four which were successful.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=No NBA club for Toronto|date=April 23, 1987|work=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Larry Tanenbaum]] attempted to purchase and relocate the [[Denver Nuggets]] to Toronto in 1991, but the team could not get out of its lease at the [[McNichols Arena]].  Tanenbaum later pursued the [[New Jersey Nets]] and [[San Antonio Spurs]] unsuccessfully.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Basketball/NBA/Toronto/2004/10/31/694990.html|title=Raptors have been through plenty in trying decade of NBA existence|first=Bill|last=Lankhof|newspaper=Toronto Star|date=October 31, 2004|accessdate=August 9, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=The steal: Larry Tanenbaum had every reason to think he'd get the city's NBA franchise. Then along came John Bitove, Jr|newspaper=[[Toronto Life]]|date=October 1995}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ultimately, the NBA awarded an expansion franchise to [[John Bitove]], over Tanenbaum's group which had partnered with the Maple Leafs&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Leafs left out in cold by NBA decision|last=Shoalts|first=David|work=The Globe and Mail|date=October 1, 1993}}&lt;/ref&gt; and a third group led by Bill Ballard and [[Michael Cohl]] which included [[Magic Johnson]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://torontolife.com/city/toronto-sports/larry-tanenbaum-mlse-chairman-losing-legacy-last-chance/|title=Can Larry Tanenbaum transform his losing legacy?|accessdate=May 1, 2016|newspaper=[[Toronto Life]]|date=November 12, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{citeweb|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1993/06/15/Magic-backs-Torontos-NBA-bid/4279740116800/|title=Magic backs Toronto's NBA bid|date=1993-06-15|accessdate=2020-05-17|publisher=[[United Press International]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[Toronto Raptors]] joined the NBA for the 1995–96 season, giving the city its own team once again. The franchise was one of two Canadian expansion teams announced by the NBA in 1993, the other being the [[Memphis Grizzlies|Vancouver Grizzlies]], which moved south of the border to [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]] after the 2000–01 season.

The [[Toronto Tornados]] of the minor league [[Continental Basketball Association]] played in the city from 1983-85 before being relocated to [[Pensacola, Florida]] in the middle of their third season to become the [[Pensacola Tornados]].

Toronto has also hosted parts of the [[1994 FIBA World Championship]] tournament alongside [[Hamilton, Ontario]] from August 4 to August 14, 1994. The tournament was held at [[Rogers Centre|SkyDome]]&lt;ref&gt;[[The New York Times]], [https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/15/sports/basketball-dream-team-ends-its-sequel-predictably.html BASKETBALL; Dream Team Ends Its Sequel Predictably]&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Maple Leaf Gardens]] in [[Toronto]]&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes&quot;&gt;''The New York Times'', [https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/06/sports/sports-of-the-times-toronto-dream-team-the-world.html Sports of The Times; Toronto, Dream Team, The World]&lt;/ref&gt; as well as at [[Copps Coliseum]] in [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]].&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes&quot;/&gt; The hosting duties were originally awarded to [[Belgrade]], [[Yugoslavia]], but after [[United Nations]] [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 757|limited participation in sporting events in Yugoslavia]], Toronto stepped in as a replacement option in 1992. This also marked the first time that this tournament would allow current American NBA players that had already played in an official NBA regular season game to participate. Prior to that only professionals from other leagues were allowed to compete, since players from other leagues were still considered amateurs.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.usab.com/history/why-can-pros-complete-in-international-events.aspx&lt;/ref&gt; The tournament was won by the United States's [[United States men's national basketball team#1994 World Championship Team – Dream Team II|''Dream Team II'']], who beat [[Russia national basketball team|Russia]] 137–91 in the Final at SkyDome.

Toronto hosted the [[2016 NBA All-Star Game]] weekend February 12–14, 2016. The All-Star Weekend events were held at [[Air Canada Centre]] &amp; [[Ricoh Coliseum]]. This marked the first time that an NBA All-Star Weekend was ever hosted outside the United States.

On July 27, 2018, [[Scotiabank Arena]] hosted week 6 of the [[2018 Big3 season]]. The [[Big3]] is a professional [[3x3 basketball]] league founded by [[Ice Cube]] comprising eight teams, each featuring rosters of retired NBA players, with all league games played in one session as a quadruple-header. Toronto is the lone non-American venue city to host a Big3 event.

The Toronto Raptors hosted their first ever [[2019 NBA Finals|NBA Finals in 2019]] vs. the [[Golden State Warriors]]. Game 1, which was played on May 30, 2019 at [[Scotiabank Arena]], marked the first ever [[NBA Finals]] game to be held outside the United States. On June 13, 2019, the Raptors defeated the Warriors in Game 6 at [[Oracle Arena]] in [[Oakland]], [[California]], to win their first ever [[NBA title|Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy]], which was also the [[List of NBA champions|first ever NBA championship won]] by a team based outside of the United States.

==Football==
{{Main|Toronto Argonauts|National Football League in Toronto|Bills Toronto Series|Toronto Rifles|Toronto Northmen|Toronto Phantoms|International Bowl|Toronto Triumph}}
[[File:Argos v Rough Riders 1924.jpg|thumb|A game of [[Canadian football|football]] between the [[Toronto Argonauts]] and the [[Ottawa Rough Riders]] at [[Varsity Stadium]]. Founded in 1873, the Argonauts are the oldest professional gridiron football team in North America.]]
Toronto is home to the oldest professional [[gridiron football|football]] team in North America, the Toronto Argonauts, who have won the [[Grey Cup]] championship a record 17 times, most recently in [[105th Grey Cup|2017]].  Toronto has also played host to the Grey Cup Championship 48 times, more than any other city and most recently the [[104th Grey Cup]] in 2016.  The Argos were founded in 1873 by the Argonaut Rowing Club and is referred to colloquially as the ''Boatmen'' in honour of that heritage. The team is also known as the ''double blue'' because of the franchise colours (''Oxford blue'' and ''Cambridge blue''); the colour blue has become emblematic of the city and most of its sports franchises. The Argos also draw the highest per-game attendance of any sports team in Toronto and draw the second highest per-game TV ratings nationally of any Toronto-based sports team (after the Maple Leafs hockey club).  In the early 1970s, Maple Leaf Gardens Limited announced plans to apply for a second [[Canadian Football League]] team to be based in Toronto which would play at [[Varsity Stadium]], but the proposal never went anywhere.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Bid to CFL for 2nd team in Toronto|first=Dick|last=Bleddoes|date=April 18, 1973|work=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Jake Gauaur is waiting for Bill Ballard's cheque|date=April 28, 1973|first=Al|last=Sokol|publisher=Toronto Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=linking&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.torontosun.com/2012/11/20/linking-torontos-football-hockey-pasts|title=Linking Toronto's football, hockey pasts|date=November 20, 2012|accessdate=January 14, 2014|work=Toronto Sun|last=Hornby|first=Lance}}&lt;/ref&gt;  During his tenure as owner of the [[Hamilton Tiger-Cats]], Ballard repeatedly threatened to move the franchise to Varsity Stadium,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ticats talked with Varsity brass|date=November 30, 1988|last1=Starkman|first1=Randy|authorlink=Randy Starkman|last2=Hunter|first2=Paul|publisher=Toronto Star}}&lt;/ref&gt; but the move was vetoed by the Argos.&lt;ref name=&quot;alternative&quot;/&gt;

Toronto also has a long history with [[American football]].  The first professional U.S. football team to play a home game in Toronto was the [[Los Angeles Wildcats (AFL)|Los Angeles Wildcats]] of the [[American Football League (1926)|American Football League of 1926]], the first major competitor to the [[National Football League]] for the dominance of professional football.  While the Wildcats nominally represented [[Los Angeles, California]], frequent travel to the west coast still posed a major obstacle so the team was instead a [[traveling team]] based in [[Illinois]] and played most of its games in the home stadiums of its opponents, with the exception of the Toronto game.  The Wildcats lost the regular season game to the [[New York Yankees (NFL)|New York Yankees]] (which would join the National Football League (NFL) the following year) 28-0 in front of 10,000 fans at Maple Leaf Stadium on November 8, 1926.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=&quot;Red&quot; Grange's team scored 4 touchdowns|date=November 9, 1926|last=Hewitt|first=W.A.|newspaper=[[Toronto Daily Star]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The [[National Football League in Toronto|NFL has had a presence in Toronto]] since 1959 when the [[List of National Football League games played outside the United States|Argonauts hosted three NFL teams]] in a three-season span.  The nearby Hamilton Tiger-Cats also hosted a game against the [[Buffalo Bills]], then an [[American Football League]] team.  Several decades later, the [[American Bowl]] and later the [[Bills Toronto Series]] brought both preseason and regular season games to the Rogers Centre.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.buffalobills.com/news/news.jsp?NEWS_ID=5854]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080216034411/http://www.billsintoronto.com/pressannouncements.html]&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:BMO Field, 104th Grey Cup.jpeg|thumb|left|[[BMO Field]] during the [[104th Grey Cup]]. BMO Field is the present home stadium of the Toronto Argonauts.|link=Special:FilePath/BMO_Field,_104th_Grey_Cup.jpeg]]
There have been several failed attempts to establish a professional American football franchise in Toronto in the past.  A Toronto group submitted a bid for an American Football League expansion team for the city in 1960, the expansion fee set at $125,000, with plans to play in the league's second season in the following year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto, Montreal in AFL Bids: Expect Franchises to Be Approved Soon|date=May 12, 1960|first=Ken|last=McKee|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=AFL Planners Endorse Toronto Bid|date=May 19, 1960|last=Vipond|first=Jim|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto, Montreal groups seek AFL franchises|date=May 11, 1960|newspaper=[[Toronto Daily Star]]|last=Dunnell|first=Milt}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Toronto interests continued pursuing an AFL team for several years,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=No Chance for Canadian Cities in AFL|date=August 12, 1965|first=Kenneth|last=McKee|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; with the league naming the city as a potential expansion market in 1965.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=NFL Commissioner Rozelle Lists Toronto As Site for Franchise in Expanded League|date=June 4, 1965|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In 1964 a Toronto group applied for a [[United Football League (1961–64)|United Football League]] franchise,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Group Awaits Okay For Toronto Entry In US. Grid League|date=March 12, 1964|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=May Accept Toronto Into UFL Here Today|date=March 21, 1964|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=UFL Will Consider Toronto Bid April 4–5|date=March 24, 1964|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; but ultimately withdrew their bid for a team.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Bid Cancelled For UFL Entry|date=April 4, 1964|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Following the season, a Toronto group attempted to purchase the [[Canton Bulldogs (UFL)|Canton Bulldogs]] of the UFL to relocate them to Toronto.&lt;ref name=lastresort/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Canton Transfer Is Strictly Rumor|date=December 10, 1964|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  When the [[Continental Football League]] was established for the 1965 season with former UFL teams, the [[Quebec Rifles]] of the UFL were admitted and transferred to Toronto to become the [[Toronto Rifles]] due to a lack of a suitable facility in Montreal.&lt;ref name=lastresort&gt;{{cite news|title=Move to Toronto Was Last Resort Says Co-Owner of Football Rifles|date=February 9, 1965|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto in 10-team Pro Football League: New Continental Circuit Formed by UFL and ACL Teams|date=February 8, 1965|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=New pro league is formed here by football men|date=February 7, 1965|newspaper=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Cooperation of N.F.L. and A.F.L. Sought by New Major League|date=February 8, 1965|first=Robert|last=Lipsyte|newspaper=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The Rifles competed in the Continental League from 1965–67, but the owners pulled out in the middle of their final season after having lost a reported $400,000 in their final full season.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Rifles dissolved under financial gun: League may draft players|date=September 6, 1967|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The league took over the club and planned to have it play all of its games on the road, but several weeks later the team folded.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Rosen on way: Rifles to keep franchise alive playing on road|date=September 12, 1967|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Rifles' footballers unemployed again|date=September 22, 1967|last=Dechman|first=Phillip|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During John Bassett's ownership of the Argonauts from the late 1950s to early 1970s, he entertained various machinations for bringing American football to Toronto, including moving the Argos to the NFL or bringing an NFL team to the city alongside the Argos.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jc3YbqHtsW4C&amp;pg=PT199&amp;lpg=PT199|title=Bassett: John Bassett's forty years in politics, publishing, business and sports|last=Siggins|first=Maggie|year=2011|publisher=James Lorimer &amp; Company|isbn=9781552779491}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Will the Canadian Football League survive?|date=October 1, 1972|pages=85|last=Batten|first=Jack|magazine=[[Maclean's]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Argonauts and the NFL|date=September 7, 1971|first=Milt|last=Dunnell|newspaper=[[Toronto Daily Star]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Other CFL team owners were steadfastly against Bassett's moves and almost rescinded his franchise in 1974.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Siggins, Maggie |title=Bassett: John Bassett's Forty Years in Politics, Publishing, Business and Sports |publisher=James Lorimer &amp; Company |location=Toronto, Ontario|year=1979|isbn=0-88862-284-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jc3YbqHtsW4C|pages=112–113, 231–232|author-link=Maggie Siggins }}&lt;/ref&gt;  His son John F. Bassett obtained a [[World Football League]] franchise for the city in the league's inaugural season of 1974, which he named the [[Toronto Northmen]], but in response the Canadian government proposed the [[Canadian Football Act]], a bill that would have banned US football leagues from playing in Canada to protect the CFL from competition.&lt;ref name=alternative/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Basset says Northmen likely to move|date=May 4, 1974|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The bill forced Bassett to move the club to [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]] where they became the [[Memphis Southmen]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto of W.F.L. Gets Memphis Home|date=May 7, 1974|newspaper=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;  When the legislation died without being approved before the [[1974 Canadian federal election]], Bassett again attempted to put a team in Toronto for the 1975 season.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Bassett wants to challenge Lalonde again|date=February 7, 1975|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|last=Martin|first=Lawrence}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=WHL president likes Toronto|date=February 8, 1975|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Second WFL season could include Canada, head of league says|date=February 19, 1975|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|last=Martin|first=Lawrence}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Lalonde lone worry facing WFL in bid for Canadian team: Bassett|date=February 21, 1975|last=White|first=Peter|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  There were plans to establish a [[United States Football League]] franchise in Toronto in 1983 being pushed by John F. Bassett, but again the Canadian government warned against it and the idea was dropped.&lt;ref name=alternative&gt;{{cite news|title=Alternative to Tiger-Cats: Bassett sees Hamilton in USFL|date=March 22, 1983|first=Marty|last=York|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=USFL thwarted by Davey|date=February 2, 1983|first=Marty|last=York|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The [[XFL (2001)|XFL]] considered expanding to Toronto for 2002, but ultimately folded after its inaugural season in 2001.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Looks like there will be even more football in the area|date=October 23, 2000|last=York|first=Marty|newspaper=[[Hamilton Spectator]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Martinez to manage Blue Jays|date=October 24, 2000|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|last=York|first=Marty}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=XFL could find a home in Toronto by next season|date=February 12, 2001|last=York|first=Marty|newspaper=[[Hamilton Spectator]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  There have been efforts to bring an NFL team to Toronto for more than 40 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ca.sports.yahoo.com/blogs/eh-game/bon-jovi-nfl-toronto-latest-series-fantasies-155219296.html|title=Bon Jovi, MLSE and the NFL in Toronto: The latest in a series of fantasies?|first=Chris|last=Zelkovich|date=November 25, 2013|accessdate=May 18, 2014|publisher=[[Yahoo! Sports]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2014, it was widely reported that Toronto interests, including Larry Tanenbaum, part owner of [[Maple Leaf Sports &amp; Entertainment]] (MLSE), and [[Edward Rogers III]], Deputy Chairman of [[Rogers Communication]], were attempting to acquire an NFL franchise in hopes of moving it to Toronto.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/football/ralph-wilson-made-sure-bills-will-stay-in-buffalo-for-as-least-six-years/article17686988/|archive-url=https://archive.is/20140330070947/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/football/ralph-wilson-made-sure-bills-will-stay-in-buffalo-for-as-least-six-years/article17686988/|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 30, 2014|title=Ralph Wilson made sure Bills will stay in Buffalo for at least six years|date=March 26, 2014|accessdate=March 30, 2014|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|first=John|last=Wawrow}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sportsnet.ca/football/nfl/with-passing-of-wilson-bills-future-in-question/|title=Wilson's passing leaves Bills' future in question|last=Grange|first=Michael|date=March 26, 2014|accessdate=March 30, 2014|publisher=[[Sportsnet]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Kryk|first=John|date=March 26, 2014|url=http://www.torontosun.com/2014/03/26/bills-to-stay-in-buffalo-until-at-least-2020|title=Bills to stay in Buffalo until at least 2020|newspaper=Toronto Sun|accessdate=March 26, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.torontosun.com/2014/04/10/bon-jovi-part-of-toronto-group-expected-to-bid-on-bills|title=Bon Jovi part of Toronto group expected to bid on Bills|date=April 10, 2014|accessdate=April 10, 2014|newspaper=Toronto Sun|last=Kryk|first=John}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There were numerous attempts to bring the [[Arena Football League (1987–2008)|Arena Football League]] to Maple Leaf Gardens in the 1990s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Investors in brawl with Gardens Angry shareholders assail hockey stadium's board over ownership battle, executive bonus|date=October 6, 1995|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|last=Waldie|first=Paul}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The city was considered by the league for a 1996 and 1997 expansion club, with John Bitove, owner of the Toronto Raptors, one of several groups interested in owning the team.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Fight for football fans may move to new arena|date=September 14, 1995|last=York|first=Marty|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto tackling arena football 1996|date=October 16, 1995|last=York|first=Marty|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Cahill snubbed by Argonaut brass: Former coach, GM wants Toronto job|date=January 20, 1996|last=York|first=Marty|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  MLSE held negotiations with the Arena League on acquiring a $4–7 million expansion franchise for 1999 to coincide with the opening of their new building the ACC.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Arena football team may land in Toronto|date=July 29, 1998|last=York|first=Marty|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=CFL is looking at new arenas to keep football alive|date=March 17, 1999|last=York|first=Marty|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Several other groups also considered putting a club in the ACC following its opening.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Arena football hopes to fill Bills fans' summers|last=Donovan|first=Vincent|newspaper=Toronto Star|date=November 3, 1998}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Arena football may touch down in Toronto: Businessman interested: New franchise would compete with Argos for fans|date=August 19, 2000|newspaper=[[National Post]]|last=Sandler|first=Jeremy}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In 2000, the New England Sea Wolves were purchased by a group led by Rogers Communication and relocated from [[Hartford, Connecticut]], becoming the [[Toronto Phantoms]] the following year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto Phantoms to Make Arena Football League Debut|date=October 17, 2000|publisher=[[Canada NewsWire]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  However, the team lasted only two seasons before folding when the Arena League switched its regular season window from the summer to the spring.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto shelves football team|date=September 21, 2002|newspaper=[[The StarPhoenix]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Toronto has also hosted the [[Vanier Cup]] Championship 41 times, the most out of any host city, serving as its exclusive host from its inception in 1965 until 2003. In 2004, [[Canadian Interuniversity Sport]] began accepting bids from other cities to host the event. Since then, Toronto has won 2 additional bids to host Vanier Cup Championships in 2007 &amp; 2012 to coincide with both the 95th &amp; 100th Grey Cups being played during the same weekend in the city.

Toronto also hosted a series of [[NCAA football]] [[bowl games]] called the [[International Bowl]] between 2007 and 2010.

Toronto was granted an expansion team in the women's Lingerie Football League (now the [[Legends Football League]]), the [[Toronto Triumph]]. The team played their games at the Ricoh Coliseum for one season in 2011-12. The league is legitimate [[arena football|indoor football]], which at the time was played by women in lingerie and football pads, though players now wear more standard athletic apparel.

==Soccer==
:{{Main|Toronto FC|Toronto Blizzard (1971–84)|Toronto Falcons|Toronto City|Toronto Blizzard (1986-93)|Toronto ThunderHawks|Toronto Shooting Stars|Toronto Lynx|Toronto FC II|Mississauga MetroStars|York9 FC}}

[[File:First-goal-at-BMO.jpg|thumb|Crowd celebrating at [[BMO Field]] after [[Toronto FC]] score the club's first goal. BMO Field hosts the Toronto FC and the Toronto Argonauts.]]
The popularity of soccer reflects the city's [[Demographics of Toronto|demographics]]; Toronto is a multicultural city with a large immigrant population that has long-established roots with the game.

Toronto has had teams in a number of first division soccer leagues of the United States.  The [[Toronto Greenbacks]] were members of the [[North American Soccer Football League]] for its two years of existence in 1946-47.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Heavy Losses In First Year Of Pro Soccer|date=October 30, 1946|last=Waring|first=Ed|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Greenbacks Win Over Pioneers, 1-0|date=April 21, 1947|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In 1967, two rival leagues began play: the [[United Soccer Association]] (USA) and [[National Professional Soccer League (1967)|National Professional Soccer League]] (NPSL).  Both leagues had Toronto-based clubs with [[Toronto City]] (owned by future owner of Maple Leaf Sports &amp; Entertainment Steve Stavro) joining the US and the [[Toronto Falcons]] in the NPSL and both playing their games at [[Varsity Stadium]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Pro soccer merger hinges on unified Toronto team|first=Ed|last=Waring|date=December 8, 1967|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Falcons' boss insists he has sole ownership of merged franchise|date=December 13, 1967|first=Ed|last=Waring|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Following the merger of the two leagues for the 1968 season only the Falcons survived, with Stavro selling his team back to the league for $160,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=20 cities picked for soccer loop|newspaper=The New York Times|date=December 14, 1967}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Legal action could boot soccer Falcons from Toronto|date=March 29, 1968|first=Ed|last=Waring|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  However, the Falcons only played a single year in the newly founded [[North American Soccer League (1968–84)|North American Soccer League]] (NASL) with losses reported to be up to $500,000 before folding.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Falcons fly wrong way for Peters|first=Ed|last=Waring|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=November 8, 1968}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The following year, Toronto City was invited to join the NASL.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto City studying invitation from NASL|date=September 26, 1969|first=Ed|last=Waring|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Subsequently, the [[Toronto Metros]] joined the NASL in 1971,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto enters soccer team in U.S. league|date=December 11, 1970|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; and though they were renamed the [[Toronto Metros-Croatia]] in 1975 following the purchase of 50% of the club for $250,000 by the [[Toronto Croatia]] of the [[Canadian National Soccer League|National Soccer League]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto Croatia purchases 50% share of soccer Metros|date=February 6, 1975|first=Ed|last=Waring|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; and again in 1979 to the [[Toronto Blizzard (1971–84)|Toronto Blizzard]] following the acquisition of 85% of the team by [[Global Television Network]] for $2.6 million,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=95% of shareholders in favor Sale of Metros approved|date=February 1, 1979|first=Jeffery|last=Labow|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=NASL gives Global unanimous support|date=February 6, 1979|first=Jeffery|last=Labow|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; the team played until the NASL folded in 1984.

In 1994, then part owner of [[Rogers Centre|SkyDome]], [[Labatt]], considered purchasing a team in [[Major League Soccer]] (MLS), the new top US league, to play at the stadium.&lt;ref name=dreamjob&gt;{{cite book|title=Dream Job|last=Peddie|first=Richard|year=2013|publisher=[[Harper Collins]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In 2004, then Toronto Argonauts owners [[Howard Sokolowski]] and [[David Cynamon]] considered bringing a MLS team to the city in connection with negotiations on the construction of a new stadium to jointly house the Argos and soccer,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Soccer 'theatre of dreams'; CSA boss Pipe 'ecstatic' about site Argo owners hoping to land MLS team|date=October 19, 2004|last=Byers|first=Jim|newspaper=Toronto Star}}&lt;/ref&gt; but when [[BMO Field]] was ultimately built the Argos were excluded for the deal.&lt;ref name=&quot;dreamjob&quot;/&gt;  In 2007, Maple Leaf Sports &amp; Entertainment launched [[Toronto FC]] in MLS as its first international team.
[[File:Kia training ground.jpg|thumb|left|KIA Training Grounds is a practice facility used by the Toronto FC, and their youth academy, [[TFC Academy]].]]
Toronto has also hosted professional [[indoor soccer]] teams.  The Metros-Croatia fielded a team in NASL's indoor league from 1975–76,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Metros-Croatia split two games|date=March 15, 1976|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; as did the Blizzard in 1980-82.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=NASL officials feeling good despite splotches of red ink|date=January 20, 1982|first=Jeffery|last=Labow|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The [[Major Indoor Soccer League (1978–92)|Major Indoor Soccer League]] considered putting a team in Toronto in 1987.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Hamilton turning to MISL|last=Davidson|first=James|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=January 20, 1987}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In 1988 the [[American Indoor Soccer Association]] (AISA) granted Toronto a franchise which was to play its games at Hamilton, Ontario's Copps Coliseum (now [[FirstOntario Centre]]),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto has the team, Copps gets the games|date=July 11, 1988|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; but the team never launched.  The [[Toronto Shooting Stars]] competed in the [[National Professional Soccer League (1984–2001)|National Professional Soccer League]], as the AISA had renamed itself, during the 1996-97 season, but the ownership of the franchise collapsed just 3 games in, forcing the league to take control of the team's operations for the remainder of the season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=League bails out soccer's Stars|first=Norman|last=Da Costa|newspaper=Toronto Star|date=November 2, 1996|page=E7}}&lt;/ref&gt;  After losses of nearly $1 million, the team suspended operations and never returned to play.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Hamilton in the running for moving Stars|date=March 11, 1997|newspaper=[[Hamilton Spectator]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Shooting Stars to go on hiatus for one season|first=|last=|newspaper=Toronto Star|date=August 15, 1997|page=E5}}&lt;/ref&gt;  An application was made for a new NPSL Toronto team in 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto group seeks soccer franchise|date=April 1, 1998|newspaper=[[Waterloo Region Record]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The NPSL returned to Toronto with the [[Toronto ThunderHawks]] for the 2000–01 season, playing at the [[Paramount Fine Foods Centre|Hershey Centre]] in [[Mississauga, Ontario]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| url = http://www.cbc.ca/sports/story/2000/06/07/thunderhawks000607.html | title = NPSL adds Toronto Thunderhawks | publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] | date = June 7, 2000 | accessdate = January 22, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;  When the NPSL disbanded in the summer of 2001 and reorganized as the [[Major Indoor Soccer League (2001–2008)|Major Indoor Soccer League]], the ThunderHawks were admitted to the new league under the condition that they would suspend operations for the 2001–02 season to work on the business side of the franchise and return to active competition for the 2002–03 season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| url = http://www.cbc.ca/sports/story/2001/08/08/thunderhawks010808.html | title = ThunderHawks sit out MISL season | publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] | date = August 8, 2001 | accessdate = January 22, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;  However, the team never returned from this temporary suspension of operations.  In April 2017 the [[Major Arena Soccer League]] announced that it had granted an expansion franchise, which was later named [[Mississauga MetroStars]], to begin play in 2018 at the Hershey Centre.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.maslsoccer.com/news/masl-announces-international-expansion|title=MASL Announces International Expansion|date=April 7, 2017|accessdate=April 7, 2017|first=Jeff|last=Husted|publisher=Major Arena Soccer League}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.maslsoccer.com/news/greater-toronto-area-based-team-to-debut-this-fall|title=Greater Toronto Area-based Team to Debut this Fall|date=2018-08-09|accessdate=2018-08-09|publisher=Major Arena Soccer League}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Toronto has also been home to numerous minor pro soccer teams.  The Toronto Nationals played in the [[Canadian Professional Soccer League (1983)|Canadian Professional Soccer League]] in its only season in 1983.  The [[Eastern Canada Professional Soccer League]], which existed between 1961-1966, featured 3 Toronto based teams over those years: [[Toronto City]] (1961-1965), which later joined the United Soccer Association, Toronto Roma FC (1962-1964) / Inter-Roma (1965-1966), and Toronto Italia FC (1961-1964) / Italia Falcons (1965–66).  The [[Toronto Blizzard (1986–93)|Toronto Blizzard]] played in the [[Canadian Soccer League (1987–92)|Canadian Soccer League]] from 1987 to 1992 and the [[American Professional Soccer League]] in 1993 before folding following the [[United States Soccer Federation]]'s decision to reject the APSL's bid for sanctioning as a first division league in favour of a competing bid from the group that would found MLS.  The Blizzard were replaced in the APSL by the [[Toronto Rockets (soccer team)|Toronto Rockets]] in 1994, but they to folded prior to the following season.  The [[A-League (1995–2004)|A-League]], as the APSL was then known, awarded Toronto another team to begin play in 1997.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=A-League future lies with merger|date=July 11, 1996|newspaper=[[The Province]]|last=Keating|first=Jack}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=A-League merges into Major League 2nd division|date=July 12, 1996|newspaper=[[Vancouver Sun]]|last=Stinson|first=Dan}}&lt;/ref&gt;  When the A-league and [[USISL Select League]] merged for the 1997 season, the Toronto expansion team, which was named the [[Toronto Lynx]], debuted in the combined league, which carried on the A-League name.  The Lynx would play in the A-League until 2004.  When the league was renamed the [[USL First Division]], they continued their membership.  However, in 2007, with the arrival of TFC to the city, the Lynx dropped down to the fourth [[USL League Two|USL Premier Development League]], where they competed until 2014.

Toronto hosted parts of the [[2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup]]. Toronto also hosted the [[MLS Cup 2010|2010 Major League Soccer championship]] match between [[FC Dallas]] and [[Colorado Rapids]] (Colorado defeated Dallas 2-1). It was the first time the MLS cup took place outside of the United States.

Toronto would go on to host 2 more MLS Cups. On December 10, 2016, the [[MLS Cup 2016|MLS Cup]] was held at BMO Field where Toronto FC and the [[Seattle Sounders FC|Seattle Sounders]] played to a 0-0 draw, with the Sounders winning 5-4 on penalty kicks to claim the championship. On December 9, 2017, Toronto FC defeated the Sounders 2–0 in an [[2017 MLS Cup|MLS Cup]] rematch, and became the first MLS team to complete a [[domestic treble]] with their win by virtue of winning the [[Supporters' Shield]] with an MLS record 69 points &amp; the [[Canadian Championship]] combined. They also became the first Canadian team to win the MLS Cup.&lt;ref name=mlscupwin&gt;{{cite web |date=December 9, 2017 |title=Recap: Toronto FC vs Seattle Sounders |url=https://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2017-12-09-toronto-fc-vs-seattle-sounders-fc|publisher=mlssoccer.com |accessdate=December 9, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2017, BMO Field is listed as a potential venue for the [[2026 FIFA World Cup]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.si.com/soccer/2017/10/04/2026-world-cup-north-american-bid-host-cities-usa-mexico-canada|title=USA, Mexico, Canada 2026 World Cup Bid Trims Potential Host List to 32 Cities|last=Straus|first=Brian|date=October 4, 2017|work=SI.com|access-date=November 19, 2017|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Auto racing==

The '''[[Honda Indy Toronto]]''' is an [[IndyCar Series]] race, held annually in July on a temporary [[street circuit]] that runs through Exhibition Place and on [[Lake Shore Boulevard]]. The city has hosted the race for over thirty years and it is now IndyCar's second-longest running street race, only behind the [[Grand Prix of Long Beach]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Toronto could shake up title hunt|url=http://espn.go.com/racing/indycar/story/_/id/9470813/indycar-toronto-doubleheader-shake-title-hunt|work=ESPN|accessdate=July 18, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the fourth oldest race on the current IndyCar schedule in terms of number of races run.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Genova|first=Victor|title=10 Random Toronto Indy Facts|url=http://www.hondaindytoronto.com/more-news-a-announcements/458-10-facts-toronto-indy|work=Honda Indy Toronto|accessdate=September 1, 2016|archive-date=September 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917041320/http://www.hondaindytoronto.com/more-news-a-announcements/458-10-facts-toronto-indy|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically, the city played host to the [[1958 Jim Mideon 500]], a [[NASCAR]] [[Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series|Cup Series]] racing event at Exhibition Stadium. Legendary NASCAR driver [[Lee Petty]] won this race, defeating his son [[Richard Petty|Richard]] in the latter's Cup Series debut.

[[Canadian Tire Motorsports Park]], formerly known as Mosport Park, is located approximately 100&amp;nbsp;km east of Toronto in the community of [[Bowmanville]].  The venue holds the unique distinction in motorsport of having hosted [[Canadian Grand Prix#Mosport Park and Mont-Tremblant|Formula One]], [[Honda Indy Toronto#USAC (Mosport Park)|IndyCar]], [[Chevrolet Silverado 250|NASCAR]], [[Mosport Can-Am|Can-Am]], [[Canadian motorcycle Grand Prix|MotoGP]] and [[List of Superbike World Championship circuits|World Superbike]] events. The track hosts Canada's largest annual sportscar race, the '''[[Grand Prix of Mosport|Mobil 1 SportsCar Grand Prix]]''' part of the [[WeatherTech SportsCar Championship|IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship]], the [[NASCAR Camping World Truck Series]] Chevrolet Silverado 250, the [[NASCAR Pinty's Series]], the [[Pirelli World Challenge]] and the [[Canadian Superbike Championship]] along with other events. The track was the original home of [[Formula One]]'s [[Canadian Grand Prix]] from 1961 to 1977 (except for 1968 and 1970).

==Tennis==
[[File:Rexall Centre York University Toronto.JPG|thumb|The [[Aviva Centre]] is one of the two tennis stadiums that host the annual [[Canada Masters]].]]
The '''[[Rogers Cup]]''', historically known as the Canadian Open, is an annual professional tennis tournament held at the [[Aviva Centre]] at [[York University]]. The tournament began in 1881 and is the third oldest major tennis tournament in the world behind only [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] and the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]. The men's competition is an [[ATP World Tour Masters 1000]] event on the [[Association of Tennis Professionals|Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) tour]]. The women's competition is a [[WTA Premier tournaments|Premier 5]] event on the [[Women's Tennis Association|Women's Tennis Association (WTA) tour]]. The events alternate from year-to-year between the cities of Montreal and Toronto. In odd-numbered years, the men's tournament is held in Montreal, while the women's tournament is held in Toronto, and vice versa in even-numbered years. The competition is played on hard courts.

From 1971 until 1990, Toronto hosted the [[Toronto Indoor|Toronto Molson Light Challenge]] a second annual professional men's [[tennis]] tournament played on [[Carpet court|indoor carpet courts]] at Maple Leaf Gardens.  The final tournament took place in February [[1990 ATP Tour|1990]] at the SkyDome and went by the tournament name [[1990 SkyDome World Tennis Tournament|Skydome World Tennis]].

==Lacrosse==
:{{Main|Toronto Rock|Hamilton Nationals|Toronto Tomahawks|Toronto Maple Leafs (NLA)}}
[[File:Buffalo Bandits at Toronto Rock.jpg|thumb|Inside the Air Canada Centre, the [[Toronto Rock]] play against the [[Buffalo Bandits]].]]
The [[Toronto Rock]], which operate in the [[National Lacrosse League]], were founded in 1998 as the [[Ontario Raiders]] in [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]]. The following year, the team moved to Toronto proceeded to finish first every year from 1999 to 2005 and won [[Champion's Cup|the league championship]] in five of those seven seasons.  The city previously had several professional [[box lacrosse]] teams.  A team named the [[Toronto Tecumsehs (ILL)|Toronto Maple Leafs]] competed in the first season of the professional [[International Lacrosse League]] in 1931 at the [[Arena Gardens]].&lt;ref name=twoteams&gt;{{cite news|title=Two Toronto teams in lacrosse loop|date=January 29, 1932|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=On the highway of sports: Maroons and Leafs in lacrosse opener tonight|date=June 29, 1931|last=Rodden|first=M.J.|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Following the season, a new franchise was awarded to [[Conn Smythe]] on behalf of [[Maple Leaf Gardens Ltd.]] (MLGL),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Maple Leaf Gardens granted franchise|date=December 10, 1931|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=testolympic/&gt; which was also named the [[Toronto Maple Leafs (ILL)|Toronto Maple Leafs]], with the previous season's Maple Leafs being renamed the Tecumsehs.&lt;ref name=twoteams/&gt;&lt;ref name=testolympic&gt;{{cite news|title=On The Highways of Sport: Local Seniors Will Test Olympic Team Tonight|date=January 29, 1932|last=Rodden|first=M.J.|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Both teams played at the newly opened Maple Leaf Gardens.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Maple Leafs score decisive victory|date=June 20, 1932|first=jack|last=Murray|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=On The Highways of Sport: Tecumsehs' Victory Creates All-Round Tie|date=May 9, 1932|last=Rodden|first=M.J.|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Smythe pulled out following the season due to financial losses,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=On The Highways of Sport: Mustangs on Rampage at U. of T.'s Expense|date=October 31, 1932|last=Rodden|first=M.J.|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the league didn't play the following year.  Toronto also had a team in the [[American Box Lacrosse League]] in 1932.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=On The Highways of Sport|date=June 1, 1932|last=Rodden|first=M.J.|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=So-called Torontos beaten in New York|date=June 3, 1932|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lacrossehistoryo0000fish|url-access=registration|title=Lacrosse: A History of the Game|year=2002|last=Fisher|first=Donald|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lacrossehistoryo0000fish/page/160 160]|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]]|isbn=9780801869389}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Toronto Maple Leafs (NLA)|Toronto Maple Leafs]] competed in the inaugural season of the [[National Lacrosse Association]] in 1968 at the Gardens.&lt;ref name=leafsrespond&gt;{{cite news|title=Leafs respond with win for new coach Kapasky|date=July 18, 1968|last=Cauz|first=Louis|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Stafford Smythe]] and [[Harold Ballard]], part owners of the NHL Maple Leafs, were two of the five founding partners of the club,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Big gamble by backers in lacrosse|date=April 9, 1968|last=Golla|first=James|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; but financial difficulties forced MLGL to take over ownership midway through the season.&lt;ref name=leafsrespond/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=TV key to lacrosse expansion|date=August 8, 1968|first=Terry|last=Fraser|newspaper=[[Toronto Daily Star]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=losesfaith&gt;{{cite news|title=Kells losses faith in sports fans|date=August 14, 1969|first=Terry|last=Fraser|newspaper=[[Toronto Daily Star]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The NLA suspended operations prior to the following season.&lt;ref name=losesfaith/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Pro lacrosse league suspends operations|date=March 18, 1969|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  However, the eastern division of the NLA reconstituted itself as the [[Eastern Professional Lacrosse Association]], in which the Maple Leafs competed in 1969.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=St. Kitts, Kitchener to join Leafs, Petes in eastern lacrosse|date=April 1, 1969|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title='Coolest spot in town': New-look boxla Leafs move to new home|date=May 9, 1969|last=Cauz|first=Louis|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Lacrosse Leafs win on floor, lose at gate; move out of Gardens|date=July 25, 1969|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 1970 the pro league had disbanded.

The [[Toronto Shooting Stars (NLL)|Toronto Shooting Stars]] joined the professional [[National Lacrosse League (1972)|National Lacrosse League]] (unrelated to the modern NLL) for its inaugural season in 1972.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Lacrosse rejects Topless Bikinis: Team named Shooting Stars|date=March 17, 1972|first=Larry|last=Millson|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Bid to put NLL back on course: Windsor franchise may be moved to Oshawa|date=December 20, 1972|last=Fraser|first=Rick|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  When a new professional league launched as the [[National Lacrosse League (1974–75)|National Lacrosse League]] (again unrelated to today's NLL) in 1974, the [[Toronto Tomahawks]] were included as a charter franchise.  The Shooting Stars continued as an amateur team in the [[Ontario Lacrosse Association]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Room for two teams in Toronto lacrosse, Bishop maintains|date=March 21, 1974|last=Cauz|first=Louis|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Shooting Stars say Tomahawks scalping OLA team's chances|date=March 12, 1974|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; but folded following the 1974 season.&lt;ref name=reorganization/&gt;  The Tomahawks were sold following the 1974 season,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Tomahawks leave town for the U.S.|date=September 12, 1974|newspaper=Toronto Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Hawks quit Toronto, move to Long Island|date=September 12, 1974|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; and received league approval to move the team to [[Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum]] in [[Long Island]], [[New York (state)|New York]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=NLL seeking deal for U.S. TV show|date=October 19, 1974|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=New lacrosse job for Jim Bishop|date=December 5, 1974|newspaper=Toronto Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;  However, ultimately it was decided to relocate the team to [[Boston]] to become the [[Boston Bolts (lacrosse)|Boston Bolts]] for the start of the 1975 NLL season,&lt;ref name=reorganization&gt;{{cite news|title=Reorganization of professional lacrosse benefits Ontario league|date=April 30, 1975|last=White|first=Peter|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=tomahawkspoised&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=Fr8DH2VBP9sC&amp;dat=19750430&amp;printsec=frontpage&amp;hl=en|title=Tomahawks poised for debut at home|first=Dave|last=Carter|newspaper=[[Montreal Gazette]]|date=April 30, 1975|page=28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Sports roundup|date=January 9, 1975|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; with the [[Rochester Griffins]] becoming the [[Long Island Tomahawks]].&lt;ref name=reorganization/&gt;&lt;ref name=tomahawkspoised/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=A New Game for L.I. Coliseum: New Game In Coliseum Is Lacrosse|date=January 16, 1975|last=Eskenazi|first=Gerald|newspaper=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2009, the [[Toronto Nationals (lacrosse)|Toronto Nationals]] of [[Major League Lacrosse]] was established, with much of the roster of the [[Rochester Rattlers]], which would be suspended, being transferred to the new Nationals' team.  However, the name, colours, and history stayed behind in Rochester to potentially be used by a future MLL team.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.democratandchronicle.com/article/20090220/SPORTS04/902200323/1007/SPORTS|title=Rochester Democrat and Chronicle|website=Rochester Democrat and Chronicle|accessdate=May 27, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In their inaugural year in Toronto, the Nationals went on to win the [[Steinfeld Cup]]. In 2011, the team relocated to [[Hamilton, Ontario]], and after the 2013 season the team announced they would not field a team the following season.

==Rugby league==
[[File:Lamport Stadium Stands.jpg|thumb|[[Lamport Stadium]] is the home stadium for the [[Canada national rugby league team|Canadian national rugby league team]] and the [[Toronto Wolfpack]] rugby league club. ]]
{{Main|Toronto Wolfpack|Canada national rugby league team}}

In 2014, Toronto investors submitted an application for a professional [[rugby league]] franchise in the British/French [[League 1 (rugby league)|League 1]], the third-tier of the [[Rugby Football League]] (RFL) system. It was announced in 2016 that the [[Toronto Wolfpack]] would join the RFL's third division [[League 1 (rugby league)|League One]] from April 2017, becoming the first professional transatlantic sports team.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/apr/27/toronto-wolfpack-rugby-league-one-2017-brian-noble|title=Toronto Wolfpack to enter League One next season, RFL announces|first=Aaron|last=Bower|date=April 27, 2016|publisher=|accessdate=May 23, 2017|via=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The team plays in Toronto's 9,600 seat [[Lamport Stadium]],&lt;ref name=pr&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ca.finance.yahoo.com/news/toronto-announced-home-worlds-first-110000984.html|title=Rugby Football League officials joined by Mayor John Tory to unveil team brand and league information|date=April 25, 2016|accessdate=April 25, 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426174917/https://ca.finance.yahoo.com/news/toronto-announced-home-worlds-first-110000984.html|archivedate=April 26, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; with the goal of earning promotion to the top-tier [[Super League]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.coventrytelegraph.net/sport/other-sport/rugby-league/coventry-bears-could-face-canadian-7927524|title=Coventry Bears could face Canadian opposition as Toronto seek to join League One in 2016|date=October 13, 2014|accessdate=October 4, 2015|first=AIDAN|last=MCCARTNEY|newspaper=[[Coventry Telegraph]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/sports/2015/10/03/local-group-looks-to-bring-rugby-league-to-toronto.html|title=Local group looks to bring Rugby League to Toronto|date=October 3, 2015|accessdate=October 4, 2015|newspaper=Toronto Star|first=Morgan|last=Campbell}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The club won the League 1 championship in its inaugural season, thereby earning promotion to the second division [[Championship (rugby league)|Championship]] for the 2018 season.

In 2018, the Wolfpack reached [[the Qualifiers]], an end of season round robin tournament for the four top teams from the RFL Championship, and the bottom four teams from Super League. Finishing fourth qualified Wolfpack for the [[Million Pound Game]], a final eliminator for the last place in Super League in 2019. However, they were defeated 6-4 by [[London Broncos]], and thus rejoined the RFL Championship for the 2019 season. That season saw a change in the promotion system, with the top five Championship teams entering a playoff whose winner received automatic promotion to Super League. The Wolfpack finished atop the Championship regular-season table, and easily won both of their playoff matches, securing their promotion to Super League with a 24–6 win over [[Featherstone Rovers]].

The amateur Ontario Rugby league competition has fluctuated between 2 and 4 teams since it began in 2010.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.canadarugbyleague.com/domestic/ontario/orl-fixturesresults/&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Canada national rugby league team]], nicknamed the Wolverines, are also based at Lamport Stadium.

==Rugby union==
:{{Main|Toronto Rebellion|Toronto Arrows}}

Amateur rugby is organized under the Toronto Rugby Union, a branch of [[Ontario Rugby Union|Rugby Ontario]]. There are over 20 clubs in the city and surrounding area.&lt;ref&gt;http://torontorugby.ca/clubs/&lt;/ref&gt; There a 4 divisions for Toronto teams as well as the top teams playing in the province-wide Marshall Premiership and McCormick Cup competitions.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.rugbyontario.com/marshall-leagues/&lt;/ref&gt; Rugby has been played in Toronto since the 1870s, although at times sporadically. The oldest of the current clubs date back to the 1940s and '50s, starting with the Wanderers in 1949.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.rugbyontario.com/content_page/10015942/&lt;/ref&gt;

The semi-pro [[rugby union]] team the [[Toronto Rebellion]] (formerly the Renegades and Xtreme) played in the [[Rugby Canada Super League]] from 1999 to 2007 and the [[Rugby Canada National Junior Championship]] in 2009.  The team hosted games at [[Markham, Ontario]]'s [[Fletcher's Fields]] in the north of the [[Greater Toronto Area]].  The team was replaced by the [[Ontario Blues]] of the [[Canadian Rugby Championship]] in 2009, who play their games at various locations across the province including Fletcher's Fields.  In 2016, the United States-based [[PRO Rugby]] league stated that it was considering expanding to Toronto,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://theprovince.com/sports/rugby/american-pro-rugby-mogul-hopes-to-add-vancouver-team|title=American pro rugby mogul hopes to add Vancouver team|date=September 1, 2016|accessdate=September 5, 2016|first=Patrick|last=Johnston|newspaper=[[Vancouver Province]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; though the plans fell through&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://thechronicleherald.ca/sports/1412347-expansion-talks-between-rugby-canada-and-pro-rugby-north-america-collapse|title=Expansion talks between Rugby Canada and Pro Rugby North America collapse|date=November 3, 2016|accessdate=November 3, 2016|publisher=[[Canadian Press]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the league folded before its second season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.rugbytoday.com/elite/down-goes-pro |title=Archived copy |access-date=July 7, 2020 |archive-date=June 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620032921/https://www.rugbytoday.com/elite/down-goes-pro |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Pro14]], a European-based league, in 2017 was reportedly considering placing an expansion franchise in Toronto.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/feb/21/ireland-usa-new-jersey-pro12-north-america-rugby|title=Ireland to play USA in New Jersey as Pro12 eyes North America expansion|date=February 21, 2017|accessdate=February 25, 2017|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2017, the Ontario Arrows were formed as a semi-professional version of the Ontario Blues. They began playing a series of exhibition games against MLR, American amateur clubs, and other opposition, to prepare for applying to join [[Major League Rugby]]. In November 2018 their entry was announced, including a re-brand to the [[Toronto Arrows]]. They began MLR play in January 2019 as an expansion team along with [[Rugby United New York]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.americasrugbynews.com/2017/11/13/new-york-ontario-major-league-rugby-talks/|title=New York and Ontario in Major League Rugby talks|date=November 13, 2017|accessdate=November 19, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.americasrugbynews.com/2017/08/25/ontario-arrows-launch-elite-rugby-team-september/|title=Ontario Arrows to launch Elite Rugby Team in September|website=Americasrugbynews.com|date=August 25, 2017|accessdate=September 20, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/sports/2017/09/08/ontario-arrows-take-first-step-toward-becoming-pro-rugby-outfit.html|title=Ontario Arrows take first step toward becoming pro rugby outfit|first=Neil|last=Davidson|newspaper=Toronto Star|date=September 8, 2017|accessdate=September 20, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Arrows have played at [[York University]]'s Alumni Field and downtown at [[Lamport Stadium]].&lt;ref&gt;https://torontoarrows.com/2019/05/02/toronto-arrows-set-for-downtown-move-to-lamport-stadium/&lt;/ref&gt;

==Cricket==
{{main|Global T20 Canada}}

The [[Caribbean Premier League]] professional [[Twenty20]] [[cricket]] league has discussed its desire to place a franchise in Toronto.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/sports/2014/05/19/caribbean_premier_league_looking_to_bring_cricket_to_toronto.html|title=Caribbean Premier League looking to bring cricket to Toronto|date=May 19, 2014|accessdate=August 1, 2016|newspaper=Toronto Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/1030231.html|title='We'd like franchises in New York and Toronto'|date=June 29, 2016|accessdate=August 1, 2016|publisher=[[ESPN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Global T20 Canada]] is a [[Twenty20|20-over]] [[cricket]] tournament played in [[Canada]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22550013/cricket-canada-announces-icc-approved-t20-league |title=Cricket Canada announces ICC-approved T20 league |accessdate=February 23, 2018 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[2018 Global T20 Canada|first season]] of the tournament started in June 2018, with six teams competing.&lt;ref name=&quot;CI&quot;/&gt; The [[Maple Leaf Cricket Club]] in [[King City, Ontario]] hosted all matches for the first season of the competition.&lt;ref name=&quot;ANI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/cricket/cricket-canada-delighted-with-icc-approval-for-global-t20201802222239060001/ |title=Cricket Canada delighted with ICC approval for Global T20 |accessdate=February 23, 2018 |work=ANI News}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, the [[CAA Centre]] in [[Brampton, Ontario]] hosted all the matches for the second season of the competition.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.insidesport.co/second-edition-of-global-t20-canada-league-to-begin-from-july-last-week/ |title=Second Edition of Global T20 Canada League to begin from July last week |work=Inside Sport |accessdate=7 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/26900014/brampton-host-second-edition-global-t20-canada |title=Brampton to host second edition of Global T20 Canada |work=ESPN Cricinfo |accessdate=5 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Australian rules football==
Toronto currently has seven different [[Australian rules football]] teams called the [[Broadview Hawks]], [[High Park Demons]], [[Central Blues]], [[Etobicoke Kangaroos]], [[Lakeshore Rebels]], [[Toronto Downtown Dingos]], and the [[Toronto Eagles]]. There are two more [[Ontario Australian Football League]] teams in the surrounding areas, the [[Hamilton Wildcats (Australian football)|Hamilton Wildcats]] and the [[Grand River Gargoyles]].

==Ultimate (disc)==
{{Main|Toronto Rush|Ultimate Canada|Flying disc games}}
[[Ultimate (sport)|Ultimate]] is a [[team sport]] played with a [[flying disc]]. The object of the game is to score points by passing the disc to members of your own team, on a rectangular field approximately the size of a soccer field, until you have successfully completed a pass to a team member in the opposing team's end zone. In the 1970s, [[Ken Westerfield]] introduced [[Flying disc games|disc sports]] including [[Ultimate (sport)|ultimate]] north of the 49th parallel at the [[Ken Westerfield#The Canadian Open Championships and the first Frisbee freestyle competition|Canadian Open Frisbee Championships]] and by creating the Toronto Ultimate League (Club).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Toronto Ultimate|url=http://tuc.org/halloffame-2010|work=Hall of Fame Ken Westerfield|accessdate=January 4, 2013|archive-date=November 6, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106080326/http://www.tuc.org/halloffame-2010|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Since 1998, Canada has been ranked number one in the World Ultimate Rankings, several times in all divisions (including Open and Women's) according to the [[World Flying Disc Federation]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WFDF World Rankings&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=WFDF World Ultimate Rankings|url=http://www.wfdf.org/history-stats/world-rankings/175#Open|work=World Flying Disc Federation|accessdate=January 14, 2013|date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2013, as a founding partner, the Toronto [[Ultimate (sport)|Ultimate]] Club presented Canada's first semi-professional [[Ultimate (sport)|ultimate]] team the [[Toronto Rush]], to the [[American Ultimate Disc League]] (AUDL).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Toronto Rush Ultimate|url=http://www.torontorush.com/|accessdate=January 4, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Toronto Ultimate Franchise Ultimate|url=https://www.thestar.com/sports/localsports/article/1292212|work=Toronto Rush Takes Flight|accessdate=January 4, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; They finished their first season undefeated 18-0 and won the AUDL Championships.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=AUDL|url=http://theaudl.com/|accessdate=March 4, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Toronto Rush|url=http://torontor.wwwss6.a2hosted.com/partners/founding-partners/|work=Founding Partners|accessdate=March 4, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Toronto Rush|url=http://torontorush.com/fan-zone/what-is-ultimate/|work=History of Ultimate|accessdate=March 4, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Disc ultimate has become one of today's fastest growing sports.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Greatest Sport in the World Is Not What You're Thinking |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/isaac-saul/greatest-sport-in-the-world_b_5087205.html|work=Huffington Post Issac Saul|accessdate=August 14, 2015|date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2015, the [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC) granted full recognition to the [[World Flying Disc Federation]] (WFDF) for [[flying disc]] sports including [[ultimate (sport)|ultimate]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Ultimate Frisebee Recognized by the International Olympic Committee|url=http://time.com/3982386/international-olympic-committee-ultimate-frisbee/|work=World Flying Disc Federation|accessdate=August 4, 2015|date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Ultimate Frisbee recognized by International Olympic Committee|url=https://www.si.com/more-sports/2015/08/02/ulimate-frisbee-international-olympic-committee-approval|work=Sports Illustrated Dan Gartland|accessdate=August 4, 2015|date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Horse racing==
[[File:Queen Elizabeth at the Queen's Plate.jpg|thumb|The 2010 [[Queen's Plate]] at [[Woodbine Racetrack]] was attended by its patron, Queen [[Elizabeth II]].]]
Horse racing meets are held at '''[[Woodbine Racetrack]]''' in the northwestern suburb of Rexdale in Toronto. Woodbine is the only horse racing track in North America which stages, or is capable of staging, [[Thoroughbred horse racing|thoroughbred]] and [[standardbred]] racing programs on the same day. Woodbine hosts two of the three legs of the [[Canadian Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing]]—the opening [[Queen's Plate]] on its [[Synthetic racetrack surfaces for horse racing|Polytrack]] synthetic dirt course, and the closing [[Breeders' Stakes]] on grass. In 1996 Woodbine became the first and only track outside the United States to host the [[Breeders' Cup]] World Championships. The Woodbine facility is also home to the [[Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame]].

==Marathons==
The city home to two [[marathon]]s: the [[Toronto Marathon]] (held annually in May from [[Mel Lastman Square]], in the north end of Toronto to [[Ontario Place]]) and the [[Toronto Waterfront Marathon]] (held annually in October throughout downtown Toronto).

==Multi-sport events==

The first major [[multi-sport event]] held in the [[Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area|GTHA]] region was the '''[[1930 British Empire Games|1930 Commonwealth Games]]''' held in [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]].

In the following decades, Toronto submitted bids to host the [[Summer Olympic Games]] five times: [[1960 Summer Olympics|1960]], [[1964 Summer Olympics|1964]], [[1976 Summer Olympics|1976]], [[1996 Summer Olympics|1996]] and [[2008 Summer Olympics|2008]].&lt;ref name=olympics&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2015/07/24/toronto-has-made-5-attempts-to-host-the-olympics-could-the-sixth-be-the-winner.html|title=Toronto has made 5 attempts to host the Olympics. Could the sixth be the winner?|newspaper=Toronto Star|first=Peter|last=Edwards|date=July 24, 2015|accessdate=July 24, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The closest it came to winning the games was in 2008, when it finished second to [[Beijing]] by a vote of 56-22. [[Varsity Stadium]] on the campus of the [[University of Toronto]], hosted some of the matches of the [[Football at the 1976 Summer Olympics|Olympic football tournament]] of the [[1976 Summer Olympics]] in [[Montreal]].

The first major multi-sport event that the city of Toronto hosted was the '''[[1976 Summer Paralympics]]'''. It was the fifth edition of the [[Paralympic Games]] and the first time it was hosted in Canada.

In 2009, Toronto submitted a bid to host the [[Pan American Games]] and [[Parapan American Games]], subsequently winning both of them for 2015. After successfully hosting both the '''[[2015 Pan American Games|2015 Pan Am]] &amp; [[2015 Parapan American Games|Parapan American Games]]''', the city briefly considered another Olympic bid for the [[2024 Summer Olympics]],&lt;ref name=olympics/&gt; but on September 15, 2015, Toronto Mayor [[John Tory]] announced that the city would not be a candidate for a bid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/olympics-toronto-bid-tory-1.3228434|title='Not this time': Toronto Mayor John Tory won't bid on 2024 Olympics|website=cbc.ca|accessdate=May 23, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Toronto also hosted the first ever [[World Masters Games]] in 1985 as well as the [[Special Olympics World Games|1997 Special Olympics World Winter Games]], the [[2017 North American Indigenous Games]], and the [[2017 Invictus Games]].

==Sports culture==
{{Expand section|date=March 2019}}

===Rivalries===
Due to their geographic locations, Toronto has an intense sports rivalry with many cities around the Great Lakes. For football, Toronto has a rivalry with [[Hamilton Tiger-Cats|Hamilton]] (begun in 1873&lt;ref name=&quot;Football Canada timeline&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.footballcanada.com/history_timeline.asp|title=Canadian Football Timelines (1860 – present)|accessdate=July 3, 2007|publisher=[[Football Canada]] |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070604175814/http://www.footballcanada.com/history_timeline.asp &lt;!-- Bot retrieved archive --&gt; |archivedate = June 4, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; and is heightened during the [[Labour Day Classic]]), [[Ottawa Redblacks|Ottawa]] and as far as [[Montreal Alouettes|Montreal]]. In hockey, Toronto's rivals include the [[Canadiens–Maple Leafs rivalry|Montreal Canadiens]] the [[Ottawa Senators]] (often dubbed the &quot;[[Battle of Ontario]]&quot;), and the [[Maple Leafs–Red Wings rivalry|Detroit Red Wings]]. In basketball, Toronto's rival includes the [[Cleveland Cavaliers]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.news-herald.com/sports/cavaliers-raptors-renew-playoff-rivalry-beginning-may/article_398ea224-ab77-55c7-9ed6-6789903bba99.html&lt;/ref&gt;

===Toronto’s association with the colour blue===
The colour of blue has been associated with the city of Toronto, its sports teams and its academic institutions for over a hundred years.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Toronto Star&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The colour of Toronto|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2008/11/12/the_colour_of_toronto.html|accessdate=May 15, 2020|work=The Toronto Star|date=November 12, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;  City symbols such as the [[flag of Toronto]], its [[Coat of arms of Toronto|coat of arms]] and city [[:File:Toronto,_City_of.svg|wordmark]] all reflect this association. Some of the oldest colleges and universities located within the [[Old Toronto|original city of Toronto]] incorporated blue into their [[Athletic nickname|athletic nickames]] including the [[Toronto Varsity Blues|University of Toronto Varsity Blues]] (established 1827),  the [[Upper Canada College|Upper Canada College Blues]] (1829) and the [[St. Michael's College School|St Michael’s Kerry Blues]] (1852) while newer post-secondary institutions at [[Ryerson Rams|Ryerson University]] (1948), [[George Brown College]] (1967) and [[Humber College]] (1968) included blue in their [[school colours]].

When the [[Argonaut Rowing Club]] was founded in 1872 the blue colours of [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] universities (the &quot;Double Blue&quot;) was adopted as the club colours.&lt;ref name=&quot;about-us&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.argonautrowingclub.com/Images/Important%20Club%20Documents/Club%20History/The%20Modern%20Era%201872.doc |format=application/word |publisher=Argonaut Rowing Club |accessdate=2009-08-30 |title=Argonauts Rowing Club - About Us |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714080159/http://www.argonautrowingclub.com/Images/Important%20Club%20Documents/Club%20History/The%20Modern%20Era%201872.doc |archivedate=2010-07-14 }}&lt;/ref&gt; When the club went on to found the [[Toronto Argonauts]] football club with the same name a year later in 1873, the &quot;Double Blue&quot; colour was also adopted for the football field and has continued with the team nearly 150 years later.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Double Blue: an illustrated history of the Toronto Argonauts |url= https://books.google.ca/books/about/Double_Blue.html?id=ltw9BAAACAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y |first1=Wayne|last1=Parrish|first2=Jim  |last2=O’Leary|publisher=ECW Press|year=2007|pages=24|isbn=978-1-55022-779-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Other major teams that adopted Toronto blue included the original [[Toronto Maple Leafs (International League)|Toronto Maple Leafs]] of baseball’s [[International League]] from 1896 until 1967&lt;ref name=&quot;CBC News&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= The original Maple Leafs: Pro-baseball in Toronto before the Blue Jays |url= https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/the-original-maple-leafs-pro-baseball-in-toronto-before-the-blue-jays-1.3803678|accessdate=May 15, 2020|work=CBC News|date=October 14, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;, the [[Toronto Marlboros|Marlboros]] of the [[Ontario Hockey Association|OHA]] (1904), the [[Toronto Blueshirts|Blueshirts]] of the [[National Hockey Association|NHA]] (1911) and the [[Toronto Arenas|Arenas]] of the [[National Hockey League|NHL]] (1917).

When [[Conn Smythe]] acquired the [[Toronto St. Patricks]] in 1927, in addition to the team being rebranded as the [[Toronto Maple Leafs|Maple Leafs]], it was announced that the team had changed their colour scheme to blue and white,{{sfn|Shea|Wilson|2016|p=35}} which they have worn ever since. While the Leafs say that blue represents the Canadian skies and white represents snow, another theory is that Smythe changed the colours as a nod to his school alma maters at [[Upper Canada College]] and the [[University of Toronto]].&lt;ref&gt;Lance Hornby &quot;The Story of Maple Leaf Gardens, 100 Memories at Church and Carlton&quot;, p. 37.&lt;/ref&gt;

As various leagues expanded into the city the tradition of using blue in team identity continued including the [[Toronto Huskies|Huskies]] of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] (1947), [[World Hockey Association|WHA]]‘s [[Toronto Toros|Toros]] (1973), baseball’s [[Toronto Blue Jays|Blue Jays]] (1977), the [[North American Soccer League (1968–1984)|NASL]] [[Toronto Blizzard (1971–1984)|Blizzard]] (1978), the [[Toronto Rock|Rock]] of the [[National Lacrosse League|NLL]] (1999), and rugby’s [[Toronto Arrows|Arrows]] (2019). 

When the [[Toronto Raptors]] joined the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] in 1995, the original owners were given a six-month window to reap 100 percent of merchandise profits sold in their region to help cover the cost of the franchise.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Studio Stories: Naming and Designing the Original Toronto Raptors|url=https://news.sportslogos.net/2019/06/09/studio-stories-naming-and-designing-the-original-toronto-raptors/|last=Newcomb|first=Tim|date=June 9, 2019|website=sportslogos.net|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=May 17, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; To maximize those initial sales the choice was made to break with Toronto traditions and adopt a name and colour that would appeal to kids between the ages of six and ten with a focus on becoming an international brand.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Elliott|first=Josh K.|date=June 2, 2019|title=How the Toronto Raptors chose their name and the infamous ‘Barney jersey’ look|work=Global News|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/5325010/toronto-raptors-throwback-jersey-name/|url-status=live|access-date=May 17, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Before they were the Raptors, Toronto's NBA team was nearly the Beavers, Hogs or Dragons|url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/day6/raptors-name-game-impeach-o-meter-regulating-tech-companies-black-mirror-song-of-the-summer-and-more-1.5155735/before-they-were-the-raptors-toronto-s-nba-team-was-nearly-the-beavers-hogs-or-dragons-1.5155747|last=|first=|date=May 31, 2019|website=CBC Radio|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; After a name the team contest narrowed the list down to ten names, the name [[Toronto Raptors|Raptors]] with a base colour of '''purple''' was chosen after inspiration of the eight year old son of owner [[John Bitove]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Elliott|first=Josh K.|date=June 2, 2019|title=How the Toronto Raptors chose their name and the infamous ‘Barney jersey’ look|work=Global News|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/5325010/toronto-raptors-throwback-jersey-name/|url-status=live|access-date=May 17, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2006, the Raptors re-branded with '''red''' as their new base colour. 

In 2007 [[Toronto FC]] joined [[Major League Soccer|major league soccer]] and also chose to distance itself from Toronto traditions by adopting '''red''' as its primary colour to reflect its status as the only Canadian team in the league.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Kloke|first=Joshua|title=Come On You Reds: The Story of Toronto FC|publisher=Dundurn Press|year=2018|isbn=978-1-4597-4237-6|location=https://books.google.ca/books?id=7AM-DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA46&amp;lpg=PA46&amp;dq=toronto+fc+unveil+name+and+logo+2006&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=nHqVjb2BKH&amp;sig=ACfU3U3m5VlZ5SkwPA7DuU1I00QK2oKhbA&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjG8bjuq73pAhUHCc0KHbrMAp84ChDoATAEegQIBxAB#v=onepage&amp;q=toronto%20fc%20unveil%20name%20and%20logo%202006&amp;f=true|pages=32}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Generic FC: Toronto's pro soccer team has an odd name, a cool logo - and no identity|url=http://www.sportsnet.ca/soccer/columnist.jsp?content=20060512_170215_6792|last=Knight|first=Ben|date=May 12, 2006|website=sportsnet.ca|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807081715/http://www.sportsnet.ca/soccer/columnist.jsp?content=20060512_170215_6792|archive-date=August 7, 2007|access-date=May 18, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Closing Bell - MLSE, MLS Unveil Toronto FC As Name Of League’s 13th Franchise|url=https://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Daily/Closing-Bell/2006/05/11/Closing-Bell-May-11-2006.aspx|last=Lefton|first=Terry|date=May 11, 2006|website=Sports Business Daily|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=May 18, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; This status only lasted four seasons until their future rivals the [[Vancouver Whitecaps FC|Vancouver Whitecaps]] (2011)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=NAME &amp; LOGO|url=https://www.whitecapsfc.com/media/namelogo|publisher=MLS Digital|website=WhitecapsFC.com|access-date=May 18, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[Montreal Impact]] (2012) joined the league, ironically both in blue uniforms.

===Sports museums===
The [[Hockey Hall of Fame]] is an ice hockey museum located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dedicated to the history of ice hockey, it is a museum and a hall of fame. It holds exhibits about players, teams, National Hockey League records, memorabilia and NHL trophies, including the Stanley Cup. Originally based in [[Kingston, Ontario]], the Hockey Hall of Fame relocated to Toronto in 1958. 

The [[Canada's Sports Hall of Fame]] was founded in Toronto in 1955, and was based at [[Exhibition Place]] between 1955-2006. It has since relocated to [[Calgary, Alberta]].

The [[Canadian Motorsport Hall of Fame]] was founded in 1993 by Lee Abrahamson and Gary Magwood assisted by Len Coates to celebrate the accomplishments and contributions of the Canadian motorsport communities. It was originally based at Exhibition Place, sharing the same facility as Canada's Sports Hall of Fame until 1997 when it relocated to Bay Street. In 2001, the Canadian Motorsport Hall of Fame began relocating to various temporary locations before deciding to become a virtual online museum today. Their annual induction ceremonies take place at the [[Metro Toronto Convention Centre]] in downtown Toronto.

The [[Ontario Sports Hall of Fame]] was founded in 1994 in Toronto. Currently they only host an online museum instead of a physical sports museum, but their administrative office is located in Toronto. Their annual induction ceremonies take place at the Metro Toronto Convention Centre in downtown Toronto.

==Major league professional championships==
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}

=== Toronto Arenas/Torontos (NHL) ===
1 Stanley Cup
*[[1918 Stanley Cup Finals|1918]]

=== Toronto St. Patricks (NHL) ===
1 Stanley Cup
*[[1922 Stanley Cup Finals|1922]]

=== Toronto Maple Leafs (NHL) ===
11 Stanley Cups
*[[1932 Stanley Cup Finals|1932]]
*[[1942 Stanley Cup Finals|1942]]
*[[1945 Stanley Cup Finals|1945]]
*[[1947 Stanley Cup Finals|1947]]
*[[1948 Stanley Cup Finals|1948]]
*[[1949 Stanley Cup Finals|1949]]
*[[1951 Stanley Cup Finals|1951]]
*[[1962 Stanley Cup Finals|1962]]
*[[1963 Stanley Cup Finals|1963]]
*[[1964 Stanley Cup Finals|1964]]
*[[1967 Stanley Cup Finals|1967]]

=== Toronto Blue Jays (MLB) ===
2 World Series titles
*[[1992 World Series|1992]]
*[[1993 World Series|1993]]
{{Col-break}}

=== Toronto Argonauts (CFL) ===
17 Grey Cup Championships
*[[6th Grey Cup]] (1914)
*[[9th Grey Cup]] (1921)
*[[21st Grey Cup]] (1933)
*[[25th Grey Cup]] (1937)
*[[26th Grey Cup]] (1938)
*[[33rd Grey Cup]] (1945)
*[[34th Grey Cup]] (1946)
*[[35th Grey Cup]] (1947)
*[[38th Grey Cup]] (1950)
*[[40th Grey Cup]] (1952)
*[[71st Grey Cup]] (1983)
*[[79th Grey Cup]] (1991)
*[[84th Grey Cup]] (1996)
*[[85th Grey Cup]] (1997)
*[[92nd Grey Cup]] (2004)
*[[100th Grey Cup]] (2012)
*[[105th Grey Cup]] (2017)

=== Toronto FC (MLS) ===
1 MLS Cup
*[[MLS Cup 2017|2017]]

=== Toronto Raptors (NBA) ===
1 NBA title
*[[2019 NBA Finals|2019]]
{{col-end}}

==Notable sports figures==

=== Basketball ===
*[[Rafer Alston]]
*[[OG Anunoby]]
*[[Andrea Bargnani]]
*[[Anthony Bennett (basketball)|Anthony Bennett]]
*[[Nav Bhatia]]
*[[Chauncey Billups]]
*[[John Bitove]]
*[[Bismack Biyombo]]
*[[Muggsy Bogues]]
*[[Matt Bonner]]
*[[Chris Bosh]]
*[[Chris Boucher (basketball)|Chris Boucher]]
*[[José Calderón (basketball)|José Calderón]]
*[[Marcus Camby]]
*[[Vince Carter]]
*[[Dwane Casey]]
*[[Doug Christie]]
*[[Bryan Colangelo]]
*[[Dell Curry]]
*[[Antonio Davis]]
*[[DeMar DeRozan]]
*[[Drake (musician)|Drake]]
*[[Wayne Embry]]
*[[Marc Gasol]]
*[[Rudy Gay]]
*[[Danny Green (basketball)|Danny Green]]
*[[Glen Grunwald]]
*[[Serge Ibaka]]
*[[Mark Jackson]]
*[[Mike James (basketball, born 1975)|Mike James]]
*[[Amir Johnson]]
*[[Cory Joseph]]
*[[Jason Kapono]]
*[[Kawhi Leonard]]
*[[Jeremy Lin]]
*[[Kyle Lowry]]
*[[Jamaal Magloire]]
*[[Tracy McGrady]]
*[[Sam Mitchell (basketball)|Sam Mitchell]]
*[[Nick Nurse]]
*[[Charles Oakley]]
*[[Hakeem Olajuwon]]
*[[Morris Peterson]]
*[[Norman Powell]]
*[[Jalen Rose]]
*[[Terrence Ross]]
*[[Pascal Siakam]]
*[[Peja Stojakovic]]
*[[Damon Stoudamire]]
*[[Isiah Thomas]]
*[[Hedo Turkoglu]]
*[[Masai Ujiri]]
*[[Jonas Valanciunas]]
*[[Fred VanVleet]]
*[[Charlie Villanueva]]
*[[Lenny Wilkens]]
*[[Alvin Williams]]
*[[Jerome Williams (basketball)|Jerome Williams]]
*[[Lou Williams]]

=== Baseball ===
*[[Danny Ainge]]
*[[Roberto Alomar]]
*[[Sparky Anderson]]
*[[Alex Anthopoulos]]
*[[Jesse Barfield]]
*[[José Bautista]]
*[[Paul Beeston]]
*[[George Bell (outfielder)|George Bell]]
*[[Bo Bichette]]
*[[Cavan Biggio]]
*[[Pat Borders]]
*[[Mark Buehrle]]
*[[A. J. Burnett]]
*[[Rob Butler]]
*[[Jose Canseco]]
*[[Chris Carpenter]]
*[[Joe Carter]]
*[[Roger Clemens]]
*[[David Cone]]
*[[Bobby Cox]]
*[[Carlos Delgado]]
*[[R.A. Dickey]]
*[[Josh Donaldson]]
*[[Rob Ducey]]
*[[Edwin Encarnación]]
*[[Tony Fernández]]
*[[Cecil Fielder]]
*[[Dámaso García]]
*[[Cito Gaston]]
*[[John Gibbons]]
*[[Pat Gillick]]
*[[Shawn Green]]
*[[Alfredo Griffin]]
*[[Kelly Gruber]]
*[[Vladimir Guerrero Jr.]]
*[[Juan Guzmán (baseball)|Juan Guzmán]]
*[[Roy Halladay]]
*[[Rickey Henderson]]
*[[Tom Henke]]
*[[Pat Hentgen]]
*[[Aaron Hill (baseball)|Aaron Hill]]
*[[Eric Hinske]]
*[[Carl Hubbell]]
*[[Orlando Hudson]]
*[[Casey Janssen]]
*[[Munenori Kawasaki]]
*[[Jimmy Key]]
*[[Ralph Kiner]]
*[[Billy Koch]]
*[[Nap Lajoie]]
*[[Adam Lind]]
*[[Russell Martin]]
*[[Buck Martinez]]
*[[John McDonald (infielder)|John McDonald]]
*[[Fred McGriff]]
*[[Paul Molitor]]
*[[Jack Morris]]
*[[Lloyd Moseby]]
*[[Phil Niekro]]
*[[John Olerud]]
*[[Al Oliver]]
*[[Roberto Osuna]]
*[[Kevin Pillar]]
*[[David Price (baseball)|David Price]]
*[[Paul Quantrill]]
*[[José Reyes (infielder)|José Reyes]]
*[[J. P. Ricciardi]]
*[[Alex Rios]]
*[[B. J. Ryan]]
*[[Ed Sprague Jr.|Ed Sprague]]
*[[Dave Stewart (baseball)|Dave Stewart]]
*[[Dave Stieb]]
*[[Marcus Stroman]]
*[[Frank Thomas (designated hitter)|Frank Thomas]]
*[[Troy Tulowitzki]]
*[[Frank Viola]]
*[[Omar Vizquel]]
*[[Chien-Ming Wang]]
*[[Duane Ward]]
*[[David Wells]]
*[[Vernon Wells]]
*[[Devon White (baseball)|Devon White]]
*[[Ernie Whitt]]
*[[Dave Winfield]]
*[[Gregg Zaun]]

=== Football ===
{{Main|Category:Toronto Argonauts players}}
*[[Damon Allen]]
*[[Zenon Andrusyshyn]]
*[[Leo Cahill]]
*[[John Candy]]
*[[Lance Chomyc]]
*[[Frank Clair]]
*[[Pinball Clemons]]
*[[Lionel Conacher]]
*[[Royal Copeland (Canadian football)|Royal Copeland]]
*[[Jim Corrigall]]
*[[Ulysses Curtis]]
*[[Royal Copeland (Canadian football)|Royal Copeland]]
*[[Robert Drummond (gridiron football)|Robert Drummond]]
*[[Matt Dunigan]]
*[[Gil Fenerty]]
*[[Dan Ferrone]]
*[[Doug Flutie]]
*[[Terry Greer]]
*[[Wayne Gretzky]]
*[[Rodney Harding]]
*[[Lew Hayman]]
*[[Condredge Holloway]]
*[[Hank Ilesic]]
*[[Raghib Ismail]]
*[[Joe Krol]]
*[[Paul Masotti]]
*[[Don Matthews]]
*[[Derrell Mitchell]]
*[[Don Moen]]
*[[Joe Montford]]
*[[Danny Nykoluk]]
*[[Bob O'Billovich]]
*[[Mike O'Shea (Canadian football)|Mike O'Shea]]
*[[Chad Owens]]
*[[Byron Parker]]
*[[Elfrid Payton (Canadian football)|Elfrid Payton]]
*[[Reggie Pleasant]]
*[[Willie Pless]]
*[[Noel Prefontaine]]
*[[Ricky Ray]]
*[[Andre Rison]]
*[[Tobin Rote]]
*[[Dick Shatto]]
*[[Adrion Smith]]
*[[Darrell K. Smith]]
*[[Bill Symons]]
*[[Joe Theismann]]
*[[Mike Vanderjagt]]
*[[Ricky Williams]]

=== Ice hockey ===
{{Main|Category:Ice hockey players in Toronto}}
*[[Frederik Andersen]]
*[[Dave Andreychuk]]
*[[Syl Apps]]
*[[George Armstrong (ice hockey)|George Armstrong]]
*[[Mike Babcock]]
*[[Ace Bailey]]
*[[Harold Ballard]]
*[[Bill Barilko]]
*[[Ed Belfour]]
*[[Johnny Bower]]
*[[Turk Broda]]
*[[Brian Burke (ice hockey)|Brian Burke]]
*[[Pat Burns]]
*[[King Clancy]]
*[[Wendel Clark]]
*[[Charlie Conacher]]
*[[Hap Day]]
*[[Tie Domi]]
*[[Ken Dryden]]
*[[Ron Ellis]]
*[[Cliff Fletcher]]
*[[Ron Francis]]
*[[Grant Fuhr]]
*[[Doug Gilmour]]
*[[Tim Horton]]
*[[Phil Housley]]
*[[Punch Imlach]]
*[[Dick Irvin]]
*[[Curtis Joseph]]
*[[Red Kelly]]
*[[Ted Kennedy (ice hockey)|Ted Kennedy]]
*[[Dave Keon]]
*[[Phil Kessel]]
*[[Lou Lamoriello]]
*[[Gary Leeman]]
*[[Brian Leetch]]
*[[Eric Lindros]]
*[[Frank Mahovlich]]
*[[Mitch Marner]]
*[[Auston Matthews]]
*[[Lanny McDonald]]
*[[Jim McKenny]]
*[[Howie Meeker]]
*[[Alexander Mogilny]]
*[[Roger Neilson]]
*[[Dion Phaneuf]]
*[[Jacques Plante]]
*[[Félix Potvin]]
*[[Joe Primeau]]
*[[Pat Quinn (ice hockey)|Pat Quinn]]
*[[Gary Roberts (ice hockey)|Gary Roberts]]
*[[Borje Salming]]
*[[Brendan Shanahan]]
*[[Darryl Sittler]]
*[[Conn Smythe]]
*[[Steve Stavro]]
*[[Mats Sundin]]
*[[John Tavares]]
*[[Darcy Tucker]]
*[[Rick Vaive]]
*[[Tiger Williams]]
*[[Ron Wilson (ice hockey, born 1955)|Ron Wilson]]

=== Soccer ===
*[[Jozy Altidore]]
*[[Tim Bezbatchenko]]
*[[Alex Bono]]
*[[Michael Bradley (soccer)|Michael Bradley]]
*[[Júlio César (football goalkeeper, born 1979)|Júlio César]]
*[[Jermain Defoe]]
*[[Dwayne De Rosario]]
*[[Danny Dichio]]
*[[Stefan Frei]]
*[[Sebastian Giovinco]]
*[[Jonathan Osorio]]
*[[Alejandro Pozuelo]]
*[[Greg Vanney]]
*[[Quentin Westberg]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

;Bibliography
* {{cite book |last1=Holzman |first1=Morey |first2=Joseph |last2=Nieforth |title=Deceptions and Doublecross: How the NHL Conquered Hockey |location=Toronto, ON |publisher=Dundurn Press |year=2002}}

==See also==
*[[Amateur sport in Toronto]]
*[[List of sports teams in Toronto]]
*[[Multiple major sports championship seasons]]
*[[CJCL]] (Toronto all-sports radio station, ''Sportsnet 590 The Fan'')
*[[CHUM (AM)]] (Toronto all-sports radio station, ''TSN Radio 1050'')

{{Toronto}}
{{Toronto Sports}}
{{Sport venues in Toronto}}

[[Category:Sport in Toronto| ]]
&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Sports in Toronto]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Sports in Toronto/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Amaryllo</title>
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      <text bytes="24241" xml:space="preserve">{{Multiple issues|
{{Refimprove|date=June 2019}}
{{Orphan|date=September 2016}}{{Advert|date=November 2019}}
{{COI|date=November 2019}}
{{POV|date=November 2019}}
}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Amaryllo Inc.
| logo = Amaryllo-Logo.jpg
| logo_size = 
| logo_alt = 
| logo_caption = 
| logo_padding = 
| image = ATOM AR3S.png
| image_alt = Biometric Outdoor Auto Tracking Security Camera
| image_caption = Biometric Auto Tracking Security Camera
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = &lt;!-- Use ISO 639-1 code, e.g. &quot;fr&quot; for French. For multiple names in different languages, use {{lang|[code]|[name]}}. --&gt;
| former_name = 
| type = [[Private company|Private]]
| industry = [[Biometrics]], [[Robotics]], [[Home Automation]], [[Smart Retailer]]
| founded = Amsterdam, the Netherlands            &lt;!-- if known: {{start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} in [[Amsterdam]], [[the Netherlands]] --&gt;
| founder = [https://nl.linkedin.com/in/ctyang/ Marcus Yang]            &lt;!-- or: | founders = --&gt;
| hq_location = 2372 Morse Avenue, Suite 523
| hq_location_city = [[Irvine]]
| hq_location_country = [[California]]
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = [https://nl.linkedin.com/in/ctyang/ Marcus Yang]   {{small|([[President (corporate title)|President]] &amp; [[Chief executive officer|CEO]])}}
| products = Apollo &lt;br&gt; Ares&lt;BR&gt;AR1 &lt;BR&gt; AR4 &lt;BR&gt; Fairy &lt;br&gt; Hermes &lt;br&gt; Triton &lt;br&gt;Zeus &lt;br&gt;
| brands = Amaryllo
| services = Amaryllo Service &lt;Br&gt;
| owner = &lt;!-- or: | owners = --&gt;
| website = [http://www.amaryllo.us/ Amaryllo.us] &lt;BR&gt; 
}}

[[File:Amaryllo iCamPRO Deluxe.jpg|thumb|Amaryllo iCamPRO Deluxe]]

'''Amaryllo Inc.''' is a multinational company founded in [[Amsterdam]], the [[Netherlands]], pioneering in AI as a Service market. Amaryllo develops biometric robotic technologies. It is ranked as the number-one smart home camera robot company.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.newsmaker.com.au/news/118387/smart-home-camera-robot-market-industry-2016-study-including-opportunities-trends-and-forecasts#.WAMGTuB95m-|title=Smart Home Camera Robot Market: Industry 2016 Study including Opportunities, Trends and Forecasts|last1=Pingaley|first1=Ameya|website=Newsmaker.com.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.wiseguyreports.com/reports/global-smart-home-camera-robot-market-professional-survey-report-2016|title=Global Smart Home Camera Robot Market Professional Survey Report 2016|website=Global Market Analyst|publisher=Wiseguy Reports|accessdate=11 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.openpr.com/news/1124968/Smart-Home-Camera-Robots-Market-to-Witness-Huge-Growth-by-2023-Players-evolve-Amaryllo-Vimicro-Toshiba.html|title=Smart Home Camera Robots Market to Witness Huge Growth by 2023 Players evolve: Amaryllo, Vimicro, Toshiba|date=13 July 2018|publisher=HTF Market Report}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://operanewsnow.com/smart-home-camera-robot-market-to-witness-astonishing-growth-by-2025-amaryllo-probotics-wowwee-meccano/83981/|title=Smart Home Camera Robot Market to Witness Astonishing Growth by 2025 {{!}} Amaryllo, Probotics, WowWee, Meccano|date=April 22, 2019|website=OperaNewsNow|access-date=July 7, 2020|archive-date=July 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727021430/https://operanewsnow.com/smart-home-camera-robot-market-to-witness-astonishing-growth-by-2025-amaryllo-probotics-wowwee-meccano/83981/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amaryllo offers real-time data mining, patented camera robot, fast object recognition, secure 256-bit encrypted P2P network, and flexible cloud storage to B2G, B2C, and B2B market.

Amaryllo developed a new type of patented robotic cameras that can talk, hear, sense, recognize human faces, and auto-track intruders 360 degrees.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Anderson|first1=Steve|title=CES 2015: WebRTC &amp; Robotics Combine in Amaryllo iCamPRO FHD Home Security Solution|url=http://www.webrtc-solutions.com/topics/webrtc-solutions/articles/395744-ces-2015-webrtc-robotics-combine-amaryllo-icampro-fhd.htm|website=WebRTC Solutions|date=December 29, 2014|access-date=September 13, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905181032/http://www.webrtc-solutions.com/topics/webrtc-solutions/articles/395744-ces-2015-webrtc-robotics-combine-amaryllo-icampro-fhd.htm|archive-date=September 5, 2015|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Founder [https://nl.linkedin.com/in/ctyang/ Marcus Yang]{{Dead link|date=August 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} is a serial entrepreneur and a member at [[Band of Angels (investors)|Band of Angles]]. [https://www.linkedin.com/in/ctyang/ Marcus Yang] invented and patented the first embedded auto-tracking cameras. Amaryllo debuted the world's first security robot based on [[WebRTC]] protocol, iCamPRO FHD,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.webrtcworld.com/topics/webrtc-world/articles/391226-amaryllo-announces-new-camera-line-with-webrtc-functionality.htm|title=Amaryllo Announces New Camera Line with WebRTC Functionality|last1=Anderson|first1=Steve|website=WebRTC World|date=October 13, 2014|accessdate=September 13, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; and won the 2015 [[Consumer Electronics Show|CES]] Best of Innovation Award under Embedded Technology category.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Mohney|first1=Doug|title=WebRTC Camera Holds Promise|url=http://www.realtimecommunicationsworld.com/topics/realtimecommunicationsworld/articles/389668-webrtc-camera-holds-promise.htm|website=Real time Communications|date=September 24, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=AMARYLLO DEBUTS WORLD'S FIRST WEBRTC HOME SECURITY ROBOT|url=http://webrtcdigest.com/2015/01/04/amaryllo-debuts-worlds-first-webrtc-home-security-robot/|publisher=WebRTC Digest|date=January 4, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cesweb.org/News/Press-Releases/CES-Press-Release.aspx?NodeID=0a3de20d-decc-4aff-b809-5a10f0798d71|title=CEA Announces 2015 CES Best of Innovation Honorees|website=CES|accessdate=September 13, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914223015/http://www.cesweb.org/News/Press-Releases/CES-Press-Release.aspx?NodeID=0a3de20d-decc-4aff-b809-5a10f0798d71|archive-date=September 14, 2015|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amaryllo's home security robots employ 256-bit [[encryption]] technologies and run on WebRTC protocol.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Sime|first1=Arin|title=WebRTC is not just video – it's Data too!|url=https://webrtc.ventures/2015/12/webrtc-and-iot-sensors/|website=WebRTC.Ventures|date=December 16, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amaryllo products are sold in over 100 countries across 6 continents.

==History==
Amaryllo revealed its first smart home security products at [[Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin]] (IFA) 2013 with a [[Skype]]-enabled IP camera called iCam HD.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author1=Amaryllo|title=Amaryllo Debuts iCam HD, World's First HD Skype Wireless IP Camera|url=http://www.pr.com/press-release/512524|date=August 23, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; iCam HD was the first smart home IP camera certified by Plugged-into-Skype program with 256-bit [[encryption]]. Amaryllo announced its second Skype-certified smart home product, iBabi HD, at [[CES 2014]]. The company was chosen as a Cool Vendor by [[Gartner]] in Connected Home 2014 for being the first company offering the highest possible security protection in consumers security market.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author1=Hendrik Bartel|title=Cool Vendors in Connected Homes, 2014|url=https://www.gartner.com/doc/2733317/cool-vendors-connected-homes-|website=Gartner|date=May 8, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amaryllo introduced WebRTC-based smart home products after Microsoft terminated embedded Skype services in mid 2014. Since then, Amaryllo has been developing a series of camera robots with focus on its auto-tracking and facial recognition technologies. The professional outdoor IP65 grade camera robots, ATOM AR3 and ATOM AR3S, were introduced in late 2016. Amaryllo’s focus is primarily on the AI service market, with products for home and business use, including [[Wired (magazine)|wired]] and wireless technology.

==Biometric Robotic Technologies==
===Facial Recognition===
Amaryllo debuted its facial recognition technologies on the new auto-tracking model, ATOM at IFA 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=ATOM, the First Intelligent Home Security Robot That Learns to Recognize Your Faces|url=http://www.pr.com/press-release/683655|website=Pr.com|date=August 13, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ATOM is designed to recognize human faces from learning faces. It takes 0.5 seconds to detect a human face and another 0.5 second to identify a person, totaling only 1 second to recognize a human face. It can recognize over 100 people simultaneously.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Amaryllo: Fast Facial Recognition, Smart Home's Holy Grail|url=http://www.mysmahome.com/NEWS/6352/amaryllo-fast-facial-recognition-smart-homes-holy-grail.aspx|accessdate=13 October 2016|publisher=Messe Frankfurt New Era Business Media Ltd.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014061730/http://www.mysmahome.com/NEWS/6352/amaryllo-fast-facial-recognition-smart-homes-holy-grail.aspx|archive-date=14 October 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amaryllo is offering facial recognition to its B2B partners. ASUS SmartHome platform has integrated ATOM to its offering to take advantage of this new technology.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Amaryllo Connects with ASUS SmartHome|url=http://www.pr.com/press-release/685349|date=August 28, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Embedded Auto-Tracking===
Amaryllo uses [[multi-core processor]] embedded in compact cameras to realize complete tracking systems in single units. Each camera must be embedded with sufficient computation power and memory to possess artificial intelligence to analyze real-time image comparison to track moving objects, to stream real-time full-HD video, encode 256-bit [[encryption]], upload recorded videos, and many more. Amaryllo security drones act as individual security robots to track moving objects on their own without commands from remote computers. With a 1920 x 1080 full-HD resolution, these drones are able to track intruders over 30 feet away. Infrared lights are aesthetically hidden by a mask and are activated when the environment becomes dark. This enables Amaryllo cameras  to track objects in complete darkness.

===Speech Functions===
Amaryllo added speech functions to its camera robots. Multiple languages are supported including English, Spanish, Arabic, French, Japanese, Thai, and Chinese. When faces or sensors are detected, camera robots will talk in pre-selected languages and say &quot;Hello&quot;, &quot;Good Morning&quot;, &quot;Good Afternoon&quot;, etc. Camera robots can report hourly time such as &quot;It's 4 PM&quot; and can even notify you of a new email. For example, if there is a new email, the camera robots will say &quot;You've got mail&quot; to remind owners.

===Multiple Sensor Network===
Further, technologies enable security robots to track objects 360 degrees by introducing multiple motion sensors around the drones, once a sensor is triggered, embedded CPUs will guide the drones to turn to the spotted direction to follow objects even from behind. This innovative design eliminates the need to implement multiple cameras in a single unit to reduce cost.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author1=Stanley Goodner|title=The iCamPRO FHD is set to impress at 2015 CES, Kickstarter|url=http://www.technologytell.com/hometech/107696/icampro-fhd-set-impress-2015-ces-kickstarter/|website=Technology Tell|date=December 31, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amaryllo security robots can even talk to intruders if they are spotted and track intruders.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author1=Ekeyekwu Oscar|title=THE FIRST DOMESTIC SUPER SECURITY ROBOT WINS DOUBLE AWARD|url=http://www.mymentormotivator.com/2015/06/the-first-domestic-super-security-robot.html|website=My Mentor Motivator|accessdate=2 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927093220/http://www.mymentormotivator.com/2015/06/the-first-domestic-super-security-robot.html|archive-date=27 September 2015|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amaryllo iCamPRO FHD won 2015 WebRTC World Product of the Year Award.

===Object Recognition===
Amaryllo develops cloud-based artificial intelligence with its camera robots to recognize any objects. By taking advantage of large cloud computation power, faces, human body, vehicle, animals, airplanes, etc. can be detected and recognized in seconds. Amaryllo uses real-time picture frame analysis to identify over 100 human faces within seconds.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author1=Amaryllo International|title=Amaryllo Introduces iCare FHD, the First Urgent Home Care Camera Based on WebRTC|url=http://www.pr.com/press-release/640260|website=Pr.com|date=October 3, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Once a [[humanoid]] face is recognized, robots will deliver face snapshots to smart devices within seconds. This patent-pending solution can eliminate possible false alerts found in popular network cameras with alerts generated by [[Passive infrared sensor]].

===Interactive Services ===
Amaryllo robots are linked to Google Services. If consumers receive an email, Amaryllo robots will say &quot;You've got mail.&quot; Amaryllo robots can even remind users of appointments by saying &quot;You have an appointment at 3 pm,&quot; minutes before a meeting. These robots can also say &quot;Hello&quot;, &quot;Good Morning&quot;, &quot;Good Afternoon&quot;, etc. when they detect events. These events could be motion, audio, or [[face detection]] pre-determined by users. Amaryllo cameras are wirelessly connected to networks, so they are aware of local time and can report time on an hourly fashion. For example, it will say &quot;It's 5 PM,&quot; acting as a regular clock. More interactive voice communications are reported.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Amaryllo Revolutionary Light-Bulb Security Robots Receive 2016 CES Innovation Award|url=http://www.pr.com/press-release/651798|website=PR.com|date=December 25, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Blockout and Activity Zones===
To eliminate common false alarm triggered by popular audio or PIR sensors, Amaryllo devises an option on the mobile app to allow consumers to define areas where they can be ignored or can be monitored by their robots. If a robot is led to a certain area where movement later stops, the robot will rotate itself to resume it's predefined &quot;home&quot; positions to safeguard the most important asset. The combination of the above enables Amaryllo robots to reduce false alarm raised by conventional pixel-based sensors.

=== Additional Technologies ===
Fire Warning

Path Tracking

Heat Maps

==P2P Communications and Cloud Service==

===Dynamic P2P Server===
Amaryllo was the first to establish global [[Peer-to-Peer]] (P2P) server based on WebRTC protocol in smart home service.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author1=Alexandra Duggan|title=Amsterdam-Based Company Reveals First WebRTC Wireless Network Cameras|url=http://www.webrtc-solutions.com/topics/webrtc-solutions/articles/389356-amsterdam-based-company-reveals-first-webrtc-wireless-network.htm|website=WebRTC Solutions|date=September 19, 2014|access-date=September 17, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906005149/http://www.webrtc-solutions.com/topics/webrtc-solutions/articles/389356-amsterdam-based-company-reveals-first-webrtc-wireless-network.htm|archive-date=September 6, 2015|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amaryllo Live is a plug-in-free H.264-based browser service allowing consumers to access their cameras anywhere anytime. It runs on WebRTC protocol and Firefox is the first browser company to support Amaryllo Live. Other browser companies have vowed to support WebRTC H.264-based codec.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author1=Michael Larabel|title=VP8 &amp; H.264 Become Mandatory For Browsers With WebRTC Support|url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&amp;px=MTg0MTg|website=Phoronix|date=November 16, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amaryllo server measures each communications channel and dynamically adjusts the video format based on the available bandwidth to effectively alleviate video latency and results in a better video communications experience. It also permits a true two-way audio talk.

===Video Alert===
Amaryllo offers free and paid unlimited cloud storage plans available to its products. Unconventionally, Amaryllo cloud service includes video alerts allowing consumers to review urgent video messages from smart devices remotely. Video alerts are handy as brief recorded videos provide additional information to consumers in comparison against typical single frame picture alerts. Amaryllo launched Urgent Home Care Service with an introduction of iCare FHD. With a touch of a remote control, the patent-pending technologies deliver video alerts to registered members in seconds. iCare FHD can detect faces and sends out real-time face alert video to family members. This is the first urgent home care products employing WebRTC technologies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author1=Casey Houser|title=Amaryllo Launches iCare FHD Personal Network Security Camera|url=http://www.realtimecommunicationsworld.com/topics/realtimecommunicationsworld/articles/410956-amaryllo-launches-icare-fhd-personal-network-security-camera.htm|website=Real Time Communications|date=October 6, 2015|access-date=October 8, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305165943/http://www.realtimecommunicationsworld.com/topics/realtimecommunicationsworld/articles/410956-amaryllo-launches-icare-fhd-personal-network-security-camera.htm|archive-date=March 5, 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=AMARYLLO INTRODUCES ICARE FHD, THE FIRST URGENT HOME CARE CAMERA BASED ON WEBRTC|url=http://webrtcdigest.com/2015/10/03/amaryllo-introduces-icare-fhd-the-first-urgent-home-care-camera-based-on-webrtc/|website=Webrtcdigest.com|date=October 3, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Intelligent Data Analytics Service ==
===Soteria===
Amaryllo expanded its business to B2B smart retailer market by introducing Soteria service in 2018. Soteria employs biometric analytics cameras with cloud intelligence to offer affordable real-time video analytics allowing retailer owners to monetize customer data. Unlike conventional wisdom, Soteria is the first smart retailer CRM without a PC or server utilizing instead cloud-based services, significantly lowering the entry barrier for small business owners to examine/explore/research their customer types.

== Honors and recognition ==

=== Asia Pacific ICT Alliance Awards (APICTA) ===

* 2016 - ATOM 2 and AR2 won top Gold International Award under the Security category.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.apicta.org/winners/2016-chinese-taipei|title=2016 Chinese Taipei {{!}} APICTA|website=www.apicta.org|access-date=2019-07-29|archive-date=2019-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729035145/http://www.apicta.org/winners/2016-chinese-taipei|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.apicta.tw/pastWinners.aspx|title=APICTA Home|website=www.apicta.tw|access-date=2019-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=2&amp;post=105164|title=Taiwan earns record medal count at Asia-Pacific ICT awards|last=China (Taiwan)|first=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of|date=2016-12-06|website=Taiwan Today|language=en|access-date=2019-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== B2B Marketing Expo ===

* 2019 - Best Tech Innovation&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.b2bmarketingexpo.co.uk/|title=B2B Marketing Expo|website=B2B Marketing Expo|access-date=2019-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===CES===

* '''2020 - '''Athena won 2020 CES Innovation Awards under Smart Cities and Smart Home categories, respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://www.ces.tech/Innovation-Awards/Honorees/2020/Honorees/A/Athena.aspx?_gl=1*lslia7*_gcl_aw*R0NMLjE1NzI0NTUwNDQuRUFJYUlRb2JDaE1JOEl5LXY3dkU1UUlWQmE2V0NoMGFfQWhXRUFBWUFTQUFFZ0pxZ19EX0J3RQ.. | title=Innovation Award Honorees - CES 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''2018 - '''AR4 won 2018 CES Best of Innovation Award under Smart Cities category and AR5 won CES Innovation Award under Smart Home.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://www.ces.tech/Events-Programs/Innovation-Awards/honorees |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161123053048/http://www.ces.tech/Events-Programs/Innovation-Awards/honorees|archive-date = 2016-11-23|title = Innovation Award Honorees - CES 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Consumer Electronics Show|date=2019-10-13|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consumer_Electronics_Show&amp;oldid=920982940|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2019-11-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''2017 - '''Amaryllo won its third CES Innovation Awards with Koova, ATOM AR3 and ATOM AR3S.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=CES 2017 Innovation Awards|url=https://www.ces.tech/Events-Experiences/Innovation-Awards-Program/Honorees.aspx|publisher=Consumer Technology Association|accessdate=10 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''2016 - '''Amaryllo won the consecutive 2016 CES Innovation Award with its iCamPRO Deluxe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=CES 2016 Innovation Awards|url=https://www.cesweb.org/Events-Programs/Innovation|website=Cesweb.org|date=November 10, 2015|access-date=November 11, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112203550/http://www.cesweb.org/Events-Programs/Innovation|archive-date=November 12, 2015|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''2015 - '''iCamPRO FHD won 2015 CES Best of Innovation Award under Embedded Technology category.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20171113003104/https://mysmahome.com/news/4876/icampro-fhd-auto-tracking-security-robot-that-tracks-objects-360-degrees-2/]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Computex ===

* 2019 - Soteria Enterprise won the 2019 Computex Best Choice Award for Smart Retail.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://bcaward.computex.biz/WinnerYearDetail.aspx?index=8260&amp;awtype=100000000&amp;year=2019|title=Best Choice Award|website=bcaward.computex.biz|access-date=2019-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2017 - ATOM AR3S won the 2017 Computex Best Choice Award for Security.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://bcaward.computex.biz/WinnerYearDetail.aspx?index=7241&amp;awtype=100000000&amp;year=2017|title=Best Choice Award|website=bcaward.computex.biz|access-date=2019-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2016 - ATOM AR2 won the 2016 Computex Best Choice Award in the Smart Tech Related category.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://bcaward.computex.biz/WinnerYearDetail.aspx?index=6940&amp;awtype=100000000&amp;year=2016|title=Best Choice Award|website=bcaward.computex.biz|access-date=2019-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2015 - iCamPRO FHD won the 2015 Computex Best Choice Award in the Smart Tech category.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://bcaward.computex.biz/WinnerYearDetail.aspx?index=6210&amp;awtype=100000000&amp;year=2015|title=Best Choice Award|website=bcaward.computex.biz|access-date=2019-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2014 - Skype HD Wireless Baby monitor won the Jury's Special Award

=== d&amp;i Award ===

* 2016 - iCamPRO AR2 won the Computex d&amp;i Award.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.computextaipei.com.tw/en_US/innprize/info.html?id=1E28C34525757BC6&amp;sFuncID=55153903F6076CFFD0636733C6861689|title=Building global technology ecosystem|website=www.computextaipei.com.tw|language=en|access-date=2019-07-29|archive-date=2019-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729035158/https://www.computextaipei.com.tw/en_US/innprize/info.html%3Fid%3D1E28C34525757BC6%26sFuncID%3D55153903F6076CFFD0636733C6861689|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== IoT Asia ===

* 2018 - Amaryllo won the Trailblazer Award for offering AI as a service.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://directory.ifsecglobal.com/amaryllo-wins-2018-trailblazer-award-in-iot-asia-news073504.html|title=Amaryllo Wins 2018 Trailblazer Award in IoT Asia|website=directory.ifsecglobal.com|access-date=2019-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Securika Moscow ===

* 2017 - Russia Best Product of the Year.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://directory.ifsecglobal.com/national-award-in-the-field-of-consumer-news046053.html|title=National Award in the field of consumer electronics in Russia &quot;Product of the Year&quot;|website=directory.ifsecglobal.com|access-date=2019-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Security Innovation Award ===

* 2018 - Soteria Enterprise won the 2018 Security Innovation Award in Essen, Germany under the Service category.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://beveiligingnieuws.nl/nieuws/security-innovation-awards-uitgereikt-tijdens-security-essen|title=Security Innovation Awards uitgereikt tijdens Security Essen|last=redactie|date=2018-09-25|website=BeveiligingNieuws|language=nl|access-date=2019-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Robotics]]
[[Category:Home automation companies]]
&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Amaryllo]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Amaryllo/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>Anonymous P2P</title>
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An '''anonymous P2P''' communication system is a [[peer-to-peer]] [[distributed application]] in which the [[Node (networking)|nodes]], which are used to share resources, or participants are [[Anonymity|anonymous]] or [[Pseudonymity|pseudonymous]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kobusińska|first=Anna|last2=Brzeziński|first2=Jerzy|last3=Boroń|first3=Michał|last4=Inatlewski|first4=Łukasz|last5=Jabczyński|first5=Michał|last6=Maciejewski|first6=Mateusz|date=2016-06-01|title=A branch hash function as a method of message synchronization in anonymous P2P conversations|journal=International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science|language=en|volume=26|issue=2|pages=479–493|doi=10.1515/amcs-2016-0034|issn=2083-8492|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anonymity of participants is usually achieved by special routing [[overlay network]]s that hide the physical location of each node from other participants.

Interest in anonymous P2P systems has increased in recent years for many reasons, ranging from the desire to share files without revealing one's network identity and risking [[litigation]]&lt;ref name=&quot;eff&quot;&gt;Electronic Frontier Foundation (2005). [https://www.eff.org/wp/riaa-v-people-five-years-later RIAA v. The People: Five Years Later]. Retrieved March 5, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; to distrust in governments, concerns over [[mass surveillance]] and [[data retention]], and [[lawsuit]]s against [[blog]]gers.&lt;ref name=&quot;rsf&quot;&gt;{{cite web|editor-first=Julien|editor-last= Pain|date = September 2005|url = http://www.rsf.org/rubrique.php3?id_rubrique=542 |publisher = Reporters Without Borders |title = Handbook for bloggers and cyber-dissidents |url-status = dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070215022127/http://www.rsf.org/rubrique.php3?id_rubrique=542 |archivedate=2007-02-15 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Motivation for anonymity==
There are many reasons to use anonymous P2P technology; most of them are generic to all forms of online anonymity.

P2P users who desire anonymity usually do so as they do not wish to be identified as a publisher (sender), or reader (receiver), of information. Common reasons include:
* [[Censorship]] at the local, organizational, or national level
* Personal privacy preferences such as preventing [[Website visitor tracking|tracking]] or [[data mining]] activities
* The material or its distribution is considered illegal or incriminating by possible [[eavesdropper]]s
* Material is legal but socially deplored, embarrassing or problematic in the individual's [[social world]]
* Fear of retribution (against [[whistleblower]]s, unofficial leaks, and [[activist]]s who do not believe in restrictions on information nor [[knowledge]])

A particularly open view on legal and illegal content is given in [https://web.archive.org/web/20090627205546/http://freenetproject.org/philosophy.html The Philosophy Behind Freenet].

Governments are also interested in anonymous P2P technology. The [[United States Navy]] funded the original [[onion routing]] research that led to the development of the [[Tor (anonymity network)|Tor]] network, which was later funded by the [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]] and is now developed by the non-profit organization The Tor Project, Inc.

==Arguments for and against anonymous P2P communication==

===General===
While anonymous P2P systems may support the protection of unpopular speech, they may also protect illegal activities, such as [[fraud]], [[slander and libel|libel]], the exchange of illegal [[pornography]], the unauthorized copying of [[copyright]]ed works, or the planning of criminal activities. Critics of anonymous P2P systems hold that these disadvantages outweigh the advantages offered by such systems, and that other communication channels are already sufficient for unpopular speech.

Proponents of anonymous P2P systems believe that all restrictions on free speech serve authoritarian interests, information itself is ethically neutral, and that it is the people acting upon the information that can be good or evil. Perceptions of good and evil can also change (see [[moral panic]]); for example, if anonymous peer-to-peer networks had existed in the 1950s or 1960s, they might have been targeted for carrying information about [[civil rights]] or [[anarchism]].

Easily accessible anonymous P2P networks are seen by some as a democratization of [[encryption]] technology, giving the general populace access to secure communications channels already used by governments. Supporters of this view, such as [[Phil Zimmermann]], argue that anti-surveillance technologies help to equalize power between governments and their people,&lt;ref name=&quot;Zimmermann_interview&quot;&gt;Russell D. Hoffmann (1996). [http://www.animatedsoftware.com/hightech/philspgp.htm Interview with author of PGP (Pretty Good Privacy)]. Transcript of a radio interview, retrieved 2008-01-21.&lt;/ref&gt; which is the actual reason for banning them. [[John Pilger]] opines that  monitoring of the populace helps to contain threats to the &quot;consensual view of established authority&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;pilger&quot;&gt;John Pilger (2002). [http://www.zmag.org/znet/viewArticle/11340 Impartiality of British Journalism]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ZNet article, retrieved 2008-02-11.&lt;/ref&gt; or threats to the continuity of power structures and privilege.

===Freedom of speech===
Some claim that true [[freedom of speech]], especially on controversial subjects, is difficult or impossible unless individuals can speak anonymously. If anonymity is not possible, one could be subjected to threats or reprisals for voicing an unpopular view. This is one reason why voting is done by secret [[ballot]] in many democracies. Controversial information which a party wants to keep hidden, such as details about corruption issues, is often published or leaked anonymously.

====Anonymous blogging====
{{main|Anonymous blogging}}
[[Anonymous blogging]] is one widespread use of anonymous networks. While anonymous blogging is possible on the non-anonymous internet to some degree too, a provider hosting the blog in question might be forced to disclose the blogger's [[IP address]] (as when Google revealed an anonymous blogger's identity&lt;ref&gt;Declan McCullagh (2007). [http://www.news.com/8301-13578_3-9824638-38.html Google: We had no choice in Israel ID request]{{Dead link|date=August 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. CNET News.com article, retrieved 2008-02-11.&lt;/ref&gt;). Anonymous networks provide a better degree of anonymity. Flogs (anonymous blogs) in Freenet, [[Syndie]] and other blogging tools in [[I2P]] and [[Osiris (Serverless Portal System)|Osiris sps]] are some examples of anonymous blogging technologies.

One argument for anonymous blogging is a delicate nature of work situation. Sometimes a blogger writing under their real name faces a choice between either staying silent or causing a harm to themselves, their colleagues or the company they work for.&lt;ref&gt;Bill Vallicella (2004). [http://maverickphilosopher.blogspot.com/2004/07/reasons-for-anonyblogging.html Reasons for 'Anonyblogging']. Maverick Philosopher blog, retrieved 2008-02-11.&lt;/ref&gt;

Another reason is risk of lawsuits. Some bloggers have faced multimillion-dollar lawsuits&lt;ref&gt;Media Bloggers Association (2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070630182947/http://www.mediabloggers.org/mba-news/mba-member-hit-with-multi-million-dollar-federal-lawsuit MBA Member Hit With Multi-Million Dollar Federal Lawsuit]. Retrieved 2008-02-11.&lt;/ref&gt; (although they were later dropped completely&lt;ref&gt;Associated Press (2006). [http://www.boston.com/news/local/maine/articles/2006/05/06/ad_agency_drops_lawsuit_against_maine_blogger/ Ad agency drops lawsuit against Maine blogger]. Retrieved 2008-02-11.&lt;/ref&gt;); anonymous blogging provides protection against such risks.

====Censorship via Internet domain names====
On the non-anonymous Internet, a [[domain name]] like &quot;[[example.com]]&quot; is a key to accessing information. The censorship of the Wikileaks website&lt;ref&gt;[https://wikileaks.org/wiki/WIKILEAKS.INFO_censored_by_eNom_and_Demand_Media WIKILEAKS.INFO censored by eNom and Demand Media]. Retrieved 2008-03-09.&lt;/ref&gt; shows that domain names are extremely vulnerable to censorship. Some domain registrars have suspended customers' domain names even in the absence of a court order.

For the affected customer, blocking of a domain name is a far bigger problem than a registrar refusing to provide a service; typically, the registrar keeps full control of the domain names in question. In the case of a European travel agency, more than 80 .com websites were shut down without any court process and held by the registrar since then. The travel agency had to rebuild the sites under the .net [[top-level domain]] instead.&lt;ref&gt;Adam Liptak (2008). [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/04/us/04bar.html A Wave of the Watch List, and Speech Disappears]. ''The New York Times'', 2008-03-04. Retrieved 2008-03-09.&lt;/ref&gt;

On the other hand, anonymous networks do not rely on [[domain name registrar]]s. For example, Freenet, [[I2P]] and Tor hidden services implement censorship-resistant URLs based on [[public-key cryptography]]: only a person having the correct private key can update the URL or take it down.

===Control over online tracking===
Anonymous P2P also has value in normal daily communication. When communication is anonymous, the decision to reveal the identities of the communicating parties is left up to the parties involved and is not available to a third party. Often there is no need or desire by the communicating parties to reveal their identities. As a matter of personal freedom, many people do not want processes in place by default which supply unnecessary data. In some cases, such data could be compiled into histories of their activities.

For example, most current phone systems transmit caller ID information by default to the called party (although this can be disabled either for a single call or for all calls). If a person calls to make an inquiry about a product or the time of a movie, the party called has a record of the calling phone number, and may be able to obtain the name, address and other information about the caller. This information is not available about someone who walks into a store and makes a similar inquiry.

===Effects of surveillance on lawful activity===
Online surveillance, such as recording and retaining details of web and e-mail traffic, may have effects on lawful activities.&lt;ref name=&quot;chilling&quot;&gt;Dawinder S. Sidhu (2007). [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1002145 The chilling effect of government surveillance programs on the use of the internet by Muslim-Americans]. University of Maryland Law Journal of Race, Religion, Gender and Class.&lt;/ref&gt; People may be deterred from accessing or communicating legal information because they know of possible surveillance and believe that such communication may be seen as suspicious. According to law professor [[Daniel J. Solove]], such effects &quot;harm society because, among other things, they reduce the range of viewpoints being expressed and the degree of freedom with which to engage in political activity.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;solove1&quot;&gt;Daniel J. Solove (2006). [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=998565 &quot;I've got nothing to hide&quot; and other misunderstandings of privacy]. San Diego Law Review, Vol. 44.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Access to censored and copyrighted material===
Most countries ban or censor the publication of certain [[List of books banned by governments|books]] and [[Banned films|movies]], and certain types of content. Other material is legal to possess but not to distribute; for example, copyright and [[software patent]] laws may forbid its distribution. These laws are difficult or impossible to enforce in anonymous P2P networks.

===Anonymous online money===
With [[anonymous money]], it becomes possible to arrange anonymous markets where one can buy and sell just about anything anonymously. Anonymous money could be used to avoid [[tax]] collection. However, any transfer of physical goods between two parties could compromise anonymity.&lt;ref name=&quot;cymru&quot;&gt;Rob Thomas, Jerry Martin (2006). [http://www.usenix.org/publications/login/2006-12/openpdfs/cymru.pdf The underground economy: priceless]. Retrieved 2008-01-20.&lt;/ref&gt;

Proponents argue that conventional [[cash]] provides a similar kind of anonymity, and that existing laws are adequate to combat crimes like [[tax evasion]] that might result from the use of anonymous cash, whether online or offline.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}

==Functioning of anonymous P2P==

===Anonymity and pseudonymity===
Some of the networks commonly referred to as &quot;anonymous P2P&quot; are truly anonymous, in the sense that network nodes carry no identifiers. Others are actually pseudonymous: instead of being identified by their IP addresses, nodes are identified by pseudonyms such as cryptographic keys. For example, each node in the [[MUTE]] network has an overlay address that is derived from its public key. This overlay address functions as a pseudonym for the node, allowing messages to be addressed to it. In Freenet, on the other hand, messages are routed using keys that identify specific pieces of data rather than specific nodes; the nodes themselves are anonymous.

The term ''anonymous'' is used to describe both kinds of network because it is difficult—if not impossible—to determine whether a node that sends a message originated the message or is simply forwarding it on behalf of another node. Every node in an anonymous P2P network acts as a universal sender and universal receiver to maintain anonymity. If a node was only a receiver and did not send, then neighbouring nodes would know that the information it was requesting was for itself only, removing any [[plausible deniability]] that it was the recipient (and consumer) of the information. Thus, in order to remain anonymous, nodes must ferry information for others on the network.

===Spam and DoS attacks in anonymous networks===
Originally, anonymous networks were operated by small and friendly communities of developers. As interest in anonymous P2P increased and the user base grew, malicious users inevitably appeared and tried different attacks. This is similar to the Internet, where widespread use has been followed by waves of [[Spam (electronic)|spam]] and distributed DoS ([[denial-of-service attack|Denial of Service]]) attacks. Such attacks may require different solutions in anonymous networks. For example, blacklisting of originator network addresses does not work because anonymous networks conceal this information. These networks are more vulnerable to DoS attacks as well due to the smaller bandwidth, as has been shown in examples on the Tor network.

A conspiracy to attack an anonymous network could be considered criminal computer hacking, though the nature of the network makes this impossible to prosecute without compromising the anonymity of data in the network.

==Opennet and darknet network types==
{{Main|Friend-to-friend}}
Like conventional P2P networks, anonymous P2P networks can implement either opennet or [[darknet]] (often named friend-to-friend) network type. This describes how a node on the network selects peer nodes:

* In opennet network, peer nodes are discovered automatically. There is no configuration required but little control available over which nodes become peers.
* In a darknet network, users manually establish connections with nodes run by people they know. Darknet typically needs more effort to set up but a node only has trusted nodes as peers.

Some networks like Freenet support both network types simultaneously (a node can have some manually added darknet peer nodes and some automatically selected opennet peers) .

In a friend-to-friend (or F2F) network, users only make direct connections with people they know. Many F2F networks support indirect anonymous or pseudonymous communication between users who do not know or trust one another. For example, a node in a friend-to-friend overlay can automatically forward a file (or a request for a file) anonymously between two &quot;friends&quot;, without telling either of them the other's name or IP address. These &quot;friends&quot; can in turn forward the same file (or request) to their own &quot;friends&quot;, and so on. Users in a friend-to-friend network cannot find out who else is participating beyond their own circle of friends, so F2F networks can grow in size without compromising their users' anonymity.

Some friend-to-friend networks allow the user to control what kind of files can be exchanged with &quot;friends&quot; within the node, in order to stop them from exchanging files that user disapproves of.

Advantages and disadvantages of opennet compared to darknet are disputed, see friend-to-friend article for summary.

==List of anonymous P2P networks and clients==
{{See also|Comparison of file sharing applications}}
&lt;!-- Please keep this list in alphabetical order --&gt;
&lt;!-- Please do not add any applications which do not allow file transfer without anybody knowing your IP. Having a proxy which takes the blame is NOT anonymous, private nets are NOT anonymous --&gt;

===Public P2P clients===
* [[Bitmessage]] - an anonymous [[Decentralized computing|decentralized]] messaging system serving as a secure replacement for email
* Classified-ads - an [[Open-source software|open source]] DHT-based decentralized messaging and voice app. Allows users to not expose any personal details but does not hide network addresses of nodes.
* [[CryptoNote#DigitalNote .28XDN.29|DigitalNote XDN]] - an open-source anonymous [[Decentralized computing|decentralized]] encrypted messaging system based on blockchain technology
* [[Freenet]] - a censorship-resistant [[distributed file system]] for anonymous publishing (open source, written in Java)
* [[GNUnet]] - a P2P [[Software framework|framework]], includes anonymous file sharing as its primary application ([[GNU Project]], written in C, alpha status)
* NeoLoader - a filesharing software compatible with [[bittorrent]] and [[edonkey2000]]. Anonymous when used with the &quot;NeoShare&quot; feature (that use the proprietary &quot;NeoKad&quot; network)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://neoloader.com/anonymity.html|title=NeoLoader|website=neoloader.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Netsukuku]] - a peer-to-peer routing system aiming to build a free and independent Internet
* [[Osiris (software)|Osiris]] (Serverless Portal System) - an anonymous and distributed [[web portal]]s creator.
* [[Perfect Dark (P2P)|Perfect Dark]] - a Japanese filesharing client modeled on [[Share (P2P)|Share]]
* [[Share (P2P)|Share]] - a Japanese filesharing client modeled on [[Winny]]
* [[Syndie]] - a content (mainly forums) syndication program that operates over numerous anonymous and non-anonymous networks (open source, written in Java)
* [[Tribler]] - an [[Open-source software|open source]] [[BitTorrent]] [[Client (computing)|client]]. Nodes forward files within the network, but only the IP address of the exit node can be associated with a file.
* [[Winny]] - a Japanese filesharing program modeled on [[Freenet]] which relies on a [[Mix network|mixnet]] and [[distributed file system|distributed datastore]] to provide anonymity 
* [[ZeroNet]] - a decentralized [[Internet]]-like [[computer network|network]] of peer-to-peer users. Allows tunneling of HTTP-traffic through Tor.

====I2P clients====
* [[I2P]] - a fully [[Decentralized computing|decentralized]] overlay network for strong anonymity and [[end-to-end encryption]], with many applications (P2P, browsing, distributed anonymous e-mail, [[instant messaging]], [[Internet Relay Chat|IRC]], ...) running on top of it (free/open source, platform-independent)
* [[I2P#E-mail|I2P-Bote]] an anonymous, secure (end-to-end encrypted), serverless mail application with remailer functionality for the I2P network
* [[I2P#Instant messaging|I2P-Messenger]] an anonymous, secure (end-to-end encrypted), serverless instant messenger for the I2P network
* [[I2P#File sharing|I2PSnark]] - an anonymous [[BitTorrent (protocol)|BitTorrent]] client for the I2P network
* [[I2Phex]] - a [[Gnutella]] client which communicates anonymously through I2P
* [[iMule]] - an [[aMule]] port running under I2P network
* [[Robert (P2P Software)]] - another anonymous [[BitTorrent (protocol)|BitTorrent]] client for the I2P network
* [[Tahoe-LAFS|I2P-Tahoe-LAFS]] - a censorship-resistant [[distributed file system]] for anonymous publishing and file sharing (open source, written in Python, pre-alpha status)
* [[Vuze]] (formerly Azureus) -  a [[BitTorrent client]] with the option of using [[I2P]] or [[Tor (anonymity network)|Tor]] (open source, written in Java)

====Defunct or no longer developed====
* [[Bitblinder]] (2009-2010) - file sharing
* Cashmere (2005) - resilient anonymous routing&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url = http://current.cs.ucsb.edu/projects/cashmere/|url-status = dead|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20161230125920/http://current.cs.ucsb.edu/projects/cashmere/|archivedate = 30 December 2016|title = Cashmere: Resilient Anonymous Routing|date = 5 May 2015|publisher = UC Santa Barbara|first = Ben Y.|last = Zhou|access-date = 31 January 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{third-party inline|date=March 2016}}
* [[Entropy (anonymous data store)|Entropy]] (2003-2005) - Freenet compatible
* [[EarthStation 5]] (2003-2005) - anonymity controverted
* Herbivore (2003-2005) - file sharing and messaging. Used the [[Dining cryptographers problem]].&lt;ref&gt;http://www.cs.cornell.edu/People/egs/herbivore/&lt;/ref&gt;{{third-party inline|date=March 2016}}
* [[Marabunta (software)|Marabunta]] (2005-2006) - distributed chat
* [[MUTE]] (2003-2009) - file sharing
* [[Nodezilla]] (2004-2010) - an anonymizing, closed source network layer upon which applications can be built
* [[Owner free filing system|OFF System]] (2006-2010) - a P2P [[distributed file system]] through which all shared files are represented by randomized data blocks
* [[RShare]] (2006-2007) - file sharing
* [[StealthNet]] (2007-2011) - the successor to RShare

===Private P2P clients===
[[Private P2P]] networks are P2P networks that only allow some mutually trusted computers to share files. This can be achieved by using a central server or [[Direct Connect (file sharing)#Hubs|hub]] to authenticate clients, in which case the functionality is similar to a private [[File Transfer Protocol|FTP]] server, but with files transferred directly between the clients. Alternatively, users can exchange passwords or keys with their friends to form a decentralized network.

===Private F2F (friend-to-friend) clients===
[[Friend-to-friend]] networks are P2P networks that allows users only to make direct connections with people they know. Passwords or digital signatures can be used for authentication.

Examples include :
* [[Filetopia]] - not anonymous but encrypted friend-to-friend. File sharing, chat, internal mail service
* [[OneSwarm]] - a backwards compatible BitTorrent client with privacy-preserving sharing options, aims to create a large F2F network.
* [[Retroshare]] - filesharing, serverless email, instant messaging, VoIP, chatrooms, and decentralized forums.

===Hypothetical or defunct networks===

====Hypothetical====
The following networks only exist as design or are in development
* [[anoNet]] - extensible IP anonymizer with steganography support (in development)
* [[Crowds]] - Reiter and Rubin's system for &quot;blending into a crowd&quot; has a known attack
* [[P2PRIV]] - Peer-to-Peer diRect and anonymous dIstribution oVerlay - anonymity via virtual links parallelization - currently in development and has significant, unsolved problems in a real world environment
* Phantom Anonymity Protocol - a fully decentralized high-throughput anonymization network (no longer in development)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://code.google.com/archive/p/phantom|title=Google Code Archive - Long-term storage for Google Code Project Hosting.|website=code.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{third-party inline|date=March 2016}}

====Defunct or dormant====
* [[Bitblinder]] - a decentralised P2P anonymity software program which included Tor but with increased speed.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} Website is down and clients are no longer functional.
* Invisible IRC Project - anonymous [[Internet Relay Chat|IRC]], inspired by [[Freenet]], which later became [[I2P]] (Invisible Internet Project).
* [[Mnet (Computer program)|Mnet]] (formerly MojoNation) - a [[distributed file system]]

===Anonymous P2P in a wireless mesh network===
It is possible to implement anonymous P2P on a [[wireless mesh network]]; unlike fixed Internet connections, users don't need to sign up with an ISP to participate in such a network, and are only identifiable through their hardware.

Protocols for [[wireless mesh network]]s are [[Optimized Link State Routing Protocol]] (OLSR) and the follow-up protocol [[B.A.T.M.A.N.]], which is designed for decentralized auto-IP assignment. See also Netsukuku.

Even if a government were to outlaw the use of wireless P2P software, it would be difficult to enforce such a ban without a considerable infringement of personal freedoms. Alternatively, the government could outlaw the purchase of the wireless hardware itself.

==See also==

* [[Anonymity application]]
* [[Anonymous remailer]]
* [[Anonymous web browsing]]
* [[List of anonymously published works]]
* [[Comparison of file sharing applications]]
* [[Data privacy]]
* [[Internet privacy]]
* [[Personally identifiable information]]
* [[Privacy software]] and [[Privacy-enhancing technologies]]
** [[FLAIM]]
** [[I2P]]
** [[I2P#I2P-Bote|I2P-Bote]]
** [[Java Anon Proxy]]
*** [[Tor-ramdisk]]
*** [[Free Haven Project]]
* [[Secure communication]]

===Related items===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Crypto-anarchism]]
*[[Cypherpunk]]
*[[Digital divide]]
*[[Mesh Network]]
*[[Wireless community network]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.planetpeer.de/wiki/ Planet Peer Wiki] - a [[wiki]] about various anonymous P2P applications
* [http://www.lix.polytechnique.fr/~tomc/P2P/index.html A survey of anonymous peer-to-peer file-sharing] (2005)
* [https://torrentfreak.com/anonymous-decentralized-and-uncensored-file-sharing-is-booming-120302/ Anonymous, Decentralized and Uncensored File-Sharing is Booming] by [[TorrentFreak]] (2011)

[[Category:Anonymous file sharing networks]]
[[Category:Anonymity networks]]
[[Category:Internet privacy software]]
[[Category:Crypto-anarchism]]
[[Category:Peer-to-peer]]&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Anonymous P2P]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Anonymous P2P/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>Women in Israel</title>
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      <text bytes="55466" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|women who live in or who are from the State of Israel}}
{{Infobox women
|image         = Emekizr.jpg
|caption       = 
|gii           = 0.144 (2012)
|gii_rank      = 25th
|matdeath      = 7 (2008)
|womparl       = 29.17% (2019)&lt;ref&gt;http://main.knesset.gov.il/mk/Pages/Current.aspx?pg=mklist&lt;/ref&gt;
|femed         = 82.7% (2010)
|womlab        = 64.2%, [[employment rate]]&lt;br&gt;2014 data from [[OECD]]&lt;ref&gt;http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DatasetCode=LFS_SEXAGE_I_R&lt;/ref&gt;
| ggg          = 0.722 (2018)
| ggg_rank     = 46th
| ggg_ref      = &lt;ref name=&quot;ggr&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The Global Gender Gap Report 2018|url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2018.pdf|publisher=World Economic Forum|pages=10–11}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
'''Women in Israel'''  are women who live in or who are from the [[State of Israel]], established in 1948. Israel does not have a constitution, but the [[Israeli Declaration of Independence]] states: “The State of Israel (…) will ensure complete equality of social and political rights to all its inhabitants irrespective of religion, race or sex.” test

[[Israeli law]] prohibits [[Sexism|discrimination based on gender]] in employment and wages, and provides for [[class action]] suits; nonetheless, there are complaints of significant wage disparities between men and women.&lt;ref name=&quot;hr2010&quot;/&gt; In 2012, Israel ranked eleventh out of 59 developed nations for participation of women in the workplace. In the same survey, Israel was ranked 24th for the proportion of women serving in executive positions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lior&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Lior|first=Gad|title=Israel ranks 24th in number of women executives|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4199179,00.html|accessdate=9 March 2012|newspaper=[[Ynetnews]]|date=7 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2017, Israel was ranked the world's 8th safest country for women by the [[New World]] Wealth research group.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/the-10-safest-countries-in-the-world-for-women-2018-1|title=The 10 safest countries in the world for women|last=Australia|first=Chris Pash, Business Insider|website=Business Insider|access-date=2019-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Women's rights==
{{see also|Women's Equal Rights Law of Israel (1951)}}
[[File:Flickr - Israel Defense Forces - 163rd IAF Flight Course Graduates (1).jpg|thumb|Graduates of Israeli Air Force flight course]]

Even before the state of Israel was created, there were women [[settlers]] fighting for [[women's rights]] in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]]. An example of this is the women in the [[New Yishuv]]. [[Yishuv]] is the term referring to the body of Jewish residents in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]] before the establishment of the state of Israel, and New Yishuv refers to those who began building homes outside the [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City]] [[walls of Jerusalem]] in the 1860s. In 1919 the first nationwide women's party in the New Yishuv (the Union of Hebrew Women for Equal Rights in Eretz Israel) was created, and [[Rosa Welt-Straus]], who had immigrated there that year, was appointed its leader, as which she continued until her death.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/welt-straus-rosa |title=Welt-Straus, Rosa &amp;#124; Jewish Women's Archive |publisher=Jwa.org |date= |accessdate=2015-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QnLnZrwBw-EC&amp;pg=PT396&amp;lpg=PT396&amp;dq=%22rosa+welt-straus%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=Gmq6uBbg2J&amp;sig=ORUYnYHwFCnSZy0BuRGVntKI_00&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=ly5xUaD3H9iy4AOBhIGQCg&amp;ved=0CE8Q6AEwBg |title=Jewish Women in Pre-State Israel: Life History, Politics, and Culture |publisher=Books.google.com |date=2009-03-15 |accessdate=2015-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/searching-for-the-banner-of-the-hebrew-woman.premium-1.516467 |title=Searching for the Banner of the Hebrew Woman - Week's End - Israel News - Haaretz Israeli News Source |publisher=Haaretz.com |date=2013-04-19 |accessdate=2015-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/second-aliyah-womens-experience-and-their-role-in-yishuv |title=Second Aliyah: Women's Experience and Their Role in the Yishuv &amp;#124; Jewish Women's Archive |publisher=Jwa.org |date= |accessdate=2015-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; One of the members of the union was [[Ada Geller]], the first woman accountant in [[ Eretz Israel]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/hebrew/digitallibrary/pages/viewer.aspx?presentorid=NNL_Ephemera&amp;DocID=NNL_Ephemera700125132|title=התאחדות נשים עבריות לשווי זכויות|access-date=2019-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1926 the [[haredim]], who preferred not to face the possibility of a [[plebiscite]], left the yishuv's Assembly of Representatives, and that year an official declaration was made (ratified by the mandate government in 1927) confirming &quot;equal rights to women in all aspects of life in the yishuv - civil, political, and economic.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DpwFFZG9kDAC&amp;pg=PA272&amp;lpg=PA272&amp;dq=israel+1926+suffrage+declaration&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=4YoUgTNKnV&amp;sig=n0M1JeUHD1tVCtBuoaRrrjfuK6A&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=025xUbjhF4GG8QSN-IDgBw&amp;ved=0CEoQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&amp;q=israel%201926%20suffrage%20declaration&amp;f=false |title=Pioneers and Homemakers: Jewish Women in Pre-State Israel |page=272 |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2015-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Israel was the third country in the world to be led by a female prime minister, [[Golda Meir]], and in 2010, [[Women in governments of Israel|women's parliamentary representation in Israel]] was 18 percent, which is above the Arab world's average of 6 percent and equals that of the [[U.S. Congress]]. Still, it trails far behind the [[Scandinavian countries]]' 40 percent average

The Israeli parliament, [[The Knesset]], has established “The Committee on the Status of Women,” to address women’s rights. The stated objectives of this committee are to prevent discrimination, combat [[violence against women]], and promote equality in [[Politics of Israel|politics]], lifecycle events and [[Education in Israel|education]]. In 1998, the Knesset passed a law for &quot;Prevention of [[Sexual Harassment]]&quot;.

In 2013, the [[Ministry of Religious Services|Minister of Religious Affairs]] and [[Chief Rabbinate of Israel|Chief Rabbis]] issued statements telling ritual bath attendants only to inspect women who want inspection, putting an end to forced inspections of women at [[mikveh]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/174499#.UqT7w-Jo2kw |title=End to Forced Inspections for Women at Mikveh - Inside Israel - News - Arutz Sheva |publisher=Israelnationalnews.com |date=2013-11-26 |accessdate=2015-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2018, [[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]], in Israel to accept the Genesis Lifetime Achievement award, lamented the segregation of women in Israel at public universities, likening the practice to discriminatory &quot;separate but equal&quot; laws once applied to blacks in the United States.&lt;ref&gt; [https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-gender-segregation-in-israeli-universities-is-intensifying-1.6317199] &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; Ruth Bader Ginsburg Compares Exclusion of Women in Israel to Discrimination Against African-Americans in U.S.[https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-ginsburg-compares-exclusion-of-women-in-israel-to-separate-but-equal-1.6247002] &lt;/ref&gt;

===Crimes against women===
{{See also|Violence against women|Crime in Israel}}
[[Rape]], including [[Marital rape|spousal rape]], is a felony in Israel, punishable by 16 years in [[Israel Prison Service|prison]]. The Israeli Supreme Court affirmed that marital rape is a crime in a 1980 decision, citing law based on the [[Talmud|Talmud (at least 6th century).]]&lt;ref name=RiM284&gt;{{Cite journal| volume = 6 | page = 284 | last = Geis | first = Gilbert | title = Rape-in-marriage: Law and law reform in England, the United States, and Sweden | journal = Adelaide Law Review | year = 1977}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=IntroCrim79&gt;David Kauzlarich, Introduction to Criminology, 2008, p. 79.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Israeli law|The law]] doubles the penalty if the perpetrator assaults or rapes a relative.&lt;ref name=&quot;hr2010&quot;&gt;2010 Human Rights Report: Israel and the occupied territories. U.S. Department of state. ''This article incorporates public domain material from this source''.&lt;/ref&gt; There are nine [[rape crisis centers]] that operate a 24-hour crisis line for victims to [[sexual violence]]. The Israeli Ministry of Social Affairs operates a battered women's shelter and an abuse reporting hotline. The police operates a call center to inform victims about their cases. Women's organizations provided counseling, crisis intervention, legal assistance, and shelters.&lt;ref name=&quot;hr2010&quot;/&gt;

A major motivation for homicide in Israel is violence against women (including [[honor killing]]s in Muslim families).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.actnow.com.au/Issues/Honour_killings.aspx |title=Looking for ActNow.com.au? &amp;#124; ReachOut.com Australia |publisher=Actnow.com.au |date=2014-05-28 |accessdate=2015-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Several honor killings occur yearly in Israel within the Israeli Arab community.&lt;ref name=&quot;hr2010&quot;/&gt;

The indictment and conviction of former president [[Moshe Katsav]] for two counts of rape and other charges was interpreted as a victory for women.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Katsav mum, women's groups welcome rape indictment |author1=Zvi Zrahiya |author2=Jonathan Lis |author3=Dana Weiler-Polak |author4=Yuval Azoulay |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/katsav-mum-women-s-groups-welcome-rape-indictment-1.271712 |newspaper=Haaretz |date=2009-03-09 |accessdate=2011-12-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rape crisis centers received record number of calls following the verdict.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Israeli rape crisis centers get record number of calls following Katsav verdict |author=Dana Weiler-Polak
|url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/israeli-rape-crisis-centers-get-record-number-of-calls-following-katsav-verdict-1.396693
|newspaper=Haaretz |date=2011-11-21 |accessdate=2011-12-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Sexual harassment ====
Sexual harassment is illegal but remains widespread. The law requires that suspected victims be informed of their right to assistance. Penalties for sexual harassment depend on the severity of the act and whether blackmail is involved; range from two to nine years' imprisonment.&lt;ref name=&quot;hr2010&quot;/&gt;

The 1998 Israeli Sexual Harassment Law interprets sexual harassment broadly, and prohibits the behavior as a discriminatory practice, a restriction of liberty, an offence to human dignity, a violation of every person's right to elementary respect, and an infringement of the right to privacy.  Additionally, the law prohibits intimidation or retaliation that accommodates sexual harassment. Intimidation or retaliation thus related to sexual harassment are defined by the law as &quot;prejudicial treatment&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Kamir, 2005&lt;/ref&gt;

According to a survey by the Ministry of Industry published in 2010, 35 to 40 percent of women reported experiencing sexual harassment at work, one-third of whom experienced it in the previous 12 months. Among the women who reported harassment, 69 percent said they had received &quot;proposals,&quot; 47 percent reported comments of a sexual nature, 22 percent cited physical violation, 10 percent reported humiliation, and 7.7 percent reported extortion and threats.&lt;ref name=&quot;hr2010&quot;/&gt;

Israel, in accordance with Western ethics, has made [[polygamy]] illegal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Eglash |first=Ruth |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1225199601867&amp;pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |title=Israel 2008: State of Polygamy |publisher=Fr.jpost.com |date=2008-10-30 |accessdate=2011-09-13 |archive-date=2011-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813160810/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1225199601867&amp;pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Aburabia |first=Sarab |url=http://www.haaretz.com/victims-of-polygamy-1.255285 |title=Victims of polygamy |publisher=Haaretz.com |date= |accessdate=2011-09-13 |archive-date=2016-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202015342/http://www.haaretz.com/victims-of-polygamy-1.255285 |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt; Provisions were instituted to allow for existing polygamous families immigrating from countries where the practice was legal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wwrn.org/article.php?idd=13900&amp;sec=40&amp;con=35 |title=Polygamy's Practice Stirs Debate in Israel|accessdate=December 29, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414212442/http://www.wwrn.org/article.php?idd=13900&amp;sec=40&amp;con=35 |archivedate=April 14, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Public harassment====
{{Main article|Mishmeret Tzniyut}}
Vigilante &quot;[[Mishmeret Tzniyut|modesty patrols]]&quot; have harassed women perceived as immodestly dressed in Haredi neighborhoods. In 2010, police arrested two Haredi men at the [[Western Wall]] plaza on suspicion that they threw chairs at a [[Women of the Wall]] group that was praying aloud at the site.&lt;ref name=&quot;hr2010&quot;/&gt; On September 28, 2010, the [[Israeli Supreme Court]] outlawed public gender segregation in Jerusalem's [[Mea Shearim]] neighborhood in response to a petition submitted after extremist Haredi men physically and verbally assaulted women for walking on a designated men's only road.&lt;ref name=&quot;hr2010&quot;/&gt;
===Gender segregation and discrimination in public spaces===
[[File:20091030173030!MEHADRIN-1-.JPG|thumb|left|A [[Dan Bus Company|Dan]] bus labeled “mehadrin” in [[Bnei Brak]]]]
{{Further information|Gender separation in Judaism}}

In 2013, Israel's attorney general, Yehuda Weinstein, advised ministers across the government to end gender segregation in public spaces.  If implemented, the guidelines would change many aspects of daily life in Israel, where gender segregation is allowed on buses, at funerals, in health care and on radio airwaves. The attorney general's guidelines, however, are non-binding.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/09/world/middleeast/israel-moves-to-end-gender-segregation-in-public-spaces.html Israel Moves to End Gender Segregation in Public Spaces ''New York Times'', 8 May 2013]&lt;/ref&gt;

In [[Orthodox Judaism]], there are certain situations in which gender separation is practiced for religious and social reasons, with strict rules on mingling of men and women. Before they were banned in 2011, [[Mehadrin bus lines]] operated along routes with large Haredi populations, with seats in the front reserved for men passengers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Katya Alder|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6584661.stm |title=Israel's 'modesty buses' draw fire|publisher=BBC News|date= 24 April 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.irac.org/userfiles/Excluded%2C%20For%20God%27s%20Sake%20-%20Report%20on%20Gender%20Segregation%20in%20the%20Public%20Sphere%20in%20Israel.pdf|title=Excluded, For God’s Sake: Gender Segregation in Public Space in Israel|publisher=Irac.org\accessdate=2015-11-21|access-date=2020-07-07|archive-date=2011-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725203356/http://www.irac.org/userfiles/Excluded%2C%20For%20God%27s%20Sake%20-%20Report%20on%20Gender%20Segregation%20in%20the%20Public%20Sphere%20in%20Israel.pdf|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/divide-and-rule-1.323075 |title=Divide and Rule|work=Haaretz|date=November 5, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4135718,00.html |title=Court: No sex segregation in Mea Shearim|work= Ynet|date= October 17, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2006, [[Miriam Shear]], an [[American Jews|American Jewish]] woman, claims she was attacked by ultra-Orthodox men after refusing to move to the back of the bus on a non-segregated line.&lt;ref name=&quot;DBerman&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |publisher=Haaretz|title=Woman beaten on J'lem bus for refusing to move to rear seat| url=http://haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=801449 | date=December 17, 2006|accessdate=2011-03-08 |first=Daphna |last=Berman}}&lt;/ref&gt; Critics likened the “mehadrin” lines to [[racial segregation in the United States]], with Shear compared to [[African American]] icon [[Rosa Parks]].&lt;ref name=&quot;DForman&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |publisher=Jerusalem Post| title=Destination: Montgomery, 1955| url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1167467776731&amp;pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull| date=January 21, 2007|accessdate=2011-03-08 | first=David| last=Forman}}&lt;/ref&gt; In July 2004, American-Israeli novelist [[Naomi Ragen]] claims she was bullied for refusing to move to the back of the bus.&lt;ref name=&quot;YYoaz&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |publisher=Haaretz|title=Court to hear petition against segregation of sexes on buses. Orthodox novelist Naomi Ragen says was bullied into giving up seat, state claims arrangement is voluntary| url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/court-to-hear-petition-against-segregation-of-sexes-on-buses-1.237185 | date=January 14, 2008|accessdate=2011-03-09 |first=Yuval| last=Yoaz }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Jewish Daily Forward noted that gender segregation has been a tradition in Israel and is actually on the rise, now encompassing gender segregated elevators in some places.&lt;ref&gt;[Israel Gets Gender-Segregated Elevator — Finally! The Jewish Daily Forward] June 9, 2014&lt;/ref&gt; In parts of Jerusalem where ultra-Orthodox live, advertisements and billboard do not have pictures of women, and some supermarkets have different hours for men to shop than women. Some clinics also have separate hours for men and women.&lt;ref&gt;	
[Gender segregation on rise in Israel YNETNews] Nov 15, 2011&lt;/ref&gt;

Similar problems with gender segregation have surfaced on airlines such as El Al, where ultra-Orthodox male passengers have pressured females to move, and planes have been delayed as a result. The New York Times interviewed [[Anat Hoffman]] on the phenomenon of ultra-Orthodox males asking female passengers on airlines to move, noting that IRAC had started a campaign urging Israeli women not to give up their seats. “I have a hundred stories,” said Hoffman.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/10/us/aboard-flights-conflicts-over-seat-assignments-and-religion.html When a Plane Seat Next to a Woman Is Against Orthodox Faith, ''The New York Times'', 9 April 2015]&lt;/ref&gt;

Controversy has also been created by discrimination against women in public spaces. [[Women of the Wall]] have fought for the right of women to pray in their fashion at the [[Western Wall]], including wearing prayer shawls, singing and conducting priestly blessings by daughters of the priestly caste. Women have also been denied the right to sing at some public events, such as memorial services and in the Knesset. The controversy focuses on whether &quot;forbidding women to sing is an insulting act of unacceptable discrimination, or a gesture of sensitivity and consideration to Orthodox Jewish men who believe that listening to a woman’s singing voice is, for them, a violation of religious law. &quot; Some believe such policies endorse religious fundamentalism and silence women or restrict their freedom in the public arena.&lt;ref name=&quot;haaretz.com&quot;&gt;[http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.717651 Controversy Rages Over Female Singers at Israeli Memorial Ceremonies] Haaretz, May 4, 2016&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2016, women protested that they had been discriminated against in Holocaust Remembrance Day observance. [[Bar-Ilan University]], for example,  announced it would allow women to read passages of text and play musical instruments at its Holocaust Remembrance Day, but would bar women from singing in order not to offend Orthodox Jewish males. The city of Sderot also limited women's singing at public events to appease religious males. Other organizations, such as Ne’emanei Torah V’Avodah (NTA), protested that it is an Israeli custom to sing at national ceremonies and that extreme Jewish religious law should not be imposed on the general public.&lt;ref name=&quot;haaretz.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Bar-Ilan-Univ-bans-women-singing-in-memorial-ceremony-453021 Bar-Ilan Univ. bans women singing in memorial ceremony] The Jerusalem Post, May 4, 2016&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2017, the Jerusalem Magistrates Court ruled that employees of airlines could not request female passengers change their seats just because men wish them to.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Goldman |first=Paul |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/business/travel/israeli-court-rules-el-al-airline-cannot-ask-women-move-n775391 |title=Israeli Court Rules El Al Airline Cannot Ask Women to Move Seats |publisher=NBC News |date= |accessdate=2017-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Marriage and divorce laws===
{{Further information|Marriage in Israel}}
{{Women in society sidebar|expanded=by country}}
Since the establishment of the state, Israeli law gives jurisdiction for matters of personal status for [[Israeli Jews|Jews]], including [[Jewish views on marriage|marriage]] and divorce, to the [[Judicial system of Israel|rabbinical courts]].&lt;ref name=&quot;toronto&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.utoronto.ca/wjudaism/journal/vol1n2/v1n2grae.htm |title=Judaism Confronts Wife Beating |first=Naomi |last=Graetz |publisher=Women in Judaism |year=1998 |accessdate=27 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1947 [[David Ben-Gurion]] agreed that the authority in matters of marriage and divorce of persons registering as [[Demographics of Israel#Jews|Jews]] would be invested in the hands of the Chief Rabbinate of Israel, and an agreement was signed stating that (among other matters), known as the &quot;[[Status quo (Israel)|status quo letter]].&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Daniel Ben Simon |url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/10/civil-marriage-israel-jews-secular-orthodox-rabbinical-court.html |title=Israel's Rabbis Keep Lock On Jewish Marriage - Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East |publisher=Al-Monitor |date= |accessdate=2015-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1953 the [[Knesset]] enacted the Rabbinical Courts Jurisdiction (Marriage and Divorce) Law, 5713 – 1953.&lt;ref name=&quot;jewishvirtuallibrary.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0003_0_02840.html |title=Bet Din and Judges |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |date= |accessdate=2015-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Section 1 of the Law states, &quot;Matters of marriage and divorce of Jews in Israel, being citizens or residents of the State, shall be under the exclusive jurisdiction of the rabbinical courts.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;jewishvirtuallibrary.org&quot;/&gt; The substantive provision of section 2 of this Law further states: &quot;Marriages and divorces of Jews shall be performed in Israel in accordance with Jewish religious law&quot; (din torah).&lt;ref name=&quot;jewishvirtuallibrary.org&quot;/&gt;

In the rabbinical courts, which operate according to ''[[halakha]]'' ([[Torah]] law), a [[Women in Judaism|Jewish woman]] is allowed to initiate divorce proceedings, but her husband must give his consent to make the divorce final. If the husband disappears or refuses to grant the divorce, the wife is considered an &quot;''[[agunah]]''&quot; (lit. &quot;chained woman&quot;) and may not remarry or give birth to ''halakhically'' legitimate children. Rabbinical tribunals may, and sometimes do, sanction a husband who refused divorce, but still do not grant a divorce without his consent.&lt;ref name=&quot;hr2010&quot;/&gt;

Similarly, a [[Islam in Israel|Muslim]] man is privileged to [[Divorce in Islam|divorce]] his wife without her consent and without petitioning the court.&lt;ref name=&quot;hr2010&quot;/&gt;  Unless a [[Women in Islam|Muslim woman]] has a [[Islamic marriage contract|marriage contract]] providing for circumstances in which she may obtain a divorce without her husband's consent, she can only petition for divorce through the [[Sharia]] courts, and if her husband elects to withhold consent, she is denied a divorce absent certain conditions, and when these too are lacking she becomes a chained woman, prevented from moving forward with her life based solely on her gender.

[[Christianity in Israel|Christians in Israel]] may seek official separations or [[Christian views on divorce|divorces]] only through the [[ecclesiastical courts]] of the [[Christian denomination|denomination]] to which they belong.  Gender discrimination in such courts is not so rigid or codified as under Sharia or orthodox rabbinical rules.&lt;ref name=&quot;hr2010&quot;/&gt;

In 2010, Israel passed the Civil Union Law, allowing a few couples to marry and divorce civilly in Israel, with men and women enjoying equal rights&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Gelfman |first=Rachael |url=http://www.myjewishlearning.com/israel/Contemporary_Life/Society_and_Religious_Issues/Freedom_of_Religion/civil_marriage_in_israel.shtml |title=Civil Marriage in Israel |publisher=My Jewish Learning |date=2009-07-24 |accessdate=2015-11-21 |archive-date=2015-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410133915/http://www.myjewishlearning.com/israel/Contemporary_Life/Society_and_Religious_Issues/Freedom_of_Religion/civil_marriage_in_israel.shtml |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;  The Civil Union Law extends this right to only the very small minority of couples in which neither person is registered as a member of any religion.  A poll conducted by Tel Aviv University in 2009 revealed that 65% of the Jewish Israeli community supported the availability of civil, gender-neutral marriage, even though 70% of those polled expressed that a religious ceremony was still personally important for their own wedding.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.myjewishlearning.com/israel/Contemporary_Life/Society_and_Religious_Issues/Freedom_of_Religion/civil_marriage_in_israel.shtml?p=3 |title=Civil Marriage in Israel|accessdate=May 18, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024095054/http://www.myjewishlearning.com/israel/Contemporary_Life/Society_and_Religious_Issues/Freedom_of_Religion/civil_marriage_in_israel.shtml?p=3 |archivedate=October 24, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2015 [[Tzohar (organization)|Tzohar]] (a [[Religious Zionism|Religious Zionist]] rabbinic organization in Israel), along with the [[Israeli Bar Association]], introduced a [[prenuptial agreement]] meant to help ensure divorcing wives will receive a [[Get (divorce document)|get]]; under the agreement the husband commits to paying a high sum of money daily to his spouse in the event of a separation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.jta.org/2015/03/03/news-opinion/israel-middle-east/new-prenup-aims-to-prevent-agunot |title=Israeli rabbinic, legal groups partner for prenup in bid to prevent agunot &amp;#124; Jewish Telegraphic Agency |publisher=Jta.org |date=2015-03-03 |accessdate=2015-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2018 the [[Knesset]] passed a law, slated to remain in effect for three years, allowing Israel’s rabbinical courts to handle certain cases of Jewish women wishing to divorce their Jewish husbands, even if neither the wife nor the husband is an Israeli citizen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-israel-gives-rabbinical-courts-unprecedented-control-over-diaspora-jew-1.6216340 |title=Israel gives rabbinical courts unprecedented jurisdiction over Diaspora Jews - Israel News |publisher=Haaretz.com |date= |accessdate=2018-06-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Politics ==
[[Image:Golda Meir2.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Golda Meir]], the only woman to serve as the [[Prime Minister of Israel]]]]
{{main article|Women in governments of Israel}}
{{See also|Cabinet of Israel|Politics of Israel|Israeli system of government}}
Since the [[Declaration of Independence (Israel)|founding of the State of Israel]], relatively few women have served in the [[Cabinet of Israel|Israeli government]], and fewer still have served in the leading ministerial offices. While 
Israel is one of a small number of countries where a woman&amp;mdash;[[Golda Meir]]&amp;mdash;has served as [[Prime Minister of Israel|Prime Minister]], it is behind most Western countries in the representation of women in both the parliament and government.

Although the [[Israeli Declaration of Independence]] states: “The State of Israel (…) will ensure complete equality of social and political rights to all its inhabitants irrespective of religion, race or sex,” the Haredi political parties ([[Shas]] and [[United Torah Judaism]]) have never allowed women on their lists for [[Knesset]] [[Elections in Israel|elections]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/even-china-has-more-female-politicians-than-israel-1.35908 |title=Even China has more female politicians than Israel |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=26 August 2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.jpost.com/JewishWorld/Judaism/Article.aspx?id=122076 |title=Ask the Rabbi: Queen for a day |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=28 November 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, in December 2014, women activists in the Haredi community have threatened a boycott of Haredi parties in upcoming elections if women are not included in election slates.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Novik, Akiva|title='Female haredi activists to haredi factions: Allow us to run, or we'll boycott. Activists send open letter to haredi party chiefs, calling for 'historic justice'; threaten not to vote unless represented in Knesset.'|date=December 5, 2014|publisher=Ynetnews.com|accessdate=2015-11-21|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4600030,00.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{As of|2016}}, women comprised 26.7% of Israel's 120-member [[Knesset]], placing it 54th of 185&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Women in national parliaments|url=http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/classif.htm|website=Inter-Parliamentary Union|date=1 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; countries in which women are included in the legislature. For comparison, the female ratio in [[Scandinavia]] is over 40%, the [[European Union]] average is 17.6%, while in the [[Arab world]] it is 6.4%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&amp;_Culture/women2004.html |title=Report on the Status of Women in Israel (2004) |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library |date=2004-11-19 |accessdate=2015-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Female representation varies significantly by demographics: most female politicians have represented secular parties, while very few  have come from religious Jewish or Arab parties.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&amp;_Culture/Women_in_public_life.html |title=Israeli Women In Politics &amp; Public Life |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library |date= |accessdate=2015-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.knesset.gov.il/mk/eng/MKIndex_Current_eng.asp?view=3 |title=Current Knesset Members |publisher=Knesset.gov.il |date= |accessdate=2015-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In January 1986 Israeli female teacher [[Leah Shakdiel]] was granted membership in the religious council of [[Yeruham]], but the Minister of Religious Affairs [[Zvulun Hammer]] canceled her membership on the grounds that women should not serve in that capacity. In early 1987 a petition was submitted to the [[Israeli Supreme Court]] regarding this incident. The Supreme Court precedent-setting ruling was unanimously accepted in Shakdiel's favor, and in 1988 Shakdiel became the first woman in Israel to serve in a religious council.&lt;ref&gt;''Judicial Power and National Politics: Courts and Gender in the Religious-Secular Conflict in Israel'', Patricia Woods, SUNY Press, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2015, the first Israeli political party dedicated to ultra-Orthodox women was unveiled, called &quot;[[U'Bizchutan]]: Haredi Women Making Change.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/israel-election-2015/.premium-1.637916|title=Israel's first ever ultra-Orthodox women’s party makes bold debut|date=20 January 2015|work=Haaretz.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Military==
[[File:IDF women officers 1950.jpg|thumb|IDF women officers in 1950]]
{{main article|Women in the Israel Defense Forces}}
Israel is one of the few countries in the world with a [[conscription|mandatory military service requirement]] for women.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2024.html |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |date= |accessdate=2015-11-21 |archive-date=2016-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322125136/https://www.cia.gov/library//publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2024.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=serviceStatsAugust2010&gt;{{cite web|title=Statistics: Women’s Service in the IDF for 2010, 25 Aug 2010|url=http://idfspokesperson.com/2010/08/25/statistics-womens-service-in-the-idf-for-2010-25-aug-2010/|publisher=Israel Defense Forces|accessdate=22 March 2011|date=25 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;feldinger&quot;&gt;{{cite news
| author= Lauren Gelfond Feldinger
| title = Skirting history
| publisher= The Jerusalem Post
| accessdate=2011-03-22
| date = September 21, 2008
| url = http://www.jpost.com/Home/Article.aspx?id=114834
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=mfaWomen&gt;{{cite web|title=Integration of women in the IDF|publisher=Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Israel+beyond+politics/Integration_women_in_IDF-March_2009 | accessdate=23 March 2011|date=8 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Women have taken part in Israel’s military before and since the founding of the state in 1948,&lt;ref name=womenIDF&gt;{{cite web|title=Women in the IDF|url=http://idfspokesperson.com/2011/03/07/women-in-the-idf/|publisher=Israel Defense Forces|accessdate=22 March 2011|date=7 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=60YearsService&gt;{{cite web|title=60 Years of Women’s Service in the IDF|url=http://idfspokesperson.com/reports/60-years-of-women%E2%80%99s-service-in-the-idf/|publisher=Israel Defense Forces|accessdate=22 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; with women currently comprising 33% of all IDF soldiers and 51% of its officers,&lt;ref name=dotzNov11&gt;{{cite press_release | url=http://www.idf.il/1086-14000-EN/Dover.aspx | title=More female officers in more positions in the IDF | publisher=[[IDF spokesperson]] | date=30 November 2011 |accessdate=8 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; fulfilling various roles within the [[GOC Army Headquarters|Ground]], [[Israeli Navy|Navy]] and [[Israeli air force|Air]] Forces. The 2000 Equality amendment to the Military Service law states that &quot;The right of women to serve in any role in the IDF is equal to the right of men.&quot;&lt;ref name=mfaWomen /&gt; 88% of all roles in the IDF are open to female candidates, while women can be found in 69% of all positions.&lt;ref name=serviceStatsAugust2010 /&gt;

On November 8, 1995, while she was a student of [[aeronautics]] at the [[Technion]] as part of the academic reserve, Alice Miller appealed to the Israeli Supreme Court after being turned down for the pilot selection phase in the [[Israeli Air Force flight academy]]. Following her appeal, Israeli president [[Ezer Weizman]], a former IAF commander, made chauvinistic comments that ridiculed the idea of women as fighter pilots: &quot;Listen maideleh, have you ever seen a man knitting socks? Have you ever seen a female surgeon or a female being a conductor of an orchestra? Women are not able to withstand the pressures required for fighter pilots.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.archive.scoop.co.il/article.html?id=16675 |title=Scoop|accessdate=January 26, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407015611/http://www.archive.scoop.co.il/article.html?id=16675 |archivedate=April 7, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Israeli Supreme Court eventually ruled in 1996 that the IAF could not exclude qualified women from pilot training. Even though Miller did not pass the exams, the ruling was a watershed, opening doors for women in the IDF.&lt;ref name=&quot;feldinger&quot;/&gt; Following the petition, formerly all-male military units began accepting women, including the Israeli Air Force flight academy, the Israeli navy officers' course, various artillery courses, the Israeli air defense  and the Israeli Border Police. The Equality Amendment to the Military Service law, enacted in January 2000, completed the Supreme Court ruling as it defined the right of female soldiers to volunteer for combat professions. This law stated that &quot;The right of women to serve in any role in the IDF is equal to the right of men.&quot;&lt;ref name=mfaWomen /&gt; The amendment drafted by female lawmakers granted equal opportunities to women found physically and personally suitable for a job. The question of who and what was &quot;suitable&quot;  was left to the discretion of military leaders on a case-by-case basis.

[[File:Flickr - Israel Defense Forces - Female Soldiers Take a Break in the Desert Sun.jpg|thumb|Israeli women soldiers]]
Women began to apply for combat support and light combat roles in the Artillery Corps, infantry units and armored divisions. The [[Caracal Battalion]] was formed which allowed men and women to serve together in light infantry. Many women joined the [[Israeli Border Police|Border Police]].&lt;ref name=&quot;feldinger&quot;/&gt; Many Israeli women were accepted to the pilot selection phase in the Israeli Air Force flight academy some completed it successfully. The first female jet fighter pilot, [[Roni Zuckerman]], received her wings in 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;IAFwomandies&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/29471/first-woman-pilot-in-israeli-air-force-dies/ |title=First woman pilot in Israeli Air Force dies|publisher=The Jewish news weekly of Northern California |date=June 2, 2006 |accessdate=2010-06-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 2006, the first female pilots and navigators graduated from the IAF training course, and several hundred women entered combat units, primarily in support roles, like intelligence gatherers, instructors, social workers, medics and engineers.  When the [[Second Lebanon War]] broke out, women took part in field operations alongside men. Airborne helicopter engineer Sgt.-Maj. (res.) Keren Tendler was the first female IDF combat soldier to be killed in action.&lt;ref name=&quot;feldinger&quot;/&gt; In November 2007 the Air Force appointed its first woman deputy squadron commander.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/israel-air-force-appoints-first-female-deputy-squadron-commander-1.234139 |title=Israel Air Force appoints first female deputy squadron commander |publisher=Haaretz.com |author=Yuval Azoulay |date=November 28, 2007 |accessdate=2010-06-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nevertheless, there are still positions in the IDF that are off limits to women. In 2003 Yaara Stolberg filed a petition to the Israeli Supreme Court against the IDF's decision not to allow women to serve in the [[Machbet]] anti-aircraft unit. About six months after Stolberg completed her two-year mandatory military service, the court denied the petition, stating it has become &quot;irrelevant and theoretical&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3051999,00.html |title=ynet בג&quot;ץ דחה בקשת חיילת לשרת במערך נ&quot;מ קרבי - חדשות |publisher=Ynet.co.il |date= |accessdate=2015-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 23 June 2011, [[Orna Barbivai]] became the first female [[Aluf|Major-General]] in the IDF upon her promotion to the role of commander of the [[Manpower Directorate]]. She is the second woman to serve on the General Staff.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4074563,00.html|title=IDF names first female major general|newspaper=[[Yediot Ahronot]]|date=26 May 2011|first=Hanan|last=Greenberg}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=idfPromotionAlufa&gt;{{cite web | work=IDF Spokesperson's Blog | date=23 June 2011 | accessdate=4 July 2011 | title=Israeli Army Celebrates First Female Major General | publisher=IDF Spokesperson | url=http://idfspokesperson.com/2011/06/23/israeli-army-celebrates-first-ever-female-major-general/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In response to several incidents where Orthodox Jewish soldiers objected to women singing during military ceremonies, the IDF Chief of Staff's office ruled that soldiers may not walk out of military assemblies to protest women singing, but may request to be excused from cultural events on those grounds.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=IDF: Religious soldiers can't walk out on women singing |author=Amos Harel |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/idf-religious-soldiers-can-t-walk-out-on-women-singing-1.278593 |newspaper=Haaretz |date=2009-06-09 |accessdate=2011-12-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=IDF: Soldiers cannot skip ceremonies with women singing |author=Amos Harel |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/idf-soldiers-cannot-skip-ceremonies-with-women-singing-1.384288 |newspaper=Haaretz |date=2011-09-14 |accessdate=2011-12-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; In October 2011, female soldiers were asked to leave an official event marking the end of the [[Simhat Torah]] holiday and dance in a separate area. In November 2011, 19 retired generals sent a letter to Defense Minister [[Ehud Barak]] and IDF Chief of Staff [[Benny Gantz]], urging them not to cave in to the demands of religious soldiers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Top settler rabbi: Soldiers will sooner choose death than suffer women's singing |author=Yair Ettinger |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/top-settler-rabbi-soldiers-will-sooner-choose-death-than-suffer-women-s-singing-1.396180 |newspaper=Haaretz |date=2011-11-17 |accessdate=2011-12-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Health==
{{expand section|date=June 2020}}
{{as of|2008}}, the [[maternal mortality]] rate in the country was 7 per 100,000 births, one of the lowest in the world. Women and men were given equal access to diagnostic services and treatment for sexually transmitted diseases.&lt;ref name=&quot;hr2010&quot;/&gt;

==In the workforce ==
[[Image:Dorit Beinisch.JPG|thumb|[[Dorit Beinisch]], first woman to serve as president of the [[Supreme Court of Israel]]]]

An [[International Institute for Management Development|IMD]] survey published in 2012 ranked Israel in eleventh place out of 59 developed nations for participation of women in the workplace. In the same survey, Israel was ranked 24th for the proportion of women serving in executive positions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lior&quot;/&gt; Israeli law prohibits discrimination based on gender in employment and wages and provides for class action suits; nonetheless, there are complaints of significant wage disparities between men and women.&lt;ref name=&quot;hr2010&quot;/&gt; The OECD reported in 2016 that income disparity between men in women in Israel is particularly high compared with other countries in the OECD. On average, men in Israel make 22 percent more than women, which places Israel among the four OECD (behind Japan, Estonia, and South Korea) with the highest wage inequality between men and women. The OECD average stands at 15 percent.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4753118,00.html Israel's poverty rates highest among OECD nations, Ynetnews.com, 14 January 2016]&lt;/ref&gt;

The government enacted a number of programs to improve the status of women in the work place and society. The Authority for the Advancement of the Status of Women in the Prime Minister's Office grants scholarships for higher education for [[Druze]], Bedouin, and [[Circassians|Circassian]] female students in the country north. The authority holds professional training courses in Arab, Druze, and Circassian localities.&lt;ref name=&quot;hr2010&quot;/&gt;

In 2013, [[Malka Schaps]] became the first female Haredi dean at an Israeli university when she was appointed dean of Bar Ilan University's Faculty of Exact Sciences.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/1.550156 |title=Malka Schaps Becomes First Female Haredi Dean at Israeli University - National - Israel News - Haaretz Israeli News Source |publisher=Haaretz.com |date=2013-10-02 |accessdate=2015-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Also in 2013, Israel’s [[Chief Rabbinate]] promised to remove the obstacles preventing women from working as supervisors in the state [[kosher]] certification system, and [[Emunah]] announced the first supervisor certification course for women in Israel.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/.premium-1.561459 |title=Rabbinate Opens Kashrut Supervision to Women - National - Israel News - Haaretz Israeli News Source |publisher=Haaretz.com |date=2013-12-03 |accessdate=2015-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2016 it was announced that the [[Supreme Court of Israel|High Court of Justice]] had given the Justice Ministry 30 days to formulate new regulations to allow women to compete equally with men for the position of director of rabbinical courts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.696233|title=Israel High Court Rules to Let Women Compete With Men for Rabbinical Court Role|work=Haaretz.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Women's organizations==
{{See also|Jewish feminism#Israel and Jewish feminism}}
[[Na'amat]] is the largest [[Israel]]i women's organization, founded in 1921. It has a membership of 800,000 women, (Jews, Arabs, [[Druze]] and [[Circassians]]) representing the entire spectrum of Israeli society.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/research/publications/index_e.htm?docid=195&amp;cid=0&amp;sec=APP02 |title=HUMAN RIGHTS BRIEF: VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN ISRAEL — February 1995| accessdate=December 28, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050426084538/http://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/research/publications/index_e.htm?docid=195&amp;cid=0&amp;sec=APP02 |archivedate=April 26, 2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The organization has 100 branches in cities, towns and settlements all over the country. It also has sister organizations in other countries whose members are part of the [[World Labour Zionist Movement]] and the [[World Zionist Organization]].
The Association of Rape Crisis Centers in Israel is a leading organisation in fighting violence against women.

[[Women's International Zionist Organization]] (WIZO), is a volunteer organization dedicated to [[social welfare]] in all sectors of Israeli society, the advancement of the status of women, and Jewish education in [[Israel]] and the [[Diaspora]]. WIZO was founded in [[England]] on 7 July 1920, and then opened branches throughout Europe and the Americas, and created well-baby clinics and clothing distribution centers in [[Mandatory Palestine]], many still in operation today. WIZO opened the country's first day care center in [[Tel Aviv]] in 1926. After the creation of the State of Israel, the organization's headquarters moved from London to Israel.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite  web|url=http://www.wizo.org/1920-1929.aspx?c0=13411&amp;bsp=13376|title=The First Decade: 1920-1930|publisher=WIZO|accessdate=10 August 2014|archive-date=15 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115024019/http://www.wizo.org/1920-1929.aspx?c0=13411&amp;bsp=13376|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Emunah - Women's Religious-Nationalist Organization, founded in 1918, promotes religious Zionist-nationalistic education for girls and women, managing day-care centers, religious schools, family counseling centers and more, while promoting women's equality within the religious and social settings.

In 2008, WIZO,  Na'amat and Emunah received the [[Israel Prize]] for its lifetime achievements and special contribution to society and the State of Israel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashsah/Nashim/CvNashim.htm|title=Israel Prize Official Site (in Hebrew) - Recipients' C.V.’s|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504125703/http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashsah/Nashim/CvNashim.htm|archivedate=4 May 2009|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashsah/Nashim/NsNashim.htm|title=Israel Prize Official Site (in Hebrew) - Judges' Rationale for Grant to Recipients|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504125005/http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashsah/Nashim/NsNashim.htm|archivedate=4 May 2009|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[Israel Women's Network]] (IWN) is a [[feminist]] [[non-partisan]] [[civil society]] organization working to advance the status of women in Israel by promoting equality through a range of projects and methods.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.israelgives.org/amuta/580085686|title=Israel Women's Network|website=Israel Gives|accessdate=10 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Feminist organizations ===
Feminist organizations in Israel include the [[Haifa Women's Coalition]], which includes four [[Haifa]]-based women's organizations: ''Isha l'Isha – Haifa Feminist Center'', ''Kayan – Feminist Organization'', ''Haifa Rape Crisis'' ''Center'' and ''Aswat – Palestinian Gay Women''; [[Coalition of Women for Peace]] is an Israeli-Palestinian umbrella organization of women's groups that is &quot;a feminist organization against the occupation of Palestine and for a just peace.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;cwp-a&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.coalitionofwomen.org/?page_id=340&amp;lang=en|title=About CWP|publisher=Coalition of Women for Peace|accessdate=12 May 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Women in Black]] is a nationwide anti-war movement; [[Ahoti – for Women in Israel]] is a [[Mizrahi feminism|Mizrahi feminist]] organization based in [[Tel Aviv]]; [[New Profile]] is a movement dedicated to turning Israel into a &quot;civilian&quot; (as opposed to &quot;militarized&quot;) society; the [[Jewish Women's Collaborative International Fund]] promotes women's rights and gender equality. 

=== Political action organizations ===
[[Machsom Watch]], or Checkpoint Watch is a group of [[Israel|Israeli]] women who monitor and document the conduct of soldiers and policemen at [[Israel Defense Forces checkpoint|checkpoints]] in the West Bank.

Women Lawyers for Social Justice promotes the rights of the women from socially and economically marginalized groups. Among its activities: Petition to the [[Supreme Court of Israel|High Court]] for Inclusion of [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi]] Women in the [[Agudat Yisrael|Agudat Israel Party]], publication of a report on Domestic Violence Against Bedouin Arab Women, petition to repeal a law that negates welfare support in cases of car ownership and more.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.itach.org.il/&lt;/ref&gt;

We Power (עמותת כ&quot;ן - כוח לנשים) is a non-profit organization dedicated to promoting women to leadership and decision-making roles in Israel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.haeton.co.il/hani-peer/|title=נשים הן הכוח החזק וכף מאזני השוויון נוטה לטובתן|date=2017-03-05|website=העיתון News אתר אקטואליה ותוכן איכותי|language=he-IL|access-date=2019-09-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Religious organizations ===
[[Bat Kol (organization)|Bat Kol]] is an organization for [[Orthodox Judaism|orthodox religious]] [[Lesbian|lesbians]] which seeks to educate and promote tolerance and acceptance within religious communities. [[Women of the Wall]] is a multi-denominational feminist organization whose goal is to secure the rights of women to pray at the [[Western Wall]], also called the Kotel, in a fashion that includes singing, reading aloud from the [[Torah]] and wearing religious garments (''[[tallit]]'', ''[[tefillin]]'' and ''[[kippah]]'').&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Starr Sered|2010|p=644}}: &quot;The Women of the Wall believed themselves to be liberal feminists.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; [[Lo Nivcharot, Lo Bocharot]] is a [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi]] feminist movement launched by Esty Shushan in October 2012,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thejc.com/news/israel-news/97420/israeli-elections-charedi-women-refuse-vote Nathan Jeffay, “Israeli elections: Charedi women refuse to vote”, The Jewish Chronicle, 10 January 2013.]&lt;/ref&gt;  to protest the exclusion of Haredi women from Haredi political parties and from the Haredi public sphere in general.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israel-elections-women-confront-final-taboo-by-calling-for-shake-up-of-male-dominated-knesset-9959082.html Ben Lynfield, “Israel elections: Women confront final taboo by calling for shake-up of male-dominated Knesset”, The Independent, 5 January 2015.]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notable women==
[[Golda Meir]] was Israel’s Minister of Foreign Affairs for 10 years under [[David Ben-Gurion|David Ben Gurion]] and [[Levi Eshkol]] before becoming herself the 4th Prime Minister of Israel. &lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Shahar Pe'er Israel tennis championship 2008 3.jpg|[[Shahar Pe'er]] is an Israeli professional tennis player, with the highest ever ranking for an Israeli singles tennis player, World No. 11.
File:N%C3%BCrnberger_Versicherungscup_2014-Julia_Glushko_by_2eight_3SC5654.jpg|[[Julia Glushko]], three-time Israeli tennis champion.
Image:Tzipi Livni - WEF Annual Meeting Davos 2008.jpg|[[Tzipi Livni]], the former Israeli Opposition Leader, and the founder and leader of [[Hatnuah]].
Image:AdaYonath.jpg|[[Ada Yonath]], a crystallographer, and the first Israeli woman to win the [[Nobel Prize]], for her work on the structure of the [[ribosome]].
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==See also==
* [[Feminism in Israel]]
* [[Sexism in Israel]]
* [[Women in Judaism]]
* [[Women for Israel's Tomorrow]]
* [[Women of the Wall]]
* [[Women's Party (Israel)]]
* ''[[Gett: The Trial of Viviane Amsalem]]''
* [[Israel women's national football team]]
* [[Israel women's national volleyball team]]
* ''[[LaIsha]]''

==Further reading==
*Aguilar, Grace. The Women of Israel, Volume 1, D. Appleton &amp; Co., 1851&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/womenisrael02aguigoog |quote=women of israel. |title=The Women of Israel |via=[[Internet Archive]] |year=1851 |author=Grace Aguilar |publisher=D. Appleton &amp; Company |date= |accessdate=2015-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
*Eglash, Ruth. [http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=170370 Status of Israeli women improves little over decade], March 7, 2010 
*Sexes: The Women of Israel], February 20, 1978&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,948046,00.html |title=Sexes: The Women of Israel |publisher=TIME |date=1978-02-20 |accessdate=2015-11-21 |archive-date=2010-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324172857/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,948046,00.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Smadar Lavie|Lavie, Smadar]]. 2011 “Mizrahi Feminism and the Question of Palestine.” Journal of Middle East Women Studies. Vol. 7 (2): 56-88&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/1804726/Mizrahi_Feminism_and_the_Question_of_Palestine_JMEWS_ |title=Mizrahi Feminism and the Question of Palestine (JMEWS) &amp;#124; Smadar Lavie |publisher=Academia.edu |date=1970-01-01 |accessdate=2015-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Smadar Lavie|Lavie, Smadar]]. Wrapped in the Flag of Israel: Mizrahi Single Mothers and Bureaucratic Torture. Oxford and New York: Berghahn Books, 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Wrapped-Flag-Israel-Mizrahi-Bureaucratic/dp/1782382224|title=Wrapped in the Flag of Israel: Mizrahi Single Mothers and Bureaucratic Torture by Smadar Lavie|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{ISBN|978-1-78238-222-5}} hardback; 978-1-78238-223-2 ebook.
*[[Smadar Lavie|Lavie, Smadar]]. ''Wrapped in the Flag of Israel: Mizrahi Single Mothers and Bureaucratic Torture.'' Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nebraskapress.unl.edu/university-of-nebraska-press/9781496205544|title=Wrapped in the Flag of Israel - University of Nebraska Press|website=Nebraska Press|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{ISBN|978-1-4962-0554-4}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{commonscatinline|Women of Israel}}
* [https://israelmodernart.com/shop/by-theme/israeli-women-156 Paintings of Israeli women]

{{Israel topics}}
{{Asia topic|Women in|titlestyle = background:#FFCBDB}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Women In Israel}}
[[Category:Women in Israel| ]]
&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Women in Israel]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Women in Israel/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Suryanelli rape case</title>
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      <text bytes="44932" xml:space="preserve">{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
The '''Suryanelli rape case''' (also called the '''Suryanelli sex scandal''')&lt;ref name=&quot;indiankanoon.org&quot;&gt;https://indiankanoon.org/doc/923693/&lt;/ref&gt; refers to a case of [[kidnapping]] and subsequent [[rape]] of a 16-year-old school girl from [[Suryanelli]], [[Kerala]], [[India]], in 1996.&lt;ref name=Fl-rehearing/&gt; The girl was allegedly lured with the promise of marriage on 16 January 1996 and kidnapped. She was allegedly raped by 37 of the 42 accused persons, over a period of 40 days. The remaining had abetted the crime.&lt;ref name=New-67times&gt;{{cite news|title=Suryanelli victim was raped 67 times in 40 days|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Suryanelli-victim-was-raped-67-times-in-40-days/2013/08/30/article1758840.ece|accessdate=17 October 2015|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=30 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; After he{{who|date=April 2020}} was named, the issue was politicised, due to a then upcoming general election.&lt;ref name=Fl-rehearing/&gt; Several women's rights activists like [[K. Ajitha]]&lt;ref name=Tehe-Ajitha&gt;{{cite news|title=A new avatar, a new Ajitha|url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main11.asp?filename=In040905A_new_avatar.asp|accessdate=17 October 2015|work=[[Tehelka]]|date=9 April 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Suja Susan George,&lt;ref name=Tehe-elusive&gt;{{cite news|title=Justice remains elusive for rape victim|url=http://www.tehelka.com/2013/02/justice-remains-elusive-for-rape-victim/|accessdate=17 October 2015|work=[[Tehelka]]|date=9 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; and women's organisations, like [[National Federation of Indian Women|NFIW]] and [[Anweshi Women's Counselling Centre|Anweshi]], have taken an interest in the case.&lt;ref name=Hin-ConflictZone&gt;{{cite news|title=House becomes conflict zone over Suryanelli|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/house-becomes-conflict-zone-over-suryanelli/article4386472.ece|accessdate=17 October 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=TOI-NotRaped/&gt;

On 2 September 2000, a Special Court in [[Kottayam]] found 35 of 39, of those who faced trial, to be guilty of various charges.&lt;ref name=Hin-35guilty/&gt; On 12 July 2002, the prime accused - Dharmarajan was found guilty of various charges and sentenced to life imprisonment.&lt;ref name=Hin-2000life/&gt; However, he left jail on bail on 25 October 2002 and then disappeared.&lt;ref name=Hin-2013TV/&gt; On 20 January 2005, the [[Kerala High Court]] acquitted all 35 convicts, except prime accused Dharmarajan, due to lack of evidence collaborating the victim's statement. The court found her to be untrustworthy.&lt;ref name=Joseph2005/&gt; The verdict was criticised by women's rights activists.&lt;ref name=Hin-FreshProbe&gt;{{cite news|title=Demand for fresh probe into Kottiyam sex scandal|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/02/23/stories/2005022312030300.htm|accessdate=17 October 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 February 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
In January 2013, the [[Supreme Court of India]] repealed the acquittals awarded by the High Court and ordered a fresh hearing.&lt;ref name=TOI-1996Suryanelli&gt;{{cite news|title=1996 Suryanelli rape case: SC sets aside Kerala HC verdict acquitting 35 accused|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/1996-Suryanelli-rape-case-SC-sets-aside-Kerala-HC-verdict-acquitting-35-accused/articleshow/18270593.cms|accessdate=17 October 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; In early February 2013, Dharmarajan appeared in a TV interview and said that P. J. Kurien was involved and the police covered it up.&lt;ref name=ANI-KurienInvolved&gt;{{cite news|title=Dharmarajan says Kurien involved in Suryanelli Rape Case|url=http://www.aninews.in/newsdetail2/story98645/dharmarajan-says-kurien-involved-in-suryanelli-rape-case.html|accessdate=16 October 2015|work=[[Asian News International|ANI News]]|date=11 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; This stirred a controversy and politicians began demanding Kurien's resignation.&lt;ref name=IT-chorus&gt;{{cite news|title=Suryanelli rape case: Chorus for Kurien's resignation as deputy chief of Rajya Sabha grows|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/suryaneeli-rape-case-chorus-for-pj-kurien-resignation-deputy-chief-of-rajya-sabha-grows-india-today/1/249855.html|accessdate=16 October 2015|work=[[India Today]]|date=12 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The High Court of Kerala has discharged Prof Kurien from all charges  on 4 April 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiankanoon.org&quot;/&gt; The Supreme Court also confirmed it. It has been refuted in Indian Parliament too.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X0BgWbiB9kc&lt;/ref&gt; Soon after, Dharmarajan was arrested.&lt;ref name=DC-tamely/&gt; In May, he retracted his previous statements.&lt;ref name=Madh-Didntsee/&gt; Kurien was acquitted by the Kerala High Court.&lt;ref name=Hin-2007setAside/&gt;&lt;ref name=Hin-2007setAside&gt;{{cite news|title=Criminal proceedings against Kurien set aside|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/criminal-proceedings-against-kurien-set-aside/article1823761.ece|accessdate=16 October 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 April 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 4 April 2014, the Kerala High Court upheld Dharmarajan's life sentence and acquitted 7 of the 35 surviving accused.&lt;ref name=IT-Dharmarajan/&gt; {{As of|October 2015}}, the case is in appeal at the Supreme Court.&lt;ref name=IE-SCnotice&gt;{{cite news|title=Suryanelli case: SC notice to Kerala govt|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/suryanelli-case-sc-notice-to-kerala-govt/|accessdate=17 October 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=9 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Hin-ManyPoints&gt;{{cite news|title=Many points of ‘disbelief’ in Suryanelli rape case: SC|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/many-points-of-disbelief-in-suryanelli-rape-case-sc/article7759595.ece|accessdate=17 October 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Incident and investigation==
On 16 January 1996, a 16-year-old girl (initially reported as 15),&lt;ref name=Red-sexcase&gt;{{cite news|title=P J Kurien found prima facie guilty in sex case|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/may/08keral.htm|accessdate=15 October 2015|work=[[Rediff]]|date=8 May 1999}}&lt;/ref&gt; from Suryanelli village in [[Idukki district]], disappeared from her hostel. The family had come to Suryanelli because the father, employee of the Department of Telecommunications, had been posted there. The girl lived in the [[hostel]] of the Little Flower Convent School in [[Munnar]], where she was a student. Her father reported her disappearance, but despite a police search she was not found. The girl reappeared after 40 days on 26 February 1996 at her father's workplace. The next day her kidnapping and rape was reported to the police.&lt;ref name=Fl-rehearing/&gt;&lt;ref name=Red-sexcase/&gt;&lt;ref name=ITog-Overturned/&gt;

The girl was examined by V. K. Bhaskaran (later prosecution witness #73), a [[gynaecologist]] at Government Taluk Hospital, [[Adimali]], on 28 February 1996.&lt;ref name=hin-medicalreport&gt;{{cite news|title=Medical report can play crucial role in Suryanelli case retrial|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/medical-report-can-play-crucial-role-in-suryanelli-case-retrial/article4422829.ece?ref=relatedNews|accessdate=16 October 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; He noted the vaginal examination was painful and the [[vulva]] was [[oedematous]]. The doctor, during the trial in 2002, stated that the victim had been subjected to &quot;violent sexual acts&quot;. There was infection. The doctor said that intercourse would have been painful, if done during the infection. He said the vaginal wall was not lacerated. (Violent intercourse can result in lacerations.) The doctor said that there was no sign or evidence of resistance. However, the doctor did not rule out the possibility of rape, stating, &quot;If, as stated by the victim, she was raped after being threatened and intimidated, then there would not be any sign of resistance on her body.&quot; The infection, inflammation, ulcers and fresh tears, coupled with the victim's visible distress, signified violence. Additionally, he pointed out that contusions or abrasions occurring in the initial days would have healed by the end of the ordeal, given the timeline.&lt;ref name=Joseph2005/&gt;&lt;ref name=DoctorCrucial&gt;{{cite news|title=Deposition by doctor crucial in Suryanelli case|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/deposition-by-doctor-crucial-in-suryanelli-case/article4541767.ece|accessdate=11 January 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The police named 42 persons as accused initially and 40 of them were found by 1999. The list included politicians and other notable persons.&lt;ref name=Hin-35guilty/&gt;&lt;ref name=Red-sexcase/&gt;&lt;ref name=Tri-doom&gt;{{cite news|title=Sex scandal spells doom for Kurien|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99oct08/nation.htm#13|accessdate=15 October 2015|work=[[The Tribune (India)]]|date=7 October 1999}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Events as established by prosecution==
{{Location map+ | India Kerala
| caption =

'''&lt;span style=&quot;color: #8f0000&quot;&gt;Red&lt;/span&gt;: Events of the first 24 hours'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Munnar]]: The girl left hostel on 16 January.&lt;br&gt;[[Adimali]]: The girl met up with Raju. They took a bus at 4:30pm.&lt;br&gt;[[Kothamangalam]]: Raju disappeared. The girl reached Kothamangalam at 7:30pm, and decides to go to Kottayam.&lt;br&gt;[[Muvattupuzha]]: The girl reached Muvattupuzha by bus. She noticed Usha on the bus. She changed buses here.&lt;br&gt;[[Kottayam]]: She reached Kottayam. She was approached by Usha and introduced to Dharmarajan. Dharmarajan raped her in a lodge.&lt;br&gt;[[Ernakulam]]: The girl was taken to Ernakulam in a bus.

| places =
  {{Location map~ | India Kerala
    | label = Munnar
    | position = right
    | marksize = 6
    | lat_deg = 10.0892
    | lon_deg = 77.0597
  }}
  {{Location map~ | India Kerala
    | label = Adimali
    | position = bottom
    | marksize = 6
    | lat_deg = 10.0148
    | lon_deg = 76.9561
  }}
  {{Location map~ | India Kerala
    | label = Kothamangalam
    | position = top
    | marksize = 6
    | lat_deg = 10.0800
    | lon_deg = 76.6200
  }}
  {{Location map~ | India Kerala
    | label = Muvattupuzha
    | position = left
    | marksize = 6
    | lat_deg = 9.9700
    | lon_deg = 76.5800
  }}
  {{Location map~ | India Kerala
    | label = Adimali
    | position = bottom
    | marksize = 6
    | lat_deg = 10.0148
    | lon_deg = 76.9561
  }}
  {{Location map~ | India Kerala
    | label = Kottayam
    | position = bottom
    | marksize = 6
    | lat_deg = 9.6000
    | lon_deg = 76.5200
  }}
  {{Location map~ | India Kerala
    | label = Ernakulam
    | position = left
    | marksize = 6
    | lat_deg = 9.6800
    | lon_deg = 76.2800
  }}
}}
The prosecution found that she had been coaxed by a [[bus conductor]], Raju (accused #1), to elope with him. The girl was reportedly in love with him. Raju asked the girl to leave her hostel in [[Munnar]] and meet him at [[Adimali]] on 16 January 1996. There, he convinced her to accompany him to [[Kothamangalam]] and they left at 4:30pm. The man abandoned the girl on the bus and disappeared midway. The girl reached the destination at 7:30pm. She decided to travel onward to [[Kottayam]] where her mother's sister lived. She took a bus to [[Muvattupuzha]]. Reaching Muvattupuzha, she took an [[auto-rickshaw]] to the [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] bus stand. From there, she took a [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation#Fleet|fast passenger]] bus towards [[Trivandrum]]. On this bus, she noticed a woman, later identified as Usha (accused #2).&lt;ref name=Joseph2005&gt;{{cite court |litigants=Joseph alias Baby v. S. I. Of Police|court=[[Kerala High Court]] |date=2005 |url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/207046/|quote= Taking into account the nature of the offence committed and the plight of the victim, who had been subjected to such offence for about long 40 days, we feel that no leniency need be shown to such an accused.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She reached Kottayam but was apprehensive of navigating the city's [[lane]]s at night. She decided to go to her uncle at [[Mundakkayam]]. But, there was no bus to Mundakkayam at night. Usha approached her and offered help. She introduced the girl to one Sreekumar, who was later identified as Dharmarajan, a lawyer and prime accused. He promised that he would take her to Mundakayam later. He told her that his mother was staying at a lodge and she could stay there. The girl agreed to accompany him, but he raped her in the lodge. On the same night, her father had reported her as missing. An [[Assistant sub-inspector of police|assistant sub-inspector]] had conducted a search but could not locate her.&lt;ref name=Joseph2005/&gt;

The next morning she was taken to [[Ernakulam]] in a bus. Thereafter, she was taken to the various places, which included [[Kumili]], [[Kambam]], [[Palakkad]], [[Vanimel]], [[Aluva]], [[Theni]], [[Kanyakumari]], [[Trivandrum]], and [[Kuravilangad]]. On the morning of 26 February 1996, she was freed. During the intervening period, she was raped or [[gang rape]]d by 38 of the 42 accused. The remaining four, including Usha and Raju, had abetted the crimes. Several of the 38 were political workers or involved in politics. Later, many claimed the accusation was a conspiracy to frame them.&lt;ref name=Joseph2005/&gt;

==Trials and appeals==

===2000-2002===

====Initial convictions====
On 2 September 2000, the Special Court at [[Kottayam]] found 35 of the 39 accused persons to be guilty and four were acquitted. Among the convicts were three women. One of the accused had died during the trial and two were still absconding. The verdict was 356 pages long. The court criticised the police's handling of the case in the initial stages and its attempt to shield the accused persons. Various charges which included Sections 120 (B) ([[criminal conspiracy]]), 376 (2)(B) ([[gang rape]]), 365 (kidnapping with intent to confine), and 366 (A) (kidnapping with intent to rape) of the [[Indian Penal Code]], were proven against various persons. The sentencing took place on 6 September.&lt;ref name=Hin-35guilty&gt;{{cite news|title=Suryanelli sex case: 35 found guilty, four acquitted|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/09/03/stories/04032116.htm|accessdate=15 October 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 September 2000}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Red-Kottayam&gt;{{cite news|title=35 found guilty in Kottayam sex scandal: PTI|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/sep/02sex.htm|work=[[Rediff]]|date=2 September 2000}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Dharmarajan's trial====
On 16 September 2000, Dharmarajan was arrested from [[Karnataka]]. He had been absconding for 4 years.&lt;ref name=Hin-2000Remand&gt;{{cite news|title=Dharmarajan remanded to judicial custody|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/09/19/stories/0419211g.htm|accessdate=16 October 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 September 2000}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2002, the trial of the prime accused, Dharmarajan, began. The court presided by P. Chandrasekhara Pillai found him guilty of several charges including gang rape and abduction on 10 July 2002. The court said that as a lawyer he was aware of the implications of his actions and sentenced him to life in prison on 12 July 2002 by judge V. Chandrasekharan Nair.&lt;ref name=Hin-2000life&gt;{{cite news|title=Life term for key accused in Suryanelli case|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2002/07/13/stories/2002071303120600.htm|accessdate=16 October 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 July 2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=ITog-Overturned/&gt;&lt;ref name=Hin-2002Guilty&gt;{{cite news|title=Dharmarajan found guilty|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2002/07/11/stories/2002071102060600.htm|accessdate=16 October 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 July 2002}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was found guilty of Sections 120 (B) ([[criminal conspiracy]]), 363 ([[kidnapping]]), 366 (A) (kidnapping with intent to rape), 368 ([[Imprisonment|illegal confinement]]), 332 (hurting a public servant), 373 ([[human trafficking|buying a minor for sex]]), 376 ([[rape]]), 376(2)(B) ([[gang rape]]), 392 ([[robbery]]) read with Sections 109 ([[abettor|abetting a crime]]) and 34 (common intent) of the Indian Penal Code.&lt;ref name=appeal2002/&gt;

Dharmarajan had filed an appeal in the [[Kerala High Court]], but it was rejected on 13 June 2002.&lt;ref name=appeal2002&gt;{{cite court |litigants=Dharmarajan v. State |court=[[Kerala High Court]] |date=2002 |url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1536804/|quote= I have no hesitation to say that the petitioner furnished a list of 45 witnesses only with the object of delaying the proceedings. I see no infirmity in the order of the lower court.}}&lt;/ref&gt; After receiving his sentence, Dharmarajan only served a small part of his sentence. He had been sent to the [[Central Prison, Poojappura]] on 13 July 2002 and 25 October 2002 he had been released on bail. After that, he disappeared.&lt;ref name=Hin-2013TV&gt;{{cite news|title=Police in tight spot after convict on run turns up on TV|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/police-in-tight-spot-after-convict-on-run-turns-up-on-tv/article4406185.ece|accessdate=16 October 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The police could not track him down and in 2010 the warrant was dropped.&lt;ref name=ND-serve&gt;{{cite news|title=Suryanelli rape case: Kottayam court asks Dharmarajan to serve life term|url=http://www.ndtv.com/south/suryanelli-rape-case-kottayam-court-asks-dharmarajan-to-serve-life-term-513508|accessdate=16 October 2015|work=[[NDTV]]|date=16 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; He had served 2 years and 92 days, including the time in custody during pre-trial.&lt;ref name=Joseph2005/&gt;

===2005-2007===

====Kerala High Court's acquittals====
On 20 January 2005, a [[Kerala High Court]] bench, comprising Justice K. A. Abdul Gafoor and Justice R. Basant, overturned the lower court's verdict and acquitted 35 of the 36 accused due to lack of evidence. Dharmarajan's sentence was reduced from life imprisonment to 5 years. The court decided that her statements cannot be taken as the truth in absence of collaborating evidence, as she had been deemed untrustworthy.&lt;ref name=Fl-rehearing/&gt;&lt;ref name=Joseph2005/&gt;&lt;ref name=ITog-Overturned&gt;{{cite news|title=Suryanelli verdict : justice overturned?|url=http://indiatogether.org/surynelli-women|accessdate=15 October 2015|work=India Together|date=14 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=====Defence's arguments=====
The defence had pointed out as girl had squandered her hostel fees on other purposes and had admitted to [[pawnbroker|pawning]] her jewellery on 1 January 1996, weeks before eloping. The defence said that there was lack of evidence that she had resisted, or indicted to the accused persons that she was an unwilling participant. Thus, rape could not proved. The only other notable witness, apart from the victim, was accused #42 who had been remanded. She had turned into a prosecution witness. The defence called the victim to be deemed untrustworthy citing past cases.&lt;ref name=Joseph2005/&gt;

The defence claimed that the prosecution had also tried to withhold certain evidences and witnesses. One investigating officer initially a prosecution witness, was not called during the second case. He had to be presented by the defence. The prosecution also had tried to suppress evidence that proved that the girl had given her hostel fees to one of the accused. The evidence, regarding a letter left by the girl on the day she vanished, was also suppressed. The initial statements given to various officers after her reappearance were presented a very late date, as a result the defence couldn't make a good case or cross examine the victim properly. They called these unfair towards the accused. The defence also pointed to an early statement made by the father which proved that, he was aware that the girl had run away, not kidnapped.&lt;ref name=Joseph2005/&gt;

=====Prosecution's arguments=====
The [[public prosecutor]] said that accused #1 had first blackmailed the girl with a photo album and later asked her to leave with him. The girl had given the album to a friend Fatima. Fatima had entrusted the album to accused #1 who had promised to give to the girl. The girl had allegedly collected the money to pay off accused #1. An auto-rickshaw driver had overheard him talking to accused #2 about the girl. The prosecution also provided evidence that the prime accused, Dharmarajan, was residing in the lodge where she was first raped, since 2 January 1996. The prosecution said that this proved that there was conspiracy to abduct the girl. As both her parents were working, the prosecution said that the girl no lack of money and had no need to sort such means. The prosecution also replied to the other contentions raised by the defence.&lt;ref name=Joseph2005/&gt;

=====Other evidences and witnesses=====
{{Location map+ | India Kerala
| caption =

'''&lt;span style=&quot;color: #3232ff&quot;&gt;Blue&lt;/span&gt;: Places where the girl was taken'''&lt;br&gt;
[[Ernakulam]]: She taken there on 17 January and kept at a lodge.&lt;br&gt;[[Vanimel]]: The girl was at the house of an accused from 22 to 25 January.&lt;br&gt;[[Kumili]]: The girl was at a rest house from 15 to 21 February. She was allegedly rape by Kurien there on 19. She was taken to the Periyar Hospital on 21.&lt;br&gt;[[Elappara]]: The girl was taken to the Appu Hospital on 25 February.&lt;br&gt;Other places where she was taken: [[Kambam]], [[Palakkad]], [[Aluva]], [[Theni]], [[Kanyakumari]], [[Trivandrum]], and [[Kuravilangad]].

| places =
  {{Location map~ | India Kerala
    | label = Ernakulam
    | position = left
    | mark = Blue pog.svg
    | marksize = 6
    | lat_deg = 9.6800
    | lon_deg = 76.2800
  }}
  {{Location map~ | India Kerala
    | label = Vanimel
    | position = bottom
    | mark = Blue pog.svg
    | marksize = 6
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    | lon_deg = 75.6990
  }}
  {{Location map~ | India Kerala
    | label = Kumili
    | position = right
    | mark = Blue pog.svg
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  }}
  {{Location map~ | India Kerala
    | label = Elappara
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    | mark = Blue pog.svg
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    | lon_deg = 76.9667
  }}
  {{Location map~ | India Kerala
    | label = Kambam
    | position = right
    | mark = Blue pog.svg
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    | lon_deg = 77.3000
  }}
  {{Location map~ | India Kerala
    | label = Palakkad
    | position = top
    | mark = Blue pog.svg
    | marksize = 6
    | lat_deg = 10.7700
    | lon_deg = 76.6500
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  {{Location map~ | India Kerala
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The court noted that some investigating officers were aware of the existence of a letter written by the girl before her disappearance, but they had not tried to trace it or simply did not present it. The content was only known to a witness who had read it before giving it to the police, and the receiving officer recorded this. The witness had said that letter said that she was going on a trip with accused #1, but later it was claimed the she was lured with the promise of marriage. The auto-rickshaw driver was found an investigator much late into the case on 23 July 1996. Even though by then the case had become infamous, the driver had not approached the police. The investigating officers before him were aware of the letter and thus did not suspect a conspiracy. The appearance of the driver changed the course of the case. Another public witness, used to prove conspiracy, had changed his statement later, claimed that he being harassed by the police and had to move away. The girl had not searched for accused #1 when he allegedly disappeared before Kothamangalam. The court observed that the girl refused to talked about accused #1. The court noted that all these raised doubts on whether there was a conspiracy between accused #1, #2 and Dharmarajan. The court said the letter proved that there was no kidnapping.&lt;ref name=Joseph2005/&gt;

The court accepted the evidence proving the girl had stayed at the various places she mentioned, but said that these did not prove non-consent. The girl then just passed the [[age of consent]] (then 16 years), so the cases could not be treated as [[statutory rape]]. The court noted she had given away her hostel fees to someone and pawned her jewellery. She had given a false name while pawning it. She had been questioned in the [[Sister Abhaya murder case]] but she said she couldn't remember it. The court noted that she was expelled from the Mount Carmel School, Kottayam, in Class 8, was home-tutored for a year, before joining Little Flower Girls High School, Nallathanni. When asked for  the reason of expulsion, she said that she used to wet her bed and her older sister used to cleaned it up. But, after her sister graduated, she could no longer clean up. But, her tutor, presented as a witness, said that she was expelled for bad conduct. There was also evidence that the father kept close tabs on her movements and frequently called the nuns of the convent school. On 16 January, the school had called the father to inform him that the girl had sought permission to go and give her clothes to the laundry.&lt;ref name=Joseph2005/&gt;

The court said that the girl had admitted that she was kept at lodges and hotels wherever she was taken. She was also taken to hospitals twice during the ordeal.  But, she did not try to alert anyone about her plight or tried to escape. On the morning of 17 January, she was taken by Dharmarajan to the [[Kottayam]] bus stand. Even though the place was familiar to her from the previous day and she had studied for some years in Kottayam while commuting from [[Mundakkayam]] to Kottayam, she did not run. Instead, she was taken to [[Ernakulam]]. Dharmarajan took a room in Ernakulam at 6:45pm. In a statement, she had said that she went to see a film with him later, this was retracted and the statement was called fabricated. But it was found, the police could not have guessed the film's name. The court said that it implied she was outdoor during daylight in a busy city for hours. In one case, she had been left alone for half-a-day by an accused in a room and she had made no attempt to escape. In another incident on 4 February, one Jacob Sait walked into her room but she did not inform him of her ordeal, and Sait had gone away. In another incident, a room boy had walked in and found her with two men. From 22 January to 25 January, the girl was at the house of an accused in Vanimmel, [[Kozhikode]]. A neighbour had seen her on veranda and in the courtyard, but she did not try to escape. She had made a call to her uncle during her captivity, but it was not certain whether her captors forced her to call him. But her uncle did not notify the police, raising doubts on whether it was an abduction.&lt;ref name=Joseph2005/&gt;

On 21 February, she was taken to the Periyar Hospital in [[Kumili]]. The girl said that she had been taken there because of pain in her private parts and [[pus]] was coming out of her vagina. However, the doctor at the Periyar hospital said she looked normal and had a normal gait. The [[out-patient]] card showed that she complained only of a sore throat and had a false name. Even though she was alone with the doctor, she did not tell him about her plight or her real name. She told him that she was visiting [[Thekkady]] and will return to [[Ponkunnam]]. On 25 February, she was staying overnight with an accused at his house, when she complained of stomach pain. She had not revealed her plight to the women family members of the accused. She was taken to Appu Hospital in [[Elappara]]. She was diagonsed of constipation and undressed by a nurse for an [[enema]] but the nurse did not notice any injuries. The prescription card showed a false name. The robbery charge was against Dharmarajan dropped  as the police could not find the ornaments. The girl had said he had forcibly taken her to the jewelers and sold them. The court said that all these raised doubt on the truth of her statements. There was also an evidence Dharmarajan had taken money from other accused, in exchange for supplying the girl.&lt;ref name=Joseph2005/&gt;

=====Verdict=====
The court held Dharmarajan guilty of Sections 366 (A) (kidnapping with intention of rape) and 372 (selling a minor for sex) of the [[Indian Penal Code]]. He was fined with {{currency|25,000|INR}} for each offence and given a sentence of 5 years. Failure to pay, on each count carried a year of additional jail. Before the trial was complete, the media had begun reporting misleadingly on the judgement. This was noted in the final verdict. The court asked the media to report &quot;only after ascertaining the truth and not from any truncated or partial version.&quot; It said that the reports should be based on the complete contents of the judgement. The verdict also recommended raising the age of consent to 18.&lt;ref name=Joseph2005/&gt; In November 2005, the [[Supreme Court of India]] accepted an appeal against the verdict.&lt;ref name=hind-2005appeal&gt;{{cite news|title=Supreme Court admits appeal in Suryanelli case|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/11/12/stories/2005111204300700.htm|accessdate=16 October 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 November 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=====Evidences and witnesses=====
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=====Verdict=====
The court noted that the family could have known that Kurien was not named as an accused from media sources. Thus, there was no cause for the delay in filing the complaint. The court also question why Poulose, Rajappan and Kunjukutty were not given to the police as witnesses by the family for one year. The court noted that two of the witnesses who placed Kurien on the crime scene, were chance witnesses and not locals. The court found that prior acquaintance of Poulose with the father suspicious. The court that the lower court had erred by letting case go so far. The court, presided by Justice K. R. Udayabhanu, used the power vested in it under the Section 482 of the [[Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973]], to correct errors of lower court, and discharged the Kurien under Section 227 of the [[Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973]] ([[insufficient evidence]]).&lt;ref name=KurienVsState&gt;{{cite court |litigants=P. J. Kurian v. State Of Kerala|court=[[Kerala High Court]]|date= 4 April 2007|url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/923693/|accessdate=1 November 2015|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=====Supreme Court appeal=====
On 16 November 2007, a Supreme Court bench, comprising Justice K. G. Balakrishnan and Justice R. V. Raveendran, rejected an appeal from the state government seeking a retrial against P. J. Kurien. But, the Court said that it was a private complaint not a state prosecution and no new evidence had been found.&lt;ref name=IE-SCrelief&gt;{{cite news|title=Suryanelli sex scam: SC relief for ex-minister|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/suryanelli-sex-scam-sc-relief-for-exminister/240075|accessdate=16 October 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=17 November 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kurien had been represented by [[Arun Jaitley]], also a [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] leader. This later became controversial.&lt;ref name=Teh-BJPQuit&gt;{{cite news|title=BJP sticks to stand on Kurien, should quit as RS Dy Chairman|url=http://www.tehelka.com/2013/02/bjp-sticks-to-stand-on-kurien-should-quit-as-rs-dy-chairman/|accessdate=16 October 2015|work=[[Tehelka]]|date=14 February 2013|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111146/http://www.tehelka.com/2013/02/bjp-sticks-to-stand-on-kurien-should-quit-as-rs-dy-chairman/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===2013-present===

====Supreme Court retrial order====
Following the [[2012 Delhi rape case]], a women's rights group, Janadhipatya Mahila Association, petitioned the [[Supreme Court of India]] pointing out that the appeal against the Kerala High Court's acquittal had been pending for 8 years. Justice [[Altamas Kabir]] took cognizance of the case. On the first day, 31 January 2013, a bench of Justice [[A. K. Patnaik]] and [[Gyan Sudha Misra]] set aside the Kerala High Court's order. A fresh hearing, by the Kerala High Court, and sentencing within six months was ordered.&lt;ref name=Fl-rehearing&gt;{{cite news|title=A rehearing in Kerala|url=http://www.frontline.in/the-nation/a-rehearing-in-kerala/article4431423.ece|accessdate=15 October 2015|work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|date=8 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Dharmarajan's arrest====
After the Supreme Court order, a new warrant was issued for Dharmarajan.&lt;ref name=ND-serve/&gt; On 15 February 2013, the Kerala Police found Dharmarajan in [[Sagara, Karnataka]]. The police found him drunk and walking on the streets.&lt;ref name=DC-tamely&gt;{{cite news|title=Drunk Dharmarajan was caught tamely|url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130217/news-current-affairs/article/drunk-dharmarajan-was-caught-tamely|accessdate=16 October 2015|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=17 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=FP-SScaught&gt;{{cite news|title=Suryanelli case: Absconding convict SS Dharmarajan caught in K'taka|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/suryanelli-case-absconding-convict-ss-dharmarajan-caught-in-ktaka-626956.html|accessdate=16 October 2015|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=15 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 16 February 2013, he was presented at a [[Kottayam]] court. He was ordered to serve rest of his sentence and sent to [[Central Prison, Poojappura|Thiruvananthapuram]] prison.&lt;ref name=ND-serve/&gt;

Around 9 February 2013, TV channel [[Indiavision]] broadcast an interview of former judge R. Basant, who was part of the two-member bench that acquitted most of the accused in 2005. The video recorded with a hidden camera showed Basant defending his judgement he said, &quot;There was ample evidence to show the girl was used for child prostitution, which is not rape.&quot; He also said, &quot;I am not blaming her. The girl is not normal, she is deviant. All these are there in the judgment.&quot; He repeatedly asked the interviewer to read the judgement to understand why he and judge Gafoor (by then deceased) had acquitted them. The statements made in the interview were vocally condemned by women's organisations. Basant later did not deny that the interview had taken place, but said the interviewer had come for a discussion and he was not aware that the interviewer was carrying a hidden camera.&lt;ref name=TOI-NotRaped&gt;{{cite news|title=Suryanelli case: Ex-HC judge says girl used for child prostitution, not raped|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Suryanelli-case-Ex-HC-judge-says-girl-used-for-child-prostitution-not-raped/articleshow/18419584.cms?referral=PM|accessdate=16 October 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Tele-SuryanelliFurore&gt;{{cite news|title=Judge’s references to Suryanelli girl spark furore|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130211/jsp/nation/story_16548177.jsp|accessdate=16 October 2015|work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|date=10 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 17 February 2015, [[K. Sudhakaran]], an [[Indian National Congress|INC]] leader, said that people knowing the history of the girl's case would know that she had several chances to escape but she stayed back. He also said that she moved around &quot;as a prostitute, making money and accepting gifts&quot;. He added later that prostitution is different from rape. The statement attracted strong criticism from political parties and women's groups.&lt;ref name=IT-Doubting&gt;{{cite news|title=Cong MP in row for doubting Suryanelli victim's character|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/suryanelli-victim-congress-mp-k-sudhakaran-doubts-character/1/250642.html|accessdate=16 October 2015|work=[[India Today]]|date=18 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=IE-MakingMoney&gt;{{cite news|title=Suryanelli gangrape: Cong MP says victim moved 'around as prostitute making money'|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/suryanelli-gangrape-cong-mp-says-victim-moved-around-as-prostitute-making-money/1075730/|accessdate=16 October 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=18 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 29 May 2013, Dharmarajan retracted his previous statement claiming Kurien's involvement. He said that he had never met him and had only seen him on the news.&lt;ref name=DC-NoRole&gt;{{cite news|title=Kurien had no role, says Dharmarajan|url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130530/news-current-affairs/article/kurien-had-no-role-says-dharmarajan|accessdate=16 October 2015|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=30 May 2013}}{{Dead link|date=August 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; He also said that he did not own a car back then.&lt;ref name=Madh-Didntsee&gt;{{cite news|title=Now Dharmarajan says he didn’t see P J Kurien|url=http://www.madhyamam.com/en/node/12446|accessdate=16 October 2015|work=[[Madhyamam Daily]]|date=29 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Kerala High Court verdict====
{{expand section|date=October 2015}}
On 4 April 2014, a [[Kerala High Court]] bench, comprising Justice [[K. T. Sankaran]] and M. L. Joseph Francis, upheld the lower court's sentence, for the prime accused Dharmarajan, of [[life imprisonment]]. It also rejected an appeal that the victim was a deviant and did not try to escape. The bench also acquitted seven of the accused. The remaining accused were given sentences ranging from 13 years [[imprisonment]] to [[fine (penalty)|fine]], with 3 months of [[rigorous imprisonment]] in case of [[default (law)|default]]. By then, five of the 35 accused had died.&lt;ref name=IT-Dharmarajan&gt;{{cite news|title=Suryanelli rape cas: Prime accused Dharmarajan sentenced to life|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/suriyanelli-rape-case-prime-accused-dharmarajan-sentenced-to-life/1/352873.html|accessdate=15 October 2015|work=[[India Today]]|date=4 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Hin-Confirms&gt;{{cite news|title=Kerala High Court confirms life term for Dharmarajan in Suryanelli rape case|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-high-court-confirms-life-term-for-dharmarajan-in-suryanelli-rape-case/article5871186.ece|accessdate=16 October 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In May 2014, arrest warrants were issued for 23 accused who had failed to surrender before the court.&lt;ref name=hin-2014Warrant&gt;{{cite news|title=Warrant against 23 in Suryanelli sex scandal case|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/warrant-against-23-in-suryanelli-sex-scandal-case/article6004645.ece?ref=relatedNews|accessdate=16 October 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Supreme Court appeals====
In October 2014, 16 accused filed appeals in the [[Supreme Court of India]].&lt;ref name=Ex-scnotice&gt;{{cite news|title=Suryanelli case: SC notice to Kerala govt|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/suryanelli-case-sc-notice-to-kerala-govt/|accessdate=2 November 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=9 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 13 October 2015, the court rejected a bail petition from the accused.&lt;ref name=TH:SCdisbelief&gt;{{cite news|title=Many points of ‘disbelief’ in Suryanelli rape case: SC|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/many-points-of-disbelief-in-suryanelli-rape-case-sc/article7759595.ece|accessdate=2 November 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Victim and her family in the aftermath==
In 2006, it was reported that the girl was working at the sales tax office at [[Devikulam]]. The job had been provided to her by the [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] government under Chief Minister [[E. K. Nayanar]]'s reign, who belonged to CPI-M. The family had built a house in [[Suryanelli]], but they had to sell it and move away in 2006 due to the hostile environment. The victim's older sister was reported to be working as a [[nurse]] in [[Bangalore]].&lt;ref name=Sify-Suryanelli&gt;{{cite news|title=Sex scandal victim’s kin flee Suryanelli|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14320282&amp;cid=13214744|accessdate=15 October 2015|work=[[Sify]]|date=29 October 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=DC-haunted/&gt;

In 2012, it was reported that the victim had been suspended from her job at the [[Changanacherry]] sales tax office in a case of breach of trust and forgery. She was reinstated after 8 months due to public criticism. They said that they were still being treated as outcasts. It was reported that Suja Susan George, a teacher and a CPI-M candidate, was their only family friend. Her older sister had chosen to remain unmarried.&lt;ref name=DC-haunted&gt;{{cite news|title=Victim still haunted by rape 16 years ago|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/302037/victim-still-haunted-rape-16.html|accessdate=16 October 2015|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=31 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=DC-longs&gt;{{cite news|title=Suryanelli rape victim longs for justice|url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/121224/news-crime/article/suryanelli-rape-victim-longs-justice|accessdate=15 October 2015|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=24 December 2012}}{{Dead link|date=August 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=BP-trauma&gt;{{cite news|title=Suryanelli Sexual Assault victim traumatized even after 16 Years|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/01/suryanelli-sexual-assault-victim-traumatized-even-after-16-years/|accessdate=15 October 2015|work=Bihar Prabha|date=1 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2013, she told Sneha Mary Koshy of ''[[NDTV]]'' that her family had changed house twice due to jeering neighbours.&lt;ref name=NDTV-rapedby42&gt;{{cite news|author1=Sneha Mary Koshy|title=Raped by 42 men in 40 days. Sixteen years later, she awaits justice|url=http://www.ndtv.com/south/raped-by-42-men-in-40-days-sixteen-years-later-she-awaits-justice-509091|accessdate=16 October 2015|work=[[NDTV]]|date=3 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2013, she and her family were interviewed by Shahina K. K. of ''[[Open (Indian magazine)|OPEN]]'' magazine. The victim said that she does not go to social events. Her work environment was hostile towards her.&lt;ref name=OPEN-17Years&gt;{{cite news|author1=Shahina K. K.|title=17 Years of Solitude|url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/nation/17-years-of-solitude|accessdate=16 October 2015|work=23 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==In popular culture==
A [[Malayalam language]] film, [[Achanurangatha Veedu]], was made by director [[Lal Jose]] based on this case. The film was released in 2006.&lt;ref name=TH-Issue&gt;{{cite news|title=Handling a sensitive issue|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article3217419.ece|accessdate=15 October 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 March 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[The Chronicle of Golgotha Days]] a Novel by the author [[Sujith Balakrishnan]] was inspired from the 42 days of the tormenting events.

==See also==
* [[Rape in India]]
*[[Ajmer rape case]]
* [[2012 Delhi rape case]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite court |litigants=Joseph alias Baby v. S. I. Of Police|court=[[Kerala High Court]] |date=2005 |url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/923693/|quote=}}
* {{cite court |litigants=P. J. Kurian v. State Of Kerala |court=[[Kerala High Court]] |date=2007 |url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/923693/|quote=}}

{{Rape in India}}

[[Category:1996 crimes in India]]
[[Category:Crime in Kerala]]
[[Category:Rape in India]]
[[Category:History of Kerala (1947–present)]]
[[Category:Human trafficking in India]]
[[Category:Violence against women in India]]
[[Category:Gang rape]]
[[Category:Incidents of violence against women]]&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Suryanelli rape case]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Suryanelli rape case/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rick Martin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>540328</id>
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      <text bytes="14687" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Canadian ice hockey player}}{{other people}}
{{Infobox ice hockey player
| image = 
| image_size = 230px
| caption = Rick Martin, Buffalo Sabres
| birth_place = [[Verdun, Quebec]], Canada
| birth_date = {{birth date|1951|7|26}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2011|3|13|1951|7|26}}
| death_place = [[Clarence, New York]], U.S.
| weight_lb = 179
| height_ft = 5
| height_in = 11
| position = [[Winger (ice hockey)|Left Wing]]
| shoots = Left
| played_for = [[Buffalo Sabres]]&lt;br&gt;[[Los Angeles Kings]]
| draft = 5th overall
| draft_year = 1971
| draft_team = [[Buffalo Sabres]]
| career_start = 1971
| career_end = 1982
}}
'''Richard Lionel Martin''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ɑːr|ˈ|t|æ|n}}; {{IPA-fr|maʁtɛ̃|lang}}; July 26, 1951{{spaced ndash}}March 13, 2011) was a [[Canadians|Canadian]] professional [[ice hockey]] [[winger (ice hockey)|winger]] who played in the [[National Hockey League|NHL]] with the [[Buffalo Sabres]] and [[Los Angeles Kings]] for 11 seasons between 1971 and 1982. He was most famous for playing on the Sabres' [[The French Connection (ice hockey)|French Connection line]] with [[Gilbert Perreault]] and [[René Robert|Rene Robert]].

==Playing career==
Martin was drafted fifth overall by the [[Buffalo Sabres]] in the [[1971 NHL Amateur Draft]] after a [[junior hockey|junior]] career with the [[Montreal Junior Canadiens]] of the [[Ontario Hockey League|Ontario Hockey Association]] (OHA). He played 685 career NHL games, scoring 384 goals and 317 assists for 701 points. His best season was the [[1974–75 NHL season]] when he scored 52 goals and 95 points in only 68 games. Martin scored at least 44 goals five times in his NHL career. Martin was selected to play in seven consecutive [[National Hockey League All-Star Game]]s ([[25th National Hockey League All-Star Game|1971–72]], through [[1978 NHL All-Star Game|1977–78]]) and was selected as the official [[NHL All-Star Team|NHL All-Star First Team]] left wing in [[1973–74 NHL season|1973–74]] and [[1974–75 NHL season|1974–75]] and the official NHL All-Star Second Team left wing in 1975–76 and 1976–77.&lt;ref name=His&gt;{{cite web|url=http://downloads.sabres.nhl.com/other/history.pdf|title=History|access-date=2007-07-24|year=2006|publisher=Buffalo Sabres and the National Hockey League|archive-date=2013-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619221123/http://downloads.sabres.nhl.com/other/history.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Martin holds the Buffalo Sabres franchise career records for [[hat trick]]s, four-goal games, 40-goal seasons, consecutive 40-goal seasons, 50-goal seasons (tied with [[Danny Gare]]), consecutive 50-goal seasons.&lt;ref name=TRB&gt;{{cite web|url=http://downloads.sabres.nhl.com/other/record_book.pdf|title=The Record Book|access-date=2007-07-24|year=2006|publisher=Buffalo Sabres and the National Hockey League|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001459/http://downloads.sabres.nhl.com/other/record_book.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Rick Martin, Part of Famed N.H.L. Line, Dies at 59 After Car Accident|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/16/sports/hockey/16martin.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=March 15, 2011|access-date=March 22, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rick Martin is #11 All Time in Career &quot;Goals per Game&quot; Average (.56) in NHL regular season history.

Martin was involved in probably one of the three most frightening injuries on Buffalo home ice (the others being when [[Clint Malarchuk|Clint Malarchuk's]] and [[Richard Zednik|Richard Zednik's]] in separate incidents each had their [[jugular vein]] lacerated). During a 1977 game [[Dave Farrish]] of the [[New York Rangers]] hooked Martin around the neck from behind and kicked Martin's feet out from under him, causing Martin to hit his head on the ice.  He was knocked unconscious, and went into convulsions. After that play, helmets became a much more common sight on the heads of his Sabre team-mates.

On November 8, 1980, his career was dealt a devastating blow. In a game against the [[Washington Capitals]] in the [[Buffalo Memorial Auditorium|Aud]], Martin was racing in on a breakaway. Capitals forward [[Ryan Walter]] managed to trip Martin and no penalty was called. Capitals goalie [[Mike Palmateer]], already way out of his crease, knocked Martin back down by kicking his knee, causing severe [[cartilage]] damage that all but ended Martin's career.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hockeydraftcentral.com/1971/71005.html|title=Rick Martin|access-date=2011-03-11|publisher=Hockey Draft Central}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Martin underwent surgery in Toronto and on March 10, 1981, [[Scotty Bowman]] traded Martin and [[Don Luce]] to the Kings for a pair of draft picks, one of which the Sabres used to get goalie [[Tom Barrasso]] in [[1983 NHL Entry Draft|1983]]. Martin played four games for the [[Los Angeles Kings]] before hanging up the skates. In 1989 he, along with the other two members of the French Connection, were inducted into the Buffalo Sabres Hall of Fame.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sabresalumni.com/history/halloffame.php |title=Buffalo Sabres Hall of Fame |url-status=dead |access-date=20 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618013818/http://www.sabresalumni.com/history/halloffame.php |archive-date=June 18, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; His number 7 was retired along with [[René Robert|Rene Robert]]'s #14 on November 15, 1995, flanking the #11 of [[Gilbert Perreault]] under a French Connection banner. On Oct. 25, 2005, Martin was inducted into the Greater Buffalo Sports Hall of Fame.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Rick Martin Through the Years|url=http://galleries.buffalonews.com/photo.php?gname=gallery_1300045777.txt&amp;item=8|newspaper=[[The Buffalo News]]|date=March 13, 2011|access-date=March 19, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317102843/http://galleries.buffalonews.com/photo.php?gname=gallery_1300045777.txt&amp;item=8|archive-date=March 17, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2010, in commemoration of the Sabres' 40th season, ''[[The Buffalo News]]'' ranked Martin number 4 out of the top 40 Sabres of all time, while he was voted #5 by fans.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Sabres Top 40 for 40 Seasons|url=http://galleries.buffalonews.com/photo.php?gname=gallery_1285003304.txt&amp;item=4|newspaper=[[The Buffalo News]]|date=October 6, 2010|access-date=March 19, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720091737/http://galleries.buffalonews.com/photo.php?gname=gallery_1285003304.txt&amp;item=4|archive-date=July 20, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;  After his death in 2011, the Sabres honored his memory by painting the number 7, the number Martin wore for most of his career with Buffalo, behind each goal at the [[HSBC Arena (Buffalo)|HSBC Arena]] for the remainder of the [[2010–11 Buffalo Sabres season|2010-11 season]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://sabres.nhl.com/club/recap.htm?id=2010021071|title=Sabres 8, Thrashers 2|access-date=2011-03-22|year=2011|publisher=Buffalo Sabres|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321084925/http://sabres.nhl.com/club/recap.htm?id=2010021071|archive-date=2011-03-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Achievements==
*1st Team All Star (1973–74)
*1st Team All Star (1974–75)
*2nd Team All Star (1975–76)
*2nd Team All Star (1976–77)
*7 Straight NHL All Star Game Appearances (1972 - 1978)
*3rd All Time in Hat Tricks (21) among Left Wingers (Modern Era)
*11th All Time in Career Goals Per Game Average in NHL History
*Gold Championship Canada Cup 1976 (Team Canada)
*5 &quot;Top 10&quot; finishes in Goals
*2 &quot;Top 10&quot; finishes in Points
*5 &quot;Top 10&quot; finishes in Even Strength Goals
*3 &quot;Top 10&quot; finishes in Game Winning Goals
*5 &quot;Top 10&quot; finishes in Power Play Goals
*5 &quot;Top 10&quot; finishes in Goals Per Game Average
*2 &quot;Top 10&quot; finishes in Points Per Game Average
*6 Team Scoring Records (Buffalo Sabres)
* #7 Team Jersey Retired (Buffalo Sabres)
*Buffalo Sabres Hall Of Famer

==Personal life==
Rick and his wife were owners of Globalquest Solutions and Globalquest Staffing Solutions in Williamsville, New York.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Globalquest adding up to 10 to staff|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/albany/stories/2001/08/06/daily21.html|newspaper=The Business Review|date=August 7, 2001|access-date=March 19, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Martin owned a bar/restaurant called Slapshot on Niagara Falls Boulevard in Niagara Falls, N.Y.

Rick Martin died on March 13, 2011, in [[Clarence, New York]], from a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] while driving, a complication of [[Hypertensive heart disease|hypertensive arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Buffalo News story with obit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Watson|first=Stephen T.|title=Memorial plans for Martin announced by Sabres|url=http://www.buffalonews.com/sports/sabres-nhl/article366694.ece|newspaper=[[The Buffalo News]]|date=March 14, 2011|access-date=March 14, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was 59 years old. He was survived by his wife Mikey, who has since passed on December 16, 2017, and his sons Cory, Josh, and Erick.&lt;ref name=sabres.com&gt;{{cite web|title=RICK MARTIN: 1951-2011|url=http://sabres.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=555923 |access-date=13 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Buffalo News Obituaries&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Rick MARTIN Obituary: View Rick Martin's Obituary By Buffalo News|url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/buffalonews/obituary.aspx?n=rick-martin&amp;pid=149347695|access-date=March 23, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Video: Rick Martin memorial service|url=http://blogs.buffalonews.com/sabres/2011/03/video-rick-martin-memorial-service.html|newspaper=[[The Buffalo News]]|date=March 24, 2011|access-date=March 24, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later analysis revealed that Martin had stage 2 [[chronic traumatic encephalopathy]], a disease normally associated with [[enforcer (ice hockey)|enforcers]]; the damage was believed to stem from a severe concussion Martin sustained in 1977, and it had no effect on his cognitive abilities. Martin is the first non-enforcer to have been diagnosed with the disease, which can only be diagnosed posthumously.&lt;ref&gt;Golen, Jimmy (October 5, 2011). [http://www.wivb.com/dpp/sports/sabres_and_nhl/Brain-study-finds-damage-in-Rick-Martin Brain study finds damage in Rick Martin]. ''Associated Press''. Retrieved October 5, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Career statistics==
===Regular season and playoffs===
{| border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:60em&quot;
|- bgcolor=&quot;#e0e0e0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
! rowspan=&quot;99&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; | [[regular season|Regular&amp;nbsp;season]]
! rowspan=&quot;99&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; | [[Playoffs]]
|- bgcolor=&quot;#e0e0e0&quot;
! [[Season (sports)|Season]]
! Team
! League
! GP
! [[Goal (ice hockey)|G]]
! [[Assist (ice hockey)|A]]
! [[Point (ice hockey)|Pts]]
! [[Penalty (ice hockey)|PIM]]
! GP
! G
! A
! Pts
! PIM
|- 
| 1967–68
| Thetford Mines Canadiens
| QJHL
| 40
| 38
| 35
| 73
| —
| 7
| 2
| 0
| 2
| 4
|- bgcolor=&quot;#f0f0f0&quot;
| [[1968–69 OHA season|1968–69]]
| [[Montreal Junior Canadiens]]
| [[Ontario Hockey League|OHA-Jr.]]
| 52
| 22
| 21
| 43
| 27
| 14
| 3
| 0
| 3
| 2
|- 
| [[1969 Memorial Cup|1968–69]]
| Montreal Junior Canadiens
| [[Memorial Cup|M-Cup]]
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| 6
| 2
| 1
| 3
| 12
|- bgcolor=&quot;#f0f0f0&quot;
| [[1969–70 OHA season|1969–70]]
| Montreal Junior Canadiens
| OHA-Jr.
| 34
| 23
| 32
| 55
| 10
| 16
| 14
| 20
| 34
| 12
|- 
| [[1970 Memorial Cup|1969–70]]
| Montreal Junior Canadiens
| M-Cup
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| 12
| 14
| 13
| 27
| 8
|- bgcolor=&quot;#f0f0f0&quot;
| [[1970–71 OHA season|1970–71]]
| Montreal Junior Canadiens
| OHA-Jr.
| 60
| 71
| 50
| 121
| 106
| 11
| 17
| 7
| 24
| 10
|-  
| [[1971–72 NHL season|1971–72]]
| [[Buffalo Sabres]]
| [[National Hockey League|NHL]]
| 73
| 44
| 30
| 74
| 39
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|- bgcolor=&quot;#f0f0f0&quot;
| [[1972–73 NHL season|1972–73]]
| Buffalo Sabres
| NHL
| 75
| 37
| 36
| 73
| 79
| 6
| 3
| 2
| 5
| 12 
|-  
| [[1973–74 NHL season|1973–74]]
| Buffalo Sabres
| NHL
| 78
| 52
| 34
| 86
| 38
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|- bgcolor=&quot;#f0f0f0&quot;
| [[1974–75 NHL season|1974–75]]
| Buffalo Sabres
| NHL
| 68
| 52
| 43
| 95
| 72
| 17
| 7
| 8
| 15
| 20
|-  
| [[1975–76 NHL season|1975–76]]
| Buffalo Sabres
| NHL
| 80
| 49
| 37
| 86
| 67
| 9
| 4
| 7
| 11
| 12
|- bgcolor=&quot;#f0f0f0&quot;
| [[1976–77 NHL season|1976–77]]
| Buffalo Sabres
| NHL
| 66
| 36
| 29
| 65
| 58
| 6
| 2
| 1
| 3
| 9
|-  
| [[1977–78 NHL season|1977–78]]
| Buffalo Sabres
| NHL
| 65
| 28
| 35
| 63
| 16
| 7
| 2
| 4
| 6
| 13
|- bgcolor=&quot;#f0f0f0&quot;
| [[1978–79 NHL season|1978–79]]
| Buffalo Sabres
| NHL
| 73
| 32
| 21
| 53
| 35
| 3
| 0
| 3
| 3
| 0
|-  
| [[1979–80 NHL season|1979–80]]
| Buffalo Sabres
| NHL
| 80
| 45
| 34
| 79
| 54
| 14
| 6
| 4
| 10
| 8
|- bgcolor=&quot;#f0f0f0&quot;
| [[1980–81 NHL season|1980–81]]
| Buffalo Sabres
| NHL
| 23
| 7
| 14
| 21
| 20
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-  
| 1980–81
| [[Los Angeles Kings]]
| NHL
| 1
| 1
| 1
| 2
| 0
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|- bgcolor=&quot;#f0f0f0&quot;
| [[1981–82 NHL season|1981–82]]
| Los Angeles Kings
| NHL
| 3
| 1
| 3
| 4
| 2
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|- bgcolor=&quot;#e0e0e0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | NHL totals
! 685
! 384
! 317
! 701
! 477
! 63
! 24
! 29
! 53
! 74
|}

===International===
{| border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:50em&quot;
|- ALIGN=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#e0e0e0&quot;
! Year
! Team
! Event
! rowspan=&quot;99&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
! GP
! G
! A
! Pts
! PIM
|-
| [[1976 Canada Cup|1976]]
| [[Canada men's national ice hockey team|Canada]]
| [[Canada Cup|CC]]
| 4
| 3
| 2
| 5
| 0
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{icehockeystats|legends=13552}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110715184617/http://sports.rightpundits.com/?p=5976%2F Mikey Martin, Rick Martin's Wife]
{{s-start}}
{{succession box | before = [[Gilbert Perreault]] | title = [[List of Buffalo Sabres draft picks|Buffalo Sabres first round draft pick]] | years = [[1971 NHL Amateur Draft|1971]] | after = [[Jim Schoenfeld]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Martin, Rick}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Buffalo Sabres draft picks]]
[[Category:Buffalo Sabres players]]
[[Category:Canadian ice hockey left wingers]]
[[Category:Ice hockey people from Quebec]]
[[Category:Ice hockey players players with chronic traumatic encephalopathy]]
[[Category:Los Angeles Kings players]]
[[Category:Moncton Golden Flames players]]
[[Category:Montreal Junior Canadiens players]]
[[Category:National Hockey League first round draft picks]]
[[Category:National Hockey League players with retired numbers]]
[[Category:People from Verdun, Quebec]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Montreal]]</text>
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    <title>1886 in Australia</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9</comment>
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      <text bytes="8122" xml:space="preserve">{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Australian English|date=February 2012}}
{{Year in Australia|1886}}
The following lists events that happened during '''1886 in Australia'''.

==Incumbents==

===Premiers===
* [[Premiers of New South Wales|Premier of New South Wales]] – [[John Robertson (New South Wales Premier)|John Robertson]] (until 25 February) then [[Patrick Jennings|Patrick Jenning]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Premiers of New South Wales, 1856 - present|url=https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/about/Pages/Premiers-of-New-South-Wales-1856-present.aspx|website=www.parliament.nsw.gov.au|access-date=21 March 2018|language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Premiers of Queensland|Premier of Queensland]] – [[Samuel Griffith]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Queensland Premiers|url=https://www.qld.gov.au/about/about-queensland/history/premiers|website=www.qld.gov.au|access-date=21 March 2018|language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Premiers of South Australia|Premier of South Australia]] – [[John Downer]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Premiers of South Australia|url=https://www.parliament.sa.gov.au/Members/Ministers/Pages/PremiersofSouthAustralia.aspx|website=www.parliament.sa.gov.au|access-date=21 March 2018|language=en|archive-date=20 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320185821/http://www.parliament.sa.gov.au/Members/Ministers/Pages/PremiersofSouthAustralia.aspx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Premiers of Tasmania|Premier of Tasmania]] – [[Adye Douglas]] (til 8 March) then [[James Agnew]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Premiers of Tasmania|url=http://www.parliament.tas.gov.au/tpl/datasheets/Premiers_Table.htm|website=www.parliament.tas.gov.au|access-date=21 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Premiers of Victoria|Premier of Victoria]] – [[James Service]] (til 18 February) then [[Duncan Gillies]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Parliament of Victoria - Premier of Victoria|url=https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/about/people-in-parliament/premier-of-victoria|website=www.parliament.vic.gov.au|access-date=21 March 2018|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Governors===
* [[Governors of New South Wales|Governor of New South Wales]] – [[Charles Wynn-Carington, 1st Marquess of Lincolnshire|Lord Carrington]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Martin|first1=A. W.|title=Carrington, Charles Robert (1843–1928)|url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/carrington-charles-robert-3169|website=Australian Dictionary of Biography|publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University|access-date=21 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Governors of Queensland|Governor of Queensland]] – [[Anthony Musgrave]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Queensland Governors|url=https://www.qld.gov.au/about/about-queensland/history/governors|website=www.qld.gov.au|access-date=21 March 2018|language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Governors of South Australia|Governor of South Australia]] – [[William Cleaver Francis Robinson|William Robinson]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Crowley|first1=F. K.|title=Robinson, Sir William Cleaver Francis (1834–1897)|url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/robinson-sir-william-cleaver-francis-4494|website=Australian Dictionary of Biography|publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University|access-date=21 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Governors of Tasmania|Governor of Tasmania]] – [[George Strahan (colonialist)|George Strahan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Previous Governors and Lieutenant-Governors of Tasmania|url=https://www.govhouse.tas.gov.au/governor/previous-governors-and-lieutenant-governors-tasmania-old|website=Government House Tasmania|access-date=21 March 2018|language=en|date=31 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Governors of Victoria|Governor of Victoria]] – [[Henry Brougham Loch, 1st Baron Loch]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Henry Brougham Loch, 1st Baron Loch - British colonial official|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-Brougham-Loch-1st-Baron-Loch|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=21 March 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Governor of Western Australia|Governor of the Crown Colony of Western Australia]] – [[Frederick Broome|Sir Frederick Broome]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Crowley|first1=F. K.|title=Broome, Sir Frederick Napier (1842–1896)|url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/broome-sir-frederick-napier-3068|website=Australian Dictionary of Biography|publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University|access-date=21 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Events==
* 25 January – The first assembly of the [[Federal Council of Australasia]] is held in [[Hobart]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Federal Council of Australasia|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/10593368?q&amp;versionId=12355396|website=National Library of Australia|access-date=21 March 2018|language=en|date=1886}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 30 May – The ''SS Ly-Ee-Moon'' sinks off Green Cape, New South Wales, with the loss of 71 persons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=SS Ly-ee-Moon|url=http://monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/disaster/maritime/display/21721-&quot;ss-ly-ee-moon&quot;|website=monumentaustralia.org.au|access-date=21 March 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 12 June – [[William Guthrie Spence|William Spence]] chairs a meeting of shearers in [[Ballarat, Victoria]] at which the [[Australian Shearers Union]] is formed, an ancestor of the [[Australian Workers' Union]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Lansbury|first1=Coral|last2=Nairn|first2=Bede|title=Spence, William Guthrie (1846–1926)|url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/spence-william-guthrie-4628|website=Australian Dictionary of Biography|publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University|access-date=21 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Undated===
* [[Queen Victoria]] grants the [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]] to the [[King of the Cocos Islands|Clunies Ross]] family.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Cocos (Keeling) Islands|url=http://www.naa.gov.au/collection/fact-sheets/fs103.aspx|website=www.naa.gov.au|access-date=21 March 2018|language=en-AU|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426073907/http://naa.gov.au/collection/fact-sheets/fs103.aspx|archive-date=26 April 2013|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Arts and literature==
{{main|1886 in Australian literature}}

==Sport==
* November ''– Arsenal'' wins the [[Melbourne Cup]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=THE MELBOURNE CUP, FROM 1861 TO 1917|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/56455341|website=Morning Bulletin (Rockhampton, Qld. : 1878 - 1954)|access-date=21 March 2018|pages=10|date=24 October 1946}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* England defeats Australia 3–0 in [[The Ashes]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Ashes History: The early years|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/the_ashes/history/2190854.stm|website=BBC|access-date=21 March 2018|date=16 October 2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Births==
* 3 January – [[Arthur Mailey]] (died [[1967 in Australia|1967]]), cricketer and journalist&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Walsh|first1=G. P.|title=Mailey, Alfred Arthur (1886–1967)|url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/mailey-alfred-arthur-7464|website=Australian Dictionary of Biography|publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University|access-date=21 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 28 November – [[Margaret McIntyre]] (died [[1948 in Australia|1948]]), politician&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=McIntyre, Margaret Edgeworth - Woman - The Australian Women's Register|url=http://www.womenaustralia.info/biogs/IMP0183b.htm|website=www.womenaustralia.info|access-date=21 March 2018|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Deaths==
* 4 November – [[James Martin (Australian politician)|James Martin]] (born [[1820 in Australia|1820]]), Premier of New South Wales&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Sir James Martin, 1820 – 1886|url=http://arc.parracity.nsw.gov.au/blog/2017/12/11/sir-james-martin-1820-1886/|website=Heritage Archives and Library Research and Collection Services|access-date=21 March 2018|date=10 December 2017|archive-date=22 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322082134/http://arc.parracity.nsw.gov.au/blog/2017/12/11/sir-james-martin-1820-1886/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Years in Australia}}
{{Oceania topic|1886 in|countries_only=yes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1886 in Australia}}
[[Category:1886 in Australia| ]]
[[Category:1886 by country|Australia]]
[[Category:Years of the 19th century in Australia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sisters Adorers of the Precious Blood</title>
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      <text bytes="9137" xml:space="preserve">{{Other uses|Sisters of the Precious Blood (disambiguation){{!}}Sisters of the Precious Blood}}

The '''Sisters Adorers of the Precious Blood''' are a [[contemplation|contemplative]] and [[Enclosed religious orders|cloistered]] [[religious institute]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. They were founded in 1861 by [[Catherine Aurelia Caouette]] in [[Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec]], Canada.

==History==
The ''Sœurs Adoratrices du Précieux-Sang'' was established as a cloistered, contemplative community in 1861 in [[Saint-Hyacinthe]], Quebec. The first subsequent foundation was that of Toronto in 1867. A monastery was opened in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]] in 1874.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12374a.htm Müller, Ulrich, Sister Aimée de Marie, and Sister Mary Victoria. &quot;Congregations of the Precious Blood.&quot; The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911.{{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1925, Precious Blood Monastery in [[Edmonton]], [[Alberta]] was established. With declining membership, the monastery closed in 2012, with two sisters going to the nursing home at Providence Centre, and the other four dispersing to monasteries in Calgary, Quebec and Portland, Maine.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first=Chris|last=Miller|title=Precious Blood monastery closes after 87 years|url=http://wcr.ab.ca/WCRThisWeek/Stories/tabid/61/entryid/2722/Default.aspx|work=Western Catholic Reporter|date=July 16, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A Monastery of the Precious Blood opened in [[Portland, Oregon]] in 1891 and closed in 1992, the sisters dispersing to houses in the East.&lt;ref&gt;[https://catholicsentinel.org/Content/News/Local/Article/Sisters-of-Precious-Blood-mark-centennial-of-founder-Mother-Catherine-Aurelia/2/35/7301 &quot;Sisters of Precious Blood mark centennial of founder, Mother Catherine Aurelia&quot;, ''Catholic Sentinel'', June 30, 2005]&lt;/ref&gt; A house was opened in [[Havana]], Cuba in 1902 and closed in 1960. A Monastery of the Precious Blood in [[Charlottetown]], [[Prince Edward Island]] opened in 1929 but closed in 2012.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dioceseofcharlottetown.com/about/sisters_precious_blood.html Diocese of Charlottetown &quot;Departure of the Sisters&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828081716/http://www.dioceseofcharlottetown.com/about/sisters_precious_blood.html |date=2011-08-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Life==
The Sisters follow a routine of prayer and of work, supporting themselves through the sale of their handicrafts as well as donations. They wear a distinctive [[religious habit]] consisting of a white [[tunic]], with a red [[scapular]] over it and a red [[sash]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.srspreciousbloodnh.org/TheHolyHabit/WhiteDress/tabid/68/Default.aspx Sisters Adorers of the Precious Blood, Manchester, N.H. &quot;Our Habit&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315135734/http://www.srspreciousbloodnh.org/TheHolyHabit/WhiteDress/tabid/68/Default.aspx |date=2012-03-15 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Their mission, in the words of their foundress, is to pray for the salvation of the world and for an increased holiness of the [[clergy]] of the Catholic Church.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.confraternitypb.org/history.html |title=Confraternity of the Precious Blood &quot;History&quot; |access-date=2021-05-26 |archive-date=2018-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806035800/http://confraternitypb.org/history.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Present day==
As of 2020, the institute was composed of autonomous Monasteries of the Precious Blood in the United States, Canada and Japan.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sisterspreciousblood.org/history.html Sisters Adorers of the Precious Blood, Watertown, N.Y. &quot;History&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; Two independent monasteries are located in Japan.

'''French Generalate''' (Canadian -French speaking) 
There is a French-speaking community in St.-Hyacinthr, Que., where the order was founded.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.catholicregister.org/features/call-to-service/item/16990-precious-blood-sisters-experience-growth-spurt Remy, Ruane. &quot;Precious Blood Sisters experience growth spurt&quot;, ''National Catholic Register'', October 5, 2013]&lt;/ref&gt;

'''London Generalate''' (Canadian -English speaking)
* In 1913 eleven sisters from the Toronto house established a foundation in [[London, Ontario]]. The General Superior, other administrative Sisters and new members of the community who are in formation, reside at the London monastery.
* Regina Coeli Monastery was opened in 1933 in [[Regina, Saskatchewan]], by sisters from Edmonton. It is part of the London Generalate.
* Our Lady of Peace Monastery was founded in Hamilton in 1946 by eight sisters from the Winnipeg community. Our Lady of Peace houses the community's infirmary and takes in sick and elderly sisters from the monasteries in Calgary, Regina and London.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/hamilton/hamilton-nuns-1.5254547 Cragggs, Samantha. &quot;2 Hamilton convents are closing, ending a remarkable era that helped build a caring city&quot;, CBC News, November 17, 2019]&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Precious Blood Monastery in [[Calgary]] was founded in 1951 by eight sisters from the Edmonton house, (which itself was founded from Toronto). They support themselves by the making and distribution of altar breads throughout the diocese and beyond.

A monastery was established in [[Ottawa]], Ontario in 1887. When the convent was sold, the eleven remaining Sisters moved to a convent near Quebec City. In 1991, the building was purchased by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.royalcollege.ca/rcsite/about/history/royal-college-building-e &quot;The Royal College Building&quot;, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada]&lt;/ref&gt;

'''American Federation of Monasteries''':
* Monastery of the Precious Blood in [[Brooklyn]], [[State of New York|New York]] (1890) In 2012, when the Flatlands monastery of the Servants of the Lord and the Virgin of Matará Sisters (S.S.V.M.) was found to be in need of significant repair, the Sisters Adorers of the Precious Blood welcomed them. The two communities share the building.&lt;ref&gt;[https://thetablet.org/two-communities-share-local-cloister/ Giossi, Marie Elena. &quot;Two Communities Share Local Cloister&quot;, ''The Tablet'', January 24, 2013]&lt;/ref&gt;
* A Monastery of the Precious Blood was founded in [[Manchester, New Hampshire]] in 1898. In 1934 sisters from Manchester opened a house in [[Portland, Maine]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.maineirishheritagetrail.org/precious-blood_010.shtml Maine Irish Heritage Trail] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127220414/http://www.maineirishheritagetrail.org/precious-blood_010.shtml |date=2013-01-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Portland house closed in 2018, with the remaining two sisters returning to Manchester.&lt;ref&gt;[https://portlanddiocese.org/harvest/goodbye-powerhouse-prayer &quot;Saying goodbye to a 'powerhouse of prayer&quot;, Roman Catholic Diocese of Portland]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://bangordailynews.com/bdn-maine/event/2018/10/04/sisters-adorers-of-the-precious-blood-to-depart-maine-after-84-years-bishop-deeley-to-celebrate-mass-oct-4/ |title=Guthro, Dave. &quot;Sisters Adorers of the Precious Blood to depart Maine after 84 Years; Bishop Deeley to celebrate Mass Oct. 4&quot;, ''Bangor Daily News'' |access-date=2021-05-26 |archive-date=2019-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614150148/http://bangordailynews.com/bdn-maine/event/2018/10/04/sisters-adorers-of-the-precious-blood-to-depart-maine-after-84-years-bishop-deeley-to-celebrate-mass-oct-4/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*  Sisters from Manchester founded a monastery in [[Watertown, New York]] in 1963.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sisterspreciousblood.org/index.htm Precious Blood Monastery, Watertown, NY]&lt;/ref&gt;
A house opened in [[Lafayette, Indiana]] in 1955, closed in 2006.

==See also==
* The [[Right Reverend]] [[Joseph F. Stedman]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* &quot;Sisters of the Precious Blood-the thirty ninth anniversary of the order celebrated in Brooklyn.&quot; New York Times.  New York, N.Y.: September 17, 1900.  p.&amp;nbsp;10, 1 p. The order had 10 houses in the U.S. and Canada, enclosing 300 souls.  ProQuest document ID: 105751771 Text Word Count 873. (subscription) viewed 9/29/2006
*Cook, Joan. &quot;Even Today, Some Nuns Choose the Cloistered Life of Prayer.&quot; New York Times. New York, N.Y.: July 6, 1971. p.&amp;nbsp;38, 1 p. ProQuest document ID: 90680535 Text Word Count 2853 (subscription) viewed 9/29/2006
*Lieblich, Julia. &quot;The Cloistered Life; More American women are finding a vocation in the age-old observance of silence and solitude to facilitate prayer.&quot; New York Times. New York, N.Y.: July 10, 1983.  p. SM12, 9 pp. ProQuest document ID: 119514659 Text Word Count 5487  (subscription) viewed 9/29/2006

==External links==
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/44208903.pdf Flintham, Lydia Sterling. &quot;Sisters Adorers of the Precious Blood&quot;, ''Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia'', Vol. 14, No. 1(MARCH, 1903), pp. 6-15]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Catholic female orders and societies]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1861]]
[[Category:Catholic religious institutes established in the 19th century]]
[[Category:1861 establishments in Canada]]</text>
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    <title>Zhang Leping</title>
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      <text bytes="6233" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox comics creator
| name          = Zhang Leping&lt;br /&gt;张乐平&lt;br /&gt;張樂平
| image         =
| imagesize     =
| caption       =
| birth_name    =
| birth_date    = November 10, 1910
| birth_place   = [[Jiaxing]], [[Zhejiang Province]], [[China]]
| death_date    = September 27, 1992
| death_place   = Shanghai
| nationality   =
| area          =
| alias         =
| signature     =
| notable works = ''[[Sanmao (comics)|Sanmao]]''
| awards        =
}}
[[File:1948年三毛流浪记 大公报.jpg|thumb|Test123]]
'''Zhang Leping''' ({{zh|s=张乐平|t=張樂平|p=Zhāng Lèpíng}}, November 10, 1910 – September 27, 1992) was a Chinese comic artist born in [[Jiaxing]], [[Zhejiang]] province.  He played a key role in the development of modern [[manhua]] in China, and is mostly remembered for his work in [[Sanmao (comic book character)|Sanmao]].

==Early life==
In 1924 Zhang lived in extreme poverty and was unable to continue his [[primary school]] education.  In the fall of 1927 his area was attacked by the [[Northern Expedition (1926–1927)|Northern Expedition]] army. By 1928 at the age of 18 years, with the support of relatives, he was recommended by the teachers to re-enter school for formal a period of formal art education.&lt;ref&gt;Jxcnt. &quot;[http://www.jxcnt.com/lishiwh/mingrengj/zhangleping.php Jxcnt] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070301190400/http://www.jxcnt.com/lishiwh/mingrengj/zhangleping.php |date=March 1, 2007 }}.&quot; &quot;History of Zhang Leping.&quot; Retrieved on 2007-01-09.&lt;/ref&gt;

In a short time the [[January 28 Incident]] occurred in 1932 and his artistic skills became the highest demand.  China would use comics in anti-Japanese advertising in publications.&lt;ref&gt;Sanmao Official Website. &quot;[http://www.sanmao.com.cn/father/story/spjcznb.html Sanmao Official Website].&quot; &quot;Father of Sanmao.&quot; Retrieved on 2007-01-09.&lt;/ref&gt;  His comic career would officially begin in 1934. In just one year, he would become part of the anti-Japanese comic [[propaganda]] team.

When he initially created [[Sanmao (comics)|Sanmao]] in 1935 his main goal was to convey the hardship of the Japanese aggression in China through the eyes of the children, especially orphans.  He wanted to express his concern for the young victims, particularly the real orphans on the streets. Therefore, Sanmao became the symbol for those children.

==Achievements==
In the 1950s he worked for the Shanghai People's Fine Arts Publishing House, the Shanghai-based ''[[Liberation Daily]]'' and the Shanghai Youth and Children's Publishing House.&lt;ref&gt;IISG. &quot;[http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/sheji/sj-zlp.html International Institute of Social History].&quot; &quot;Zhang Leping.&quot; Retrieved on 2007-01-09.&lt;/ref&gt;

During the [[Cultural Revolution]], Zhang faced persecution, and was consequently forced to stop writing. Following the Cultural Revolution, he transferred from '' Liberation Daily'' to the Children's Publishing House. On 1977 June 1, after ten years of absence, Zhang returned to his [[Sanmao (comics)|Sanmao comic]]. 

In 1983, Zhang Leping received the &quot;National Advanced Children and Young Workers&quot; award. In the same year, he contracted severe [[Parkinson's disease]]; in spite of the difficulty in drawing he consequently encountered, he continued his cartooning career. In 1985, he received the &quot;Yushu Award&quot; and became the editor-in-chief of Shanghai's ''Manga World'' magazine. He produced his final comic strip in 1986, titled ''People to Old Age'' (人到老年). 

In 1989, [[Sanmao (author)|Sanmao]], a famous Taiwanese female writer, came to Shanghai to find him, and he hailed her as a literary genius. In his later years, Zhang Leping devoted great enthusiasm to the cultural exchanges between the two sides of the [[Taiwan Straits]]. In 1991, he won the special prize for his ''People's Cross-Strait Love'' essay by the [[Central People's Broadcasting Station]]. On April 4, 1991, his last comic book, &quot;Cat Feeding Rats&quot;, was published in the Liberation Daily. In the winter of the same year, Zhang decided to donate the manuscript of San Mao to the [[Shanghai Art Museum]].
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mauracunningham.org/2014/08/30/sanmao-saturday-introducing-zhang-leping-and-his-sanmao-the-orphan-comics/|title=Sanmao Saturday: Introducing Zhang Leping and His Sanmao the Orphan Comics|date=August 30, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 1992 September 27, Zhang Leping died in the Shanghai Huadong Hospital; he was 82 years old. 

The Sanmao comics were translated throughout his career and introduced to other countries.  The character has also been the main attraction in a number of movies, cartoons and other forms of on stage theatricals.&lt;ref&gt;''China Daily''. &quot;[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-07/28/content_464182_4.htm China Daily].&quot; &quot;Sanmao Chinas favorite son turns 70.&quot; Retrieved on 2007-01-09.&lt;/ref&gt;

==After death==
A public trial was held in 1997 in the First Intermediate People's Court of Shanghai to settle the lawsuit of who owned the rights to the Sanmao character and comics after the death of the author. The judgement was mostly in favour of the author's widow and children.&lt;ref&gt;Public Law Suit. &quot;[http://www.bukhglobal.com/uncategorized/sanmaocase-civil-case-judgment/ Public Law Suit] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615030347/http://www.com-law.net/seminar/sanmaocase.html |date=June 15, 2006 }}.&quot; &quot;Sanmao Trial.&quot; Retrieved on 2007-01-09.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Zhang Leping Picture Book Award was founded in his honour in 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=张乐平绘本奖（2016年）|url=http://www.sanmao.com.cn/world/edu/huibenjiang/index.htm|access-date=2020-10-31|website=www.sanmao.com.cn}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.sanmao.com.cn Sanmao Official Website]
* [http://www.earnshaw.com/shanghai-ed-india/tales/t-cart.htm Tales of Old Shanghai: Newspapers and Periodicals, Cartoons] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928153225/http://www.earnshaw.com/shanghai-ed-india/tales/t-cart.htm |date=2011-09-28 }}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Zhang, Leping}}
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:Chinese comic strip cartoonists]]
[[Category:Chinese animators]]
[[Category:Artists from Jiaxing]]</text>
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    <title>2009 ASB Classic</title>
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      <text bytes="19835" xml:space="preserve">{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Fanpov|article|date=February 2009}}
{{TennisEventInfo|2009|ASB Classic|
| date = 5–10 January 2009
| edition = 24th
| category = [[WTA International tournaments|WTA International]]
| surface = [[Hardcourt|Hard]] / Outdoor
| venue = [[ASB Tennis Centre]]
| location = [[Auckland]], New Zealand
| champs = {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Elena Dementieva]]
| champd = {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Nathalie Dechy]] / {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Mara Santangelo]]
| main_name = WTA Auckland Open
}}
[[File:Elena Dementieva Hopman Cup 2010 close up.jpg|thumb|testtest]]
The '''2009 ASB Classic''' was a [[tennis]] tournament played on [[Tennis court#Hard courts|outdoor hard courts]]. It was the 24th edition of the [[WTA Auckland Open|ASB Classic]], and was part of the [[WTA International tournaments]] of the [[2009 WTA Tour]]. It took place at the [[ASB Tennis Centre]] in [[Auckland]], New Zealand, from 5 through 10 January 2009.

The singles draw is led by WTA No. 4, [[2008 Fortis Championships Luxembourg|Luxembourg]], [[2008 Dubai Tennis Championships|Dubai]] winner, [[Tennis at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's singles|Olympics]] gold medalist [[Elena Dementieva]], [[2008 AIG Japan Open Tennis Championships|Tokyo]], [[2008 Pilot Pen Tennis|New Haven]], [[2008 Nordea Nordic Light Open|Stockholm]] titlist [[Caroline Wozniacki]] and [[2008 Internationaux de Strasbourg|Strasbourg]] champion, [[2008 Grand Prix SAR La Princesse Lalla Meryem|Fes]], [[2008 Banka Koper Slovenia Open|Portorož]] runner-up [[Anabel Medina Garrigues]]. Also competing are [[2008 Bank of the West Classic|Stanford]] champion [[Aleksandra Wozniak]], [[2008 ECM Prague Open|Prague]] quarter-finalist [[Shahar Pe'er]], [[Nicole Vaidišová]], [[Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova]] and [[Carla Suárez Navarro]].

==Changes==
At the 2008 tournament, the courts were changed to a blue [[Plexicushion]] surface, replacing the green [[Rebound Ace]]. This was consistent with the surface change that was also implemented at the [[Australian Open]].

For the [[2009 WTA Tour]] the ASB Classic was chosen as part of the new 55 tournament calendar. A new tournament director, [[Brenda Perry]], was brought in, and there was also an increase in prize money from $145,000 to $225,000. The event underwent a change in sponsorship, with [[Zealandia Horticulture|Zealandia]], a New Zealand horticulture firm, becoming a supporting partner.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.asbclassic.co.nz/2008/06/05/dawning-of-a-new-era-for-asb-classic |title=Dawning Of A New Era For ASB Classic |publisher=asbclassic.co.nz |date=5 June 2008 |access-date=10 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014075743/http://www.asbclassic.co.nz/2008/06/05/dawning-of-a-new-era-for-asb-classic |archive-date=14 October 2008 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Entrants==

===Seeds===
[[Nadia Petrova]], who was set to be the number two seed, was forced to pull out when it was announced that she had contracted [[viral meningitis]] in mid-December.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/4794994a1823.html|title=Meningitis strikes ASB Classic second seed|publisher=Stuff.co.nz|date=16 December 2008|access-date=27 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;
|-
! Athlete
! Nationality
! Ranking
! Seeding
|-
| [[Elena Dementieva]]
| {{flagicon|RUS|}} Russia
| 5
| 1
|-
| [[Caroline Wozniacki]]
| {{flagicon|DEN|}} Denmark
| 12
| 2
|-
| [[Anabel Medina Garrigues]]
| {{flagicon|ESP|}} Spain
| 22
| 3
|-
| [[Aleksandra Wozniak]]
| {{flagicon|CAN|}} Canada
| 34
| 4
|-
| [[Shahar Pe'er]]
| {{flagicon|ISR|}} [[Israel]]
| 38
| 5
|-
| [[Nicole Vaidišová]]
| {{flagicon|CZE|}} [[Czech Republic]]
| 41
| 6
|-
| [[Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova]]
| {{flagicon|RUS|}} Russia
| 45
| 7
|-
| [[Carla Suárez Navarro]]
| {{flagicon|ESP|}} Spain
| 49
| 8
|}

===Other notable entrants===
The return of [[Marina Erakovic]] (a New Zealander) to this event provoked a strong interest from media in the country. In the [[2008 ASB Classic|2008 event]], Erakovic had reached the semifinals, defeating the top seed [[Vera Zvonareva]] in the process. Erakovic went on to have the most successful season of her career, despite some poorer results and injuries in the latter half of the year. Commenting on the 2009 tournament, Erakovic said, &quot;Even though the ASB Classic is important and I want to do well in my home town, my sight is set on the Australian Open and to be 100 percent for that.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/4804731a1823.html|title=Marina Erakovic ready to turn the tide|publisher=Stuff.co.nz|date=28 December 2008|access-date=27 December 2008|archive-date=28 December 2008|archive-url=https://archive.is/20081228133619/http://www.stuff.co.nz/4804731a1823.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Erakovic had had to rely on a [[Wild card (sports)|wildcard]] to gain entry to the previous year's event, but in 2009 was a direct entrant. Another entry which drew attention from the media was that of [[Mirjana Lučić]], who had reached the [[1999 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles|Wimbledon semifinals]] ranked 134 in 1999, but had been largely absent from the Tour in the preceding years for personal reasons. Lučić received a wildcard for the main draw.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/4804728a10393.html|title=Former high-flier hopes Classic will start 'great year'|publisher=Stuff.co.nz|date=28 December 2008|access-date=27 December 2008|archive-date=28 December 2008|archive-url=https://archive.is/20081228235235/http://www.stuff.co.nz/4804728a10393.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ukpress/article/ALeqM5gOCTEt5gFTpg1_Eq_W1zLqcCVI6g|title=Lučić receives wildcard|author=Press Association|author-link=Press Association|date=27 December 2008|access-date=27 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Qualifying===
The qualifying tournament was played from 3–4 January. Four players received wildcards:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://tvnz.co.nz/tennis-news/asb-classic-qualifying-wildcards-confirmed-2427937|title=ASB Classic qualifying wildcards confirmed|publisher=[[Television New Zealand]] (TVNZ)|date=22 December 2008|access-date=27 December 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090203062519/http://tvnz.co.nz/tennis-news/asb-classic-qualifying-wildcards-confirmed-2427937| archive-date= 3 February 2009 | url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#{{flagicon|NZL}} [[Di Hollands]]
#{{flagicon|NZL}} [[Aucklander Kairangi]]
#{{flagicon|NED}} [[Michaëlla Krajicek]]
#{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Petra Martić]]

The four players to qualify were [[Ayumi Morita]] and [[Aiko Nakamura]] (both Japan), German player [[Kristina Barrois]], and Italian [[Alberta Brianti]].

==Review==
''Day by day summaries of the women's singles and doubles events. The singles draw is composed of 32 players, with 8 of these players seeded, while the doubles draw features 16 players, 4 of which are seeded.''

===Day one===
The singles and doubles events both started on 5 January. In the women's singles, the seeded players who featured on the first day all advanced to the second round.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.sonyericssonwtatour.com/3/newsroom/stories/?ContentID=2850 |title=Strong start for seeds as ASB Classic begins |publisher=sonyericssonwtatour.com |date=5 January 2009| access-date= 5 January 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Third seed and WTA #22 [[Anabel Medina Garrigues]] beat Italian [[Mara Santangelo]] 7–5, 6–0. Fourth seed [[Aleksandra Wozniak]] overcame her opponent [[Magdaléna Rybáriková]] from Slovakia in three sets, winning 6–3, 6–7(4), 7–5. [[Shahar Pe'er]], the fifth seed from Israel, sealed her passage into the next round with a straight sets triumph against [[Petra Cetkovská]] of the Czech Republic. The final seed to go through, Czech [[Nicole Vaidišová]] took three sets before triumphing 7–6(3), 4–6, 7–5 against [[Alla Kudryavtseva]] of Russia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,12110_4749015,00.html |title=Vaidišová wins in Auckland |publisher=skysports.com |date=5 January 2009 |access-date=5 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207203802/http://www.skysports.com/story/0%2C19528%2C12110_4749015%2C00.html |archive-date=7 February 2009 |url-status=live |df=dmy }}&lt;/ref&gt; In other matches, another Czech [[Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová]] beat France's [[Virginie Razzano]] 1–6, 6–2, 6–3 to line up a second round match with Pe'er; Romanian [[Edina Gallovits]] also found out her opponent would be Medina Garrigues after beating yet another Czech, [[Klára Zakopalová]] 3–6, 6–2, 7–5. American [[Jill Craybas]] and French [[Aravane Rezaï]] recorded victories against [[Kimiko Date-Krumm]] and [[Eleni Daniilidou]] respectively.

Several matches were played in the doubles event on the first day. The most notable result saw top seeds Jill Craybas (playing her second match of the day following her singles victory) and New Zealander [[Marina Erakovic]] knocked out by the Spanish pairing of [[Nuria Llagostera Vives]] and [[Arantxa Parra Santonja]] 6–4, 6–2. They were the only seeds to fall, with fourth seeds [[Chan Yung-jan]] (from Chinese Taipei) and [[Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova]] of Russia advancing comfortably with a 6–2, 6–2 win over [[İpek Şenoğlu]] of Turkey and German [[Jasmin Wöhr]]. Chan and Pavlyuchenkova's win set up a second round match with Russians [[Elena Dementieva]] and [[Elena Vesnina]] who beat [[Natalie Grandin]] from South Africa and Latvia's [[Līga Dekmeijere]] 6–1, 6–3.

*Seeded players out (singles): None
*Seeded players out (doubles): Jill Craybas/Marina Erakovic

===Day two===
Day 2 saw the completion of the first round of matches in both the singles and doubles competitions. The remaining seeds who were not in action on the first day all won their matches and qualified for round two. During the day session, top seed and ATP no. 4 Russian [[Elena Dementieva]] had a far from straight forward match against [[Chan Yung-jan]] from Chinese, eventually coming through 7–5, 6–3. The young player from Taipei was hard-hitting but did not have enough to beat Dementieva. Second seed [[Caroline Wozniacki]] of Denmark, ranked at a career high of #12, crushed her opponent, Italian qualifier [[Alberta Brianti]] 6–1, 6–0 in 56 minutes to achieve a meeting with Jill Craybas. No.8 seed [[Carla Suárez Navarro]] from Spain beat [[Nathalie Dechy]] 6–4, 6–0. She found out her opponent for round two later in the day, with [[Anne Keothavong]] from Great Britain winning 6–4, 6–2 against Croatian wildcard [[Mirjana Lučić]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7813129.stm |title=Keothavong wins Auckland opener |work=BBC Sport |date=6 January 2009| access-date= 7 January 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In other day matches, [[Elena Vesnina]] routed qualifier [[Aiko Nakamura]], 6–1, 6–0 and qualifier [[Ayumi Morita]] beat [[Marta Domachowska]], 6–4 4–6 6–4.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.sonyericssonwtatour.com/3/newsroom/stories/?ContentID=2854 |title=Dementieva, Wozniacki win openers in Auckland |publisher=sonyericssonwtatour.com |date=6 January 2009| access-date= 6 January 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The unseeded [[Marina Erakovic]] of New Zealand sealed her place in the second round by beating [[Nuria Llagostera Vives]] from Spain 7–5, 6–4.
Seventh seed Russian [[Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova]] ensured that all eight of the seeds had made it to the second round by winning her match in the night session against German [[Kristina Barrois]] 6–3, 6–1.

In doubles, second seeds [[Shahar Pe'er]] and [[Caroline Wozniacki]] progressed to the quarter-finals by defeating Argentinian [[Betina Jozami]] and Indian [[Shikha Uberoi]] 6–2, 6–2 but no. 3 seeds Czech [[Vladimíra Uhlířová]] and [[Ekaterina Dzehalevich]] of Belarus were beaten 6–4, 6–4 by Italian [[Mara Santangelo]] and French player [[Nathalie Dechy]], a three-times Grand Slam doubles titlist. In other matches, [[Sarah Borwell]] from Great Britain and her partner [[Martina Müller (tennis)|Martina Müller]] qualified for the quarter-finals, overcoming the disappointment of a 6–0 first set to take the next two 7–5, 10-7 on champions tiebreak against [[Aiko Nakamura]] (Japan) and [[Marta Domachowska]] (Poland). [[Edina Gallovits]] and [[Eva Hrdinová]] defeated Australian wildcards [[Shona Lee]] and [[Kairangi Vano]] 6–3, 6–4. Finally, in an all American tie, [[Raquel Kops-Jones]] and [[Abigail Spears]] lost to [[Julie Ditty]] and [[Carly Gullickson]] 6–1, 6–3 to complete the quarter-final lineup.

*Seeded players out (singles): None
*Seeded players out (doubles): Vladimíra Uhlířová/Ekaterina Dzehalevich

===Day three===
After the first round passing without losing any seeds, five were knocked out on day three, all in straight sets, leaving just three seeds qualifying for the quarter-finals.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.sonyericssonwtatour.com/3/newsroom/stories/?ContentID=2856 |title=Dementieva, Wozniacki survive seeded exodus |publisher=sonyericssonwtatour.com |date=7 January 2009| access-date= 7 January 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 3rd seed [[Anabel Medina Garrigues]] lost to [[Edina Gallovits]] 6–3, 6–3. No. 6 seed [[Nicole Vaidišová]] was beaten 6–4, 6–3 by [[Elena Vesnina]]. [[Aleksandra Wozniak]], the 4th seed, was knocked out by [[Ayumi Morita]] 7–5, 6–2, no. 7 [[Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova]] failed to progress as she lost 6–2, 6–3 to [[Aravane Rezaï]] while [[Carla Suárez Navarro]] succumbed to Briton [[Anne Keothavong]] who continued her good start to life in the top 60 with a 6–2, 6–4 win.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.sportsline.com/tennis/story/11231041/cbsnews |title=Dementieva reaches Auckland quarters, five seeds lose |work=CBS News |date=7 January 2009 |access-date=7 January 2009 |archive-date=10 September 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120910055520/http://www.sportsline.com/tennis/story/11231041/cbsnews |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7814966.stm |title=Keothavong beats seed in Auckland |work=BBC Sport |date=7 January 2009 |access-date=7 January 2009  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107144732/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7814966.stm |archive-date=7 January 2009 |url-status=live |df=dmy }}&lt;/ref&gt; As for the seeds that progressed, top seed [[Elena Dementieva]] beat New Zealand's [[Marina Erakovic]] 6–2, 6–3; No. 2 seed [[Caroline Wozniacki]] narrowly saw off veteran [[Jill Craybas]] 6–4, 7–5. 5th seed [[Shahar Pe'er]] had to try hard to concentrate on her tennis because an Auckland-based protest group staged protests at her decision not to pull out of the tournament with a [[2008–2009 Israel-Gaza conflict|war]] taking place in [[Gaza City|Gaza]]. Nevertheless, she became the third seed to progress, beating [[Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová]] in a topsy-turvy match 6–3, 4–6, 6–2.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/07/AR2009010700696.html |title=Pe'er ignores protests to reach Auckland quarter-finals |work=Washington Post |date=7 January 2009| access-date= 7 January 2009 }}{{dead link|date=June 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} &lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- Need to add doubles review --&gt;
*Seeded players out (singles): Anabel Medina Garrigues, Aleksandra Wozniak, Nicole Vaidišová, Anastasia Palyuchenkova, Carla Suárez Navarro
*Seeded players out (doubles): Shahar Pe'er/Caroline Wozniacki

===Day four===
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7817160.stm |title=In-form Keothavong reaches semis |work=BBC Sport |date=8 January 2009 |access-date=8 January 2009  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116144356/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7817160.stm |archive-date=16 January 2009 |url-status=live |df=dmy }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Seeded players out (singles): Caroline Wozniacki, Shahar Pe'er
*Seeded players out (doubles): Chan Yung-jan/Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova

===Day five===
Day five saw both semi-finals take place in the singles draw. The only seeded player left in the draw, top seeded Russian [[Elena Dementieva]] and the world no. 4 as of the start of the tournament was involved in the first match. She faced French player and last year's beaten finalist [[Aravane Rezaï]]. Dementieva won the match 6–2, 6–2 in less than an hour.

Later in the day, unseeded Russian [[Elena Vesnina]] took on British number 1 and world no. 60 [[Anne Keothavong]], playing in only her second WTA Tour semi-final and whose ranking should improve after her progress during the tournament. Keothavong matched Vesnina for much of the first set, falling behind 5–3 with a single break of serve. But she did not give up and she broke back and then held her service game to level the first set. The set eventually went to a tiebreak, which the British player took 7-3. The second set was a completely different story, Vesnina dropping just one game to win it 6–1. This set up a final-set decider which went with serve until the seventh game when Keothavong felt she had been given a wrong linecall and ended up being broken. She fought back to 5–5 but was broken again in the eleventh. Keothavong managed to save two match points but then, after saving two break points of her own, Vesnina hit an ace to seal victory and complete a match lasting almost two hours.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7819400.stm |title=Keothavong denied in semi-finals |work=BBC Sport |date=9 January 2009 |access-date=9 January 2009  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116123635/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7819400.stm |archive-date=16 January 2009 |url-status=live |df=dmy }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wtatour/4206491/Anne-Keothavong-narrowly-misses-out-on-first-WTA-final.html |title=Anne Keothavong narrowly misses out on a first WTA final |publisher=Telegraph Online |date=9 January 2009 |location=London |access-date=9 January 2009  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122095717/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wtatour/4206491/Anne-Keothavong-narrowly-misses-out-on-first-WTA-final.html |archive-date=22 January 2009 |url-status=live |df=dmy }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The second semi-final of the doubles competition was a match between American pair [[Julie Ditty]] and [[Carly Gullickson]], and France's [[Nathalie Dechy]] partnering Italian [[Mara Santangelo]]. Santangelo and Dechy, bidding for their second title as a partnership following [[2007 Rome Masters#Champions|Rome Masters]] victory in 2007 advanced to the final 6–2, 6–4. Their final opponents being Spaniards [[Nuria Llagostera Vives]] and [[Arantxa Parra Santonja]].

*Seeded players out (singles): None
*Seeded players out (doubles): None

===Day six===
*Seeded players out (singles):
*Seeded players out (doubles):

==Finals==
===Singles===
{{main|2009 ASB Classic – Singles}}
{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Elena Dementieva]] defeated {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Elena Vesnina]], 6–4, 6–1
*It was Dementieva's first title of the year and 12th of her career.

===Doubles===
{{main|2009 ASB Classic – Doubles}}
{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Nathalie Dechy]] / {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Mara Santangelo]] defeated {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Nuria Llagostera Vives]] / {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Arantxa Parra Santonja]], 4–6, 7–6&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, 12–10

==See also==
* [[2009 Heineken Open]] – men's tournament

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.asbclassic.co.nz/ Official website]

{{ASB Classic tournaments}}
{{2009 WTA Tour}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2009 Asb Classic}}
[[Category:2009 WTA Tour|ASB Classic]]
[[Category:2009 in New Zealand women's sport|ASB]]
[[Category:WTA Auckland Open]]
[[Category:January 2009 sports events in New Zealand|ASB]]
[[Category:2009 in New Zealand tennis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Affirmations (New Age)</title>
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      <text bytes="8051" xml:space="preserve">{{New Thought beliefs}}

'''Affirmations''' in [[New Thought]] and [[New Age]] terminology refer primarily to the practice of [https://ariknek.com/how-to-use-affirmations-effectively/ positive thinking] and self-empowerment—fostering a belief that &quot;a positive mental attitude supported by affirmations will achieve success in anything.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.salemctr.com/newage/center32.html Supercharged Affirmations] The Salem New Age Center, Salem Massachusetts USA . Accessed August 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; More specifically, an affirmation is a carefully formatted statement that should be repeated to one's self and written down frequently. For affirmations to be effective, it is said that they need to be present tense, positive, personal and specific.&lt;ref&gt;[http://bmindful.com/articles/affirmation-class-questions-and-answers Affirmation Class] May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==New Thought==
The [[New Thought]] movement is not part of New Age but does share certain practices. This concept has grown popular due to [[Rhonda Byrne]]'s ''[[The Secret (Byrne book)|The Secret]]'' (also a [[2006 in film|2006]] [[The Secret (2006 film)|film]])  These books and teachers express similar ideas to [[Napoleon Hill]]'s book ''[[Think and Grow Rich]]''. [[Rhonda Byrne|Byrne]] was inspired in particular by [[Wallace D. Wattles]]' 1910 book ''[[The Science of Getting Rich]]''. Affirmations are also referred to in [[Neurolinguistic Programming]] (NLP), [[Neuro Associative Conditioning]] &quot;NAC&quot; as popularized by [[Anthony Robbins]], and [[hypnosis]].

A related belief is that a certain critical mass of people with a highly spiritual consciousness will bring about a sudden change in the whole population.&lt;ref name=Carroll&gt;{{cite web | url = http://skepdic.com/monkey.html | title = The Hundredth Monkey Phenomenon | first = Robert Todd | last = Carroll | year = 2005 | work = Skeptic's Dictionary | accessdate = 2007-08-23| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070903180124/http://skepdic.com/monkey.html| archivedate= 3 September 2007 | url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; And that humans have a responsibility to take part in positive creative activity and to work to heal ourselves, each other and the [[Earth]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://fap.sagepub.com/cgi/content/refs/2/1/113 Accepting Total and Complete Responsibility: New Age NeoFeminist Violence against Sethna] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603014217/http://fap.sagepub.com/cgi/content/refs/2/1/113 |date=2009-06-03 }} Feminism Psychology.1992; 2: pages 113–119&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1984 [[Louise Hay]] a [[Religious Science]] Practitioner published ''[[You Can Heal Your Life]]'', a guide to changing thoughts and beliefs. Hay's affirmations are designed to help the user re-program their thought patterns, the intention being that harmful underlying beliefs which Hay believes psychologically support illness will be replaced with healing beliefs, and thus remove a barrier to healing.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Hay|first=Louise|title=You Can Heal Your Life|year=1984|publisher=Hay House Inc.|location=Carlsbad, California|isbn=978-0-937611-01-2|pages=251|url=http://www.hayhouse.com/details.php?id=267}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==New Age==
[[Esther Hicks]], author of the [[Law of attraction (New Thought)|''Law of Attraction'']] series,&lt;ref&gt;The Law of Attraction: The Basics of the Teachings of Abraham, by (Spirit) Abraham, Abraham, Esther Hicks, Jerry Hicks, published by [[Hay House]], 2006,{{ISBN|1-4019-1227-3}}, {{ISBN|978-1-4019-1227-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; advocates using affirmations when one is already in a state of happiness and peace.

New-Age affirmations come in different forms:

* spiritual talks
* lectures
* classes
* affirmative images,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.everydayaffirmations.org/2013/02/daily-affirmations-13-feb-2013.html#.URsymB18nD4 Various forms of New Age Affirmations ] Everyday Affirmations Organisation. Accessed February 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
* affirmative words
* affirmative videos
* [[mantra]] chants

Proponents of New-Age affirmations say that with our thoughts, desires and emotions, we create our world.&lt;ref&gt;
https://www.amazon.com/Affirmations-Visualizations-The-Ultimate-Secret-ebook/dp/B008EDNAP2 Affirmations and Visualizations: The Ultimate Secret  by Sakshi Chetana, Inner Light Publishers, 2012, ISBK  978-938-2123-15-6.
&lt;/ref&gt;

According to [[Brendan Baker]], founder of [[The Start of Happiness]], affirmations work best when they encompass three elements:

# visualisation of the affirmation in one's [[personal life|life]]
# feeling the affirmation in one's physiology
# vocalizing the affirmation in a way that one is already congruent with that affirmation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://www.startofhappiness.com/positive-affirmations/ | title=Top 100 Positive Affirmations for 2017 - the Start of Happiness}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Rhonda Britten==
According to [[Rhonda Britten]], affirmations work best when combined with acknowledgements because the acknowledgements build up a backlog of results in one's mind to prove that one can do what one is affirming.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Britten, Rhonda|title=Fearless Living|chapter=No Beating Yourself Up|pages=232}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, the acknowledgement &quot;I bought a good pair of sneakers and some gym clothes&quot; could complement the affirmation &quot;I can reach my goal of losing 20 pounds.&quot; The goal is to focus on steps one has taken toward accomplishing one's goals rather than criticizing oneself for what one has not yet accomplished, or could theoretically have accomplished but did not.

==Scientific research==
A 2009 study found that present tense positive affirmation had a positive effect on people with high self-esteem, but a detrimental effect on those with low self esteem. Individuals with low self-esteem who made present tense (e.g. &quot;I am&quot;) positive affirmations felt worse than individuals who made positive statements but were allowed to consider ways in which the statements were false. Individuals with low self-esteem who made future tense affirmations (e.g. &quot;I will&quot;) saw positive effects.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Wood|first1=Joanne V.|last2=Perunovic|first2=W. Q. Elaine|last3=Lee|first3=John W.|s2cid=21061560|date=July 2009|title=Positive self-statements: power for some, peril for others|journal=Psychological Science|volume=20|issue=7|pages=860–866|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02370.x|issn=1467-9280|pmid=19493324}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Some studies have found that [[self-affirmation]]s, which involve writing about one's core values rather than repeating a positive self-statement, can improve performance under stress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Cohen|first1=Geoffrey L.|last2=Sherman|first2=David K.|s2cid=12866525|date=2014|title=The psychology of change: self-affirmation and social psychological intervention|journal=[[Annual Review of Psychology]]|volume=65|pages=333–371|doi=10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115137|issn=1545-2085|pmid=24405362}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An fMRI study in 2016 demonstrated the role of two reward and valuation brain regions (ventral striatum and ventromedial prefrontal cortex) as primary pathways associated with self-affirmation. Self-related processing and prospection associated regions in the brain were further associated with objectively measured positive behavioral changes following future-oriented self-affirmations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Cascio|first1=C. N.|last2=O'Donnell|first2=M. B.|last3=Tinney|first3=F. J.|last4=Lieberman|first4=M. D.|last5=Taylor|first5=S. E.|last6=Strecher|first6=V. J.|last7=Falk|first7=E. B.|date=2016|title=Self-affirmation activates brain systems associated with self-related processing and reward and is reinforced by future orientation|journal=Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience|volume=11|issue=4|pages=621–629|doi=10.1093/scan/nsv136|pmid=26541373|pmc=4814782|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==See also==
* [[Affirmative prayer]]
* [[Autogenic training]]
* [[Cosmic ordering]]
* [[Creative visualization]]
* [[Gratitude]]
* [[Law of attraction (New Thought)|Law of Attraction]]
* [[Rationality]]
* [[Self-esteem]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:New Age]]
[[Category:New Thought beliefs]]</text>
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'''Robert Sewell''' (1845–1925){{citation needed|date=February 2014}} worked in the civil service of the [[Madras Presidency]] during the period of [[colonial India|colonial rule in India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Stein&quot; /&gt; He was [[Curator|Keeper]] of the Madras Record Office&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume V: Historiography |editor-first=Robin |editor-last=Winks |chapter=India to 1858 |first=Robert E. |last=Frykenberg |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |page=198 |isbn=9780191542411 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u2G63IrFXpgC&amp;pg=PA198}}&lt;/ref&gt; and was tasked with responsibility for documenting ancient inscriptions and remains in the region.

As with other British administrators of his type at that period, his purpose was not scholarly but rather to bolster administrative control by constructing a history that placed British rule as a virtue and a necessity rather than something to be denigrated. Portrayal of historic factionalism among local figureheads and dominion by alien despots would, it was thought, enhance the perception that only the British could rescue the country from its past.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stein&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara |first=Burton |last=Stein |authorlink=Burton Stein |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1989 |isbn=9780521266932 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC&amp;pg=PA3 |pages=3–4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sewell's specialism was the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], about which he authored ''A Forgotten Empire Vijayanagar: A Contribution to the History of India'' (1900). [[Burton Stein]] described this book as Sewell's {{quote|only popular work&amp;nbsp;... [In which] an outline of the genealogical and chronological evidence on the dynasties of Vijayanagara was briefly presented followed by two long and historically configuring translations of the accounts of two sixteenth-century Portuguese visitors to the city.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stein&quot; /&gt;}}

Sewell undertook archaeological work, including at the [[Buddhist]] [[stupa]] at [[Amaravathi village, Guntur district|Amaravati]], which had already been largely destroyed prior to his arrival. The site had previously been surveyed by [[Colin Mackenzie]] and [[Walter Elliot (Scottish naturalist)|Walter Elliot]]. His record-keeping at that site in 1877 has been criticised for making an already-bad situation worse, adding to the problems that meant it was impossible to correlate the finds made.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Empires of the Imagination: Politics, War and the Arts in the British World, 1750-1850 |pages=338–341 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tuW554NdWk8C&amp;pg=PA338 |first=Holger |last=Hoock |publisher=Profile Books |year=2010 |isbn=9781861978592}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Early Buddhist Architecture in Context: The Great Stupa at Amaravati (ca. 300 BCE-300 CE) |first=Akira |last=Shimada |publisher=BRILL |year=2012 |isbn=9789004233263 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfUyAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA90 |page=90}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sewell was guided by various native speakers of the [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] languages spoken there. Some of these aides went on to publish research of their own, such as [[S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Stein&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Gutenberg author |id=Sewell,+Robert | name=Robert Sewell}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Robert Sewell |birth=1845 |death=1925}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sewell, Robert}}
[[Category:1845 births]]
[[Category:1925 deaths]]
[[Category:Historians of India]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:British Indologists]]


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  <page>
    <title>Telebus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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A '''Telebus''', '''Dial-a-bus''', or '''Dial-a-ride''' service is a [[bus]] service that operates in a mode partway between a normal scheduled [[bus]] service and a [[taxicab|taxi]]; it is a form of [[demand responsive transport]].  Telebuses typically have a scheduled route, but passengers can ring and book a pick-up within an area served by the route, and the bus route is modified to make the pick-up.  Drop offs anywhere within the area can also be accommodated.  The aim is to extend public transport services to the front door of all residences, or from any place to any place.

Some services operate exclusively for disabled or elderly passengers; other services are open to the general public.

The term [[Paratransit]] has been used as a term for Telebus service.  But possibly because paratransit sounds to the uninitiated like a service for the disabled, other terms such as Telebus have become more popular, particularly for services not primarily intended to service disabled passengers.  Often paratransit is used to mean [[Demand responsive transport]] that is limited to disabled passengers.

==Examples==
The city of [[Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina]] in [[Canada]] was one of the early pioneers of Telebus services. Their service operated from the early 1970s until the early 1980s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Discover Regina Transit's History |url=https://www.regina.ca/residents/transit-services/regina-transit/transit-history/ |publisher=City of Regina |accessdate=2018-06-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other cities have since initiated services.

A number of public Telebus services operate in the outer suburbs of [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]].

[[Aberdeen]] in [[Scotland]] operates a citywide service for passengers unable to use normal [[public transport]] services, as does [[Peterhead]].

==See also==
* [[Bus]]
* [[Paratransit]]
* [[Share taxi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.metlinkmelbourne.com.au/timetables/telebuses Metlink Melbourne: Telebuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080808135536/http://www.metlinkmelbourne.com.au/timetables/telebuses |date=8 August 2008 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060622203058/http://www.aberdeencity.gov.uk/acci/web/site/CouncilNews/pr/pr_dial_a_bus_310506.asp Aberdeen: Dial-a-bus]

[[Category:Demand responsive transport]]
[[Category:Bus transport in Melbourne]]


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  <page>
    <title>World Championships of Ski Mountaineering</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="8565" xml:space="preserve">{{update|date=August 2018}}
The '''World Championships of Ski Mountaineering''' are biannually held [[ski mountaineering]] competitions.

== History ==
The events were originally sanctioned by the [[International Council for Ski Mountaineering Competitions]] (ISMC). The first official world mastership of the ISMC was carried out in the &quot;[[International observance#2000s|International Year of Mountains]]&quot; (2002), declared by the [[United Nations]]. The championship was held in [[Serre Chevalier]], [[France]], from January 24 to January 27, 2002. Prior the Italian [[Trofeo Mezzalama]] was held as &quot;World Championship of Ski Mountaineering&quot; with the classes &quot;Civilians&quot;, &quot;[[Soldier]]s&quot; and &quot;[[Mountain guide]]s&quot; in 1975.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rolf Majcen&quot;&gt;[[Rolf Majcen]]: [http://www.mountains2b.com/76-Weltmeisterschaften_im_Skibergsteigen-,e_14310,r_1100.htm ''Weltmeisterschaften im Skibergsteigen''] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20121209103029/http://www.mountains2b.com/76-Weltmeisterschaften_im_Skibergsteigen-,e_14310,r_1100.htm |date=2012-12-09 }} (German), February, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; Because the ISMC merged into the [[International Ski Mountaineering Federation]] (ISMF) in 2008, the next championships were sanctioned by the ISMF.&lt;ref&gt;[[Karl Posch]]: [http://www.teamformultimedia.at/_iu_write/cms/editor/page.php?user=askimo&amp;vorlage=vorlage.php&amp;file=index.htm&amp;newsid=718&amp; Weltmeisterschaft Schweiz Tag 5 - Neuer Verband der Schibergsteiger: ISMF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706095145/http://www.teamformultimedia.at/_iu_write/cms/editor/page.php?user=askimo&amp;vorlage=vorlage.php&amp;file=index.htm&amp;newsid=718&amp; |date=2011-07-06 }} (German), February 27, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; In 2011, the originally planned 9th edition of the [[European Championships of Ski Mountaineering]] at last was held as 6th edition of the World Championships.

{{Expand section|missing medalists|date=April 2009}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Medalist teams of the 1975 Trofeo Mezzalama
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | &quot;civilian teams&quot;
| [[File:Med 1.png]]
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|Italy}}&amp;nbsp;[[Renzo Meynet]]
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|Italy}}&amp;nbsp;[[Osvaldo Ronc]]
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|Italy}}&amp;nbsp;[[Mirko Stangalino]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Albo d'oro&quot;&gt;[http://www.old.inalto.org/magazine/trofeo_mezzalama_2005_04.shtml ''Albo d'oro'']&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot; | [[File:Med 2.png]]
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|}}&amp;nbsp;
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|}}&amp;nbsp;
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|}}&amp;nbsp;
|-
! bgcolor=&quot;bronze&quot; | [[File:Med 3.png]]
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|}}&amp;nbsp;
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|}}&amp;nbsp;
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|}}&amp;nbsp;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | &quot;military teams&quot;
| [[File:Med 1.png]]
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|Italy}}&amp;nbsp;[[Angelo Genuin]]
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|Italy}}&amp;nbsp;[[Bruno Bonaldi]]
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|Italy}}&amp;nbsp;[[Luigi Weiss|Luigi &quot;Gigi&quot; Weiss]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Albo d'oro&quot; /&gt;
|-
! bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot; | [[File:Med 2.png]]
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|Italy}}&amp;nbsp;[[Gianfranco Stella]]
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|Italy}}&amp;nbsp;[[Aldo Stella (skier)|Aldo Stella]]
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|Italy}}&amp;nbsp;[[Leo Vidi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Genuin Angelo&quot;&gt;[http://www.fondoitalia.it/personaggi/Genuin_Angelo.html ''Genuin Angelo'']&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! bgcolor=&quot;bronze&quot; | [[File:Med 3.png]]
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|Italy}}&amp;nbsp;[[Willy Bertin]]
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|Italy}}&amp;nbsp;[[Felice Darioli]]
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|Italy}}&amp;nbsp;[[Fabrizio Pedranzini]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Genuin Angelo&quot; /&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | &quot;mountain guides&quot;
| [[File:Med 1.png]]
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|Italy}}&amp;nbsp;[[Oreste Squinobal]]
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|Italy}}&amp;nbsp;[[Arturo Squinobal]]
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|Italy}}&amp;nbsp;[[Lorenzo Squinobal]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Albo d'oro&quot; /&gt;
|-
! bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot; | [[File:Med 2.png]]
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|}}&amp;nbsp;
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|}}&amp;nbsp;
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|}}&amp;nbsp;
|-
! bgcolor=&quot;bronze&quot; | [[File:Med 3.png]]
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|}}&amp;nbsp;
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|}}&amp;nbsp;
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|}}&amp;nbsp;
|}

Further venues of the ISMC World Championships were the [[Aran Valley]] (Spain) in 2004, the Italian [[Province of Cuneo]] in 2006, and [[Portes du Soleil]] (Switzerland) in 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;History&quot;&gt;[http://theuiaa.org/interna.php?page=Ski_history&amp;change_language=ENG ''History of ski mountaineering''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213195504/http://theuiaa.org/interna.php?page=Ski_history&amp;change_language=ENG |date=2013-12-13 }}, UIAA.&lt;/ref&gt; The World Championships are supported by the national organizations of the carrying out countries.

== Ratings ==
The disciplines are rated by gender and age groups. In 2002, only individual and team (2 racers) races were held and rated, added with a combined ranking. At the 2004 championship a relay event and a [[vertical race]] competition were added. The men's relay teams were of four racers and the women's teams of three. In the following years all relay teams were of four ski mountaineers. In 2006 the relay race was canceled because of bad snow conditions, and consequently there was no combined ranking. At the 2008 World Masterships a long distance race was added.

The national squads are often mixed with up an coming athletes of the &quot;Espoirs&quot;-level. Some nations  do not have squads with enough racers for all disciplines.

== Medalist nations and disciplines ==
(by point-awarding system)&lt;ref name=&quot;sports123&quot;&gt;[http://sports123.com/mou/index.html ''Mountaineering-World Ski Mountaineering Championships''], ''sports123.com''.&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | year
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | venue
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot;  | 1.
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot;  | 2.
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#cc9966&quot;  | 3.
! colspan=&quot;6&quot; | disciplines
|-
| individual
| team
| combination
| relay
| vertical race
| long distance
|-
| [[2002 World Championship of Ski Mountaineering|1st 2002]]
| Serre Chevalier, [[France|FRA]]
| bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot; | {{flag|FRA}}
| bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot; | {{flag|ITA}}
| bgcolor=&quot;#cc9966&quot; | {{flag|SUI}}
! X
! X
! X
! -
! -
! -
|-
| [[2004 World Championship of Ski Mountaineering|2nd 2004]]
| Aran Valley, [[Spain|ESP]]
| bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot; | {{flag|SUI}}
| bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot; | {{flag|ITA|2003}}
| bgcolor=&quot;#cc9966&quot; | {{flag|FRA}}
! X
! X
! X
! X
! X
! -
|-
| [[2006 World Championship of Ski Mountaineering|3rd 2006]]
| Province of Cuneo, [[Italy|ITA]]
| bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot; | {{flag|ITA}}
| bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot; | {{flag|SUI}}
| bgcolor=&quot;#cc9966&quot; | {{flag|FRA}}
! -
! X
! -
! X
! X
! -
|-
| [[2008 World Championship of Ski Mountaineering|4th 2008]]
| Champery, Portes du Soleil, [[Switzerland|SUI]]
| bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot; | {{flag|ITA}}
| bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot; | {{flag|FRA}}
| bgcolor=&quot;#cc9966&quot; | {{flag|SUI}}
! X
! X
! X
! X
! X
! X
|-
| [[2010 World Championship of Ski Mountaineering|5th 2010]]
| Gran Valira, [[Andorra|AND]]
| bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot; | {{flag|ITA}}
| bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot; | {{flag|FRA}}
| bgcolor=&quot;#cc9966&quot; | {{flag|SUI}}
! X
! X
! X
! X
! X
! -
|-
| [[2011 World Championship of Ski Mountaineering|6th 2011]]
| Claut, [[Italia|ITA]]
| bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot; | {{flag|FRA}}
| bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot; | {{flag|SUI}}
| bgcolor=&quot;#cc9966&quot; | {{flag|ITA}}
! X 
! X
! X
! X
! X
! -
|-
| [[2013 World Championship of Ski Mountaineering|7th 2013]]
| [[Puy-Saint-Vincent]], [[Pelvoux]], [[France|FRA]]
| bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot; | {{flag|ITA}}
| bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot; | {{flag|FRA}}
| bgcolor=&quot;#cc9966&quot; | {{flag|SUI}}
! X
! X
! X
! X
! X
! -
|-
| [[2015 World Championship of Ski Mountaineering|8th 2015]]
| [[Verbier]], [[Switzerland|SUI]]
| bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot; | {{flag|ITA}}
| bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot; | {{flag|FRA}}
| bgcolor=&quot;#cc9966&quot; | {{flag|SUI}}
! X
! X
! X
! X
! X
! -
|-
|-
| [[2017 World Championship of Ski Mountaineering|9th 2017]]
| [[Tambre]] - [[Piancavallo]], [[Italy|ITA]]
|{{flag|ITA}}
|{{flag|SUI}}
|{{flag|FRA}}
! X
! X
! X
! X
! X
! -
|-
|10th 2019
|Villars-sur-Ollon, SUI
|{{flag|SUI}}
|{{flag|ITA}}
|{{flag|FRA}}
!X
!X
!X
!X
!X
!-
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[ISMF World Cup Ski Mountaineering]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.skieverest.com/skimount2002.htm Ski Mountaineering World Championship 2002], president of the UIAA [[Ian McNaught-Davis]]

{{World Championships of Ski Mountaineering}}
{{Main world championships}}

[[Category:World Championships of Ski Mountaineering| ]]
[[Category:Ski mountaineering competitions]]
[[Category:World championships in skiing|Mountaineering]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>World Para Nordic Skiing Championships</title>
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      <text bytes="7205" xml:space="preserve">The '''World Para Nordic Skiing Championships''', known before 30 November 2016 as the '''IPC Biathlon and Cross-Country Skiing World Championships''', along with the [[Paralympic Games|Winter Paralympic Games]], are the most prestigious level of international competition in [[Paralympic nordic skiing]].

On 30 November 2016, the [[International Paralympic Committee]], which serves as the international federation for 10 disability sports, including Nordic skiing, adopted the &quot;World Para&quot; brand for all 10 sports. The world championship events in all of these sports were immediately rebranded as &quot;World Para&quot; championships.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|url=https://www.paralympic.org/news/ipc-rebrand-10-sports-it-acts-international-federation |title=The IPC to rebrand the 10 sports it acts as International Federation for |publisher=International Paralympic Committee |date=30 November 2016 |access-date=13 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Championships==
&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ipcvuokatti2009.net/index_eng.asp?pid=134 The IPC], Official site of the 2009 IPC Biathlon and Cross-Country Skiing World Championships and the 2009 IPC Biathlon and Cross-Country Skiing World Cup&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- bgcolor=#CCDDEE 
! Edition
! Year
! City
! Country
!style=&quot;width: 125px&quot;| Date
! Notes
|- bgcolor=#DDEEFF
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 1st
|align=center| 1974 ({{detailsLink|1974 IPC Biathlon and Cross-Country Skiing World Championships}})
| [[Le Grand-Bornand|Grand Bornand]]
| {{FRA}}
|  – 
| Skiing World Championships - featured alpine (downhill) and Nordic (cross-country) skiing,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.paralympic.org.my/documents/ATHENS_Education_Material.pdf Athens Education Material - Paralympic Games - From 1960 to 2004] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722233414/http://www.paralympic.org.my/documents/ATHENS_Education_Material.pdf |date=2011-07-22 }}, Malaysian Paralympic Council&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.hockeycanada.ca/index.php/ci_id/70539/la_id/1.htm Winter Paralympic History], HockeyCanada.ca&lt;/ref&gt; held by the [[International Sports Organisation for Disabled]] (ISOD)&lt;ref name=Para2002&gt;[http://www.paralympic.org/paralympian/20021/2002108.htm Paralympic Winter Sports Programme Build-up] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707003136/http://www.paralympic.org/paralympian/20021/2002108.htm |date=2010-07-07 }}, The Paralympian 1/2002, [[International Paralympic Committee]] (IPC)&lt;/ref&gt;
|- 
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 2nd
|align=center| 1982 ({{detailsLink|1982 IPC Biathlon and Cross-Country Skiing World Championships}})
| [[Bernese Alps|Alpes Vaudoise]]
| {{SUI}}
|  – 
| Winter World Championships&lt;ref name=Para2002/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WKFlAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=R4wNAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5782,2762203&amp;dq=winter-world-championships+disabled&amp;hl=en Canadian disabled team shines at winter games], The Vancouver Sun - Mar 15, 1982&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.hockeycanada.ca/index.php/ci_id/7806/la_id/1.htm Important Dates in Sledge Hockey History], hockeycanada.ca&lt;/ref&gt;
|- bgcolor=#DDEEFF
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 3rd
|align=center| 1986 ({{detailsLink|1986 IPC Biathlon and Cross-Country Skiing World Championships}})
| [[Sälen]]
| {{SWE}}
|  – 
| 
|- 
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 4th
|align=center| 1990 ({{detailsLink|1990 IPC Biathlon and Cross-Country Skiing World Championships}})
| Jackson
| {{USA}}
|  – 
| 5th World Nordic Disabled Championships&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.prall-statistik.de/Ergebnisse/1990/World%20Championships%20Nordic%201990.pdf 5th World Nordic Disabled Championships], prall-statistik.de&lt;/ref&gt;
|- bgcolor=#DDEEFF
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 5th
|align=center| 1996 ({{detailsLink|1996 IPC Biathlon and Cross-Country Skiing World Championships}})
| [[Sunne, Sweden|Sunne]]
| {{SWE}}
|  – 
| 
|- 
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 6th
|align=center| 2000 ({{detailsLink|2000 IPC Biathlon and Cross-Country Skiing World Championships}})
| [[Crans Montana]]
| {{SUI}}
|  – 
| [https://web.archive.org/web/20111217003303/http://www.paralympic.org/Media_Centre/News/Paralympian/Paralympian_2000_2]
|- bgcolor=#DDEEFF
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 7th&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.paralympic.org/paralympian/20031/20030102.html Nordic Skiing], The Paralympian Newsletter 4/2002, [[International Paralympic Committee]] (IPC)&lt;/ref&gt;
|align=center| 2003 ({{detailsLink|2003 IPC Nordic Skiing World Championships}})
| [[Baiersbronn|Mitteltal-Obertal]]
| {{GER}}
|  – 
| [http://www.ski-wm2003.de/en/categories/athleten.php?id=51022]
|- 
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 8th
|align=center| 2005 ({{detailsLink|2005 IPC Nordic Skiing World Championships}})
| [[Fort Kent, Maine|Fort Kent]]
| {{USA}}
| 12 Mar – 20 Mar
| &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.paralympic.org/Media_Centre/News/Sport_News/2005_03_11_a.html?calendar.box.year=2011&amp;calendar.box.month=0 Nordic Skiing World Championships To Begin in Maine], [[International Paralympic Committee]] (IPC), March 11, 2005&lt;/ref&gt;
|- bgcolor=#DDEEFF
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 9th
|align=center| 2009 ({{detailsLink|2009 IPC Biathlon and Cross-Country Skiing World Championships}})
| [[Vuokatti]]
| {{FIN}}
| 23 Jan – 1 Feb
| &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.paralympic.org/Media_Centre/News/Sport_News/2009_01_19_a.html Vuokatti Prepares for IPC Biathlon &amp; Cross-Country Skiing World Champs], [[International Paralympic Committee]] (IPC), January 19, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;
|- 
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 10th
|align=center| 2011 ({{detailsLink|2011 IPC Biathlon and Cross-Country Skiing World Championships}})
| [[Khanty-Mansiysk]]
| {{RUS}}
| 31 Mar – 10 Apr
| 
|- bgcolor=#DDEEFF
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 11th
|align=center| 2013 ({{detailsLink|2013 IPC Biathlon and Cross-Country Skiing World Championships}})
| [[Sollefteå]]
| {{SWE}}
|  25 February - 5 March
| 
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 12th
|align=center| 2015 ({{detailsLink|2015 IPC Biathlon and Cross-Country Skiing World Championships}})
| [[Cable, Wisconsin]]
| {{USA}}
| 22 Jan – 1 Feb
| &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.paralympic.org/cable-2015/about Cable 2015]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-bgcolor=#def
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 13th
|align=center| 2017 ({{detailsLink|2017 World Para Nordic Skiing Championships}})
| [[Mauth|Finsterau]]
| {{DEU}}
| 10 – 19 Feb
| &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.paralympic.org/finsterau-2017 Finsterau 2017]&lt;/ref&gt; First World Championships under &quot;World Para&quot; branding.
|-
| align=&quot;right&quot; | 13th
|align=center| 2019 ({{detailsLink|2019 World Para Nordic Skiing Championships}})
| [[Prince George, British Columbia|Prince George]]
| {{CAN}}
| 15 – 24 Feb
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.paralympic.org/prince-george-2019|title=Prince George 2019 World Championships|date=17 December 2019|website=International Paralympic Committee}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==See also==
*[[Biathlon at the Winter Paralympics]]
*[[Cross-country skiing at the Winter Paralympics]]
*[[Biathlon World Championships]]
*[[FIS Nordic World Ski Championships]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.paralympic.org/nordic-skiing World Para Nordic Skiing]

{{Main world championships}}

[[Category:World Para Nordic Skiing Championships| ]]
[[Category:Biathlon competitions|Para]]
[[Category:Cross-country skiing competitions|Para]]
[[Category:World championships in skiing|Para]]
[[Category:Paralympic biathlon]]
[[Category:Parasports world championships|Nordic Skiing]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1974]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Social security in Azerbaijan</title>
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      <text bytes="11730" xml:space="preserve">{{Orphan|date=May 2021}}

'''The social protection system''' in [[Azerbaijan]] consists of programs aimed at reducing the poverty and economic problems of the population through promoting effective labor markets as well as reducing the risks faced by citizens. Social insurance consists of pensions, unemployment benefit, health insurance, and other social benefits.

Social allowances are consist of monthly (Age Pension, Pension for Disabled Persons, for children under 18 years with a disability) or one-off payments (to eligible working parents of newborn, for funeral, support for treatment to victims as a result of radiation accident (every year)) for the purpose of social assistance to persons with different categories.

The state social protection system in Azerbaijan consists of two main parts: 1) social insurance; and 2) social security.

The [[State Social Protection Fund (Azerbaijan)|State Social Protection Fund]] implements social security programs, and the [[Ministry of Labour and Social Protection of the Population (Azerbaijan)|Ministry of Labour and Social Protection of the Population]] carries out social protection programs.

== Legal framework ==
The changes in the social protection system started with the realization of the &quot;Concept of Pension Reform in the Republic of Azerbaijan&quot; approved by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan dated July 17, 2001.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sspf.gov.az/view.php?lang=en&amp;menu=76|title=State Social Protection Fund of Azerbaijan Republic|website=sspf.gov.az|access-date=2018-05-31|archive-date=2018-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726134900/http://sspf.gov.az/view.php?lang=en&amp;menu=76|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Law of Azerbaijan “On individual accounts in the system of the state social insurance” was approved by president on 27 November 2001. And this law gave authority to [[State Social Protection Fund (Azerbaijan)|State Social Protection Fund]] for carrying out individual accounting in the state social insurance system.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sspf.gov.az/view.php?lang=en&amp;menu=14|title=State Social Protection Fund of Azerbaijan Republic|website=www.sspf.gov.az|access-date=2018-05-31|archive-date=2016-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821034312/http://sspf.gov.az/view.php?lang=en&amp;menu=14|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Social Security expenditures ==
In 2016, the expenditures of State Social Protection Fund amounted AZN 3 078.6 million, of which AZN 1,100 million was transferred from the state budget,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.maliyye.gov.az/sites/default/files/presentation-2016.pdf|title=Presentation on the draft state and consolidated budgets for 2016 of the Republic of Azerbaijan|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in 2014, these indicators were AZN 2 928.5 million and AZN 1,142 accordingly.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.maliyye.gov.az/sites/default/files/2014-1.pdf|title=Presentation on the draft state and consolidated budgets for 2014 of the Republic of Azerbaijan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to the 2017 budget draft, totally 2117.7 million manat was allocated to social security, targeted social assistance and social insurance.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.maliyye.gov.az/sites/default/files/Budce-16-11-2016.pdf|title=Presentation on the draft state and consolidated budgets for 2017 of the Republic of Azerbaijan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Expenditures and revenues of the State Social Protection Fund under the [[Ministry of Labour and Social Protection of the Population (Azerbaijan)|Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of Population]] for 2017 were AZN 3,400,000, of which AZN1,270,000 or 37.4% was transformed from the state budget.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

As well as, 597.9 million manat was allocated for social benefits, scholarships and other social payments by the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Population and its relevant bodies, and 242.2 million manat was allocated to provide social protection of refugees and internally displaced persons by The State Committee for Refugees and IDPs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Social insurance ==
The following works have been carried out within the framework of “State Program on Development of Insurance and Pension System in the Republic of Azerbaijan” in order to improve the insurance-pension system in the country for 2009-2015:

* The State Social Protection Fund has started the appointment of age pension from an unified center in an automated manner since July 11, 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sspf.gov.az/view.php?lang=az&amp;menu=358&amp;id=1289|title=State Social Protection Fund|website=www.sspf.gov.az|language=az|access-date=2018-05-31|archive-date=2018-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612185047/http://www.sspf.gov.az/view.php?lang=az&amp;menu=358&amp;id=1289|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Pension +&quot; service has been put into operation since January 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.ibar.az/az/news/iba-service-pension-stimulates-growth-in-non-cash-payments/|title=&quot;Pension+&quot; service|access-date=2018-05-31|language=az}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The process of payment of pensions by plastic cards has been completed by the end of 2015. All pensioners, including pensioners living in rural areas, have been provided with plastic cards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sspf.gov.az/view.php?lang=az&amp;menu=400&amp;id=2210|title=Meeting of State Social Protection Fund, 2015|website=www.sspf.gov.az|access-date=2018-05-31|archive-date=2016-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326030636/http://www.sspf.gov.az/view.php?lang=az&amp;menu=400&amp;id=2210|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Social Security ==

=== Targeted Social Assistance ===
The president of country signed a decree on the improvement targeted social assistance on February 25, 2015. Single Electronic Application and Nomination Sub-System (Vahid Elektron Müraciət və Təyinat Alt Sistemi - VEMTAS) on targeted state social assistance was created by Ministry of Labour and Social Protection of the Population.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mlspp.gov.az/en/pages/17/39/information/795|title=Postal employees have been involved in trainings on the organization the public service in the field of electronic appeal for targeted social assistance}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2015, the volume of targeted social assistance per each me=Azərbaycanda Sosial Müdafiə Sistemi: Qiymətləndirmə və Təkmilləşdirilməsi İstiqamətləri|last=Social Protection System in Azerbaijan: Evaluation and Improvement Directions|language=az}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Cabinet of Ministers made a number of amendments to the &quot; Rules for applying for targeted state social assistance, its appointment, issuance and refusal of issuance&quot; with the decision of 11.02.2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mlspp.gov.az/en/pages/17/40/information/977|title=Presentation of new electronic application and appointment system on targeted state social assistance was held at the Ministry of Labour and Social Protection of Population|website=www.mlspp.gov.az|language=en|access-date=2018-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Presidential scholarships ===
In 2016, the number of citizens granted by Presidential scholarships increased by 58.6%, and average monthly benefits for the families of the martyrs increased by 11.5%, for National Heroes by 67.7%, for war invalids by 66.4% compared to 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://cesd.az/new/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/CESD_UNDP_EU_Social_Protection_Paper.pdf|title=Azərbaycanda Sosial Müdafiə Sistemi: Qiymətləndirmə və Təkmilləşdirilməsi İstiqamətləri|last=Social Protection System in Azerbaijan: Evaluation and Improvement Directions|language=az}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Disabled person in the first degree have been provided with a monthly pension of 60 manat by the order of the [[Ilham Aliyev|President of Azerbaijan]], since 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Presidential scholarships ===
According to the official website of State Statistical Committee, unemployed persons was 5% in 2015. The number of people receiving unemployment benefits among unemployed persons has been around 0.5% in recent years.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Social benefits to disabled, elderly and internally displaced persons ===
On January 9, 2013, the President of Azerbaijan signed the Order &quot; On additional measures to provide social services for children with disabilities and those in a dangerous social situation that have not reached adolescence&quot;. In 2013, the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of Population approved 17 priority projects. During the implementation of the projects, in 2013, 800 children under 18, were provided socio-psychological, legal and reintegration services.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://president.az/articles/7055|title=The Order of President &quot;On additional measures to provide social services for children with disabilities and those in a dangerous social situation that have not reached adolescence&quot;|website=president.az|language=az|access-date=2018-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Regulations on the criteria for determination of disability and health condition was approved by the Decree of the [[Cabinet of Azerbaijan]] dated December 30, 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mlspp.gov.az/en/pages/17/40/information/944|title=Important reform measures in order to minimize contact between officials and citizens and increase transparency in the appointment of disability were held|website=www.mlspp.gov.az|language=en|access-date=2018-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Twinning project &quot;Development of social services&quot; organized by the [[Ministry of Labour and Social Protection of the Population (Azerbaijan)|Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of Population]] with the financial support of [[European Union]] was carried out during June 1, 2015 - May 31, 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.azernews.az/nation/113164.html|title=EU to back development of employment system in Azerbaijan [PHOTO]|date=2017-05-16|work=AzerNews.az|access-date=2018-05-31|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://eng.redcrescent.az/news/post-3237.html|title=Within the framework of &quot;Development of social services&quot; twinning project a training-seminar was held|access-date=2018-05-31|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The &quot;Action Plan for the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of Population of the Republic of Azerbaijan for 2014&quot; has been prepared and implemented in order to ensure the implementation of &quot;State Program on Deinstitutionalization and Alternative Care in the Republic”.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicef.org/evaldatabase/files/Mid_Term_review_of_the_State_Programme_On_Deinstitutionalization_and_Alternative_Care_in_Azerbaijan_2011.pdf|title=THE STATE PROGRAM ON DEINSTITUTIONALIZATION AND ALTERNATIVE CARE IN AZERBAIJAN|access-date=2021-06-20|archive-date=2018-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612233443/https://www.unicef.org/evaldatabase/files/Mid_Term_review_of_the_State_Programme_On_Deinstitutionalization_and_Alternative_Care_in_Azerbaijan_2011.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Medical Social Expertise and Rehabilitation Sub-System (TSERAS) was established in the centralized information system of the Ministry of Labour and Social Protection of the Population by the Decree of the [[Ilham Aliyev|President]] dated 14 September 2015 &quot;On the improvement of assessment system of restriction of disability and health care opportunities &quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://solutions.southsouthworld.org/solution/view?id=282|title=E-subsystem of medical and social expertise and rehabilitation (TSERAS)|website=solutions.southsouthworld.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== See also ==
[[Human rights in Azerbaijan|Human Rights in Azerbaijan]]

[[Children’s rights in Azerbaijan]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Category:Public services of Azerbaijan]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>WNC (squat)</title>
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      <text bytes="5856" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|A self-managed social centre in Groningen evicted in 1990}}
The '''WNC squat''' (Wolters-Noordhoff Complex) was a [[self-managed social centre]] in [[Groningen]], the [[Netherlands]]. It was [[squatted]] in 1985 and evicted in 1990.

==Occupation==
The Wolters Noordhoff Complex (WNC) was a former printers occupied on 26 November 1985, by the &quot;hardest core of the squatters.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;TPO&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=FM Droog |first1=Bart |title=De ochtend dat Satan in Groningen huishield |url=https://nieuws.tpo.nl/2016/05/25/ochtend-satan-groningen-huis-hield/ |accessdate=21 April 2019 |work=TPO |date=25 May 2016 |quote=Het Wolters-Noordhoff Complex, vernoemd naar de uitgeverij die eens in het gebouwenblok aan de Oude Boteringestraat gevestigd was, werd na jaren leegstand op 26 november 1985 gekraakt door een groep mensen, destijds door het Nieuwsblad van het Noorden omschreven als ‘de harde kern van het krakerswezen’. }}&lt;/ref&gt; The building was located on the Oude Boteringestraat in [[Groningen]] and became a [[Autonomous social center|social centre]] with diverse activities. These included a bookshop, a [[feminist]] café, [[pirate radio]], a recordshop, a rehearsal space and a music venue.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dood&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Dood in de Poststraat |url=https://www.rtvnoord.nl/nieuws/207546/Dood-in-de-Poststraat |accessdate=21 April 2019 |work=RTV Noord |date=20 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lohman&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lohman |first1=Kirsty |title=PhD: Punk Lives: Contesting Boundaries in the Dutch Punk Scene |date=2015 |publisher=Warwick University |url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/75547/ |accessdate=10 August 2019|page=156}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Murder==
On 20 April 1990 (a month before the eventual eviction), the body of a 22 year old squatter called Marco was discovered on the Poststraat, near to the WNC complex. Marco put on the Black Sky radio show broadcasting from the WNC. At first, the police suspected he had committed suicide since there was rope both around his neck and hanging in his room. But the pieces of rope did not match and it became more likely that Marco had been murdered by a German punk nicknamed Satan after they had quarrelled over the love of a woman called Karin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dood&quot; /&gt; Karin and her friends smuggled Satan out of Groningen and he was never charged with a crime. He later burnt down a squat in Berlin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=De Zaak WNC |url=https://www.bartfmdroog.com/droog/wnc/index.html |website=Droog Magazine |accessdate=21 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The police investigated the case in 1990, in 1999/2000 and in 2004/2005, but it was only in 2015 when more witnesses statements came to light that it could be concluded that Satan had indeed murdered Marco.&lt;ref name=&quot;TPO2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=FM Droog |first1=Bart |title=De ochtend dat Satan in Groningen huishield |url=https://nieuws.tpo.nl/2016/05/25/ochtend-satan-groningen-huis-hield/ |accessdate=21 April 2019 |work=TPO |date=25 May 2016 |quote=Eind 2015 ontstond er door een toeval opnieuw aandacht voor de zaak en doordat een aantal ex-krakers zich toen meldde kan het moordscenario nu alsnog aannemelijk worden gemaakt. }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Eviction==
After the squatters provoked a riot in order to provoke the planned police action, the eviction took place on 26 May 1990. There were 137 arrests and Mayor A.A.M.F. Staatsen termed it &quot;war.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nasleep&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Vermeulen |first1=Frank |title=Groningen en de nasleep van de krakersrellen; Het einde vaneen vrijstaat |url=https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/1990/06/30/groningen-en-de-nasleep-van-de-krakersrellen-het-einde-6934231-a286135 |accessdate=21 April 2019 |quote='Het is oorlog', zei burgemeester Staatsen destijds. |work=NRC |date=30 June 1990}}&lt;/ref&gt; The WNC was demolished the next day.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nasleep2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Vermeulen |first1=Frank |title=Groningen en de nasleep van de krakersrellen; Het einde vaneen vrijstaat |url=https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/1990/06/30/groningen-en-de-nasleep-van-de-krakersrellen-het-einde-6934231-a286135 |accessdate=21 April 2019|quote=Op de plek waar tot 27 mei het voormalige Wolters Noordhoff Complex stond, gaapt een gat. |work=NRC |date=30 June 1990}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the first trial of the squatters, the prosecution asked for 9 month jail sentences and complained that previously the police had been unable to arrest people who committed unspecified crimes and then escaped into the WNC. The prosecution said the squatters had organised the eviction resistance for months in advance and asked people to come from other cities. They had barricaded themselves in the building and behaved like army units. The police had found sharpened iron bars, smoke bombs and paint bombs. The squatters' lawyer replied that since the state had no real evidence of violent disorder it was relying on the charge of criminal organisation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Commando&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Binnenlanden Redactie |first1=Onze |title=&quot;Krakers gingen tekeer als commando's&quot; |url=https://www.digibron.nl/search/detail/f8e7c8a45f2fbcd7f517e055fa015cda/krakers-gingen-tekeer-als-commandos |accessdate=21 April 2019 |work=Reformatorisch Dagblad |date=4 July 1990 |archive-date=21 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421114431/https://www.digibron.nl/search/detail/f8e7c8a45f2fbcd7f517e055fa015cda/krakers-gingen-tekeer-als-commandos |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==See also==
* [[ACU (Utrecht)]]
* [[De Blauwe Aanslag]]
* [[Grote Broek]]
* [[Vrijplaats Koppenhinksteeg]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Coord missing|Netherlands}}
{{SquatNL}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Squats in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Groningen (city)]]
[[Category:Social centres in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:1985 establishments in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:1990 disestablishments in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:DIY culture]]</text>
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'''టైటాన్ కంపెనీ లిమిటెడ్''' (ఇంతకు ముందు టైటాన్ ఇండస్ట్రీస్ లిమిటెడ్ అని పిలువబడేది) అనేది ఒక భారతీయ లగ్జరీ ఉత్పత్తుల కంపెనీ, ఇది ప్రధానంగా ఫ్యాషన్ [[గడియారం|ఉపకరణాలైన గడియారాలు]], [[ఆభరణాలు]] , కళ్లజోడులను తయారు చేస్తుంది . [[టాటా గ్రూప్|టాటా గ్రూప్‌లో]] భాగం , టిడ్కోతో జాయింట్ వెంచర్‌గా ప్రారంభించబడింది, ఈ కంపెనీ ప్రధాన కార్యాలయం [[తమిళనాడు|తమిళనాడులోని]] హోసూర్‌లో ఉంది . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=When an office becomes a people's home|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/9I4MxLkSQeK9myy0YsBxhM/When-an-office-becomes-a-peoples-home.html|access-date=17 April 2020|work=Livemint}}&lt;/ref&gt;

టైటాన్ 1984 లో టైటాన్ వాచెస్ లిమిటెడ్ పేరుతో కార్యకలాపాలు ప్రారంభించింది. 1994 లో, టైటాన్ తో ఆభరణాల మరలిపోయారు తనిష్క్ అట్లాగే టైటాన్ Eyeplus తో కళ్లద్దాలు లోకి. 2005 లో, ఇది తన యువ ఫ్యాషన్ ఉపకరణాల బ్రాండ్ ఫాస్ట్రాక్‌ను ప్రారంభించింది . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=On the Fastrack|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/on-the-fastrack/314998/|access-date=17 February 2021|work=The Financial Express|date=27 May 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2019 నాటికి, టైటాన్ ప్రపంచంలో ఐదవ అతిపెద్ద వాచ్ తయారీదారు. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Sinha|first=Ashish|title=Titan: Titanic Success|url=http://www.businessworld.in/article/Titan-Titanic-Success/05-04-2019-168873/|access-date=17 February 2021|work=BW Businessworld|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ఇది భారతదేశంలో అతిపెద్ద బ్రాండెడ్ ఆభరణాల తయారీదారు, దాని మొత్తం ఆదాయాలలో 80 శాతానికి పైగా ఆభరణాల విభాగం నుండి వస్తుంది. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Titan Expects Jewellery Business To Perform Better During October–March|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/titan-expects-jewellery-business-to-perform-better-during-october-march|access-date=17 February 2021|work=BloombergQuint|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== చరిత్ర ==

=== 1984–1990 ===
టైటాన్ కంపెనీ లిమిటెడ్ 26 జూలై 1984 న [[చెన్నై|చెన్నైలో]] టైటాన్ వాచెస్ లిమిటెడ్ పేరుతో ప్రారంభించబడింది. &lt;ref name=&quot;titan-history&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.goodreturns.in/company/titan/history.html|title=Titan Company Ltd. Company History and Annual Growth Details|publisher=goodreturns.in|access-date=7 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[తమిళనాడు|స్టేట్ ఇండస్ట్రీస్ ప్రమోషన్ కార్పొరేషన్ ఆఫ్ తమిళనాడు]], లిమిటెడ్‌లో క్వార్ట్జ్ అనలాగ్ ఎలక్ట్రానిక్ గడియారాలను తయారు చేయడానికి ఒక ప్లాంట్ ఏర్పాటు చేయబడింది. హోసూరులో పారిశ్రామిక ప్రాంతం. నవంబర్ 1986 లో, టైటాన్ కంపెనీ , కాసియో ఒక సంతకం ఒప్పందం 2 మిలియన్ డిజిటల్ , అనలాగ్-డిజిటల్ గడియారాలు తయారీకి ప్రతిపాదించారు. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/titan-company-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-12903.cms|title=Titan Company Ltd.|publisher=Economic Times|access-date=7 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1989 లో, [[ఉత్తరాఖండ్|ఉత్తరాఖండ్‌లోని]] [[డెహ్రాడూన్|డెహ్రాడూన్‌లో]] ప్రస్తుతం శాటిలైట్ కేస్ ప్లాంట్ స్థాపించబడింది, ప్రస్తుతం ఏటా 500,000 వాచ్ కేసుల తయారీ సామర్థ్యం ఉంది. &lt;ref name=&quot;titan-history&quot; /&gt;

=== 1991–2000 ===
సెప్టెంబర్ 1993 లో, కంపెనీ తన పేరును టైటాన్ ఇండస్ట్రీస్ లిమిటెడ్‌గా మార్చింది, ఎందుకంటే ఇది వాచ్‌లు కాకుండా ఇతర ఉత్పత్తుల శ్రేణిలోకి ప్రవేశించింది. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/titan-eyes-1520-growth-in-jewellery/article8576680.ece|title=Titan eyes growth in jewellery|date=9 May 2016|access-date=26 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/titan-company-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-12903.cms|title=Titan Company Ltd.|publisher=Economic Times|access-date=14 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1994 లో, టైటాన్ తన ఆభరణాల బ్రాండ్ తనిష్క్‌ను ప్రారంభించింది. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://bestmediainfo.com/2017/06/titan-consolidates-its-ooh-biz-with-milestone-brandcom-and-laqshya-media/|title=Titan consolidates its OOH biz with Milestone Brandcom and Laqshya Media|publisher=Best Media Info|date=14 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1998 లో, కంపెనీ తన వాచ్ &amp; యాక్సెసరీస్ బ్రాండ్, ఫాస్ట్రాక్‌ను ప్రారంభించింది, టైమెక్స్‌కి పోటీగా యువ ప్రేక్షకులను లక్ష్యంగా చేసుకుంది. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2005/dec/01titan.htm|title=Titan's Fastrack on comeback trail|website=rediff.com|date=1 December 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2001–2010 ===
2001 లో, టైటాన్ పిల్లల గడియారాల బ్రాండ్ డాష్‌ని ప్రారంభించింది. బ్రాండ్ పేలవమైన పనితీరును చూసింది , 2003 లో నిలిపివేయబడింది. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://business.rediff.com/report/2010/jun/09/slide-show-1-titan-launches-watches-for-kids.htm|title=Titan launches watches kids|work=Rediff|access-date=3 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2004 లో, కంపెనీ తన కస్టమర్ కేర్ సెంటర్ల ద్వారా భారతదేశంలో వాచ్‌ల శ్రేణిని అందించడానికి మోయెట్ హెన్నెస్సీ లూయిస్ విట్టన్ గ్రూప్‌తో ఒప్పందం కుదుర్చుకుంది. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/11/25/stories/2004112502150400.htm|title=The Hindu Business Line : Titan in service pact with LVMH Group|website=www.thehindubusinessline.com|access-date=3 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2005 లో, ఫాస్ట్రాక్ పట్టణ యువతను లక్ష్యంగా చేసుకుని ఒక స్వతంత్ర అనుబంధ బ్రాండ్‌గా ఉంచబడింది. ఫ్యాషన్ బ్రాండ్‌గా మారాలనే లక్ష్యంతో, ఫాస్ట్రాక్ [[చలువ కళ్ళద్దాలు|అదే సంవత్సరంలో సన్‌గ్లాసెస్‌ని]] ప్రారంభించింది , 2009 లో బ్యాగ్‌లు, బెల్ట్‌లు , వాలెట్‌లను ప్రారంభించింది. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/story/42819_Fastrack-Bold-Statements|title=Fastrack: Bold Statements|website=www.afaqs.com|language=en|access-date=3 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2011 – ప్రస్తుతం ===
[[దస్త్రం:Titan_Octane_Series_Watch.jpg|thumb| టైటాన్ ఆక్టేన్ సిరీస్ వాచ్.]]
టైటాన్ యూరోపియన్ మార్కెట్లోకి ప్రవేశించడానికి 2011 లో స్విస్ వాచ్ మేకర్ ఫావ్రే-ల్యూబాను కొనుగోలు చేసింది. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/GMGi4WqkMyrhOfdz05zmRL/Titan-ties-up-with-Ethos-Watches-to-relaunch-FavreLeuba-wat.html|title=Favre-Leuba 3.0: cashing in emotionally|date=6 December 2016|work=Livemint|access-date=3 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2013 లో, టైటాన్ స్కిన్ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/titan-launches-skinn-fragrance-line-113091600764_1.html|title=Titan launches 'Skinn' fragrance line|last=Badrinath|first=Raghuvir|date=16 September 2013|work=Business Standard India|access-date=9 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; బ్రాండ్‌తో పరిమళాల విభాగంలోకి ప్రవేశించింది , ఆ సంవత్సరం తరువాత, దాని బ్రాండ్ ఫాస్ట్రాక్ కింద హెల్మెట్‌ల విభాగంలోకి ప్రవేశించింది. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/titan-launches-helmets-under-fastrack-brand/article5418721.ece|title=Titan launches helmets under Fastrack brand|last=PTI|work=The Hindu|access-date=9 March 2017|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; అదే సంవత్సరంలో, దాని పేరు టైటాన్ కంపెనీ లిమిటెడ్‌గా మార్చబడింది. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/company/titan-company-1016/information/company-history|title=Titan Company Ltd.|work=Business Standard India|access-date=3 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2014 లో, భారతదేశంలో తన రిటైల్ స్టోర్లను స్థాపించడానికి మోంట్‌బ్లాంక్‌తో జాయింట్ వెంచర్‌లోకి ప్రవేశించింది. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/announcements/titan-company-enters-into-jvmontblanc-services-bv-netherlands-1114685.html|title=Titan Company enters into JV with Montblanc Services BV, Netherlands|website=Money Control|language=en-US|access-date=3 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2016 లో, టైటాన్ తన ఆర్డర్ ప్రాసెసింగ్ సమయాన్ని మెరుగుపరచడానికి [[నోయిడా]], [[కోల్‌కాతా|కోల్‌కతా]] , [[ముంబై|ముంబైలలో]] ప్రిస్క్రిప్షన్ లెన్స్ తయారీ సౌకర్యాలను ప్రారంభించింది. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/for-expansion-smaller-units-under-titan-eyeplus-lens/article8585077.ece|title=For expansion, smaller units under Titan Eyeplus lens|work=Hindu Business Line|access-date=3 November 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2018 లో, టైటాన్ తన [[ఆభరణాలు|ఆభరణాల]] బ్రాండ్ అయిన గోల్డ్ ప్లస్‌ని దక్షిణ భారతదేశంలో వినియోగదారులను లక్ష్యంగా చేసుకుని తనిష్క్‌తో బ్రాండ్ ఉనికిని నెలకొల్పింది. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/titan-to-merge-gold-plus-brand-with-tanishq-117011601132_1.html|title=Titan to merge 'Gold Plus' brand with Tanishq|date=16 January 2017|work=Business Standard India|access-date=3 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

తనీరా అనేది టైటాన్ నుండి వచ్చిన ఒక జాతి దుస్తులు బ్రాండ్, ఇది భారతదేశంలోని వివిధ నేత సమూహాల నుండి [[చీర|చేతితో నేసిన చీరలను రిటైల్ చేస్తుంది.]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/apparel-fashion/apparel/titans-ethnic-wear-brand-taneira-to-open-50-outlets-in-5-years/67024696|title=Titan's ethnic wear brand Taneira to open 50 outlets in 5 years|website=ET Retail|language=en|access-date=3 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;ఈ బ్రాండ్ 2016 లో ప్రారంభించబడింది.&amp;nbsp;[[బెంగుళూరు|2017 లో బెంగుళూరులో]] మొదటి రిటైల్ స్టోర్ ప్రారంభించబడింది, [[క్రొత్త ఢిల్లీ జిల్లా|న్యూఢిల్లీ]] , [[హైదరాబాదు|హైదరాబాద్‌లో]] మరిన్ని స్టోర్లు అనుసరించబడ్డాయి. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/titan-plans-to-spread-taneira-saree-store-network/article27051434.ece|title=Titan plans to spread Taneira saree store network|date=6 May 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=3 July 2019|language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

అలాగే, టైటాన్ ఇటీవల (2016 చివరి త్రైమాసికంలో) సొనాటా , ఫాస్ట్రాక్ వంటి బ్రాండ్ల క్రింద సరసమైన స్మార్ట్ వాచ్‌ల శ్రేణిని ప్రారంభించడం గురించి ఇటీవల ప్రకటించింది. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/titan-soon-coming-upaffordable-smartwatches_8043241.html|title=Titan soon coming up with affordable smartwatches|website=www.moneycontrol.com|access-date=9 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2016 లో, టైటాన్ హ్యూలెట్ ప్యాకార్డ్ సహకారంతో చేసిన స్మార్ట్ వాచ్, జక్స్ట్‌ను పరిచయం చేయడం ద్వారా ధరించగలిగే పరికరాల మార్కెట్‌లోకి ప్రవేశించింది. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/electronics/titan-launches-smartwatch-juxt-with-hp-inc/articleshow/50658613.cms|title=Titan launches smartwatch JUXT with HP Inc|date=20 January 2016|work=The Economic Times|access-date=3 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2017 లో, కంపెనీ తన యూత్ యాక్సెసరీస్ బ్రాండ్, ఫాస్ట్రాక్ కింద గెస్చర్ బ్యాండ్ అనే ఫిట్‌నెస్ ట్రాకర్‌ను ప్రారంభించింది. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/fastrack-eyes-the-no-2-position-in-the-smart-wearables-category-in-india/article25625299.ece|title=Fastrack eyes the No. 2 position in the smart wearables category in India|website=Hindu Business Line|language=en|access-date=3 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[సింగపూరు|అదే సంవత్సరంలో, ఇది సింగపూర్]] ఆధారిత ధరించగలిగే టెక్ కంపెనీ అయిన CoVIoT లో $ 3 మిలియన్లు పెట్టుబడి పెట్టింది. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.medianama.com/2017/11/223-177455/|title=Titan invests in wearable tech startup CoveIoT: Report|date=7 November 2017|website=MediaNama|access-date=3 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2018 లో, కంపెనీ కొత్త ఫిట్‌నెస్ ట్రాకర్ బ్యాండ్‌లను జోడించింది. 2018 నాటికి ధరించగలిగే పరికరాల మార్కెట్‌లో కంపెనీకి 7.4% మార్కెట్ వాటా ఉంది. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/retail/exclusive-titan-to-expand-into-smart-watches-and-fitness-wearables-says-md-bhaskar-bhat6-32961.htm|title=Exclusive: Titan to expand into smart watches and fitness wearables, says MD Bhaskar Bhat|website=cnbctv18.com|language=en-US|access-date=3 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ఉత్పత్తులు ==

=== గడియారాలు ===
[[దస్త్రం:Sonata_wrist_watch.jpg|thumb| ఒక సొనాటా చేతి గడియారం.]]
గడియారాల విభాగంలో ఫాస్ట్రాక్, సొనాటా, రాగం, ఆక్టేన్ , జైలీస్ బ్రాండ్‌లు ఉన్నాయి. 2011 లో, కంపెనీ టామీ హిల్‌ఫిగర్ , హ్యూగో బాస్ వాచ్‌ల మార్కెటింగ్ , పంపిణీకి లైసెన్స్ పొందింది. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/stock/titan-company-ltd_titan/reports|title=Titan Co: Reports, Company History, Directors Report, Chairman's Speech, Auditors Report of Titan Co|website=www.ndtv.com|access-date=5 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; ఫావ్రే ల్యూబా 2012 లో విలీనం చేయబడింది. 2018 లో, డివిజన్‌లో మొత్తం 12 2,126 కోట్ల ఆదాయం వచ్చింది, ఇది కంపెనీ మొత్తం 10%. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/xB5qoYMcxOcie785R4rvoN/Titan-witnesses-good-growth-in--watches-in-FY18.html|title=Titan witnesses good growth in, watches in FY18|date=7 April 2018|website=www.livemint.com|language=en|access-date=5 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ఐవేర్ ===
2007 లో, టైటాన్ ఇండస్ట్రీస్ రూ .330-కోట్ల మార్కెట్ [[చలువ కళ్ళద్దాలు|సన్ గ్లాసెస్‌ని ప్రారంభించడంతో ఫ్యాషన్ ఉపకరణాల పరిశ్రమలోకి ప్రవేశించింది.]] ఇది విస్తృత శ్రేణి ఫ్రేమ్‌లు, కాంటాక్ట్ లెన్సులు, ప్రిస్క్రిప్షన్ ఐవేర్ , సన్ గ్లాసెస్ కలిగిన టైటాన్ ఐ+ ని పరిచయం చేసింది. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.retail4growth.com/viewpoints/titan-eye-sees-huge-potential-in-indian-eyewear-market-132|title=Titan Eye+ sees huge potential in Indian eyewear market|website=www.retail4growth.com|access-date=5 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2016-17 ఆర్థిక సంవత్సరంలో ఈ విభాగం ₹ 415 కోట్లు 8%స్థిరమైన వృద్ధిని కొనసాగిస్తోంది.

=== నగలు ===
జెర్క్స్ దేశాయ్ 1995 లో తనిష్క్ బ్రాండ్‌ను ప్రారంభించారు. జోయా లగ్జరీ విభాగంలో ప్రారంభించబడింది, అయితే మియా, ఉప-బ్రాండ్ పని-వేర్ ఆభరణాల కోసం తనిష్క్ కింద ఉంది. 2017-18లో టైటాన్ మొత్తం ఆదాయం 20.44% పెరిగి ₹ 15,656 కోట్లకు చేరింది, ఇందులో నగల అమ్మకాలు ₹ 13,036 కోట్లుగా ఉన్నాయి. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/marKIDtiEtaQfhbIaQ5ihJ/Titan-targets40000-crore-from-jewellery-business-by-FY23.html|title=Titan targets₹40,000 crore from jewellery business by FY23|date=22 July 2018|website=www.livemint.com|language=en|access-date=5 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2016 లో, టైటాన్ 2017-18 ఆర్థిక సంవత్సరంలో 0 290 కోట్ల టర్నోవర్‌ను నివేదించిన కారట్‌లేన్‌లో పెట్టుబడి పెట్టింది.

=== పరిమళం ===
2013 లో, టైటాన్ ఇండియన్ పెర్ఫ్యూమ్ మార్కెట్‌లో 'స్కిన్' బ్రాండ్ పేరుతో ఆరు రకాల పెర్ఫ్యూమ్‌లను విడుదల చేసింది. వారు అల్బెర్టో మోరిల్లాస్ , ఒలివియర్ పెష్యూక్స్‌తో సహా ప్రపంచ ప్రఖ్యాత పెర్ఫ్యూమర్‌లతో సహకరించారు. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/titan-launches-skinn-new-range-perfumes/|title=Titan launches SKINN, a new range of perfumes|date=20 September 2013|website=GQ India|language=en-US|access-date=5 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== అనుబంధ సంస్థలు ==
టైటాన్ ఇంజనీరింగ్ &amp; ఆటోమేషన్ లిమిటెడ్ అనేది టైటాన్ యొక్క పూర్తి యాజమాన్య అనుబంధ సంస్థ. దీనిని గతంలో టైటాన్-ప్రెసిషన్ ఇంజనీరింగ్ డివిజన్ అని పిలిచేవారు. కంపెనీ ఇప్పుడు మెషిన్ బిల్డింగ్, ఆటోమేషన్ , కాంపోనెంట్ తయారీలో వ్యవహరిస్తుంది. &lt;ref name=&quot;subsidiaries&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.titancompany.in/subsidiaries|title=Subsidiaries Titan Corporate|website=www.titancompany.in|access-date=20 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

స్విస్ వాచ్ మేకర్, ఫావ్రే ల్యూబా, 2011 లో కొనుగోలు చేయబడింది , టైటాన్ యొక్క అనుబంధ సంస్థగా 2012 లో చేర్చబడింది. కంపెనీని 2 మిలియన్లకు కొనుగోలు చేశారు. స్విట్జర్లాండ్‌లోని సోలోథర్న్‌లో దీని ప్రధాన కార్యాలయం. &lt;ref name=&quot;subsidiaries&quot;/&gt;

క్యారెట్‌లేన్ 2016 లో టైటాన్ 62% వాటాను $ 50 మిలియన్లకు కొనుగోలు చేసింది. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/fashion-/-cosmetics-/-jewellery/titan-to-acquire-62-per-cent-stake-in-carat-lane-for-rs-357-24-crore/articleshow/53214980.cms|title=Titan to acquire 62 per cent stake in Carat Lane for Rs 357.24 crore|date=14 July 2016|work=The Economic Times|access-date=20 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

టైటాన్ వాచ్ కంపెనీ లిమిటెడ్, [[హాంగ్‌కాంగ్|హాంకాంగ్]] [[స్విట్జర్లాండ్|, ప్రస్తుతం స్విట్జర్లాండ్‌లోని]] ఫావ్రే ల్యూబా AG కి 100% అనుబంధ సంస్థ. &lt;ref name=&quot;subsidiaries&quot;/&gt;

== ఉమ్మడి వ్యాపారాలు ==
దానితో manily జాయింట్ వెంచర్ TIDCO వాటా హోల్డింగ్ 27,88% ద్వారా (తమిళనాడు ఇండస్ట్రియల్ డెవలప్మెంట్ కార్పొరేషన్).

'''మోంట్‌బ్లాంక్ ఇండియా రిటైల్ ప్రైవేట్ లిమిటెడ్''' 2015 లో, టైటాన్ తన రిటైల్ అవుట్‌లెట్‌ల ద్వారా స్విస్ లగ్జరీ బ్రాండ్ మాంట్‌బ్లాంక్ ఉత్పత్తులను విక్రయించడానికి జాయింట్ వెంచర్‌లోకి ప్రవేశించింది. టైటాన్ యొక్క ఈక్విటీ వాటా 49% , మోంట్‌బ్లాంక్ సర్వీసెస్ BV 51% కలిగి ఉంది. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/titan-appoints-directors-for-new-jv-with-maison-montblanc/article7958442.ece|title=Titan appoints directors for new JV with Maison Montblanc|date=7 December 2015|work=The Hindu|access-date=20 February 2019|others=PTI|language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== డైరెక్టర్ల బోర్డు/సీనియర్ మేనేజ్‌మెంట్ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/data/Titan-Industries-Limited/board-of-directors/61311/|title=Company news, Company Analysis, Company Announcement, Company Disclosure|website=The Hindu Business Line|language=en|access-date=9 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!స్థానం
! సిబ్బంది
|-
| ఛైర్మన్
| మిస్టర్ ఎన్ మురుగనందం
|-
| మేనేజింగ్ డైరెక్టర్
| సికె వెంకటరమణ
|-
| ఉపాధ్యక్షుడు
| NN టాటా
|-
| స్వతంత్ర దర్శకుడు
| శ్రీమతి. హేమ రవిచందర్
|-
| స్వతంత్ర దర్శకుడు
| శ్రీమతి. ఇరీనా విట్టల్
|-
| స్వతంత్ర దర్శకుడు
| శ్రీ అశ్వని పూరి
|-
| స్వతంత్ర దర్శకుడు
| శ్రీ బి. సంతానం
|-
| స్వతంత్ర దర్శకుడు
| శ్రీ ప్రద్యుమ్న వ్యాస్
|-
| స్వతంత్ర దర్శకుడు
| డాక్టర్ మోహనశంకర్ శివప్రకాశం
|-
| దర్శకుడు
| భాస్కర్ భట్
|-
| దర్శకుడు
| మిస్టర్ అరుణ్ రాయ్
|-
| దర్శకుడు
| శ్రీమతి కాకర్ల ఉష
|-
| కంపెనీ కార్యదర్శి
| దినేష్ శెట్టి
|}
టైటాన్ కంపెనీ వివిధ కార్యకలాపాలు , వర్గాల కోసం అనేక జాతీయ , అంతర్జాతీయ ఫోరమ్‌లలో ప్రదానం చేయబడుతుంది.

; కార్పొరేట్

* భారత ప్రభుత్వం 2014 ద్వారా వికలాంగుల సాధికారత కొరకు జాతీయ పురస్కారానికి ఉత్తమ యజమానిగా ఎంపిక చేయబడింది &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.disabilityaffairs.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/ListofAwardees2014.pdf National Award for the Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities - 2014]&lt;/ref&gt;
* ఛానల్ న్యూస్ ఆసియా సస్టైనబిలిటీ ర్యాంకింగ్ 2014 లో టైటాన్ ఆసియాలో 100 అత్యంత స్థిరమైన కార్పొరేషన్లలో స్థానం పొందింది &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sustainability-ranking.channelnewsasia.com/top100.html|title=Channel NewsAsia Sustainability Ranking|last=Ranking|first=Channel NewsAsia Sustainability|website=sustainability-ranking.channelnewsasia.com|language=en|access-date=9 March 2017|archive-date=20 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120185354/http://sustainability-ranking.channelnewsasia.com/top100.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* డన్ &amp; బ్రాడ్‌స్ట్రీట్ కార్పొరేట్ అవార్డ్స్, 2014 లో రత్నాలు , ఆభరణాల విభాగంలో అత్యున్నత భారతీయ కంపెనీ అవార్డు &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnb.co.in/News_Press.asp?mid=345|title=Untitled Document|website=www.dnb.co.in|access-date=9 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ఫ్రాంఛైజీ ఇండియా ద్వారా 12 వ ఫ్రాంఛైజీ అవార్డ్స్ 2014 లో &quot;హాల్ ఆఫ్ ఫేమ్&quot; అవార్డు &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.expo.franchiseindia.com/2014/award-winners2014.php|title=Franchise India 2014, Franchise Exhibition, Franchise &amp; Retail Show|website=www.expo.franchiseindia.com|access-date=9 March 2017|archive-date=24 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824150222/http://www.expo.franchiseindia.com/2014/award-winners2014.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

; గడియారాలు

* అసెంబ్లీ కేసింగ్ బృందానికి CII 24 వ కైజెన్ జాతీయ అవార్డులలో అవార్డు &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.cii-iq.in/pdf/annual_report2015.pdf |title=Award at the CII 24th Kaizen national awards |access-date=2021-10-21 |archive-date=2017-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312064821/http://www.cii-iq.in/pdf/annual_report2015.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* అస్థిపంజర ఎడ్జ్ కోసం జపాన్ డిజైన్ కౌన్సిల్ ద్వారా మంచి డిజైన్ అవార్డు 2014 &lt;ref&gt;[http://indiadesigncouncil.org/pdf/IMarkCatalogue2012_13_14.pdf &quot;Good Design Award 2014&quot; by design Council of Japan for Skeletal Edge]&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;బెస్ట్ ప్రొడక్ట్ డిజైన్ ఆఫ్ ది ఇయర్-వాచెస్ &amp; జ్యువెలరీ&quot; అవార్డ్ రెడ్ డాట్ ఫర్ 2014 స్కెలిటల్ ఎడ్జ్ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://watchmarketreview.com/type1/september-2013-new-products-titan-edge-an-edge-over-others-408-898.aspx|title=New Products : TITAN Edge - An edge over others… - WATCH MARKET REVIEW|last=VENTURE|first=TAUREAN|website=watchmarketreview.com|access-date=10 March 2017|archive-date=12 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312113256/http://watchmarketreview.com/type1/september-2013-new-products-titan-edge-an-edge-over-others-408-898.aspx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ఫాస్ట్రాక్ కోసం ఇండియన్ ఎఫీస్ అవార్డులో కాంస్య పతకం &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2012/04/goafest-2012-creative-abbys-ogilvy-leads-overall-tally-followed-by-taproot/|title=Goafest 2012 Creative Abby's: Ogilvy leads overall tally followed by Taproot {{!}} Best Media Info, News and Analysis on Indian Advertising, Marketing and Media Industry.|website=www.bestmediainfo.com|language=en-US|access-date=10 March 2017|archive-date=12 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312051136/http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2012/04/goafest-2012-creative-abbys-ogilvy-leads-overall-tally-followed-by-taproot/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

; నగలు

* ఇమేజెస్ రిటైల్ అవార్డుల ద్వారా ఆభరణాల కేటగిరీలో &quot;సంవత్సరంలో అత్యంత ప్రశంసలు పొందిన రిటైలర్&quot; అవార్డు &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.indiaretailforum.in/ira/awardees/|title=IRA 2015 AWARDEES|date=21 September 2015|work=India Retail Forum 2017|access-date=10 March 2017|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ప్రపంచ నాణ్యత కాంగ్రెస్ ద్వారా క్వాలిటీ మేనేజ్‌మెంట్ &amp; లీడర్‌షిప్‌లో అత్యుత్తమత కోసం తనిష్క్ గ్లోబల్ అవార్డులను గెలుచుకుంది &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldqualitycongress.org/award_winners.html|title=World Quality Congress &amp; Awards|website=www.worldqualitycongress.org|access-date=10 March 2017|archive-date=12 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312045440/http://www.worldqualitycongress.org/award_winners.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* తనిష్క్ ఆసియా పసిఫిక్ లో టాప్ 30 ఉత్తమ రిటైల్ బ్రాండ్స్ జాబితా ప్రవేశించిన మొదటి భారత బ్రాండ్ , ఇంటర్ ప్రకారం # 13 వద్ద ఉంది &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/catalyst/tanishq-makes-the-interbrand-apac-list/article5896584.ece|title=Tanishq makes the Interbrand APAC list|date=10 April 2014|work=The Hindu Business Line|access-date=10 March 2017|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

; ఐవేర్

* గోల్డెన్ గ్లోబ్ టైగర్స్ అవార్డ్‌లో కస్టమర్ సర్వీస్ ఎక్స్‌లెన్స్ కోసం అవార్డు &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://goldenglobetigers.org/Retail-Jewellery-awards-2015.html|title=The Golden Globe Tigers Summit Awards|website=goldenglobetigers.org|access-date=10 March 2017}}{{Dead link|date=August 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* TRRAIN లో గోల్డ్ &amp; సిల్వర్ అవార్డ్స్ (రిటైలర్లు , రిటైల్ అసోసియేట్స్ ఆఫ్ ఇండియా కోసం ట్రస్ట్) రిటైల్ అవార్డులు &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.trrain.org/startpage/TrrainRetailAward.php|title=TRRAIN|website=www.trrain.org|language=en|access-date=10 March 2017|archive-date=21 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321114531/http://www.trrain.org/startpage/TrrainRetailAward.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* అవుట్‌డోర్ అడ్వర్టైజింగ్ కన్వెన్షన్ 2014 లో గోల్డ్ అవార్డు &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.theadvertisingclub.org/content/out-homenow-conference-2014|title=Out-Of-Home:NOW Conference 2014 {{!}} THE ADVERTISING CLUB of NEW YORK|website=www.theadvertisingclub.org|language=en|access-date=10 March 2017|archive-date=12 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312064813/http://www.theadvertisingclub.org/content/out-homenow-conference-2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.printweek.in/news/oac-2014-kindles-confabulation-industry-heads-13080|title=OAC 2014 kindles confabulation of industry heads|date=18 July 2014|work=www.printweek.in|access-date=10 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

; ఖచ్చితమైన ఇంజనీరింగ్

* 2013 లో తమిళనాడు ప్రభుత్వం ప్రకటించిన మూడు రాష్ట్ర భద్రతా అవార్డులను హోసూర్ గెలుచుకున్నాడు &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.tnmine.tn.nic.in/GO/Ind-pn-2016-17.pdf |title=State Safety Awards |access-date=2021-10-21 |archive-date=2017-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312072116/http://www.tnmine.tn.nic.in/GO/Ind-pn-2016-17.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

2018 లో, వారి కార్పొరేట్ సామాజిక బాధ్యతలో భాగంగా, భారతదేశంలో 25,000 మంది బాలికల విద్యకు మద్దతునివ్వడానికి, టైటాన్ ECHO (ఎడ్యుకేట్ టు క్యారీ ఆమెర్‌వార్డ్స్) పేరుతో వ్యాపారవేత్త , స్కేటర్ రాణా ఉప్పలపాటి మిషన్‌ను కంపెనీ స్పాన్సర్ చేసింది. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/091218/rana-uppalapati-skates-6000-kms-to-raise-funds-for-girl-children.html|title=Rana Uppalapati skates 6,000 kms &amp;#91;sic&amp;#93; to raise funds for girl children|date=9 December 2018|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=3 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ప్రస్తావనలు ==

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    <title>The Power of the Dog (film)</title>
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      <text bytes="39058" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|2021 western psychological drama film by Jane Campion}}
{{Infobox film
| name           = The Power of the Dog
| image          = The Power of the Dog (film).jpg
| caption        = Release poster
| director       = [[Jane Campion]]
| writer         = Jane Campion
| screenplay     = 
| based_on       = {{Based on|''[[The Power of the Dog (Savage novel)|The Power of the Dog]]''|[[Thomas Savage (novelist)|Thomas Savage]]}}
| producer       = {{Plainlist|
* [[Emile Sherman]]
* [[Iain Canning]]
* [[Roger Frappier]]
* Jane Campion
* [[Tanya Seghatchian]]
}}
| starring       = {{Plainlist|
* [[Benedict Cumberbatch]]
* [[Kirsten Dunst]]
* [[Jesse Plemons]]
* [[Kodi Smit-McPhee]]
* [[Thomasin McKenzie]]
* [[Genevieve Lemon]]
* [[Keith Carradine]]
* [[Frances Conroy]]&lt;!-- Per billing block. Do not remove cast members--&gt;
}}
| music          = [[Jonny Greenwood]]
| cinematography = [[Ari Wegner]]
| editing        = Peter Sciberras
| studio         = {{Plainlist|
* [[New Zealand Film Commission]]
* Bad Girl Creek
* Max Films
* [[See-Saw Films]]
* Cross City Films
* [[BBC Film]]
}}
| distributor    = {{Plainlist|
* [[Transmission Films]]&lt;br&gt;(Australia and New Zealand)
* [[Netflix]]&lt;br&gt;(Worldwide)
}}
| released       = {{Film date|2021|9|2|[[78th Venice International Film Festival|Venice]]|2021|11|11|Australia and New Zealand|2021|11|17|United Kingdom and United States}}
| runtime        = 126 minutes&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.labiennale.org/en/cinema/2021/venezia-78-competition/power-dog|title=The Power of the Dog|website=[[Venice International Film Festival]]|date=July 16, 2021|access-date=July 26, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| country        = {{Plainlist|
* New Zealand
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Greece
* Australia&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/the-power-of-the-dog-venice-review/5162918.article|title='The Power Of The Dog': Venice Review|last=Romney|first=Jonathan|date=September 3, 2021|access-date=December 24, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
| language       = English
| budget         = $35–39 million&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url= https://www.indiewire.com/2022/01/netflix-the-power-of-the-dog-jane-campion-woman-directing-oscar-1234680280/ |title= 'The Power of the Dog': Why Jane Campion Will Become the Third Woman to Win the Directing Oscar |first= Anne |last= Thompson |website=[[Indie Wire]]|date= January 10, 2022|access-date= January 10, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| gross          = $388,924&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt10293406/|title=The Power of the Dog|website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Power-of-the-Dog-The-(UK)|title=The Power of the Dog (2021) - Financial Information|website=The Numbers |accessdate= March 12, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
'''''The Power of the Dog''''' is a 2021 [[Western film|Western]] [[psychological drama]] film written and directed by [[Jane Campion]]. It is based on [[Thomas Savage (novelist)|Thomas Savage]]'s [[The Power of the Dog (Savage novel)|1967 novel of the same name]]. The film stars [[Benedict Cumberbatch]], [[Kirsten Dunst]], [[Jesse Plemons]], and [[Kodi Smit-McPhee]]. Shot mostly across rural [[Otago]], New Zealand, the film is an [[international co-production]] between New Zealand, Greece, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Australia. ''The Power of the Dog'' covers themes such as love, grief, resentment, jealousy, and  sexuality.

''The Power of the Dog'' had its world premiere at the [[78th Venice International Film Festival]] on September 2, 2021, where Campion won the [[Silver Lion]] for Best Direction. The film had a [[limited theatrical release]] in November 2021, and was released to stream worldwide on [[Netflix]] on December 1, 2021. ''The Power of the Dog'' received universal acclaim from critics, who praised Campion's direction and screenplay, cinematography, score, and performances of the four leads. It was highly regarded as one of the best films of 2021 by multiple top-ten lists.

It has received [[List of accolades received by The Power of the Dog (film)|many accolades]] including a leading 12 nominations at the [[94th Academy Awards]], including [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]], [[Academy Award for Best Director|Best Director]] for Campion, [[Academy Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] for Cumberbatch, [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] for both Plemons and Smit-McPhee and [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] for Dunst and was named one of the best films of 2021 by the [[American Film Institute Awards|American Film Institute]]. It also received seven nominations at the [[79th Golden Globe Awards]], winning [[Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama|Best Motion Picture – Drama]], [[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture|Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture]] for Smit-McPhee and [[Golden Globe Award for Best Director|Best Director]] for Campion, and ten nominations at the [[27th Critics' Choice Awards]], winning four, including [[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]].

==Plot==
In 1925 [[Montana]], wealthy ranch-owning brothers Phil and George Burbank meet widow and inn owner Rose Gordon during a cattle drive. The kind-hearted George is quickly taken with Rose, but the volatile Phil dislikes her, believing she only wants George's money. He also dislikes her teenage son Peter, whom he derides as weak and effeminate.

George and Rose get married, and she moves into the Burbank ranch house and sends Peter to medical school. One evening, George organizes a dinner party with his parents and the governor, with Rose playing their new piano. During the party, Rose, rattled by Phil's earlier belittling of her skills, is unable to play more than a few notes of the &quot;[[Radetzky March]]&quot;. She begins drinking alcohol, something she was previously opposed to doing.

By the time Peter comes to stay at the ranch for the summer break, Rose has become an [[alcoholic]]. Phil and his men taunt Peter, and he sequesters himself in his room. He brings home a rabbit he has caught, delighting Rose, but she later discovers that Peter has killed and dissected it. In a clearing, Phil masturbates with a scarf belonging to his late mentor, Bronco Henry. Peter enters the clearing and finds a stash of magazines with Bronco Henry's name on them depicting nude men. He observes Phil bathing in a pond with the handkerchief around his neck; Phil notices him and chases him off.

Phil eventually makes amends with Peter, offering to plait him a [[lasso]] from [[rawhide (material)|rawhide]] and teach him how to ride a horse. Peter heads out on his own one day and finds a dead cow, cutting off pieces of its hide. While fixing a fence, Phil injures his hand. Afterward, Peter tells Phil about finding the body of his alcoholic father, who had hanged himself, and cutting the corpse down by himself. He mentions that his father told him he was not kind enough, and Phil scoffs.
 
Rose's alcoholism worsens as Peter and Phil spend more time together. Upon learning about Phil's policy of burning the hides that he does not need for himself, Rose defiantly gives the hides to local [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] traders, who thank her with a pair of gloves. She then passes out drunk, and George tends to her, throwing out a bottle of [[bourbon whiskey|bourbon]] that he had found in the sheets.

Phil is enraged over not having any of the hides needed to finish Peter's lasso, and he attempts to lash out at Rose before being stopped by George. Peter calms Phil down by offering him the hide that he had cut from the dead cow, without mentioning that the animal was already deceased when he encountered it. Phil is touched by Peter's gesture and promises him that they will have a much better relationship in the future. The pair spend the night in the barn finishing the rope, Phil's open wound and the hide mixing together in the solution used to soften the hide.

As the two share a cigarette, Phil tells Peter how Bronco Henry saved his life by lying body-to-body with him in a [[Cowboy bedroll|bedroll]] during freezing weather. Phil does not answer when Peter asks if they were naked. When Phil does not show up for breakfast the following day, George finds him sickened in bed, his wound now severely infected. A delirious Phil looks for Peter to give him the finished lasso, but George takes Phil to the doctor before he can hand the lasso over. George is later seen picking out a coffin for his brother while his body is prepared for burial.

At the funeral, the doctor tells George that Phil most likely died of [[anthrax]]; this puzzles George, as Phil was always careful to avoid diseased cattle. Peter, who skipped Phil's funeral, opens a [[Book of Common Prayer]] to a passage on burial rites and then reads [[Psalm 22]]: &quot;Deliver my soul from the sword; my darling from the power of the dog&quot;. He puts his finished lasso under his bed with gloved hands. As Peter watches George and a now-sober Rose return home and embrace, he turns away and smiles.

==Cast==
{{Multiple image|perrow=4|total_width=650
| image1 = Benedict Cumberbatch (28570247852) (cropped).jpg
| alt1   = Benedict Cumberbatch at the 2016 San Diego Comic-Con International in San Diego, California.
| image2 = Kirsten Dunst Cannes 2016.jpg
| alt2   = Kirsten Dunst at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival in Cannes, France.
| image3 = Jesse Plemons (20769593584) (cropped 2).jpg
| alt3   = Jesse Plemons in 2015
| image4 = Kodi Smit-McPhee by Gage Skidmore.jpg
| alt4   = Kodi Smit-McPhee at the 2019 Wondercon in Anaheim, California.
| footer = The film's cast includes [[Benedict Cumberbatch]], [[Kirsten Dunst]], [[Jesse Plemons]], and [[Kodi Smit-McPhee]], all of whom received [[Academy Award]] nominations for their performances.
}}

* [[Benedict Cumberbatch]] as Phil Burbank
* [[Kirsten Dunst]] as Rose Gordon
* [[Jesse Plemons]] as George Burbank
* [[Kodi Smit-McPhee]] as Peter Gordon
* [[Thomasin McKenzie]] as Lola
* [[Genevieve Lemon]] as Mrs. Lewis
* [[Keith Carradine]] as Governor Edward
* [[Frances Conroy]] as Old Lady Burbank
* [[Peter Carroll (actor)|Peter Carroll]] as Old Gent Burbank
* [[Alison Bruce]] as Governor Edward's wife
* Alistair Sewell as Jock
* Cohen Holloway as Bobby
* [[Sean Keenan (actor)|Sean Keenan]] as Sven
* [[Adam Beach]] as Edward Nappo
* Maeson Stone Skuggedal as Edward Nappo's son
* [[Alice Englert]] as Buster

==Production==
[[File:Jane Campion Cannes 2014 2.jpg|thumb|upright=0.68|Director [[Jane Campion]], who received [[Silver Lion]] for her direction.]]
===Background===
In early 2017, writer-director [[Jane Campion]], having just finished filming the second season of ''[[Top of the Lake]]'', received a copy of [[Thomas Savage (novelist)|Thomas Savage]]'s 1967 novel ''[[The Power of the Dog (Savage novel)|The Power of the Dog]]'' from her stepmother, Judith. Campion was enthralled by the book and began hunting for its film rights. She and producer [[Tanya Seghatchian]] eventually obtained the rights from Canadian producer [[Roger Frappier]] after meeting up with him at the [[2017 Cannes Film Festival]].&lt;ref name=THRMaking&gt;{{cite web |last=Galuppo |first=Mia |title=Making of 'Power of the Dog': How Dame Jane Campion Stayed on Track Despite an Extended COVID Shutdown |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/making-of-power-of-the-dog-jane-campion-covid-shutdown-1235054288/ |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=January 1, 2022 |date=December 6, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=LATimesTuran&gt;{{cite web |last=Turan |first=Kenneth |title=Jane Campion explains her enigmatic career choices: 'I'm careful about the bones I care to chew on'|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2021-12-01/jane-campion-power-of-the-dog-netflix |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=January 1, 2022 |date=December 1, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Campion, the novel had been optioned at least five times prior but never made.&lt;ref name=LATimesTuran/&gt; [[Paul Newman]] was among those who had tried to adapt the book.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Topel |first=Fred |title=Jane Campion And Benedict Cumberbatch Channeled Paul Newman For 'The Power Of The Dog' – Contenders L.A. |url=https://deadline.com/2021/11/jane-campion-benedict-cumberbatch-kirsten-dunst-interview-contenders-film-1234871045/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=January 1, 2022 |date=November 14, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

While working on the script, Campion maintained correspondence with author [[Annie Proulx]], who penned the afterword to a 2001 edition of Savage's novel.&lt;ref name=NYTimesKisner&gt;{{cite web |last=Kisner |first=Jordan |title=Inside Jane Campion's Cinema of Tenderness and Brutality |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/16/magazine/jane-campion-power-of-the-dog.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=January 1, 2022 |date=November 16, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=IndieWireThompson&gt;{{cite web |last=Thompson |first=Anne |title='The Power of the Dog': Why Jane Campion Will Become the Third Woman to Win the Directing Oscar |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2021/12/netflix-the-power-of-the-dog-jane-campion-woman-directing-oscar-1234680280/ |website=[[IndieWire]] |access-date=January 1, 2022 |date=December 4, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; After completing her first draft, Campion visited Savage's ranch in [[Montana]], met with members of his family (the author had died in 2003) and consulted with an expert on Savage from the [[University of Montana Western]] in [[Dillon, Montana|Dillon]].&lt;ref name=THRMaking/&gt; Campion was unable to film in Montana due to budget concerns, and opted to shoot in her native New Zealand instead.&lt;ref name=LATimesTuran/&gt; Cinematographer [[Ari Wegner]] and production designer [[Grant Major]] eventually landed on a location in [[Central Otago]] in New Zealand's [[South Island]], months before the film's early 2020 start date.&lt;ref name=THRMaking/&gt;

===Development and casting===
It was announced in May 2019 that Campion was to write and direct the film with [[Benedict Cumberbatch]] and [[Elisabeth Moss]] cast to star.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://variety.com/2019/film/news/benedict-cumberbatch-elisabeth-moss-jane-campion-power-of-the-dog-1203205974/ |title=Benedict Cumberbatch, Elisabeth Moss to Star in Dame Jane Campion's New Film (EXCLUSIVE) |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=May 6, 2019 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=January 25, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Paul Dano]] entered negotiations to join the film in September.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://variety.com/2019/film/news/paul-dano-power-of-the-dog-jane-campion-1203342446/ |title=Paul Dano in Talks to Join Jane Campion's 'The Power of the Dog' (EXCLUSIVE) |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=September 29, 2019 |work=Variety |access-date=January 25, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; He would be confirmed to star the next month, with [[Kirsten Dunst]] cast to replace Moss in her role.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://variety.com/2019/film/news/kirsten-dunst-benedict-cumberbatch-power-of-the-dog-1203363622/ |title=Kirsten Dunst to Replace Elisabeth Moss in Benedict Cumberbatch's 'Power of the Dog' (EXCLUSIVE) |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=October 8, 2019 |work=Variety |access-date=January 25, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, by November, Dano also dropped out due to scheduling conflicts with ''[[The Batman (film)|The Batman]]''. [[Jesse Plemons]], who was originally offered the role before Dano, was cast to replace him.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://variety.com/2019/film/news/jesse-plemons-benedict-cumberbatch-power-of-the-dog-jane-campion-1203412172/ |title=Jesse Plemons Joins Benedict Cumberbatch in Jane Campion's 'Power of the Dog' (EXCLUSIVE) |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=November 21, 2019 |work=Variety |access-date=January 25, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; In February 2020, [[Thomasin McKenzie]], [[Kodi Smit-McPhee]], [[Frances Conroy]], [[Keith Carradine]], [[Peter Carroll (actor)|Peter Carroll]], and [[Adam Beach]] were confirmed to be cast in the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2020/02/the-power-of-the-dog-thomasin-mckenzie-kodi-smit-mcphee-benedict-cumberbatch-netflix-drama-1202852770/|title='The Power Of The Dog': 'Jojo Rabbit's Thomasin McKenzie, Kodi Smit-McPhee &amp; More Join Benedict Cumberbatch In Netflix Drama|website=Deadline Hollywood|first=Amanda|last=N'Duka|date=February 12, 2020|access-date=February 12, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Campion had Cumberbatch in mind for the role of Phil Burbank.&lt;ref name=LATimesTuran/&gt; He first caught Campion's attention in the 2012–2013 BBC drama ''[[Parade's End (TV series)|Parade's End]]''.&lt;ref name=IndieWireThompson/&gt; To prepare for the role, Cumberbatch did research into the [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]] and worked for a time on a cattle ranch near [[Glacier National Park (U.S.)|Glacier National Park]] in Montana.&lt;ref name=THRMaking/&gt; He attended a three-week boot camp to learn horse-riding, rope-throwing, castrating bulls and playing the banjo.&lt;ref name=IndieWireThompson/&gt;&lt;ref name=IndieWireSharf&gt;{{cite web |last=Sharf |first=Zack |title=Benedict Cumberbatch Smoked So Much Filming 'Power of the Dog' He Got Nicotine Poisoning 3 Times |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2021/11/benedict-cumberbatch-nicotine-poisining-power-of-the-dog-set-1234678662/ |website=[[IndieWire]] |access-date=January 1, 2022 |date=November 10, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Filming===
Filming began in New Zealand in January 2020 in the [[Maniototo]] in Central Otago, and also took place in the coastal Otago city of [[Dunedin]] and the town of [[Oamaru]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.odt.co.nz/regions/central-otago/work-starts-netflix-drama-maniototo |title=Work starts on Netflix drama in Maniototo |date=10 January 2020 |work=[[Otago Daily Times]] |access-date=25 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/campion-film-set-arrives-dunedin |title=Campion film set arrives in Dunedin |date=6 March 2020 |work=[[Otago Daily Times]] |access-date=6 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.odt.co.nz/regions/north-otago/hollywood-star-spotted-oamaru-set |title=Hollywood star spotted on Oamaru film set |date=5 March 2020 |work=[[Otago Daily Times]] |access-date=14 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Production on the film was halted in March 2020 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].&lt;ref name=THRMaking/&gt; After border exemptions were granted for cast and crew, production resumed in June 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://i.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/film/121865693/jane-campion-movie-starring-cumberbatch-dunst-is-second-film-allowed-in|title= Jane Campion movie starring Cumberbatch, Dunst is second film allowed in|website=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]]|first=Tom|last=Hunt|date=June 18, 2020|access-date=June 18, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; All of the film's interior scenes were shot on [[sound stage]]s in [[Auckland]] during the final weeks of filming. Principal photography concluded in July 2020.&lt;ref name=THRMaking/&gt; Throughout the production Cumberbatch stayed in character, with him and Dunst agreeing not to speak on set.&lt;ref name=IndieWireThompson/&gt;&lt;ref name=IndieWireSharf/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Ryan |first=Patrick |title=Benedict Cumberbatch avoided showering for 'Power of the Dog': 'I had a biohazard zone around me' |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/movies/2021/12/01/benedict-cumberbatch-avoided-showering-during-netflix-power-of-the-dog/8750162002/ |website=[[USA Today]] |access-date=January 1, 2022 |date=December 1, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sulcas |first1=Roslyn |title=Benedict Cumberbatch and the Monsters Among Us |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/04/movies/benedict-cumberbatch-power-of-the-dog.html |work=The New York Times |date=4 November 2021 |access-date=8 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Cinematography===
Director of photography [[Ari Wegner]] shot ''The Power of the Dog'' using two [[Arri Alexa#Alexa LF|Arri Alexa LF]] cameras paired with [[Panavision]] Ultra Panatar lenses, with a 2.40:1 aspect ratio.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Thomson |first=Patricia |title=Clubhouse Conversations — The Power of the Dog |url=https://ascmag.com/videos/clubhouse-the-power-of-the-dog |website=[[American Cinematographer]] |access-date=January 1, 2022 |date=December 2, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=MovieMaker&gt;{{cite web |last=Wegner |first=Ari |title=Power of the Dog Cinematographer Ari Wegner on the Daily Storyboarding Max 'Before Your Brain Melts Down' |url=https://www.moviemaker.com/the-power-of-the-dog-cinematographer-ari-wegner-jane-campion/ |website=[[MovieMaker]] |access-date=January 1, 2022 |date=October 7, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Campion was specifically looking for a female cinematographer who would be willing to embark on a full year of preparations alongside her. She reached out to Wegner, who had shot a 2015 [[Australia and New Zealand Banking Group|ANZ]] ad campaign with Campion.&lt;ref name=VogueMacabasco&gt;{{cite web |last=Macabasco |first=Lisa Wong |title=The Power of the Dog Cinematographer Ari Wegner on Embedding With Jane Campion and Going Toe-to-Toe With Benedict Cumberbatch |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/the-power-of-the-dog-cinematographer-ari-wegner-interview |website=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] |access-date=January 1, 2022 |date=December 3, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wegner and Campion did meticulous [[storyboard]]ing for the film, sometimes separately so that the two could compare later.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Goldrich |first=Robert |title=Lensing &quot;The Power of the Dog&quot; and &quot;Passing&quot;; Sounding Out About &quot;The Guilty&quot; |url=https://www.shootonline.com/news/lensing-power-dog-and-passing-sounding-out-about%C2%A0-guilty |website=[[Shoot (advertising magazine)|Shoot]] |access-date=January 1, 2022 |date=November 19, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wegner drew extensively on the work of [[Evelyn Cameron]], an English photographer who moved to Montana near the turn of the 20th century.&lt;ref name=VogueMacabasco/&gt; Period photographs from the ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine archives, [[Ken Burns]]' documentary series ''[[The West (miniseries)|The West]]'' and the works of artists [[Andrew Wyeth]] and [[Lucian Freud]] were additional points of reference.&lt;ref name=MovieMaker/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=McIntyre |first=Gina |title=The Power of Jane Campion |url=https://netflixqueue.com/power-of-the-dog-explores-the-wild-west/en-gb |website=Netflix Queue |access-date=January 1, 2022 |date=October 7, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Set design===
[[Grant Major]] was responsible for ''The Power of the Dog'''s production design; he had previously worked with Campion on her film ''[[An Angel at My Table]]''.&lt;ref name=IndieWireThompson/&gt; Against difficult weather conditions, Grant and his team built the façade of the two-story mansion, a working barn, a cattle pen and stockyards on location in time for the start of the shoot.&lt;ref name=THRMaking/&gt;&lt;ref name=IndieWireThompson/&gt; The interiors of the mansion, built later on a sound stage in Auckland, were modeled after [[Theodore Roosevelt]]'s [[Sagamore Hill]].&lt;ref name=AD&gt;{{cite web |last=Wallace |first=Rachel |title=Turning New Zealand Into 1925 Montana for The Power of the Dog |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/the-power-of-the-dog-set-design |website=[[Architectural Digest]] |access-date=January 1, 2022 |date=November 30, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=ADG&gt;{{cite web |last=Major |first=Grant |title=Bringing Montana to New Zealand THE POWER OF THE DOG |url=https://adg.org/perspective/157-bringing-montana-to-new-zealand-the-power-of-the-dog/ |website=[[Art Directors Guild]] |access-date=January 1, 2022 |date=November 2021 |archive-date=January 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102170330/https://adg.org/perspective/157-bringing-montana-to-new-zealand-the-power-of-the-dog/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Period-correct furniture was not readily available in New Zealand and as a result, set decorator Amber Richards sourced most of the objects from various prop houses in Los Angeles.&lt;ref name=ADG/&gt;

===Music===
Campion recruited [[Jonny Greenwood]] to compose the score for ''The Power of the Dog''.&lt;ref name=VarietyGreenwood&gt;{{cite web |last=Burlingame |first=Jon |title=Jonny Greenwood on the Dark Power of His Music for 'The Power of the Dog' |url=https://variety.com/2021/artisans/awards/jonny-greenwood-power-of-the-dog-score-composer-interview-1235113926/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=January 1, 2022 |date=November 17, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Greenwood wanted to avoid the &quot;sweeping strings&quot; typical of Westerns, opting instead to use [[atonality|atonal]] [[Brass instrument|brass]] sounds in order to emphasize the &quot;alien, forbidding&quot; nature of the film's landscapes.&lt;ref name=VarietyGreenwood/&gt; He was not satisfied with the sound of Phil's banjo on screen and, as an alternative, took to play the [[cello]] like a banjo on his own, using the same fingerpicking technique.&lt;ref name=VarietyGreenwood/&gt; The resulting sound, according to Greenwood, was &quot;a nice confusion&quot; and &quot;a sound you recognize, but it's not a style that you’re familiar with.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Tangcay |first=Jazz |title=Jane Campion and Jonny Greenwood Discuss the Dark, Complicated Score in 'The Power of the Dog'  |url=https://variety.com/2021/artisans/awards/power-of-the-dog-score-jane-campion-jonny-greenwood-1235121452/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=January 1, 2022 |date=November 29, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and the gathering restrictions in place, Greenwood was unable to work with an orchestra and had to record much of the cello parts on his own, layering them to achieve an orchestral texture.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Ross |first=Alex |title=How Jonny Greenwood Wrote the Year's Best Film Score |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/the-new-yorker-interview/how-jonny-greenwood-wrote-the-years-best-film-score |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |access-date=January 2, 2022 |date=December 19, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Release==
''The Power of the Dog'' had its world premiere at the [[78th Venice International Film Festival]] on September 2, 2021, and had Special Presentation screenings at the [[2021 Toronto International Film Festival]] and [[Telluride Film Festival]] that same month.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://variety.com/2021/film/news/venice-film-festival-2021-lineup-1235027083/|title=Venice Film Festival Full Lineup Unveiled – Live Updates|website=Variety|first=Nick|last=Vivarelli|date=July 26, 2021|access-date=July 26, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/09/telluride-film-festival-2021-lineup-king-richard-cyrano-1234825309/|title=Telluride Film Festival: Will Smith's 'King Richard', Peter Dinklage Musical 'Cyrano', Joaquin Phoenix In 'C'mon C'mon', Ken Branagh's 'Belfast' Set To Premiere|work=Deadline|first=Pete|last=Hammond|date=September 1, 2021|access-date=September 2, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; By the end of its run, the film screened at film festivals in [[Virginia Film Festival|Charlottesville]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Marcilla|first=Max|title=Virginia Film Festival returns to in-person events in October|url=https://www.nbc29.com/2021/09/29/virginia-film-festival-returns-in-person-events-october/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-08|website=NBC29|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[BFI London Film Festival|London]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Yossman|first=K. J.|date=2021-08-19|title=Benedict Cumberbatch Film 'The Power of the Dog' to Headline BFI London Film Festival Gala|url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/power-of-the-dog-bfi-london-film-festival-gala-1235043687/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-18|website=Variety|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Middleburg,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Johnson|first=Mark|date=2021-09-23|title=The Middleburg Film Festival Announces First Films in 2021 Lineup|url=https://www.awardsdaily.com/2021/09/23/the-middleburg-film-festival-announces-first-films-in-2021-lineup/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924000542/https://www.awardsdaily.com/2021/09/23/the-middleburg-film-festival-announces-first-films-in-2021-lineup/|archive-date=2021-09-24|access-date=2021-09-24|website=Awardsdaily - The Oscars, the Films and everything in between.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mill Valley Film Festival|Mill Valley]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Rubin|first=Gideon|date=2021-09-09|title=Mill Valley Film Festival Award To Go To 'Belfast' Star: Report|url=https://patch.com/california/millvalley/mill-valley-film-festival-award-go-belfast-star-report|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-18|website=Mill Valley, CA Patch|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Montclair Film Festival|Montclair]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=George|first=Liz|date=2021-09-17|title=Montclair Film Festival To Open with Wes Anderson's The French Dispatch|url=https://baristanet.com/2021/09/montclair-film-festival-to-open-with-wes-andersons-the-french-dispatch/|access-date=2021-09-18|website=Baristanet|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[2021 New York Film Festival|New York]] (centerpiece screening),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hayes|first=Dade|date=July 27, 2021|title=Jane Campion's 'The Power Of The Dog' Chosen As New York Film Festival Centerpiece|url=https://deadline.com/2021/07/jane-campion-the-power-of-the-dog-netflix-new-york-film-festival-centerpiece-1234800138/|access-date=July 27, 2021|website=Deadline Hollywood}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[San Diego International Film Festival|San Diego]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Power of the Dog|url=https://sdfilmfest.com/team-member/thepowerofthedog/|access-date=2021-09-18|website=San Diego International Film Festival|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[San Sebastian Film Festival|San Sebastian]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-08-30|title=Jane Campion's 'THE POWER OF THE DOG' to compete at San Sebastian Film Festival|url=https://www.hlamgt.com.au/news/jane-campions-the-power-of-the-dog-to-compete-at-san-sebastian-film-festival/|access-date=2021-09-18|website=HLA Management Australia|language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Savannah College of Art and Design#Savannah Film Festival|Savannah]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Power of the Dog|url=https://filmfest.scad.edu/schedule/power-dog|access-date=2021-10-08|website=SCAD Savannah Film Festival|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Zurich Film Festival|Zurich]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=The Power of the Dog - Zurich Film Festival|url=http://zff.com/en/archive/85348/|language=de|access-date=2021-09-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film also played at the [[52nd International Film Festival of India]] in November.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/in-hybrid-format-iffi-plans-to-draw-big-names-and-movies-7585881/|title=In hybrid format, IFFI plans to draw big names and movies|date=23 October 2021|access-date=31 October 2021|website= The Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The film had a [[limited theatrical release]] in Australia and New Zealand commencing on November 11, with theatrical distribution in both countries handled by [[Transmission Films]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite instagram|user=transmissionfilms|postid=CTsg-cZhkYW|title=Brava!! Jane Campion has won the Silver Lion award for Best Director at @labiennale. The Power of the Dog is in cinemas November 11.|author=[[Transmission Films]]|date=September 12, 2021|access-date=November 1, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Power of the Dog|url=https://www.nzfilm.co.nz/films/power-dog|access-date=November 5, 2021|website=[[New Zealand Film Commission]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; It began a limited theatrical release in the United States and the United Kingdom on November 17, 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2021/08/netflix-dates-fall-movies-whopping-42-movies-coming-leonardo-dicaprio-dwayne-johnson-gal-gadot-jennifer-lawrence-benedict-cumberbatch-1234819895/|title=Netflix Dates Fall Movies: A Whopping 42 Movies Coming At You|website=Deadline Hollywood|first=Mike Jr.|last=Fleming|date=August 23, 2021|access-date=August 23, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2021/08/awards-insider-first-look-jane-campion-power-of-the-dog|title=Jane Campion Finally Made a New Movie. She Gave It &quot;Everything&quot;|website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|first=David|last=Canfeld|date=August 23, 2021|access-date=August 23, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was released on [[Netflix]] worldwide on December 1, 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; A behind-the-scenes documentary called ''Behind the Scenes with Jane Campion'' was also later released on Netflix worldwide on January 27, 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title='The Power of the Dog' Behind-The-Scenes Documentary Arrives on Netflix|url=https://www.whats-on-netflix.com/whats-new/the-power-of-the-dog-behind-the-scenes-documentary-arrives-on-netflix/|website=What's on Netflix|date=January 27, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Reception==
=== Box office ===
Although Netflix does not report box office grosses of its films, ''[[IndieWire]]'' estimated the film made $125,000 from 40 theaters in its opening weekend, and a total of $160,000 over its first five days.&lt;ref name=IndieWireBO&gt;{{cite web |title= 'Ghostbusters: Afterlife' $44 Million Opening Box Office Sets Up Sony to End the Year as a Star |url= https://www.indiewire.com/2021/11/ghostbusters-afterlife-box-office-sony-king-richard-1234680717/ |first= Tom |last= Brueggemann |website= [[IndieWire]] |date= November 21, 2021 |access-date= November 21, 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Audience viewership ===
Over its first five days of digital release it was streamed by 1.2 million U.S. households, 92,000 UK households, 37,000 German households, and 16,000 Australian.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title= 'The Power Of The Dog' Has Loud Bark In U.S. Households For Netflix |url= https://deadline.com/2021/12/the-power-of-the-dog-weekend-viewership-jane-campion-movie-1234885837/ |first= Anthony |last= D'Alessandro |website= [[Deadline Hollywood]] |date= December 6, 2021 |access-date= December 7, 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Critical response===
On [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film has an approval rating of 94% based on 324 reviews, with an average rating of 8.40/10. The site's critics consensus reads, &quot;Brought to life by a stellar ensemble led by Benedict Cumberbatch, ''The Power of the Dog'' reaffirms writer-director Jane Campion as one of her generation's finest filmmakers.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite Rotten Tomatoes|title=The Power of the Dog|id=the_power_of_the_dog|type=movie|access-date=February 18, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to [[Metacritic]], which assigned a weighted average score of 89 out of 100 based on 58 critics, the film received &quot;universal acclaim&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite Metacritic|id=the-power-of-the-dog|type=movie|title=The Power of the Dog Reviews|access-date=December 7, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Reviewing the film for ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'', David Rooney wrote, &quot;This is an exquisitely crafted film, its unhurried rhythms continually shifting as plangent notes of melancholy, solitude, torment, jealousy and resentment surface. Campion is in full control of her material, digging deep into the turbulent inner life of each of her characters with unerring subtlety.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Rooney|first1=David|title=Benedict Cumberbatch in Jane Campion's 'The Power of the Dog': Film Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/power-of-the-dog-review-1235005112/ |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=September 2, 2021 |access-date=November 21, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Conversely, [[Owen Gleiberman]] of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' wrote, &quot;All of this should build, slowly and inexorably, in force and emotion. But for a film that's actually, at heart, rather tidy and old-fashioned in its triangular gamesmanship, ''The Power of the Dog'' needed to get to a more bruising catharsis. In its crucial last act, the film becomes too oblique.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Gleiberman |first1=Owen |author1-link=Owen Gleiberman |title='The Power of the Dog' Review: Dame Jane Campion's Psychodramatic Western Is Impeccably Crafted but Lacks the Major Voices of 'The Piano' |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/reviews/the-power-of-the-dog-review-jane-campion-benedict-cumberbatch-kirsten-dunst-jesse-plemons-1235054229/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=September 2, 2021 |access-date=November 21, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Metacritic]] reported that ''The Power of the Dog'' appeared on over 118 film critics' top-ten lists for 2021, the most of any film that year. The film ranked first on 31 lists and second on 23 lists.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.metacritic.com/feature/film-critics-pick-10-best-movies-of-2021 | title=Best of 2021: Film Critic Top Ten Lists | website=[[Metacritic]] | date=January 23, 2022 | accessdate=February 3, 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Accolades ===
{{Main|List of accolades received by The Power of the Dog (film)}}
''The Power of the Dog'' became the first film directed by a woman to receive more than ten Academy Award nominations, and Campion became the first woman to receive more than one Academy Award nomination for Best Director, her first being for ''[[The Piano]]''.
{{-}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Film}}
* {{IMDb title|10293406}}
* {{Netflix title}}
* [https://deadline.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/The-Power-Of-The-Dog-Read-The-Screenplay.pdf Official screenplay]

{{Jane Campion}}
{{Navboxes
|title = [[List of accolades received by The Power of the Dog (film)|Awards for ''The Power of the Dog'']]
|list =
{{AACTA International Award for Best Film}}
{{BAFTA Best Film}}
{{Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Film}}
{{Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Film}}
{{Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Film}}
{{Florida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Film}}
{{Golden Globe Award Best Motion Picture Drama}}
{{Houston Film Critics Society Award for Best Picture}}
{{London Film Critics Circle Award for Film of the Year}}
{{Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Picture}}
{{San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Film}}
{{San Francisco Bay Area Film Critics Circle Award for Best Film}}
{{Satellite Award for Best Cast – Motion Picture}}
{{Vancouver Film Critics Circle Award for Best Film}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Power Of The Dog, The (film)}}
[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2021 drama films]]
[[Category:2021 LGBT-related films]]
[[Category:2020s English-language films]]
[[Category:2020s psychological drama films]]
[[Category:Best Drama Picture Golden Globe winners]]
[[CategorY:Best Film BAFTA Award winners]]
[[Category:Films based on American novels]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe winning performance]]
[[Category:Films whose director won the Best Director Golden Globe]]
[[Category:Films set in 1925]]
[[Category:Films set in Montana]]
[[Category:Films shot in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Films directed by Jane Campion]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jonny Greenwood]]
[[Category:Films about anti-LGBT sentiment]]
[[Category:Gay-related films]]
[[Category:LGBT-related drama films]]
[[Category:Film productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1920s]]
[[Category:Mother and son films]]
[[Category:Films about brothers]]
[[Category:Films about cattle]]
[[Category:English-language Canadian films]]
[[Category:English-language Greek films]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>WIN Television</title>
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      <text bytes="44837" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Australian TV network}}
{{For|other television networks called WIN|WIN TV (disambiguation){{!}}WIN TV}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name              = WIN Television
| logo              = WINTelevision.svg
| logo_size         = 150px
| logo_caption      =
| launch_date       = {{start date and age|1962|3|18|df=y}}
| picture_format    = [[1080i]] [[HDTV]] &lt;br&gt; (downscaled to [[Anamorphic widescreen|16:9]] [[576i]] for the [[SDTV]] feed)
| network           = 
| owner             = [[WIN Corporation]]
| parent            = 
| motto             = 
| country           = [[Australia]]
| language          = English
| area              = [[RTQ|Regional QLD]], [[NRN|Northern NSW &amp; Gold Coast]], [[WIN (TV station)|Southern NSW &amp; ACT]], [[AMN (TV station)|Griffith]], [[VTV (TV station)|Regional VIC]], [[STV (TV station)|Mildura]], [[TVT (TV station)|Tasmania]], [[MGS/LRS|Eastern SA]], [[WOW (TV station)|Regional WA]]
| affiliates        = [[Nine Network]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Seven Network]] ([[MTN (TV station)|Griffith]], [[PTV (TV station)|Mildura]] and [[SES/RTS|Eastern SA]])&lt;br /&gt;[[Network 10]] ([[NRN|Gold Coast]], [[NRN|Northern NSW]], [[AMN (TV station)|Griffith]], [[MDV (TV station)|Mildura]], [[SES/RTS|Eastern SA]] and [[West Digital Television|Regional WA]])
| headquarters      = [[Wollongong, New South Wales]] (head office)&lt;br /&gt;[[Ingleburn, New South Wales|Ingleburn, Sydney]] (national play-out centre)
| sister_channels   = [[#WIN HD|WIN HD]]&lt;br/&gt;[[9Gem]]&lt;br /&gt;[[9Go!]]&lt;br /&gt;[[9Life]]&lt;br /&gt;[[TVSN]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Gold (Australian TV channel)|GOLD]]&lt;br /&gt;
| timeshift_service = 
| website           = [http://www.wintv.com.au/ wintv.com.au]
| terr_serv_1       = Freeview WIN owned ([[virtual channel|virtual]])
| terr_chan_1       = 8/88 (5 in Northern NSW and Gold Coast)
| terr_serv_2       = Freeview WIN HD ([[virtual channel|virtual]])
| terr_chan_2       = 80 (50 in Northern NSW and Gold Coast)
| sat_radio_serv_1  = 
| sat_radio_chan_1  = 
| online_serv_1     = 
| online_chan_1     = 
| 3gmobile serv 1   =  
}}

'''WIN Television''' is an [[Australian television broadcasting|Australian television network]] owned by [[WIN Corporation]] that is based in [[Wollongong]], New South Wales. WIN commenced transmissions on 18 March 1962 as a single television station covering the Wollongong region. The WIN Network has since grown to cover much of regional Australia. The network's name, ''WIN'', originates from its first station, Wollongong's WIN-4. WIN has a program supply agreement with metropolitan broadcaster [[Nine Network]], covering its stations in Regional [[Queensland]], Southern and Western [[New South Wales]], Griffith, Regional [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], Mildura, [[Tasmania]], Eastern [[South Australia]], and Regional [[Western Australia]]. WIN also has a program supply agreement with third-placed metropolitan broadcaster [[Network 10]], for its Northern New South Wales station.&lt;ref name=&quot;about&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 |title       = About WIN Corporation
 |url         = http://wintv.com.au/about.php
 |access-date  = 5 June 2007
 |work        = [[WIN Corporation]]
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20060209031721/http://www.wintv.com.au/about.php
 |archive-date = 9 February 2006
 |url-status    = live
 |df          = dmy-all
}}&lt;/ref&gt; WIN also produces and broadcasts weeknight half-hour local news bulletins across its Queensland, southern New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania markets, as [[WIN News]].&lt;ref name=&quot;newscontent&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 |url          = http://archive.dcita.gov.au/2005/04/issue_8/local_content_on_regional_tv
 |title        = Local content on regional TV
 |access-date   = 19 August 2007
 |date         = 11 April 2007
 |work         = [[Department of Communications, Information Technology and the Arts (Australia)|Department of Communications, Information Technology and the Arts]]
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20070901130006/http://archive.dcita.gov.au/2005/04/issue_8/local_content_on_regional_tv
 |archive-date = 1 September 2007
 |url-status     = dead
 |df           = dmy-all
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Regional services==
Through its many television broadcast licences, WIN re-broadcasts metropolitan network content into regional Australian markets, as follows:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ WIN Network service areas
|-
! Licence area !! Affiliation !! Call sign
|-
| Northern New South Wales || Network 10 || [[NRN]]
|-
| Southern New South Wales; Australian Capital Territory || Nine Network || [[WIN (TV station)|WIN]]
|-
| rowspan = &quot;3&quot; | [[Griffith, New South Wales]] || Seven Network || [[MTN (TV station)|MTN]]
|-
| Nine Network || [[AMN (TV station)|AMN]]
|-
| Network 10 || MDN{{efn|Supplementary licence owned entirely by WIN}}
|-
| Regional Queensland || Nine Network || [[RTQ]]
|-
| rowspan = &quot;3&quot; | Eastern South Australia || Seven Network || [[SES/RTS]]
|-
| Nine Network || SDS/RDS
|-
| Network 10 || [[MGS/LRS]]
|-
| rowspan = &quot;2&quot; | Tasmania || Nine Network || [[TVT (TV station)|TVT]]
|-
| Network 10 || [[TDT (TV station)|TDT]]{{efn|Supplementary licence jointly owned by WIN and [[Southern Cross Austereo]]}}
|-
| rowspan = &quot;2&quot; | [[Mildura]] || Nine Network || [[STV (TV station)|STV]]
|-
| Network 10 || [[MDV (TV station)|MDV]]{{efn|Supplementary licence jointly owned by WIN and [[Seven West Media]]}}
|-
| Regional Victoria || Nine Network || [[VTV (Australian TV station)|VTV]]
|-
| rowspan = &quot;2&quot; | Regional Western Australia || Nine Network || [[WOW (TV station)|WOW]]
|-
| Network 10 || [[West Digital Television|GDW, SDW, VDW, WDW]]{{efn|Supplementary licence jointly owned by WIN and [[Seven West Media]]}}
|}

{{notelist}}

==History==

===Early years in Wollongong===
{{main|WIN (TV station)}}
Television Wollongong Transmission Limited (TWT) was incorporated on 4 October 1955 by a group of local businessmen. Five years later, it was awarded a licence by the [[Postmaster-General's Department]], over a number of other groups aligned to Sydney-based stations [[ATN-7]] and [[TCN-9]], to broadcast to the [[Illawarra]] and South Coast regions.&lt;ref name=&quot;march&quot; /&gt; The new station was to broadcast on the [[VHF]]-4 frequency, using the callsign WIN (which stood for ''Wollongong Illawarra New South Wales'', in line with other [[List of Australian television callsigns|Australian call signs]]). Soon after, a plot of land was purchased at [[Drummond Battery|Fort Drummond]], approximately two kilometres south of the Wollongong central business district, for the station's television studios.

Prior to the opening night's transmissions, WIN-4 undertook a television conversion program, aimed at encouraging residents to acquire new tuning equipment and converting television sets in the area to receive the station's allocated frequency. A transmitter was to be erected on [[Knights Hill (New South Wales)|Knight's Hill]]; however, test transmissions were delayed due to rain.&lt;ref name=&quot;archive&quot; /&gt;

WIN-4 commenced transmissions at 5:15&amp;nbsp;p.m. on 18 March 1962. The first night was met with a number of technical issues, most notably the complete loss of audio.&lt;ref name=&quot;march&quot;&gt;{{cite news
| title = Local TV on 18&amp;nbsp;March
| date = 1 March 1962
| newspaper = [[Illawarra Mercury]]
}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[TCN-9]] and [[ATN-7]] refused to sell programming to the station, leading to an unstable financial situation which, at its peak, left the station with only 42 hours of programming.&lt;ref name=&quot;top&quot;&gt;{{cite news
| title = W'gong Television Station Deprived of Top Programmes
| date = 9 March 1962
| newspaper = [[Illawarra Mercury]]
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In April 1963, Media Securities, owned by [[Rupert Murdoch]], acquired a controlling interest in the station (his second television station after [[NWS (TV station)|NWS-9]] Adelaide) and soon appointed a new general manager, Bill Lean. Both [[TCN-9]] and [[ATN-7]] began purchasing several hours of first-run American television programming from WIN-4, following contractual arrangements signed by Murdoch.&lt;ref name=&quot;top&quot; /&gt; Throughout this period, WIN-4 expanded its repeater transmissions to include [[Moruya]], [[Batemans Bay]], [[Narooma]], [[Bega, New South Wales|Bega]] and [[Eden, New South Wales|Eden]]. Local programming and the station's near-monopoly in the area meant that, by 1973, viewership had increased to occupy 63 percent of the audience.

In order to buy controlling interests in capital city stations [[TEN-10]] Sydney and [[ATV-10|ATV-0]] (now ATV-10) Melbourne, in June 1979, Murdoch sold his 76 per cent stake in the publicly-listed Wollongong station to Oberon Broadcasters, owned by the head of [[CBS Paramount International Television|Paramount Pictures]]' international distribution arm, [[Bruce Gordon (businessman)|Bruce Gordon]]. At the time, under the Broadcasting and Television Act, a company was not permitted to own more than 5 per cent in more than one television station in the same state.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | author = | title = Murdoch group sells stake in TV station | work = [[The Canberra Times]] | date = 12 June 1979}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since inception in 1962, the network has produced and broadcast notable programs including ''Sportsview'' and ''Sportsworld'', a review of international, national and local sporting events.&lt;ref name=&quot;archive&quot; /&gt; From the first week of transmissions, children's television series ''The Channel 4 Club'' was produced, with children's television program ''Stopwatch'' beginning in 1979.&lt;ref name=&quot;archive&quot; /&gt; English-language educational programme ''You Say the Word'' began in 1971, catering to non-English-speaking immigrants. Long-running entertainment program ''Variety Italian Style'' premiered in 1974, with Malcom Elliott initially hosting the short-lived ''Tonight Show'' in 1981 being replaced by John Tingle a year later. To commemorate WIN Television's 21st year of broadcasting, a one-and-half-hour retrospective montage special was produced in 1983. WIN Television also co-produced telemovie ''Last Chance'' in 1986 with a Canadian television production company.&lt;ref name=&quot;archive&quot; /&gt;

===1980–1999: Aggregation and expansion===
[[File:WINWANews.jpg|thumb|250px|[[The West Australian|The West Magazine]] reporting WIN Television as the second commercial broadcaster in regional Western Australia.]]

During this period, WIN expanded through the purchase of stations in [[Victoria, Australia|Victoria]], [[Queensland]], and [[New South Wales]]. In 1984, WIN became the first regional television station to transmit in stereophonic sound.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title= WIN boasts list of firsts  |date= 31 March 1989 |newspaper= [[Illawarra Mercury]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Close links between WIN Television and the [[Nine Network]] ensured it the Nine Network affiliation for southern [[New South Wales]] when [[Regional television in Australia#Aggregation|aggregation]] occurred in March 1989. The changes meant that WIN expanded into the rest of southern New South Wales, launching new stations in [[Canberra]], [[Orange, New South Wales|Orange]], [[Bathurst, New South Wales|Bathurst]], [[Dubbo]] and [[Wagga Wagga]], with new buildings and studios built in Orange, Wagga and Canberra. Aggregation also provided the network with two additional competitors, [[Prime Television|The Prime Network]] and [[Southern Cross Ten|Capital Television]].

In 1990, WIN purchased Queensland station Star TV, with stations in Rockhampton ([[RTQ]]) and the Darling Downs (DDQ and SDQ), just weeks before aggregation was to occur in regional Queensland. The station had already been set to become a [[Network Ten]] affiliate under its previous owners, however WIN's links with the [[Nine Network]] enabled it to clinch Nine Network affiliation away from [[TNQ|QTV]], which was then forced to affiliate with third-placed Network Ten, with just days to go.

[[ENT Limited]], a [[Launceston, Tasmania|Launceston]]-based company that owned a number of television and radio stations in regional [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] and [[Tasmania]], was taken over by WIN in 1994.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
 |author=Tanner, Stephen 
 |title=The Rise and Fall of Edmund Rouse 
 |publisher=[[University of Queensland]] 
 |year=1995 
 |url=http://eprint.uq.edu.au/archive/00000280/01/tanner95.pdf 
 |access-date=19 August 2007 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070829065945/http://eprint.uq.edu.au/archive/00000280/01/tanner95.pdf 
 |archive-date=29 August 2007 
}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[VTV (TV station)|Television Victoria]] and [[TVT (TV station)|TasTV]] were, as a result, rebranded as WIN Television. The network further expanded to [[Griffith, New South Wales|Griffith]] in 1998, when WIN purchased [[MTN (TV station)|MTN-9]] Griffith and its supplementary station AMN-31 from its local owners. As MTN had been affiliated with WIN since the early 1990s, the station was easily integrated into the network.

WIN became regional Western Australia's second commercial television network on 26 March 1999 after winning the rights tender in 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;wa&quot;&gt;{{cite news
  | title = WIN TV: A new rural view
  | work = [[The West Australian|The West Magazine]]
  | pages = 51
  | date = 20 March 1999
| url = http://www.thewest.com.au/
  | access-date = 19 August 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Prior to the launch of the new station, [[Golden West Network|GWN]] held a commercial monopoly on the market. GWN became an affiliate of the [[Seven Network]], while WIN took a combination of Nine Network and Network Ten programming. Despite Nine's traditional ratings dominance throughout most of the country, incumbent GWN has remained the market's most-watched station.&lt;ref name=&quot;afc&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| url = http://www.afc.gov.au/gtp/wftvratingstrends.html
| title = Trends in audience share
| access-date = 18 August 2007
| work = [[ACNielsen]]
| publisher = [[Australian Film Commission]]
| archive-date = 30 August 2007
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070830011639/http://www.afc.gov.au/gtp/wftvratingstrends.html
| url-status = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt; The second ratings survey of 2006 placed WIN Television with a 34.7% commercial audience share in prime-time, compared to the Golden West Network with 65.3%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release
  | title = 7 Years on and GWN is still at the top!
  | publisher = [[Prime Television Limited]]
  | date = 15 January 2006
  | url = http://www.gwn.com.au/files/1/33/87/46/47/PRIMERELEASEGWNResults2006.pdf
  | access-date = 16 January 2007
  | archive-date = 20 August 2006
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060820163601/http://gwn.com.au/files/1/33/87/46/47/PRIMERELEASEGWNResults2006.pdf
  | url-status = dead
  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Also in 1999, WIN purchased two stations in South Australia, [[SES/RTS|SES-8]] in [[Mount Gambier, South Australia|Mount Gambier]] and [[SES/RTS|RTS-5a]] in the [[Riverland]] region. They became known as ''[[SES/RTS|WIN SA]]''. In 2002, supplementary licences were granted under [[Section 38A]] of the Broadcasting Services Act, allowing the network to launch a ''WIN Ten'' service using the ''[[MGS/LRS|MGS]]'' call sign in Mount Gambier and ''[[MGS/LRS|LRS]]'' in the Riverland. This enabled the main SES/RTS station to be a sole Nine Network affiliate, which lasted until 2007, when a supply agreement was made with Seven.&lt;ref name=&quot;section&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| url = http://www.acma.gov.au/WEB/STANDARD/1001/pc=PC_91167
| title = ABA determines simulcast start dates for regional digital TV services
| access-date = 18 August 2007
| date = 21 July 2001
| work = [[Australian Communications and Media Authority]]
| archive-date = 23 October 2007
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071023052906/http://www.acma.gov.au/WEB/STANDARD/1001/pc=PC_91167
| url-status = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As well as the flagship weeknightly [[WIN News]] bulletin, WIN has been prolific in broadcasting relevant programs for its audience. In the past, it produced [[Current affairs (news format)|current affairs]] programming including community affairs program ''Roving Eye'', and ''Sunday Review'', a weekly review of international, national and local stories.&lt;ref name=&quot;archive&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.library.uow.edu.au/archives/collections/UOW095485.html|title=WIN4 Company Records and News Film|date=10 July 2007|access-date=18 August 2007|work=[[University of Wollongong]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; It produced a mid-week rugby league wrap panel show in the mid-1990s, while in 1995, WIN Television Queensland produced its own rugby league coverage by televising games featuring the fledgling North Queensland Cowboys in their maiden ARL Winfield Cup competition season.

===2000–2016: Nine affiliation ===
[[File:WIN News cameraman filming at the SunRice Festival parade in Pine Ave.jpg|thumb|left|250px|A [[camera operator]] for ''[[WIN News|WIN News Riverina]]''.]]

WIN Television began to introduce [[Digital television in Australia|digital television]] soon after it became available to metropolitan areas in January 2001. Under [[Section 38A]] of the ''Broadcasting Services Act'', the network was able to introduce, in partnership with other stations, additional digital-only [[Network Ten]] affiliates. These included Tasmania's [[Tasmanian Digital Television|TDT]], launched in late 2003 in partnership with [[Southern Cross Broadcasting]], and Mildura's [[Mildura Digital Television|MDV]] in January 2006, with [[Prime Television Limited]]. 

On 30 May 2007, WIN purchased [[NWS (TV station)|NWS]] from [[Southern Cross Broadcasting]] for A$105&amp;nbsp;million. Similarly, [[STW]] [[Perth]], owned by [[Sunraysia Television]] and affiliated to the [[Nine Network]], was purchased on 8 June 2007 for A$163.1&amp;nbsp;million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
| url = http://www.theage.com.au/news/Business/Sunraysia-favours-Ch-9-Perth-sale-to-WIN/2007/06/08/1181089303443.html
| title = WIN buys Channel 9 Adelaide
| access-date = 8 June 2007
| date = 8 June 2007
| newspaper = [[The Age]]
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Despite the station's ownership of Nine Perth, the regional WIN WA service continued to broadcast [[Ten News|Ten News Perth]], produced for and shown on rival Perth station [[NEW (TV station)|Ten Perth]], until 27 August 2007, when [[Ten West]] came into service.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | author = Klinger, Peter | title = Poor state of Perth 9 shocks new owner | work = [[The West Australian]] | date = 21 June 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A conflict between WIN and its long-time metropolitan partner, the Nine Network, arose in mid-2007, with [[PBL Media]], Nine's parent company, requesting 40 per cent of the network's advertising revenue in return for program supply. WIN's owner, [[WIN Corporation]] rejected this offer, expecting to pay only 29% (a 3% decrease from the previous contract and in line with many of the network's competitors, such as [[Prime Television]] and [[Southern Cross Ten]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
| url = http://www.smh.com.au/news/business/pbl-talks-with-gordon-on-regional-tv-close-to-collapse/2007/08/10/1186530616318.html
| title = PBL talks with Gordon on regional TV close to collapse
| access-date = 16 August 2007
| date = 11 August 2007
| newspaper = [[The Sydney Morning Herald]]
}}&lt;/ref&gt; The network's owner, Bruce Gordon, subsequently threatened to sever the network's affiliation after negotiations stagnated, stating that his previous position at Paramount Pictures meant he could program the network independently.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
| url = http://www.smh.com.au/news/business/win-boss-threatens-to-sever-nine-link/2007/08/05/1186252546392.html
| title = WIN boss threatens to sever Nine link
| access-date = 16 August 2007
| date = 6 August 2007
| newspaper = [[The Sydney Morning Herald]]
}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 16 August 2007, WIN Television dropped key Nine Network programs from its [[daytime television]] schedule, including ''[[Mornings with Kerri-Anne]]'' and ''[[National Nine News|National Nine News: Morning Edition]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;morning&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22251563-30540,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210090649/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22251563-30540,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 December 2007 |title=War as WIN junks key Nine shows |access-date=16 August 2007 |date=16 August 2007 |newspaper=[[The Australian]] |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; WIN also secured a new program supply agreement for its regional South Australian station with Nine's rival [[Seven Network]]. Announced on 4 September 2007, the new program schedule included a mixture of Seven and existing WIN programming, commencing from 1 October 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
 |url          = http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22364267-7582,00.html
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20070907011603/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22364267-7582,00.html
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-date = 7 September 2007
 |title        = WIN turns to Seven
 |access-date   = 5 September 2007
 |date         = 5 September 2007
 |newspaper    = [[The Australian]]
 |df           = dmy-all
}}&lt;/ref&gt; WIN also started producing some local Australian programs to replace key Nine content, including ''[[Alive and Cooking]]'' and ''[[Susie (TV program)|Susie]]'',&lt;ref name=&quot;morning&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url          = http://www.ebroadcast.com.au/enews/susie-170507.html
 |title        = WIN Television to produce new regional daytime program 'Susie'
 |access-date   = 17 May 2007
 |date         = 17 May 2005
 |work         = WIN Television
 |publisher    = ebroadcast.com.au
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20070626100425/http://www.ebroadcast.com.au/enews/susie-170507.html
 |archive-date = 26 June 2007
 |url-status     = dead
 |df           = dmy-all
}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as the independently-sourced ''[[The Ellen DeGeneres Show]]''. WIN also produced [[Fishing Australia]] as part of its local content output on the WIN Network. Two years later, WIN officially reinstated its supply of Nine content to regional South Australia with a new supplementary channel, WIN SA, relaying [[NWS (TV station)|NWS]] from Adelaide.

On 9 August 2009, WIN began transmission of the new digital channel [[GO! (Australian TV channel)|GO!]] on channel 88 in Southern NSW, Regional Victoria, Tasmania and Regional Queensland. It soon reached Mildura in 2010 and regional SA in 2011.

In June 2010, playout was moved from WIN's Wollongong headquarters to its new Media Hub facility in the south-west Sydney suburb of [[Ingleburn, New South Wales|Ingleburn]], co-owned with [[ABC Television (Australian TV network)|ABC Television]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | newspaper =  [[The Australian]]  | title =  ABC's problem-hit tech centre opens to criticism| first = Amanda | last = Meade &lt;!-- | section = Local --&gt; | page = 4  | date = 30 June 2010 | access-date = 30 June 2010 | url =http://theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/abcs-problem-hit-tech-centre-opens-to-criticism/story-e6frg6nf-1225885903288 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 26 September 2010, WIN began transmission of the HD digital channel [[9Gem (Australian TV channel)|GEM]] on channel 80 in Southern NSW, Regional Victoria, Tasmania and Regional Queensland.

On 1 May 2012 WIN began transmission of an SD digital infomercial channel, [[Gold (Australian TV channel)|Gold]] on channel 84. The second infomercial channel, [[Gold (Australian TV channel)|Gold2]] began on 13 July 2013 as a five-hour [[Timeshift channel|timeshift]] of Gold.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|first = David|last = Knox|url = http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2013/07/win-launches-gold2.html|title = WIN launches GOLD2|access-date = 22 January 2016|date = 13 July 2013|website = TV Tonight}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:WIN News camera man and Erin Willing interviewing.jpg|thumb|right|''[[WIN News|WIN News Riverina]]'' reporter, Erin Willing interviewing Major Jeff Cocks.]]
Following Nine's launch of [[9HD]] and [[9Life]] on 26 November 2015 and WIN's promise of following suit,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|website=[[TV Tonight]]|first=David|last=Knox|url=http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2015/11/viewers-in-the-bush-kept-waiting-for-9hd-as-win-cites-short-notice.html |title=Viewers in the bush kept waiting for 9HD as WIN cites &quot;short notice&quot; |date=26 November 2015 |access-date=10 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; WIN began broadcasting a &quot;coming soon&quot; test pattern on channels 85 and 86 on 10 February 2016, with the channels to begin broadcasting from 1 March 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;Knox&quot;&gt;{{cite web|website=[[TV Tonight]]|first=David|last=Knox|url=http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2016/02/no-7flix-for-prime-new-channels-soon-for-win.html |title=No 7flix for Prime, new channels &quot;soon&quot; for WIN |date=10 February 2016 |access-date=10 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, their channel listing was reshuffled to match to Nine's metropolitan with 9Gem on channel 82, 9Go! on channel 83, 9Life on channel 84, Extra on channel 85 and Gold on channel 86.

The network has continued to produce its own local news service, [[WIN News]], for most of its markets throughout Nine affiliation, although requests for increased revenue by Nine repeatedly threatened the news division's viability. By 2016, only twelve bulletins were being produced and presented.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| title = WIN Television Increases News Production Capability
| url = http://www.grassvalley.com/news/press/releases/view/498-win-television-increases-news-production-capability-with-grass-valley-ignite-hd-automated-production-systems
| access-date = 2 March 2008
| date = 5 February 2007
| work = [[WIN Corporation]]
| archive-date = 2 December 2013
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131202222935/http://www.grassvalley.com/news/press/releases/view/498-win-television-increases-news-production-capability-with-grass-valley-ignite-hd-automated-production-systems
| url-status = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt; In most markets, ''WIN News'' may compete with ''[[Prime7 News#Prime7 Local News|Prime7 Local News]]'', ''[[Seven News#Regional Queensland|Seven News]]'' or ''[[TNT (Australian TV station)|Nightly News]]''.

{{further|WIN News}}

===2016–2021: 10 affiliation===
After Nine launched its new online catch-up video on demand and live streaming service [[9Now]] on 27 January 2016, WIN filed a lawsuit against Nine, claiming that live streaming into regional areas breached their exclusive affiliation agreement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/business/media-and-marketing/bruce-gordons-win-takes-nine-to-court-over-streaming-20160210-gmqjg1.html |title=Bruce Gordon's WIN takes Nine to court over streaming |last=Mason |first=Max |date=10 February 2016 |newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=29 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://mumbrella.com.au/win-takes-nine-to-court-over-live-streaming-345668 |title=WIN takes Nine to court to try and block its live streaming service 9Now in regional areas |last=Christensen |first=Nic |date=10 February 2016 |publisher=mUmBRELLA |access-date=29 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Justice Hammerschlag of the NSW Supreme Court dismissed the case on 28 April 2016, ruling that the definition of &quot;broadcasting&quot; in WIN's affiliation agreement with the Nine Network did not cover internet streaming &quot;and that Nine is under no express or implied obligation not to do it&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-28/win-tv-loses-court-bid-over-program-streaming/7368206 |title=Regional broadcaster WIN loses bid to stop Channel Nine streaming programs |last=McDonald |first=Philippa |date=28 April 2016 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=29 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2016/04/nine-victory-in-9now-streaming-lawsuit-filed-by-win-tv.html |title=Nine victory in 9NOW streaming lawsuit filed by WIN TV |last=Knot |first=David |date=28 April 2016 |publisher=mUmBRELLA |access-date=29 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shortly after WIN's legal defeat, Nine announced a new $500 million, five-year program supply agreement with [[Southern Cross Austereo]], the Ten affiliate. This saw Southern Cross Austereo's stations in Southern NSW, the ACT, and regional areas in Victoria and Queensland switch to Nine affiliation at midnight on 1 July 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/business/media-and-marketing/nine-and-southern-cross-in-multiyear-affiliation-deal-20160428-goha3w.html |title=Nine and Southern Cross in multi-year affiliation deal |last=White |first=Dominic |date=29 April 2016 |newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=29 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; With that announcement, WIN was effectively stripped of its 27-year partnership with Nine. In response, WIN entered affiliation talks with [[Network Ten]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/media/nine-win-shows-media-law-absurdity-win-chief-andrew-lancaster/news-story/8448e7ca97fed22ff1726e979e94d1f7 |title=Nine win shows media law absurdity: WIN chief Andrew Lancaster |last=Mitchell |first=Jake |date=29 April 2016 |newspaper=The Australian |access-date=29 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/media/nine-ten-to-swap-affiliate-partners/news-story/0ea3e8e044ef5d522e5a58aace682f90 |title=Nine, Ten to swap affiliate partners |last1=Mitchell |first1=Jake |last2=Davidson |first2=Darren |date=2 May 2016 |newspaper=The Australian |access-date=2 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; in which Gordon held a significant stake, reaching a final agreement on 23 May 2016. From 1 July 2016, WIN carried Ten programming into its regional Queensland, Southern NSW, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia and Western Australia markets.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://images.tenplay.com.au/~/media/Corporate%20Site%20Media/Files/Media%20Releases/2016/TEN%20And%20WIN%20Network%20Announce%20New%20Program%20Supply%20Agreement.pdf |title=TEN And WIN Network Announce New Program Supply Agreement |date=23 May 2016 |publisher=Ten Network Holdings |access-date=23 May 2016 |archive-date=19 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619014837/http://images.tenplay.com.au/~/media/Corporate%20Site%20Media/Files/Media%20Releases/2016/TEN%20And%20WIN%20Network%20Announce%20New%20Program%20Supply%20Agreement.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/media/broadcast/bruce-gordons-win-confirms-affiliate-deal-with-ten-network/news-story/3b2b5a54f9a22d1863448e534dda76eb?sv=a26045edb2555a549e8af1020b65019a |title=Bruce Gordon's WIN confirms affiliate deal with Ten Network |last=Mitchell |first=Jake |date=23 May 2016 |newspaper=The Australian |access-date=23 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Supplementary station deals were left until late, due to disagreement over the rate that loss-making stations should make to [[Nine Network]]. With just days left, deals were secured for South Australia, Griffith and Tasmania.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/media/nine-signs-affiliate-deals-with-win/news-story/bd98d2d5f0cbf67e724a4902273ec7dc |title=Nine signs affiliate deals with WIN |last=Mitchell |first=Jake |date=29 June 2016 |newspaper=The Australian |access-date=29 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/business/nine-network-television-programs-to-remain-on-air-in-the-riverland-and-southeast/news-story/02c493e463af9a7ab7d771ebbc567b6b |title=Nine Network television programs to remain on air in the Riverland and South-East |last=Jones |first=Erin |date=29 June 2016 |newspaper=The Advertiser |access-date=30 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, no deal was secured for the Western Australia joint-venture [[West Digital Television]] before 1 July,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.perthnow.com.au/news/national/tasmania-could-go-from-channel-9-to-channel-nein-as-network-yet-to-sign-deal-to-broadcast-in-state/news-story/e25d6a0ac0e1e921e513c595c91f2532 |title=Tasmania could go from Channel 9 to Channel Nein as network yet to sign deal to broadcast in state |last=Benuik |first=David |date=18 June 2016 |publisher=Sunday Tasmanian |access-date=19 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; but a deal was later finalised on 2 July 2016, with the relay of Nine content commencing that night.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2016/07/nine-reaches-regional-wa-agreement-with-win-prime.html |title=Nine reaches regional WA agreement with WIN / Prime |last=Knox |first=David |date=3 July 2016 |website=TV Tonight |access-date=3 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/nine-and-wintv-shows-might-be-axed-from-screens-in-the-riverland-and-southeast/news-story/1abef0b640be7c3298e3f9ad0d3e836b |title=Nine and WIN-TV shows might be axed from screens in the Riverland and South-East |last=Debelle|first=Penny |date=18 June 2016 |newspaper=The Advertiser |access-date=19 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the channel changes, Ten's channel listing was reshuffled with ONE on channel 81, ELEVEN on channel 82, TVSN on channel 84 and Gold on channel 85.

Negotiations in January 2017 for WIN to acquire Northern New South Wales station [[NRN]] in exchange for WIN's Wollongong radio station [[i98FM]] with [[Southern Cross Austereo]] failed,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Davidson |first=Darren |date=31 January 2017 |title=WIN in talks to buy northern NSW TV station |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/media/win-in-talks-to-buy-northern-nsw-tv-station/news-story/f1f1c3f1f862f640501358774fd0548f |newspaper=The Australian |access-date=23 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mediaweek.com.au/asset-swap-sca-win/ |title=Asset swap! SCA &amp; WIN trading regional TV for cash, FM licence |date=1 February 2017 |publisher=Mediaweek |access-date=23 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Bingemann |first=Mitchell |date=20 February 2017 |title=Southern Cross pulls plug on regional deal talks with WIN |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/companies/southern-cross-pulls-plug-on-regional-deal-talks-with-win/news-story/29e6f173f4dcaec4e49d1aac12b0186c |newspaper=The Australian |access-date=23 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://mumbrella.com.au/southern-cross-media-withdraws-discussions-win-assets-media-deal-427560 |title=Southern Cross Media withdraws from discussions with WIN over assets media deal |last=Ward |first=Miranda |date=20 February 2017 |publisher=Mumbrella |access-date=23 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; although a deal was secured on 28 March 2017 for the sole sale of NRN to WIN for $55 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://mumbrella.com.au/sca-sells-nsw-tv-assets-win-55m-435161 |title=SCA sells northern NSW television assets to WIN for $55m |last=Burrowes |first=Tim |date=28 March 2017 |publisher=Mumbrella |access-date=28 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Bingemann |first=Mitchell |date=28 March 2017 |title=Southern Cross Media sells northern NSW TV operations to WIN |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/media/broadcast/southern-cross-media-sells-northern-nsw-tv-operations-to-win/news-story/92ce06126946c9863a95245aa4eaf2b5 |newspaper=The Australian |access-date=28 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Mason |first=Max |date=28 March 2017 |title=Southern Cross to sell northern NSW TV business to WIN |url=http://www.afr.com/business/media-and-marketing/tv/southern-cross-to-sell-northern-nsw-tv-business-to-win-20170327-gv7ukv |newspaper=The Australian Financial Review |access-date=28 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The sale took effect on 31 May 2017;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.asx.com.au/asxpdf/20170519/pdf/43jcx1pgz0m8vm.pdf |title=Southern Cross Austereo: Agreement of Sale of NNSW TV Operations and Trading Update |publisher=Australian Securities Exchange |access-date=20 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2017/05/win-completes-deal-for-southern-cross-northern-nsw.html |title=WIN completes deal for Southern Cross Northern NSW |last=Knox |first=David |date=20 May 2017 |website=TV Tonight |access-date=20 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; NRN was rebranded as WIN on 1 September 2017, with playout and transmission transferred to WIN, while the channel numbers were reshuffled to align with WIN's other stations, although they stayed as 5-numbered due to 8-numbering already held by Nine-owned [[NBN Television]] for northern NSW.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.wintv.com.au/# |title=WIN is Coming to Northern NSW and The Gold Coast on September 1 |date=17 August 2017 |website=WIN Television |access-date=17 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 28 May 2018, WIN announced a new program supply agreement with [[Australian News Channel]] to carry [[Sky News Australia]] content on a new free-to-air channel, [[Sky News on WIN]], which launched on 2 September 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Cronin|first=Seanna|date=4 August 2018|title=Foxtel to launch 24 hour news on WIN|work=Cairns Post|location=Cairns|url=https://www.cairnspost.com.au/news/cairns/foxtel-to-launch-24-hour-news-on-win/news-story/2adf8455e87d0d42dca63ab44558b3c8|access-date=4 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The channel consisted of mixed Sky News and [[Fox Sports News (Australia)|Fox Sports News]] programming, along with WIN's All Australian News, while Sky programs gained access to WIN's regional news stories.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.afr.com/business/media-and-marketing/tv/australian-news-channel-and-win-partner-to-bring-sky-news-to-freetoair-for-first-time-20180525-h10k0d |title=Australian News Channel and WIN partner to bring Sky News to free-to-air for first time |last=Mason |first=Max |date=28 May 2018 |website=[[The Australian Financial Review]] |access-date=28 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/tv/free-sky-news-will-be-shown-on-regional-tv/news-story/9d85d95e22799976145a78f3acacd08b |title=Free Sky News will be shown on regional TV |last=Rolfe |first=John |date=28 May 2018 |website=News.com.au |access-date=28 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

===2021–present: Return to Nine affiliation===
On 12 March 2021, Nine announced it had secured a new program supply agreement with its original partner, WIN Network, across regional Australia beginning 1 July 2021, in effect dumping Southern Cross Austereo, which was forced to return to relaying third-placed Ten content. The seven-year deal sees WIN pay around 50 per cent of broadcast advertising revenue to Nine Entertainment Co., plus advertising time for Nine's properties on WIN's television and radio assets. WIN also integrated advertising sales services for Nine's O&amp;O regional stations, [[NBN Television|NBN]] and [[NTD (Australian TV station)|NTD]]. Nine CEO Hugh Marks explained that &quot;while our relationship with Southern Cross has been strong over the last five years, the opportunities presented by the WIN Network to both extend the reach of Nine's premium content into more regional markets under one agreement, and to work cooperatively with them on a national and local news operation, mean this is the right time for us to return to WIN&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mediaweek|date=2021-03-11|title=Nine changes regional TV partners and signs deal with WIN|url=https://www.mediaweek.com.au/nine-signs-deal-with-win/|access-date=2021-05-16|website=Mediaweek|language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt; Also for the first time, WIN now broadcasts the Nine content under Nine branding. WIN's multi-channels have again been rearranged with 9Gem on channel 81, 9Go! on channel 82 and 9Life on channel 83, while TVSN and Gold will continue to broadcast on channels 84 and 85. WIN still broadcasts Network Ten content on its northern New South Wales station.

In March 2022, WIN Television will celebrate 60 years of broadcasting across Wollongong and Illawarra.

The only local programming broadcast by WIN Network consists of half-hour local [[WIN News]] bulletins for its Nine stations in regional Queensland, southern New South Wales, Griffith, regional Victoria and Tasmania, as well as short news updates for its Ten station in northern New South Wales, short news updates for its Nine station in Wide Bay and short news updates for its Seven, Nine and Ten stations in Mount Gambier and Riverland.

===Sport===
WIN Network relays sports coverage broadcast from [[Nine's Wide World of Sports]]. On WIN's northern New South Wales 10 station, it relays sports coverage provided by [[10 Sport]].

==Availability==
WIN Television's transmissions are available from both [[free-to-air]] [[Terrestrial television|terrestrial]] [[transmitter]]s in major regional centres and [[free-to-view]] [[Satellite television|satellite]] transmissions across regional and remote Western Australia on the [[Viewer Access Satellite Television]] service. WIN News bulletins are carried on the VAST service to allow viewers in remote areas of Central and Eastern Australia, as well as terrestrial reception blackspots, to obtain news local to their area.

[[Subscription television|Subscription]] [[Cable television#Australia|cable]] is also provided by [[TransACT]] in the [[Australian Capital Territory]], and [[Neighbourhood Cable]] in [[Ballarat, Victoria|Ballarat]] and [[Mildura, Victoria|Mildura]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url          = http://www.transact.com.au/television/channels.aspx
 |title        = TransTV Channel Lineup
 |access-date   = 19 August 2007
 |publisher    = [[TransACT]]
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20070820012002/http://www.transact.com.au/television/channels.aspx
 |archive-date = 20 August 2007
 |url-status     = dead
 |df           = dmy-all
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| url = http://www.ncable.net.au/_site/products.asp?cat=4
| title = Neighbourhood Cable Channel Lineup
| access-date = 19 August 2007
| publisher = [[Neighbourhood Cable]]
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

WIN broadcasts to a geographically large portion of regional and remote Australia,&lt;ref name=&quot;about&quot; /&gt; through [[owned-and-operated station]]s including [[RTQ]] Queensland, [[NRN]] Northern New South Wales, [[WIN (TV station)|WIN]] Southern New South Wales &amp; ACT, [[VTV (TV station)|VTV]] Victoria, [[TVT (TV station)|TVT]] Tasmania, [[MTN (TV station)|MTN]] Griffith, [[STV (TV station)|STV]] Mildura, [[SES/RTS|SES]] Mount Gambier, [[SES/RTS|RTS]] Riverland, and [[WOW (TV station)|WOW]] Western Australia.

===WIN HD===
WIN's high definition channel, '''WIN HD''', originally launched on 17 March 2008 as a sister to the Nine Network's rebranded high definition simulcast, [[9HD]]. WIN HD broadcast in 1080i high definition and was available on WIN's regional stations RTQ Queensland, WIN Southern New South Wales and ACT, VTV Victoria and TVT Tasmania. The channel broadcast breakaway programming from launch until 3 August 2009, when it was turned into a straight HD simulcast. WIN HD fully ceased broadcasting on 26 September 2010 with the launch of the HD multi-channel [[9Gem|GEM]] (now 9Gem).

On 10 February 2016, WIN announced that it would launch its own HD simulcast in the coming months in response to the Nine Network relaunching 9HD as its second high definition channel.&lt;ref name=&quot;Knox&quot;/&gt; ''WIN HD'' re-launched on 1 March 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Knox|first=David|title=WIN HD, 9Life launch for regional viewers March 1st|work=TV Tonight|url=http://tvtonight.com.au/2016/02/win-hd-9life-launch-for-regional-viewers-march-1st.html|date=26 February 2016|access-date=26 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Four WIN regions were excluded from the 1 March launch date, although in four regions the launch was delayed - [[MTN (TV station)|Griffith]], [[STV (TV station)|Mildura]] and [[MGS/LRS|Eastern South Australia]] (2 March due to technical issues) and [[WOW (TV station)|regional Western Australia]] (10 March).&lt;ref name=&quot;WIN&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=WIN HD and 9LIFE|url=http://www.wintv.com.au/|work=WIN Television|access-date=1 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet|user=WIN_TV|number=704517571676999680|date=1 March 2016|title=To our Tas, Griffith &amp; S.A viewers, the roll-out of #WINHD &amp; @9LIFE will be delayed until tomorrow, we apologies for the inconvenience}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 July 2016, with WIN's new program supply agreement, the channel's program schedule changed in line with WIN.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|website=[[TV Tonight]]|first=David|last=Knox|url=http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2016/05/win-and-ten-confirm-five-year-affiliate-deal.html|title=WIN and TEN confirm five year affiliate deal|date=23 May 2016|access-date=30 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The channel ceased on 30 June 2021 with WIN's new program supply agreement with Nine. WIN now re-broadcasts Nine HD across its Nine stations and 10 HD across northern New South Wales.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Television|Australia}}
{{commons category}}
* {{Official website|http://www.wintv.com.au }}
* [http://www.wintv.com.au/page/about-us Corporate Site]

{{WIN Corporation}}
{{Free-to-air television channels in Australia}}
{{Illawarra region topics}}

{{Good article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Win Television}}
[[Category:WIN Television| ]]
[[Category:Television networks in Australia]]
[[Category:English-language television stations in Australia]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1962]]</text>
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            &quot;automaticallyAssigned&quot;: false
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            &quot;weight&quot;: 1,
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        },
        &quot;33180&quot;: {
            &quot;message&quot;: &quot;Hello and welcome - test message&quot;,
            &quot;weight&quot;: 2,
            &quot;automaticallyAssigned&quot;: false
        },
        &quot;30833&quot;: {
            &quot;message&quot;: &quot;Hello&quot;,
            &quot;weight&quot;: 2,
            &quot;automaticallyAssigned&quot;: true
        },
        &quot;53426&quot;: {
            &quot;message&quot;: &quot;Hello! I'd be happy to help you to start.&quot;,
            &quot;weight&quot;: 2,
            &quot;automaticallyAssigned&quot;: true
        },
        &quot;35167&quot;: {
            &quot;message&quot;: &quot;test&quot;,
            &quot;weight&quot;: 2,
            &quot;automaticallyAssigned&quot;: true
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    }
}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>540323</id>
      <parentid>540322</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-27T16:11:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Martin Urbanec (WMF)</username>
        <id>43912</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/Martin Urbanec (test)|Martin Urbanec (test)]] ([[User talk:Martin Urbanec (test)|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Martin Urbanec (WMF)|Martin Urbanec (WMF)]]</comment>
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      <format>application/json</format>
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            &quot;message&quot;: &quot;Testing&quot;,
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        &quot;752&quot;: {
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            &quot;message&quot;: &quot;Sup?&quot;,
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            &quot;message&quot;: &quot;Welcome to Wikipedia!  I love editing about music, but you can ask me anything.&quot;,
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            &quot;message&quot;: &quot;Please visit Wikipedia:Requests/Help desk/Mentors to become a mentor.&quot;,
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            &quot;message&quot;: &quot;test porpoise&quot;,
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        &quot;29752&quot;: {
            &quot;message&quot;: &quot;Please ask me about anything (even if maths aren't my favorite topic).&quot;,
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        &quot;29950&quot;: {
            &quot;message&quot;: &quot;test&quot;,
            &quot;weight&quot;: 2,
            &quot;automaticallyAssigned&quot;: false
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        &quot;52747&quot;: {
            &quot;message&quot;: &quot;Nullam in mauris tristique, suscipit turpis non, bibendum augue. Nulla facilisi. Nam dignissim condimentum finibus. Proin et maximus felis. Sed at nunc nec odio dignissim bibendum. Integer quis rhoncus tortor, sed facilisis .&quot;,
            &quot;weight&quot;: 2,
            &quot;automaticallyAssigned&quot;: false
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        &quot;50416&quot;: {
            &quot;message&quot;: &quot;Hello and welcome!&quot;,
            &quot;weight&quot;: 1,
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        &quot;33180&quot;: {
            &quot;message&quot;: &quot;Hello and welcome - test message&quot;,
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        &quot;30833&quot;: {
            &quot;message&quot;: &quot;Hello&quot;,
            &quot;weight&quot;: 2,
            &quot;automaticallyAssigned&quot;: true
        },
        &quot;53426&quot;: {
            &quot;message&quot;: &quot;Hello! I'd be happy to help you to start.&quot;,
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Vegrar81uyiA80</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>145767</id>
    <revision>
      <id>540312</id>
      <parentid>540265</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-27T15:52:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vegrar81uyiA80</username>
        <id>54966</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="50" xml:space="preserve">Vegrar81uyiA80 from Wikipedia

Made over 50 edits.</text>
      <sha1>hx5n5jmb0nwdvqdrjp1zzs00n3a930b</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>540434</id>
      <parentid>540312</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-28T01:32:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vegrar81uyiA80</username>
        <id>54966</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="51" xml:space="preserve">Vegrar81uyiA80 from Wikipedia

{{User contrib|105}}</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:John Vandenberg/createonly/1661602949.4446993</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>145788</id>
    <revision>
      <id>540280</id>
      <timestamp>2022-08-27T12:22:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pywikibot-test</username>
        <id>23124</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pywikibot 7.7.0.dev0</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Topic:X20i4mw22sflxd4l</title>
    <ns>2600</ns>
    <id>145789</id>
    <revision>
      <id>540281</id>
      <timestamp>2022-08-27T12:22:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Flow talk page manager</username>
        <id>26836</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* This page has been converted into a Structured Discussions board */</comment>
      <model>flow-board</model>
      <format>application/json</format>
      <text bytes="1" xml:space="preserve">{&quot;flow-workflow&quot;:&quot;x20i4mw22sflxd4l&quot;}</text>
      <sha1>knnbzvf78qypqfbxjjkfkkq51jkgfyo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:John Vandenberg/createonly/1661608112.0206864</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>145790</id>
    <revision>
      <id>540290</id>
      <timestamp>2022-08-27T13:48:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pywikibot-test</username>
        <id>23124</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pywikibot 7.7.0.dev0</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Topic:X20mx4c3rq1kqy59</title>
    <ns>2600</ns>
    <id>145791</id>
    <revision>
      <id>540291</id>
      <timestamp>2022-08-27T13:48:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Flow talk page manager</username>
        <id>26836</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* This page has been converted into a Structured Discussions board */</comment>
      <model>flow-board</model>
      <format>application/json</format>
      <text bytes="1" xml:space="preserve">{&quot;flow-workflow&quot;:&quot;x20mx4c3rq1kqy59&quot;}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User:John Vandenberg/createonly/1661624000.7318184</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>145796</id>
    <revision>
      <id>540336</id>
      <timestamp>2022-08-27T18:13:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pywikibot-test</username>
        <id>23124</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pywikibot 7.7.0.dev0</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Topic:X211o1g27m70qn66</title>
    <ns>2600</ns>
    <id>145797</id>
    <revision>
      <id>540337</id>
      <timestamp>2022-08-27T18:13:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Flow talk page manager</username>
        <id>26836</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* This page has been converted into a Structured Discussions board */</comment>
      <model>flow-board</model>
      <format>application/json</format>
      <text bytes="1" xml:space="preserve">{&quot;flow-workflow&quot;:&quot;x211o1g27m70qn66&quot;}</text>
      <sha1>i6b8tn99tytc39j640die1zpmitoey6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:John Vandenberg/createonly/1661624116.1166553</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>145798</id>
    <revision>
      <id>540343</id>
      <timestamp>2022-08-27T18:15:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pywikibot-test</username>
        <id>23124</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pywikibot 7.7.0.dev0</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Topic:X211rze1fietb2xv</title>
    <ns>2600</ns>
    <id>145799</id>
    <revision>
      <id>540344</id>
      <timestamp>2022-08-27T18:15:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Flow talk page manager</username>
        <id>26836</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* This page has been converted into a Structured Discussions board */</comment>
      <model>flow-board</model>
      <format>application/json</format>
      <text bytes="1" xml:space="preserve">{&quot;flow-workflow&quot;:&quot;x211rze1fietb2xv&quot;}</text>
      <sha1>lu7gbbqa3psmenq0ceft8h7nuce6gdo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Jeeputer</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>145800</id>
    <revision>
      <id>540346</id>
      <timestamp>2022-08-27T18:27:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jeeputer</username>
        <id>49988</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Bot: Adding Hello ~~~~</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="90" xml:space="preserve">Hello [[User:Jeeputer|Jeeputer]] ([[User talk:Jeeputer|talk]]) 18:27, 27 August 2022 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>2axieq4hgs0la9dt5z11dcghp59kmkz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Css image crop</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>145803</id>
    <revision>
      <id>540409</id>
      <timestamp>2022-08-27T23:10:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kwamikagami</username>
        <id>21630</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>wish to restore 'rotation' support to this template on WS-en</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1275" xml:space="preserve">{{#if:{{{Image|}}}|&lt;div class=&quot;{{#if:{{{Description|}}}|thumb &lt;!--
--&gt;{{#switch:{{{Location|}}}
 | none | tnone = tnone
 | left | tleft = tleft
 | right | tright = tright
 | center = center
 | #default = tright }}|&lt;!-- if no description:
--&gt;{{#switch:{{{Location|}}}
 | none = floatnone
 | left = floatleft
 | right = floatright
 | center = center }}}}&quot;&gt;
{{#if:{{{Description|}}}|&lt;div class=&quot;thumbinner&quot; style=&quot;width: {{#expr:{{{cWidth}}}+2}}px;&quot;&gt;}}
&lt;div {{#if:{{{Description|}}}|class=&quot;thumbimage&quot;}} style=&quot;width: {{{cWidth}}}px; height: {{{cHeight}}}px; overflow: hidden;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;position: relative; top: -{{{oTop|0}}}px; left: -{{{oLeft|0}}}px; width: {{{bSize}}}px&quot;&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;noresize&quot;&gt;[[File:{{{Image}}}|{{{bSize}}}px|alt={{{Alt|{{{Description|{{{Image}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{Link|}}}|{{!}}link={{{Link}}}}}{{#if:{{{Page|}}}|{{!}}page={{{Page}}}}}]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
{{#if:{{{Description|}}}|&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;magnify&quot;&gt;[[:{{#if:{{{magnify-link|}}}|{{{magnify-link}}}|File:{{{Image}}}}}| ]]&lt;/div&gt;{{{Description}}}
&lt;/div&gt;}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;{{#ifeq:1|{{{ifnumber|{{{cWidth|}}}{{{cHeight|}}}{{{oTop|}}}{{{oLeft|}}}{{{bSize|}}}}}}||&lt;!--[[Category:CSS image crop using invalid parameters]]--&gt;}}}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>540410</id>
      <parentid>540409</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-27T23:18:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kwamikagami</username>
        <id>21630</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1550" xml:space="preserve">{{#if:{{{Image|}}}|&lt;div class=&quot;{{#if:{{{Description|}}}|thumb &lt;!--
--&gt;{{#switch:{{{Location|}}}
 | none | tnone = tnone
 | left | tleft = tleft
 | right | tright = tright
 | center = center
 | #default = tright }}|&lt;!-- if no description:
--&gt;{{#switch:{{{Location|}}}
 | none = floatnone
 | left = floatleft
 | right = floatright
 | center = center }}}}&quot;&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:relative; top:{{#expr:-{{{oTop|0}}}}}px; left:{{#expr:-{{{oLeft|0}}}}}px; -webkit-transform:rotate({{{Rotate|0}}}deg); -moz-transform:rotate({{{Rotate|0}}}deg); -o-transform:rotate({{{Rotate|0}}}deg); transform:rotate({{{Rotate|0}}}deg);&quot;&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:{{{Description|}}}|&lt;div class=&quot;thumbinner&quot; style=&quot;width: {{#expr:{{{cWidth}}}+2}}px;&quot;&gt;}}
&lt;div {{#if:{{{Description|}}}|class=&quot;thumbimage&quot;}} style=&quot;width: {{{cWidth}}}px; height: {{{cHeight}}}px; overflow: hidden;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;position: relative; top: -{{{oTop|0}}}px; left: -{{{oLeft|0}}}px; width: {{{bSize}}}px&quot;&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;noresize&quot;&gt;[[File:{{{Image}}}|{{{bSize}}}px|alt={{{Alt|{{{Description|{{{Image}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{Link|}}}|{{!}}link={{{Link}}}}}{{#if:{{{Page|}}}|{{!}}page={{{Page}}}}}]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
{{#if:{{{Description|}}}|&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;magnify&quot;&gt;[[:{{#if:{{{magnify-link|}}}|{{{magnify-link}}}|File:{{{Image}}}}}| ]]&lt;/div&gt;{{{Description}}}
&lt;/div&gt;}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;{{#ifeq:1|{{{ifnumber|{{{cWidth|}}}{{{cHeight|}}}{{{oTop|}}}{{{oLeft|}}}{{{bSize|}}}}}}||&lt;!--[[Category:CSS image crop using invalid parameters]]--&gt;}}}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>540414</id>
      <parentid>540410</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-27T23:28:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kwamikagami</username>
        <id>21630</id>
      </contributor>
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      <id>540420</id>
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        <username>Kwamikagami</username>
        <id>21630</id>
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      <comment>Undo revision 540419 by [[Special:Contributions/Kwamikagami|Kwamikagami]] ([[User talk:Kwamikagami|talk]])</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Requests/Permissions/TTP1233</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>145806</id>
    <revision>
      <id>540473</id>
      <timestamp>2022-08-28T06:20:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TTP1233</username>
        <id>54883</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added request</comment>
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      <text bytes="731" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!--@Bureaucrats: If you close this request as {{Done}} add {{Request-done|1=~~~~|2=Closing rationale}} to the top of the page. If you close it as {{Not done}}, add {{Request-not done|1=~~~~|2=Closing rationale}} there, then close with {{Request closed}}.--&gt;
=== [[User:TTP1233|TTP1233]] ===
* {{User3|TTP1233}}
* '''Motive for request:I'm an active rollbacker at simplewiki. I want the rollback right to make sure the testwiki is not for vandalism test but code test.
* '''Requested rights:Rollbacker
* '''Comments:''' &lt;!-- Comments of other users --&gt;
&lt;!-- DO NOT FORGET to transclude your request on [[Wikipedia:Requests/Permissions]] or nobody will see it! --&gt;
[[Category:!Requests]]
[[Category:Really big category]]
__NOINDEX__</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>540474</id>
      <parentid>540473</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-28T06:20:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>TTP1233</username>
        <id>54883</id>
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      <comment>/* TTP1233 */ modified</comment>
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      <text bytes="739" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!--@Bureaucrats: If you close this request as {{Done}} add {{Request-done|1=~~~~|2=Closing rationale}} to the top of the page. If you close it as {{Not done}}, add {{Request-not done|1=~~~~|2=Closing rationale}} there, then close with {{Request closed}}.--&gt;
=== [[User:TTP1233|TTP1233]] ===
* {{User3|TTP1233}}
* '''Motive for request:''' I'm an active rollbacker at simplewiki. I want the rollback right to make sure the testwiki is not for vandalism test but code test.
* '''Requested rights:''' Rollbacker
* '''Comments:''' &lt;!-- Comments of other users --&gt;
&lt;!-- DO NOT FORGET to transclude your request on [[Wikipedia:Requests/Permissions]] or nobody will see it! --&gt;
[[Category:!Requests]]
[[Category:Really big category]]
__NOINDEX__</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User talk:Vegrar81uyiA80</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>145807</id>
    <revision>
      <id>540486</id>
      <timestamp>2022-08-28T09:59:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PhantomTech</username>
        <id>27808</id>
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      <comment>/* Apple pages */ new section</comment>
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      <text bytes="205" xml:space="preserve">== Apple pages ==

Hello, why are you making pages like [[List of Apple devices]] and [[Power Macintosh 7100]]? [[User:PhantomTech|PhantomTech]] ([[User talk:PhantomTech|talk]]) 09:59, 28 August 2022 (UTC)</text>
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      <comment>Pywikibot 7.7.0.dev0</comment>
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    <ns>2600</ns>
    <id>145809</id>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2022-08-28T10:07:18Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Flow talk page manager</username>
        <id>26836</id>
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    <title>User:John Vandenberg/createonly/1661681618.097938</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
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    <ns>2600</ns>
    <id>145811</id>
    <revision>
      <id>540498</id>
      <timestamp>2022-08-28T10:13:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Flow talk page manager</username>
        <id>26836</id>
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