Forcas Defensa Timor Lorosa'e

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    <title>Forcas Defensa Timor Lorosa'e</title>
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      <text bytes="46170" sha1="rhxmd4cbglcl2i3pjqw48ps0owrrzfh" xml:space="preserve">[[Imajen:Flag of F-FDTL.png|thumb|Bandeira F-FDTL nian]]

'''Falintil-Forcas Defensa Timor Lorosa´e''' ka ('''F-FDTL''', port.: ''Falintil-Forças de Defesa de Timor-Leste'') ne forsas armadas ne'ebe iha atu defende rai [[Timor Lorosa´e]]. F-FDTL harii iha Febreiru 2001 no to'o agora iha ona batallaun infanteria rua nebe mak: Komponente Naval kiik-oan ida no Unidade Suportasaun nian balun.

F-FDTL ninia kna'ar primeiro mak proteje rai Timor lorosa´e husi atakasaun rai liur. Rai Timor mos iha seguridade ba rai laran, ne'ebe mak hala'o husi [[Policia Nacional de Timor Leste]] ka (PNTL).

Problema F-FDTL ne'ebe boot liu mosu iha 2006 kuando metade husi forsa ema duni sai. Dimisaun ida nee halo instituisaun rua ne F-FDTL no PNTL atu besik rahun nune'e governu foti kedas medidas evita forcas armadas nasaun liur hodi mai halo kalma situasaun.

== Knar ==
[[Lei inan]] [[RDTL]] nian fo kna'ar ba F-FDTL atu responsabiliza protesaun rai Timor husi atakasaun rai liur nian. Lei inan dehan katak F-FDTL &quot;tenki fo garantia ba soberania nasaun nian, integridade territorial no libertasaun no seguridade ba povu i kontra agresaun saida deit ne'ebe mai husi liur, ho respeitu ba orden konstitusional&quot;. Lei inan mos hateten katak F-FDTL &quot;tenki netral no tenki obedese ba orgaun kompetente ka respeitu ba lei konstitusional, no sei labele interviene iha asaun politika&quot;. PNTL sira no Forsa seguransa sivil sira mak responsable ba seguransa rai laran nian.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rees&quot;&gt;Rees (2004). Pages 7–9.&lt;/ref&gt;

Praktikamente kna'ar F-FDTL no [[Policia National de Timor Leste]] (PNTL) ladun klaru, hodi ida ne'e mak resulta konflitu entre orgaun rua ne.&lt;ref name=rees14&gt;Rees (2004). Page 14.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Amnesty International (2003). Page 2.&lt;/ref&gt; Conversely, (Policia Nacional de Timor-Leste, PNTL) involve ona iha defeza ita nia rai ketan iha parte loro-monu. Konflitu entre polisia i militar ne'e mosu tamba governu Timor faila atu hametin estabilidade rai laran.&lt;ref name=rees14/&gt; Tan ne'e iha Febreiru 2010 Governu kria ona legislasaun atu define klaru liu tan kna'ar ba orgaun rua nee iha Timor.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNMIT_2010_10&quot;&gt;UNMIT (2010), p. 10&lt;/ref&gt;

== Istoria ==

=== Pre-independensia ===

F-FDTL forma husi Movimentu Libertasaun Nasional [[Armada Guerrilia]] konesidu ho [[FALINTIL]] ([[''Forças Armadas de Libertação de Timor-Leste'']]). Durante periodo antes de 1999 lider Timor oan balun, inklui presidente agora [[Presidente Timor Lorosa´e]] [[José Ramos-Horta]], fo proposta katak iha futuru nasaun Timor Lorosa´e sei laiha nia forsa militar. Maibé ho violensia no destrusaun ne'ebe mosu bainhira Timor manan votasaun iha 1999 ano iha nesesidade atu fo servisu ba veteranus FALINTIL nian, ne'e mak obriga Timor troka nia opiniaun no konsege harii duni nia forsas armadas militar nian.&lt;ref name=Wainwright23&gt;Wainwright (2002). Page 23.&lt;/ref&gt; Ba dala uluk forsas armadas harii ho 5,000 personnel.&lt;ref&gt;The Centre for Defence Studies, King's College, London. Paragraph 205.&lt;/ref&gt;

Iha 2000 klaran [[United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor]] (UNTAET) invita tim ida husi [[King's College London]] atu lori estudu ida ba opsaun seguransa Timor Leste nian. Reportadu tim nee nian identifika opsaun tolu ba militar Timor oan ida. opsaun&amp;nbsp;1 Ne basadu ba FALINTIL nia preferensia ba relativo armada militar ne'ebe barak no todan ho 3,000–5,000 personnel, Opsaun&amp;nbsp;2 forsas ida husi 1,500 regulares no 1,500 conscripts no Opsaunn&amp;nbsp;3 ne ba forsas ida ho 1,500 regulares no 1,500 reservista voluntario.&lt;ref&gt;The Centre for Defence Studies, King's College, London. Paragraphs 7.2 to 7.4&lt;/ref&gt; Tim ba estudo recomenda Opsaunn&amp;nbsp;3 nudar opsaun ida diak liu ba seguridade Timor Lorosa´e nian no basea ba situasaun de nesesidade ekonomika rai nian. UNTAET simu rekomendasaun ne iha Septembro 2000 no forma base ba planu forsa defeza Timor Lorosa´e nian.&lt;ref name=Wainwright23/&gt; Ema hotu-hotu iha rai Timor laran ne'ebe uluk kontribui ba seguransa nasaun nian mos simu hotu proposta ne.&lt;ref&gt;Fawthrop and Harris (2001). Page 37.&lt;/ref&gt; The King's College report nee hetan kritika katak ho reporte ida nee, lori Timor Lorosa´e hodi establese forsas polisia ne'ebe boot no ermadas militar ne'ebe boot bainhira nasaun nee nia seguridade bele garantia deit ho forsa ida kiik-oan ida [[paramilitar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=Greg |last=Sheridan |authorlink=Greg Sheridan |title=Fretilin still a stranger to democracy |url=http://blogs.theaustralian.news.com.au/gregsheridan/index.php/theaustralian/comments/fretilin_still_a_stranger_to_democracy/ |publisher=[[The Australian]] |date=2007-08-09 |accessdate=2007-08-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuandu Timor Lorosa´e nia desizaun atu forma forsas militar nee hetan kritika husi komentador balun, Governu Timor Lorosa´e ho razaun no fiar makaas katak forsa nee nesesario duni ba seguransa rai nian. Komentadores sira dehan katak nu'udar Timor Lorosa´e la halo asaun ruma ba rai liur diak liu uza rekursu limitadu governu nian hodi hametin liu tan PNTL nian. Nudar lider politika Timor Leste nian rekonese katak sira la halo enfrentamientu ho liur, sira fiar katak ne nesesariu atu mantein kapasidade militar nian atu defende nasaun husi agresaun iha futuru. Establesimientu F-FDTL nee mos sai hanesan siginifikasaun efektivu husi integrasaun FALINTIL ba Timor Leste ida ne'ebe independente.&lt;ref&gt;Smith (2005). Pages 31–32.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Formasaun F-FDTL ===

[[Imajen:FALINTIL veterans USAID photo.jpg|thumb|upright|FALINTIL veterans]]

FALINTIL ofisialmente sai F-FDTL 1 Febreru 2001. Membrus 650 primeiru de F-FDTL nee selektadu husi 1,736 aplikantes FALINTIL  no komesa treinamentu iha 29 Marsu. 1ra Batailaun FDTL  nian establese iha 29 Junu 2001 no too metin liu tan iha 1 Dezembro. Membru barak liu husi battalaun nee mai husi ema lorosa´e.&lt;ref&gt;Ball (2002). Page 180.&lt;/ref&gt; 2da Battalaun establese iha 2002 ho kader husi 1ra Battalaun no iha personel foun barak mak tinan 21 ba kraik nebe la participa ba luta independencia nian.&lt;ref&gt;Rees (2004). Page 31.&lt;/ref&gt; .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=Hamish |last=McDonald |title=East Timor's Tiny Army Aims High |url=http://www.etan.org/et2002b/april/14-20/20ettiny.htm |work=Reproduced on the East Timor Action Network's website |publisher=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=2002-04-20 |accessdate=2008-02-03 }}&lt;/ref&gt; F-FDTL nia Komponente Naval Kiik ne harii iha Dezembro 2001.&lt;ref&gt;''Jane's Sentinel Security Assessment - Southeast Asia.'' Issue 20 – 2007. Page 148.&lt;/ref&gt;

F-FDTL komesa asume responsabilidade ba seguransa rai Timor nian nebe UN peacekeeping force komesa husik ona. Munisípiu [[Lautein (munisípiu)|Lautein]]ne sai primeira area ne'ebe husik ba F-FDTL nia liman iha Juilu 2002. Depois ida ne F-FDTL kaer hotu reponsabilidade seguridade externo nasaun nian iha 20 de Maio 2004, al tantu forsa seguridade internasional balun sei iha Timor Leste too metade-2005.&lt;ref&gt;''Jane's Sentinel Security Assessment - Southeast Asia''. Issue 20 – 2007. Page 116.&lt;/ref&gt; F-FDTL konduce nia primeira operasaun iha Janeiru 2003 wunidade armada ida bolu ba atu hapara aktividade kriminal nebe halo husimilisia loromonu iha munisípiu [[Ermera]].
F-FDTL sufre ona nia moral nebe seriu liu no problema disiplina desde nia establesimentu.&lt;ref&gt;Horta (2006)&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tensaun manas entre F-FDTL no PNTL mos reduse efektividade serviso seguridade nasaun nian. Durante 2003 i 2004, membru husi polisia no F-FDTL enfrenta malu iha okasaun barak, no grupu soldado sira aataka estasaun polisia nian iha [[Setembru]] 2003 no Dezembru 2004.&lt;ref name=icg2/&gt;

=== Krize 2006 ===

{{details|2006 East Timor crisis|East Timor's political and security sector crisis in 2006}}
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| image1 = [http://www.abc.net.au/reslib/200605/r87502_258384.jpg An East Timorese soldier during fighting in May 2006]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Aust to send troops to E Timor |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200605/s1646781.htm |work=ABC News |date=2006-05-24 |accessdate=2008-03-03 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
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Tensaun entre F-FDTL to´o nia tutun iha 2006. Iha Janeiru, 159 soldadu husi unidade boot F-FDTL reklama petisaun ida ba Prezidente [[Xanana Gusmão]] katak soldadus husi lorosa´e hetan tratamentu diak liu duke loromonu sira. 'petitioners' hetan deit resposta oituan tan ne sira husik sira nia markas semana tolu depois, husik hela sira nia kilat.&lt;ref name=Inquiry21&gt;United Nations Independent Special Commission of Inquiry for Timor-Leste (2007). Page 21.&lt;/ref&gt; sira halibur hamutuk ho soldadus seluk atus ba atus no iha 16 Marsu komandante F-FDTL's , [[Brigadier General]] [[Taur Matan Ruak]], despide 594 soldados, nebe besik mitade forsa timor nian.&lt;ref name=icg2/&gt; Soldaus despedidus la'os deit petisionarios sira, maibé inklui mos ofisial 200 nebe falta bebeik nebe sidauk fila fulan hira ona antes fulan Marsu 2006.&lt;ref name=Inquiry21/&gt;

Krise ne hodi to´o violensia iha fin de Abril. iha 24 Abril, petitioner sira no sira nia suporter balun halo demonstrasaun durante loron ha'at iha Palacio Do Governo nia oin iha Dili bolu atu halo establecimentu ba komisaun independente ida atu identifika sira nia keixas. violencia nakfera iha 28 Abril bainhira petisioner balun no gangs foinsa'e ataka Palacio Do Governo. PNTL sira la tahan atu hapara violensia tan ne Palacio ema sunu tiha. Depois ke violensia naklekar ba area seluk iha Dili Laran, [[Primeiru Ministru]] [[Mari Alkatiri]] husu F-FDTL nia tulun atu restaura situasaun. Tropa sira nebe laiha esperensia ba kontrola violensia hatun duni iha Dili iha 29 Abril no resulta ema nain tolu mak mate. Iha 3 de Mayo Major [[Alfredo Reinado]], komandante unidade [[Polisia Militar]]F-FDTL nian, no maioria nia soldao inkluye Lt [[Gastão Salsinha]] husik sira nia pos nudar protesta ba ema civil nebe mate tan F-FDTL mak tiru.&lt;ref&gt;United Nations Independent Special Commission of Inquiry for Timor-Leste (2007), pages 21–30 and International Crisis Group (2008), page 2.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tiru malu mos mosu entre Forca de Seguridade Nasional nian ho arebelde no gang sira iha fin de May. Iha 23 Mayo Reinado ho nia grupu rebelde tiru personel F-FDTL no PNTL Fatu Ahi. Iha 24 Mayo personnel F-FDTL nebe besik sira nia Quarters-boot hetan ataka husi rebelde (offisial polisi), petitioner sira no civil armado. Ataka ne derotadu wainhira ro patrulla Componente Naval F-FDTL nian tiru atakantes sira.&lt;ref&gt;United Nations Independent Special Commission of Inquiry for Timor-Leste (2007). Pages 31–33&lt;/ref&gt; Durante krize ne relasaun entre F-FDTL and PNTL sai aat liu tan, iha 25 Maio membrus F-FDTL ataka PNTL nia Quarters-boot, oho official polisia sin armas nain sia.&lt;ref name=icg2/&gt;

Ho resultado violencia nebe sai aat liu tan, hakaas an no husu forsa internasional iha 25 Mayo. Forsa Paz sira [[Operation Astute|bkomesa to´o Dili]] loron tuir mai sira komesa restaura situasaun. um total ema nain 37 mak mate iha krize nee iha Apbil  Mayo no 155,000 husik sira nia uma. [[Nacoens Unidas]] hetan katak ministru sira defeza no interior no komandante F-FDTL entrega kilat ilegalnmente ba civil durante crisis no rekomenda kata sei halo juisio ba sira.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |title=UN commission of inquiry issues report on violent crisis that shook Timor-Leste |publisher=United Nations |date=2006-10-17 |url=http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=20284&amp;Cr=timor&amp;Cr1=inquiry# |accessdate=2007-09-01 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Planu ba dezenvolvimentu de forsas ===
Krize 2006 husik F-FDTL &quot;rabat rai&quot;.&lt;ref name=icgi&gt;International Crisis Group (2008). Page i.&lt;/ref&gt; The F-FDTL's strength fell from 1,435 in January 2006 to 715 in September and the proportion of westerners in the military fell from 65&amp;nbsp;percent to 28&amp;nbsp;percent.&lt;ref name=icg5/&gt; 
[[Imajen:F-FDTL-Centro de Instrução-Metinaro-2009.JPG|thumb|alt=White gates with buildings behind them|The gate to the F-FDTL Nicolau Lobato Training Centre near Metinaro]]

Iha 2004 komandante F-FDTL forma tim ida, nebe inkluye kontraktor internasional, atu harii dokumentu visaun estrategika largu plazo ba militar. Estudo ne suporta husi Governu Australian .&lt;ref&gt;Burton (2007). Page 101.&lt;/ref&gt; Nia resultadu dokumentu ''Force 2020'' halo kompletu iha 2006 no halo publika iha 2007.&lt;ref name=icg8&gt;International Crisis Group (2008). Page 8.&lt;/ref&gt; Dokumentu ne hateten  visaun 'aspirational'  ba dezenvolvimentu F-FDTL to´o 2020 e além de e é de estado equivalente a uma defesa [[white paper]]. Ida ne propose atu habelar militar atu besik 3,000  personnel regulariha medium term liu husi [[konskripsaun]]. ida nee mos tau longer-term goals hanesan establese komponente aereo no hola kilat modernu, hanesan [[Anti-tank warfare|anti-armour weapons]], [[armoured personnel carrier]]s and [[missile boat]]s, iha 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=Mark |last=Dodd |title=Secret missile plan for East Timor |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,21869293-601,00.html?from=public_rss |publisher=[[The Australian]] |date=2007-06-08 |accessdate=2007-08-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The ''Force 2020'' plan ne hanesan ho Opsaun&amp;nbsp;1 iha the King's College report. The King's College study team rekomenda makas liu kontra estrukura forsa ida ne, labelling isto &quot;unaffordable&quot; e elevando preocupações em cima do impacto de conscrição em sociedade de Timorese Oriental e prontidão de exército. Tim ida ne kalkula kata se uza estrutura de força ida ne valeriam 2.6 a 3.3&amp;nbsp;percent do anuário de Timor Oriental [[Produto Doméstico Total]] e representaria um fardo pesado na economia de Timor Oriental&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;The Centre for Defence Studies, King's College, London. Paragraphs 7.2 and 205–212.&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, the ''Force 2020'' plano pode não ser realístico ou satisfatório como parece enfatizar expansão militar a contador ameaças externas em cima de gastar em outros serviços de governo e segurança interna e esboça idéias como o a longo prazo (~2075) development of [[Militarisation of space|space forces]].&lt;ref&gt;International Crisis Group (2008). Pages 6 and 9.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mentras ''Force 2020'' plan hetan controversial, Governo Timor atu adopta ida ne. Planu ne hetan kritika husi United Nations no Governu Australia no United States como unaffordable e mais das necessidades de Timor Oriental.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=Mark |last=Dodd |title= Timor military blueprint unrealistic: Downer |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,21871852-2702,00.html?from=public_rss |publisher=[[The Australian]] |date=2007-06-08 |accessdate=2007-08-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Presidente José Ramos-Horta defende plano ida ne, porém, discutindo que sua adoção transformará o F-FDTL em uma força profissional capaz de defender a soberania de Timor Oriental e contribuir à estabilidade da nação.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |title=Force 2020 is important for the East Timor Government |publisher=East Timor Ministry of Defence |date=2007-07-03 |url=http://www.timor-leste.gov.tl/mindef/Eng/n3.htm |accessdate=2007-08-11 }} {{dead link| date=June 2010 | bot=DASHBot}}&lt;/ref&gt;funcionários de defesa Timorese também deram ênfase a que '' Força 2020 '' é um plano a longo prazo e não propõe adquirindo armas avançadas durante alguns anos. A partir de cedo 2008 o plano não tinha sido aprovado por [[parlamento]] mas planos estava sendo feito para sua implementação.&lt;ref name=icg8/&gt;

As repercussões da 2006 crise continuam sendo sentidas. No dia 11 2008 de fevereiro, um grupo de rebeldes conduzido por Alfredo Reinado [[2008 Timorese assassinato attempts|attempted Oriental para matar ou seqüestrar]] o Presidente Ramos-Horta e Primeiro-ministro Gusmão. Embora Ramos-Horta e um dos guardas dele esteja mal ferido, estes ataques não tiveram foram matados êxito e Reinado e outro rebelde. Foram estabelecidos um F-FDTL em comum e comando de PNTL para procurar os rebeldes sobreviventes e o exército e polícia demonstrou um grau alto de cooperação durante esta operação.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=East Timor's window of opportunity |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7288484.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=2008-03-10 |accessdate=2008-04-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The joint Comand foi licenciado no dia 19 2008 de junho. Enquanto The Joint Comand contribuiu à rendição de muitos dos sócios de Reinado, foi alegado que os sócios do comando cometeram violações de direitos humanos.&lt;ref&gt;UNMIT (2008). Page 2 and pages 5–6.&lt;/ref&gt; Iha 2008 de junho que o Governo ofereceu prover compensação financeira aos solicitantes que desejaram voltar a vida de civil. Esta oferta foi aceitada, e todos os solicitantes voltaram às casas deles/delas em agosto que ano.&lt;ref&gt;UNMIT (2009). Page 2&lt;/ref&gt;

== Command arrangements ==
[[Imajen:TMR Dec 2009.jpeg|thumb|upright|Major General Taur Matan Ruak in December 2009]]

A Constituição de estados de Timor Orientais que o Presidente é o xefe supremo da força de defesa e tem o poder para designar o xefe do F-FDTL e Chefe de Pessoal. O [[Conselho de Ministros de Timor|Council Oriental de Ministros]] e [[Parlamento Nacional de Parlamento de Timor|National Oriental]] é responsável para fundar o F-FDTL e fixar política relativo à segurança de Timor Oriental.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rees&quot;/&gt; Prime Minster Gusmão also serves as the current Minister of Defence and Security.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNMIT_2010_11&quot;&gt;UNMIT (2010), p. 11&lt;/ref&gt; A Superior Council for Defence and Security was also established in 2005 to advise the President on defence and security policy and legislation and the appointment and dismissal of senior military personnel. The council is chaired by the President and includes the Prime Minister, the defence, justice, interior and foreign affairs ministers, the heads of the F-FDTL and PNTL a national state security officer and three representatives from the national parliament. The council's role is not clear, however, and neither it nor the parliament served as a check against the decision to sack large numbers of F-FDTL personnel in 2006.&lt;ref&gt;Burton (2007). Pages 100–101.&lt;/ref&gt; A parliamentary committee also provides oversight of East Timor's security sector.&lt;ref name=UNMIT_2010_11 /&gt;

A small Ministry of Defence (which was renamed the Ministry of Defence and Security in 2007) was established in 2002 to provide civilian oversight of the F-FDTL. A lack of suitable staff for the Ministry and the close political relationship between senior F-FDTL officers and government figures rendered this oversight largely ineffectual and retarded the development of East Timor's defence policy up to at least 2004.&lt;ref&gt;Rees (2004). Pages 11–14.&lt;/ref&gt; The failure to institute effective civilian oversight of the F-FDTL also limited the extent to which foreign countries are willing to provide assistance to the F-FDTL&lt;ref&gt;Rees (2004). Page 28.&lt;/ref&gt; and contributed to the 2006 crisis.&lt;ref&gt;UNMIT (2006). Page 17.&lt;/ref&gt; As at early 2010 the Ministry of Defence and Security was organised into elements responsible for defence (including the F-FDTL) and  security (including the PNTL), each headed by their own Secretary of State. At this time the East Timorese Government was working to expand the Ministry's capacity with assistance from UNMIT, but continuing shortages of qualified staff limited the extent to which the Ministry could provide civilian oversight to the security sector.&lt;ref&gt;UNMIT (2010), pp. 11 and 14&lt;/ref&gt;

== Organizsaun ==
[[Imajen:East Timor Armed Forces.png|thumb|300px|The F-FDTL's structure in 2007]]
O F-FDTL é organizado em um exército de dois batalhões de infantaria de luz, um componente naval e unidades apoiando. Estas unidades de apoio incluem a sede de força, uma unidade de apoio de logistic, uma unidade de comunicações e uma companhia de polícia militar. Timor oriental não tem um [[força aérea]] e o F-FDTL não opera nenhuma aeronave atualmente. O F-FDTL também opera o &quot;maior e mais sofisticado&quot; [[inteligência de HUMINT|human]] rede em Timor Oriental, baseado na resistência clandestina que informa redes construída durante a ocupação indonésia,.&lt;ref&gt;Rees (2004). Page 56.&lt;/ref&gt; In May 2008 the national parliament passed a law which places the F-FTDL's intelligence branch under the authority of the head of the National Information Service.&lt;ref&gt;UNMIT (2008). Page 8.&lt;/ref&gt;

The F-FDTL has an authorised strength of 1,500 regular personnel and 1,500 reservists. It has never reached these totals as funding shortfalls have prevented the reserve component from being formed and the Army's two regular battalions have remained under-strength.&lt;ref name=rees29&gt;Rees (2004). Page 29.&lt;/ref&gt; While all the F-FDTL's personnel were initially FALINTIL veterans the force's composition has changed over time and few soldiers from the insurgency remain due to the force's narrow age requirement.&lt;ref&gt;La’o Hamutuk Bulletin (2005)&lt;/ref&gt; After the F-FDTL's 1st Battalion was established in 2001 recruitment was opened to all East Timorese above the age of 18, including women.&lt;ref&gt;''Jane's Sentinel Security Assessment - Southeast Asia''. Issue 20 – 2007. Page 116&lt;/ref&gt; Few women have joined the F-FDTL, however, and as at February 2010 only seven percent of new recruits were female.&lt;ref&gt;UNMIT (2006). Page 29.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;UNMIT (2010), p. 14&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Army ===
The land force of the F-FDTL consists of two [[light infantry]] battalions, each with an authorised strength of 600 personnel. The force was predominantly trained by the Australian and Portuguese militaries.&lt;ref&gt;Ball (2002). Pages 179–180.&lt;/ref&gt; Each battalion has three rifle companies, a support company and a headquarters company.&lt;ref&gt;Rees (2004). Pages 28–29.&lt;/ref&gt; Although the army is small, the [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla tactics]] employed by FALINTIL before the departure in 1999 of the [[Military of Indonesia|Indonesian military]] were effective against overwhelming numbers and it has the potential to form a credible deterrent against invasion.&lt;ref&gt;Wainwright (2002). Page 34.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Imajen:F-FDTL Falintil Day.jpg|thumb|250px|left|F-FDTL soldiers raise flags during a parade marking Falantil Day]]

The US Embassy in Dili states that in 2009 the F-FDTL comprised 719 qualified soldiers and a further 579 in training. Of the 579 recruits under training it is planned that 150 will be allocated to the Naval Component.&lt;ref name=US_Embassy_2010_3 /&gt;

The army's two battalions are located in separate bases. The 1st Battalion is based at [[Baucau]], with a contingent in the seaside coastline village of Laga.&lt;ref name=rees29/&gt; The 2nd Battalion is stationed at the Nicolau Lobato Training Centre near [[Metinaro]].&lt;ref&gt;Lowry (2006), page 4 and Rees (2004), pages 29–31.&lt;/ref&gt; Almost all of the 2nd Battalion's soldiers were dismissed during the 2006 crisis.&lt;ref name=icg5/&gt;

Logistics and service support is provided through Headquarters F-FDTL in [[Dili]]. There is also a military police unit that polices the F-FDTL and in addition performs traditional policing tasks, resulting in conflicting roles with the PNTL. The military police have also been responsible for presidential security since February 2007.&lt;ref&gt;International Crisis Group (2008). Page 15.&lt;/ref&gt; The F-FDTL is planning to raise two engineer squadrons with a total of 125 personnel during 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;US_Embassy_2010_4&quot;&gt;Embassy of the United States, Dili (2010), p. 4&lt;/ref&gt; 

The F-FDTL is armed only with [[small arms]] and does not have any [[crew-served weapon]]s. The 2007 edition of ''Jane's Sentinel'' states that the F-FDTL has the following equipment in service: 1,560 [[M16 rifle]]s and 75 [[M203 grenade launcher]]s, 75 [[FN Minimi]] [[squad automatic weapon]]s, 8 [[sniper rifle]]s and 50 [[M1911|.45 M1911A1]] pistols. A further 75 Minimis are to be ordered. The majority of the F-FDTL's weapons were donated by other countries.&lt;ref&gt;''Jane's Sentinel Security Assessment - Southeast Asia''. Issue 20 – 2007. Pages 146 and 152.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Komponente Naval ===
The Naval component of the F-FDTL was established in December 2001 when Portugal transferred two small [[Albatroz class patrol boat|''Albatroz'' class]] patrol boats from the [[Portuguese Navy]]. Its establishment was not supported by the King's College study team, the UN or East Timor's other donor countries on the grounds that East Timor could not afford to operate a naval force.&lt;ref&gt;''Jane's Sentinel Security Assessment - Southeast Asia''. Issue 20 – 2007. Page 148.&lt;/ref&gt; The role of the Naval Component is to conduct fishery and border protection patrols and ensure that the maritime line of communication to the [[Oecussi]] enclave remains open.&lt;ref name=&quot;Saunders&quot;&gt;Saunders (2009). Page 204.&lt;/ref&gt; As at June 2010 the Naval Component is equipped with four patrol boats.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chief_RAN_Vist&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Chief of Navy Visits East Timor|url=http://www.navy.gov.au/Chief_of_Navy_visits_East_Timor|publisher=Royal Australian Navy|accessdate=6 August 2010|date=16 June 2010|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20100619121214/http://www.navy.gov.au/Chief_of_Navy_visits_East_Timor|archivedate=19 June 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under the ''Force 2020'' plan the Naval Component may eventually be expanded to a light patrol force equipped with [[corvette]]-sized ships and [[landing craft]].&lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite news
| last = Wertheim
| first = Eric
| year = 2008
| title = World Navies in Review
| periodical = [[Proceedings (magazine)|Proceedings]]
| publication-place =
| publisher = [[United States Naval Institute]]
| volume = March 2008
| pages = 16
| issn =
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Imajen:East Timor soldier with a M14.jpg|thumb|Members of the F-FDTL Naval Component with US Marines]]

The two ''Albatroz'' class patrol boats [[East Timorese patrol boat Oecussi|''Oecussi'']] and [[East Timorese patrol boat Atauro|''Atauro'']] are each armed with a [[20 mm Oerlikon cannon|20&amp;nbsp;mm Oerlikon cannon]] and two 12.7&amp;nbsp;mm machine guns and are based at Hera Harbour a few kilometres east of Dili.&lt;ref name=&quot;Saunders&quot;/&gt; They were built in the early 1970s and were in the process of being decommissioned from the Portuguese Navy at the time they were offered to East Timor.&lt;ref&gt;Ball (2002). Page 181.&lt;/ref&gt; The patrol boats' high operating costs are a significant constraint on the Naval Component.&lt;ref&gt;Wainwright (2002). Page 25.&lt;/ref&gt; 

On 12 April 2008 East Timor signed a contract for two new Chinese-built 43 metre [[Type 062 class gunboat|Type-62 class]] patrol boats. These ships will replace the ''Albatroz'' class ships and be used to protect East Timor's fisheries. The contract for the ships also involves 30 to 40 East Timorese personnel being trained in China.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=Mark |last=Dodd |title=Alarm at China's influence in Timor |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23547135-31477,00.html |publisher=The Australian |date=2008-04-16 |accessdate=2008-04-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Storey_2009&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Storey|first=Ian |date=2009|title=China's Inroads into East Timor|journal=China Brief|publisher=The Jamestown Foundation|location=Washington DC|volume=9|issue=4|url=http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&amp;tx_ttnews[tt_news]=34724&amp;tx_ttnews[backPid]=7&amp;cHash=9ce073a8b9}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has also been reported that East Timor's shore infrastructure will also be updated as part of the acquisition of the Type-62 class ships.&lt;ref name=&quot;Saunders&quot;/&gt; The two new patrol boats arrived from China in June 2010 and were commissioned as the [[Jaco class patrol boat|''Jaco'' Class]] on the eleventh of the month.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=McGuirk|first=Rod|title=East Timorese president prefers 'fake Gucci' warships from China to Western military hardware|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/canadianpress/article/ALeqM5gtnzj751wriH7DJBYAWyD4LSGfAQ|accessdate=18 July 2010|date=23 June 2010|agency=The Canadian Press|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20100626123215/http://www.google.com/hostednews/canadianpress/article/ALeqM5gtnzj751wriH7DJBYAWyD4LSGfAQ|archivedate=26 June 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Ceremony for the Delivery of New Patrols Vessels, Jaco Class, to the F-FDTL Naval Force|url=http://timor-leste.gov.tl/?p=2865&amp;lang=en|publisher=Government of Timor-Leste|accessdate=6 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; The craft have been named ''Jaco'' and ''Betano''.&lt;ref name=Chief_RAN_Vist /&gt;

Reports on the Naval Component's strength are contradictory; while the 2009–2010 edition of ''[[Jane's Fighting Ships]]'' states that 150 personnel are under training,&lt;ref name=&quot;Saunders&quot;/&gt; the 2010 edition of the IISS ''Military Balance'' lists the Naval Component's size as 82 personnel.&lt;ref name=&quot;IISS_2010_432&quot;&gt;IISS (2010), p. 432&lt;/ref&gt; The United States Embassy in Dili states that the Naval Component comprised 87 personnel at the end of 2009 and is to be expanded by a further 150.&lt;ref name=&quot;US_Embassy_2010_3&quot;&gt;Embassy of the United States, Dili (2010), p. 3&lt;/ref&gt;

== Defence expenditure and procurement ==
East Timor Government budget papers show that the F-FDTL has been allocated funding of $US17.713 million for 2010, with additional funding being provided to the Ministry of Defence and Security and Secretariat of State for Defence.&lt;ref name=&quot;2010_Budget_paper3_p67&quot;&gt;Republica Democratica De Timor-Leste (2010), p. 67&lt;/ref&gt; Despite this expenditure, East Timor is reliant on foreign aid to fund and equip the F-FDTL. The aid is provided in the form of military equipment, such as weapons and uniforms, and through the provision of training and assistance with logistics. No military production currently takes place in East Timor, though the country may eventually manufacture its own military uniforms.&lt;ref&gt;''Jane's Sentinel Security Assessment - Southeast Asia. Issue 20 – 2007''. Pages 142 and 153.&lt;/ref&gt; The King's College report estimated that a military of 1,500 regulars and 1,500 reservists would cost approximately one percent of East Timor's GDP and that this was the highest level of military expenditure the country could sustain.&lt;ref&gt;The Centre for Defence Studies, King's College, London. Paragraphs 7.4 and 158.&lt;/ref&gt;

Funding shortfalls have constrained the development of the F-FDTL. The government has been forced to postpone plans to form an independent company stationed in the Oecussi enclave and two reserve infantry battalions. These units formed an important part of the King's College report's Option&amp;nbsp;3 force structure and their absence may have impacted on East Timor's defence policy.&lt;ref&gt;Rees (2004). Page 27.&lt;/ref&gt; The signing of agreements to purchase patrol boats from China and military equipment from Malaysia in 2008 may indicate that East Timor is increasing its defence budget in order to modernise the F-FDTL.&lt;ref&gt;{{ cite journal | last =Grevatt | first =Jon | year =2008 | month = | title =East Timor signs Forces update MoU | journal =Jane's Defence Weekly | volume =30 April 2008}} Page 15.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Foreign defence relations ==
[[Imajen:UNMIT Deployment Feb 2010.jpg|thumb|300px|alt=A map of East Timor marked with the locations of Locations of UNMIT military liaison teams|Locations of UNMIT military liaison teams as at February 2010]]
{{see also|Foreign relations of East Timor}}

Foreign countries play a key role in supporting the F-FDTL and are providing security in East Timor until the Timorese security forces are ready to resume this responsibility. The [[United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste]] (UNMIT) is tasked with supporting the East Timorese government and security institutions, including the F-FDTL. UNMIT was established on 25 August 2006 and replaced the [[United Nations Office in Timor Leste]] (UNOTIL). As at 30 June 2010 UNMIT had a strength of 1,466 uniformed personnel, including 1,434 police and 32 military observers. These personnel were supported by 354 international civilians, 907 local civilian workers and 176 UN volunteers.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNMIT_facts&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=UNMIT Facts and Figures|url=http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/unmit/facts.shtml|work=United Nations Integrated Mission In Timor-Leste|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=6 August 2010|archiveurl=https://archive.is/YGjM|archivedate=17 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; UNMIT includes a Military Liaison Group which maintains teams in Dili, Baucau, [[Maliana]], [[Suai]], and Oecussi. These teams collect information on security issues for UNMIT and liaise with both the East Timorese Border Police and the Indonesian military in border districts.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNMIT_MLG&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Military Liaison Group|url=http://unmit.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid=180|work=United Nations Integrated Mission In Timor-Leste|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=6 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

UNMIT is supported by an Australian-led International Stabilisation Force (ISF). The ISF was [[Operation Astute|deployed to East Timor in late May 2006]] and currently includes units from the [[Australian Defence Force]] and the [[New Zealand Defence Force]]. The main element of the ISF is the [[ANZAC Battle Group]], which has a strength of about 400 Australians and 150 New Zealanders as at August 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Current ADF Commitment|url=http://www.defence.gov.au/op/eastTimor/commitment.htm|work=Global Operations: East Timor|publisher=Australian Department of Defence|accessdate=6 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The presence of UN police and Australian troops was a key issue in the [[East Timorese presidential election, 2007|2007 East Timorese presidential election]]. The winning candidate, José Ramos-Horta, backed the presence of foreign forces and told rallies that he would like these forces to remain for at least five years. Most other candidates called for the UN and ISF to withdraw as soon as possible, arguing that their presence limits East Timor's sovereignty. Despite the differing views on how long the UN and ISF should remain in East Timor, all the parties regard the presence of foreign peacekeepers as being necessary until the F-FDTL and PNTL are ready to take responsibility for the country's security.&lt;ref&gt;International Crisis Group (2007). Page 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

While the UN has historically been reluctant to engage with the F-FDTL, several bilateral donors have assisted the force's development. Australia has provided extensive training and logistical support to the F-FDTL since it was established, and currently provides advisors who are posted to the F-FDTL and Ministry of Defence and Security. Portugal also provides advisors and trains two naval officers each year in Portugal. [[China]] has provided US$1.8&amp;nbsp;million in aid to the F-FDTL since 2002 and agreed to build a new US$7&amp;nbsp;million headquarters for the force in late 2007. East Timor is one of [[Brazil]]'s main destinations for aid and the [[Brazilian Army]] is responsible for training the F-FDTL's military police unit. The United States also provides a small amount of assistance to the F-FDTL through the [[United States Department of State|State Department's]] International Military Education and Training Program. While Malaysia has provided training courses and financial and technical aid, this assistance was suspended after the 2006 crisis.&lt;ref&gt;International Crisis Group (2008). Pages 12–13.&lt;/ref&gt; Under current arrangements Portugal provides the F-FDTL with basic and advanced training while Australia and other nations provide training in specialized skills.&lt;ref name=US_Embassy_2010_4 /&gt;

== Notes ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot; style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
&lt;references /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

== Referensia ==
; Books and reports

* {{cite paper |author=Amnesty International |authorlink=Amnesty International |title=Timor Leste: Briefing to Security Council Members on policing and security in Timor-Leste. |year=2003 |url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/alfresco_asset/87c7dd7b-a49f-11dc-bac9-0158df32ab50/asa570012003en.pdf |format=PDF|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080530005037/http://www.amnesty.org/en/alfresco_asset/87c7dd7b-a49f-11dc-bac9-0158df32ab50/asa570012003en.pdf|archivedate=2008-05-30}}
* {{cite book|last=Burton|first=Cynthia|title=East Timor: beyond independence|editor=Damien Kingsbury and Michael Leach|publisher=Monash University Press|location=Melbourne|year=2007|chapter=Security sector reform: current issues and future challenges|isbn=9781876924492}}
* {{cite web|title=U.S. Military Engagement: 2009 in Review|url=http://timor-leste.usembassy.gov/latest_embassy_news/u.s.-military-engagement-2009-in-review|publisher=Embassy of the United States, Dili|accessdate=18 July 2010|author=Embassy of the United States, Dili|year =2010}}
* {{Cite book
| last =Government of East Timor
| year =2007
| title =Força 2020
| publisher =Government of East Timor
| work = Hosted on the East Timor and Indonesia Action Network's website
| url =http://www.etan.org/news/2007/06forcas.htm
| accessdate = 2007-08-07
}} This publication [http://www.timor-leste.gov.tl/mindef/Eng/Defence%20&amp;%20Security/forca2020.asp is also available] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029085711/http://www.timor-leste.gov.tl/mindef/Eng/Defence%20%26%20Security/forca2020.asp |date=2008-10-29 }} from the East Timor Ministry of Defence and Security's website.
* {{cite book|title=Jane's Sentinel Security Assessment - Southeast Asia. Issue 20 – 2007 |publisher=Jane's Information Group |location=Coulsdon }}
* {{cite book |last=The Centre for Defence Studies, King's College, London |authorlink=King's College London |title=Independent Study on Security Force Options and Security Sector Reform for East Timor |year=2000 |location=London
}}
* {{cite paper |last=Horta |first=Loro |title=Young and Wild. Timor Leste's troubled military |publisher=Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, Nanyang Technological University |year=2006 |url=http://www.idss.edu.sg/publications/Perspective/IDSS0162006.pdf |format=PDF| accessdate= 2007-09-01 }}
* {{cite paper |last=International Crisis Group |authorlink=International Crisis Group |title=Resolving Timor-Leste’s Crisis |publisher=International Crisis Group |year=2006 |url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=4438&amp;l=1 |accessdate=2007-08-18| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070815054315/http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=4438&amp;l=1| archivedate = August 15, 2007}}
* {{cite paper |last=International Crisis Group |authorlink=International Crisis Group |title=Timor-Leste’s Parliamentary Elections |publisher=International Crisis Group |year=2007 |url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=4895&amp;l=1 |accessdate=2007-08-18 | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070814212300/http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=4895&amp;l=1| archivedate = August 14, 2007}}
* {{cite paper |last=International Crisis Group |authorlink=International Crisis Group |title=Timor-Leste: Security Sector Reform |publisher=International Crisis Group |year=2008 |url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=5264&amp;l=1 |accessdate=2008-01-19 | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080123142633/http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=5264&amp;l=1| archivedate = January 23, 2008}}
* {{cite book |last=[[The International Institute for Strategic Studies]] (IISS) |title=The Military Balance 2010 |year=2010 |publisher=Routledge Journals |location=[[Abingdon, Oxfordshire|Abingdon]] |issn=14799022 }} 
* {{cite paper |last=Lowry |first=Bob |title=After the 2006 crisis: Australian interests in Timor-Leste |publisher=[[Australian Strategic Policy Institute]] |year=2007 |url=http://www.aspi.org.au/publications/publication_details.aspx?ContentID=144&amp;pubtype=6 }}
* {{cite press release |title=On the Findings of the Independent Inquiry Commission (IIC) for the FALINTIL-FDTL |publisher=President of East Timor |date=2004-08-24 |url=http://www.etan.org/et2004/august/22/24onthe.htm |accessdate=2007-11-23 }}
* {{cite paper |last=Rees |first=Edward |title=Under Pressure - Forças de Defesa de Timor Leste. Three Decades of Defence Force Development in Timor Leste 1975 – 2004. |publisher=Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces |date=April 2004 |url=http://www.dcaf.ch/_docs/WP139.pdf|format=PDF }}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.laohamutuk.org/econ/OGE10/BB1GSB10Feb10En.pdf|title=2010 State Budget: Book 1|last=Republica Democratica De Timor-Leste|date=2010|publisher=La'o Hamutuk|accessdate=10 April 2010}}
* {{cite book |last=Saunders |first=Stephen (editor) |title=[[Jane's Fighting Ships|Jane's Fighting Ships Vol. 112, 2009-2010]]|year=2009 |publisher=Jane’s Information Group |location=Coulsdon }}
* {{cite paper |last=United Nations Independent Special Commission of Inquiry for Timor-Leste |title=Report of the United Nations Independent Special Commission of Inquiry for Timor-Leste |publisher=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] |year=2007 |url=http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/COITimorLeste.pdf |format=PDF }}
* {{Cite web
| last =United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT)
| year =2006
| title =Report of the Secretary-General. S/2006/628. 8 August 2006. Covering major developments since the 20 April report and presenting recommendations on the future UN role in Timor-Leste
| format=PDF
| url = http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N06/448/33/PDF/N0644833.pdf?OpenElement
| accessdate =2007-08-12
}}
* {{Cite web
| last =United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT)
| year =2007
| title =Report on human rights developments in Timor-Leste August 2006 – August 2007
| format=PDF
| url = http://www.unmit.org/UNMISETWebSite.nsf/192bda2f4f2cbc284925739500311c4c/$FILE/Report%20on%20human%20rights%20developments%20in%20Timor-Leste.pdf
| accessdate =2007-11-18
| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080530005041/http://www.unmit.org/UNMISETWebSite.nsf/192bda2f4f2cbc284925739500311c4c/$FILE/Report+on+human+rights+developments+in+Timor-Leste.pdf| archivedate = May 30, 2008}}
* {{cite web|url=http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N08/432/24/PDF/N0843224.pdf?OpenElement|year =2008|title=Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (for the period from 8 January to 8 July 2008)|last=United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT)|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=2008-09-06}}
* {{cite web|url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N09/222/46/PDF/N0922246.pdf?OpenElement|year=2009|title=Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (Covering the period from 9 July 2008 to 20 January 2009)|last=United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT)|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=2009-12-06}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009142538/http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N09/222/46/PDF/N0922246.pdf?OpenElement |date=9 October 2011 }}
* {{cite web|url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N09/222/46/PDF/N0922246.pdf?OpenElement|year=2009a|title=Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (for the period covering 21 January to 23 September 2009)|last=United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT)|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=2009-12-06}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009142538/http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N09/222/46/PDF/N0922246.pdf?OpenElement |date=2011-10-09 }}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2010/85|year =2010|title=Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (for the period from 24 September 2009 to 20 January 2010)|last=United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT)|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=2010-08-06}}
* {{cite book |last=Wainwright |first=Elsina |title=New Neighbour, New Challenge: Australia and the Security of East Timor |url=http://www.aspi.org.au/publications/publication_details.aspx?ContentID=11&amp;pubtype=1 |year=2002 |publisher=[[Australian Strategic Policy Institute]] |location=Canberra |isbn=1920722009 }}

; Journal articles

* {{cite journal |last=Ball |first=Desmond |year=2002 |month=October |title=The Defence of East Timor: A Recipe For Disaster? |journal=Pacifica Review |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=175–189 |doi=10.1080/1323910022000023147 }}
* {{Cite news
| last=Tom Fawthrop and Paul Harris
| year=2001
| title=East Timor prepares for post-independence security threats
| periodical=Janes Intelligence Review
| publication-place=Coulsdon
| publisher=Jane's Information Group
| volume=October 2001
| pages=36–38
| issn=13506226
}}
* {{cite journal |last=[[The International Institute for Strategic Studies]] (IISS) |year=2006 |title=Turmoil in Timor Leste |journal=Strategic Comments |volume=12 |issue=5 |url=http://www.iiss.org/publications/strategic-comments/past-issues/volume-12---2006/volume-12--issue-5/turmoil-in-timor-leste |accessdate= 2007-11-06}}
* {{cite journal |last=La’o Hamutuk |year=2005 |title=Transformation of FALINTIL into F-FDTL |journal=The La’o Hamutuk Bulletin |volume=6 |issue=No. 1-2: April 2005 |url=http://www.laohamutuk.org/Bulletin/2005/Apr/bulletinv6n1.html#FALINTIL |accessdate= 2008-02-03 }}
* {{cite conference
| first = Bob
| last = Lowry
| year = 2006
| title = National security policy and structure: Police, military and intelligence
| conference = Beyond the crisis in Timor-Leste
| conferenceurl = http://devnet.anu.edu.au/Timor-Leste_Beyond%20the%20Crisis_Seminar_Home.php
| publisher = Australian National University Development Studies Network
| location = Canberra
| url = http://devnet.anu.edu.au/timor-beyond%20crisis%20papers/Lowry.ml.doc
}}
* {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Anthony L. |year=2005 |month=June |title=Constraints and Choices: East Timor as a Foreign Policy Actor |journal=New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=15–36 |url=http://www.nzasia.org.nz/downloads/NZJAS-June05/7_1_3.pdf |accessdate= 2007-11-13 |format=PDF}}

== Ligasaun ba li'ur ==
{{commons|Category:Military of East Timor|Forcas Defensa Timor Lorosae}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091021083523/http://www.un.org/depts/dpko/missions/unmit/ United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste]
* [http://navfacpacific.us/Timor%20Leste/A_Country_Info/Timor%20Chief%20Brief%20APR10%20v1.ppt April 2010 Presentation on East Timor by the US Office of Defense Cooperation, Timor Leste]

[[Kategoria:Timór Lorosa'e]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hary Gunarto</title>
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      <text bytes="442" sha1="ofqyk8cd7sbbwpjngmfo1gjifqze6mk" xml:space="preserve">'''Hary Gunarto''', moris iha [[1954]] hosi  [[Indonézia]] mak profesór emeritus iha Universidade Ázia Pasífiku, [[Japaun]] &lt;ref&gt;[https://jglobal.jst.go.jp/en/detail?JGLOBAL_ID=200901038934712990 JST Japaun.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717130645/https://jglobal.jst.go.jp/en/detail?JGLOBAL_ID=200901038934712990 |date=2022-07-17 }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Referénsia ==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Kategoria:Mane]]
[[Kategoria: Siénsia]]</text>
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