Kultura timór

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    <title>Kultura timór</title>
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      <text bytes="3560" sha1="a9034d2n2usf3n1cofl80daearhg3x8" xml:space="preserve">Materia ida ne'e bele halo ita hotu konese oinsa moris ho ita hotu nia identidade rasik.Husi lorosa’e to’o loromonu, husi tasi feto to’o tasi mane, ita bele hare'e oinsa timoroan moris, oinsa hadulur malu, oinsa sira tau neon metin ba matebian sira. Ita bele haninu mos oinsa sira moris tuir lisan hafolin, oinsa sira hana’i matebian, oinsa ema hotu iha knua laran, mesak maluk de’it, mesak na'an de’it.

Iha Rai Timor, hosi rai ida ba rai ida, ita bele rona ida-idak nia lian, ita bele haninu rai ida-idak nia lisan.

Iha Rai Timor ita bele rona lia barak, maibe sanulu resin lima maka hatán ema barak, hodi moris tuir lisan sel-seluk.

Timoroan, nu’u uai-uain, hatene ko’alia lia rua:

# Lia ida mai hosi nia hun, nia uma laran; maski moris iha rai dook, hatene ko’alia lia ne’e, hatene halia maluk e sasán, buka moris nafatin tuir bein sira nia lisan.
# Lia seluk hatene bainhira moris iha reinu seluk. Nune’e, sai hosi uma laran, hodi lia Tetun ko’alia ho ema seluk; laos Tetun-los e Tetun-terik, maibé Tetun ida ne’ebe ema hotu iha Rai Timor ko’alia bainhira hasoru malu. Lian Tetun ida ne’ebe ita hodi haknauk, hodi hatene katesismu, lian ida ne’ebe Na’i Lulik sira haklaken Kristu nia Liafuan.

Ita bele hetan lia barak, lisan barak, maibé tuir lisan barlake, tuir ukur matebian timoroan hotu simu malu hun abut ida de’it, bein ida de’it …

Lisan barlake hametin uma kain ida ho knua seluk; matebian sira la tu'ur iha fatin seluk, maibé matebian hadulur ho maluk iha knua laran, tan ne’e ema ida la leet iha nia knua, ema ida la leet iha reinu seluk.

Timoroan hotu fiar iha lulik bein ida – Maromak – ne’e be ita sei hana’i, sei hamulak hodi bele hetan di’ak, bele moris dame.

Iha knua laran sei harii Uma Lulik atu haloot sasán lulik no lima-rohan bein siran. Lulik na’in e dato lulik maka sei tau liman ba Uma Lulik hodi halo ukun tuir lisan atu kuda rai e sal rai. Sira de’it maka bele tama iha Uma Lulik.

Timoroan sira fiar katak matebian sira la bá fatin seluk, maibé tuur hela iha foho lulik e fatin lulik.

Matebian ho ema hotu ne’ebe sei moris, hadulur  malu hela, tan ne’e timoroan fiar katak ida-idak moris tuir karik matebian nia rohan, nia moris sei la kotu. Tan ne’e molok há’e sei moris, ida-diak sei halo di’ak, sei tau liman atu ema seluk hetan rahun di’ak.

Timoroan fiar katak atu hetan rahun di’ak, sei moris tuir dalan maromak. Tan ne’e molok halo knaar boot ruma, knua tomak sei hamutuk hasa’e ukur atu husu matebian sira nia tulun, atu hetan Maromak nia kmanek.
Maka nee deit obrigado.

== Vocabulário ==
* hadulur malu: ''conviver''
* hafoli: ''casar segundo a tradição''
* haklaken: ''anunciar''
* haknauk: ''negociar; permutar''
* halia: ''chamar''
* hamulak: ''orar, rogar''
* haninu: ''observar, ponderar''
* maski: ''embora''
* matebian: ''defuntos, antepassados''
* nu’u: ''como''
* sau rai: ''aspergir, purificar''
* tasi feto: ''mar do norte''
* hatán: ''responder''
* kain: ''tronco, galho''
* le'et: ''em vão''
* lisan: ''usos, costumes''
* loromonu: ''ocidente''
* lorosa’e: ''oriente''
* lulik na’in, dato lulik: ''sacerdote animista''
* naan: ''irmãos e primos''
* na’i lulik: ''sacerdote''
* tasi mane: ''mar do sul''
* tau liman: ''cuidar de''
* Uma Lulik: ''Casa Sagrada''

== Haree mós ==
* [[Arkitetura Timór Lorosa'e]]
   
== Ligasaun ba li'ur ==
* [http://www.ics.ul.pt/ahsocial/fontoura/album/pag_inteiras/31.htm/ Hatais tuir Timor-Leste nia lisan]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kultura Timor-Leste}}
[[Kategoria:Kultura]]</text>
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    <title>Komunidade Rain Ne'ebé Ko'alia Lia-Portugés</title>
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      <text bytes="1596" sha1="ex9xkk421519w2oxjdm59wctndjg7il" xml:space="preserve">[[Imajen:Detailed SVG map of the Lusophone world.svg|upright=2|thumb|right|Rai membru sira CPLP nian]]

'''Komunidade Rain Ne'ebé Ko'alia Lia-Portugés''' - '''CPLP''' (''Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa''), nasaun hirak ne'ebé ko'alia lian ofisiál [[Lia-portugés|portugés]]:

[[Imajen:Lang-pt.gif|thumb|right|upright|Bandeira rai sira CPLP nian]]

== Rain membru sira ==
* [[Imajen:Flag of Angola.svg|25px]] [[Angola]]
* [[Imajen:Flag of Brazil.svg|25px]] [[Brazíl]]
* [[Imajen:Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg|25px]] [[Giné-Bisau]]
* [[Imajen:Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg|25px]] [[Giné Ekuatoriál]]
* [[Imajen:Flag of Cape Verde.svg|25px]] [[Kabuverde]]
* [[Imajen:Flag of Mozambique.svg|25px]] [[Mosambike]]
* [[Imajen:Flag of Portugal.svg|25px]] [[Portugál]]
* [[Imajen:Flag of São Tomé and Príncipe.svg|25px]] [[Saun Tomé no Prínsipe]]
* [[Imajen:Flag of East Timor.svg|25px]] [[Timór Lorosa'e]]

== Rain observadór sira ==
* [[Imajen:Flag of Slovakia.svg|25px]] [[Eslovákia]]
* [[Imajen:Flag of Japan.svg|25px]] [[Japaun]]
* [[Imajen:Flag of Georgia.svg|25px]] [[Jeórjia]]
* [[Imajen:Flag of Namibia.svg|25px]] [[Namíbia]]
* [[Imajen:Flag of Czech Republic.svg|25px]] [[Repúblika Xeka]]
* [[Imajen:Flag of Senegal.svg|25px]] [[Senegál]]
* [[Imajen:Flag of Hungary.svg|25px]] [[Ungria]]
* [[Imajen:Flag of Uruguay.svg|25px]] [[Uruguai]]
* [[Imajen:Flag of Turkey.svg|25px]] [[Turkia]]

== Kandidate ==
* [[Imajen:Flag of Macau.svg|25px]] [[Makau]] (Regiaun Administrativa Espesiál Makau nian [[Xina|Repúblika Popular Xina]] nian)

{{CPLP}}

[[Kategoria:CPLP|!]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ASEAN</title>
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      <text bytes="8660" sha1="d1swawvffp9mq6xqkr17i994qf4d8cn" xml:space="preserve">'''Asosiasaun Nasaun Sudeste Aziátiku (ASEAN; {{Langx|en|Association of Southeast Asian Nations}})''' -- nian moris iha tinan [[1967]] liu husi xamada ida maka naran &quot;Deklarasaun [[Bankoke]]&quot;, ne'ebe asina iha loron 8 fulan Agostu iha tinan ne'ebá liu husi nasaun fundador na'in lima maka hanesan ([[Filipinas]], [[Indonézia]], [[Malázia]], [[Singapura]] no [[Tailândia]]).

Mosu tiha hafoin luta ba poder iha [[Indonézia]] ([[1965]]-[[1966]]) no iha plena faze ba intensifikasaun funu [[Vietname]] nian, ASEAN mosu hanesan aliansa polítika ida ba &quot;[[Komunizmu]]&quot; (liu husi konstituisaun ida &quot;kordaun sanitáriu&quot; haleu [[Vietname]] tomak) duké hanesan asosiasaun ida ho pretensaun ekonómika. Maibé, Deklarasaun ne'e la husik atu subliña katak husi nia objetivu prinsipál ida hakarak hamoris lalais  [[ekonomia]] rai ne'ebá nian liu husi kooperasaun ho nasaun sira seluk.

Hahú iha tinan [[1977]], maka preokupasaun ekonómika sira ne'e komesa manan importánsia bo'ot ho asinatura, iha loron 24 fulan Fevereiru tinan ida ne'e, husi PTA - &quot;''Preferential Trade Agreement''&quot;. Ne'e pretende sai hanesan instrumentu fundamentál husi aumentu ba troka komersiál sira ho nasaun organizasaun nian. Maibé, ida ne'e la pretende atu tuir pasu husi bo'ot integrasaun ekonómika nian nebe maka mai hanesan trilladu, ho ida ne'e, [[Komunidade Ekonómika Europeia]] - [[CEE]] (agora dau-daun hakoak nasaun na'in sia).

Instrumentu prinsipál ba implementasaun PTA nian, maka hanesan prátika tarifa aduaneira preferénsia ho nasaun aderente ho fin hodi aumenta [[komérsiu]] internasional intra-asosiasaun. Maske asosiasaun PTA nian, nasaun nebe konkorente liu ho sira maka komplementár, mantein polítika defeza husi nia merkadu nasionál. Tanba ne'e, impaktu ba akordu ne'e sai limitadu.

Iha tinan [[1992]] presiza hein tan hodi haré pasu ida tuir mai, desidi di'ak liu tan ho sentidu ba aumentu efektivu koperasaun ekonómika rejionál nian, ho asesu nebe fásil liu ba merkadu husi nasaun sira seluk. De faktu, iha Simeira [[Singapura]] nian, iha fulan [[Janeiru]] tinan ne'ebá nian, membru ASEAN sira (nain ne'en, tau tan ho [[Brunei Darusalám]] iha tinan [[1984]]) desidi hodi halao ASEAN Free Trade Association ([[AFTA]]) ho prazu tinan 15 hahu iha loron 1 fulan [[Janeiru]] tinan [[1993]]. Ne'e hanesan iha programa ona katak [[AFTA]] sei hahu ho efetivu iha fulan [[Janeiru]] tinan [[2008]], hahu husi data nebe [[taxa alfandegária]] sira iha troka komersial ho membru nasaun nian tenki reduz ba intervalu ida husi 0 (zero) to'o porsentu 5 (5%) Eskema ida nebe bolu ho naran &quot;Common Efective Preferential Tariff&quot; (CEPT). Kondisaun esensiál maka hanesan produtu atu troka kumpri xamada ''regra de origem'' ho pelumenus porsentu 40 (40%). Ne'e hanesan pelumenus porsentu 40 (40%) husi produtu nia folin tenki iha origen ho nasaun ASEAN nian.

Iha tinan [[1995]] desidi hodi antisipa iha tinan 5 nia laran (iha tinan [[2003]] no laos iha tinan [[2008]]) hodi hatama iha vigor akordu ne'ebe estabelese tiha ona. Maibé, nasaun ne'ebe maka sei adere tarde liu ba ASEAN ([[Vietname]] iha tinan [[1995]], [[Laos]] ho [[Birmánia]] iha tinan [[1997]] no [[Kamboja]] iha tinan [[1999]]) iha tinan 10 nia laran atu nune'e nasaun sira seluk adota tarifa aduaneira desidi ho koletiva tebes ba troka intra-ASEAN nian.

Maske husi nia objetivu prinsipál sai hanesan eliminasaun kresente husi direitu alfandegáriu ba [[komérsiu]] hotu-hotu ho nasaun Asosiasaun nian, rekoñese katak laos posivel hodi realiza maske nasaun sira iha posibilidade hodi adapta nia [[ekonomia]] nasional ba konkorrénsia externa (rai-liur) nia moris.

=== Komérciu externu ASEAN nian ===

Nune'e, de faktu estabelese ona lista produtu nain tolu konabá sensibilidade husi setor produtivu idak-idak iha kontestu ba ekonomia reziaun nian:

* Lista husi bens &quot;sensível&quot; nian ida, hanesan bens agríkula nebe la prosesu, ba sira ne'ebe hanesan fó periodu tempu nian ida ne'ebe naruk hodi abranja husi CEPT, tenki iha atensaun ba kazu espesifiku husi nasaun no produtu idak-idak.
* Bens ida nebe hasai ho temporária, ba buat nebe tarifa imposta ba troka intra-rejional sei reduz ba taxa ida husi porsentu 0 - 5 (0-5%), maski hetan sob protesaun tarifária, nebe hatama ona iha polítika governu husi nasaun nebe importa/hatama salvaguarda interese husi produtu nasionál balu; no
* Lista husi bens ekskluzaun efetiva nian.

Implementasaun husi eskema ida ne'e, destinadu hodi aumenta liu tan troka ho nasaun husi rejiaun ne'eba nian nebe prodúz sira nia ai-fuan. De faktu, troka hirak ne'e sei aumenta husi osan [[dólar amerikanu]] biliaun 44 iha tinan 1993 ba biliaun 95 (liu tan dobru) iha tinan [[2000]], hatudu husi taxa kresimentu anual nian besik porsentu 12 (12%). Resultadu ne'e hanesan katak [[komérsiu]] intra-ASEAN ne'ebe hatudu iha tinan [[2000]] besik porsentu 23 (23%) husi [[komérsiu]] internasional rejiaun nian.

Maibé valor/folin ne'e konsidera  modestu ona husi observadór balu, ne'ebe maka justifika situasaun ne'e hanesan faktu husi estrutura produtiva husi nasaun oi-oin sai konkorrénsia liu tan duké komplementar. Komplementaridade ho [[ekonomia]] ne'ebe maka iha, no entantu, mai aumenta ba buat ne'ebe maka fundamentál ona papel ne'ebe maka halao ona husi empreza estranjeira (rai-liur) nian (ezemplu, hanesan ema [[Japaun]] sira) lokaliza ona iha rejiaun nasaun oi-oin.

Husi ne'e rezulta katak [[komérsiu]] internasional nasaun ASEAN nian kontinua dezenvolve nafatin liu-liu ho nasaun eksterior (rai-liur) nian ba Asosiasaun.

La kontente ho rezultadu ne'e, no benefisiandu ho tempu ne'ebe lao – ne'ebe kontribui hodi diminui (hatun) sentimentu rekuza nian husi &quot;integrasaun ekonómika&quot; bo'ot ida prefere liu ba fomentu simples ida husi &quot;komérsiu livre&quot; maka iha karákter prosesu hotu-hotu – paiz ASEAN sira desidi ona iha fulan [[Setembru]] tinan [[2003]] iha simeira [[Phnom Penh]] ([[Kamboja]]) nian, hodi aprova aprofundamentu grau integrasaun ekonómika ho sira duni liu husi konstituisaun Komunidade Ekonómika ASEAN nian. Hanesan ida ne'ebe refere ona iha komunikadu konjuntu ne'ebe divulga ona, ida &quot;maka hanesan AEC, ASEAN (iha tinan [[2020]]) oin mai merkadu ida no baze produtiva únika ida, karakteriza ona husi sirkulasaun livre merkadoria nian, servisu, investimentu no servisu espesializadu hanesan liberdade bo'ot ida husi sirkulasaun kapitál nian&quot;.

=== Timór-Leste ===
No [[Timór-Leste]]? Oinsa atu artikula buat nebe mosu oras ne'e iha ita nia rai-laran, ho [[ekonomia]] ida maka sei fraku tebes-tebes iha fatin hotu-hotu, ho movimentu kresente integrasaun ekonómika rejional ida ne'e. [[Timór-Leste]] bele hela iha ninin iha prosesu ida ne'e? Buat nebe los maka hanesan susar tebes-tebes hodi hanoin iha [[Timór-Leste]] izoladu ida husi rejiaun restu nebe maka besik &quot;naturalmente&quot; insere/hatama...

Maibé, karik buat ne'e lo'os, maka pergunta sira tuir mai hanesan, pelumenus rua: bainhira realiza integrasaun? Ho kondisaun oinsá? Nota katak resposta ba kestaun hirak ne'e laos independenti ho nia.

Konabá pergunta ida uluk, sei hare hanesan kestaun ida la'os de'it ekonómika maibé mos ho polítika, klaru saida maka sei sai ba autoridade timoroan sira (no sira nia kontraparte husi nasaun ASEAN nian) hodi difini kalendariu nebe maka diak liu maibé iha perspektiva ekonómika ida maka tenki previlejia adesaun ida ba médiu-longo prazu.

Kona ba pergunta rua tuir fali, no hatene ona katak ho integrasaun [[Timór-Leste]] nian iha ASEAN sei obriga ba redusaun taxa alfandegária no ba liberalizasaun ida husi importasaun tenki uza mekanismu ASEAN nian rasik ne'ebe dehan ona iha leten, temporariamente hodi limita ambos husi efeitu modu nian hodi permit/hatan katak choke konaba konta públika (redusaun husi reseita aduaneira nian) atu labele bo'ot liu no produtor nasionál sira (ka, diak liu, sira balu) la'os de'it manán kapasidade nebe presiza hodi rezisti importasaun ba produtu nebe baratu husi paiz sira seluk ASEAN nian maibé, mos ikus mai kapasidade hodi prodúz, mesak ka iha asosiasaun nia laran ho investor rai-liur nian, hodi halo luan tan fatin ekonomiku nebe maka ASEAN hari'i hela.

== Ligasaun ba li'ur ==
 {{Commons|Category:Association of Southeast Asian Nations|Association of Southeast Asian Nations}}
* [http://www.aseansec.org/home.htm Portál ofisiál] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060413030259/http://www.aseansec.org/home.htm |date=2006-04-13 }}
* [http://www.aseannewsnetwork.com ASEAN News Network] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050427131934/http://www.aseannewsnetwork.com/ |date=2005-04-27 }}

[[Kategoria:Uniaun estadu sira-nian]]</text>
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      <text bytes="8669" sha1="t7u4l1nebq59t79x2nu71ueq8t1q7tp" xml:space="preserve">'''Asosiasaun Nasaun Sudeste Aziátiku (ASEAN; {{Langx|en|Association of Southeast Asian Nations}})''' -- nian moris iha tinan [[1967]] liu husi xamada ida maka naran &quot;Deklarasaun [[Bankoke]]&quot;, ne'ebe asina iha loron 8 fulan Agostu iha tinan ne'ebá liu husi nasaun fundador na'in lima maka hanesan ([[Filipinas]], [[Indonézia]], [[Malázia]], [[Singapura]] no [[Tailândia]]).

Mosu tiha hafoin luta ba poder iha [[Indonézia]] ([[1965]]-[[1966]]) no iha plena faze ba intensifikasaun funu [[Vietname]] nian, ASEAN mosu hanesan aliansa polítika ida ba &quot;[[Komunizmu]]&quot; (liu husi konstituisaun ida &quot;kordaun sanitáriu&quot; haleu [[Vietname]] tomak) duké hanesan asosiasaun ida ho pretensaun ekonómika. Maibé, Deklarasaun ne'e la husik atu subliña katak husi nia objetivu prinsipál ida hakarak hamoris lalais  [[ekonomia]] rai ne'ebá nian liu husi kooperasaun ho nasaun sira seluk.

Hahú iha tinan [[1977]], maka preokupasaun ekonómika sira ne'e komesa manan importánsia bo'ot ho asinatura, iha loron 24 fulan Fevereiru tinan ida ne'e, husi PTA - &quot;''Preferential Trade Agreement''&quot;. Ne'e pretende sai hanesan instrumentu fundamentál husi aumentu ba troka komersiál sira ho nasaun organizasaun nian. Maibé, ida ne'e la pretende atu tuir pasu husi bo'ot integrasaun ekonómika nian nebe maka mai hanesan trilladu, ho ida ne'e, [[Komunidade Ekonómika Europeia]] - [[CEE]] (agora dau-daun hakoak nasaun na'in sia).

Instrumentu prinsipál ba implementasaun PTA nian, maka hanesan prátika tarifa aduaneira preferénsia ho nasaun aderente ho fin hodi aumenta [[komérsiu]] internasional intra-asosiasaun. Maske asosiasaun PTA nian, nasaun nebe konkorente liu ho sira maka komplementár, mantein polítika defeza husi nia merkadu nasionál. Tanba ne'e, impaktu ba akordu ne'e sai limitadu.

Iha tinan [[1992]] presiza hein tan hodi haré pasu ida tuir mai, desidi di'ak liu tan ho sentidu ba aumentu efektivu koperasaun ekonómika rejionál nian, ho asesu nebe fásil liu ba merkadu husi nasaun sira seluk. De faktu, iha Simeira [[Singapura]] nian, iha fulan [[Janeiru]] tinan ne'ebá nian, membru ASEAN sira (nain ne'en, tau tan ho [[Brunei Darusalám]] iha tinan [[1984]]) desidi hodi halao ASEAN Free Trade Association ([[AFTA]]) ho prazu tinan 15 hahu iha loron 1 fulan [[Janeiru]] tinan [[1993]]. Ne'e hanesan iha programa ona katak [[AFTA]] sei hahu ho efetivu iha fulan [[Janeiru]] tinan [[2008]], hahu husi data nebe [[taxa alfandegária]] sira iha troka komersial ho membru nasaun nian tenki reduz ba intervalu ida husi 0 (zero) to'o porsentu 5 (5%) Eskema ida nebe bolu ho naran &quot;Common Efective Preferential Tariff&quot; (CEPT). Kondisaun esensiál maka hanesan produtu atu troka kumpri xamada ''regra de origem'' ho pelumenus porsentu 40 (40%). Ne'e hanesan pelumenus porsentu 40 (40%) husi produtu nia folin tenki iha origen ho nasaun ASEAN nian.

Iha tinan [[1995]] desidi hodi antisipa iha tinan 5 nia laran (iha tinan [[2003]] no laos iha tinan [[2008]]) hodi hatama iha vigor akordu ne'ebe estabelese tiha ona. Maibé, nasaun ne'ebe maka sei adere tarde liu ba ASEAN ([[Vietname]] iha tinan [[1995]], [[Laos]] ho [[Birmánia]] iha tinan [[1997]] no [[Kamboja]] iha tinan [[1999]]) iha tinan 10 nia laran atu nune'e nasaun sira seluk adota tarifa aduaneira desidi ho koletiva tebes ba troka intra-ASEAN nian.

Maske husi nia objetivu prinsipál sai hanesan eliminasaun kresente husi direitu alfandegáriu ba [[komérsiu]] hotu-hotu ho nasaun Asosiasaun nian, rekoñese katak laos posivel hodi realiza maske nasaun sira iha posibilidade hodi adapta nia [[ekonomia]] nasional ba konkorrénsia externa (rai-liur) nia moris.

=== Komérciu externu ASEAN nian ===

Nune'e, de faktu estabelese ona lista produtu nain tolu konabá sensibilidade husi setor produtivu idak-idak iha kontestu ba ekonomia reziaun nian:

* Lista husi bens &quot;sensível&quot; nian ida, hanesan bens agríkula nebe la prosesu, ba sira ne'ebe hanesan fó periodu tempu nian ida ne'ebe naruk hodi abranja husi CEPT, tenki iha atensaun ba kazu espesifiku husi nasaun no produtu idak-idak.
* Bens ida nebe hasai ho temporária, ba buat nebe tarifa imposta ba troka intra-rejional sei reduz ba taxa ida husi porsentu 0 - 5 (0-5%), maski hetan sob protesaun tarifária, nebe hatama ona iha polítika governu husi nasaun nebe importa/hatama salvaguarda interese husi produtu nasionál balu; no
* Lista husi bens ekskluzaun efetiva nian.

Implementasaun husi eskema ida ne'e, destinadu hodi aumenta liu tan troka ho nasaun husi rejiaun ne'eba nian nebe prodúz sira nia ai-fuan. De faktu, troka hirak ne'e sei aumenta husi osan [[dólar amerikanu]] biliaun 44 iha tinan 1993 ba biliaun 95 (liu tan dobru) iha tinan [[2000]], hatudu husi taxa kresimentu anual nian besik porsentu 12 (12%). Resultadu ne'e hanesan katak [[komérsiu]] intra-ASEAN ne'ebe hatudu iha tinan [[2000]] besik porsentu 23 (23%) husi [[komérsiu]] internasional rejiaun nian.

Maibé valor/folin ne'e konsidera  modestu ona husi observadór balu, ne'ebe maka justifika situasaun ne'e hanesan faktu husi estrutura produtiva husi nasaun oi-oin sai konkorrénsia liu tan duké komplementar. Komplementaridade ho [[ekonomia]] ne'ebe maka iha, no entantu, mai aumenta ba buat ne'ebe maka fundamentál ona papel ne'ebe maka halao ona husi empreza estranjeira (rai-liur) nian (ezemplu, hanesan ema [[Japaun]] sira) lokaliza ona iha rejiaun nasaun oi-oin.

Husi ne'e rezulta katak [[komérsiu]] internasional nasaun ASEAN nian kontinua dezenvolve nafatin liu-liu ho nasaun eksterior (rai-liur) nian ba Asosiasaun.

La kontente ho rezultadu ne'e, no benefisiandu ho tempu ne'ebe lao – ne'ebe kontribui hodi diminui (hatun) sentimentu rekuza nian husi &quot;integrasaun ekonómika&quot; bo'ot ida prefere liu ba fomentu simples ida husi &quot;komérsiu livre&quot; maka iha karákter prosesu hotu-hotu – paiz ASEAN sira desidi ona iha fulan [[Setembru]] tinan [[2003]] iha simeira [[Phnom Penh]] ([[Kamboja]]) nian, hodi aprova aprofundamentu grau integrasaun ekonómika ho sira duni liu husi konstituisaun Komunidade Ekonómika ASEAN nian. Hanesan ida ne'ebe refere ona iha komunikadu konjuntu ne'ebe divulga ona, ida &quot;maka hanesan AEC, ASEAN (iha tinan [[2020]]) oin mai merkadu ida no baze produtiva únika ida, karakteriza ona husi sirkulasaun livre merkadoria nian, servisu, investimentu no servisu espesializadu hanesan liberdade bo'ot ida husi sirkulasaun kapitál nian&quot;.

=== Timór-Leste ===
No [[Timór-Leste]]? Oinsa atu artikula buat nebe mosu oras ne'e iha ita nia rai-laran, ho [[ekonomia]] ida maka sei fraku tebes-tebes iha fatin hotu-hotu, ho movimentu kresente integrasaun ekonómika rejional ida ne'e. [[Timór-Leste]] bele hela iha ninin iha prosesu ida ne'e? Buat nebe los maka hanesan susar tebes-tebes hodi hanoin iha [[Timór-Leste]] izoladu ida husi rejiaun restu nebe maka besik &quot;naturalmente&quot; insere/hatama...

Maibé, karik buat ne'e lo'os, maka pergunta sira tuir mai hanesan, pelumenus rua: bainhira realiza integrasaun? Ho kondisaun oinsá? Nota katak resposta ba kestaun hirak ne'e laos independenti ho nia.

Konabá pergunta ida uluk, sei hare hanesan kestaun ida la'os de'it ekonómika maibé mos ho polítika, klaru saida maka sei sai ba autoridade timoroan sira (no sira nia kontraparte husi nasaun ASEAN nian) hodi difini kalendariu nebe maka diak liu maibé iha perspektiva ekonómika ida maka tenki previlejia adesaun ida ba médiu-longo prazu.

Kona ba pergunta rua tuir fali, no hatene ona katak ho integrasaun [[Timór-Leste]] nian iha ASEAN sei obriga ba redusaun taxa alfandegária no ba liberalizasaun ida husi importasaun tenki uza mekanismu ASEAN nian rasik ne'ebe dehan ona iha leten, temporariamente hodi limita ambos husi efeitu modu nian hodi permit/hatan katak choke konaba konta públika (redusaun husi reseita aduaneira nian) atu labele bo'ot liu no produtor nasionál sira (ka, diak liu, sira balu) la'os de'it manán kapasidade nebe presiza hodi rezisti importasaun ba produtu nebe baratu husi paiz sira seluk ASEAN nian maibé, mos ikus mai kapasidade hodi prodúz, mesak ka iha asosiasaun nia laran ho investor rai-liur nian, hodi halo luan tan fatin ekonomiku nebe maka ASEAN hari'i hela.

== Ligasaun ba li'ur ==
 {{Commons|Category:Association of Southeast Asian Nations|Association of Southeast Asian Nations}}
* [http://www.aseansec.org/home.htm Portál ofisiál] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060413030259/http://www.aseansec.org/home.htm |date=2006-04-13 }}
* [http://www.aseannewsnetwork.com ASEAN News Network] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050427131934/http://www.aseannewsnetwork.com/ |date=2005-04-27 }}

[[Kategoria:Organizasaun internasionál sira]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>74262</id>
      <parentid>74256</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T16:40:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
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      <text bytes="8689" sha1="bigh7qkjolih1ezow4s7vwbf1zz1csc" xml:space="preserve">'''Asosiasaun Nasaun Sudeste Aziátiku (ASEAN; {{Langx|en|Association of Southeast Asian Nations}})''' -- nian moris iha tinan [[1967]] liu husi xamada ida maka naran &quot;Deklarasaun [[Bankoke]]&quot;, ne'ebe asina iha loron 8 fulan Agostu iha tinan ne'ebá liu husi nasaun fundador na'in lima maka hanesan ([[Filipinas]], [[Indonézia]], [[Malázia]], [[Singapura]] no [[Tailândia]]).

Mosu tiha hafoin luta ba poder iha [[Indonézia]] ([[1965]]-[[1966]]) no iha plena faze ba intensifikasaun funu [[Vietname]] nian, ASEAN mosu hanesan aliansa polítika ida ba &quot;[[Komunizmu]]&quot; (liu husi konstituisaun ida &quot;kordaun sanitáriu&quot; haleu [[Vietname]] tomak) duké hanesan asosiasaun ida ho pretensaun ekonómika. Maibé, Deklarasaun ne'e la husik atu subliña katak husi nia objetivu prinsipál ida hakarak hamoris lalais  [[ekonomia]] rai ne'ebá nian liu husi kooperasaun ho nasaun sira seluk.

Hahú iha tinan [[1977]], maka preokupasaun ekonómika sira ne'e komesa manan importánsia bo'ot ho asinatura, iha loron 24 fulan Fevereiru tinan ida ne'e, husi PTA - &quot;''Preferential Trade Agreement''&quot;. Ne'e pretende sai hanesan instrumentu fundamentál husi aumentu ba troka komersiál sira ho nasaun organizasaun nian. Maibé, ida ne'e la pretende atu tuir pasu husi bo'ot integrasaun ekonómika nian nebe maka mai hanesan trilladu, ho ida ne'e, [[Komunidade Ekonómika Europeia]] - [[CEE]] (agora dau-daun hakoak nasaun na'in sia).

Instrumentu prinsipál ba implementasaun PTA nian, maka hanesan prátika tarifa aduaneira preferénsia ho nasaun aderente ho fin hodi aumenta [[komérsiu]] internasional intra-asosiasaun. Maske asosiasaun PTA nian, nasaun nebe konkorente liu ho sira maka komplementár, mantein polítika defeza husi nia merkadu nasionál. Tanba ne'e, impaktu ba akordu ne'e sai limitadu.

Iha tinan [[1992]] presiza hein tan hodi haré pasu ida tuir mai, desidi di'ak liu tan ho sentidu ba aumentu efektivu koperasaun ekonómika rejionál nian, ho asesu nebe fásil liu ba merkadu husi nasaun sira seluk. De faktu, iha Simeira [[Singapura]] nian, iha fulan [[Janeiru]] tinan ne'ebá nian, membru ASEAN sira (nain ne'en, tau tan ho [[Brunei Darusalám]] iha tinan [[1984]]) desidi hodi halao ASEAN Free Trade Association ([[AFTA]]) ho prazu tinan 15 hahu iha loron 1 fulan [[Janeiru]] tinan [[1993]]. Ne'e hanesan iha programa ona katak [[AFTA]] sei hahu ho efetivu iha fulan [[Janeiru]] tinan [[2008]], hahu husi data nebe [[taxa alfandegária]] sira iha troka komersial ho membru nasaun nian tenki reduz ba intervalu ida husi 0 (zero) to'o porsentu 5 (5%) Eskema ida nebe bolu ho naran &quot;Common Efective Preferential Tariff&quot; (CEPT). Kondisaun esensiál maka hanesan produtu atu troka kumpri xamada ''regra de origem'' ho pelumenus porsentu 40 (40%). Ne'e hanesan pelumenus porsentu 40 (40%) husi produtu nia folin tenki iha origen ho nasaun ASEAN nian.

Iha tinan [[1995]] desidi hodi antisipa iha tinan 5 nia laran (iha tinan [[2003]] no laos iha tinan [[2008]]) hodi hatama iha vigor akordu ne'ebe estabelese tiha ona. Maibé, nasaun ne'ebe maka sei adere tarde liu ba ASEAN ([[Vietname]] iha tinan [[1995]], [[Laos]] ho [[Birmánia]] iha tinan [[1997]] no [[Kamboja]] iha tinan [[1999]]) iha tinan 10 nia laran atu nune'e nasaun sira seluk adota tarifa aduaneira desidi ho koletiva tebes ba troka intra-ASEAN nian.

Maske husi nia objetivu prinsipál sai hanesan eliminasaun kresente husi direitu alfandegáriu ba [[komérsiu]] hotu-hotu ho nasaun Asosiasaun nian, rekoñese katak laos posivel hodi realiza maske nasaun sira iha posibilidade hodi adapta nia [[ekonomia]] nasional ba konkorrénsia externa (rai-liur) nia moris.

=== Komérciu externu ASEAN nian ===

Nune'e, de faktu estabelese ona lista produtu nain tolu konabá sensibilidade husi setor produtivu idak-idak iha kontestu ba ekonomia reziaun nian:

* Lista husi bens &quot;sensível&quot; nian ida, hanesan bens agríkula nebe la prosesu, ba sira ne'ebe hanesan fó periodu tempu nian ida ne'ebe naruk hodi abranja husi CEPT, tenki iha atensaun ba kazu espesifiku husi nasaun no produtu idak-idak.
* Bens ida nebe hasai ho temporária, ba buat nebe tarifa imposta ba troka intra-rejional sei reduz ba taxa ida husi porsentu 0 - 5 (0-5%), maski hetan sob protesaun tarifária, nebe hatama ona iha polítika governu husi nasaun nebe importa/hatama salvaguarda interese husi produtu nasionál balu; no
* Lista husi bens ekskluzaun efetiva nian.

Implementasaun husi eskema ida ne'e, destinadu hodi aumenta liu tan troka ho nasaun husi rejiaun ne'eba nian nebe prodúz sira nia ai-fuan. De faktu, troka hirak ne'e sei aumenta husi osan [[dólar amerikanu]] biliaun 44 iha tinan 1993 ba biliaun 95 (liu tan dobru) iha tinan [[2000]], hatudu husi taxa kresimentu anual nian besik porsentu 12 (12%). Resultadu ne'e hanesan katak [[komérsiu]] intra-ASEAN ne'ebe hatudu iha tinan [[2000]] besik porsentu 23 (23%) husi [[komérsiu]] internasional rejiaun nian.

Maibé valor/folin ne'e konsidera  modestu ona husi observadór balu, ne'ebe maka justifika situasaun ne'e hanesan faktu husi estrutura produtiva husi nasaun oi-oin sai konkorrénsia liu tan duké komplementar. Komplementaridade ho [[ekonomia]] ne'ebe maka iha, no entantu, mai aumenta ba buat ne'ebe maka fundamentál ona papel ne'ebe maka halao ona husi empreza estranjeira (rai-liur) nian (ezemplu, hanesan ema [[Japaun]] sira) lokaliza ona iha rejiaun nasaun oi-oin.

Husi ne'e rezulta katak [[komérsiu]] internasional nasaun ASEAN nian kontinua dezenvolve nafatin liu-liu ho nasaun eksterior (rai-liur) nian ba Asosiasaun.

La kontente ho rezultadu ne'e, no benefisiandu ho tempu ne'ebe lao – ne'ebe kontribui hodi diminui (hatun) sentimentu rekuza nian husi &quot;integrasaun ekonómika&quot; bo'ot ida prefere liu ba fomentu simples ida husi &quot;komérsiu livre&quot; maka iha karákter prosesu hotu-hotu – paiz ASEAN sira desidi ona iha fulan [[Setembru]] tinan [[2003]] iha simeira [[Phnom Penh]] ([[Kamboja]]) nian, hodi aprova aprofundamentu grau integrasaun ekonómika ho sira duni liu husi konstituisaun Komunidade Ekonómika ASEAN nian. Hanesan ida ne'ebe refere ona iha komunikadu konjuntu ne'ebe divulga ona, ida &quot;maka hanesan AEC, ASEAN (iha tinan [[2020]]) oin mai merkadu ida no baze produtiva únika ida, karakteriza ona husi sirkulasaun livre merkadoria nian, servisu, investimentu no servisu espesializadu hanesan liberdade bo'ot ida husi sirkulasaun kapitál nian&quot;.

=== Timór-Leste ===
No [[Timór-Leste]]? Oinsa atu artikula buat nebe mosu oras ne'e iha ita nia rai-laran, ho [[ekonomia]] ida maka sei fraku tebes-tebes iha fatin hotu-hotu, ho movimentu kresente integrasaun ekonómika rejional ida ne'e. [[Timór-Leste]] bele hela iha ninin iha prosesu ida ne'e? Buat nebe los maka hanesan susar tebes-tebes hodi hanoin iha [[Timór-Leste]] izoladu ida husi rejiaun restu nebe maka besik &quot;naturalmente&quot; insere/hatama...

Maibé, karik buat ne'e lo'os, maka pergunta sira tuir mai hanesan, pelumenus rua: bainhira realiza integrasaun? Ho kondisaun oinsá? Nota katak resposta ba kestaun hirak ne'e laos independenti ho nia.

Konabá pergunta ida uluk, sei hare hanesan kestaun ida la'os de'it ekonómika maibé mos ho polítika, klaru saida maka sei sai ba autoridade timoroan sira (no sira nia kontraparte husi nasaun ASEAN nian) hodi difini kalendariu nebe maka diak liu maibé iha perspektiva ekonómika ida maka tenki previlejia adesaun ida ba médiu-longo prazu.

Kona ba pergunta rua tuir fali, no hatene ona katak ho integrasaun [[Timór-Leste]] nian iha ASEAN sei obriga ba redusaun taxa alfandegária no ba liberalizasaun ida husi importasaun tenki uza mekanismu ASEAN nian rasik ne'ebe dehan ona iha leten, temporariamente hodi limita ambos husi efeitu modu nian hodi permit/hatan katak choke konaba konta públika (redusaun husi reseita aduaneira nian) atu labele bo'ot liu no produtor nasionál sira (ka, diak liu, sira balu) la'os de'it manán kapasidade nebe presiza hodi rezisti importasaun ba produtu nebe baratu husi paiz sira seluk ASEAN nian maibé, mos ikus mai kapasidade hodi prodúz, mesak ka iha asosiasaun nia laran ho investor rai-liur nian, hodi halo luan tan fatin ekonomiku nebe maka ASEAN hari'i hela.

== Ligasaun ba li'ur ==
 {{Commons|Category:Association of Southeast Asian Nations|Association of Southeast Asian Nations}}
* [http://www.aseansec.org/home.htm Portál ofisiál] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060413030259/http://www.aseansec.org/home.htm |date=2006-04-13 }}
* [http://www.aseannewsnetwork.com ASEAN News Network] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050427131934/http://www.aseannewsnetwork.com/ |date=2005-04-27 }}

[[Kategoria:Organizasaun internasionál sira]]
[[Kategoria:Ázia]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Austrália</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1461</id>
    <revision>
      <id>74234</id>
      <parentid>69455</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T16:21:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Estadu no Territóriu sira */</comment>
      <origin>74234</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5569" sha1="065878q596nek4owm949kz6z1vnmen6" xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; width=&quot;290px&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+&lt;font size=&quot;+1&quot;&gt;'''Commonwealth of Australia'''&lt;br /&gt;Komunidade Austrália nian&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/font&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#ffffff;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
{| border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; tyle=&quot;background:#f9f9f9; text-align:center;&quot;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;135px&quot; | [[Imajen:Flag of Australia.svg|130 px|Bandeira Austrália nian]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;135px&quot; | [[Imajen:Coat of arms of the Commonwealth of Australia.svg|100px|Brazaun Austrália nian]]
|}
|-
| align=center colspan=2 | [[Imajen:LocationAU.png|290px]]
|-
| [[Lian ofisiál]]
| [[Lia-inglés|Inglés]]
|-
| [[Sidade kapitál]]
| [[Kamberra]]
|-
| [[Liurai feto]]
| [[Elizabet II]]
|-
| [[Governador jerál]]
| [[Peter Cosgrove]]
|-
| [[Primeiru ministru]]
| [[Anthony Albanese]]
|-
| [[Área]]&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;- Total &lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;- % bee
| [[Lista rai hosi área|6 boot liuhotu]] &lt;br /&gt; 7.686.850 [[kilómetru kuadradu|km&amp;sup2;]] &lt;br /&gt; 1%
|-
| [[Populasaun]]
&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;- Total ([[2001]])
&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;- [[Densidade populasional|Densidade]]
| [[Lista rai hosi populasaun|53 boot liuhotu]]
&lt;br /&gt; 20.180.878
&lt;br /&gt; 2/km&amp;sup2;
|-
| '''[[Independénsia]]'''&lt;br /&gt;• [[Lei Konstituisaun (Austrália)|Lei Konstituisaun]]&lt;br /&gt;• [[Estatutu Westminster nian]]&lt;br /&gt;• [[Australia Act]]
| [[Reinu Naklibur]]:&lt;br /&gt;[[1 Janeiru]] tinan [[1901]]&lt;br /&gt;[[11 de Dezembru]] tinan [[1931]]&lt;br /&gt;[[3 Marsu]] tinan [[1986]]
|-
| '''[[Osan]]'''
| [[Dólar australianu]]
|-
| '''[[Fuzo horáriu]]'''
| [[Tempu Universál ho Koordenasaun|UTC]] +8 ba +11
|-
| '''[[Inu nasionál]]'''
| ''[[Inu nasionál da Austrália|Advance Australia Fair]]''
|-
| '''[[TLD (Internet)|Kódigu Internet]]'''
| .au
|-
| '''[[Kódigu telefóniku]]'''
| 61
|}

Rai '''Austrália''' (naran ofisiál '''Komunidade Austrália nian''') maka rai boot liuhotu [[Oseania]] nian, ne'ebé okupa nusa Austrália hotu nian no nusa oioin viziñu, hanesan [[Tazmánia]]. ''Kontinente-nusa'', hela iha [[Oseanu Índiku]], ba tasi-mane no loromonu, [[Tasi Timór]], [[Tasi Arafura]] e [[Estreitu Torres]], a norte, e [[Tasi Ahu-Ruin]] no [[Tasi Tazmánia]], ba lorosa'e. Rai mós iha fronteira tasi ho [[Indonézia]], [[Timór Lorosa'e]] no [[Papua Giné Foun]], ba tasi-feto, no ho territóriu [[Fransa|fransés]] da [[Kaledónia Foun]], ba lorosa'e, no [[Zelándia Foun]] ba sudeste
. Kapitál: [[Kamberra]].

== Istória ==

Rai-Austrália halo parte kontinente foun liuhotu mundu nian - a [[Oseania]]. Maske [[Povu indíjena|aboríjene]] hela iha rai liuduké tinan 40 000, nia sékulu rua ikus de'it ne'ebé ema europeu hahú ninia kolonizasaun.

Europeu sira la tau kontinente ne'ebá iha sira-nia [[mapa mundu]] leten. [[Portugál|Portugés]] no [[Olanda|olandés]] sira nunka fó konsiderasaun ida ba kolonizasaun Austrália nian, maibé iha tinan [[1770]], espedisaun sientífika ida hosi Kapitaun britániku [[James Cook]] komesa esplorasaun no kolonizasaun kontinente nian.

Britániku sira hakiak sira-nia kolónia uluk iha rai-Austrália tinan [[1788]], ne'ebé naran [[Gales Foun Súl]] (New South Wales). Gales Foun Súl ne'e nakfahe iha kolónia seluk, hanesan [[Queensland]], [[Victoria (Austrália)|Vitória]] no [[Tazmánia]]. Parte seluk Austrália nian nakfahe iha kolónia [[Austrália Loromonu]] no [[Austrália Tasi-Mane]].

Iha tinan [[1901]], kolónia neen iha rai-Austrália naklibur nu'udar [[federasaun]] naran '''Komunidade Austrália nian '''(Commonwealth of Australia).

== Polítika ==

Rai-Austrália [[monarkia konstitusionál]] ho [[Parlamentu|rejime parlamentarista]].
Liurai-feto [[Reinu Naklibur]] nian, [[Isabel II Reinu Naklibur nian|Isabel II]], mós Liurai-feto Austrália nian. [[Governadór jerál]] reprezenta Liurai-feto , maibé ema barak iha rai apoia [[repúblika]] ida, ho Prezidente australianu nu'udar xefe estadu Austrália nian.

Primeiru ministru maka xefe governu Austrália nian. Nia líder partidu ka koalizaun boot liuhotu iha Kámara Reprezentante sira nian, kámara kraik Parlamentu federál nian. Senadu maka kámara leten. Iha Senadu, estadu ida-ida iha númeru hanesan de'it senadór sira nian, maibé iha Kámara Reprezentante sira nian, estadu boot liu iha deputadu sira liu duké estadu ki'ik liu.

== Estadu no Territóriu sira ==

Rai-Austrália Austrália federasaun nakfahe iha [[Subdivizaun sira Austrália nian|estadu]] neen no territóriu rua (Territóriu Kapitál Australianu no Territóriu Tasi-Feto).

&lt;center&gt;

{| border style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse&quot;
![[Estadu no Territóriu Austrália nian|Estadu sira]] !! [[lia-inglés|naran Estadu nian iha lia-inglés]] !! [[Sidade kapitál]]
|-
|[[Austrália Tasi-Mane]]||South Australia||[[Adelaide]]
|-
|[[Austrália Loromonu]]||Western Australia||[[Perth]]
|-
|[[Nova Galés Súl]]||New South Wales||[[Sidni]]
|-
|[[Queenslanda]]||Queensland||[[Brisbane]]
|-
|[[Tazmánia]]||Tasmania||[[Hobart]]
|-
|[[Vitória (Austrália)|Vitória]]||Vitória||[[Mélburn]]|
|}

&lt;/center&gt;


&lt;center&gt;
{| border style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse&quot;
![[Estadu no Territóriu Austrália nian|Territóriu sira]] !! [[Kapitál]] !! [[Língua inglesa|Naran Territóriu nian iha lia inglés]] 
|-
|[[Território da Capital da Austrália]]||[[Kamberra]] (Canberra) ||Australian Capital Territory 
|-
|[[Território do Norte]]||[[Darvín]] (Darwin)||Northern Territory
|}

{{Oséania}}

&lt;/center&gt;

[[Kategoria:Austrália| ]]</text>
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    <title>Kategoria:CPLP</title>
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    <title>Kategoria:Ázia</title>
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      <contributor>
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  <page>
    <title>Uniaun Europeia</title>
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      <text bytes="6103" sha1="4s9yumxvd5dmgyumk2490blxbc1h06t" xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+&lt;big &gt;&lt;big &gt;'''Uniaun Europeia'''&lt;/big &gt;&lt;/big&gt;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
{| style=&quot;background: #f9f9f9;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Imajen:Flag of Europe.svg|290px|Bandeira Uniaun Europeia]]
|}
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: #ffffff;&quot; | [[Imajen:Global European Union.svg |290px]]
|-
| '''[[Lian ofisiál]]'''
| haree [[Lian Uniaun Europeia nian]]
|-
| '''[[Prezidente Konsellu Europeu nian]]'''
| [[Donald Tusk]]
|-
| '''[[Prezidente Konsellu Union Europeia nian]]'''
| [[Federica Mogherini]]
|-
| '''[[Prezidente Komisaun Europeia nian]]'''
| [[Jean-Claude Juncker]]
|-
| '''[[Prezidente Parlamentu Europu nian]]'''
| [[Antonio Tajani]]
|-
| '''[[Área]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;- Total
| [[Lista de países por área|7º maior]]&lt;br /&gt;4.475.757 [[kilómetru kuadradu|km²]]
|-
| '''[[População]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;- Total&amp;nbsp;([[1/1/2016]])&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;- [[Densidade populacional|Densidade]]
| [[Lista de países por população|3º mais populoso]]&lt;br /&gt;510.284.430 (EU-28)&lt;br /&gt;116.4 pessoas/km&amp;sup2;
|-
| '''[[Produto interno bruto|PIB]]''' ([[PPS]]) (2004)&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;- Total [http://europa.eu/comm/eurostat/newcronos/suite/retrieve/en/theme2/aggs/aggs_gdp/a_gdp_c?OutputDir=EJOutputDir_3888&amp;clientsessionid=CB293B91684B7676B49D266C5283AEBF.extraction-anonymous-worker-1&amp;OutputFile=a_gdp_c.htm&amp;OutputMode=U&amp;OutputMime=text%252Fhtml&amp;]&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;- Per capita [http://europa.eu/comm/eurostat/newcronos/suite/retrieve/en/theme2/aggs/aggs_gdp/a_gdp_c?OutputDir=EJOutputDir_3896&amp;clientsessionid=CB293B91684B7676B49D266C5283AEBF.extraction-anonymous-worker-1&amp;OutputFile=a_gdp_c.htm&amp;OutputMode=U&amp;OutputMime=text%252Fhtml&amp;]
| [[Lista de países por PIB|1º (maior)]]&lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;€10.202.336.800.000&lt;br /&gt;€22.300
|-
| '''Formação'''&lt;br /&gt;Como [[Comunidade Económica Europeia|CEE]]&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;- Assinado&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;- Reconhecido

Como UE&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;- Assinado&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;- Reconhecido

|&lt;br /&gt;[[Tratado de Roma]]&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;- [[25 de Março]] de [[1957]]&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;- [[1 de Janeiro]] de [[1958]]

[[Tratado de Maastricht]]&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;- [[7 de Fevereiro]] de [[1992]]&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;- [[1 de Novembro]] de [[1993]]
|-
| '''[[Moeda]]'''
| [[Euro]] (EUR ou €)&lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small &gt;
|-
| '''[[Fuso horário]]'''
| [[UTC]] 0 a +2&lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small &gt;
|-
| '''[[Hino]]'''
| [[Hino da União Europeia|Hino à Alegria]]
|-
| '''[[TLD (Internet)|Código Internet]]'''
| [[.eu|.EU]] (desde [[2005]]); segundo nível .eu em uso
|-
| '''[[Lista de códigos telefónicos|Código telefónico]]'''
| +3&lt;small &gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup &gt;6&lt;/sup &gt;&lt;/small &gt; (proposto)
|-
|}

'''Uniaun Europeia''' ('''UE''') - naran uluk '''Komunidade Ekonómika Europeia''' ka '''Komunidade Europeia''' - organizasaun internasionál konstituida atualmente hosi Estadu-Membru sira 28, estabelesida dahuluk iha [[1957]].

Sidade kapitál sira Uniaun Europeia nian: [[Bruxelas]], [[Luxemburgu (sidade)|Luxemburgu]] no [[Estrasburgu]].

'''Rain membru sira:'''

[[Imajen:Flag of Germany.svg|25px]] [[Alemaña]]

[[Imajen:Flag of Austria.svg|25px]] [[Áustria]]

[[Imajen:Flag of Belgium.svg|25px]] [[Béljika]]

[[Imajen:Flag of Bulgaria.svg|25px]] [[Bulgária]]

[[Imajen:Flag of Denmark.svg|25px]] [[Dinamarka]]

[[Imajen:Flag of Slovakia.svg|25px]] [[Eslovákia]]

[[Imajen:Flag of Slovenia.svg|25px]] [[Eslovénia]]

[[Imajen:Flag of Spain.svg|25px]] [[España]]

[[Imajen:Flag of Estonia.svg|25px]] [[Estónia]]

[[Imajen:Flag of Finland.svg|25px]] [[Finlándia]]

[[Imajen:Flag of France.svg|25px]] [[Fransa]]

[[Imajen:Flag of Greece.svg|25px]] [[Grésia]]

[[Imajen:Flag of Ireland.svg|25px]] [[Irlanda]]

[[Imajen:Flag of Italy.svg|25px]] [[Itália]]

[[Imajen:Flag of Croatia.svg|25px]] [[Kroásia]]

[[Imajen:Flag of Latvia.svg|25px]] [[Letónia]]

[[Imajen:Flag of Lithuania.svg|25px]] [[Lituánia]]

[[Imajen:Flag of Luxembourg.svg|25px]] [[Luxemburgu]]

[[Imajen:Flag of Malta.svg|25px]] [[Malta]]

[[Imajen:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|25px]] [[Olanda]]

[[Imajen:Flag of Poland.svg|25px]] [[Polónia]]

[[Imajen:Flag of Portugal.svg|25px]] [[Portugál]]

[[Imajen:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px]] [[Reinu Naklibur]] (Bretaña Boot no Irlanda Norte nian)

[[Imajen:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg|25px]] [[Repúblika Xeka]]

[[Imajen:Flag of Romania.svg|25px]] [[Roménia]]

[[Imajen:Flag of Sweden.svg|25px]] [[Suésia]]

[[Imajen:Flag of Hungary.svg|25px]] [[Ungria]]

[[Imajen:Flag of Cyprus.svg|25px]] [[Xipre]]

'''Rain kandidatu sira:'''

[[Imajen:Flag of the Republic of Macedonia.svg|25px]] [[Repúblika Masedónia]]

[[Imajen:Flag of Turkey.svg|25px]] [[Turkia]]

[[Imajen:Belgique - Bruxelles - Schuman - Berlaymont - 01.jpg|thumb|center|European Commission]]

== Ligasaun ba li'ur ==

* [http://www.europa.eu/ Pájina ofisiál Uniaun Europeia nian]
* [http://www.europedia.moussis.eu Europedia: Guide to European policies and legislation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016211903/http://www.europedia.moussis.eu/ |date=2018-10-16 }}
* [http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&amp;language=en&amp;pcode=tps00001&amp;tableSelection=1&amp;footnotes=yes&amp;labeling=labels&amp;plugin=1 Eurostat Population on 1/1/2016]

&lt;br clear=all /&gt;
&lt;center&gt;
{| class=&quot;toccolours&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0 2em 0 2em;&quot;
! style=&quot;background:#ccccff&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot; | '''[[Uniaun Europeia]]''' || [[Imajen:Flag of Europe.svg|50px|Bandeira Uniaun Europeia nian]]
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Alemaña]] | [[Áustria]] | [[Béljika]] | [[Dinamarka]] | [[Eslovákia]] | [[Eslovénia]] | [[España]] | [[Estónia]] | [[Finlándia]] | [[Fransa]] | [[Grésia]] | [[Irlanda]] | [[Itália]] | [[Kroásia]] | [[Letónia]] | [[Lituánia]] | [[Luxemburgu]] | [[Malta]] | [[Olanda]] | [[Polónia]] | [[Portugál]] | [[Reinu Naklibur]] | [[Repúblika Xeka]] | [[Suésia]] | [[Ungria]] | [[Xipre]]
|}
&lt;/center&gt;

[[Kategoria:Uniaun Europeia|!]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3063" sha1="94o6r4hpmt5epxyj0ljge14hq3prphp" xml:space="preserve">[[Imajen:Flag of Bavaria (lozengy).svg|138px]][[Imajen:Flag of Germany.svg|138px]][[Imajen:Flag of Portugal.svg|125px]][[Imajen:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|125px]][[Imajen:Flag of East Timor.svg|165px]][[Imajen:Flag of Japan.svg|125px]]

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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;center&gt;'''Personal'''&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[Imajen:Coat of arms of Bavaria.svg|50px]] Ami hosi '''[[Baviera]]'''
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{{#babel:de|en-2|fr-1|pt-1|tet-0}}
Olá,

I was born 1973. I am a Chemical engineer and working in a lab for proteine analysis. Vexillology, ethnology and geography have been my hobbies since I was a kid. I travelled with my backpack, when I was a student and visited 50 countries in all five continents. I posted some comments and images at [http://fotw.vexillum.com/flags/ Flags of the world]. I am at the [http://www.osttimor.org/ Osttimorforum e.V.] [[Imajen:Flag of East Timor.svg|25px]] since 2006, who wants to  make [[Timor-Leste]] more popular and help for connections between German speaking countries and Timor-Leste.

I want to '''help building up Tetun Wikipedia''' for Timorese people and I want to '''help Timorese editors'''. If you need suport, you can ask me. If you are needing datas or sources about Timor-Leste, just have a look to the articles at [[:de:Portal:Osttimor]] in German Wikipedia. There are a lot of sources in English, Portuguese and even Tetun.

'''I am very interested on informations about East Timor. If you have some new sources or find mistakes in my articles, please tell me! ;-)'''

'''If you want to contact me''', you can use my German account, too, which is checked frequently: [[:de:Benutzer:J. Patrick Fischer]] or '''send me an eMail''' via Wikipedia (look to the left).

== Artigu ==
{|
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'''In anderen Sprachen neu angelegt'''
|-
|style=&quot;border: 1px solid #4F4F4F;&quot;|
[[Ai-kameli]], [[Baviera]], [[Baviera Leten]], [[Baviera Kraik]], [[Dengue]], [[Eleisaun parlamentar, Timór Lorosa'e 2017]], [[Eleisaun parlamentar, Timór Lorosa'e 2018]], [[Emília Pires]], [[FC Bayern München]], [[Funu Rúsia-Ukránia]], [[Halo Solar]], [[Ichthyosaurus]], [[João Felgueiras]], [[Konrad Adenauer]], [[Ludwig II. (Baviera)]], [[Nipah]], [[Rama dama]], [[Raiva]], [[Same]], [[Stille Nacht]], [[Yohan Goutt Goncalves]], ''artigu oioin Eskritóriu administrativu sira Timór-Leste nian''.
|}

== Things ==
* [[Uza-na'in:J. Patrick Fischer/suku|suku model article]]
* [[:Template:Delete]]
* [[:Template:Disambig]] (Begriffsklärungsseite) 
* [[:Template:Artigu seluk]] (Begriffsklärungshinweis)
* [[Uza-na'in:J. Patrick Fischer/Reptilia hosi Timor]]
* [[Utilizador:J. Patrick Fischer/Istória Timor Leste nian]]
* [[Utilizador:J. Patrick Fischer/Be'e Manas Marobo]]

[[de:Benutzer:J. Patrick Fischer]]
[[ca:Usuari:J. Patrick Fischer]]
[[en:User:J. Patrick Fischer]]
[[pt:Usuário:J. Patrick Fischer]]</text>
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&lt;table style=&quot;float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; width: 242px; border: #99B3FF solid 1px&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;center&gt;'''Personal'''&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;[[Imajen:Coat of arms of Bavaria.svg|50px]] Ami hosi '''[[Baviera]]'''
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{{#babel:de|en-2|fr-1|pt-1|tet-0}}
Olá,

I was born 1973. I am a Chemical engineer and working in a lab for proteine analysis. Vexillology, ethnology and geography have been my hobbies since I was a kid. I travelled with my backpack, when I was a student and visited 50 countries in all five continents. I posted some comments and images at [http://fotw.vexillum.com/flags/ Flags of the world]. I am at the [http://www.osttimor.org/ Osttimorforum e.V.] [[Imajen:Flag of East Timor.svg|25px]] since 2006, who wants to  make [[Timor-Leste]] more popular and help for connections between German speaking countries and Timor-Leste.

I want to '''help building up Tetun Wikipedia''' for Timorese people and I want to '''help Timorese editors'''. If you need suport, you can ask me. If you are needing datas or sources about Timor-Leste, just have a look to the articles at [[:de:Portal:Osttimor]] in German Wikipedia. There are a lot of sources in English, Portuguese and even Tetun.

'''I am very interested on informations about East Timor. If you have some new sources or find mistakes in my articles, please tell me! ;-)'''

'''If you want to contact me''', you can use my German account, too, which is checked frequently: [[:de:Benutzer:J. Patrick Fischer]] or '''send me an eMail''' via Wikipedia (look to the left).

== Artigu ==
{|
|style=&quot;background:#008B00; color:#FFFFFF; border: 1px solid #000000; text-align:center; padding:0.5em; width:100%;&quot;|
'''In anderen Sprachen neu angelegt'''
|-
|style=&quot;border: 1px solid #4F4F4F;&quot;|
[[Ai-kameli]], [[Baviera]], [[Baviera Leten]], [[Baviera Kraik]], [[Dengue]], [[Eleisaun parlamentar, Timór Lorosa'e 2017]], [[Eleisaun parlamentar, Timór Lorosa'e 2018]], [[Emília Pires]], [[FC Bayern München]], [[Funu Rúsia-Ukránia]], [[Halo Solar]], [[Ichthyosaurus]], [[João Felgueiras]], [[Konrad Adenauer]], [[Ludwig II. (Baviera)]], [[Nipah]], [[Rama dama]], [[Raiva]], [[Same]], [[Stille Nacht]], [[Yohan Goutt Goncalves]], ''artigu oioin Eskritóriu administrativu sira Timór-Leste nian''.
|}

== Things ==
* [[Uza-na'in:J. Patrick Fischer/suku|suku model article]]
* [[:Template:Halakon]] (Delete)
* [[:Template:Disambig]] (Begriffsklärungsseite) 
* [[:Template:Artigu seluk]] (Begriffsklärungshinweis)
* [[Uza-na'in:J. Patrick Fischer/Reptilia hosi Timor]]
* [[Utilizador:J. Patrick Fischer/Istória Timor Leste nian]]
* [[Utilizador:J. Patrick Fischer/Be'e Manas Marobo]]

[[de:Benutzer:J. Patrick Fischer]]
[[ca:Usuari:J. Patrick Fischer]]
[[en:User:J. Patrick Fischer]]
[[pt:Usuário:J. Patrick Fischer]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Áfrika</title>
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'''Áfrika''' mak sai kontinente. [[Área]] Áfrika nian mak sai 30 300 000 km². Populasaun aprosimadamente tokon 1 256 268 025 (2017)&lt;ref&gt;[https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/ UN 0rg. World Population Prospects 2017].&lt;/ref&gt;).

Áfrika nakfati iha súl [[Europa]] nian no súl loro-monu [[Ázia]] nian. [[Oseanu Atlántiku]] toba iha loro-monu Áfrika nian. [[Oseanu Índiku]] toba iha loro-sa'e. Tasi-Mediterráneu mak sai iha klaran [[Europa]] no Áfrika.

Dezertu boot liu hotu mundo nian, [[Sahara]], iha norte.

&lt;small&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;

{{Áfrika}}

[[Kategoria:Áfrika| ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Europa</title>
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[[Imajen:Europe orthographic Caucasus Urals boundary.svg|thumb|Europa]]

'''Europa''' mak sai kontinente. [[Área]] Europa nian mak sai 10 500 000 km². Populasaun aprosimadamente tokon 680.

Europa toba iha norte [[Áfrika]] nian no loro-monu [[Ázia]] nian. [[Oseanu Atlántiku]] toba iha loro-monu Europa nian. Tasi-Mediterráneu mak sai iha klaran Europa no [[Áfrika]].

{{Europa}}

[[Kategoria:Europa|!]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Estadu Naklibur Sira Amérika Nian</title>
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>/* Referensia */</comment>
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|+&lt;font size=&quot;+1&quot;&gt;'''United States of America'''&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/small&gt;   
|-   
| style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; |   
{| border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;   
|-   
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;140px&quot; | [[Imajen:Flag_of_the_United States.svg|140px]]   
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;140px&quot; | [[Imajen:US-GreatSeal-Obverse.svg|100px]]   
|-   
|}
|-
| align=center colspan=2 | [[Imajen:LocationUSA.png|300px]]
|-
| [[Lian ofisiál]]
| ''La lian ofisiál, de facto [[Lia-inglés|inglés]]
|-
| [[Sidade kapitál]]
| [[Washington (District of Columbia)]]
|-
| [[Prezidente Repúblika]]
| [[Donald Trump]]
|-
| [[Área]]
| 9 631 418 [[kilómetru kuadradu|km&amp;sup2;]]
|-
| [[Populasaun]] ([[2007]])&lt;br /&gt;- Densidade
| 300 888 812&lt;small&gt; [http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/population/007996.html 1]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;31/km²
|-
| [[Fuzu horáriu]]
| [[Tempu Universál ho Koordenasaun|UTC]]-5 to'o UTC-10
|-
| [[Osab]]
| [[Dolar estadunidense]]
|-
| [[Inu nasionál]]
| ''[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]''
|-
| [[TLD (Internet)|Kódigu Internet]]
| .us, .gov, .mil, .edu
|-
| [[Kódigu telefóniku]]
| +1
|}
   
'''Estadu Naklibur Sira Amérika Nian''' (iha [[Lia-inglés]]: ''United States of America'') maka rai [[Amérika]] nian.

== Referensia ==
&lt;gallery perrow=&quot;5&quot;&gt;
Golden Gate Bridge Clear.JPG
Castillo de Disneyland.jpg
Apollo 15 flag, rover, LM, Irwin cropped.jpg
United States Capitol west front edit2.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

{{Amérika Norte}}

[[Kategoria:Estadus Unidus]]</text>
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    <title>Kategoria:Amérika Norte</title>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Natál</title>
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'''Natál''' ka '''Loron Natál''' ne'e [[loron-boot]] ne'ebé akontese tinan ida dala ida hodi selebra moris [[Jezús Kristu]] nian. Natál ne'e kahur festa [[sarani]] nian ne'ebé komemora kosok-oan Jezús mai iha mundu ho tradisaun no kostume seluseluk, liuliu festa jentiu tuan [[Invernu]] nian husi rain oioin iha Europa iha tempu antigu. Tradisaun Natál nian iha nasaun oioin inklui hatudu imajen ne'ebé reprezenta Kosok-Oan Jezús nia moris mai mundu, [[Ai-Natál]], troka prezente no [[kartaun-Natál]], no mós vizita husi [[Pai-Natál]] iha kalan Natál (ka véspera Natál). Iha tempu Natál ema baibain ko'alia beibeik kona-ba dame, fó laran ba malu, laran-luak no pasa tempu hamutuk ho família. 

Loron Natál monu iha dia-25 fulan-Dezembru. Iha dia-24 ema toman selebra véspera Natál ka kalan Natál. [[Kreda Apostólika Arménia]] selebra Natál iha dia-6 fulan-Janeiru, enkuantu [[Kreda Ortodoksa Lorosa'e]] sira (estilu Ortodoksu tuan) selebra Natál iha dia-7 fulan-Janeiru, ne'ebé data iha [[kalendáriu julianu]] ne'ebé korresponde ba dia-25 iha ita-nia kalendáriu. Dia-25 fulan-Dezembru nu'udar loron-moris ba Jezús ne'e tradisaun de'it, la'ós data-moris tebes. &lt;ref&gt;The Oxford Dictionary of [[Christian Church]], [[Oxford University Press]], London (1977), p. 280.&lt;/ref&gt;

Iha nasaun barak iha mundu ema selebra Natál, tanba fiar sarani halekar iha país barak no mós tanba [[kultura osidentál]] mós naklekar liu ba beibeik no sai influénsia maka'as iha fatin hotu-hotu. Fatin barak mós iha sira-nia tradisaun Natál rasik. 

== Etimolojia no naran ==
{{:Naran natál nian iha lian barak}} &lt;!-- if you want to edit this section, you must edit the article [[Naran natál nian iha lian barak]] // se ó hakarak edita ne'e, ó tenke edita artigu [[Naran natál nian iha lian barak]] --&gt;

== Istória ==
=== Festa [[Invernu]] nian iha tempu molok Fiar-Sarani (Festa Jentiu) ===

Festa Invernu nian ida maka festa importante liu iha tradisaun barak iha kultura oioin, no razaun ida maka iha Invernu ladún bele serbisu barak iha agrikultura. Iha tempu antigu [[Páskua]] maka festa importante liu hotu iha kalendáriu Kreda nian.&lt;ref name=&quot;CathEast&quot;&gt;&quot;[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05224d.htm &quot;Easter&quot;], ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'', 1913.&lt;/ref&gt; Sira iha otas ne'ebá konsidera Natál ladún iha signifikadu importante, no Kreda Antigu kontra selebrasaun ba loron halo tinan husi membru Kreda nian.&lt;ref name=&quot;CathNatal&quot;&gt;&quot;[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10709a.htm &quot;Natal Day&quot;], ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'', 1913.&lt;/ref&gt; Importánsia Natál nian iha tempu modernu bele iha nia abut iha influénsia horiuluk husi lisan festa Invernu nian, inklui festa tradisionál antigu sira tuirmai ne'e: 

==== [[Saturnalia]] ====
&lt;!-- THIS SECTION USES A NON-EXISTENT IMAGE
[[Image:ChristJulii.jpg|thumb|180px|Alegada reprezentasaun Kristu nian nu'udar maromak loro nian [[Helios]] ka ''Sol Invictus'' ne'ebé sa'e hela ninia karreta. Mozaiku husi sékulu III iha rai-kuak iha Vatikanu iha [[Bazílika Saun Pedru]] nia okos, iha  [[Papa Júliu I]] nia rate nia uma-kakuluk.]]
--&gt;
Iha otas [[Roma Antigu]] nian, festa Invernu nian ne'ebé famozu liu naran Saturnalia, ne'ebé populár iha [[Itália]] tomak. Saturnalia ne'e tempu ba ema atu halimar, han barak no halo festa, no la tuir regra formál ne'ebé iha. Festa ne'e mós inklui halo no fó prezente ki'ik (''Saturnalia et Sigillaricia''), inklui boneka ki'ikoan ba labarik no lilin ba ema-boot.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bruma&quot;&gt;[http://www.cs.utk.edu/~mclennan/BA/SF/WinSol.html Bruma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061010145627/http://www.cs.utk.edu/~mclennan/BA/SF/WinSol.html |date=2006-10-10 }}, University of Tennessee&lt;/ref&gt; Durante Saturnalia, ema adia sira-nia negósiu ka serbisu, no atan sira mós bele halimar. Ema wa'in hemu tua barak, joga maka'as, kanta iha fatin públiku, no la'o molik iha fatin públiku hanesan lurón. Loron hirak festa ne'e nian maka &quot;loron sira kapás liu hotu,&quot; tuir buat ne'ebé poeta latinu [[Catullus]] dehan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sempronia&quot;&gt;Sempronia, Julilla, [http://www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Article/242252 &quot;Ancient Voices: Saturnalia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070308075709/http://www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Article/242252 |date=2007-03-08 }}, ''AncientWorlds'' 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; Saturnalia hahi'i maromak [[Saturnu (mitolojia)|Saturnu]] no hahú iha dia-17 Dezembru. Festa ne'e neineik-neineik komesa sai naruk liután to'o períodu Republikanu ikus, bainhira festa dura loron hitu ona (17-23 Dezembru). Iha otas imperiál, Saturnalia habadak ba loron lima.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosley1&quot;&gt;Mosley, John, [http://www.ips-planetarium.org/planetarian/articles/common_errors_xmas.html &quot;Common Errors in 'Star of Bethlehem' Planetarium Shows&quot;], ''Planetarian'', Third Quarter 1981.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Natalis Solis Invicti ====

Romanu sira hala'o festa ida iha dia-25 Dezembru ho naran ''[[Dies Natalis Solis Invicti]]'', &quot;loro ne'ebé sempre manán nia loron halo tinan nian.&quot; Bainhira uza títulu [[Sol Invictus]] ne'e fó biban atu adora maromak oioin loro nian dala ida de'it, inklui [[Elah-Gabal]], maromak loro nian ida husi Síria; [[Sol]], Imperadór [[Auréliu]] (AD 270-274) nia maromak ; no mós [[Mitras]], maromak ida soldadu sira-nian ho orijen husi [[Pérsia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CathMithra&quot;&gt;&quot;[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10402a.htm &quot;Mithraism&quot;], ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'', 1913.&lt;/ref&gt; Imperadór [[Elagabalus]] (218-222) maka hamosu festa ne'e, ne'ebé sai naran-boot loos bainhira Auréliu maka ukun, no promove festa ne'e nu'udar loron-boot iha Impériu Romanu tomak nia laran.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sol.&quot; ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', Chicago (2006).&lt;/ref&gt;

Dia-25 Dezembru mós data [[Solstísiu Invernu]] nian, ne'ebá romanu sira hanaran ''bruma.''&lt;ref name=&quot;Bruma&quot;/&gt; Nune'e iha loron ida-ne'e Loro hatudu katak nia &quot;nunka lakon&quot; maski oras naroman nian menus. (Bainhira [[Júlio César]] hamosu [[Kalendáriu Julianu]] iha tinan 45 MK, dia-25 Dezembru maka maizumenus data solstísiu nian. Iha tempu modernu, solstísiu monu ba dia-21 ka 22 Dezembru.) Festa Sol Invictus ne'e iha &quot;razaun maka'as atu konsidera nu'udar responsavel&quot; ba data Natál nian, tuir ''Catholic Encyclopedia.''&lt;ref name=&quot;CathChrit&quot;/&gt; Simbolizmu Loro nian populár iha hakerek-na'in Kristaun sira-nia leet iha tempu antigu &lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;&gt;[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9082431/Christmas &quot;Christmas], ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Chicago: [[Encyclopædia Britannica]], 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; no sira haree Jezús nu'udar &quot;Loro Lia-Loos nian.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Malachi 4:2 Malachi 4:2]&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Yule ====

[[Fiar-Jentiu]] [[Eskandinávia]] nian no [[Inglaterra]] nian iha tempu antigu selebra festa invernu nian ida naran Yule iha fulan-Dezembru nia rohan to'o hahú Janeiru iha data ne'ebé hili tuir kalendáriu-fulan (lunár) ida.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ealdriht.org/tide.html &quot;The Anglo-Saxon Calendar&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228071439/http://www.ealdriht.org/tide.html |date=2007-02-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bainhira [[Fiar-Sarani]] tama iha rain sira-ne'e no sira adota [[Kalendáriu Julianu]], ema rain-na'in hahú selebra Yule iha dia-25 Dezembru atu bele korresponde ba festa Natál, iha loron ida de'it.&lt;ref&gt;Sturlson, Snorri, ''[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/598 Heimskringla]'', &quot;Yule in Ancient Norway&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Natál, festa ladún importante ba sarani sira kuandu [[Idade Média]] foin komesa, deve nia popularidade mós ba festa Yule ne'e. Selebrasaun durante loron sanulu-resin-rua ne'ebé akontese baibain iha Natál Idade Média nian bele mosu karik husi selebrasaun tradisionál antigu durante loron sanulu-resin-rua Yule nian.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reichmann&quot;&gt;Reichmann, Ruth, [http://www.serve.com/shea/germusa/xmasintr.htm &quot;Christmas&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt; Lisan jentiu Yule nian kontinua hala'o to'o agora iha tradisaun ai-knotak Yule nian.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yule HC&quot;&gt; [http://www.history.com/&lt;/ref&gt; Iha Inglaterra, ema bolu naran Yule ba Natál iha otas medievál. Iha Eskandinávia ema kontinua bolu ''Jul'' ba Natál to'o agora daudaun. [[Imajen:Origen3.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Origen]], matenek-na'in husi Kreda sarani, uluk ko'alia kontra selebrasaun halo tinan nian, inklui [[Kristu]] nia halo tinan.]]

=== Orijen husi festa Sarani ===

La iha ema ida hatene loloos bainhira maka dia-25 Dezembru sai ligadu ba selebrasaun moris-mai Jezús nian. [[Testamentu Foun]] la fó data ida ba akontesimentu ne'e.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;/&gt; Matenek-na'in balu dehan katak [[Sextus Julius Africanus]] temi data ida-ne'e iha livru ''Chronografiai'', livru ida ne'ebé hakerek iha tinan 221 MK i agora lakon tiha ona maibé uluk importante ba sarani sira.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;/&gt; Data ne'e afinál fulan sia liutiha data tradisionál [[Enkarnasaun]] nian (dia-25 Marsu), ne'ebé agora selebra nu'udar Festa [[Anunsiasaun]] nian.&lt;ref name=&quot;CathAnnun&quot;&gt;[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01542a.htm &quot;The Feast of the Annunciation&quot;], ''Catholic Encyclopedia,'' 1998.&lt;/ref&gt; Data 25 Marsu mós konsidera data [[ekinósiu Veraun]] nian no data kriasaun [[Adaun]] nian.&lt;ref name=&quot;CathAnnun&quot;/&gt; Ema-sarani antigu mós fiar katak dia-25 Marsu maka loron ne'ebé akontese [[krusifikasaun]], bainhira ema prega Jezús iha krús.&lt;ref name=&quot;CathAnnun&quot;/&gt; Hanoin sarani sira-nian katak konsepsaun Jezús nian akontese iha data hanesan data ne'ebé Nia mate iha krús tuir mós fiar Judeu sira-nian katak profeta sira-nia vida sempre durante tinan númeru tomak.&lt;ref name=&quot;CathAnnun&quot;/&gt;

Bainhira sarani antigu komesa hanoin katak karik Jezús moris iha 25 Dezembru sira seidauk hanoin atu selebra festa iha data ne'e. [[Tertulianu]] la temi data ne'e nu'udar loron-boot ka loron-santu iha [[Kreda Sarani Ritu Afrikanu]]. Iha tinan 245, teólogu naran-boot [[Origen]] ko'alia kontra ideia hodi selebra loron-moris Jezús nian &quot;hanesan Nia sai fali liurai jentiu [[faraó]] ruma.&quot; Nia hateten katak maksalak de'it maka selebra sira-nia loron-moris, santu sira lae.&lt;ref name=&quot;CathNatal&quot; /&gt; 

Referénsia antigu liu hotu kona-ba selebrasaun Natál nian ne'ebé ema sei hetan maka iha [[Kalendáriu Filocalus nian]], [[manuskritu ho iluminura]] ne'ebé kompila iha Roma iha tinan 354.&lt;ref name=&quot;CathChrit&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dokumentu ne'e surat privadu ne'ebé prepara ba dato Romanu ida no hanaran tuir artista ne'ebé dezeña nia parte ida. Referénsia ba Natál dehan katak, &quot;VIII kal. ian. natus Christus in Betleem Iudeæ&quot;. Ne'e seksaun ida ne'ebé bazeia ba manuskritu seluk husi tinan 336.&lt;/ref&gt; Iha lorosa'e, entretantu, ema-sarani selebra loron-moris Jezús nian nu'udar parte husi [[Epifania]] (dia-6 Janeiru), maski loron-boot ne'e foka liu ba [[batizmu Jezús nian]].&lt;ref&gt;Pokhilko, Hieromonk Nicholas, [http://orthodoxeurope.org/page/12/4.aspx &quot;The Formation of Epiphany according to Different Traditions]&lt;/ref&gt;

Festa Natál hetan promosaun maka'as iha lorosa'e nu'udar parte husi haberan [[Katolisizmu]] liutiha Imperadór pro-[[Arianizmu]] naran [[Fláviu Valente]] mate iha [[Batalla Adrianópolis nian]] iha tinan-378. Festa ne'e komesa selebra iha [[Konstantinopla]] iha tinan 379, iha [[Antiókia]] maizumenus iha 380, no iha [[Alexandria]] maizumenus iha 430. Natál sai kontroversu loos iha sékulu IV iha Konstantinopla, sidade ne'ebé iha ema barak tuir fiar Arianizmu. Festa Natál lakon depoizde [[Gregóriu husi Nazianzus]] rezigna husi ambispu iha tinan 381, masku depois hetan introdusaun fila fali liuhosi [[Joaun Krizóstomu]] maizumenus iha tinan 400.&lt;ref name=&quot;CathChrit&quot;/&gt;

=== Idade Média ===

[[Imajen:Don_Lorenzo_Monaco_001.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Adorasaun husi [[Liurai na'in-tolu]] husi [[Don Lorenzo Monaco]] (1422).]]
Iha [[Idade Média]] antigu liu, iha Europa, Loron Natál ladún importante bainhira kompara ho Epifania, ne'ebé iha loromonu foka liu ba [[Liurai na'in-tolu]]. Natál la iha ninia [[liturjia]] rasik to'o sékulu IX.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;/&gt; Maibé kalendáriu Medievál fó importánsia ba loron-boot oioin ne'ebé iha relasaun ho Natál. Loron haatnulu liutiha Natál iha misa lilin nian. Loron haatnulu molok Natál sai &quot;Loron haatnulu Saun Martiñu nian.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Murray&quot;&gt;Murray, Alexander, [http://www.historytoday.com/dt_main_allatonce.asp?gid=13022&amp;aid=&amp;tgid=&amp;amid=13022&amp;g13022=x&amp;g9142=x&amp;g30026=x&amp;g20991=x&amp;g21010=x&amp;g19965=x&amp;g19963=x&amp;e=true &quot;Medieval Christmas&quot;], ''History Today'', December 1986, '''36''' (12), pp. 31 - 39.&lt;/ref&gt; (Loron hirak-ne'e simu naran ida-ne'e tanba hahú iha loron [[Saun Martiñu]] nian, dia-11 Novembru.) Iha Itália Medievál, tradisaun Saturnália kontinua selebra durante períodu ne'e, ne'ebé agora daudaun ema bolu naran [[Adventu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Murray&quot;/&gt; [[Karlus Magnu]] simu nia koroa liurai nian iha Loron Natál iha tinan 800 no Liurai [[William I husi Inglaterra]] simu nia koroa iha Loron Natál iha tinan 1066.

Bainhira Europa Norte mós sai sarani, [[Yule]], sira-nia loron-boot Invernu nian, tau hamutuk ho Natál iha loron ida: dia-25 Dezembru. Iha sékulu XII, estilu fuik Saturnalia no Yule nian nakfila tiha ba &quot;Loron sanulu-resin-rua Natál nian&quot; (25 Dezembru - 5 Janeiru).&lt;ref name=&quot;Murray&quot;/&gt; Ema iha Inglaterra bolu kalan dia-5 Janeiru ho naran [[Twelfth Night]], no ida-ne'e depois sai mós títulu ba pesa-teatru ida husi [[William Shakespeare]].

Iha [[Idade Média]] Aas, Natál sai ona festa boot no kronista sira baibain konta oinsá maka ema-boot sira balu selebra loron-boot ne'e. [[Richard II husi Inglaterra]] halo festa boot Natál nian iha tinan 1377 ne'ebé sira oho no han karau ruanulu-resin-ualu no bibi-malae atus tolu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Murray&quot;/&gt; Fahi-fuik '''Yule''' nian mós iha baibain iha festa Natál medievál. Kanta kantiga Natál nian ne'ebé iha lisan inglés sira-nian hanaran [[Christmas carol]] mós sai populár, no uluk la'ós de'it kanta maibé hamutuk ho dansa hotu. Grupu inklui ema ne'ebé vokalista no ema ne'ebé dansa hale'u nia ne'ebé mós hanesan koru. Hakerek-na'in oioin iha otas ne'ebá ko'alia kontra kanta sira-ne'e tanba sira konsidera ne'e kontra morál, no bele kontinua fali lisan antigu Saturnalia no Yule nian.&lt;ref name=&quot;Murray&quot;/&gt; &quot;Misrule&quot; — hemu to'o lanu, hola malu arbiru, joga no taru osan — mós aspetu importante festivál ne'e nian iha tempu ne'ebá. Iha Inglaterra, iha otas ne'ebá sira fó prezente ba malu iha [[Loron Tinan Foun nian]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Murray&quot;/&gt;

[[Imajen:FatherChristmastrial.jpg|left|250px|thumb|Exertu husi ''The Examination and Tryal of Father Christmas'' (1686) husi [[Josiah King]], ne'ebé publika la kleur depoizde Natál hahú selebra fila fali nu'udar loron-boot iha Inglaterra.]]

=== Reforma no sékulu XIX ===
Durante [[Reforma]], [[Protestante]] sira kondena selebrasaun Natál nian nu'udar &quot;hahalok ladi'ak husi ema ne'ebé tuir [[Amu-papa]]&quot; no &quot;sasán Demóniu nian&quot;. [[Kreda Katóliku Romanu]] hatán liuhosi promove festa ne'e maka'as liután ho jeitu ne'ebé halai tan ba fiar-sarani. Liutiha vitória Parlamentu nian kontra [[Liurai Charles I]] durante [[Funu Sivíl Inglés]], ukun-na'in [[Puritanu]] sira Inglaterra nian bandu Natál, iha 1647. Motín pro-Natál mosu iha sidade oioin, no durante semana balu amotinadu sira kontrola sidade-[[Canterbury]], no enfeita sira-nia odamatan ho sasán tradisionál Natál nian no hakilar lia-menon hodi hahi'i liurai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Durston&quot;&gt;Durston, Chris, [http://www.historytoday.com/dt_main_allatonce.asp?gid=12890&amp;aid=&amp;tgid=&amp;amid=12890&amp;g12890=x&amp;g9130=x&amp;g30026=x&amp;g20991=x&amp;g21010=x&amp;g19965=x&amp;g19963=x &quot;Lords of Misrule: The Puritan War on Christmas 1642-60&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310013925/http://www.historytoday.com/dt_main_allatonce.asp?gid=12890&amp;aid=&amp;tgid=&amp;amid=12890&amp;g12890=x&amp;g9130=x&amp;g30026=x&amp;g20991=x&amp;g21010=x&amp;g19965=x&amp;g19963=x |date=2007-03-10 }}, ''History Today'', Dezembru 1985, '''35''' (12) pp. 7 - 14.&lt;/ref&gt; Bainhira liurai ukun fila fali iha Inglaterra iha 1660 bandu para tiha, maibé amlulik sira, Kreda [[Anglikanu]] nian kontinua kontra selebrasaun Natál nian, uza argumentu hanesan protestante sira-nian.

Iha [[Amérika Koloniál]], puritanu sira iha [[Inglaterra Foun]] la aprova Natál; sira bandu nia selebrasaun iha [[Boston, Massachusetts]] dezde 1659 to'o 1681. Iha otas hanesan mahorik sira iha [[Virjínia]] no [[Novaiorke]] selebra loron-boot ne'e ho liberdade. Ema barak ladún gosta Natál iha Estadus Unidus liutiha [[Revolusaun Amerikana]], bainhira EUA sai independente husi Inglaterra, tanba iha tempu ne'ebá sira haree Natál nu'udar loron-boot inglés sira-nian. 

Iha tinan 1820, sektarizmu relijiozu komesa menus iha Inglaterra no hakerek-na'in sira hahú preokupa tanba festa Natál bele lakon. Sira imajina katak Natál tempu uluk nian ne'e períodu ne'ebé ema laran-kontente, no sira haka'as an atu ajuda halo loron ne'e sai boot fila fali. Livru [[Charles Dickens]] nian naran ''[[A Christmas Carol]]'', ne'ebé publika iha 1843, iha influénsia maka'as atu inventa fali Natál nu'udar loron-boot ne'ebé promove família, laran-di'ak, laran-luak no domin ba malu envezde selebrasaun arbiru de'it.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rowell&quot;&gt;Rowell, Geoffrey, [http://www.historytoday.com/dt_main_allatonce.asp?gid=9784&amp;aid=&amp;tgid=&amp;amid=9784&amp;g9784=x&amp;g9777=x&amp;g30026=x&amp;g20991=x&amp;g21010=x&amp;g19965=x&amp;g19963=x &quot;Dickens and the Construction of Christmas&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313025015/http://www.historytoday.com/dt_main_allatonce.asp?gid=9784&amp;aid=&amp;tgid=&amp;amid=9784&amp;g9784=x&amp;g9777=x&amp;g30026=x&amp;g20991=x&amp;g21010=x&amp;g19965=x&amp;g19963=x |date=2007-03-13 }}, ''History Today,'' Dezembru 1993, '''43''' (12), pp. 17 - 24.&lt;/ref&gt;

Interese ba Natál sai maka'as fila fali iha Amérika iha 1820 liutiha istória-badan oioin husi [[Washington Irving]] ne'ebé mosu iha livru ''[[The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon]]'' no &quot;Old Christmas&quot;, no mós [[Clement Clarke Moore]] nia poema iha 1822 naran ''[[A Visit From St. Nicholas]]''. Istória sira Irving nian deskreve tradisaun oioin ne'ebé promove laran-di'ak no dame ne'ebé nia dehan katak nia haree tiha iha Inglaterra. Ema balu dehan katak Irving rasik maka inventa “tradisaun” ne'ebé nia haktuir, maibé lee-na'in sira iha Amérika gosta no hasara kostume sira-ne'e ho entuziazmu. &lt;ref&gt;Moore nia poema transfere na Natál amerikanu tradisaun tebes antigu olandés sira-nian ne'ebé selebra iha Novaiorke, ne'ebé inklui fó prezente ba malu, família tomak han hamutuk, no ai-knanoik kona-ba “sinterklaas” (iha lia-olandés deriva husi “Saint Nicholas,” no husi sinterklaas mai liafuan modernu EUA nian “Santa Claus”).[http://www.thehistoryofchristmas.com/ch/in_america.htm ''The history of Christmas: Christmas history in America''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419103042/http://www.thehistoryofchristmas.com/ch/in_america.htm |date=2018-04-19 }}, 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Imigrante [[alemaun]] barak ne'ebé ba buka moris iha EUA depois ajuda promove loron-boot ne'e tanba lori tradisaun sira Europa kontinentál nian ba nasaun ne'ebá. Natál sai Loron-Boot Ofisiál iha EUA iha 1870.

== References ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-2column&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;
* &quot;Christmas,&quot; ''The New Columbia Encyclopedia''. New York and London, [[Columbia University Press]] 1975.&lt;!-- ISBN Needed --&gt;
* Restad, Penne L., ''Christmas in America: A History'', New York, Oxford University Press. 1995. ISBN 0-19-509300-3
&lt;/div&gt;

== Ligasaun ba li'ur ==

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  <page>
    <title>Bíblia</title>
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        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
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      <text bytes="1248" sha1="o5530gcjm0ybu4ug0knemedcth4n3ky" xml:space="preserve">[[Imajen:Holy_bible_book.jpg|direita|miniaturadaimagem|300x300px]]
'''Bíblia''' (iha lia indonezia: ''Alkitab'') – ne'e kolesaun testu relijiozu sira nian husi [[Judaizmu]] no [[Kristianizmu]] no livru publikadu liu hotu iha mundu. Bíblia iha livru ki’ik iha laran, no relijiaun boot tolu (Kristianizmu, Judaizmu no [[Islam]]) hanoin katak Maromak inspira tiha ona ema sira-ne'ebé hakerek Bíblia.

== Testamentu foun ho tuan ==
Bíblia sarani iha parte boot rua: Testamentu tuan no Testamentu foun. Bíblia judeu (&quot;[[Tanakh]]&quot;) de'it iha Testamentu tuan.

== Timor ==
Husi kedas sékulu XIX, jezuíta sira iha Soibada tradús tiha parte balu husi Bíblia ba tetun. Iha tinan 1913, governador kolónia nian koko hatama tetun ba hanorin iha Timór, so iha de'it tinan 1981 maka igreja foti lian ne'e ba uza iha liturjia, maibé iha tinan 1960 igreja foti ona lian ne'e hodi halo katesizmu [[lian tetun]].

=== Ligasaun ba li'ur/Eterior ===
* Tradusaun testamentu foun nian husi Pr. Rolando Fernandez SDB: [http://www.tetumbible.tp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091024135404/http://www.tetumbible.tp/ |date=2009-10-24 }}, [http://www.intratext.com/IXT/TET0001/_INDEX.HTM]

[[Kategoria:Kristianizmu]]
[[Kategoria:Literatura]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1238" sha1="efxtxiwrer8y7tbcup7534pncmags6z" xml:space="preserve">[[Imajen:Holy_bible_book.jpg|direita|miniaturadaimagem|300x300px]]
'''Bíblia''' (iha lia indonezia: ''Alkitab'') – ne'e kolesaun testu relijiozu sira nian husi [[Judaizmu]] no [[Kristianizmu]] no livru publikadu liu hotu iha mundu. Bíblia iha livru ki’ik iha laran, no relijiaun boot tolu (Kristianizmu, Judaizmu no [[Islam]]) hanoin katak Maromak inspira tiha ona ema sira-ne'ebé hakerek Bíblia.

== Testamentu foun ho tuan ==
Bíblia sarani iha parte boot rua: Testamentu tuan no Testamentu foun. Bíblia judeu (&quot;[[Tanakh]]&quot;) de'it iha Testamentu tuan.

== Timor ==
Husi kedas sékulu XIX, jezuíta sira iha Soibada tradús tiha parte balu husi Bíblia ba tetun. Iha tinan 1913, governador kolónia nian koko hatama tetun ba hanorin iha Timór, so iha de'it tinan 1981 maka igreja foti lian ne'e ba uza iha liturjia, maibé iha tinan 1960 igreja foti ona lian ne'e hodi halo katesizmu [[lian tetun]].

== Ligasaun ba li'ur ==
* Tradusaun testamentu foun nian husi Pr. Rolando Fernandez SDB: [http://www.tetumbible.tp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091024135404/http://www.tetumbible.tp/ |date=2009-10-24 }}, [http://www.intratext.com/IXT/TET0001/_INDEX.HTM]

[[Kategoria:Kristianizmu]]
[[Kategoria:Literatura]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ázia</title>
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      <text bytes="211" sha1="85i2lnc6vale10nyl6li0hstafyj5o6" xml:space="preserve">[[Imajen:AsiaLocation.svg|thumb|Ázia]]

Ázia kontinente boot liu hotu. [[Área]] Ázia nian mak sai 44 400 000 km² (33% mundu nian). Populasaun aprosimadamente 4 000 000 000.

{{Ázia}}

[[Kategoria:Ázia| ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bahamas</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
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      <text bytes="1214" sha1="6do92yjrhzvy9f7x6scdvg1agdcta0i" xml:space="preserve">{{NasaunBandeiraBrazaun|
ofisial= The Commonwealth of The Bahamas|
tetun=Bahamas|
bandeira= Flag of the Bahamas.svg|
brazaun=}}
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=2 | &lt;font size=&quot;-1&quot;&gt;''Lema: Forward, Upward, Onward Together''&lt;/font&gt;
|-
| align=center colspan=2 | [[Imajen:LocationBahamas.svg|290px]]
|-
| [[Lian ofisiál]]
| [[Lian inglés|inglés]]
|-
| [[Sidade kapitál]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;populasaun&lt;/small&gt;
| [[Nassau]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt; 210 832 ([[2000]])&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| [[Liurai feto]]
| [[Elizabeth II]]
|-
| [[Primeiru ministru]]
| [[Hubert Ingraham]]
|-
| [[Área]]
| 13 878 [[kilómetru kuadradu|km²]]
|-
| [[Populasaun]]&lt;br /&gt;-Total ([[2016]])&lt;br /&gt;[[Densidade populasional|Densidade]]
| [[Lista rai hosi populasaun|160° boot liuhotu]]&lt;br /&gt;392 718&lt;br /&gt;25,21/km²
|-
| [[Independénsia]]&lt;br /&gt; - Deklarasaun
| ([[Reinu Naklibur]])&lt;br /&gt; [[10 Jullu]] tinan [[1973]]
|-
| [[Osan]]
| [[Dólar Bahamas nian]]
|-
| [[Fuzu horáriu]]
| [[Tempu Universál ho Koordenasaun|UTC]]
|-
| [[Ino nasionál]]
| ''March On, Bahamaland''
|-
| [[TLD (Internet)|Kódigu Internet]]
| .bs
|-
| [[Kódigu telefóniku]]
| + + 1 242
|}
'''Bahamas''' maka rai [[Amérika]] nian.

{{Karibe}}

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| [[Populasaun]]&lt;br /&gt;-Total ([[2006]])&lt;br /&gt;[[Densidade populasional|Densidade]]
| [[Lista rai hosi populasaun|175° boot liuhotu]]&lt;br /&gt;279 000&lt;br /&gt;647,3/km²
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| [[Independénsia]]&lt;br /&gt; - Deklarasaun
| ([[Reinu Naklibur]])&lt;br /&gt; [[30 Novembru]] tinan [[1966]]
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=== Ligasaun ba li'ur ===
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  <page>
    <title>Forcas Defensa Timor Lorosa'e</title>
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      <text bytes="46823" sha1="pa2sn8mx21xsob4k1ayi6ztn9pgytvp" xml:space="preserve">[[Imajen:Flag of F-FDTL.png|thumb|Bandeira F-FDTL nian]]

'''Falintil-Forcas Defensa Timor Lorosa´e''' ka ('''F-FDTL''', port.: ''Falintil-Forças de Defesa de Timor-Leste'') ne forsas armadas ne'ebe iha atu defende rai [[Timor Lorosa´e]]. F-FDTL harii iha Febreiru 2001 no to'o agora iha ona batallaun infanteria rua nebe mak: Komponente Naval kiik-oan ida no Unidade Suportasaun nian balun.

F-FDTL ninia kna'ar primeiro mak proteje rai Timor lorosa´e husi atakasaun rai liur. Rai Timor mos iha seguridade ba rai laran, ne'ebe mak hala'o husi [[Policia Nacional de Timor Leste]] ka (PNTL).

Problema F-FDTL ne'ebe boot liu mosu iha 2006 kuando metade husi forsa ema duni sai. Dimisaun ida nee halo instituisaun rua ne F-FDTL no PNTL atu besik rahun nune'e governu foti kedas medidas evita forcas armadas nasaun liur hodi mai halo kalma situasaun.

== Knar ==
[[Lei inan]] [[RDTL]] nian fo kna'ar ba F-FDTL atu responsabiliza protesaun rai Timor husi atakasaun rai liur nian. Lei inan dehan katak F-FDTL &quot;tenki fo garantia ba soberania nasaun nian, integridade territorial no libertasaun no seguridade ba povu i kontra agresaun saida deit ne'ebe mai husi liur, ho respeitu ba orden konstitusional&quot;. Lei inan mos hateten katak F-FDTL &quot;tenki netral no tenki obedese ba orgaun kompetente ka respeitu ba lei konstitusional, no sei labele interviene iha asaun politika&quot;. PNTL sira no Forsa seguransa sivil sira mak responsable ba seguransa rai laran nian.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rees&quot;&gt;Rees (2004). Pages 7–9.&lt;/ref&gt;

Praktikamente kna'ar F-FDTL no [[Policia National de Timor Leste]] (PNTL) ladun klaru, hodi ida ne'e mak resulta konflitu entre orgaun rua ne.&lt;ref name=rees14&gt;Rees (2004). Page 14.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Amnesty International (2003). Page 2.&lt;/ref&gt; Conversely, (Policia Nacional de Timor-Leste, PNTL) involve ona iha defeza ita nia rai ketan iha parte loro-monu. Konflitu entre polisia i militar ne'e mosu tamba governu Timor faila atu hametin estabilidade rai laran.&lt;ref name=rees14/&gt; Tan ne'e iha Febreiru 2010 Governu kria ona legislasaun atu define klaru liu tan kna'ar ba orgaun rua nee iha Timor.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNMIT_2010_10&quot;&gt;UNMIT (2010), p. 10&lt;/ref&gt;

== Istoria ==

=== Pre-independensia ===

F-FDTL forma husi Movimentu Libertasaun Nasional [[Armada Guerrilia]] konesidu ho [[FALINTIL]] ([[''Forças Armadas de Libertação de Timor-Leste'']]). Durante periodo antes de 1999 lider Timor oan balun, inklui presidente agora [[Presidente Timor Lorosa´e]] [[José Ramos-Horta]], fo proposta katak iha futuru nasaun Timor Lorosa´e sei laiha nia forsa militar. Maibé ho violensia no destrusaun ne'ebe mosu bainhira Timor manan votasaun iha 1999 ano iha nesesidade atu fo servisu ba veteranus FALINTIL nian, ne'e mak obriga Timor troka nia opiniaun no konsege harii duni nia forsas armadas militar nian.&lt;ref name=Wainwright23&gt;Wainwright (2002). Page 23.&lt;/ref&gt; Ba dala uluk forsas armadas harii ho 5,000 personnel.&lt;ref&gt;The Centre for Defence Studies, King's College, London. Paragraph 205.&lt;/ref&gt;

Iha 2000 klaran [[United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor]] (UNTAET) invita tim ida husi [[King's College London]] atu lori estudu ida ba opsaun seguransa Timor Leste nian. Reportadu tim nee nian identifika opsaun tolu ba militar Timor oan ida. opsaun&amp;nbsp;1 Ne basadu ba FALINTIL nia preferensia ba relativo armada militar ne'ebe barak no todan ho 3,000–5,000 personnel, Opsaun&amp;nbsp;2 forsas ida husi 1,500 regulares no 1,500 conscripts no Opsaunn&amp;nbsp;3 ne ba forsas ida ho 1,500 regulares no 1,500 reservista voluntario.&lt;ref&gt;The Centre for Defence Studies, King's College, London. Paragraphs 7.2 to 7.4&lt;/ref&gt; Tim ba estudo recomenda Opsaunn&amp;nbsp;3 nudar opsaun ida diak liu ba seguridade Timor Lorosa´e nian no basea ba situasaun de nesesidade ekonomika rai nian. UNTAET simu rekomendasaun ne iha Septembro 2000 no forma base ba planu forsa defeza Timor Lorosa´e nian.&lt;ref name=Wainwright23/&gt; Ema hotu-hotu iha rai Timor laran ne'ebe uluk kontribui ba seguransa nasaun nian mos simu hotu proposta ne.&lt;ref&gt;Fawthrop and Harris (2001). Page 37.&lt;/ref&gt; The King's College report nee hetan kritika katak ho reporte ida nee, lori Timor Lorosa´e hodi establese forsas polisia ne'ebe boot no ermadas militar ne'ebe boot bainhira nasaun nee nia seguridade bele garantia deit ho forsa ida kiik-oan ida [[paramilitar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=Greg |last=Sheridan |authorlink=Greg Sheridan |title=Fretilin still a stranger to democracy |url=http://blogs.theaustralian.news.com.au/gregsheridan/index.php/theaustralian/comments/fretilin_still_a_stranger_to_democracy/ |publisher=[[The Australian]] |date=2007-08-09 |accessdate=2007-08-09 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070828232523/http://blogs.theaustralian.news.com.au/gregsheridan/index.php/theaustralian/comments/fretilin_still_a_stranger_to_democracy |date=2007-08-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuandu Timor Lorosa´e nia desizaun atu forma forsas militar nee hetan kritika husi komentador balun, Governu Timor Lorosa´e ho razaun no fiar makaas katak forsa nee nesesario duni ba seguransa rai nian. Komentadores sira dehan katak nu'udar Timor Lorosa´e la halo asaun ruma ba rai liur diak liu uza rekursu limitadu governu nian hodi hametin liu tan PNTL nian. Nudar lider politika Timor Leste nian rekonese katak sira la halo enfrentamientu ho liur, sira fiar katak ne nesesariu atu mantein kapasidade militar nian atu defende nasaun husi agresaun iha futuru. Establesimientu F-FDTL nee mos sai hanesan siginifikasaun efektivu husi integrasaun FALINTIL ba Timor Leste ida ne'ebe independente.&lt;ref&gt;Smith (2005). Pages 31–32.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Formasaun F-FDTL ===

[[Imajen:FALINTIL veterans USAID photo.jpg|thumb|upright|FALINTIL veterans]]

FALINTIL ofisialmente sai F-FDTL 1 Febreru 2001. Membrus 650 primeiru de F-FDTL nee selektadu husi 1,736 aplikantes FALINTIL  no komesa treinamentu iha 29 Marsu. 1ra Batailaun FDTL  nian establese iha 29 Junu 2001 no too metin liu tan iha 1 Dezembro. Membru barak liu husi battalaun nee mai husi ema lorosa´e.&lt;ref&gt;Ball (2002). Page 180.&lt;/ref&gt; 2da Battalaun establese iha 2002 ho kader husi 1ra Battalaun no iha personel foun barak mak tinan 21 ba kraik nebe la participa ba luta independencia nian.&lt;ref&gt;Rees (2004). Page 31.&lt;/ref&gt; .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=Hamish |last=McDonald |title=East Timor's Tiny Army Aims High |url=http://www.etan.org/et2002b/april/14-20/20ettiny.htm |work=Reproduced on the East Timor Action Network's website |publisher=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=2002-04-20 |accessdate=2008-02-03 }}&lt;/ref&gt; F-FDTL nia Komponente Naval Kiik ne harii iha Dezembro 2001.&lt;ref&gt;''Jane's Sentinel Security Assessment - Southeast Asia.'' Issue 20 – 2007. Page 148.&lt;/ref&gt;

F-FDTL komesa asume responsabilidade ba seguransa rai Timor nian nebe UN peacekeeping force komesa husik ona. Munisípiu [[Lautein (munisípiu)|Lautein]]ne sai primeira area ne'ebe husik ba F-FDTL nia liman iha Juilu 2002. Depois ida ne F-FDTL kaer hotu reponsabilidade seguridade externo nasaun nian iha 20 de Maio 2004, al tantu forsa seguridade internasional balun sei iha Timor Leste too metade-2005.&lt;ref&gt;''Jane's Sentinel Security Assessment - Southeast Asia''. Issue 20 – 2007. Page 116.&lt;/ref&gt; F-FDTL konduce nia primeira operasaun iha Janeiru 2003 wunidade armada ida bolu ba atu hapara aktividade kriminal nebe halo husimilisia loromonu iha munisípiu [[Ermera]].
F-FDTL sufre ona nia moral nebe seriu liu no problema disiplina desde nia establesimentu.&lt;ref&gt;Horta (2006)&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tensaun manas entre F-FDTL no PNTL mos reduse efektividade serviso seguridade nasaun nian. Durante 2003 i 2004, membru husi polisia no F-FDTL enfrenta malu iha okasaun barak, no grupu soldado sira aataka estasaun polisia nian iha [[Setembru]] 2003 no Dezembru 2004.&lt;ref name=icg2/&gt;

=== Krize 2006 ===

{{details|2006 East Timor crisis|East Timor's political and security sector crisis in 2006}}
{{externalimage
| align = right
| width = 200px
| image1 = [http://www.abc.net.au/reslib/200605/r87502_258384.jpg An East Timorese soldier during fighting in May 2006]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Aust to send troops to E Timor |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200605/s1646781.htm |work=ABC News |date=2006-05-24 |accessdate=2008-03-03 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
Tensaun entre F-FDTL to´o nia tutun iha 2006. Iha Janeiru, 159 soldadu husi unidade boot F-FDTL reklama petisaun ida ba Prezidente [[Xanana Gusmão]] katak soldadus husi lorosa´e hetan tratamentu diak liu duke loromonu sira. 'petitioners' hetan deit resposta oituan tan ne sira husik sira nia markas semana tolu depois, husik hela sira nia kilat.&lt;ref name=Inquiry21&gt;United Nations Independent Special Commission of Inquiry for Timor-Leste (2007). Page 21.&lt;/ref&gt; sira halibur hamutuk ho soldadus seluk atus ba atus no iha 16 Marsu komandante F-FDTL's , [[Brigadier General]] [[Taur Matan Ruak]], despide 594 soldados, nebe besik mitade forsa timor nian.&lt;ref name=icg2/&gt; Soldaus despedidus la'os deit petisionarios sira, maibé inklui mos ofisial 200 nebe falta bebeik nebe sidauk fila fulan hira ona antes fulan Marsu 2006.&lt;ref name=Inquiry21/&gt;

Krise ne hodi to´o violensia iha fin de Abril. iha 24 Abril, petitioner sira no sira nia suporter balun halo demonstrasaun durante loron ha'at iha Palacio Do Governo nia oin iha Dili bolu atu halo establecimentu ba komisaun independente ida atu identifika sira nia keixas. violencia nakfera iha 28 Abril bainhira petisioner balun no gangs foinsa'e ataka Palacio Do Governo. PNTL sira la tahan atu hapara violensia tan ne Palacio ema sunu tiha. Depois ke violensia naklekar ba area seluk iha Dili Laran, [[Primeiru Ministru]] [[Mari Alkatiri]] husu F-FDTL nia tulun atu restaura situasaun. Tropa sira nebe laiha esperensia ba kontrola violensia hatun duni iha Dili iha 29 Abril no resulta ema nain tolu mak mate. Iha 3 de Mayo Major [[Alfredo Reinado]], komandante unidade [[Polisia Militar]]F-FDTL nian, no maioria nia soldao inkluye Lt [[Gastão Salsinha]] husik sira nia pos nudar protesta ba ema civil nebe mate tan F-FDTL mak tiru.&lt;ref&gt;United Nations Independent Special Commission of Inquiry for Timor-Leste (2007), pages 21–30 and International Crisis Group (2008), page 2.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tiru malu mos mosu entre Forca de Seguridade Nasional nian ho arebelde no gang sira iha fin de May. Iha 23 Mayo Reinado ho nia grupu rebelde tiru personel F-FDTL no PNTL Fatu Ahi. Iha 24 Mayo personnel F-FDTL nebe besik sira nia Quarters-boot hetan ataka husi rebelde (offisial polisi), petitioner sira no civil armado. Ataka ne derotadu wainhira ro patrulla Componente Naval F-FDTL nian tiru atakantes sira.&lt;ref&gt;United Nations Independent Special Commission of Inquiry for Timor-Leste (2007). Pages 31–33&lt;/ref&gt; Durante krize ne relasaun entre F-FDTL and PNTL sai aat liu tan, iha 25 Maio membrus F-FDTL ataka PNTL nia Quarters-boot, oho official polisia sin armas nain sia.&lt;ref name=icg2/&gt;

Ho resultado violencia nebe sai aat liu tan, hakaas an no husu forsa internasional iha 25 Mayo. Forsa Paz sira [[Operation Astute|bkomesa to´o Dili]] loron tuir mai sira komesa restaura situasaun. um total ema nain 37 mak mate iha krize nee iha Apbil  Mayo no 155,000 husik sira nia uma. [[Nacoens Unidas]] hetan katak ministru sira defeza no interior no komandante F-FDTL entrega kilat ilegalnmente ba civil durante crisis no rekomenda kata sei halo juisio ba sira.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |title=UN commission of inquiry issues report on violent crisis that shook Timor-Leste |publisher=United Nations |date=2006-10-17 |url=http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=20284&amp;Cr=timor&amp;Cr1=inquiry# |accessdate=2007-09-01 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Planu ba dezenvolvimentu de forsas ===
Krize 2006 husik F-FDTL &quot;rabat rai&quot;.&lt;ref name=icgi&gt;International Crisis Group (2008). Page i.&lt;/ref&gt; The F-FDTL's strength fell from 1,435 in January 2006 to 715 in September and the proportion of westerners in the military fell from 65&amp;nbsp;percent to 28&amp;nbsp;percent.&lt;ref name=icg5/&gt; 
[[Imajen:F-FDTL-Centro de Instrução-Metinaro-2009.JPG|thumb|alt=White gates with buildings behind them|The gate to the F-FDTL Nicolau Lobato Training Centre near Metinaro]]

Iha 2004 komandante F-FDTL forma tim ida, nebe inkluye kontraktor internasional, atu harii dokumentu visaun estrategika largu plazo ba militar. Estudo ne suporta husi Governu Australian .&lt;ref&gt;Burton (2007). Page 101.&lt;/ref&gt; Nia resultadu dokumentu ''Force 2020'' halo kompletu iha 2006 no halo publika iha 2007.&lt;ref name=icg8&gt;International Crisis Group (2008). Page 8.&lt;/ref&gt; Dokumentu ne hateten  visaun 'aspirational'  ba dezenvolvimentu F-FDTL to´o 2020 e além de e é de estado equivalente a uma defesa [[white paper]]. Ida ne propose atu habelar militar atu besik 3,000  personnel regulariha medium term liu husi [[konskripsaun]]. ida nee mos tau longer-term goals hanesan establese komponente aereo no hola kilat modernu, hanesan [[Anti-tank warfare|anti-armour weapons]], [[armoured personnel carrier]]s and [[missile boat]]s, iha 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=Mark |last=Dodd |title=Secret missile plan for East Timor |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,21869293-601,00.html?from=public_rss |publisher=[[The Australian]] |date=2007-06-08 |accessdate=2007-08-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The ''Force 2020'' plan ne hanesan ho Opsaun&amp;nbsp;1 iha the King's College report. The King's College study team rekomenda makas liu kontra estrukura forsa ida ne, labelling isto &quot;unaffordable&quot; e elevando preocupações em cima do impacto de conscrição em sociedade de Timorese Oriental e prontidão de exército. Tim ida ne kalkula kata se uza estrutura de força ida ne valeriam 2.6 a 3.3&amp;nbsp;percent do anuário de Timor Oriental [[Produto Doméstico Total]] e representaria um fardo pesado na economia de Timor Oriental&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;The Centre for Defence Studies, King's College, London. Paragraphs 7.2 and 205–212.&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, the ''Force 2020'' plano pode não ser realístico ou satisfatório como parece enfatizar expansão militar a contador ameaças externas em cima de gastar em outros serviços de governo e segurança interna e esboça idéias como o a longo prazo (~2075) development of [[Militarisation of space|space forces]].&lt;ref&gt;International Crisis Group (2008). Pages 6 and 9.&lt;/ref&gt;

Mentras ''Force 2020'' plan hetan controversial, Governo Timor atu adopta ida ne. Planu ne hetan kritika husi United Nations no Governu Australia no United States como unaffordable e mais das necessidades de Timor Oriental.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=Mark |last=Dodd |title= Timor military blueprint unrealistic: Downer |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,21871852-2702,00.html?from=public_rss |publisher=[[The Australian]] |date=2007-06-08 |accessdate=2007-08-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Presidente José Ramos-Horta defende plano ida ne, porém, discutindo que sua adoção transformará o F-FDTL em uma força profissional capaz de defender a soberania de Timor Oriental e contribuir à estabilidade da nação.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |title=Force 2020 is important for the East Timor Government |publisher=East Timor Ministry of Defence |date=2007-07-03 |url=http://www.timor-leste.gov.tl/mindef/Eng/n3.htm |accessdate=2007-08-11 }} {{dead link| date=June 2010 | bot=DASHBot}}&lt;/ref&gt;funcionários de defesa Timorese também deram ênfase a que '' Força 2020 '' é um plano a longo prazo e não propõe adquirindo armas avançadas durante alguns anos. A partir de cedo 2008 o plano não tinha sido aprovado por [[parlamento]] mas planos estava sendo feito para sua implementação.&lt;ref name=icg8/&gt;

As repercussões da 2006 crise continuam sendo sentidas. No dia 11 2008 de fevereiro, um grupo de rebeldes conduzido por Alfredo Reinado [[2008 Timorese assassinato attempts|attempted Oriental para matar ou seqüestrar]] o Presidente Ramos-Horta e Primeiro-ministro Gusmão. Embora Ramos-Horta e um dos guardas dele esteja mal ferido, estes ataques não tiveram foram matados êxito e Reinado e outro rebelde. Foram estabelecidos um F-FDTL em comum e comando de PNTL para procurar os rebeldes sobreviventes e o exército e polícia demonstrou um grau alto de cooperação durante esta operação.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=East Timor's window of opportunity |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7288484.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=2008-03-10 |accessdate=2008-04-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The joint Comand foi licenciado no dia 19 2008 de junho. Enquanto The Joint Comand contribuiu à rendição de muitos dos sócios de Reinado, foi alegado que os sócios do comando cometeram violações de direitos humanos.&lt;ref&gt;UNMIT (2008). Page 2 and pages 5–6.&lt;/ref&gt; Iha 2008 de junho que o Governo ofereceu prover compensação financeira aos solicitantes que desejaram voltar a vida de civil. Esta oferta foi aceitada, e todos os solicitantes voltaram às casas deles/delas em agosto que ano.&lt;ref&gt;UNMIT (2009). Page 2&lt;/ref&gt;

== Command arrangements ==
[[Imajen:TMR Dec 2009.jpeg|thumb|upright|Major General Taur Matan Ruak in December 2009]]

A Constituição de estados de Timor Orientais que o Presidente é o xefe supremo da força de defesa e tem o poder para designar o xefe do F-FDTL e Chefe de Pessoal. O [[Conselho de Ministros de Timor|Council Oriental de Ministros]] e [[Parlamento Nacional de Parlamento de Timor|National Oriental]] é responsável para fundar o F-FDTL e fixar política relativo à segurança de Timor Oriental.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rees&quot;/&gt; Prime Minster Gusmão also serves as the current Minister of Defence and Security.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNMIT_2010_11&quot;&gt;UNMIT (2010), p. 11&lt;/ref&gt; A Superior Council for Defence and Security was also established in 2005 to advise the President on defence and security policy and legislation and the appointment and dismissal of senior military personnel. The council is chaired by the President and includes the Prime Minister, the defence, justice, interior and foreign affairs ministers, the heads of the F-FDTL and PNTL a national state security officer and three representatives from the national parliament. The council's role is not clear, however, and neither it nor the parliament served as a check against the decision to sack large numbers of F-FDTL personnel in 2006.&lt;ref&gt;Burton (2007). Pages 100–101.&lt;/ref&gt; A parliamentary committee also provides oversight of East Timor's security sector.&lt;ref name=UNMIT_2010_11 /&gt;

A small Ministry of Defence (which was renamed the Ministry of Defence and Security in 2007) was established in 2002 to provide civilian oversight of the F-FDTL. A lack of suitable staff for the Ministry and the close political relationship between senior F-FDTL officers and government figures rendered this oversight largely ineffectual and retarded the development of East Timor's defence policy up to at least 2004.&lt;ref&gt;Rees (2004). Pages 11–14.&lt;/ref&gt; The failure to institute effective civilian oversight of the F-FDTL also limited the extent to which foreign countries are willing to provide assistance to the F-FDTL&lt;ref&gt;Rees (2004). Page 28.&lt;/ref&gt; and contributed to the 2006 crisis.&lt;ref&gt;UNMIT (2006). Page 17.&lt;/ref&gt; As at early 2010 the Ministry of Defence and Security was organised into elements responsible for defence (including the F-FDTL) and  security (including the PNTL), each headed by their own Secretary of State. At this time the East Timorese Government was working to expand the Ministry's capacity with assistance from UNMIT, but continuing shortages of qualified staff limited the extent to which the Ministry could provide civilian oversight to the security sector.&lt;ref&gt;UNMIT (2010), pp. 11 and 14&lt;/ref&gt;

== Organizsaun ==
[[Imajen:East Timor Armed Forces.png|thumb|300px|The F-FDTL's structure in 2007]]
O F-FDTL é organizado em um exército de dois batalhões de infantaria de luz, um componente naval e unidades apoiando. Estas unidades de apoio incluem a sede de força, uma unidade de apoio de logistic, uma unidade de comunicações e uma companhia de polícia militar. Timor oriental não tem um [[força aérea]] e o F-FDTL não opera nenhuma aeronave atualmente. O F-FDTL também opera o &quot;maior e mais sofisticado&quot; [[inteligência de HUMINT|human]] rede em Timor Oriental, baseado na resistência clandestina que informa redes construída durante a ocupação indonésia,.&lt;ref&gt;Rees (2004). Page 56.&lt;/ref&gt; In May 2008 the national parliament passed a law which places the F-FTDL's intelligence branch under the authority of the head of the National Information Service.&lt;ref&gt;UNMIT (2008). Page 8.&lt;/ref&gt;

The F-FDTL has an authorised strength of 1,500 regular personnel and 1,500 reservists. It has never reached these totals as funding shortfalls have prevented the reserve component from being formed and the Army's two regular battalions have remained under-strength.&lt;ref name=rees29&gt;Rees (2004). Page 29.&lt;/ref&gt; While all the F-FDTL's personnel were initially FALINTIL veterans the force's composition has changed over time and few soldiers from the insurgency remain due to the force's narrow age requirement.&lt;ref&gt;La’o Hamutuk Bulletin (2005)&lt;/ref&gt; After the F-FDTL's 1st Battalion was established in 2001 recruitment was opened to all East Timorese above the age of 18, including women.&lt;ref&gt;''Jane's Sentinel Security Assessment - Southeast Asia''. Issue 20 – 2007. Page 116&lt;/ref&gt; Few women have joined the F-FDTL, however, and as at February 2010 only seven percent of new recruits were female.&lt;ref&gt;UNMIT (2006). Page 29.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;UNMIT (2010), p. 14&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Army ===
The land force of the F-FDTL consists of two [[light infantry]] battalions, each with an authorised strength of 600 personnel. The force was predominantly trained by the Australian and Portuguese militaries.&lt;ref&gt;Ball (2002). Pages 179–180.&lt;/ref&gt; Each battalion has three rifle companies, a support company and a headquarters company.&lt;ref&gt;Rees (2004). Pages 28–29.&lt;/ref&gt; Although the army is small, the [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla tactics]] employed by FALINTIL before the departure in 1999 of the [[Military of Indonesia|Indonesian military]] were effective against overwhelming numbers and it has the potential to form a credible deterrent against invasion.&lt;ref&gt;Wainwright (2002). Page 34.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Imajen:F-FDTL Falintil Day.jpg|thumb|250px|left|F-FDTL soldiers raise flags during a parade marking Falantil Day]]

The US Embassy in Dili states that in 2009 the F-FDTL comprised 719 qualified soldiers and a further 579 in training. Of the 579 recruits under training it is planned that 150 will be allocated to the Naval Component.&lt;ref name=US_Embassy_2010_3 /&gt;

The army's two battalions are located in separate bases. The 1st Battalion is based at [[Baucau]], with a contingent in the seaside coastline village of Laga.&lt;ref name=rees29/&gt; The 2nd Battalion is stationed at the Nicolau Lobato Training Centre near [[Metinaro]].&lt;ref&gt;Lowry (2006), page 4 and Rees (2004), pages 29–31.&lt;/ref&gt; Almost all of the 2nd Battalion's soldiers were dismissed during the 2006 crisis.&lt;ref name=icg5/&gt;

Logistics and service support is provided through Headquarters F-FDTL in [[Dili]]. There is also a military police unit that polices the F-FDTL and in addition performs traditional policing tasks, resulting in conflicting roles with the PNTL. The military police have also been responsible for presidential security since February 2007.&lt;ref&gt;International Crisis Group (2008). Page 15.&lt;/ref&gt; The F-FDTL is planning to raise two engineer squadrons with a total of 125 personnel during 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;US_Embassy_2010_4&quot;&gt;Embassy of the United States, Dili (2010), p. 4&lt;/ref&gt; 

The F-FDTL is armed only with [[small arms]] and does not have any [[crew-served weapon]]s. The 2007 edition of ''Jane's Sentinel'' states that the F-FDTL has the following equipment in service: 1,560 [[M16 rifle]]s and 75 [[M203 grenade launcher]]s, 75 [[FN Minimi]] [[squad automatic weapon]]s, 8 [[sniper rifle]]s and 50 [[M1911|.45 M1911A1]] pistols. A further 75 Minimis are to be ordered. The majority of the F-FDTL's weapons were donated by other countries.&lt;ref&gt;''Jane's Sentinel Security Assessment - Southeast Asia''. Issue 20 – 2007. Pages 146 and 152.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Komponente Naval ===
The Naval component of the F-FDTL was established in December 2001 when Portugal transferred two small [[Albatroz class patrol boat|''Albatroz'' class]] patrol boats from the [[Portuguese Navy]]. Its establishment was not supported by the King's College study team, the UN or East Timor's other donor countries on the grounds that East Timor could not afford to operate a naval force.&lt;ref&gt;''Jane's Sentinel Security Assessment - Southeast Asia''. Issue 20 – 2007. Page 148.&lt;/ref&gt; The role of the Naval Component is to conduct fishery and border protection patrols and ensure that the maritime line of communication to the [[Oecussi]] enclave remains open.&lt;ref name=&quot;Saunders&quot;&gt;Saunders (2009). Page 204.&lt;/ref&gt; As at June 2010 the Naval Component is equipped with four patrol boats.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chief_RAN_Vist&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Chief of Navy Visits East Timor|url=http://www.navy.gov.au/Chief_of_Navy_visits_East_Timor|publisher=Royal Australian Navy|accessdate=6 August 2010|date=16 June 2010|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20100619121214/http://www.navy.gov.au/Chief_of_Navy_visits_East_Timor|archivedate=19 June 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under the ''Force 2020'' plan the Naval Component may eventually be expanded to a light patrol force equipped with [[corvette]]-sized ships and [[landing craft]].&lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite news
| last = Wertheim
| first = Eric
| year = 2008
| title = World Navies in Review
| periodical = [[Proceedings (magazine)|Proceedings]]
| publication-place =
| publisher = [[United States Naval Institute]]
| volume = March 2008
| pages = 16
| issn =
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Imajen:East Timor soldier with a M14.jpg|thumb|Members of the F-FDTL Naval Component with US Marines]]

The two ''Albatroz'' class patrol boats [[East Timorese patrol boat Oecussi|''Oecussi'']] and [[East Timorese patrol boat Atauro|''Atauro'']] are each armed with a [[20 mm Oerlikon cannon|20&amp;nbsp;mm Oerlikon cannon]] and two 12.7&amp;nbsp;mm machine guns and are based at Hera Harbour a few kilometres east of Dili.&lt;ref name=&quot;Saunders&quot;/&gt; They were built in the early 1970s and were in the process of being decommissioned from the Portuguese Navy at the time they were offered to East Timor.&lt;ref&gt;Ball (2002). Page 181.&lt;/ref&gt; The patrol boats' high operating costs are a significant constraint on the Naval Component.&lt;ref&gt;Wainwright (2002). Page 25.&lt;/ref&gt; 

On 12 April 2008 East Timor signed a contract for two new Chinese-built 43 metre [[Type 062 class gunboat|Type-62 class]] patrol boats. These ships will replace the ''Albatroz'' class ships and be used to protect East Timor's fisheries. The contract for the ships also involves 30 to 40 East Timorese personnel being trained in China.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=Mark |last=Dodd |title=Alarm at China's influence in Timor |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23547135-31477,00.html |publisher=The Australian |date=2008-04-16 |accessdate=2008-04-16 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509002541/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23547135-31477,00.html |date=2008-05-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Storey_2009&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Storey|first=Ian |date=2009|title=China's Inroads into East Timor|journal=China Brief|publisher=The Jamestown Foundation|location=Washington DC|volume=9|issue=4|url=http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&amp;tx_ttnews[tt_news]=34724&amp;tx_ttnews[backPid]=7&amp;cHash=9ce073a8b9}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has also been reported that East Timor's shore infrastructure will also be updated as part of the acquisition of the Type-62 class ships.&lt;ref name=&quot;Saunders&quot;/&gt; The two new patrol boats arrived from China in June 2010 and were commissioned as the [[Jaco class patrol boat|''Jaco'' Class]] on the eleventh of the month.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=McGuirk|first=Rod|title=East Timorese president prefers 'fake Gucci' warships from China to Western military hardware|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/canadianpress/article/ALeqM5gtnzj751wriH7DJBYAWyD4LSGfAQ|accessdate=18 July 2010|date=23 June 2010|agency=The Canadian Press|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20100626123215/http://www.google.com/hostednews/canadianpress/article/ALeqM5gtnzj751wriH7DJBYAWyD4LSGfAQ|archivedate=26 June 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Ceremony for the Delivery of New Patrols Vessels, Jaco Class, to the F-FDTL Naval Force|url=http://timor-leste.gov.tl/?p=2865&amp;lang=en|publisher=Government of Timor-Leste|accessdate=6 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; The craft have been named ''Jaco'' and ''Betano''.&lt;ref name=Chief_RAN_Vist /&gt;

Reports on the Naval Component's strength are contradictory; while the 2009–2010 edition of ''[[Jane's Fighting Ships]]'' states that 150 personnel are under training,&lt;ref name=&quot;Saunders&quot;/&gt; the 2010 edition of the IISS ''Military Balance'' lists the Naval Component's size as 82 personnel.&lt;ref name=&quot;IISS_2010_432&quot;&gt;IISS (2010), p. 432&lt;/ref&gt; The United States Embassy in Dili states that the Naval Component comprised 87 personnel at the end of 2009 and is to be expanded by a further 150.&lt;ref name=&quot;US_Embassy_2010_3&quot;&gt;Embassy of the United States, Dili (2010), p. 3&lt;/ref&gt;

== Defence expenditure and procurement ==
East Timor Government budget papers show that the F-FDTL has been allocated funding of $US17.713 million for 2010, with additional funding being provided to the Ministry of Defence and Security and Secretariat of State for Defence.&lt;ref name=&quot;2010_Budget_paper3_p67&quot;&gt;Republica Democratica De Timor-Leste (2010), p. 67&lt;/ref&gt; Despite this expenditure, East Timor is reliant on foreign aid to fund and equip the F-FDTL. The aid is provided in the form of military equipment, such as weapons and uniforms, and through the provision of training and assistance with logistics. No military production currently takes place in East Timor, though the country may eventually manufacture its own military uniforms.&lt;ref&gt;''Jane's Sentinel Security Assessment - Southeast Asia. Issue 20 – 2007''. Pages 142 and 153.&lt;/ref&gt; The King's College report estimated that a military of 1,500 regulars and 1,500 reservists would cost approximately one percent of East Timor's GDP and that this was the highest level of military expenditure the country could sustain.&lt;ref&gt;The Centre for Defence Studies, King's College, London. Paragraphs 7.4 and 158.&lt;/ref&gt;

Funding shortfalls have constrained the development of the F-FDTL. The government has been forced to postpone plans to form an independent company stationed in the Oecussi enclave and two reserve infantry battalions. These units formed an important part of the King's College report's Option&amp;nbsp;3 force structure and their absence may have impacted on East Timor's defence policy.&lt;ref&gt;Rees (2004). Page 27.&lt;/ref&gt; The signing of agreements to purchase patrol boats from China and military equipment from Malaysia in 2008 may indicate that East Timor is increasing its defence budget in order to modernise the F-FDTL.&lt;ref&gt;{{ cite journal | last =Grevatt | first =Jon | year =2008 | month = | title =East Timor signs Forces update MoU | journal =Jane's Defence Weekly | volume =30 April 2008}} Page 15.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Foreign defence relations ==
[[Imajen:UNMIT Deployment Feb 2010.jpg|thumb|300px|alt=A map of East Timor marked with the locations of Locations of UNMIT military liaison teams|Locations of UNMIT military liaison teams as at February 2010]]
{{see also|Foreign relations of East Timor}}

Foreign countries play a key role in supporting the F-FDTL and are providing security in East Timor until the Timorese security forces are ready to resume this responsibility. The [[United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste]] (UNMIT) is tasked with supporting the East Timorese government and security institutions, including the F-FDTL. UNMIT was established on 25 August 2006 and replaced the [[United Nations Office in Timor Leste]] (UNOTIL). As at 30 June 2010 UNMIT had a strength of 1,466 uniformed personnel, including 1,434 police and 32 military observers. These personnel were supported by 354 international civilians, 907 local civilian workers and 176 UN volunteers.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNMIT_facts&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=UNMIT Facts and Figures|url=http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/unmit/facts.shtml|work=United Nations Integrated Mission In Timor-Leste|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=6 August 2010|archiveurl=https://archive.is/YGjM|archivedate=17 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; UNMIT includes a Military Liaison Group which maintains teams in Dili, Baucau, [[Maliana]], [[Suai]], and Oecussi. These teams collect information on security issues for UNMIT and liaise with both the East Timorese Border Police and the Indonesian military in border districts.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNMIT_MLG&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Military Liaison Group|url=http://unmit.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid=180|work=United Nations Integrated Mission In Timor-Leste|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=6 August 2010}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101211142628/http://unmit.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid=180 |date=11 December 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

UNMIT is supported by an Australian-led International Stabilisation Force (ISF). The ISF was [[Operation Astute|deployed to East Timor in late May 2006]] and currently includes units from the [[Australian Defence Force]] and the [[New Zealand Defence Force]]. The main element of the ISF is the [[ANZAC Battle Group]], which has a strength of about 400 Australians and 150 New Zealanders as at August 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Current ADF Commitment|url=http://www.defence.gov.au/op/eastTimor/commitment.htm|work=Global Operations: East Timor|publisher=Australian Department of Defence|accessdate=6 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The presence of UN police and Australian troops was a key issue in the [[East Timorese presidential election, 2007|2007 East Timorese presidential election]]. The winning candidate, José Ramos-Horta, backed the presence of foreign forces and told rallies that he would like these forces to remain for at least five years. Most other candidates called for the UN and ISF to withdraw as soon as possible, arguing that their presence limits East Timor's sovereignty. Despite the differing views on how long the UN and ISF should remain in East Timor, all the parties regard the presence of foreign peacekeepers as being necessary until the F-FDTL and PNTL are ready to take responsibility for the country's security.&lt;ref&gt;International Crisis Group (2007). Page 6.&lt;/ref&gt;

While the UN has historically been reluctant to engage with the F-FDTL, several bilateral donors have assisted the force's development. Australia has provided extensive training and logistical support to the F-FDTL since it was established, and currently provides advisors who are posted to the F-FDTL and Ministry of Defence and Security. Portugal also provides advisors and trains two naval officers each year in Portugal. [[China]] has provided US$1.8&amp;nbsp;million in aid to the F-FDTL since 2002 and agreed to build a new US$7&amp;nbsp;million headquarters for the force in late 2007. East Timor is one of [[Brazil]]'s main destinations for aid and the [[Brazilian Army]] is responsible for training the F-FDTL's military police unit. The United States also provides a small amount of assistance to the F-FDTL through the [[United States Department of State|State Department's]] International Military Education and Training Program. While Malaysia has provided training courses and financial and technical aid, this assistance was suspended after the 2006 crisis.&lt;ref&gt;International Crisis Group (2008). Pages 12–13.&lt;/ref&gt; Under current arrangements Portugal provides the F-FDTL with basic and advanced training while Australia and other nations provide training in specialized skills.&lt;ref name=US_Embassy_2010_4 /&gt;

== Notes ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot; style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
&lt;references /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

== Referensia ==
; Books and reports

* {{cite paper |author=Amnesty International |authorlink=Amnesty International |title=Timor Leste: Briefing to Security Council Members on policing and security in Timor-Leste. |year=2003 |url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/alfresco_asset/87c7dd7b-a49f-11dc-bac9-0158df32ab50/asa570012003en.pdf |format=PDF|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080530005037/http://www.amnesty.org/en/alfresco_asset/87c7dd7b-a49f-11dc-bac9-0158df32ab50/asa570012003en.pdf|archivedate=2008-05-30}}
* {{cite book|last=Burton|first=Cynthia|title=East Timor: beyond independence|editor=Damien Kingsbury and Michael Leach|publisher=Monash University Press|location=Melbourne|year=2007|chapter=Security sector reform: current issues and future challenges|isbn=9781876924492}}
* {{cite web|title=U.S. Military Engagement: 2009 in Review|url=http://timor-leste.usembassy.gov/latest_embassy_news/u.s.-military-engagement-2009-in-review|publisher=Embassy of the United States, Dili|accessdate=18 July 2010|author=Embassy of the United States, Dili|year =2010}}
* {{Cite book
| last =Government of East Timor
| year =2007
| title =Força 2020
| publisher =Government of East Timor
| work = Hosted on the East Timor and Indonesia Action Network's website
| url =http://www.etan.org/news/2007/06forcas.htm
| accessdate = 2007-08-07
}} This publication [http://www.timor-leste.gov.tl/mindef/Eng/Defence%20&amp;%20Security/forca2020.asp is also available] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029085711/http://www.timor-leste.gov.tl/mindef/Eng/Defence%20%26%20Security/forca2020.asp |date=2008-10-29 }} from the East Timor Ministry of Defence and Security's website.
* {{cite book|title=Jane's Sentinel Security Assessment - Southeast Asia. Issue 20 – 2007 |publisher=Jane's Information Group |location=Coulsdon }}
* {{cite book |last=The Centre for Defence Studies, King's College, London |authorlink=King's College London |title=Independent Study on Security Force Options and Security Sector Reform for East Timor |year=2000 |location=London
}}
* {{cite paper |last=Horta |first=Loro |title=Young and Wild. Timor Leste's troubled military |publisher=Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, Nanyang Technological University |year=2006 |url=http://www.idss.edu.sg/publications/Perspective/IDSS0162006.pdf |format=PDF| accessdate= 2007-09-01 }}
* {{cite paper |last=International Crisis Group |authorlink=International Crisis Group |title=Resolving Timor-Leste’s Crisis |publisher=International Crisis Group |year=2006 |url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=4438&amp;l=1 |accessdate=2007-08-18| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070815054315/http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=4438&amp;l=1| archivedate = August 15, 2007}}
* {{cite paper |last=International Crisis Group |authorlink=International Crisis Group |title=Timor-Leste’s Parliamentary Elections |publisher=International Crisis Group |year=2007 |url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=4895&amp;l=1 |accessdate=2007-08-18 | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070814212300/http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=4895&amp;l=1| archivedate = August 14, 2007}}
* {{cite paper |last=International Crisis Group |authorlink=International Crisis Group |title=Timor-Leste: Security Sector Reform |publisher=International Crisis Group |year=2008 |url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=5264&amp;l=1 |accessdate=2008-01-19 | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080123142633/http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=5264&amp;l=1| archivedate = January 23, 2008}}
* {{cite book |last=[[The International Institute for Strategic Studies]] (IISS) |title=The Military Balance 2010 |year=2010 |publisher=Routledge Journals |location=[[Abingdon, Oxfordshire|Abingdon]] |issn=14799022 }} 
* {{cite paper |last=Lowry |first=Bob |title=After the 2006 crisis: Australian interests in Timor-Leste |publisher=[[Australian Strategic Policy Institute]] |year=2007 |url=http://www.aspi.org.au/publications/publication_details.aspx?ContentID=144&amp;pubtype=6 }}
* {{cite press release |title=On the Findings of the Independent Inquiry Commission (IIC) for the FALINTIL-FDTL |publisher=President of East Timor |date=2004-08-24 |url=http://www.etan.org/et2004/august/22/24onthe.htm |accessdate=2007-11-23 }}
* {{cite paper |last=Rees |first=Edward |title=Under Pressure - Forças de Defesa de Timor Leste. Three Decades of Defence Force Development in Timor Leste 1975 – 2004. |publisher=Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces |date=April 2004 |url=http://www.dcaf.ch/_docs/WP139.pdf|format=PDF }}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.laohamutuk.org/econ/OGE10/BB1GSB10Feb10En.pdf|title=2010 State Budget: Book 1|last=Republica Democratica De Timor-Leste|date=2010|publisher=La'o Hamutuk|accessdate=10 April 2010}}
* {{cite book |last=Saunders |first=Stephen (editor) |title=[[Jane's Fighting Ships|Jane's Fighting Ships Vol. 112, 2009-2010]]|year=2009 |publisher=Jane’s Information Group |location=Coulsdon }}
* {{cite paper |last=United Nations Independent Special Commission of Inquiry for Timor-Leste |title=Report of the United Nations Independent Special Commission of Inquiry for Timor-Leste |publisher=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] |year=2007 |url=http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/COITimorLeste.pdf |format=PDF }}
* {{Cite web
| last =United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT)
| year =2006
| title =Report of the Secretary-General. S/2006/628. 8 August 2006. Covering major developments since the 20 April report and presenting recommendations on the future UN role in Timor-Leste
| format=PDF
| url = http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N06/448/33/PDF/N0644833.pdf?OpenElement
| accessdate =2007-08-12
}}
* {{Cite web
| last =United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT)
| year =2007
| title =Report on human rights developments in Timor-Leste August 2006 – August 2007
| format=PDF
| url = http://www.unmit.org/UNMISETWebSite.nsf/192bda2f4f2cbc284925739500311c4c/$FILE/Report%20on%20human%20rights%20developments%20in%20Timor-Leste.pdf
| accessdate =2007-11-18
| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080530005041/http://www.unmit.org/UNMISETWebSite.nsf/192bda2f4f2cbc284925739500311c4c/$FILE/Report+on+human+rights+developments+in+Timor-Leste.pdf| archivedate = May 30, 2008}}
* {{cite web|url=http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N08/432/24/PDF/N0843224.pdf?OpenElement|year=2008|title=Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (for the period from 8 January to 8 July 2008)|last=United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT)|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=2008-09-06}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081214165626/http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N08/432/24/PDF/N0843224.pdf?OpenElement |date=2008-12-14 }}
* {{cite web|url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N09/222/46/PDF/N0922246.pdf?OpenElement|year=2009|title=Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (Covering the period from 9 July 2008 to 20 January 2009)|last=United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT)|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=2009-12-06}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009142538/http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N09/222/46/PDF/N0922246.pdf?OpenElement |date=9 October 2011 }}
* {{cite web|url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N09/222/46/PDF/N0922246.pdf?OpenElement|year=2009a|title=Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (for the period covering 21 January to 23 September 2009)|last=United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT)|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=2009-12-06}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009142538/http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N09/222/46/PDF/N0922246.pdf?OpenElement |date=2011-10-09 }}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2010/85|year =2010|title=Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (for the period from 24 September 2009 to 20 January 2010)|last=United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT)|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=2010-08-06}}
* {{cite book |last=Wainwright |first=Elsina |title=New Neighbour, New Challenge: Australia and the Security of East Timor |url=http://www.aspi.org.au/publications/publication_details.aspx?ContentID=11&amp;pubtype=1 |year=2002 |publisher=[[Australian Strategic Policy Institute]] |location=Canberra |isbn=1920722009 }}

; Journal articles

* {{cite journal |last=Ball |first=Desmond |year=2002 |month=October |title=The Defence of East Timor: A Recipe For Disaster? |journal=Pacifica Review |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=175–189 |doi=10.1080/1323910022000023147 }}
* {{Cite news
| last=Tom Fawthrop and Paul Harris
| year=2001
| title=East Timor prepares for post-independence security threats
| periodical=Janes Intelligence Review
| publication-place=Coulsdon
| publisher=Jane's Information Group
| volume=October 2001
| pages=36–38
| issn=13506226
}}
* {{cite journal |last=[[The International Institute for Strategic Studies]] (IISS) |year=2006 |title=Turmoil in Timor Leste |journal=Strategic Comments |volume=12 |issue=5 |url=http://www.iiss.org/publications/strategic-comments/past-issues/volume-12---2006/volume-12--issue-5/turmoil-in-timor-leste |accessdate= 2007-11-06}}
* {{cite journal |last=La’o Hamutuk |year=2005 |title=Transformation of FALINTIL into F-FDTL |journal=The La’o Hamutuk Bulletin |volume=6 |issue=No. 1-2: April 2005 |url=http://www.laohamutuk.org/Bulletin/2005/Apr/bulletinv6n1.html#FALINTIL |accessdate= 2008-02-03 }}
* {{cite conference
| first = Bob
| last = Lowry
| year = 2006
| title = National security policy and structure: Police, military and intelligence
| conference = Beyond the crisis in Timor-Leste
| conferenceurl = http://devnet.anu.edu.au/Timor-Leste_Beyond%20the%20Crisis_Seminar_Home.php
| publisher = Australian National University Development Studies Network
| location = Canberra
| url = http://devnet.anu.edu.au/timor-beyond%20crisis%20papers/Lowry.ml.doc
}}
* {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Anthony L. |year=2005 |month=June |title=Constraints and Choices: East Timor as a Foreign Policy Actor |journal=New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=15–36 |url=http://www.nzasia.org.nz/downloads/NZJAS-June05/7_1_3.pdf |accessdate= 2007-11-13 |format=PDF}}

== Ligasaun ba li'ur ==
{{commons|Category:Military of East Timor|Forcas Defensa Timor Lorosae}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091021083523/http://www.un.org/depts/dpko/missions/unmit/ United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste]
* [http://navfacpacific.us/Timor%20Leste/A_Country_Info/Timor%20Chief%20Brief%20APR10%20v1.ppt April 2010 Presentation on East Timor by the US Office of Defense Cooperation, Timor Leste]

[[Kategoria:Timór Lorosa'e]]</text>
      <sha1>pa2sn8mx21xsob4k1ayi6ztn9pgytvp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Oseánia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3321</id>
    <revision>
      <id>74239</id>
      <parentid>67734</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T16:23:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Populasaun */</comment>
      <origin>74239</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="290" sha1="kmeyrot4xvzixcfzg3ypdya3nlt9ujr" xml:space="preserve">[[Imajen:OceaniaLocation.svg|frameless|right]]
[[Imajen:Oceania (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Oseánia.]]
'''Oseánia''' mak sai [[kontinente]]. Oseánia nia area ne'e 8.536.716 km².

== Populasaun ==
Populasaun aprosimadamente tokon 35.670.000.

{{Oseánia}}

[[Kategoria:Oseánia]]</text>
      <sha1>kmeyrot4xvzixcfzg3ypdya3nlt9ujr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>74240</id>
      <parentid>74239</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T16:23:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Populasaun */</comment>
      <origin>74240</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="293" sha1="8g7rwhoy64z176dhdaj3l79imcge0m2" xml:space="preserve">[[Imajen:OceaniaLocation.svg|frameless|right]]
[[Imajen:Oceania (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Oseánia.]]
'''Oseánia''' mak sai [[kontinente]]. Oseánia nia area ne'e 8.536.716 km².

== Populasaun ==
Populasaun aprosimadamente tokon 35.670.000.


{{Oséania}}

[[Kategoria:Oseánia|!]]</text>
      <sha1>8g7rwhoy64z176dhdaj3l79imcge0m2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Amérika</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3322</id>
    <revision>
      <id>74236</id>
      <parentid>66778</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T16:22:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Populasaun */</comment>
      <origin>74236</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="294" sha1="5ifdneb97q2k16wjcyg2ek1s6nftdl0" xml:space="preserve">[[File:AmericaLocation.svg|frameless|right]]
[[Imajen:Americas (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Amérika.]]
'''Amérika''' ne'e [[kontinente]] ida. Area Amérika nian 42.549.000 km².

==Populasaun==
Populasaun approsimadamente tokon 972 005 000 (2013).

{{Amérika}}

[[Kategoria:Amérika]]</text>
      <sha1>5ifdneb97q2k16wjcyg2ek1s6nftdl0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>74238</id>
      <parentid>74236</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T16:23:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Populasaun */</comment>
      <origin>74238</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="296" sha1="og9a140kkmiwq6sb6yzwhxacw9oqcgk" xml:space="preserve">[[File:AmericaLocation.svg|frameless|right]]
[[Imajen:Americas (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Amérika.]]
'''Amérika''' ne'e [[kontinente]] ida. Area Amérika nian 42.549.000 km².

==Populasaun==
Populasaun approsimadamente tokon 972 005 000 (2013).

{{Amérika}}

[[Kategoria:Amérika|!]]</text>
      <sha1>og9a140kkmiwq6sb6yzwhxacw9oqcgk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>74244</id>
      <parentid>74238</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T16:25:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Populasaun */</comment>
      <origin>74244</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="282" sha1="sk3v008i08kopqgya7gzkoxedjq66od" xml:space="preserve">[[File:AmericaLocation.svg|frameless|right]]
[[Imajen:Americas (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Amérika.]]
'''Amérika''' ne'e [[kontinente]] ida. Area Amérika nian 42.549.000 km².

==Populasaun==
Populasaun approsimadamente tokon 972 005 000 (2013).

[[Kategoria:Amérika|!]]</text>
      <sha1>sk3v008i08kopqgya7gzkoxedjq66od</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>74245</id>
      <parentid>74244</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T16:28:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>74245</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="395" sha1="36bt56wlx9txawar6lsgtkwl7zfmqlo" xml:space="preserve">[[File:AmericaLocation.svg|frameless|right]]
[[Imajen:Americas (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Amérika.]]


'''Amérika''' ne'e [[kontinente]] duplu. Ida-ne'e kompostu hosi [[Amérika Súl]] no [[Amérika Norte]] (inklui [[Amérika Sentrál]] no [[Karibe]]). Area Amérika nian 42.549.000 km².

==Populasaun==
Populasaun approsimadamente tokon 972 005 000 (2013).

[[Kategoria:Amérika|!]]</text>
      <sha1>36bt56wlx9txawar6lsgtkwl7zfmqlo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Antártida</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3602</id>
    <revision>
      <id>74249</id>
      <parentid>67731</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T16:31:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>74249</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="417" sha1="pbci52nifg12ajlkvce7fwtbopdj08w" xml:space="preserve">[[Imajen:AntarcticaLocation.svg|frameless|right]]
[[Imajen:Antarctica (orthographic projection).svg|miniaturadaimagem|Antártida]]
'''Antártida''' mak sai [[kontinente]]. OAntártida nia area ne'e 14.000.000 km².

&lt;gallery&gt;
061212-nordkapp.jpg
GletscherMM.jpg
Fryxellsee Opt.jpg
Mount Erebus Aerial 2.jpg
Aurore australe - Aurora australis.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

{{Commons|Antarctica|Antártida}}
[[Kategoría:Kontinente]]</text>
      <sha1>pbci52nifg12ajlkvce7fwtbopdj08w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kategoria:Jeografia Timór Lorosa'e</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>4447</id>
    <revision>
      <id>74220</id>
      <parentid>51853</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T16:11:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Timór Lorosa'e is part of Jeografia</comment>
      <origin>74220</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="29" sha1="hwychak0ry3pxrxpfsmlt8cm1opc9jl" xml:space="preserve">[[Kategoria:Timór Lorosa'e]]</text>
      <sha1>hwychak0ry3pxrxpfsmlt8cm1opc9jl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kategoria:Polítika Timór Lorosa'e</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>4451</id>
    <revision>
      <id>74267</id>
      <parentid>51242</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T16:44:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>74267</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="81" sha1="7u45ktscbj205sdn7fvzjnpg3aff5hm" xml:space="preserve">[[Kategoria:Timór Lorosa'e]]
[[Kategoria:Polítika hafoin estadu|Timor Lorosae]]</text>
      <sha1>7u45ktscbj205sdn7fvzjnpg3aff5hm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kategoria:Polítika Alemaña</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>4477</id>
    <revision>
      <id>74265</id>
      <parentid>51367</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T16:43:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>74265</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="68" sha1="m0e7cvj50chcwq4rfk886ln0a5uusje" xml:space="preserve">[[Kategoria:Alemaña]]
[[Kategoria:Polítika hafoin estadu|Alemana]]</text>
      <sha1>m0e7cvj50chcwq4rfk886ln0a5uusje</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kategoria:Jeografia Alemaña</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>4478</id>
    <revision>
      <id>74223</id>
      <parentid>51851</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T16:13:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>74223</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22" sha1="8vvymgfv0oulozvkkti9rmzevr1hw07" xml:space="preserve">[[Kategoria:Alemaña]]</text>
      <sha1>8vvymgfv0oulozvkkti9rmzevr1hw07</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kategoria:Jeografia Fransa</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>4587</id>
    <revision>
      <id>74225</id>
      <parentid>51852</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T16:14:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>74225</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20" sha1="a3tergmj0j1a773b9fuogycodyb2vp1" xml:space="preserve">[[Kategoria:Fransa]]</text>
      <sha1>a3tergmj0j1a773b9fuogycodyb2vp1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kategoria:Índia</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>4716</id>
    <revision>
      <id>74221</id>
      <parentid>55313</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T16:12:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>74221</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="25" sha1="imzb3xmtpc122tr6pgh5n5c3sbzxafs" xml:space="preserve">[[Kategoria:Ázia|India]]</text>
      <sha1>imzb3xmtpc122tr6pgh5n5c3sbzxafs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kategoria:Jeografia Índia</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>4718</id>
    <revision>
      <id>74222</id>
      <parentid>55317</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T16:13:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>74222</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20" sha1="e8xyi1wtnl5seevtjugiff7h5m71dnq" xml:space="preserve">[[Kategoria:Índia]]</text>
      <sha1>e8xyi1wtnl5seevtjugiff7h5m71dnq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kategoria:Jeografia Estadus Unidus nian</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>4730</id>
    <revision>
      <id>74232</id>
      <parentid>55428</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T16:20:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>74232</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="28" sha1="msjo5ibwk6tmvi88hby6ixbxj8sindt" xml:space="preserve">[[Kategoria:Estadus Unidus]]</text>
      <sha1>msjo5ibwk6tmvi88hby6ixbxj8sindt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kategoria:Jeografia Rúsia</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>4738</id>
    <revision>
      <id>74219</id>
      <parentid>55441</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T16:11:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rúsia is part of Jeografia</comment>
      <origin>74219</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20" sha1="mn97dfo14sartc14adnltb7eh1yuxop" xml:space="preserve">[[Kategoria:Rúsia]]</text>
      <sha1>mn97dfo14sartc14adnltb7eh1yuxop</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kategoria:Jeografia Austrália</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>4743</id>
    <revision>
      <id>74231</id>
      <parentid>55462</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T16:18:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>74231</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24" sha1="3asc7exc5pe29zof5909chdfpq74bp8" xml:space="preserve">[[Kategoria:Austrália]]</text>
      <sha1>3asc7exc5pe29zof5909chdfpq74bp8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kímika</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>4805</id>
    <revision>
      <id>74308</id>
      <parentid>67235</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T20:10:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>74308</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="271" sha1="h9gbn7duf28w6uv8or94mi5nr6q5z38" xml:space="preserve">'''Kimika''' nu'udar siénsia ne'ebé estuda materia hot-hotu substansia no elemento kimiku. no mos kimika hanesan  siensia ida ne'ebe maka estuda konaba fenomeno natureza. no mos natureza mak hanesan buat nebe mak labele muda nia an.

{{Siénsia}}

[[Kategoria:Kímika]]</text>
      <sha1>h9gbn7duf28w6uv8or94mi5nr6q5z38</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Irabin Kraik</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>5306</id>
    <revision>
      <id>74314</id>
      <parentid>65969</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-15T06:55:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Domingos de Carvalho Nuno</username>
        <id>11543</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>74314</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2784" sha1="8vq01tfhpqjopnd9xw76ibr8rrgsv0m" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable float-right&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; width=&quot;300&quot;
| border=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=center style=&quot;background:#000000; color:white&quot; |'''Irabin Kraik'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;|[[Imajen:Uma lulik 3.jpg|300px]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;|[[Imajen:Uatucarbau posto administrativo.png|300px]]
|-
| '''Área'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |24,68 km²&lt;ref name=Census2010-2&gt;[http://dne.mof.gov.tl/published/2010%20and%202011%20Publications/Pub%202%20English%20web/Publication%202%20FINAL%20%20English%20Fina_Website.pdf Direcção Nacional de Estatística: Population Distribution by Administrative Areas Volume 2 English] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105061852/http://dne.mof.gov.tl/published/2010%20and%202011%20Publications/Pub%202%20English%20web/Publication%202%20FINAL%20%20English%20Fina_Website.pdf |date=2017-01-05 }} (Census 2010; PDF; 22,6 MB)&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''Populasaun'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2596 &lt;small&gt;(tinan 2015)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SR2015&quot;&gt;{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231161557/http://www.statistics.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/1_2015-V4-Households-Population-by-5-year-age-group.xls |date=2016-12-31 | title=Timor-Leste Population And Housing Census 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''Xefe Suku'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Marcal do Santos Carvalho&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Eleisaun 2009)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.stae.tl/elections/2009/community/results/ Secretariado Técnico de Administração Eleitoral STAE: Eleições para Liderança Comunitária 2009 – Resultados]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;|[[Imajen:Besuch des Präsidenten in Irabin de Baixo 22-06-2015.jpg|300px]]
|}

'''Irabin Kraik''' (iha [[lia-portugés]]: ''Irabin de Baixo'') suku ida iha [[Timór Lorosa'e]]. Suku ne'e iha postu administrativu [[Watucarbau (postu administrativu)|Watucarbau]] (munisípiu [[Vikeke (munisípiu)|Vikeke]]). Iha tinan 2015 total populasaun hamutuk 2596.&lt;ref name=&quot;SR2015&quot; /&gt; Área 24,68 km².&lt;ref name=Census2010-2 /&gt;

Suku Irabin Kraik iha aldeia hitu mak hanesan: Macausa, Beturia, Lacoloro Hoo, Macaqui, Taradai, Taradiga, Uatodere.&lt;ref name=JdR&gt;[http://www.jornal.gov.tl/public/docs/2009/serie_1/serie1_no33.pdf Jornal da Républica mit dem Diploma Ministerial n.° 199/09] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203110707/http://www.jornal.gov.tl/public/docs/2009/serie_1/serie1_no33.pdf |date=2010-02-03 }} (Portugiesisch; PDF; 323 kB)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ligasaun ba li'ur ==
{{Commons|Category:Irabin de Baixo|Irabin Kraik}}
* [http://www.mof.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/viqueque-irabin-de-baixo-fo-fila-fali-Tetun-FINAL.pdf Sensus Fo Fila Fali 2010] ([[Tetun]]; PDF; 8,6 MB)

== Referensia ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Suku Watucarbau postu administrativu}}

[[Kategoria:Vikeke (munisípiu)]]
[[Kategoria:Suku Timor-Leste nian]]</text>
      <sha1>8vq01tfhpqjopnd9xw76ibr8rrgsv0m</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>74315</id>
      <parentid>74314</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-15T06:59:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Domingos de Carvalho Nuno</username>
        <id>11543</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>74315</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2785" sha1="hqtur7gs6nflp3ku9xzghg210kcj6qh" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable float-right&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; width=&quot;300&quot;
| border=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=center style=&quot;background:#000000; color:white&quot; |'''Irabin Kraik'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;|[[Imajen:Uma lulik 3.jpg|300px]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;|[[Imajen:Uatucarbau posto administrativo.png|300px]]
|-
| '''Área'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |24,68 km²&lt;ref name=Census2010-2&gt;[http://dne.mof.gov.tl/published/2010%20and%202011%20Publications/Pub%202%20English%20web/Publication%202%20FINAL%20%20English%20Fina_Website.pdf Direcção Nacional de Estatística: Population Distribution by Administrative Areas Volume 2 English] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105061852/http://dne.mof.gov.tl/published/2010%20and%202011%20Publications/Pub%202%20English%20web/Publication%202%20FINAL%20%20English%20Fina_Website.pdf |date=2017-01-05 }} (Census 2010; PDF; 22,6 MB)&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''Populasaun'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2596 &lt;small&gt;(tinan 2015)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SR2015&quot;&gt;{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231161557/http://www.statistics.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/1_2015-V4-Households-Population-by-5-year-age-group.xls |date=2016-12-31 | title=Timor-Leste Population And Housing Census 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''Xefe Suku'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Marcal do Santos Carvalho&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Eleisaun 2009)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.stae.tl/elections/2009/community/results/ Secretariado Técnico de Administração Eleitoral STAE: Eleições para Liderança Comunitária 2009 – Resultados]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;|[[Imajen:Besuch des Präsidenten in Irabin de Baixo 22-06-2015.jpg|300px]]
|}

'''Irabin Kraik''' (iha [[lia-portugés]]: ''Irabin de Baixo'') suku ida iha [[Timór Lorosa'e]]. Suku ne'e iha postu administrativu [[Watucarbau (postu administrativu)|Watucarbau]] (munisípiu [[Vikeke (munisípiu)|Vikeke]]). Iha tinan 2015 total populasaun hamutuk 2596.&lt;ref name=&quot;SR2015&quot; /&gt; Área 24,68 km².&lt;ref name=Census2010-2 /&gt;

Suku Irabin Kraik iha aldeia hitu mak hanesan: Macausa, Taradiga, Beturia, Lacoloro Hoo, Macaqui, Taradai,  Uatodere.&lt;ref name=JdR&gt;[http://www.jornal.gov.tl/public/docs/2009/serie_1/serie1_no33.pdf Jornal da Républica mit dem Diploma Ministerial n.° 199/09] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203110707/http://www.jornal.gov.tl/public/docs/2009/serie_1/serie1_no33.pdf |date=2010-02-03 }} (Portugiesisch; PDF; 323 kB)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ligasaun ba li'ur ==
{{Commons|Category:Irabin de Baixo|Irabin Kraik}}
* [http://www.mof.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/viqueque-irabin-de-baixo-fo-fila-fali-Tetun-FINAL.pdf Sensus Fo Fila Fali 2010] ([[Tetun]]; PDF; 8,6 MB)

== Referensia ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Suku Watucarbau postu administrativu}}

[[Kategoria:Vikeke (munisípiu)]]
[[Kategoria:Suku Timor-Leste nian]]</text>
      <sha1>hqtur7gs6nflp3ku9xzghg210kcj6qh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>74316</id>
      <parentid>74315</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-15T07:00:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Domingos de Carvalho Nuno</username>
        <id>11543</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>74316</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2786" sha1="ntg00a4u0ydy4nxuegpp8ij16ct3nlh" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable float-right&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; width=&quot;300&quot;
| border=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=center style=&quot;background:#000000; color:white&quot; |'''Irabin Kraik'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;|[[Imajen:Uma lulik 3.jpg|300px]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;|[[Imajen:Uatucarbau posto administrativo.png|300px]]
|-
| '''Área'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |24,68 km²&lt;ref name=Census2010-2&gt;[http://dne.mof.gov.tl/published/2010%20and%202011%20Publications/Pub%202%20English%20web/Publication%202%20FINAL%20%20English%20Fina_Website.pdf Direcção Nacional de Estatística: Population Distribution by Administrative Areas Volume 2 English] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105061852/http://dne.mof.gov.tl/published/2010%20and%202011%20Publications/Pub%202%20English%20web/Publication%202%20FINAL%20%20English%20Fina_Website.pdf |date=2017-01-05 }} (Census 2010; PDF; 22,6 MB)&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''Populasaun'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2596 &lt;small&gt;(tinan 2015)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SR2015&quot;&gt;{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231161557/http://www.statistics.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/1_2015-V4-Households-Population-by-5-year-age-group.xls |date=2016-12-31 | title=Timor-Leste Population And Housing Census 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''Xefe Suku'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Marcal do Santos Carvalho&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Eleisaun 2009)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.stae.tl/elections/2009/community/results/ Secretariado Técnico de Administração Eleitoral STAE: Eleições para Liderança Comunitária 2009 – Resultados]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;|[[Imajen:Besuch des Präsidenten in Irabin de Baixo 22-06-2015.jpg|300px]]
|}

'''Irabin Kraik''' (iha [[lia-portugés]]: ''Irabin de Baixo'') suku ida iha [[Timór Lorosa'e]]. Suku ne'e iha postu administrativu [[Watucarbau (postu administrativu)|Watucarbau]] (munisípiu [[Vikeke (munisípiu)|Vikeke]]). Iha tinan 2015 total populasaun hamutuk 2596.&lt;ref name=&quot;SR2015&quot; /&gt; Área 24,68 km².&lt;ref name=Census2010-2 /&gt;

Suku Irabin Kraik iha aldeia hitu mak hanesan: Taradiga, Macausa,  Beturia, Lacoloro Hoo, Macaqui, Taradai,  Uatodere.&lt;ref name=JdR&gt;[http://www.jornal.gov.tl/public/docs/2009/serie_1/serie1_no33.pdf Jornal da Républica mit dem Diploma Ministerial n.° 199/09] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203110707/http://www.jornal.gov.tl/public/docs/2009/serie_1/serie1_no33.pdf |date=2010-02-03 }} (Portugiesisch; PDF; 323 kB)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ligasaun ba li'ur ==
{{Commons|Category:Irabin de Baixo|Irabin Kraik}}
* [http://www.mof.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/viqueque-irabin-de-baixo-fo-fila-fali-Tetun-FINAL.pdf Sensus Fo Fila Fali 2010] ([[Tetun]]; PDF; 8,6 MB)

== Referensia ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Suku Watucarbau postu administrativu}}

[[Kategoria:Vikeke (munisípiu)]]
[[Kategoria:Suku Timor-Leste nian]]</text>
      <sha1>ntg00a4u0ydy4nxuegpp8ij16ct3nlh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>74317</id>
      <parentid>74316</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-15T07:00:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Domingos de Carvalho Nuno</username>
        <id>11543</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>74317</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2786" sha1="44998jsmci4cniei5jd96c2a7brsm3r" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable float-right&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; width=&quot;300&quot;
| border=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=center style=&quot;background:#000000; color:white&quot; |'''Irabin Kraik'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;|[[Imajen:Uma lulik 3.jpg|300px]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;|[[Imajen:Uatucarbau posto administrativo.png|300px]]
|-
| '''Área'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |24,68 km²&lt;ref name=Census2010-2&gt;[http://dne.mof.gov.tl/published/2010%20and%202011%20Publications/Pub%202%20English%20web/Publication%202%20FINAL%20%20English%20Fina_Website.pdf Direcção Nacional de Estatística: Population Distribution by Administrative Areas Volume 2 English] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105061852/http://dne.mof.gov.tl/published/2010%20and%202011%20Publications/Pub%202%20English%20web/Publication%202%20FINAL%20%20English%20Fina_Website.pdf |date=2017-01-05 }} (Census 2010; PDF; 22,6 MB)&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''Populasaun'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2596 &lt;small&gt;(tinan 2015)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SR2015&quot;&gt;{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231161557/http://www.statistics.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/1_2015-V4-Households-Population-by-5-year-age-group.xls |date=2016-12-31 | title=Timor-Leste Population And Housing Census 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''Xefe Suku'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Marcal do Santos Carvalho&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Eleisaun 2009)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.stae.tl/elections/2009/community/results/ Secretariado Técnico de Administração Eleitoral STAE: Eleições para Liderança Comunitária 2009 – Resultados]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;|[[Imajen:Besuch des Präsidenten in Irabin de Baixo 22-06-2015.jpg|300px]]
|}

'''Irabin Kraik''' (iha [[lia-portugés]]: ''Irabin de Baixo'') suku ida iha [[Timór Lorosa'e]]. Suku ne'e iha postu administrativu [[Watucarbau (postu administrativu)|Watucarbau]] (munisípiu [[Vikeke (munisípiu)|Vikeke]]). Iha tinan 2015 total populasaun hamutuk 2596.&lt;ref name=&quot;SR2015&quot; /&gt; Área 24,68 km².&lt;ref name=Census2010-2 /&gt;

Suku Irabin Kraik iha aldeia hitu mak hanesan: Taradiga, Macausa, Macaqui, Beturia, Lacoloro Hoo,  Taradai,  Uatodere.&lt;ref name=JdR&gt;[http://www.jornal.gov.tl/public/docs/2009/serie_1/serie1_no33.pdf Jornal da Républica mit dem Diploma Ministerial n.° 199/09] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203110707/http://www.jornal.gov.tl/public/docs/2009/serie_1/serie1_no33.pdf |date=2010-02-03 }} (Portugiesisch; PDF; 323 kB)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ligasaun ba li'ur ==
{{Commons|Category:Irabin de Baixo|Irabin Kraik}}
* [http://www.mof.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/viqueque-irabin-de-baixo-fo-fila-fali-Tetun-FINAL.pdf Sensus Fo Fila Fali 2010] ([[Tetun]]; PDF; 8,6 MB)

== Referensia ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Suku Watucarbau postu administrativu}}

[[Kategoria:Vikeke (munisípiu)]]
[[Kategoria:Suku Timor-Leste nian]]</text>
      <sha1>44998jsmci4cniei5jd96c2a7brsm3r</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>74318</id>
      <parentid>74317</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-15T07:01:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Domingos de Carvalho Nuno</username>
        <id>11543</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>74318</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2788" sha1="bhovjug5ehok1vw64nfcjcbdwsay77l" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable float-right&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; width=&quot;300&quot;
| border=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=center style=&quot;background:#000000; color:white&quot; |'''Irabin Kraik'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;|[[Imajen:Uma lulik 3.jpg|300px]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;|[[Imajen:Uatucarbau posto administrativo.png|300px]]
|-
| '''Área'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |24,68 km²&lt;ref name=Census2010-2&gt;[http://dne.mof.gov.tl/published/2010%20and%202011%20Publications/Pub%202%20English%20web/Publication%202%20FINAL%20%20English%20Fina_Website.pdf Direcção Nacional de Estatística: Population Distribution by Administrative Areas Volume 2 English] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105061852/http://dne.mof.gov.tl/published/2010%20and%202011%20Publications/Pub%202%20English%20web/Publication%202%20FINAL%20%20English%20Fina_Website.pdf |date=2017-01-05 }} (Census 2010; PDF; 22,6 MB)&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''Populasaun'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2596 &lt;small&gt;(tinan 2015)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SR2015&quot;&gt;{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231161557/http://www.statistics.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/1_2015-V4-Households-Population-by-5-year-age-group.xls |date=2016-12-31 | title=Timor-Leste Population And Housing Census 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''Xefe Suku'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Marcal do Santos Carvalho&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Eleisaun 2009)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.stae.tl/elections/2009/community/results/ Secretariado Técnico de Administração Eleitoral STAE: Eleições para Liderança Comunitária 2009 – Resultados]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;|[[Imajen:Besuch des Präsidenten in Irabin de Baixo 22-06-2015.jpg|300px]]
|}

'''Irabin Kraik''' (iha [[lia-portugés]]: ''Irabin de Baixo'') suku ida iha [[Timór Lorosa'e]]. Suku ne'e iha postu administrativu [[Watucarbau (postu administrativu)|Watucarbau]] (munisípiu [[Vikeke (munisípiu)|Vikeke]]). Iha tinan 2015 total populasaun hamutuk 2596.&lt;ref name=&quot;SR2015&quot; /&gt; Área 24,68 km².&lt;ref name=Census2010-2 /&gt;

Suku Irabin Kraik iha aldeia hitu mak hanesan: Taradiga, Macausa, Macaqui, Beturia, Uatodere, Lacoloro Hoo,  Taradai,  .&lt;ref name=JdR&gt;[http://www.jornal.gov.tl/public/docs/2009/serie_1/serie1_no33.pdf Jornal da Républica mit dem Diploma Ministerial n.° 199/09] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203110707/http://www.jornal.gov.tl/public/docs/2009/serie_1/serie1_no33.pdf |date=2010-02-03 }} (Portugiesisch; PDF; 323 kB)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ligasaun ba li'ur ==
{{Commons|Category:Irabin de Baixo|Irabin Kraik}}
* [http://www.mof.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/viqueque-irabin-de-baixo-fo-fila-fali-Tetun-FINAL.pdf Sensus Fo Fila Fali 2010] ([[Tetun]]; PDF; 8,6 MB)

== Referensia ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Suku Watucarbau postu administrativu}}

[[Kategoria:Vikeke (munisípiu)]]
[[Kategoria:Suku Timor-Leste nian]]</text>
      <sha1>bhovjug5ehok1vw64nfcjcbdwsay77l</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>74319</id>
      <parentid>74318</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-15T07:01:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Domingos de Carvalho Nuno</username>
        <id>11543</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>74319</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2788" sha1="kjc1t83x2hzw9auc0scpi8p93zs9lho" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable float-right&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; width=&quot;300&quot;
| border=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=center style=&quot;background:#000000; color:white&quot; |'''Irabin Kraik'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;|[[Imajen:Uma lulik 3.jpg|300px]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;|[[Imajen:Uatucarbau posto administrativo.png|300px]]
|-
| '''Área'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |24,68 km²&lt;ref name=Census2010-2&gt;[http://dne.mof.gov.tl/published/2010%20and%202011%20Publications/Pub%202%20English%20web/Publication%202%20FINAL%20%20English%20Fina_Website.pdf Direcção Nacional de Estatística: Population Distribution by Administrative Areas Volume 2 English] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105061852/http://dne.mof.gov.tl/published/2010%20and%202011%20Publications/Pub%202%20English%20web/Publication%202%20FINAL%20%20English%20Fina_Website.pdf |date=2017-01-05 }} (Census 2010; PDF; 22,6 MB)&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''Populasaun'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2596 &lt;small&gt;(tinan 2015)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SR2015&quot;&gt;{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231161557/http://www.statistics.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/1_2015-V4-Households-Population-by-5-year-age-group.xls |date=2016-12-31 | title=Timor-Leste Population And Housing Census 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''Xefe Suku'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Marcal do Santos Carvalho&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Eleisaun 2009)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.stae.tl/elections/2009/community/results/ Secretariado Técnico de Administração Eleitoral STAE: Eleições para Liderança Comunitária 2009 – Resultados]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;|[[Imajen:Besuch des Präsidenten in Irabin de Baixo 22-06-2015.jpg|300px]]
|}

'''Irabin Kraik''' (iha [[lia-portugés]]: ''Irabin de Baixo'') suku ida iha [[Timór Lorosa'e]]. Suku ne'e iha postu administrativu [[Watucarbau (postu administrativu)|Watucarbau]] (munisípiu [[Vikeke (munisípiu)|Vikeke]]). Iha tinan 2015 total populasaun hamutuk 2596.&lt;ref name=&quot;SR2015&quot; /&gt; Área 24,68 km².&lt;ref name=Census2010-2 /&gt;

Suku Irabin Kraik iha aldeia hitu mak hanesan: Taradiga, Macausa, Macaqui, Beturia, Uatodere, Taradai, Lacoloro Hoo,   .&lt;ref name=JdR&gt;[http://www.jornal.gov.tl/public/docs/2009/serie_1/serie1_no33.pdf Jornal da Républica mit dem Diploma Ministerial n.° 199/09] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203110707/http://www.jornal.gov.tl/public/docs/2009/serie_1/serie1_no33.pdf |date=2010-02-03 }} (Portugiesisch; PDF; 323 kB)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ligasaun ba li'ur ==
{{Commons|Category:Irabin de Baixo|Irabin Kraik}}
* [http://www.mof.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/viqueque-irabin-de-baixo-fo-fila-fali-Tetun-FINAL.pdf Sensus Fo Fila Fali 2010] ([[Tetun]]; PDF; 8,6 MB)

== Referensia ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Suku Watucarbau postu administrativu}}

[[Kategoria:Vikeke (munisípiu)]]
[[Kategoria:Suku Timor-Leste nian]]</text>
      <sha1>kjc1t83x2hzw9auc0scpi8p93zs9lho</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>74320</id>
      <parentid>74319</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-15T07:02:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Domingos de Carvalho Nuno</username>
        <id>11543</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>74320</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2791" sha1="9jggfu2m40t3fudsncm0ukzi1ken1cc" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable float-right&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; width=&quot;300&quot;
| border=&quot;1&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=center style=&quot;background:#000000; color:white&quot; |'''Irabin Kraik'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;|[[Imajen:Uma lulik 3.jpg|300px]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;|[[Imajen:Uatucarbau posto administrativo.png|300px]]
|-
| '''Área'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |24,68 km²&lt;ref name=Census2010-2&gt;[http://dne.mof.gov.tl/published/2010%20and%202011%20Publications/Pub%202%20English%20web/Publication%202%20FINAL%20%20English%20Fina_Website.pdf Direcção Nacional de Estatística: Population Distribution by Administrative Areas Volume 2 English] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105061852/http://dne.mof.gov.tl/published/2010%20and%202011%20Publications/Pub%202%20English%20web/Publication%202%20FINAL%20%20English%20Fina_Website.pdf |date=2017-01-05 }} (Census 2010; PDF; 22,6 MB)&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''Populasaun'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2596 &lt;small&gt;(tinan 2015)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SR2015&quot;&gt;{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231161557/http://www.statistics.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/1_2015-V4-Households-Population-by-5-year-age-group.xls |date=2016-12-31 | title=Timor-Leste Population And Housing Census 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''Xefe Suku'''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |Marcal do Santos Carvalho&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Eleisaun 2009)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.stae.tl/elections/2009/community/results/ Secretariado Técnico de Administração Eleitoral STAE: Eleições para Liderança Comunitária 2009 – Resultados]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#000000&quot;|[[Imajen:Besuch des Präsidenten in Irabin de Baixo 22-06-2015.jpg|300px]]
|}

'''Irabin Kraik''' (iha [[lia-portugés]]: ''Irabin de Baixo'') suku ida iha [[Timór Lorosa'e]]. Suku ne'e iha postu administrativu [[Watucarbau (postu administrativu)|Watucarbau]] (munisípiu [[Vikeke (munisípiu)|Vikeke]]). Iha tinan 2015 total populasaun hamutuk 2596.&lt;ref name=&quot;SR2015&quot; /&gt; Área 24,68 km².&lt;ref name=Census2010-2 /&gt;

Suku Irabin Kraik iha aldeia hitu mak hanesan: Taradiga, Macausa, Macaqui, Beturia, Uatodere, Taradai, no Lacoloro Hoo.   .&lt;ref name=JdR&gt;[http://www.jornal.gov.tl/public/docs/2009/serie_1/serie1_no33.pdf Jornal da Républica mit dem Diploma Ministerial n.° 199/09] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203110707/http://www.jornal.gov.tl/public/docs/2009/serie_1/serie1_no33.pdf |date=2010-02-03 }} (Portugiesisch; PDF; 323 kB)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ligasaun ba li'ur ==
{{Commons|Category:Irabin de Baixo|Irabin Kraik}}
* [http://www.mof.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/viqueque-irabin-de-baixo-fo-fila-fali-Tetun-FINAL.pdf Sensus Fo Fila Fali 2010] ([[Tetun]]; PDF; 8,6 MB)

== Referensia ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Suku Watucarbau postu administrativu}}

[[Kategoria:Vikeke (munisípiu)]]
[[Kategoria:Suku Timor-Leste nian]]</text>
      <sha1>9jggfu2m40t3fudsncm0ukzi1ken1cc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Foho-Matebian</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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'''Matebian''' hanesan [[foho]] ida-ne'ebé aas liu iha [[munisípiu Baukau]] (2963 m) no foho ba-dala rua ne'ebé aas iha [[Timor-Leste]]. Matebian pertense iha munisipio Baukau no lokaliza iha posto administrativu rua nia klaran posto Kelikai no Baguia.     

[[Kategoria:Jeografia Timór Lorosa'e]]
[[Kategoria:Foho]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tatamailau</title>
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      <text bytes="9146" sha1="mj2dd37oasyaqvyms7zw4xq7wlncdvh" xml:space="preserve">[[Imajen:View to Mt Tatamailau, Ainaro on a clear day.jpg|thumb|Tatamailau]]
[[Imajen:Tatamailau morning light.jpg|thumb|Nain Feto, Tatamailau|]]

'''Tatamailau''' ka '''Ramelau''' hanesan [[foho]] ida ne'ebé aas liu iha [[Timor-Leste]] (2963 m). Ramelau iha munisípiu [[Ermera (munisípiu)|Ermera]], suku [[Baboi Leten]].


==Historia Ramelau==

Tuir antropólogu sira, ema ne’ebé tama Timor ba dahuluk, maizumenus iha tinan 40.000 to’o 20.000 m.K. (molok Kristu), mak husi tipu vedo-australóide, hanesan ema Vedas sira husi Seilaun. Iha faze daruak, Melanéziu sira mak to’o Timor iha tinan 3000 m.K. Povu hirak-ne’e mak hanesan sira-ne’ebé hela daudaun iha Papua-Giné Foun no iha rai-kotun seluk iha Pasífiku. Dala ruma, tanba Timor nia situasaun jeolójiku, povu foun ne’e la kahur an ho populasaun uluk nian ne’ebé halai ba foho. Karik ne’e mak razaun Timor iha lian oioin. Iha faze datoluk, sira-ne’ebé to’o iha 2.500 m.K. mak “proto-malaiu” ne’ebé mai husi [[Xina]] Kraik no Indoxina Leten. Ema Xina ne’ebé agora daudaun hela iha Timor, maioria Hakka, hanesan komunidade ida ne’ebé importante liu iha área komérsiu. Tuir dokumentu sira ne’ebé hetan, iha sékulu 7 iha ona komérsiu, maski ladún maka’as, entre Timor no Xina, inklui fa’an no sosa atan, bani-been no [[ai-kameli]], ai ne’ebé uza hodi halo meza no kadeira ho kualidade aas, hamutuk ho mina-morin. Iha sékulu 14, populasaun iha Timor selu hela impostu ba Reinu Java nian. Malaiu sira mak hanaran rai-kotun nu’udar “Timor” — Timur nia signifikadu mak lorosa’e (leste).

==Ema Portugál to’o iha Timor==
Ema Portugál to’o iha Timor liuhusi enklave Oekusi nian, maizumenus iha 1515. Sira halo lukru barak husi esportasaun ai-kameli, maibé sira esplora demais rekursu hirak-ne’e. Tanba ai-kameli susar ona atu hetan, ema Portugál sira introdús plantasaun kafé, hamutuk ho masin-midar no algodaun iha 1815. Misionáriu sira no relijiaun katólika tama tuir. Organizasaun kolónia territóriu nian no Timor portugés hahú hori-bainhira governadór portugés dahuluk to’o iha Timor iha 1702. Konflitu mosu entre ema Portugál no ema Olanda sira, ne’ebé kontrola Timor parte osidentál, tanba rai. Konflitu ne’e rezolve tiha ho Tratadu 1904 ne’ebé Portugál no Olanda halo. Haktuir tratadu ida-ne’e, rai-kotun fahe ba parte rua. Divizaun hirak-ne’e respeita nafatin to’o ohin-loron. Tratadu hetan implementasaun iha 1916. Hori-bainhira Funu Mundiál Daruak hahú, ema [[Austrália]] no Olanda, ne’ebé rekoñese pozisaun estratéjiku Timor nian, to’o Dili maski ema Portugál la konkorda. Ema Japaun sira uza prezensa ema Austrália nian nu’udar oportunidade hodi halo invazaun iha Fevereiru 1942. Sira okupa rai-kotun to’o iha Setembru 1945. Iha funu rohan, Timor nia situasaun aat tebes. Maizumenus Timoroan na’in-50.000 lakon sira-nia moris tanba okupasaun Japaun no tanba esforsu husi Timoroan sira hodi reziste ba invazór sira no hamahan ema Austrália. Hori-bainhira ema Japaun rende an, Timor leno kakiak no destruisaun. Prosesu hadi’an la’o neineik.

==Kolonializmu Portugál nia rohan==

Portugál nia forma ukun kahur governasaun diretu no la diretu. Sira ukun populasaun nu’udar lubun ida liuhusi estrutura podér tradisionál, la uza funsionáriu públiku koloniál. Modelu governasaun hirak-ne’e la book sosiedade timoroan tradisionál. Revolusaun Portugál nian iha 1974 (“Revolução dos Cravos”) marka inísiu husi prosesu dezkolonizasaun Timor nian no kolónia sira seluk; hafoin ne’e, Governadór portugés, Mário Lemos Pires, fó sai ba públiku kona-ba planu atu fó independénsia ba kolónia. Iha tempu ne’ebá, iha planu ida atu hala’o eleisaun jerál hodi define estatutu independénsia iha 1978. Iha 1975, konflitu ida mosu entre partidu rua, FRETILIN (Frente Revolusionáriu ba Libertasaun Timor-Leste nian) no Uniaun Demokrátika Timorense (UDT). Indonézia uza funu sivíl nu’udar oportunidade atu hahú kedas kampaña dezestabilizasaun tanba sira hakarak ka’er kolónia Timor. Nune’e, Indonézia hala’o beibeik atake ba Timor portugés husi Timor indonéziu, iha parte osidentál. Entretantu, FRETILIN hametin nia kontrolu ba Timor portugés. Iha 28 Novembru, 1975, [[FRETILIN|Fretilin]] halo proklamasaun independénsia husi Timór portugés nu’udar “Repúblika Demokrátika Timor-Leste nian” ka “República Democrática de Timor-Leste” (RDTL). Maibé liberdade nia durasaun ladún naruk. Hafoin loron sia, Indonézia tama iha Timor-Leste. Sira-nia ró-funu to’o iha kapitál Dili, no soldadu sira hahú halo patrulla no oho lider no membru sira husi partidu polítiku, hamutuk ho sira-nia família.

==Okupasaun Indonézia nian==

Iha tempu dahuluk okupasaun Indonézia nian, liu Timoroan sira na’in-60.000 lakon sira-nia moris, dala barak ho kondisaun violentu. Suku oioin hetan destruisaun. Iha sentru tortura barak, no dadur polítiku hetan ezekusaun nu’udar lubun. Populasaun sira tenke dezloka ba fatin seluk ne’ebé baibain rezulta iha hamlaha. Iha okupasaun nia rohan, pelumenus Timoroan na’in-200.000 — populasaun katoluk ida — mate. Nicolau Lobato, asua’in nasionál no Prezidente daruak husi RDTL no Komandante FALINTIL lakon nia moris iha funu, iha 31 Dezembru, 1978. Durante tinan okupasaun, jornalista sira labele tama rai-kotun. Agresaun ho kilat hasoru Timoroan sira la hetan ka hetan uitoan de’it kobertura husi imprensa – dala barak situasaun ne’e konsidera tiha nu’udar “konflitu ne’ebé haluha tiha”, populasaun nu’udar vítima husi Funu-Malirin (Guerra Fria). Iha 12 Novembru, 1991, Timor-Leste tama fali iha imprensa internasionál hafoin foin-sa’e sira rihun-resin iha Dili halo protestu la violentu hali’is ba demokrasia. Iha Semitériu Santa Krús nian iha kapitál, demonstrasaun hirak-ne’e hahú nu’udar serimónia hakoi ativista ba independénsia ida ne’ebé militár sira Indonézia nian oho. Demonstrasaun pasífiku la’o ho partisipante rihun-resin ne’ebé kaer kartás no slogan hali’is ba independénsia no demokrasia. Soldadu Indonézia nian tiru hasoru estudante sira. Liu ema na’in-300 lakon sira-nia moris. Sinematógrafu britániku, Max Stahl, ne’ebé hamriik hela iha rate, grava vídeo ida kona-ba masakre. Vídeo hirak-ne’e konsege to’o imprensa internasionál. Hori-bainhira video “Masakre Santa Krús” fó sai ba públiku hanesan pontu mudansa iha okupasaun violentu Timor-Leste nian, tanba ema no organizasaun ba direitus umanus hahú fó presaun ba governu sira no organizasaun internasionál iha Timoroan sira nia naran. Iha 1992, lider rezisténsia Xanana Gusmão tama dadur. Pozisaun Indonézia nian iha Timor-Leste neineik susar, liuliu hafoin lider timoroan na’in-2, Amu-Bispu Ximenes Belo no José Ramos Horta, simu prémiu Nobel Pás iha 1996 “''ba sira-nia serbisu hodi to’o ba solusaun ne’ebé justu no hakmatek ba konflitu iha Timor-Leste''.” Iha 1997 no 1998, Indonézia hasoru krize ekonómiku maka’as, ne’ebé harii ezijénsia barak ba mudansa polítiku. Prezidente Indonézia nian, Suharto, tenke rezigna an, ne’ebé substitui husi ninia vise-prezidente, B. J. Habibie. Hafoin presaun polítiku ne’ebé aas no negosiasaun sekretu ne’ebé envolve lider mundiál sira seluk, Habibie fó sai ba públiku katak nia sei husik Timoroan sira determina sira-nia futuru liuhusi referendu kona-ba independénsia.

==Referendu ba liberdade==

Iha 30 Agostu, 1999, ho tulun husi Sekretáriu-Jerál ONU nian, Kofi Annan, Timor hala’o konsulta populár hodi Timoroan sira bele hili, liuhusi votu, entre aneksasaun ba Indonézia ka independénsia. Timoroan sira maioria – liu 80% – vota ba independénsia. Indonézia tulun grupu “milisia ba integrasaun” no forsa armada Indonézia nian hatán ho violénsia maka’as no sunu infra-estrutura no oho ema barak iha territóriu tomak. Populasaun katoluk ida mak forsadu atu halai ba kampu refujiadu iha Timor Osidentál no rai-kotun seluk besik Timor. Populasaun katoluk ida tan buka hakmahan-fatin iha foho. Ema na’in-1.000 to’o 2.000 mate iha violénsia. Edifísiu 85% — inklui negósiu-fatin, eskola, rahun hotu. Sira sunu rede-ikan, sobu ka na’ok kamiaun no lori ba Timor Osidentál, na’ok ka oho karau ne’ebé uza atu hala’o serbisu iha to’os. Ho tulun husi Estadus Unidus no Austrália, Konsellu Seguransa Nasoins Unidas nian fó autorizasaun ba forsa multinasionál (INTERFET), iha estrutura komandu Austrália nia okos, hodi harii fali pás no seguransa iha rai-kotun. ONU mós hasai operasaun umanitáriu boot liuhusi kria kondisaun hanesan uma temporáriu, ai-han no kuidadu saúde. Iha 25 Outubru, 1999, Konsellu Seguransa ONU nian estabelese Administrasaun Tranzitória Nasoins Unidas nian ba Timor-Leste (UNTAET) nu’udar operasaun integradu, multidimensionál hodi mantein pás no hodi kaer responsabilidade ba administrasaun Timor nian durante tranzisaun ba independénsia.

== Ligasaun ba li'ur ==
{{Commons|Category:Tatamailau|Tatamailau}}

[[Kategoria:Jeografia Timór Lorosa'e]]
[[Kategoria:Foho]]</text>
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    <title>Kategoria:Polítika Áfrika Súl</title>
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[[Kategoria:Polítika hafoin estadu|Afrika Sul]]</text>
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    <title>Kategoria:ONU</title>
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  <page>
    <title>Katolika</title>
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      <text bytes="239" sha1="h772oap81en6tfsjfozpilbnp1hdnwt" xml:space="preserve">Liafuan '''Katolika''' mai husi lian Yunani dehan Katholikos katak Universal. Katolika refere ba relijiaun ka Fiar husi ema hirak ne'ebe mak iha Fiar ba Maromak ne'ebe husi Aman, Oan no Espiritu Santu.

[[Kategoria:Kategoria:Kristianizmu]]</text>
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      <text bytes="229" sha1="9geaanxmt0jp94qbrt3gupogbj0zxss" xml:space="preserve">Liafuan '''Katolika''' mai husi lian Yunani dehan Katholikos katak Universal. Katolika refere ba relijiaun ka Fiar husi ema hirak ne'ebe mak iha Fiar ba Maromak ne'ebe husi Aman, Oan no Espiritu Santu.

[[Kategoria:Kristianizmu]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ghil'ad Zuckermann</title>
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      <text bytes="10028" sha1="f59ri93kg1vk0no0eg3v6ne8dt1yhu1" xml:space="preserve">[[Imajen:zuckermann.jpg|miniaturadaimagem|350px|direita|Zuckermann iha 2011]]

'''Ghil'ad Zuckermann''' (D.Phil., [[University iha Oxford]]; Ph.D., [[University iha Cambridge]])&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.vividsydney.com/speaker/prof-ghilad-zuckermann Vivid Sydney (Light, Music and Ideas)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618125759/https://www.vividsydney.com/speaker/prof-ghilad-zuckermann |date=2018-06-18 }}, Speaker: Prof. Ghil'ad Zuckermann.&lt;/ref&gt; moris iha loron [[1 Juñu]] [[1971]], iha [[Tel Aviv]], [[Izraél]] - ne’e linguístika-na’in ida ne’ebé importante tebetebes ba [[istória]] dezenvolvimentu [[lia hebraica|izraelianu]] nian.&lt;ref&gt;
[http://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2014/september/1409493600/anna-goldsworthy/voices-land Voices of the land], In Port Augusta, an Israeli linguist is helping the Barngarla people reclaim their language / Anna Goldsworthy, The Monthly, September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.pedestrian.tv/news/meet-the-aussie-lumbersexual-on-a-mission-to-make-your-beard-lustrous Meet Ghil'ad Zuckermann, master of 11 languages], Pedestrian TV.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2014/05/28/il-papa-netanyahu-e-la-lingua-di-gesu01.html Il Papa, Netanyahu e la lingua di Gesù], La Repubblica, Reuters, 28.5.2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.jewishnews.net.au/ghilads-indigenous-language-game-changer/79545 Ghil’ad’s Indigenous language game changer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713185342/https://www.jewishnews.net.au/ghilads-indigenous-language-game-changer/79545 |date=2018-07-13 }}, Shane Desiatnik, AJN, 12.7.2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/starting-scratch-aboriginal-group-reclaims-lost-language-180626082306196.html Starting from scratch: Aboriginal group reclaims lost language], With the help of a linguistics professor, Barngarla, which has not been spoken for 60 years, is being pieced together, Al Jazeera, John Power, 29.6.2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Almae matres ==
* [[United World College of the Adriatic]], [[Itália]]
* [[University iha Tel Aviv]], [[Izraél]]
* [[University iha Oxford]] ([[St Hugh's College]]), [[Reinu Naklibur]]
* [[University iha Cambridge]] ([[Churchill College]]), Reinu Naklibur&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.edx.org/bio/ghilad-zuckermann edX], Professor Ghil'ad Zuckermann.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://adelaidefestivalofideas.com.au/speakers/professor-ghilad-zuckermann/ Adelaide Festival of Ideas], Professor Ghil'ad Zuckermann.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bibliografia ==

=== Livru ===
* [https://global.oup.com/academic/product/revivalistics-9780199812790?lang=en&amp;cc=us ''Revivalistics: From the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond''], 2020, Oxford University Press (ISBN 9780199812790 / ISBN 9780199812776) 
* [[w:en:Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew|''Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew'']], 2003, [https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9781403917232 Palgrave Macmillan] (ISBN 9781403917232 / ISBN 978140338695)
* [http://www.zuckermann.org/israelit.html ''Israelit Safa Yafa''], 2008, Am Oved (ISBN 978-965-13-1963-1)
* [http://www.zuckermann.org/guide.html ''Engaging – A Guide to Interacting Respectfully and Reciprocally with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People, and their Arts Practices and Intellectual Property''], 2015
* [http://www.dictionary.barngarla.org/ ''Dictionary of the Barngarla Aboriginal Language of Eyre Peninsula, South Australia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721054108/http://dictionary.barngarla.org/ |date=2018-07-21 }}, 2018
* [https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/ijsl.2014.2014.issue-226/ijsl-2014-frontmatter226/ijsl-2014-frontmatter226.pdf ''Jewish Language Contact''] (=''International Journal of the Sociology of Language'' 226), 2014
* [http://www.cambridgescholars.com/download/sample/58082 ''Burning Issues in Afro-Asiatic Linguistics''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816120017/http://www.cambridgescholars.com/download/sample/58082 |date=2020-08-16 }}, 2012
* [https://www.adelaide.edu.au/directory/ghilad.zuckermann?dsn=directory.file;field=data;id=41076;m=view ''Barngarlidhi Manoo (Speaking Barngarla Together)''], Barngarla Language Advisory Committee, 2019 ([https://www.adelaide.edu.au/directory/ghilad.zuckermann?dsn=directory.file;field=data;id=41096;m=view ''Barngarlidhi Manoo'' - PART TWO])

=== Lisaun ===
* Zuckermann, Ghil'ad; Quer, Giovanni; Shakuto, Shiori (2014). [http://www.professorzuckermann.com/#!native-tongue-title/cufd Native Tongue Title: Proposed Compensation for the Loss of Aboriginal Languages], ''Australian Aboriginal Studies'' 2014/1: 55-71.
* Zuckermann, Ghil'ad; Walsh, Michael (2014). [http://www.professorzuckermann.com/our-ancestors-are-happy- “Our Ancestors Are Happy!”: Revivalistics in the Service of Indigenous Wellbeing], ''Foundation for Endangered Languages'' XVIII: 113-119.
* Zuckermann, Ghil'ad; Walsh, Michael (2011). [http://www.zuckermann.org/pdf/Revival_Linguistics.pdf Stop, Revive, Survive: Lessons from the Hebrew Revival Applicable to the Reclamation, Maintenance and Empowerment of Aboriginal Languages and Cultures], ''Australian Journal of Linguistics'' 31: 111–127.
* Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2009). [http://www.zuckermann.org/pdf/Hybridity_versus_Revivability.pdf Hybridity versus Revivability: Multiple Causation, Forms and Patterns], ''Journal of Language Contact'' 2: 40–67.
* Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2006). [http://www.zuckermann.org/pdf/new-vision.pdf A New Vision for &quot;Israeli Hebrew&quot;: Theoretical and Practical Implications of Analysing Israel's Main Language as a Semi-Engineered Semito-European Hybrid Language], ''Journal of Modern Jewish Studies'' 5: 57–71.
* Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2004). [http://www.zuckermann.org/pdf/cultural_hybridity.pdf Cultural Hybridity: Multisourced Neologization in &quot;Reinvented&quot; Languages and in Languages with &quot;Phono-Logographic&quot; Script], ''Languages in Contrast'' 4: 281–318.
* Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003). [http://www.zuckermann.org/english.pdf Language Contact and Globalisation: The Camouflaged Influence of English on the World's Languages – with special attention to Israeli (sic) and Mandarin], ''Cambridge Review of International Affairs'' 16: 287–307.
* Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2008). [http://www.zuckermann.org/pdf/Realistic_Prescriptivism_Academy.pdf 'Realistic Prescriptivism': The Academy of the Hebrew Language, its Campaign of 'Good Grammar' and Lexpionage, and the Native Israeli Speakers], ''Israel Studies in Language and Society'' 1: 135–154.
* Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2006). [http://www.zuckermann.org/pdf/complement_clause.pdf &quot;Complement Clause Types in Israeli&quot;], ''Complementation: A Cross-Linguistic Typology'', Oxford University Press, pp. 72–92.
* Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2006). [http://www.zuckermann.org/pdf/engineering.pdf &quot; 'Etymythological Othering' and the Power of 'Lexical Engineering' in Judaism, Islam and Christianity. A Socio-Philo(sopho)logical Perspective&quot;], ''Explorations in the Sociology of Language and Religion'', John Benjamins, pp. 237–258.
* Yadin, Azzan; Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2010). [http://www.zuckermann.org/pdf/Secularization-f.pdf &quot;Blorít: Pagans' Mohawk or Sabras' Forelock?: Ideological Secularization of Hebrew Terms in Socialist Zionist Israeli&quot;], ''The Sociology of Language and Religion: Change, Conflict and Accommodation'', Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 84–125.
* Sapir, Yair; Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2008). [http://www.zuckermann.org/pdf/icelandicPSM.pdf &quot;Icelandic: Phonosemantic Matching&quot;], ''Globally Speaking: Motives for Adopting English Vocabulary in Other Languages'', Multilingual Matters, pp. 19–43.

== Film ==
* [https://vimeo.com/channels/357807/44019045 Fry's Planet Word], Stephen Fry
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DZPjdNaLCho SBS: Living Black: S18 Ep9 - Linguicide]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=izVGZRqciTY Babbel: Why Revive A Dead Language? - Interview with Prof. Ghil'ad Zuckermann]
* [https://www.edx.org/course/language-revival-securing-future-adelaidex-lang101x ''Language Revival: Securing the Future of Endangered Languages''], edX MOOC

== Referénsia ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Ligasaun ba li'ur ==
* [[:en:Phono-semantic matching|Phono-semantic matching]]
* [[:en:Barngarla language|Barngarla mál]], [[Austrália]]
* [http://researchers.adelaide.edu.au/profile/ghilad.zuckermann Ghil'ad Zuckermann, D.Phil. (Oxon.)]
* [http://www.adelaide.edu.au/directory/ghilad.zuckermann University Staff Directory: Professor Ghil'ad Zuckermann]
* [https://adelaide.academia.edu/zuckermann Ghil'ad Zuckermann, Academia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506001754/http://adelaide.academia.edu/Zuckermann |date=2018-05-06 }}
* [http://www.jewish-languages.org/ghilad.zuckermann.html Jewish Language Research Website: Ghil'ad Zuckermann] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618125946/http://www.jewish-languages.org/ghilad.zuckermann.html |date=2018-06-18 }}
* [http://www.zuckermann.org/ Professor Ghil'ad Zuckermann's website]
* [https://www.pedestrian.tv/news/meet-the-aussie-lumbersexual-on-a-mission-to-make-your-beard-lustrous/ Australian of the Day: Ghil'ad Zuckermann]
* [http://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2014/september/1409493600/anna-goldsworthy/voices-land Voices of the land], Anna Goldsworthy, The Monthly, September 2014.
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p03fslbj BBC World Service: Reawakening Language]
* [http://www.zuckermann.org/poetry.html Selutis Alpinis (Se tu vens cà sù ta' cretis), Ghil'ad Zuckermann], &quot;A site dedicated to the memory of Maestro Piero Poclen, a mentsh&quot;

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zuckermann, Ghilad}}
[[Kategoria:Mane]]
[[Kategoria:Kultura]]
[[Kategoria:Linguista]]
[[Kategoria:Austrália]]
[[Kategoria:University iha Tel Aviv]]
[[Kategoria:University iha Oxford]]
[[Kategoria:St Hugh's College]]
[[Kategoria:University iha Cambridge]]
[[Kategoria:Churchill College]]
[[Kategoria:Ema Austrália]]
[[Kategoria:Ema Izraél]]
[[Kategoria:Ema Reinu Naklibur]]
[[Kategoria:Ema Itália]]</text>
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      <text bytes="10003" sha1="6cjmyadlyh9pyjcocphxe35awagz07v" xml:space="preserve">[[Imajen:zuckermann.jpg|miniaturadaimagem|350px|direita|Zuckermann iha 2011]]

'''Ghil'ad Zuckermann''' (D.Phil., [[University iha Oxford]]; Ph.D., [[University iha Cambridge]])&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.vividsydney.com/speaker/prof-ghilad-zuckermann Vivid Sydney (Light, Music and Ideas)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618125759/https://www.vividsydney.com/speaker/prof-ghilad-zuckermann |date=2018-06-18 }}, Speaker: Prof. Ghil'ad Zuckermann.&lt;/ref&gt; moris iha loron [[1 Juñu]] [[1971]], iha [[Tel Aviv]], [[Izraél]] - ne’e linguístika-na’in ida ne’ebé importante tebetebes ba [[istória]] dezenvolvimentu [[lia hebraica|izraelianu]] nian.&lt;ref&gt;
[http://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2014/september/1409493600/anna-goldsworthy/voices-land Voices of the land], In Port Augusta, an Israeli linguist is helping the Barngarla people reclaim their language / Anna Goldsworthy, The Monthly, September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.pedestrian.tv/news/meet-the-aussie-lumbersexual-on-a-mission-to-make-your-beard-lustrous Meet Ghil'ad Zuckermann, master of 11 languages], Pedestrian TV.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2014/05/28/il-papa-netanyahu-e-la-lingua-di-gesu01.html Il Papa, Netanyahu e la lingua di Gesù], La Repubblica, Reuters, 28.5.2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.jewishnews.net.au/ghilads-indigenous-language-game-changer/79545 Ghil’ad’s Indigenous language game changer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713185342/https://www.jewishnews.net.au/ghilads-indigenous-language-game-changer/79545 |date=2018-07-13 }}, Shane Desiatnik, AJN, 12.7.2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/starting-scratch-aboriginal-group-reclaims-lost-language-180626082306196.html Starting from scratch: Aboriginal group reclaims lost language], With the help of a linguistics professor, Barngarla, which has not been spoken for 60 years, is being pieced together, Al Jazeera, John Power, 29.6.2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Almae matres ==
* [[United World College of the Adriatic]], [[Itália]]
* [[University iha Tel Aviv]], [[Izraél]]
* [[University iha Oxford]] ([[St Hugh's College]]), [[Reinu Naklibur]]
* [[University iha Cambridge]] ([[Churchill College]]), Reinu Naklibur&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.edx.org/bio/ghilad-zuckermann edX], Professor Ghil'ad Zuckermann.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://adelaidefestivalofideas.com.au/speakers/professor-ghilad-zuckermann/ Adelaide Festival of Ideas], Professor Ghil'ad Zuckermann.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bibliografia ==

=== Livru ===
* [https://global.oup.com/academic/product/revivalistics-9780199812790?lang=en&amp;cc=us ''Revivalistics: From the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond''], 2020, Oxford University Press (ISBN 9780199812790 / ISBN 9780199812776) 
* [[w:en:Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew|''Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew'']], 2003, [https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9781403917232 Palgrave Macmillan] (ISBN 9781403917232 / ISBN 978140338695)
* [http://www.zuckermann.org/israelit.html ''Israelit Safa Yafa''], 2008, Am Oved (ISBN 978-965-13-1963-1)
* [http://www.zuckermann.org/guide.html ''Engaging – A Guide to Interacting Respectfully and Reciprocally with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People, and their Arts Practices and Intellectual Property''], 2015
* [http://www.dictionary.barngarla.org/ ''Dictionary of the Barngarla Aboriginal Language of Eyre Peninsula, South Australia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721054108/http://dictionary.barngarla.org/ |date=2018-07-21 }}, 2018
* [https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/ijsl.2014.2014.issue-226/ijsl-2014-frontmatter226/ijsl-2014-frontmatter226.pdf ''Jewish Language Contact''] (=''International Journal of the Sociology of Language'' 226), 2014
* [http://www.cambridgescholars.com/download/sample/58082 ''Burning Issues in Afro-Asiatic Linguistics''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816120017/http://www.cambridgescholars.com/download/sample/58082 |date=2020-08-16 }}, 2012
* [https://www.adelaide.edu.au/directory/ghilad.zuckermann?dsn=directory.file;field=data;id=41076;m=view ''Barngarlidhi Manoo (Speaking Barngarla Together)''], Barngarla Language Advisory Committee, 2019 ([https://www.adelaide.edu.au/directory/ghilad.zuckermann?dsn=directory.file;field=data;id=41096;m=view ''Barngarlidhi Manoo'' - PART TWO])

=== Lisaun ===
* Zuckermann, Ghil'ad; Quer, Giovanni; Shakuto, Shiori (2014). [http://www.professorzuckermann.com/#!native-tongue-title/cufd Native Tongue Title: Proposed Compensation for the Loss of Aboriginal Languages], ''Australian Aboriginal Studies'' 2014/1: 55-71.
* Zuckermann, Ghil'ad; Walsh, Michael (2014). [http://www.professorzuckermann.com/our-ancestors-are-happy- “Our Ancestors Are Happy!”: Revivalistics in the Service of Indigenous Wellbeing], ''Foundation for Endangered Languages'' XVIII: 113-119.
* Zuckermann, Ghil'ad; Walsh, Michael (2011). [http://www.zuckermann.org/pdf/Revival_Linguistics.pdf Stop, Revive, Survive: Lessons from the Hebrew Revival Applicable to the Reclamation, Maintenance and Empowerment of Aboriginal Languages and Cultures], ''Australian Journal of Linguistics'' 31: 111–127.
* Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2009). [http://www.zuckermann.org/pdf/Hybridity_versus_Revivability.pdf Hybridity versus Revivability: Multiple Causation, Forms and Patterns], ''Journal of Language Contact'' 2: 40–67.
* Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2006). [http://www.zuckermann.org/pdf/new-vision.pdf A New Vision for &quot;Israeli Hebrew&quot;: Theoretical and Practical Implications of Analysing Israel's Main Language as a Semi-Engineered Semito-European Hybrid Language], ''Journal of Modern Jewish Studies'' 5: 57–71.
* Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2004). [http://www.zuckermann.org/pdf/cultural_hybridity.pdf Cultural Hybridity: Multisourced Neologization in &quot;Reinvented&quot; Languages and in Languages with &quot;Phono-Logographic&quot; Script], ''Languages in Contrast'' 4: 281–318.
* Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003). [http://www.zuckermann.org/english.pdf Language Contact and Globalisation: The Camouflaged Influence of English on the World's Languages – with special attention to Israeli (sic) and Mandarin], ''Cambridge Review of International Affairs'' 16: 287–307.
* Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2008). [http://www.zuckermann.org/pdf/Realistic_Prescriptivism_Academy.pdf 'Realistic Prescriptivism': The Academy of the Hebrew Language, its Campaign of 'Good Grammar' and Lexpionage, and the Native Israeli Speakers], ''Israel Studies in Language and Society'' 1: 135–154.
* Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2006). [http://www.zuckermann.org/pdf/complement_clause.pdf &quot;Complement Clause Types in Israeli&quot;], ''Complementation: A Cross-Linguistic Typology'', Oxford University Press, pp. 72–92.
* Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2006). [http://www.zuckermann.org/pdf/engineering.pdf &quot; 'Etymythological Othering' and the Power of 'Lexical Engineering' in Judaism, Islam and Christianity. A Socio-Philo(sopho)logical Perspective&quot;], ''Explorations in the Sociology of Language and Religion'', John Benjamins, pp. 237–258.
* Yadin, Azzan; Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2010). [http://www.zuckermann.org/pdf/Secularization-f.pdf &quot;Blorít: Pagans' Mohawk or Sabras' Forelock?: Ideological Secularization of Hebrew Terms in Socialist Zionist Israeli&quot;], ''The Sociology of Language and Religion: Change, Conflict and Accommodation'', Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 84–125.
* Sapir, Yair; Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2008). [http://www.zuckermann.org/pdf/icelandicPSM.pdf &quot;Icelandic: Phonosemantic Matching&quot;], ''Globally Speaking: Motives for Adopting English Vocabulary in Other Languages'', Multilingual Matters, pp. 19–43.

== Film ==
* [https://vimeo.com/channels/357807/44019045 Fry's Planet Word], Stephen Fry
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DZPjdNaLCho SBS: Living Black: S18 Ep9 - Linguicide]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=izVGZRqciTY Babbel: Why Revive A Dead Language? - Interview with Prof. Ghil'ad Zuckermann]
* [https://www.edx.org/course/language-revival-securing-future-adelaidex-lang101x ''Language Revival: Securing the Future of Endangered Languages''], edX MOOC

== Referénsia ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Ligasaun ba li'ur ==
* [[:en:Phono-semantic matching|Phono-semantic matching]]
* [[:en:Barngarla language|Barngarla mál]], [[Austrália]]
* [http://researchers.adelaide.edu.au/profile/ghilad.zuckermann Ghil'ad Zuckermann, D.Phil. (Oxon.)]
* [http://www.adelaide.edu.au/directory/ghilad.zuckermann University Staff Directory: Professor Ghil'ad Zuckermann]
* [https://adelaide.academia.edu/zuckermann Ghil'ad Zuckermann, Academia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506001754/http://adelaide.academia.edu/Zuckermann |date=2018-05-06 }}
* [http://www.jewish-languages.org/ghilad.zuckermann.html Jewish Language Research Website: Ghil'ad Zuckermann] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618125946/http://www.jewish-languages.org/ghilad.zuckermann.html |date=2018-06-18 }}
* [http://www.zuckermann.org/ Professor Ghil'ad Zuckermann's website]
* [https://www.pedestrian.tv/news/meet-the-aussie-lumbersexual-on-a-mission-to-make-your-beard-lustrous/ Australian of the Day: Ghil'ad Zuckermann]
* [http://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2014/september/1409493600/anna-goldsworthy/voices-land Voices of the land], Anna Goldsworthy, The Monthly, September 2014.
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p03fslbj BBC World Service: Reawakening Language]
* [http://www.zuckermann.org/poetry.html Selutis Alpinis (Se tu vens cà sù ta' cretis), Ghil'ad Zuckermann], &quot;A site dedicated to the memory of Maestro Piero Poclen, a mentsh&quot;

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zuckermann, Ghilad}}
[[Kategoria:Mane]]
[[Kategoria:Kultura]]
[[Kategoria:Linguista]]
[[Kategoria:University iha Tel Aviv]]
[[Kategoria:University iha Oxford]]
[[Kategoria:St Hugh's College]]
[[Kategoria:University iha Cambridge]]
[[Kategoria:Churchill College]]
[[Kategoria:Ema Austrália]]
[[Kategoria:Ema Izraél]]
[[Kategoria:Ema Reinu Naklibur]]
[[Kategoria:Ema Itália]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Religiaun Protestante (Historia)</title>
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      <text bytes="5173" sha1="7eypa5ya96tytwvbknazdabno2dz8lm" xml:space="preserve">'''Historia Relilgiaun Protestante'''

Oinsa mak atu hahu historia protestnte nian? Horibainhira mak hari no se mak hari? Tamba ne fo hatene klean kona ba historia religiaun protestante nian ne’ebe atu muda neneik husi religiaun Polythisme halo husi paulos Liurai Romawi.

Durante seculo ba seculo religiaun katólika fo ukun ne’ebe bot tebes ba Paus no konjunto ho problema ne’ebe mak barak, no mos husi liurai barak sira nebe ukun ho sira nia riiku hodi ukun. Iha parte seluk sei iha factor  ne’ebe mak hanesan factor ekonomia, factor politik, nasionalisme hatene individualismo, Rasismo no iha interese ne’ebe mak atu harahun Religiaun Roma Katolik. Husi hun ne’ebe akontese krize igreza Roma mak hanesan Paus Leo X mak hakerek karta ne’’ebe mak kontra ne’ebe mak bot tebes atu aumenta ba nia igreza.                                                                                                               

           Husi Paus Leo X fan karta ne’ebe ba ema matenek nain hanaran Luther (1983-1946 M) igreja rua ne’ebe mak iha ida ne’e mak Zwingli (1484-1531), no Jhon Calvin (1509-1564) iha tinan ne’e tuir ainfatin Luther nian no define igreja no organiza ho movinto ne’ebe mak konhese husi “Reformasaun”). Reformasaun Protestante ou movimento reformasaun humanidade kristiani Europa ne’ebe mak sai ona Protestantismo ida no hamrik mesak iha religiaun Kristen Iha tempo ne’eba hahu husi tina 1517 bainhira Martin Luther fo sai Theze sianulu resin lima no ikus iha tinan 1648 ho promesa Westaphalia ne’ebe mak hakalma funu religiaun iha Europa . reformasau Protestannte mosu nu’udar siknifika atu reforma igreja katolika. Inisiativa husi komunidade Katolika Europa do Norte ne’ebe hasoru difikuldade ne’ebe rekonhese hanesan doutrina falso ou lalos no Malapratik Grejawei ba deit hanorin ho fan indulizensia, ho simony, fan no sosa kargo rohaniwan neebe tuir hodi reforma  konstituinte evidensia harahun hierarkia iha igraza, inklui mos Sri Paus.

           Ba primeiro Martin Luther inkui Jhon Wycliffe no Jan Hus, ne’ebe koko mereformasaun Igreja Katolika. Reformaasaun Protestante komesa husi data 31 de Outubro 1517, iha Wittenberng, Saxonia, bainhira Martin Luther Hatama these sianulu resin lima husi ukun efikase indulizensia ba Iha odamatan igreja ema hotu ne’ebe nia funsaun hanesan atu halibur Universidade iha tempo ne’eba these hirak ne’e halo diskusaun no kurizi husi igreja no Sri Paus X ne’be focus ba fan indulizensia- indulizensia sira ne’ebe ho matenek halodoutrina  prugatorio tribunal Partikular Mariologi, devosaun ba Maria no [[Jesus Cristo|Jesus]] nia Inan entre sala hirak ne’ebe halo devosaun ba ema sira ne’ebe fiar nain, hanesan mos sakramento tenke tuir ordem ne’ebe mak la bele kaben ba ema umakreda, inlui Monatisisme, no otoristas Sri Paus no  reformator seluk hanesan Ulrich Zwingli, agora tuir ainfatin Martin Luther.

           No depois de kontinuasaun ba reformasaun oportunismo rezolve no halo movimento sira  nian no diferente doutrina primero entre Luther no Zwingli , tuirmai entre Jhon Kalvin konsekuensia hanesan denomisaun-denominasaun ptotestante ne’ebe mak la hanesan no konsulta malu hanesan Lutheran, Reforma,  Purithan no Presbiterian. 

Igreja protestante iha sabah ou The Prostestan Church in Sabah (PCS) hanesan servidor sira hamutuk ho misionario Basel Missiion hahu husi tinan 1950. Povo Momogun importante liu ba iha idade ne’eba sei fiar ba religiaun refere.

Reza iha religiaun Kristen Protestante

Hustin Martyr Dezenho Liturgia (tuir maneira reza nian) Kristen di First Apology (c.150) ba ukunain Antonimus Pius iha Sekulo ba da Rua, no dezenho ne sei relevante ho dezenho strutura basic husi liturgia Kristen. Hustin dezenha ema Kristen Tur hamutuk atu reza hamutuk iha loron Domingo, loron ida nebe [[Jesus Cristo|Jesus]] moris hias husi mate. Le biblia maromak foti hodi Antigo testament no Novo Testamento, maibe principal husi Injil ba iha ikus liturgia reza ba mos Maromak, atu hanoin hikas jesus nia terus no mate.

Maibe igreza to agora mos iha no halao misa iha loron domingo, igrejja loron Advento ba dala hitu halai hamutuk iha sabado. Igreja pentekoste ou Karismatik tuir” Jerasaun “ no sei la tuir liturgia ne’ebe mak hakerek maske iha maneira linha hodi reza. 

Reza iha mos variasaun hodi halo iha loron importante, hanesan batismo, kaben no loron Kristen nian hanesan natal no paskoa. Iha mos reza ba labarik sira dala barak hanaran eskola domingo.

Sakramento hanesan ritus Religiaun Kristen ne’ebe mak sai hanesan liafuan sai familia ida. No liafuan “sakramen” hudi liafuan latin Sakramentum no nia siknifikadu “ Sai Mos” hanesan exemplo uza liafuan sakramento hanesan Promesa.

Komunidade katolika Roma, anglikan, no Kristen Protestante kria orario reza entermos kalendario liturgia. Ida ne’e bele hola parte mos ba loron importante fiar nian hanesan loron moris jesus kristo nian, loron jejum, ho mos loron boot sira seluk ne’ebe mak dala barak sempre halo festa loron importante sira nian.

[[Kategoria:Kristianizmu]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Foto sao tarcisio</title>
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      <text bytes="68" sha1="pijiyrx1p9twrl04ypu3xlzq1uvtfje" xml:space="preserve">{{Halakon|Photo integrated into article}}
#REDIRECT[[São Tarcisio]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>São Tarcisio</title>
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      <text bytes="5668" sha1="llba517892u0quanx6bhb6tqtiuqmmn" xml:space="preserve">'''São Tarcisio''' moris iha tinan 250. Nia ema kristaun (sarani). Dader-dader, molok loron matan sae, nia lao liu husi dalan bo’ot cidade Roma nian, ba fatin ne’ebé baibain ema sarani sira halibur malu. Sira halibur malu iha rai kuak laran, ne’ebé baibain ema uja hodi hakoi mate, naran Katakombes, ne’ebé iha forma hanesan corredor ne’ebé nakukun. Sarani sira uja nu’udar fatin atu ema sarani sir abele halibur hodi halo orasaun no hasa’e sakrifisiu missa. Iha rai kuak ne’e nia sorin karuk no los, ema ke tan atu tau mate, hafoin taka ho fatuk naruk ida. Sarani sira halibur malu de’it iha kalan, tanba estadu bandu Religiaun foun ne’e. Liurai Valerianu fo ordem ba polosia Roma nian atu buka no kaer hotu ema sira ne’ebé fiar iha [[Jesus Cristo]]. Wainhira kaer sarani sira, ema haterus no oho sira. Sarani barak mak ema oho, tanba sira lakohi husik sira nia fiar ba Jesus Cristo hodi hasa’e buat karan ba lulik ne’ebé ema Roma sira adora.
Iha loron ida, dadersan de’it, hanesan baibain, Tarcisio lao ba Katakombes hodi ajuda missa. Iha loron ne’eba, Amu Papa rasik mak halo missa. Maibé ema ne’ebe tuir missa ne’e oituan de’it, tanba ema foin kaer sarani barak hodi kastigu no oho. Nune’e barak mos mak halai no subar. Wainhira missa hotu, Tarcisio la fila lalais kedas ba uma, maibé nia sei ajuda arruma ka halot didiak tiha sasan Missa nian, iha tempo ne’e, Tarcisio rona amu papa koalia ho laran susar, dehan; “horseik seguransa  kadeia nia ida, sub-subar mai fó hatete katak maluk sarani sira ne’ebé kastigu iha kadeia  hakarak tebes atu simu Jesus Cristo nia futar isin molok ema oho sira. Maibé ha’u rasik labele lori ba tanba konese tena ha’u. Tan ne’e susar atu bele halo buat ne’ebé sira husu. Wainhira rona Amu Papa nia lian ne’e, Tarcisio hakat kedas ba Amu Papa nia oin dehan; Nusa Amu Papa labele haruka ha’u mak ba? Ema ida sei la deskonfia ha’u. Amu Papa simu ba Tarcisio dehan; “Labele, oan, o sei ki’ik oan liu atu halao knar santo ne’e, no serviso ne’e bele estraga o nia moris”. Tarcisio simu ba Amu Papa, dehan; maybe dader-dader ha’u smpre mai missa, ha’u deit mak Acólitus ne’ebé sempre ajuda missa. Ha’u la tauk sá tan dadersan lós, dalan sei mamuk, ema seidauk barak iha dalan. Rona Tarcisio nia razaun, nia badinas no nia laran kmaan, ikus mai Amu Papa hatan; hatan! Ó bele lori tok ba, maibé lao kuidadu iha dalan. Nune’e, Amu Papa hakneak ho respeito iha altar oin, foti Santissimo, tau iha aibalun osan mean ida. Tarcisio mós hakneak  besik altar. Hafoin tara aibalun oan ne’e nia talin ba Tarcisio nia kakorok. Tarcisio taka didiak tiha ho hena be nia hatais nia rohan, hahu lao tuir nia dalan. Nia liman kaer metin los santissimo ne’ebé nia tara tó hirus matan, atu labele nakdoko no monu lako. Nia fuan tuku-tuku lós. Nia  sente haksolok tebes ho fiar ne’ebé Amu Papa rasik fó ba nia. Nune’e nia reza  iha laran ba Jesus atu Jesus rasik bele fó nafatin kbi’it no aten brani ba sarani sira ne’ebé ema kastigu no fó terus. 
Maibé derepente, nia rona ema bolu nia naran, dehan; “Hei Tarciso, ó atu ba ne’ebé dadersan lós hanesan ne’e? Ó atu ba ne’ebé mak ó lao lalasi lós hanesan ne’e? Afinal ema ne’ebé koalia dadauk ne’e nia kolega eskola ida. Hafoin nia kolega sira seluk mós mosu tan mai hakbesik nia. Sira dada Tarcisio nia kabas, hafoin dehan; ami hare dadersan ida ne’e laos hanesan baibain. Iha buat ruma ka? Ó subar saida iha ó nia hena laran ne’ebá? Nune’e, nia kolega seluk dada hena ne’ebé Tarcisio hatais, hafoin dehan ba nia maluk sira; dala ruma nia lori buat ruma husi ema sarani sira. Hafoin sira hakilar hodi dehan ba Tarcisio diak liu fó mai ami buat ne’ebé o lori, ou ami hanorin ó agora. Maibé Tarcisio la fó Santissimo ba sira, nia liman rua ne’e hakoak Santissimo metin liu tan. Tarcisio lakohi Jesus Cristo nia futar isin Santo monu ba ema a’at fiar la iha sira ne’e nia liman. Haré ba Tarcisio nia hahalok ne’e, nia kolega sira sai hirus liu tan, nune’e sira balu tuda nia ho fatuk, balu tebe, no balu baku. Maske nune’e, Tarcisio la husik Santissimo, nia hakuak metin nafatin.
Nune’e nia kolega sira hirus makas liu tan, sira halo nia a’at liu tan. Sira ne’e ida lori ai baku iha Tarcisio nia ulun, nia monu kedas ba rai ho ran suli. Iha tempo ne’e, sira rona lian ida hakilar, dehan;” Imi hadau malu saida mak ne’e? Soldadu ida mosu mai. Nune’e sira ne’ebé baku Tarcisio hakfodak hodi halai namkari tiha. Hela Tarcisio deit mak latan hela iha dalan ho ran suli lós. Nia hader la diak. Soldadu ne’e hakbesik ba Tarcisio. Wainhira Tarcisio hateke ba soldadu ne’e nia oin, nia hamnasa, tanba nia konese soldadu ne’e. Soldadu ne’e mós ema sarani ida. Nune’e Tarcisio intrega Santissimo atu lori Santissimo ba maluk sarani sira ne’ebé iha kadeia. Nune’e nia tara aibalun oan ne’e iha nia kakorok rasik no lori mós Tarcisio ba iha ema sarani sira ne’ebé hela besik nia uma. Hafoin soldadu ne’e lori santissimo ho subar ba fo comunhão ba ema sarani sira ne’ebé  kastigu iha kadeia. La kleur Tarcisio Mate, tanba nia kanek sira todan liu. Ema sarani sira lori Tarcisio nia isin ba hakoi iha Katakombes ida naran Kalixtu, iha dalan Appia, besik Amu Papa sira nia rate. São Tarcisio Acólitu ida ne’ebe entraga nia moris tomak ba deit Santissima Eucaristia/Missa. Tan ne’e Igreja hili nia nu’udar Acolitu sira nia Padroeiro. (São Tarcisio nia festa halo Tinan-tinan, iha dia 15 de Agosto).


“SERVI ATU MAROMAK NIA GLORIA BOOT LIU TAN” 
            (Acolbed)

[[Kategoria:Kristianizmu]]</text>
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      <comment>J. Patrick Fischer moveu [[Historia Sao Tarcisio]] para [[São Tarcisio]]: Not only history</comment>
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      <text bytes="5668" sha1="llba517892u0quanx6bhb6tqtiuqmmn" xml:space="preserve">'''São Tarcisio''' moris iha tinan 250. Nia ema kristaun (sarani). Dader-dader, molok loron matan sae, nia lao liu husi dalan bo’ot cidade Roma nian, ba fatin ne’ebé baibain ema sarani sira halibur malu. Sira halibur malu iha rai kuak laran, ne’ebé baibain ema uja hodi hakoi mate, naran Katakombes, ne’ebé iha forma hanesan corredor ne’ebé nakukun. Sarani sira uja nu’udar fatin atu ema sarani sir abele halibur hodi halo orasaun no hasa’e sakrifisiu missa. Iha rai kuak ne’e nia sorin karuk no los, ema ke tan atu tau mate, hafoin taka ho fatuk naruk ida. Sarani sira halibur malu de’it iha kalan, tanba estadu bandu Religiaun foun ne’e. Liurai Valerianu fo ordem ba polosia Roma nian atu buka no kaer hotu ema sira ne’ebé fiar iha [[Jesus Cristo]]. Wainhira kaer sarani sira, ema haterus no oho sira. Sarani barak mak ema oho, tanba sira lakohi husik sira nia fiar ba Jesus Cristo hodi hasa’e buat karan ba lulik ne’ebé ema Roma sira adora.
Iha loron ida, dadersan de’it, hanesan baibain, Tarcisio lao ba Katakombes hodi ajuda missa. Iha loron ne’eba, Amu Papa rasik mak halo missa. Maibé ema ne’ebe tuir missa ne’e oituan de’it, tanba ema foin kaer sarani barak hodi kastigu no oho. Nune’e barak mos mak halai no subar. Wainhira missa hotu, Tarcisio la fila lalais kedas ba uma, maibé nia sei ajuda arruma ka halot didiak tiha sasan Missa nian, iha tempo ne’e, Tarcisio rona amu papa koalia ho laran susar, dehan; “horseik seguransa  kadeia nia ida, sub-subar mai fó hatete katak maluk sarani sira ne’ebé kastigu iha kadeia  hakarak tebes atu simu Jesus Cristo nia futar isin molok ema oho sira. Maibé ha’u rasik labele lori ba tanba konese tena ha’u. Tan ne’e susar atu bele halo buat ne’ebé sira husu. Wainhira rona Amu Papa nia lian ne’e, Tarcisio hakat kedas ba Amu Papa nia oin dehan; Nusa Amu Papa labele haruka ha’u mak ba? Ema ida sei la deskonfia ha’u. Amu Papa simu ba Tarcisio dehan; “Labele, oan, o sei ki’ik oan liu atu halao knar santo ne’e, no serviso ne’e bele estraga o nia moris”. Tarcisio simu ba Amu Papa, dehan; maybe dader-dader ha’u smpre mai missa, ha’u deit mak Acólitus ne’ebé sempre ajuda missa. Ha’u la tauk sá tan dadersan lós, dalan sei mamuk, ema seidauk barak iha dalan. Rona Tarcisio nia razaun, nia badinas no nia laran kmaan, ikus mai Amu Papa hatan; hatan! Ó bele lori tok ba, maibé lao kuidadu iha dalan. Nune’e, Amu Papa hakneak ho respeito iha altar oin, foti Santissimo, tau iha aibalun osan mean ida. Tarcisio mós hakneak  besik altar. Hafoin tara aibalun oan ne’e nia talin ba Tarcisio nia kakorok. Tarcisio taka didiak tiha ho hena be nia hatais nia rohan, hahu lao tuir nia dalan. Nia liman kaer metin los santissimo ne’ebé nia tara tó hirus matan, atu labele nakdoko no monu lako. Nia fuan tuku-tuku lós. Nia  sente haksolok tebes ho fiar ne’ebé Amu Papa rasik fó ba nia. Nune’e nia reza  iha laran ba Jesus atu Jesus rasik bele fó nafatin kbi’it no aten brani ba sarani sira ne’ebé ema kastigu no fó terus. 
Maibé derepente, nia rona ema bolu nia naran, dehan; “Hei Tarciso, ó atu ba ne’ebé dadersan lós hanesan ne’e? Ó atu ba ne’ebé mak ó lao lalasi lós hanesan ne’e? Afinal ema ne’ebé koalia dadauk ne’e nia kolega eskola ida. Hafoin nia kolega sira seluk mós mosu tan mai hakbesik nia. Sira dada Tarcisio nia kabas, hafoin dehan; ami hare dadersan ida ne’e laos hanesan baibain. Iha buat ruma ka? Ó subar saida iha ó nia hena laran ne’ebá? Nune’e, nia kolega seluk dada hena ne’ebé Tarcisio hatais, hafoin dehan ba nia maluk sira; dala ruma nia lori buat ruma husi ema sarani sira. Hafoin sira hakilar hodi dehan ba Tarcisio diak liu fó mai ami buat ne’ebé o lori, ou ami hanorin ó agora. Maibé Tarcisio la fó Santissimo ba sira, nia liman rua ne’e hakoak Santissimo metin liu tan. Tarcisio lakohi Jesus Cristo nia futar isin Santo monu ba ema a’at fiar la iha sira ne’e nia liman. Haré ba Tarcisio nia hahalok ne’e, nia kolega sira sai hirus liu tan, nune’e sira balu tuda nia ho fatuk, balu tebe, no balu baku. Maske nune’e, Tarcisio la husik Santissimo, nia hakuak metin nafatin.
Nune’e nia kolega sira hirus makas liu tan, sira halo nia a’at liu tan. Sira ne’e ida lori ai baku iha Tarcisio nia ulun, nia monu kedas ba rai ho ran suli. Iha tempo ne’e, sira rona lian ida hakilar, dehan;” Imi hadau malu saida mak ne’e? Soldadu ida mosu mai. Nune’e sira ne’ebé baku Tarcisio hakfodak hodi halai namkari tiha. Hela Tarcisio deit mak latan hela iha dalan ho ran suli lós. Nia hader la diak. Soldadu ne’e hakbesik ba Tarcisio. Wainhira Tarcisio hateke ba soldadu ne’e nia oin, nia hamnasa, tanba nia konese soldadu ne’e. Soldadu ne’e mós ema sarani ida. Nune’e Tarcisio intrega Santissimo atu lori Santissimo ba maluk sarani sira ne’ebé iha kadeia. Nune’e nia tara aibalun oan ne’e iha nia kakorok rasik no lori mós Tarcisio ba iha ema sarani sira ne’ebé hela besik nia uma. Hafoin soldadu ne’e lori santissimo ho subar ba fo comunhão ba ema sarani sira ne’ebé  kastigu iha kadeia. La kleur Tarcisio Mate, tanba nia kanek sira todan liu. Ema sarani sira lori Tarcisio nia isin ba hakoi iha Katakombes ida naran Kalixtu, iha dalan Appia, besik Amu Papa sira nia rate. São Tarcisio Acólitu ida ne’ebe entraga nia moris tomak ba deit Santissima Eucaristia/Missa. Tan ne’e Igreja hili nia nu’udar Acolitu sira nia Padroeiro. (São Tarcisio nia festa halo Tinan-tinan, iha dia 15 de Agosto).


“SERVI ATU MAROMAK NIA GLORIA BOOT LIU TAN” 
            (Acolbed)

[[Kategoria:Kristianizmu]]</text>
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'''São Tarcisio''' (Tarcisius) moris iha tinan 250. Nia ema kristaun (sarani). Dader-dader, molok loron matan sae, nia lao liu husi dalan bo’ot cidade [[Roma]] nian, ba fatin ne’ebé baibain ema sarani sira halibur malu. Sira halibur malu iha rai kuak laran, ne’ebé baibain ema uja hodi hakoi mate, naran Katakombes, ne’ebé iha forma hanesan corredor ne’ebé nakukun. Sarani sira uja nu’udar fatin atu ema sarani sir abele halibur hodi halo orasaun no hasa’e sakrifisiu missa. Iha rai kuak ne’e nia sorin karuk no los, ema ke tan atu tau mate, hafoin taka ho fatuk naruk ida. Sarani sira halibur malu de’it iha kalan, tanba estadu bandu Relijiaun foun ne’e. Liurai Valerianu fo ordem ba polosia Roma nian atu buka no kaer hotu ema sira ne’ebé fiar iha [[Jesus Cristo]]. Wainhira kaer sarani sira, ema haterus no oho sira. Sarani barak mak ema oho, tanba sira lakohi husik sira nia fiar ba Jesus Cristo hodi hasa’e buat karan ba lulik ne’ebé ema Roma sira adora.

Iha loron ida, dadersan de’it, hanesan baibain, Tarcisio lao ba Katakombes hodi ajuda missa. Iha loron ne’eba, Amu Papa rasik mak halo missa. Maibé ema ne’ebe tuir missa ne’e oituan de’it, tanba ema foin kaer sarani barak hodi kastigu no oho. Nune’e barak mos mak halai no subar. Wainhira missa hotu, Tarcisio la fila lalais kedas ba uma, maibé nia sei ajuda arruma ka halot didiak tiha sasan Missa nian, iha tempo ne’e, Tarcisio rona amu papa koalia ho laran susar, dehan; “horseik seguransa  kadeia nia ida, sub-subar mai fó hatete katak maluk sarani sira ne’ebé kastigu iha kadeia  hakarak tebes atu simu Jesus Cristo nia futar isin molok ema oho sira. Maibé ha’u rasik labele lori ba tanba konese tena ha’u. Tan ne’e susar atu bele halo buat ne’ebé sira husu. Wainhira rona Amu Papa nia lian ne’e, Tarcisio hakat kedas ba Amu Papa nia oin dehan; Nusa Amu Papa labele haruka ha’u mak ba? Ema ida sei la deskonfia ha’u. Amu Papa simu ba Tarcisio dehan; “Labele, oan, o sei ki’ik oan liu atu halao knar santo ne’e, no serviso ne’e bele estraga o nia moris”. Tarcisio simu ba Amu Papa, dehan; maybe dader-dader ha’u smpre mai missa, ha’u deit mak Acólitus ne’ebé sempre ajuda missa. Ha’u la tauk sá tan dadersan lós, dalan sei mamuk, ema seidauk barak iha dalan. Rona Tarcisio nia razaun, nia badinas no nia laran kmaan, ikus mai Amu Papa hatan; hatan! Ó bele lori tok ba, maibé lao kuidadu iha dalan. Nune’e, Amu Papa hakneak ho respeito iha altar oin, foti Santissimo, tau iha aibalun osan mean ida. Tarcisio mós hakneak  besik altar. Hafoin tara aibalun oan ne’e nia talin ba Tarcisio nia kakorok. Tarcisio taka didiak tiha ho hena be nia hatais nia rohan, hahu lao tuir nia dalan. Nia liman kaer metin los santissimo ne’ebé nia tara tó hirus matan, atu labele nakdoko no monu lako. Nia fuan tuku-tuku lós. Nia  sente haksolok tebes ho fiar ne’ebé Amu Papa rasik fó ba nia. Nune’e nia reza  iha laran ba Jesus atu Jesus rasik bele fó nafatin kbi’it no aten brani ba sarani sira ne’ebé ema kastigu no fó terus.

Maibé derepente, nia rona ema bolu nia naran, dehan; “Hei Tarciso, ó atu ba ne’ebé dadersan lós hanesan ne’e? Ó atu ba ne’ebé mak ó lao lalasi lós hanesan ne’e? Afinal ema ne’ebé koalia dadauk ne’e nia kolega eskola ida. Hafoin nia kolega sira seluk mós mosu tan mai hakbesik nia. Sira dada Tarcisio nia kabas, hafoin dehan; ami hare dadersan ida ne’e laos hanesan baibain. Iha buat ruma ka? Ó subar saida iha ó nia hena laran ne’ebá? Nune’e, nia kolega seluk dada hena ne’ebé Tarcisio hatais, hafoin dehan ba nia maluk sira; dala ruma nia lori buat ruma husi ema sarani sira. Hafoin sira hakilar hodi dehan ba Tarcisio diak liu fó mai ami buat ne’ebé o lori, ou ami hanorin ó agora. Maibé Tarcisio la fó Santissimo ba sira, nia liman rua ne’e hakoak Santissimo metin liu tan. Tarcisio lakohi Jesus Cristo nia futar isin Santo monu ba ema a’at fiar la iha sira ne’e nia liman. Haré ba Tarcisio nia hahalok ne’e, nia kolega sira sai hirus liu tan, nune’e sira balu tuda nia ho fatuk, balu tebe, no balu baku. Maske nune’e, Tarcisio la husik Santissimo, nia hakuak metin nafatin.

Nune’e nia kolega sira hirus makas liu tan, sira halo nia a’at liu tan. Sira ne’e ida lori ai baku iha Tarcisio nia ulun, nia monu kedas ba rai ho ran suli. Iha tempo ne’e, sira rona lian ida hakilar, dehan;” Imi hadau malu saida mak ne’e? Soldadu ida mosu mai. Nune’e sira ne’ebé baku Tarcisio hakfodak hodi halai namkari tiha. Hela Tarcisio deit mak latan hela iha dalan ho ran suli lós. Nia hader la diak. Soldadu ne’e hakbesik ba Tarcisio. Wainhira Tarcisio hateke ba soldadu ne’e nia oin, nia hamnasa, tanba nia konese soldadu ne’e. Soldadu ne’e mós ema sarani ida. Nune’e Tarcisio intrega Santissimo atu lori Santissimo ba maluk sarani sira ne’ebé iha kadeia. Nune’e nia tara aibalun oan ne’e iha nia kakorok rasik no lori mós Tarcisio ba iha ema sarani sira ne’ebé hela besik nia uma. Hafoin soldadu ne’e lori santissimo ho subar ba fo comunhão ba ema sarani sira ne’ebé  kastigu iha kadeia. La kleur Tarcisio Mate, tanba nia kanek sira todan liu. Ema sarani sira lori Tarcisio nia isin ba hakoi iha Katakombes ida naran Kalixtu, iha dalan Appia, besik Amu Papa sira nia rate. São Tarcisio Acólitu ida ne’ebe entraga nia moris tomak ba deit Santissima Eucaristia/Missa. Tan ne’e Igreja hili nia nu’udar Acolitu sira nia Padroeiro. (São Tarcisio nia festa halo Tinan-tinan, iha dia 15 de Agosto).

“SERVI ATU MAROMAK NIA GLORIA BOOT LIU TAN” (Acolbed)

== Ligasaun ba li'ur ==
{{Commons|Category:Tarcisius|São Tarcisio}}

== Referensia ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategoria:Kristianizmu|Tarcisio]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-14T19:16:24Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="5879" sha1="auc1o4nfsmsqhwb26knf93l11uz4hmr" xml:space="preserve">[[Imajen:Foto Sao Tarcisio.jpg|miniaturadaimagem|São Tarcisio iha Timor]]

'''São Tarcisio''' (Tarcisius) moris iha tinan 250. Nia ema kristaun (sarani). Dader-dader, molok loron matan sae, nia lao liu husi dalan bo’ot cidade [[Roma]] nian, ba fatin ne’ebé baibain ema sarani sira halibur malu. Sira halibur malu iha rai kuak laran, ne’ebé baibain ema uja hodi hakoi mate, naran Katakombes, ne’ebé iha forma hanesan corredor ne’ebé nakukun. Sarani sira uja nu’udar fatin atu ema sarani sir abele halibur hodi halo orasaun no hasa’e sakrifisiu missa. Iha rai kuak ne’e nia sorin karuk no los, ema ke tan atu tau mate, hafoin taka ho fatuk naruk ida. Sarani sira halibur malu de’it iha kalan, tanba estadu bandu Relijiaun foun ne’e. Liurai Valerianu fo ordem ba polosia Roma nian atu buka no kaer hotu ema sira ne’ebé fiar iha [[Jesus Cristo]]. Wainhira kaer sarani sira, ema haterus no oho sira. Sarani barak mak ema oho, tanba sira lakohi husik sira nia fiar ba Jesus Cristo hodi hasa’e buat karan ba lulik ne’ebé ema Roma sira adora.

Iha loron ida, dadersan de’it, hanesan baibain, Tarcisio lao ba Katakombes hodi ajuda missa. Iha loron ne’eba, Amu Papa rasik mak halo missa. Maibé ema ne’ebe tuir missa ne’e oituan de’it, tanba ema foin kaer sarani barak hodi kastigu no oho. Nune’e barak mos mak halai no subar. Wainhira missa hotu, Tarcisio la fila lalais kedas ba uma, maibé nia sei ajuda arruma ka halot didiak tiha sasan Missa nian, iha tempo ne’e, Tarcisio rona amu papa koalia ho laran susar, dehan; “horseik seguransa  kadeia nia ida, sub-subar mai fó hatete katak maluk sarani sira ne’ebé kastigu iha kadeia  hakarak tebes atu simu Jesus Cristo nia futar isin molok ema oho sira. Maibé ha’u rasik labele lori ba tanba konese tena ha’u. Tan ne’e susar atu bele halo buat ne’ebé sira husu. Wainhira rona Amu Papa nia lian ne’e, Tarcisio hakat kedas ba Amu Papa nia oin dehan; Nusa Amu Papa labele haruka ha’u mak ba? Ema ida sei la deskonfia ha’u. Amu Papa simu ba Tarcisio dehan; “Labele, oan, o sei ki’ik oan liu atu halao knar santo ne’e, no serviso ne’e bele estraga o nia moris”. Tarcisio simu ba Amu Papa, dehan; maybe dader-dader ha’u smpre mai missa, ha’u deit mak Acólitus ne’ebé sempre ajuda missa. Ha’u la tauk sá tan dadersan lós, dalan sei mamuk, ema seidauk barak iha dalan. Rona Tarcisio nia razaun, nia badinas no nia laran kmaan, ikus mai Amu Papa hatan; hatan! Ó bele lori tok ba, maibé lao kuidadu iha dalan. Nune’e, Amu Papa hakneak ho respeito iha altar oin, foti Santissimo, tau iha aibalun osan mean ida. Tarcisio mós hakneak  besik altar. Hafoin tara aibalun oan ne’e nia talin ba Tarcisio nia kakorok. Tarcisio taka didiak tiha ho hena be nia hatais nia rohan, hahu lao tuir nia dalan. Nia liman kaer metin los santissimo ne’ebé nia tara tó hirus matan, atu labele nakdoko no monu lako. Nia fuan tuku-tuku lós. Nia  sente haksolok tebes ho fiar ne’ebé Amu Papa rasik fó ba nia. Nune’e nia reza  iha laran ba Jesus atu Jesus rasik bele fó nafatin kbi’it no aten brani ba sarani sira ne’ebé ema kastigu no fó terus.

Maibé derepente, nia rona ema bolu nia naran, dehan; “Hei Tarciso, ó atu ba ne’ebé dadersan lós hanesan ne’e? Ó atu ba ne’ebé mak ó lao lalasi lós hanesan ne’e? Afinal ema ne’ebé koalia dadauk ne’e nia kolega eskola ida. Hafoin nia kolega sira seluk mós mosu tan mai hakbesik nia. Sira dada Tarcisio nia kabas, hafoin dehan; ami hare dadersan ida ne’e laos hanesan baibain. Iha buat ruma ka? Ó subar saida iha ó nia hena laran ne’ebá? Nune’e, nia kolega seluk dada hena ne’ebé Tarcisio hatais, hafoin dehan ba nia maluk sira; dala ruma nia lori buat ruma husi ema sarani sira. Hafoin sira hakilar hodi dehan ba Tarcisio diak liu fó mai ami buat ne’ebé o lori, ou ami hanorin ó agora. Maibé Tarcisio la fó Santissimo ba sira, nia liman rua ne’e hakoak Santissimo metin liu tan. Tarcisio lakohi Jesus Cristo nia futar isin Santo monu ba ema a’at fiar la iha sira ne’e nia liman. Haré ba Tarcisio nia hahalok ne’e, nia kolega sira sai hirus liu tan, nune’e sira balu tuda nia ho fatuk, balu tebe, no balu baku. Maske nune’e, Tarcisio la husik Santissimo, nia hakuak metin nafatin.

Nune’e nia kolega sira hirus makas liu tan, sira halo nia a’at liu tan. Sira ne’e ida lori ai baku iha Tarcisio nia ulun, nia monu kedas ba rai ho ran suli. Iha tempo ne’e, sira rona lian ida hakilar, dehan;” Imi hadau malu saida mak ne’e? Soldadu ida mosu mai. Nune’e sira ne’ebé baku Tarcisio hakfodak hodi halai namkari tiha. Hela Tarcisio deit mak latan hela iha dalan ho ran suli lós. Nia hader la diak. Soldadu ne’e hakbesik ba Tarcisio. Wainhira Tarcisio hateke ba soldadu ne’e nia oin, nia hamnasa, tanba nia konese soldadu ne’e. Soldadu ne’e mós ema sarani ida. Nune’e Tarcisio intrega Santissimo atu lori Santissimo ba maluk sarani sira ne’ebé iha kadeia. Nune’e nia tara aibalun oan ne’e iha nia kakorok rasik no lori mós Tarcisio ba iha ema sarani sira ne’ebé hela besik nia uma. Hafoin soldadu ne’e lori santissimo ho subar ba fo comunhão ba ema sarani sira ne’ebé  kastigu iha kadeia. La kleur Tarcisio Mate, tanba nia kanek sira todan liu. Ema sarani sira lori Tarcisio nia isin ba hakoi iha Katakombes ida naran Kalixtu, iha dalan Appia, besik Amu Papa sira nia rate. São Tarcisio Acólitu ida ne’ebe entraga nia moris tomak ba deit Santissima Eucaristia/Missa. Tan ne’e Igreja hili nia nu’udar Acolitu sira nia Padroeiro. (São Tarcisio nia festa halo Tinan-tinan, iha dia 15 de Agosto).

“SERVI ATU MAROMAK NIA GLORIA BOOT LIU TAN” (Acolbed)

== Ligasaun ba li'ur ==
{{Commons|Category:Tarcisius|São Tarcisio}}

== Referensia ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategoria:Kristianizmu|Tarcisio]]
[[Kategoria:Mane]]</text>
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        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
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      <text bytes="5987" sha1="mbzpnthms13663fhedg8zx5v5oqnlig" xml:space="preserve">[[Imajen:Foto Sao Tarcisio.jpg|miniaturadaimagem|Selebrasaun loron Sao Tarcisio hanesan loron importante ida ba Grupo acolitos sira, atu relembra fila fali sao Tarcisio nia lalaok.]]

'''São Tarcisio''' (Tarcisius) moris iha tinan 250. Nia ema kristaun (sarani). Dader-dader, molok loron matan sae, nia lao liu husi dalan bo’ot cidade [[Roma]] nian, ba fatin ne’ebé baibain ema sarani sira halibur malu. Sira halibur malu iha rai kuak laran, ne’ebé baibain ema uja hodi hakoi mate, naran Katakombes, ne’ebé iha forma hanesan corredor ne’ebé nakukun. Sarani sira uja nu’udar fatin atu ema sarani sir abele halibur hodi halo orasaun no hasa’e sakrifisiu missa. Iha rai kuak ne’e nia sorin karuk no los, ema ke tan atu tau mate, hafoin taka ho fatuk naruk ida. Sarani sira halibur malu de’it iha kalan, tanba estadu bandu Relijiaun foun ne’e. Liurai Valerianu fo ordem ba polosia Roma nian atu buka no kaer hotu ema sira ne’ebé fiar iha [[Jesus Cristo]]. Wainhira kaer sarani sira, ema haterus no oho sira. Sarani barak mak ema oho, tanba sira lakohi husik sira nia fiar ba Jesus Cristo hodi hasa’e buat karan ba lulik ne’ebé ema Roma sira adora.

Iha loron ida, dadersan de’it, hanesan baibain, Tarcisio lao ba Katakombes hodi ajuda missa. Iha loron ne’eba, Amu Papa rasik mak halo missa. Maibé ema ne’ebe tuir missa ne’e oituan de’it, tanba ema foin kaer sarani barak hodi kastigu no oho. Nune’e barak mos mak halai no subar. Wainhira missa hotu, Tarcisio la fila lalais kedas ba uma, maibé nia sei ajuda arruma ka halot didiak tiha sasan Missa nian, iha tempo ne’e, Tarcisio rona amu papa koalia ho laran susar, dehan; “horseik seguransa  kadeia nia ida, sub-subar mai fó hatete katak maluk sarani sira ne’ebé kastigu iha kadeia  hakarak tebes atu simu Jesus Cristo nia futar isin molok ema oho sira. Maibé ha’u rasik labele lori ba tanba konese tena ha’u. Tan ne’e susar atu bele halo buat ne’ebé sira husu. Wainhira rona Amu Papa nia lian ne’e, Tarcisio hakat kedas ba Amu Papa nia oin dehan; Nusa Amu Papa labele haruka ha’u mak ba? Ema ida sei la deskonfia ha’u. Amu Papa simu ba Tarcisio dehan; “Labele, oan, o sei ki’ik oan liu atu halao knar santo ne’e, no serviso ne’e bele estraga o nia moris”. Tarcisio simu ba Amu Papa, dehan; maybe dader-dader ha’u smpre mai missa, ha’u deit mak Acólitus ne’ebé sempre ajuda missa. Ha’u la tauk sá tan dadersan lós, dalan sei mamuk, ema seidauk barak iha dalan. Rona Tarcisio nia razaun, nia badinas no nia laran kmaan, ikus mai Amu Papa hatan; hatan! Ó bele lori tok ba, maibé lao kuidadu iha dalan. Nune’e, Amu Papa hakneak ho respeito iha altar oin, foti Santissimo, tau iha aibalun osan mean ida. Tarcisio mós hakneak  besik altar. Hafoin tara aibalun oan ne’e nia talin ba Tarcisio nia kakorok. Tarcisio taka didiak tiha ho hena be nia hatais nia rohan, hahu lao tuir nia dalan. Nia liman kaer metin los santissimo ne’ebé nia tara tó hirus matan, atu labele nakdoko no monu lako. Nia fuan tuku-tuku lós. Nia  sente haksolok tebes ho fiar ne’ebé Amu Papa rasik fó ba nia. Nune’e nia reza  iha laran ba Jesus atu Jesus rasik bele fó nafatin kbi’it no aten brani ba sarani sira ne’ebé ema kastigu no fó terus.

Maibé derepente, nia rona ema bolu nia naran, dehan; “Hei Tarciso, ó atu ba ne’ebé dadersan lós hanesan ne’e? Ó atu ba ne’ebé mak ó lao lalasi lós hanesan ne’e? Afinal ema ne’ebé koalia dadauk ne’e nia kolega eskola ida. Hafoin nia kolega sira seluk mós mosu tan mai hakbesik nia. Sira dada Tarcisio nia kabas, hafoin dehan; ami hare dadersan ida ne’e laos hanesan baibain. Iha buat ruma ka? Ó subar saida iha ó nia hena laran ne’ebá? Nune’e, nia kolega seluk dada hena ne’ebé Tarcisio hatais, hafoin dehan ba nia maluk sira; dala ruma nia lori buat ruma husi ema sarani sira. Hafoin sira hakilar hodi dehan ba Tarcisio diak liu fó mai ami buat ne’ebé o lori, ou ami hanorin ó agora. Maibé Tarcisio la fó Santissimo ba sira, nia liman rua ne’e hakoak Santissimo metin liu tan. Tarcisio lakohi Jesus Cristo nia futar isin Santo monu ba ema a’at fiar la iha sira ne’e nia liman. Haré ba Tarcisio nia hahalok ne’e, nia kolega sira sai hirus liu tan, nune’e sira balu tuda nia ho fatuk, balu tebe, no balu baku. Maske nune’e, Tarcisio la husik Santissimo, nia hakuak metin nafatin.

Nune’e nia kolega sira hirus makas liu tan, sira halo nia a’at liu tan. Sira ne’e ida lori ai baku iha Tarcisio nia ulun, nia monu kedas ba rai ho ran suli. Iha tempo ne’e, sira rona lian ida hakilar, dehan;” Imi hadau malu saida mak ne’e? Soldadu ida mosu mai. Nune’e sira ne’ebé baku Tarcisio hakfodak hodi halai namkari tiha. Hela Tarcisio deit mak latan hela iha dalan ho ran suli lós. Nia hader la diak. Soldadu ne’e hakbesik ba Tarcisio. Wainhira Tarcisio hateke ba soldadu ne’e nia oin, nia hamnasa, tanba nia konese soldadu ne’e. Soldadu ne’e mós ema sarani ida. Nune’e Tarcisio intrega Santissimo atu lori Santissimo ba maluk sarani sira ne’ebé iha kadeia. Nune’e nia tara aibalun oan ne’e iha nia kakorok rasik no lori mós Tarcisio ba iha ema sarani sira ne’ebé hela besik nia uma. Hafoin soldadu ne’e lori santissimo ho subar ba fo comunhão ba ema sarani sira ne’ebé  kastigu iha kadeia. La kleur Tarcisio Mate, tanba nia kanek sira todan liu. Ema sarani sira lori Tarcisio nia isin ba hakoi iha Katakombes ida naran Kalixtu, iha dalan Appia, besik Amu Papa sira nia rate. São Tarcisio Acólitu ida ne’ebe entraga nia moris tomak ba deit Santissima Eucaristia/Missa. Tan ne’e Igreja hili nia nu’udar Acolitu sira nia Padroeiro. (São Tarcisio nia festa halo Tinan-tinan, iha dia 15 de Agosto).

“SERVI ATU MAROMAK NIA GLORIA BOOT LIU TAN” (Acolbed)

== Ligasaun ba li'ur ==
{{Commons|Category:Tarcisius|São Tarcisio}}

== Referensia ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategoria:Kristianizmu|Tarcisio]]
[[Kategoria:Mane]]</text>
      <sha1>mbzpnthms13663fhedg8zx5v5oqnlig</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Stille Nacht</title>
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        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
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      <text bytes="6310" sha1="qhsbfvvdvwkxvlqd5u6nmnshwky0wec" xml:space="preserve">[[Imajen:Chapel2.jpg|miniaturadaimagem|Die Stille-Nacht-kapela iha Oberndorf]]

'''''&quot;Stille Nacht&quot;''''', traduzida ba [[Lia-tetun]] nu'udar &quot;Kalan nonook&quot;, nu'udar canções natalinas populár liu hotu. Ne'e hakerek husi padre Joseph Mohr no kompozisaun ne'e hala'o husi Franz Xaver Gruber iha 1818, iha aldeia [[Oberndorf (Salzburgo)|Oberndorf]], [[Áustria]], no'o kastigu mate ba dahuluk iha tinan ne'ebá Kokoreek nian Misa iha paróquia São Nicolau. Ho ne'e tenke iha, pelumenus, 45 lian ne'e. Ne'e konsidera hanesan Patrimônio Kulturál Imateriál, ida ne'ebé [[UNESCO]] iha tinan 2011.

Ba múzika ne ' e gravada husi incontável númeru ona kantór seluk ne ' e, gêneros hotu múzika ne ' e. Versaun cantada tanba Bing Crosby aparece iha pozisaun entre singles fa liu tempu hotu-hotu, ho besik usd 30 milloens kópia comercializadas iha mundu tomak.

Peter Husty aturizasaun reprezentante hosi espozisaun ne'e, &quot;Silent Night 200-The Story. The Message. The Present&quot; (Kalan Ksolok-200 Istória ne'e. Mensajen Ne'E. &quot;Ida ne'e, iha tradusaun livre), iha Muzeu de [[Salzburgo]], &quot;Stille Nacht&quot; transcende relijiaun. &quot;Nia konta historia do nascimento de [[Jesus Cristo]]. Ida neʼe, cântico relijiozu iha tempu ne'e importante ba pás iha mundu.&quot;

== Istória ==
[[Imajen:Franz Xaver Gruber (1787-1863).jpg|miniaturadaimagem|superiordireito|Austríaco Franz Xaver Gruber ne ' e, ne ' ebé compôs ba canção.]]

Iha istória canção sei laiha kontroversu, ne'e. Bele hatene katak, iha vila de Oberndorf, padre Joseph Mohr sai laʼo iha sira-nia belun músico Franz Xaver Gruber transformasse ne'e iha ida ne'ebé nia poema melodia iha nanis ona, atu nune ʼ e tocada iha misa Natal ne ' ebé bele akontese liu tiha oras ne'e. Fonte balun dehan katak, iha neʼebá atu harii Mohr letra tinan rua nia laran molok, 1816; sira dehan katak padre hakerek-iha dalan to'o Gruber, tanba ne'e, iha lia-loos, laʼo Mohr músico nian, maibé tuir instrumentu ida atu sai tocado iha Misa ba Kokoreek tinan 1818, ne'ebé órgaun sira-nia sei hetan foles roídos sira paróquia tanba ratos. Iha versaun ne'e, nia sei kontinua Mohr ha nia hanoin ho instrumentu ida ne'ebé falta no iha n ' ebe ninia letra iha humilde Natál de Jesus iha Bá Belein.

Atu hetan orijinalmente kompostu canção ba violão no flauta. Arranju ida kanta ne ' e tanba Mohr 1820 n'ebe mosu iha ne'e. Akordu foun tanba Gruber mai molok ninian mate (1863) ne'e. Iha primeiru 1845 hamós ba orquestra aparece no iha arranju foun ida ba 1855 órgaun karik haree. Iha 1900, múzika ne ' e mundu liman tiha ona.

Igreja São Nicolau la iha tan. Ne'e hahú husi demolida iha sék. XX ba hasoru ho alagamentos tempo ne'e, no besik mota [[Salzach]]. Iha nia fatin, ne ' ebé harii iha ultimo 1920-1930 tanba ida ne ʼ e, iha fatin aas liu metru 800 ne'ebé tuan, Capela memoriál Kalan Silenciosa (Stille-Nacht-Gedächtniskapelle), ne'e, maibe simu deit ema nain 20 ne'e, nia simu iha tinan nia rohan ida besik rihun 7 peregrinos ba misa natál, no seluk tan kuaze turista hamutuk rihun 2.

== Letra ==
[[Imajen:„Holder Knab’ im lockigten Haar“. Hochaltar Mariapfarr um 1500.jpg|miniaturadaimagem|Dezeñu ida-ne'e hetan inspirasaun ida ba Mohr.]]
[[Imajen:Gruber - Schumann-Heink - Stille Nacht.ogg|miniaturadaimagem|almaun]]
[[Imajen:Silent Night (choral).ogg|miniaturadaimagem|Ingles]]
{|
!Letra Original (Alemaun)&lt;ref&gt;''[[Evangelisches Gesangbuch]]'', hymn [https://www.evangeliums.net/lieder/liederbuch_evangelisches_gesangbuch.html no. 46]; ''[[Gotteslob]]'', hymn [http://gotteslob.katholisch.de/?name=Stille+Nacht&amp;sbid=&amp;thema=&amp;sortdir=ASC no. 249] (was 145)&lt;/ref&gt;
!Letra em Inglês&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.hymnsite.com/lyrics/umh239.sht &quot;Silent Night, Holy Night&quot;], ''[[The United Methodist Hymnal]]'', number 239, translated by John F. Young (stanzas 1–3) and anon. (stanza 4), hymnsite.com&lt;/ref&gt;
!1ª versão em Port. - Pedro Sinzig, c. 1912
!2ª versão em Port. - Anônimo
|-
|&lt;poem&gt;Stille Nacht, heilige Nacht,
Alles schläft; einsam wacht
Nur das traute hochheilige Paar.
Holder Knabe im lockigen Haar,
Schlaf in himmlischer Ruh!
Schlaf in himmlischer Ruh!

Stille Nacht, heilige Nacht,
Hirten erst kundgemacht
Durch der Engel Halleluja,
Tönt es laut von fern und nah:
Christ, der Retter ist da!
Christ, der Retter ist da!Stille Nacht, heilige Nacht,
Gottes Sohn, o wie lacht
Lieb' aus deinem göttlichen Mund,
Da uns schlägt die rettende Stund'.
Christ, in deiner Geburt!
Christ, in deiner Geburt!&lt;/poem&gt;
|style=&quot;padding-left:2em;&quot;|&lt;poem&gt;Silent night, holy night,
All is calm, all is bright
Round yon virgin mother and child.
Holy infant, so tender and mild,
Sleep in heavenly peace,
Sleep in heavenly peace.

Silent night, holy night,
Shepherds quake at the sight;
Glories stream from heaven afar,
Heavenly hosts sing Alleluia!
Christ the Savior is born,
Christ the Savior is born!

Silent night, holy night,
Son of God, love's pure light;
Radiant beams from thy holy face
With the dawn of redeeming grace,
Jesus, Lord, at thy birth,
Jesus, Lord, at thy birth.}}&lt;/poem&gt;
|style=&quot;padding-left:2em;&quot;|&lt;poem&gt;Noite feliz! Noite feliz!
o Senhor, Deus de amor,
pobrezinho nasceu em Belém.
Eis, na lapa, Jesus, nosso bem!
Dorme em paz, ó Jesus!
Dorme em paz, ó Jesus!

Noite feliz! Noite feliz!
Oh! Jesus, Deus da luz,
quão afável é teu coração
que quiseste nascer nosso irmão
e a nós todos salvar!
e a nós todos salvar!
Noite feliz! Noite feliz!
Eis que, no ar, vêm cantar
aos pastores os anjos dos céus,
anunciando a chegada de Deus,
de Jesus Salvador!
de Jesus Salvador!}}&lt;/poem&gt;
|style=&quot;padding-left:2em;&quot;|&lt;poem&gt;Noite de paz! Noite de amor!
Tudo dorme em derredor.
Entre os astros que espargem a luz,
proclamando o menino Jesus,
brilha a estrela da paz!
brilha a estrela da paz!

Noite de paz! Noite de amor!
Nas campinas ao pastor
lindos anjos, mandados por Deus,
anunciam as novas dos céus:
Nasce o bom Salvador!
Nasce o bom Salvador!
Noite de paz! Noite de amor!
Oh! que belo resplendor
ilumina o Menino Jesus!
No presépio do mundo eis a luz,
sol de eterno fulgor!
sol de eterno fulgor!&lt;/poem&gt;
|}

== Ligasaun ba li'ur ==
[[Imajen:Stille nacht.jpg|miniaturadaimagem|Stille Nacht (1860)]]
{{Commons|Category:Stille Nacht|Stille Nacht}}

== Referensia ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategoria:Múzika]]
[[Kategoria:Kristianizmu]]</text>
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        <id>73</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>/* Referensia */</comment>
      <origin>74300</origin>
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      <text bytes="6304" sha1="5zvpcv2lu7z9q5lpsd7i9qqdquheibt" xml:space="preserve">[[Imajen:Chapel2.jpg|miniaturadaimagem|Die Stille-Nacht-kapela iha Oberndorf]]

'''''&quot;Stille Nacht&quot;''''', traduzida ba [[Lia-tetun]] nu'udar &quot;Kalan nonook&quot;, nu'udar canções natalinas populár liu hotu. Ne'e hakerek husi padre Joseph Mohr no kompozisaun ne'e hala'o husi Franz Xaver Gruber iha 1818, iha aldeia [[Oberndorf (Salzburgo)|Oberndorf]], [[Áustria]], no'o kastigu mate ba dahuluk iha tinan ne'ebá Kokoreek nian Misa iha paróquia São Nicolau. Ho ne'e tenke iha, pelumenus, 45 lian ne'e. Ne'e konsidera hanesan Patrimônio Kulturál Imateriál, ida ne'ebé [[UNESCO]] iha tinan 2011.

Ba múzika ne ' e gravada husi incontável númeru ona kantór seluk ne ' e, gêneros hotu múzika ne ' e. Versaun cantada tanba Bing Crosby aparece iha pozisaun entre singles fa liu tempu hotu-hotu, ho besik usd 30 milloens kópia comercializadas iha mundu tomak.

Peter Husty aturizasaun reprezentante hosi espozisaun ne'e, &quot;Silent Night 200-The Story. The Message. The Present&quot; (Kalan Ksolok-200 Istória ne'e. Mensajen Ne'E. &quot;Ida ne'e, iha tradusaun livre), iha Muzeu de [[Salzburgo]], &quot;Stille Nacht&quot; transcende relijiaun. &quot;Nia konta historia do nascimento de [[Jesus Cristo]]. Ida neʼe, cântico relijiozu iha tempu ne'e importante ba pás iha mundu.&quot;

== Istória ==
[[Imajen:Franz Xaver Gruber (1787-1863).jpg|miniaturadaimagem|superiordireito|Austríaco Franz Xaver Gruber ne ' e, ne ' ebé compôs ba canção.]]

Iha istória canção sei laiha kontroversu, ne'e. Bele hatene katak, iha vila de Oberndorf, padre Joseph Mohr sai laʼo iha sira-nia belun músico Franz Xaver Gruber transformasse ne'e iha ida ne'ebé nia poema melodia iha nanis ona, atu nune ʼ e tocada iha misa Natal ne ' ebé bele akontese liu tiha oras ne'e. Fonte balun dehan katak, iha neʼebá atu harii Mohr letra tinan rua nia laran molok, 1816; sira dehan katak padre hakerek-iha dalan to'o Gruber, tanba ne'e, iha lia-loos, laʼo Mohr músico nian, maibé tuir instrumentu ida atu sai tocado iha Misa ba Kokoreek tinan 1818, ne'ebé órgaun sira-nia sei hetan foles roídos sira paróquia tanba ratos. Iha versaun ne'e, nia sei kontinua Mohr ha nia hanoin ho instrumentu ida ne'ebé falta no iha n ' ebe ninia letra iha humilde Natál de Jesus iha Bá Belein.

Atu hetan orijinalmente kompostu canção ba violão no flauta. Arranju ida kanta ne ' e tanba Mohr 1820 n'ebe mosu iha ne'e. Akordu foun tanba Gruber mai molok ninian mate (1863) ne'e. Iha primeiru 1845 hamós ba orquestra aparece no iha arranju foun ida ba 1855 órgaun karik haree. Iha 1900, múzika ne ' e mundu liman tiha ona.

Igreja São Nicolau la iha tan. Ne'e hahú husi demolida iha sék. XX ba hasoru ho alagamentos tempo ne'e, no besik mota [[Salzach]]. Iha nia fatin, ne ' ebé harii iha ultimo 1920-1930 tanba ida ne ʼ e, iha fatin aas liu metru 800 ne'ebé tuan, Capela memoriál Kalan Silenciosa (Stille-Nacht-Gedächtniskapelle), ne'e, maibe simu deit ema nain 20 ne'e, nia simu iha tinan nia rohan ida besik rihun 7 peregrinos ba misa natál, no seluk tan kuaze turista hamutuk rihun 2.

== Letra ==
[[Imajen:„Holder Knab’ im lockigten Haar“. Hochaltar Mariapfarr um 1500.jpg|miniaturadaimagem|Dezeñu ida-ne'e hetan inspirasaun ida ba Mohr.]]
[[Imajen:Gruber - Schumann-Heink - Stille Nacht.ogg|miniaturadaimagem|almaun]]
[[Imajen:Silent Night (choral).ogg|miniaturadaimagem|Ingles]]
{|
!Letra Original (Alemaun)&lt;ref&gt;''[[Evangelisches Gesangbuch]]'', hymn [https://www.evangeliums.net/lieder/liederbuch_evangelisches_gesangbuch.html no. 46]; ''[[Gotteslob]]'', hymn [http://gotteslob.katholisch.de/?name=Stille+Nacht&amp;sbid=&amp;thema=&amp;sortdir=ASC no. 249] (was 145)&lt;/ref&gt;
!Letra em Inglês&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.hymnsite.com/lyrics/umh239.sht &quot;Silent Night, Holy Night&quot;], ''[[The United Methodist Hymnal]]'', number 239, translated by John F. Young (stanzas 1–3) and anon. (stanza 4), hymnsite.com&lt;/ref&gt;
!1ª versão em Port. - Pedro Sinzig, c. 1912
!2ª versão em Port. - Anônimo
|-
|&lt;poem&gt;Stille Nacht, heilige Nacht,
Alles schläft; einsam wacht
Nur das traute hochheilige Paar.
Holder Knabe im lockigen Haar,
Schlaf in himmlischer Ruh!
Schlaf in himmlischer Ruh!

Stille Nacht, heilige Nacht,
Hirten erst kundgemacht
Durch der Engel Halleluja,
Tönt es laut von fern und nah:
Christ, der Retter ist da!
Christ, der Retter ist da!Stille Nacht, heilige Nacht,
Gottes Sohn, o wie lacht
Lieb' aus deinem göttlichen Mund,
Da uns schlägt die rettende Stund'.
Christ, in deiner Geburt!
Christ, in deiner Geburt!&lt;/poem&gt;
|style=&quot;padding-left:2em;&quot;|&lt;poem&gt;Silent night, holy night,
All is calm, all is bright
Round yon virgin mother and child.
Holy infant, so tender and mild,
Sleep in heavenly peace,
Sleep in heavenly peace.

Silent night, holy night,
Shepherds quake at the sight;
Glories stream from heaven afar,
Heavenly hosts sing Alleluia!
Christ the Savior is born,
Christ the Savior is born!

Silent night, holy night,
Son of God, love's pure light;
Radiant beams from thy holy face
With the dawn of redeeming grace,
Jesus, Lord, at thy birth,
Jesus, Lord, at thy birth.}}&lt;/poem&gt;
|style=&quot;padding-left:2em;&quot;|&lt;poem&gt;Noite feliz! Noite feliz!
o Senhor, Deus de amor,
pobrezinho nasceu em Belém.
Eis, na lapa, Jesus, nosso bem!
Dorme em paz, ó Jesus!
Dorme em paz, ó Jesus!

Noite feliz! Noite feliz!
Oh! Jesus, Deus da luz,
quão afável é teu coração
que quiseste nascer nosso irmão
e a nós todos salvar!
e a nós todos salvar!
Noite feliz! Noite feliz!
Eis que, no ar, vêm cantar
aos pastores os anjos dos céus,
anunciando a chegada de Deus,
de Jesus Salvador!
de Jesus Salvador!}}&lt;/poem&gt;
|style=&quot;padding-left:2em;&quot;|&lt;poem&gt;Noite de paz! Noite de amor!
Tudo dorme em derredor.
Entre os astros que espargem a luz,
proclamando o menino Jesus,
brilha a estrela da paz!
brilha a estrela da paz!

Noite de paz! Noite de amor!
Nas campinas ao pastor
lindos anjos, mandados por Deus,
anunciam as novas dos céus:
Nasce o bom Salvador!
Nasce o bom Salvador!
Noite de paz! Noite de amor!
Oh! que belo resplendor
ilumina o Menino Jesus!
No presépio do mundo eis a luz,
sol de eterno fulgor!
sol de eterno fulgor!&lt;/poem&gt;
|}

== Ligasaun ba li'ur ==
[[Imajen:Stille nacht.jpg|miniaturadaimagem|Stille Nacht (1860)]]
{{Commons|Category:Stille Nacht|Stille Nacht}}

== Referensia ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategoria:Múzika]]
[[Kategoria:Natál]]</text>
      <sha1>5zvpcv2lu7z9q5lpsd7i9qqdquheibt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nova Zelándia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>6676</id>
    <revision>
      <id>74235</id>
      <parentid>68538</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T16:21:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>74235</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="124" sha1="8u8x9rhlqqrcemqytx5r1vfrb07j2nn" xml:space="preserve">'''Nova Zelándia''' mak rai ida iha Oséania.

[[Imajen:Flag of New Zealand.svg|125px]]

{{Oséania}}
[[Category:Oseánia]]</text>
      <sha1>8u8x9rhlqqrcemqytx5r1vfrb07j2nn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kategoria:Kímika</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>6801</id>
    <revision>
      <id>74309</id>
      <parentid>67255</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T20:11:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>74309</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22" sha1="5ky9rbqemk3cs48zfnirk9jmap5mo9n" xml:space="preserve">[[Kategoria:Siénsia]]</text>
      <sha1>5ky9rbqemk3cs48zfnirk9jmap5mo9n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kilómetru kuadradu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>6805</id>
    <revision>
      <id>74277</id>
      <parentid>67295</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T18:40:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Página substituída por &quot;'''Kilómetru kuadradu''' maka área kuadradu ida ho sorin kilómetru 1. Kilómetru kuadradu ida kompostu hosi ektare 100. Símbolu unidade ba kilómetru kuadradu maka km². Tanba ne'e: 1 km² = 1,000,000 m²  [[Kategoria:Siénsia]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>74277</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="232" sha1="id1k1uoiffbjejhqmfhp6hmh6ikhu26" xml:space="preserve">'''Kilómetru kuadradu''' maka área kuadradu ida ho sorin kilómetru 1. Kilómetru kuadradu ida kompostu hosi ektare 100. Símbolu unidade ba kilómetru kuadradu maka km². Tanba ne'e: 1 km² = 1,000,000 m²

[[Kategoria:Siénsia]]</text>
      <sha1>id1k1uoiffbjejhqmfhp6hmh6ikhu26</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kategoria:Jeografia Finlándia</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>6816</id>
    <revision>
      <id>74224</id>
      <parentid>67351</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T16:14:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>74224</origin>
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      <text bytes="70" sha1="9hx7zthnxeqwaefzv7baidsynnknsi3" xml:space="preserve">[[Kategoria:Finlándia]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kategoria:Jeografia Finlandia}}</text>
      <sha1>9hx7zthnxeqwaefzv7baidsynnknsi3</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Diskusaun:São Tarcisio</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>6884</id>
    <revision>
      <id>74289</id>
      <parentid>67856</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T19:07:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>J. Patrick Fischer moveu [[Diskusaun:Historia Sao Tarcisio]] para [[Diskusaun:São Tarcisio]]: Not only history</comment>
      <origin>67856</origin>
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      <text bytes="131" sha1="bpdu6d4l2m3cl5ldg5vuvc71kiz09zl" xml:space="preserve">== SAO TARCISIO ==

SERVI SANTA MISA [[Espesiál:Kontribuisaun/43.254.59.126|43.254.59.126]] 02h37min de 15 de Agostu de 2023 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>EXISTÊNCIA ESCUTISMO CATÓLICO IHA TIMOR-LESTE</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>7032</id>
    <revision>
      <id>74276</id>
      <parentid>69270</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T18:35:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>74276</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="23707" sha1="2b6o5ltzahy2n0jhwzw0ux32kvyrp1n" xml:space="preserve">== '''CORPO DE ECUTEIROS CATÓLICOS DE TIMOR-LESTE (C.E.C-TL)''' ==
[[Imajen:Logo Nacional.png|alt=|miniaturadaimagem|''Logotipo do Corpo de Ecuteiros Católicos de Timor-Leste''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Santo Padroeira
!São Jorge
|-
|Tinan Funda
|1971
|-
|Relijiaun
|[[:pt:Igreja_Católica|Katolika]]&lt;ref&gt;A '''Igreja Católica''', também denominada '''Igreja Católica Romana''' ou ainda '''Igreja Católica Apostólica Romana''', é a maior igreja cristã do mundo, que em 2020 tinha aproximadamente 1,36 bilhão &lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt; de seguidores batizados. Como a maior e mais antiga instituição internacional do mundo em funcionamento contínuo, ela desempenhou um papel proeminente na história e no desenvolvimento da civilização ocidental. A Igreja é chefiada pelo bispo de Roma, conhecido como Papa. Sua administração central é a Santa Sé.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Nasaun
|[[Timór Lorosa'e|Timor-Leste]]
|}


CEC-TL nu’undar movimentu Escutismo igreja Católico nian ne’ebé ho nia misaun lori labarik ka joven ida atu responsabilidade ne’ebé nia simu nu’undar sarani ida. “''katak atu lori nia sai sarani diak.”''

Animasaun fé sai nu’undar karakteristika husi CEC-TL nian, atu hala’o liu husi Jogos Escutismo, hamoris husi naroman [[Jesus Cristo]] no Nia Evanjellu sira, hodi buka kontribui ba formasaun humana no Kristaun ba nia membru sira liu husi testemuña/sai sasin iha moris lor-loron.

'''Objetivu husi Edukasaun Escutismo nian mak :'''

* Desenvolve karakter

* Forma ema atu halo eskolla  nia vida ho responsabilidade hodi lori nia atu assume nia moris to’o konsekuensia tomak.

* Haburas kreatividade

* Aprende atu produz  buat ne’ebé nia hatene, hodi hasoru buat ne’ebé estraga ou buat sira ne’ebé lori ba goza deit.
* Desenvolve nia sentmento ba ema seluk
*  Respeita ema seluk, aprende moris iha komunidade no iha Demokrasia
* Halo isin di’ak ho atividades fisikus
* Haki’ak responsabilidade ba nia isin no buka hase’es-an ba buat ne’ebé halo a’at ba isin.
* Hametin no haburas fiar iha Maromak. Hare’e prezensa Maromak nia iha natureza no iha historia moris ida-idak nian.


== '''EXISTÊNCIA ESCUTISMO CATÓLICO IHA TIMOR-LESTE''' ==
Bainhira padre Leão da Costa, padre Victor Vieira no padre Domingos da Cunha hahu Escutismo Católico iha Oecussi, Escutismo rasik ezisti ona iha Timor Português ho sede iha Escola Chinesa de Díli. 

Escutismo buka atu eduka joven sira liu husi ida-idak nia responsabilidade iha grupu lara

– Patrulha – no mos liu husi kontaktu ho Natureza, ne’ebe nia bele halo bainhira partisipa iha aktividade ar livre sira. 

Haktuir B.P. nia liafuan, “''objectivu husi escutismo mak atu kria sidadaun sira, tantu feto ka mane, ne’ebe saudável, felis, no útil, atu hakotu egoismu - pessoal, politiku, partidariu no nacional – hodi troka fali buat hirak ne’e ho espiritu ne’ebe nakloke ba sakrifisiu no servi ba ema hotu nia diak (bem komun), hodi nune’e dezenvolve kooperasaun no komprensaun ba malu, tantu iha rai laran no mos iha rai liur''&quot;. 

Iha tinan 1971, depois de hare katak Escutismo mak metodu diak ida ba edukasaun joven sira nian, no mos hare ba Associacao Escutista Chinesa la professa ba fiar ruma, D. José Joaquim Ribeiro, hanesan Bispo Díli nian, hanoin katak diak liu funda no implementa iha Timor Português laran - o Corpo Nacional de Escutas - Escutismo Católico Português. 

Hare'e ba estagiário Domingos da Cunha nia kualidade rasik, iha 1970, D. José hasai nia husi Pré-Seminário de S. Francisco Xavier, iha Dare, fatin ne’ebe nia hanorin seminaristas sira, no haruka nia ba [[:pt:Oe-Cusse_Ambeno|Oecusse]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;Região Administrativa Especial de '''Oe-Cusse Ambeno''', também conhecida por ''Oecussi-Ambeno'', ''Ocussi-Ambeno'', ''Oecússi-Ambeno'' ou simplesmente ''Oecusse'' ou ''Ocussi'', ''Oecússi'' ou ''Ambeno'' (em tétum ''Oe-Kusi Ambenu'') é um região administrativa especial de Timor-Leste, localizado na costa norte da metade ocidental da ilha de Timor, constituindo um exclave de Timor-Leste, uma vez que está separado do resto do país pela província indonésia de Timor Oeste, que rodeia o pequeno enclave por todas as direcções, excepto a norte, onde é banhado pelo Mar de Savu.

Oe-Cusse Ambeno é uma palavra composta com os nomes dos dois reinos originais que formam a actual região administrativa especial.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; hodi hamutuk ho padre Leão da Costa no padre Victor Vieira hodi hari'i no implementa Corpo Nacional de Escutas - Escutismo Católico Português – iha fatin ne’ebe mak simu uluk [[:pt:Cristianismo|cristianismo]]&lt;ref&gt;'''Cristianismo''' (do grego Xριστός, &quot;Christós&quot;, messias, ungido, do heb. משיח &quot;Mashiach&quot;) é uma religião monoteísta abraâmica baseada na vida e nos ensinamentos de Jesus de Nazaré. É a maior e mais difundida religião do mundo, com cerca de 2,4 bilhões* de seguidores, representando um terço da população global. Estima-se que seus adeptos, conhecidos como cristãos, constituem a maioria da população em 157 países e territórios. A maioria dos cristãos acredita que Jesus é o Filho de Deus, cuja vinda como o Messias foi profetizada na Bíblia hebraica (chamada de Antigo Testamento no cristianismo) e registrada no Novo Testamento.&lt;/ref&gt; husi missionários portugueses sira nia liman. 
Hodi uza ninia esperiensia rasik iha [[:pt:Portugal|Portugal]]&lt;ref&gt;'''Portugal''', oficialmente '''República Portuguesa''', é um país soberano unitário localizado no sudoeste da Europa, cujo território se situa na zona ocidental da Península Ibérica e em arquipélagos no Atlântico Norte. O território português tem uma área total de 92 090 km², sendo delimitado a norte e leste por Espanha e a sul e oeste pelo oceano Atlântico, compreendendo uma parte continental e duas regiões autónomas: os arquipélagos dos Açores e da Madeira. Portugal é a nação mais a ocidente do continente europeu. O nome do país provém da sua segunda maior cidade, Porto, cujo nome latino-celta era ''Portus Cale''.&lt;/ref&gt; no mos buat ne’e nia le iha livru barak kona ba edukasaun joven sira nian, padre Domingos da Cunha hamutuk ho padre Leão no padre Victor, neneik no ho kuidadu dezenvolve ideia [[EXISTÊNCIA ESCUTISMO CATÓLICO IHA TIMOR-LESTE|Escutismo]]&lt;ref&gt;CEC-TL nu’undar movimentu Escutismo igreja Católico nian ne’ebé ho nia misaun lori labarik ka joven ida atu responsabilidade ne’ebé nia simu nu’undar sarani ida. “''katak atu lori nia sai sarani diak.”''

Animasaun fé sai nu’undar karakteristika husi CEC-TL nian, atu hala’o liu husi Jogos Escutismo, hamoris husi naroman Jesus Cristo no Nia Evanjellu sira, hodi buka kontribui ba formasaun humana no Kristaun ba nia membru sira liu husi testemuña/sai sasin iha moris lor-loron.&lt;/ref&gt; nian iha joven Oecusse sira durante tinan 1970-1971. 

Depois de preparasaun maka’as durante fulan 10, sira husu ba [[:pt:Corpo_Nacional_de_Escutas_-_Escutismo_Católico_Português|CNE – Corpo Nacional de Escutas]] &lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;O '''Corpo Nacional de Escutas - Escutismo Católico Português''' ('''CNE''') MHIH • MHM • MHIP é a maior organização escutista de Portugal. Foi fundado em 1923, como '''Corpo de ''Scouts'' Católicos Portugueses''', passando a '''Corpo Nacional de ''Scouts''''' ('''CNS''') em 1925 e adquirindo a denominação atual em 1937.

Constitui uma associação de educação não-formal cuja finalidade é a formação integral de crianças e jovens de ambos os géneros tornando-os em cidadãos ativos, sempre com o apoio de voluntários e à luz do Evangelho de Jesus Cristo e segundo a doutrina da Igreja Católica Romana que a associação professa, assume e difunde.&lt;/ref&gt;– atu grupu ki'ik ida ne’e agrega ba CNE rasik. Sira hetan aprovasaun kedas no sai hanesan agrupamentu ne’ebe inskritu hanesan Agrupamento 333, ne’ebe nia sede iha Missão de Oecussi. Iha fulan Junho tinan 1971, grupu ba dahuluk kompostu husi escuteiro nain 20 halao sira nia promessa ho presença padre Leão da Costa no padre Victor Vieira, Administrador do Concelho de Oecusse, Comandante da Companhia de Oecussi no comunidade barak nia oin. Tamba Governador do Bispado de Dili, Rev. Pe. Leoneto Vieira do Rego, transfere tiha Pe. Domingos da Cunha ba fali Missão de Ossu, entaun la konsege hari’i '''Alcateia''' – kompostu husi Lobitos sira – no '''Comunidade''' –ne’ebe mak kompostu husi Pioneiros sira; 

Iha tinan 1972 Pe. Júlio Aço hahu funda iha parikia Motael, agrupamentu ida ne’ebe dezenvolve diak tebes iha padre Pe. João de Brito nia tempu. Tantu Agrupamento Oecussi nian no mos agrupamentu Motael ninian abandonadu durante tempu invasaun no okupasaun imperialista Indonesia ninian. 

Hahú &amp; hosi Lifau, habelar liutan iha territóriu Timor laran tomak!
Hahú iha Lifau, Oecusse iha tinan 1971 ho Bibi-Atan nain tolu: Padre Victor Vieira, Padre Leão da Costa ho Padre Domingos Morato da Cunha (iha tempu neba sei Díacono - Dc). Iha Abril hafoin festa Páscoa, Padre nain tolu hari’i núcleo ida iha escola Padiae, estasaun ida hosi Paróquia Oecusse nian. 

Primeiro Núcléo hahú ho seksaun ha’at: '''Lobitos, Exploradores, Pioneiros no Caminheiros'''. Total escuteiros liu ema nain 30, ho ninian Chefe mak Sr. Ambrosio Bano (Matebian – Sr. Arsenio Bano nia Pai). Dc. Domingos Morato da Cunha fila mai Dili iha fulan Junho hodi simu ordenasaun Nailulik nian iha Outubro 1971. Padre Leão da Costa mos husik Oecusse hodi kontinua estuda iha Roma iha Setembro 1971-974. 

Iha Oecusse grupo ne’e buras mai to’o iha vila no aumenta ho número barak no forma Agrupamento iha Lifau. Hosi nebá mosu agrupamento '''númeru 333''' hodi halao ninia promesa dahuluk iha 1971. Agrupamento nú 333 pertense ba [[:pt:Corpo_Nacional_de_Escutas_-_Escutismo_Católico_Português|Corpo Nacional dos Escuteiros (CNE) Português]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; númeru ne’e haruka direta hosi Junta Central Lisboa, Portugal. 

Escutismo tama iha paróquia Sto. António de Motael iha tinan 1972 maski lao lalais deit to’o funu tama iha Timor. Liafuan D. José Joaquim Ribeiro: “Ter o movimento escuteiro para os jovens com espírito católico”!

==== '''1&lt;sup&gt;a&lt;/sup&gt; Fase : TEMPO OCUPACÃO INDONÉSIA ANOS 70-80''' ====
'''1976:''' Wainhira Padre Leão da Costa fila husi Roma iha Dezembro 1974, situasaun la’o la hakmatek ona, Padre Leão simu kna’ar nu’udar Director Escola Externato de São José, Lahane (agora ICR). Tuir mai fatin ne’e muda mai Balide no kontinua to’o 1992 (atual Seminário Balide). 

kna’ar, Indonesia invade ona Timor, Padre Leão hamutuk ho Padre Cunha hari’i kedas grupo movimento escuteiro nebé nia baze iha escola Externato de São José hodi hili naran '''Equipe Maranathá''' ho nia membro sira ma’ak hanesan Madalena Carlos Pereira, Manuel S. Abrantes, Manuela Martins, Maria José Sanches, Eurico Abrantes, Filomena Snaches, Filomeno da Conceição Dias, Tomás Ribeiro, Maria Fátima Soares, Francisco Ribeiro, Julieta Soares, Manuela dos Santos, Maria José Sanches, João Pereira, nst; Ikus mai Equipa Maranathá nakfilak ba Agrupamento Maranathá hodi hala’o ninia promessa investidura dahuluk ba aspirantes hamutuk nain 50 resin, sempre hahú ho seksaun lobitos, exploradores, no caminheiros iha 28 Dezembro 1977. Liafuan murak hosi Escuteira Julieta (Mana Eta) mak ho orientasaun Padre Cunha ho Padre Leão nian iha Escutismo halo ''ami hamutuk, unidos, no unidade nebé forte entre ami''. 


Hosi nebá Escutismo naburas nafatin iha Escola Externato de São José ho estudante nu’udar meio ida atu kompleta formasaun formal mak hetan iha escola hodi dezenvolve diak liu foinsa’e sira nia abilidade, no talento. Durante okupasaun, governasaun Indonésia tenta halakon influénsia Portugal nian iha Timor-Leste, hodi ikus mai, tenke muda CNE ba Corpo Escuteiros Católicos (CEC) to’o tinan 2001.

Equipa dinamizadora simu instrucão hosi Padre Leão ho Padre Cunha tanba hetan apoio hosi Bispo, D. José Joaquim Ribeiro ne’ebé hateten “Presiza educacão ba Joven sira n’eebé iha saúde, creativo, cristão no nacionalismo&quot;.
[[Imajen:Bispo D. Ximenes Belo fo Promessa Investidura va Membro CEC-TL iha Lecidere entre tinan 1980 e tal.png|alt=Bispo D. Ximenes Belo fo Promessa Investidura va Membro CEC-TL iha Lecidere entre tinan 1980 e tal|miniaturadaimagem|Bispo D. Ximenes Belo fo Promessa Investidura va Membro CEC-TL iha Lecidere entre tinan 1980 e tal]]
Konsidera mos katak kria tiha ona iha [[:pt:Arquidiocese_de_Díli|Diocese de Dili]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;A '''Arquidiocese de Díli''' (''em latim: Archidiœcesis Diliensis'') é uma circunscrição eclesiástica da Igreja Católica situada em Díli. Seu atual arcebispo é Virgílio do Carmo da Silva, S.D.B. Sua Sé é a Catedral da Imaculada Conceição de Díli.

Possui 28 paróquias servidas por 149 padres, contando com 617.898 habitantes, com 94,8% da população jurisdicionada batizada. A Arquidiocese de Díli, tem como sufragâneas as Dioceses de Baucau e Maliana.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; husi predecessor [[:pt:José_Joaquim_Ribeiro|D. José Joaquim Ribeiro]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;'''Dom José Joaquim Ribeiro''' (Degolados, Campo Maior, 4 de fevereiro de 1918 - Évora, 27 de julho de 2002) foi um bispo católico português e um grande defensor intransigente dos timorenses, tanto no período final dos portugueses, quer na invasão cruel de Timor-Leste pelos indonésios em 7 de dezembro de 1975. Esteve perto de dois anos a viver sob à invasão bárbara das Forças Armadas da Indonésia (Bakin) perpetou sobre Timor-Leste.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; iha tinan 1977, Pia Associação ida nebé hanaran Corpo Escuteiros Católicos (CEC), nu’udar baze legal nebé kontinua hosi [[:pt:Martinho_da_Costa_Lopes|Dom Martinho da Costa Lopes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;'''Dom Martinho da Costa Lopes''' (Laleia, concelho de Manatuto, Timor português, 11 de novembro de 1918 — Lisboa, Hospital de Egas Moniz, 27 de fevereiro de 1991) foi um defensor intransigente do povo de Timor-Leste. Na entrevista que ele deu a António Cadavez do ''Diário de Notícias'', em 3 de julho de 1983, respondeu: &quot;[f]oi a minha missão defender este povo pobre, marginalizado e sofredor&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;, Bispo iha altura ne’ebá liu husi Provisão ida hodi nomeia Manuel Soares Abrantes nu’udar Chefe Agrupamento Maranathá no Maria José Sanches nu’udar Secretária Agrupamento Maranathá iha CEC nu’udar Pia Associação ida nebé hamriik iha Igreja nia mahon tamba hare’e ba situasaun polítika ne’ebé la fó fatin atu halibur labarik no jovem sira hanesan movimento escutista. No fó kna’ar ba Padre Cunha nu’udar Assistente Geral CEC husi tinan 1979-1986.
Wainhira iha 1983 -1987 kontinua haburas tan iha paróquias ne’ebé Padre sira iha interesse bá, hanesan, i.e. Padre Mário Belo hahú iha Ermera (Agrupamento São Jorge), Padre Francisco Tavares iha Maliana, Padre Mateus do Rosário Lopes da Cruz iha Ainaro, Padre Domingos Morato da Cunha iha Motael (Emaus) no Padre Rafael dos Santos iha Liquiça (Agrupamento Kadalak). 

Wainhira vizita Padre Papa João  Paulo II nian iha tinan 1989, escuteiros sira kolabora maka’as iha manutenção de ordem no seguransa.

Husi tinan 1988-1994 kna’ar Assistente Geral CEC muda fali ba Padre Mateus do Rosário Lopes da Cruz hodi kontinua tau matan no anima nafatin escuteiros iha kada agrupamento nivel parokial.

==== '''2&lt;sup&gt;a&lt;/sup&gt; Faze: Anos 90 – 99''' ====
Padre Leão da Costa husik escola Externato de São José iha tinan 1991. Situasaun joven sira  nian difisil tebes no mosu difikuldades bo’ot hafoin 12 de Novembro 1991. Situasaun politika iha influência maka’as tebes, maibé escuteiro kontinua halekar nafatin iha paróquias nebé iha ona. 

Iha 1994 mosu despacho ida hosi Bispo [[:pt:Carlos_Filipe_Ximenes_Belo|Dom Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo, SDB]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;'''Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo, S.D.B.''' (Uailacama-Venasse, Baucau, Timor Português, 3 de fevereiro de 1948) é um bispo católico timorense que, em conjunto com José Ramos-Horta, foi agraciado com o Nobel da Paz de 1996, pelo seu trabalho &quot;em prol de uma solução justa e pacífica para o conflito em Timor-Leste&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; atu habelar escutismo to’o iha paróquia hotu iha Timor tomak (Diocese ida deit mak-Dili) hodi hari’i equipa servisu divulgasaun nian hodi habelar escutismo to’o fatin hotu.

Padre Leão da Costa mak chefia equipa ne’e hodi sai Assistente Geral CEC ba equipe dinamizadora ne’e.

Membros sira mak hanesan Sra. M. Fatima Soares, Laura S. Abrantes, Filomena Reis, João Carlos, Manuel de Oliveira, Domingos Sávio, sst Equipa dinamizadora ne’e konsentra iha Agrupamento MARANATHÁ hahú halao servisu iha kada fim da semana.

Iha loron Sábado to’o Domingo, ema nain tolu-tolu eh nain hat sai ba paróquia ida-idak hodi ba loke agrupamento foun iha paroquia sira no hamoris agrupamento sira nebé ma’ak iha ona. Espirito ne’ebé lori iha momento nebá ma’ak '''“TER OS JOVENS NA NOSSA MÃO”''', liafuan murak Saudoso Padre Leão da Costa, aliás '''''Liurai de Sabedoria'''''.

==== '''TEMPO DA INDEPENDÊNCIA''' ====
[[:pt:Diocese_de_Baucau|Diocese Baucau]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;A '''Diocese de Baucau''' é uma diocese timorense, erigida a 30 de novembro de 1996, em pleno período de ocupação indonésia, por desmembramento da Diocese de Díli, criada em 1940 e, à data, única diocese do país.

A Diocese serve uma população de 265.389 habitantes, dos quais 95,4% são católicos (dados de 2002). Um total de 35 padres e 132 religiosos distribuem-se pelas 9 paróquias que constituem a diocese, sedeada na cidade de Baucau, segunda cidade de Timor-Leste, e cobrindo toda a zona leste do país.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; nia movimento Escuteiro hari’i mesak hafoin Diocese hari’i iha tinan 1997. 

Iha Dezembro 2001 diresaun sentral CEC lidera hosi Chefes Agrupamento Maranathá nian  (Chefe Maria Fátima Soares, Chefe Manuel Soares Abrantes, Chefe [[Rui Maria de Araújo (n. Suai, 21 de maio de 1964) é um médico e político timorense. Foi o primeiro-ministro de Timor-Leste de 16 de fevereiro de 2015 a 15 de setembro de 2017.|Rui Maria de Araújo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;'''Rui Maria de Araújo''' (n. Suai, 21 de maio de 1964) é um médico e político timorense. Foi o primeiro-ministro de Timor-Leste de 16 de fevereiro de 2015 a 15 de setembro de 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;, Chefe [[:pt:Benjamim_de_Araújo_e_Côrte-Real|Benjamim Corte e Rea]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;Moris iha [[1961]], no agora Profesór Doutór ona, '''Benjamim de Araújo e Côrte-Real''' halo parte ba jerasaun ne’ebé boot iha [[okupasaun indonézia]] nia laran.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;[[:pt:Benjamim_de_Araújo_e_Côrte-Real|l]]&lt;ref&gt;Cresceu durante a ocupação indonésia de Timor-Leste.

Frequentou o Externato de São José Operário, um dos bastiões da resistência cultural à ocupação indonésia, de Agosto de 1979 a Julho de 1984. Nessa instituição deu depois aulas de Química e Geografia, até partir, em Agosto de 1985, para Salatiga, em Java Central, a fim de frequentar a Universidade Satya Wacana, onde se licenciou em ensino da língua inglesa com uma tese sobre fonologia comparada do tétum e do inglês.&lt;/ref&gt; ho Instrutores, etc) organiza Conferência Nacional ba dahuluk iha tempu Ukun Rasik-An nian hodi decide no fahe iha Ekipa 4, i.e. Ekipa Animação, Ekipa Re-estruturação, Naran CEC muda ba CNEC-TL (Corpo Nacional dos Escuteiros Católicos de Timor-Leste.

[[:pt:Diocese_de_Maliana|Diocese Maliana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;A '''Diocese de Maliana''' é a terceira e mais recente diocese de Timor-Leste, erigida em 30 de janeiro de 2010 com Bula ''AD PERPETUAM REI MEMORIAM'', pelo Papa Bento XVI, por desmembramento de dez paróquias da Diocese de Díli.

A Diocese serve uma população de 230,175 habitantes, dos quais 228,741 (99.4%) são católicos (dados de 2012). Um total de 31 padres e 109 religiosas distribuem-se pelas 10 paróquias que constituem a diocese. Tem a sua sede na Catedral do Sagrado Coração de Jesus, em Maliana.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; nia movimento Escuteiro hari’i tiha ona iha tinan ho Agrupamento Santa Cruz Maliana, iha tempo Padre Francisco Tavares nu’udar Pároco no kontinua hamanas tan deit wainhira Diocese Maliana hari’i iha tinan 2010. 

Diocese ida-idak organiza movimento escuteiro iha sira nia fatin. Iha 2013 iha esforsu atu halo escuteiro a nivel nacional. Iha 2016 hakiak ona equipa task force hodi halao preparação ba legaliza CECTL – CORPO DE ESCUTEIROS CATÓLICO DE TIMOR-LESTE.

=== '''Escutismo iha programa edukasaun ba idade hotu.''' ===

==== '''Lobitos''' ====
[[Imajen:1 Lenco Lobito.gif|esquerda|miniaturadaimagem|78x78px]]
&lt;ref&gt;Lensu ba Seksaun Lobitos nian&lt;/ref&gt;
Idade ba lobito sira husi tinan '''6-1'''1. Buat ne’ebé importante ba sira mak ''halimar hamutuk, hodi haksolok ho sira nia imaginasaun.'' Lobitos gosta atu intenta jogos, halo kolekasaun ba buat ruma. Sira buka hatene buat oi-oin.

''Escutismo halo atividade  sira iha grupo hodi konta mos histórias no lendas sira.''

==== '''Exploradores/Adolesente''' ====
[[Imajen:Lencoexp.gif|miniaturadaimagem|91x91px]]
&lt;ref&gt;Lenso ba Seksaun Exploradores&lt;/ref&gt;
Idade ba sira mak tinan '''12-15'''. Iha tinan hirak ne’e mak adolescente sira hakarak deesobre mundo ho sira nia vida. Idade hirak ne’e mak sai idade aventura nian ba projeto oi-oin no atu sai heroi ba buat hotu.

''Moris nu’undar escuteiros fo ba sira vida nakonu ho aventura/expedisaun, moris iha grupo nia laran atu hasoru dezafius hamutuk.''

==== '''Pionheiros/Joven''' ====
[[Imajen:Lenço pioneiro.gif|esquerda|miniaturadaimagem]]
&lt;ref&gt;Lenso ba Seksaun Pioneiros&lt;/ref&gt;
Idade ba sira entre '''16-18.''' Iha idade hanesan ne’e mak joven sira hakarak hatudu-an katak sira bele. Sira hakarak ema rekoñese sira iha personalidade, sira hakarak rekoñese ema seluk no sira nia-an. Iha momento ne’e mos sira hakarak rekoñese ema seluk klean liu tan no buka moris grupo nian laran.

''Buat importante ne’ebé mak iha escutismo mak lala’ok sira ne’ebé halo sira koñese-an liu tan no desenvolve-an liu tan ba ida-idak nia kapasidade ne’ebé sei haki’ak responsabilidade hodi hatene servisu hamutuk ho nia grupu.''

==== '''Caminheiros/Companheiros/Joven Adulto''' ====
[[Imajen:Lencocam.gif|miniaturadaimagem|139x139px]]
&lt;ref&gt;Lensu ba Seksaun Caminheiros&lt;/ref&gt;
Idade entre '''19-25'''. Momento ne’ebé joven sira hasoru problema atu deside sira nia vida iha moris social. Iha buat rua mak hasoru malu iha sira nia vida'''''. Iha esperansa no hakarak atu tama iha mundo ema bo’ot nian no hasoru mos problema  sente duvidas ka tauk ba moris ne’ebé sei hasoru.''''' Faze moris ne’ebé dala barak liu husu sira tenke halo opsaun.

Iha momento  ne’ebé sira bo’ot ba dadaun hodi lori mos responsabilidae atu influensia ema seluk, escutismo lori no forma ema ba vida ne’ebé haki’ak buat ruma vida no iha sociedade laran.

==== ''Escutismo ne’e estilo / Estilo da Vida'' ====
Metodo escutista mak sistema auto-edukasaun progressiva nian ida.

Labarik no joven sira halo komprimisu pessoal ba código moris nian ida katak moris tuir lei no principio escutismo nian. Aprende halo maoris ka Ativa iha pastisipasaun ho maluk sira. Servisu iha grupo ki’ikoan. Sistema patrullas nian, iha ne’ebé joven sira simu funsaun nu’unda “''sociedade ki’ik”'' no iha ne’ebé hotu-hotu partisipa. Iha grupo ki’ikoan hirak ne’e (5-8 elemento), joven sira desenvolve kona-ba lala’ok lideransa, matenek ou kapasidade ida servisu grupo no ba responsabilidae pessoal.

== Referensia Badak ==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kakusa</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>74283</origin>
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      <text bytes="702" sha1="s8dc1qke2i28esui947l5vks5yvqxop" xml:space="preserve">[[Imajen:Monumentu Jesus Sa'e Ba Lalehan ,Cacusa-Dili.jpg|miniaturadaimagem|Monumentu Jesus Sa'e Ba Lalehan]]

'''Foho Cacusa''' (mai husi lian mambae katak '''Kakusan''' katak '''Batar Ruin)''' maka foho ida ne'ebe localiza iha area Lenuk-Hun Camea, posto Administrativo Cristo Rei, Munisipio [[Dili]] ho distansia 494m. No hanesan foho ida ne'ebe aas liu entre foho sira seluk iha Munisipio Dili. Foho ne'e rasik mai ho panorama ne'ebe furak no iha nia tutun iha monumentu [[Jesus Cristo|Jesus]] sae ba lalehan.&lt;ref&gt;https://tatoli.tl/2023/06/02/foho-cacusa-nakfilak-sai-monumentu-jesus-sae-ba-lalehan/&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Referensia'''
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategoria:Jeografia Timór Lorosa'e]]
[[Kategoria:Foho]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mekánika enjeñaria nian</title>
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        <username>Domingos de Carvalho Nuno</username>
        <id>11543</id>
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      <text bytes="2285" sha1="j21o4nmo1gddx66n07xudmdbh30leuc" xml:space="preserve">'''[[Mekánika enjeñaria]] nian''', ne'ebe mos kuinesidu hanesan '''mekánika enjeñaria nian,''' maka kampu estudu primáriu ne'ebe preokupa ho hahalok estrutura ka mákina sira nian iha karga sira ne'ebe no ba sira. Hahalok estruturál sira-ne'e jeralmente envolve [[Lendutan|deflesaun]] no forsa sira ( forsa reasaun no [[Gaya internal|forsa internu sira]] ).

Hodi hatene forsa no deflesaun sira ne'ebe akontese, estrutura bele planeia ka nia dimensaun sira proporsionál bazeia ba material sira ne'ebe uza atu nune'e bele seguru no konfortavel (deflesaun la'os maka'as liu) hodi simu karga.

Mekánika enjeñaria maka ramu direta ida hosi [[Mekanika|mekánika]] iha estudu fízika nian, maibe inklui elementu sira ne'ebe besik liu ba realidade no aspetu prátiku sira. Enjeñaria mekánika uza iha kampu oi-oin [[enjeñaria sivíl]], enjeñaria mekánika, enjeñaria material, enjeñaria aeronáutika, enjeñaria elétrika, enjeñaria estruturál, no enjeñaria mariña .

Área ne'ebe inklui estudu kona-ba mekánika enjeñaria nian maka

* Estátika, estudu kona-ba objetu sira ne'ebe deskansa
* Dinámika, estudu kona-ba efeitu sira hosi karga sira iha movimentu objetu sira-nian
* Mekánika deformasaun nian, estudu kona-ba efeitu sira karga nian iha deformasaun objetu sira-nian
* Mekánika fluidu nian, movimentu objetu sira ne'ebe suli
* Mekánika rai nian, estudu kona-ba hahalok movimentu rai nian
* Mekánika kontinuum, análize ba isin sira ho masa kontínua

== Aplikasaun prátika ==

=== Enjeñaria sivíl no arkitetura ===
Mekánika enjeñaria nian maka siénsia fundamentál ida ba [[enjeñaria sivíl]] no arkitetura . Uza mekánika enjeñaria nian iha enjeñaria sivíl no arkitetura maka partikularmente ba estudu fundamentál kona-ba estrutura edifísiu nian . Espesifikamente, mekánika enjeñaria nian uza atu determina karga sira ne'ebe atua iha edifísiu ida bazeia ba hahalok estrutura edifísiu nian rasik. Hahalok estrutura edifísiu nian analiza uza lei movimentu Newton nian ne'ebe reprezenta iha forma forsa reasaun, forsa asaun no deflesaun sira. Espesifikamente liu, mekánika enjeñaria iha enjeñaria sivíl no arkitetura utiliza lei datoluk Newton nian. Prinsípiu ne'ebe uza maka ekilíbriu forsa rezultante entre forsa asaun no forsa reasaun.</text>
      <sha1>j21o4nmo1gddx66n07xudmdbh30leuc</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Universidade Marburg</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
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        <id>73</id>
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      <comment>/* Períodu Nazi */</comment>
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      <text bytes="28017" sha1="b8rvbtotp3o5joxmojp8v6g40kb818a" xml:space="preserve">== '''Introdusaun''' ==
[[Imajen:Marburg asv2022-02 img02 Old University.jpg|miniaturadaimagem]]
'''Universidade Marburg''' mak universidade peskiza públika ida ne'ebé lokaliza iha [[:de:Marburg|Marburg]], [[Alemaña]]. Universidade ne'e harii iha tinan 1527 husi [[:de:Philipp_I._(Hessen)|Filipe I]], Landgrave husi [[:de:Hessen|Hesse]], no konsidera hanesan universidade ida ne'ebé tuan liu iha [[Alemaña]] no universidade [[:de:Protestantismus|protestante]] tuan liu ne'ebé sei kontinua funsiona to'o ohin loron iha mundu.

Ohin loron, Universidade Marburg mak universidade públika ida ne'ebé pertense ba Estadu [[:de:Hessen|Hesse]], no la iha afiliasaun relijioza.

Universidade Marburg iha estudante hamutuk 21.162 iha tinan akademiku 2024/2025. Universidade ne'e lokaliza iha Marburg, Alemaña, no oferese programa estudu internasionál oioin. Aleinde ne'e, universidade ne'e mós partisipa iha [[:de:Erasmus-Programm|programa Erasmus]], ne'ebé fó oportunidade ba estudante sira atu tuir programa troka '''estudante ho universidade sira seluk iha Europa.'''

== '''Istória''' ==

=== Tinan sira iha Fundasaun nian ===
Iha loron 1 fulan-Jullu 1527, xefe rai-na'in nian Johann Feige inaugura oficialmente Universidade Marburg, ne'ebé harii husi Landgrave Philip I liuhusi dekretu ida iha loron 30 fulan Maiu tinan ne'ebá. Iha tempu inaugurasaun, universidade ne'e iha profesór 11 no estudante 88.

Reitór dahuluk Universidade Marburg mak Johannes Eisermann, ne'ebé koñesidu mós ho naran latín ''Ferrarius Montanus''. Nia hanorin direitu no servisu hanesan asesór ba tribunál landgravial iha Amöneburg. Iha tinan ne'ebá duni, Philip I fó ba universidade ne'e liberdade akadémika ne'ebé presiza atu hala'o nia atividade sira.

Iha loron 4 fulan Outubru 1541, Universidade Marburg hetan independénsia finanseira liuhosi eskritura dotasaun. Tinan tuirmai, Landgrave Philip I simu priviléjiu universitáriu hosi Imperadór Carlos V durante Dieta Imperiál iha Regensburg.

Iha tempu dahuluk, Universidade Marburg uza edifísiu monástiku antigu sira ne'ebé uluk pertense ba Dominikanu sira, Fransiskanu sira, no Irmaun sira husi Vida Komún.

Landgrave Philip I mós fó ba universidade priviléjiu oioin, inklui direitu atu haruka reprezentante ida ba asembleia rejionál, no izensaun hosi taxa no impostu ba membru universitáriu sira.

Iha tinan 1529, Landgrave Philip I sai uma-na'in ba Marburg Colloquy, debate relijiozu ida entre Martin Luther, Ulrich Zwingli, no Philip Melanchthon.

Reputasaun husi fakuldade teolójia Universidade Marburg atrai estudante internasionál sira, liuliu husi Suisa, Dinamarka, Suésia, Olanda, no Eskósia. Entre estudante sira ne'e iha Patrick Hamilton, ne'ebé estuda iha Marburg ba tempu badak.

Durante sékulu dahuluk universidade nian, surtu moras oioin, hanesan moras suar Inglés no peste, obriga universidade atu muda temporariamente ba sidade sira ne'ebé besik.

=== sékulu XVI no XVII ===
To'o nia mate iha tinan 1560, Johann Friedrich Dryander kaer kadeira medisina iha Universidade Marburg. Iha loron 15 fulan-Novembru 1565, Landgrave William IV hosi Hesse-Kassel nomeia Georg Marius nu'udar profesór, lahó hetan uluk konsentimentu formál husi universidade.

Iha tinan 1566, universidade harii kadeira medisina daruak, ne'ebé prenxe husi Victorinus Schönfeldt. Antes ne'e, nia serbisu nu'udar profesór matemátika iha universidade.

Entre tinan 1580 no 1628, Rudolph Goclenius maka profesór filozofia, lójika, no étika iha Universidade Marburg. 

Bainhira Landgrave Maurice husi Hesse-Kassel hetan eransa husi Landgraviate Hesse-Marburg iha tinan 1604, nia konverte ba Calvinizmu iha tinan tuirmai. Tanba ne'e, universidade hetan obrigasaun atu adopta konfisaun Reformada, ne'ebé nia mantein to'o nia alinhamentu konfisionál nia rohan iha tinan 1866.

Mudansa konfisionál ida ne'e lori profesór Luteranu barak ba Universidade Giessen, ne'ebé foin harii iha tinan 1607. Iha tinan 1625, bainhira Marburg temporariamente tama iha okos Hesse-Darmstadt Luteranu, Universidade Giessen fila fali ba Universidade Marburg no depois taka. 

Iha loron 24 fulan-Juñu 1653, universidade ne'e loke fali husi William VI husi Hesse-Kassel, ne'ebé muda fali universidade estadu nian husi Kassel ba Marburg, nune'e taka Universidade Kassel. Iha tinan sira tuirmai, universidade hasoru tempu difisil sira tanba konfisionalizasaun ne'ebé la'o hela no susar finanseiru. 

=== sékulu 18 ===
Iha tinan 1723, filózofu Christian Wolff hetan nomeasaun ba kadeira ida iha Universidade Marburg hafoin hetan espulsaun hosi Halle hosi Frederick William I. Maski hetan opozisaun hosi parte sira hosi fakuldade teolójika, Wolff hanorin iha Marburg to'o 1740 ho protesaun hosi Landgrave, molok hetan bolu fali ba Prússia hosi Frederick the Great . Funu Tinan Hitu nian ikusmai perturba universidade, tanba Hesse sai hanesan kampu funu nian no Marburg hetan fortifikasaun. 

Iha tinan 1785, universidade ne'e iha estatutu legál no polítiku espesiál: nia iha nia jurisdisaun rasik, dotasaun ekleziástiku sira, no kadeira ida iha asembleia rejionál. Landgrave hala'o knaar nu'udar reitór, ministru finansas nu'udar kuradór, no senadu kompostu hosi reprezentante sira hosi teolojia, lei, medisina, no filozofia, hamutuk ho instrutór linguajen no tékniku sira. 

Universidade Marburg hetan kreximentu foun durante era Napoleónika . Iha tinan 1807, Eleitoradu Hesse nian sai parte hosi Reinu Westfalia ne'ebé foin harii, estadu satélite fransés ida. Maski universidade oioin iha reinu foun nia laran taka, Marburg hetan salvasaun no benefísiu finanseiru hosi redistribuisaun rekursu sira-nian, liuliu hafoin taka universidade sira iha Rinteln no Helmstedt . Biblioteka universitáriu habelar maka'as liuhosi transferénsia sira hosi Rinteln. 

Iha tinan 1810, autoridade sira Westfalia nian bandu estudante sira atu uza kór no farda rejionál sira, hodi hamosu konflitu ne'ebé naruk entre estudante sira no administrasaun. Iha Maiu 1811, estudante 200 resin halo protestu hodi marxa ba Gladenbach, ne'ebé lori ba libertasaun estudante ida ne'ebé dadur no inkéritu ofisiál ida. 

Hafoin retornu hosi prínsipe-eleitor iha tinan 1813, reforma barak maka inverte, inklui disolusaun hosi estrutura administrativu sira hosi Westfalia no finansiamentu sentralizadu.  Influensiadu husi Funu Libertasaun nian, movimentu estudante sira ne'ebé promove unidade nasionál no ideia liberál sira hetan trasaun iha Marburg. Iha tinan 1816, sosiedade estudante ''Teutonia nian'' hamutuk ho asosiasaun estudante lokál sira hodi forma ''Germania Marburgensis'', maski nia dezenvolvimentu hetan impedimentu hosi Dekretu Carlsbad nian to'o tinan 1850. Iha prínsipe-eleitór Wilhelm I nia okos, restrisaun relijioza sira sai kmaan, hodi permite nomeasaun ba profesór katóliku sira hamutuk ho luteranu sira. Wilhelm II depois fó igualdade konfisionál tomak, ne'ebé kontribui ba aumentu iha matríkula. Durante dékada 1820 no dékada sira tuirmai, universidade habelar nia instalasaun sira, inklui jardín botániku foun, biblioteka, laboratóriu kímiku, teatru anatómiku, observatóriu, no klínika sira. Klínika feto nian, hahú iha Hessian nia ukun, remata iha tinan 1867. 

Tuir aneksasaun Hesse nian hosi Prússia iha tinan 1866, universidade tranzita hosi instituisaun rejionál ida ba parte ida hosi sistema edukasaun Prússia nian, hodi hetan benefísiu hosi ninia reforma sira. Iha tempu ne'ebá, iha estudante na'in 264 (na'in 22 hosi li'ur Hesse) no profesór na'in 51. 

Tanba limitasaun propriedade no preferénsia atu uza edifísiu estadu nian ne'ebé eziste, universidade desentralizadu nafatin iha sidade tomak envezde adota modelu kampus unifikadu. Númeru estudante sira aumenta beibeik, to'o 500 iha 1880 no liu 1,000 iha 1887. 

=== sékulu XX ===
Iha tinan 1909, matríkula estudante nian iha Universidade Marburg aumenta dala rua. Maski feto sira seidauk hetan admisaun formál, Tadako Urata simu grau doutoramentu iha medisina iha tinan 1905 tuir provizaun espesiál ida. Onra akadémika dahuluk ne'ebé fó ba feto ida iha universidade fó ona iha tinan 1827 ba Daniel Jeanne Wyttenbach, ne'ebé simu doutoramentu onoráriu ida ba nia hakerek filozófiku sira kona-ba estétika.  Admisaun formál ba feto sira hahú iha semestre invernu 1908/09 ho estudante feto na'in 26; sira nia númeru sa'e ba 206 bainhira mosu Funu Mundiál I. 

Funu marka interupsaun boot ida. Enkuantu estudante mane 2,258 maka rejista iha veraun 1914, númeru ne'e tun ba 1,899 iha semestre tuirmai, ho de'it 478 ne'ebé tuir palestra sira. Iha fulan tolu nia laran funu nian, universidade lakon ona estudante na'in 55. 

=== Períodu Nazi ===
 
Iha tinan 1926, kapítulu ida hosi Liga Nasionál Sosialista Estudante Alemaña nian (NSDStB) harii iha Marburg. Iha tinan 1931, ida-ne'e kaer maioria iha konsellu estudante nian no lidera ida-ne'e hahú hosi ne'ebá.  Hafoin Nazi sira sa'e ba podér iha tinan 1933, profesór na'in 21—liu désimu ida hosi pesoál profesór sira—hetan demisaun tanba razaun polítika ka rasiál tuir lei sira funsaun públika nian. Entre sira maka matenek-na'in sira ne'ebé notavel hanesan ekonomista Wilhelm Röpke, filólogu romanu Erich Auerbach, no filozofu Karl Löwith . Profesór Hermann Jacobsohn, linguista ida, oho-an iha fulan-Abril tinan 1933 hafoin nia suspensaun. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Zinn, Holger (2002). Zwischen Republik und Diktatur: die Studentenschaft der Philipps-Universität Marburg in den Jahren von 1925 bis 1945 (Thesis) (in German). Cologne: SH-Verl. pp. 313–314. ISBN 3894981105.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1933-05-01 |title=Professor Kills Self |url=https://www.jta.org/archive/professor-kills-self |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuota rasial no jéneru foun sira impoin ba estudante sira, limita matríkula Judeu nian ba 1.5% iha jerál no 5% ba estudante sira tinan dahuluk nian. Proporsaun estudante feto sira nian limitadu temporariamente ba 10%.

=== Depois 1945 ===
Tuir 1945, universidade haree kreximentu lalais iha númeru estudante sira.  Atu akomoda demanda, esforsu espansaun sira hahú iha dékada 1960, inklui edifísiu administrativu foun, jantar, no palestra sira, no muda Fakuldade Filozofia nian. Fakuldade Siénsia Naturál ida harii iha kampus Lahnberge ne'ebé foin dezenvolve, ne'ebé nia edifísiu sira maka entre sira dahuluk iha Alemaña ne'ebé tuir modelu konstrusaun prefabrikadu ne'ebé koñesidu hanesan ''Sistema Marburg'' . 

=== sékulu 21 ===
Eventu nasionál ida ne'ebé maka laiha presedente akontese iha loron 1 fulan-Janeiru tinan 2006, bainhira ospitál universitáriu hetan privatizasaun no fa'an ba Rhön-Klinikum AG, empreza privadu ida kuidadu saúde nian, hafoin nia fuzaun ho Ospitál Universitáriu Gießen nian. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Conrad |first=Till |date=2022-05-16 |title=Die langen Kämpfe ums Krankenhaus |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |pages=4 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iha tinan 2012 universidade loke muzeu kímika interativu dahuluk alemaun nian, ho naran ''Chemicum'' . Ninia programa kursu esperimentál ho objetivu atu enkoraja foin-sa'e sira atu buka kareira iha siénsia. &lt;ref name=&quot;chemicum-news&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 February 2011 |title=&quot;Chemikum Marburg&quot; hat ein dauerhaftes Domizil |url=https://idw-online.de/pages/en/news454460 |access-date=23 January 2012 |publisher=Informationsdienst Wissenschaft }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111075522/https://idw-online.de/pages/en/news454460 |date=11 November 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Estrutura''' ==
[[Imajen:Marburg_UB_Neubau_Eingang_Alter_Botanischer_Garten_von_OSO.jpg|miniaturadaimagem|Biblioteka universitáriu]]
[[Imajen:Uni_Marburg_Lahnberge_04.jpg|miniaturadaimagem|''Kampus Lahnberge'' dedika ba siénsia naturál sira. Imajen hatudu ''Edifísiu ho Objetivu Múltiplu'', uma ba Departamentu Matemátika no Siénsia Informátika, no mós laboratóriu sira ba peskiza iha siénsia materiál no kímika fízika]]

=== Departamentu sira ===
Universidade Marburg fahe ba 16 fakuldade. Iha nia tempu dahuluk, universidade ne'e kompostu husi Fakuldade Teolojia, Fakuldade Medisina, Fakuldade Direitu, no Fakuldade Filosofia. Husi Fakuldade Filosofia, Fakuldade Matemátika no Siénsia Naturál separa iha tinan 1964.

Iha tinan 1970, tuir Lei Edukasaun Asentu-Superiór Hesse nian, fakuldade sira ne'e hetan reestruturasaun sai fakuldade 20. Depois husi fusaun sira ne'ebé akontese liu husi tinan 1997, organizasaun atual kompostu husi 16 fakuldade, ne'ebé numerasaun la tuir ona sequência kontinua. [1]

Hanesan parte ida hosi Prosesu Bologna nian, Universidade introdús númeru boot ida hosi programa foun sira Lisensiatura no Mestradu nian. Iha tempu hanesan, programa lisensiatura tradisionál sira ho Majistradu, Diplom no kualifikasaun sira ne'ebé hanesan hapara tiha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2007-11-06 |title=Marburger Lehrer informieren sich über neues Studiensystem |url=https://www.uni-marburg.de/archive/news/2007-11-6-marburger-lehrer-informieren-sich-uber-neues-studiensystem.html |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Uni Marburg}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Institutu no muzeu asosiadu sira ===
Universidade koopera ho institutu afiliadu sira tuirmai:

* Fundasaun Christoph Dornier ba Psikolojia Klínika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Dietrich |first=Simon |date=1991-10-23 |title=Philipps-Universitaet. Viele Kooperationen mit Unternehmen |work=[[Handelsblatt]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sentru Peskiza ba Hakerek Pesoál sira &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2012-09-20 |title=Aufschlussreiche Würdigungen Verstorbener |work=[[Ostthüringer Zeitung]] |pages=14 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Institutu Hans von Soden ba Peskiza Teolójika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2003-11-11 |title=Universität Marburg Neues Institut zur Förderung von Theologen |work=[[Frankfurter Rundschau]] |pages=34 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jestaun Kuidadu Saúde eV &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2005-06-18 |title=Gesundheitsmanagement |work=[[Salzburger Nachrichten]] |pages=39 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Institutu ba Estudu Kooperativu sira (fundasaun legál privadu ida) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Fehl |first=Ulrich |date=1998-01-26 |title=Im Rahmen marktwirtschaftlicher Ordnung |work=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]] |pages=14 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Institutu ba Terapia Komportamentál no Medisina Komportamentál (IVV) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2008-11-21 |title=Vortrag über Selbstverletzungen bei Jugendlichen |work=Gießener Anzeiger |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Institutu ba Étika Negósiu no Sosiál &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Meyer |first=Claus-Peter |date=2001-11-29 |title=Debeka als Arbeitgeber ausgezeichnet |work=VersicherungsJournal Deutschland |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Semináriu Katóliku-Teolójiku Fakuldade Teolojia nian iha Fulda &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2020-10-16 |title=Keine Priester mehr aus Fulda? |work=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]] |pages=5 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muzeu sira tuirmai ne'e iha afiliasaun ho universidade:

* Muzeu Mineralójiku hosi Universidade Philipps Marburg &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2013-08-27 |title=Bedeutende Sammlung von Mineralien gestiftet |work=Oberhessische Zeitung |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Muzeu Arte no Istória Kulturál &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kunstmuseum |url=https://www.uni-marburg.de/de/museum/kunstmuseum |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Uni Marburg |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Schwarzwäller |first=Nadja |date=2018-06-19 |title=Verein macht sich stark für Museum |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kolesaun sira husi universidade (selesaun) ===

* Alter Botanischer Garten Marburg, the university's old [[botanical garden]]
* Botanischer Garten Marburg, the university's current botanical garden
* Forschungsinstitut Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden bis 1250 (Collection of photographs taken from medieval charters)
* Bildarchiv Foto Marburg (German national picture archive of arts)
* Religionskundliche Sammlung (Collection of religious objects)
* Deutscher Sprachatlas (Linguistic Atlas of Germany)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Research Center Deutscher Sprachatlas |url=https://www.uni-marburg.de/en/fb09/dsa |access-date=1 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mineralogisches Museum (Museum of Mineralogy)
* Museum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte (Museum of Arts)
* Museum Anatomicum (Museum of Anatomy and Medical History, currently closed)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Pfaffel |first=Dorothee |date=2025-04-04 |title=Wollen Sie das sehen? |work=Neuburger Rundschau |pages=25 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* University Archive https://www.uni-marburg.de/de/uniarchiv

== '''Peskiza''' ==

=== Klasifikasaun sira ===
Departamentu sira psikolojia no jeografia nian atinji ona estatutu Grupu Exelénsia nian iha Klasifikasaun Exelénsia CHE nian iha Europa tomak 2009.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Tuir QS World University Rankings of 2024, instituisaun ne'e situa iha intervalu 761-770 globalmente, no nia kaer pozisaun 40-41 nasionalmente.  Tuir THE World University Rankings of 2024, nia hetan klasifikasaun iha grupu 401-500 iha nivel mundiál, enkuantu nia klasifikasaun nasionál monu entre 37 no 41.  Iha ARWU World Rankings of 2023, universidade ne'e lista iha 401-500 iha mundu tomak no nia hetan pozisaun entre 25 no nasionál 31. 

=== Sentru Peskiza Kolaborativu sira ===
Universidade ne'e signifikativu ba nia peskiza siénsia-moris nian maibé mós uma ba sentru ida hosi sentru uitoan ne'ebé hala'o peskiza kona-ba Médiu Oriente, CNMS ( Sentru ba Estudu sira Médiu Oriente no Besik nian ).

Peskiza universidade nian ilustra hosi nia partisipasaun iha SFB oioin ( ''Sonderforschungsbereiche'' ). Sentru peskiza kolaborativu sira-ne'e hetan finansiamentu hosi Fundasaun Siénsia Alemaña ''DFG'' . Sira enkoraja peskizadór sira atu hakat liu baliza sira hosi dixiplina sira, institutu sira, departamentu sira no fakuldade sira iha universidade partisipante nia laran. SFB atuál iha Universidade Marburg maka: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sonderforschungsbereiche |url=https://www.uni-marburg.de/de/forschung/spitzenfoerderung/sfb |access-date=9 May 2020 |website=Philipps-Universität Marburg}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* SFB 1083 – Estrutura no Dinámika Interfase Internu sira-nian (hahú iha 2013, iha kooperasaun ho Sentru Fízika Internasionál Donostia San Sebastián ) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-04-09 |title=SFB1083 |url=https://www.internal-interfaces.de/ |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Internal Interfaces |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* SFB/TRR 138 – Dinámika Seguransa nian: Forma sira Titulizasaun nian iha Perspetiva Istóriku (hahú iha 2014)
* CRC/TRR 393 – Trajetória sira husi Transtornu Afetivu sira (dezde 2024)

=== Manan-na'in sira Prémiu Nobel nian ===
Entre 1901 no 2011, ema na'in sanulu-resin-ida ne'ebé asosiadu ho Universidade Marburg liuhosi estudu ka hanorin hetan Prémiu Nobel[[File:Nobel_Prize.png|15x15px]] : &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nobelpreisträger |url=https://www.uni-marburg.de/de/universitaet/profil/geschichte/nobelpreistraeger |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=Uni Marburg |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* 1901: Emil von Behring (Medicine)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Warnecke |first=Christiane |date=2009-06-13 |title=Mit Emil von Behring fing alles an |work=[[Frankfurter Neue Presse]] |pages=1 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1909: Ferdinand Braun (Physics)
* 1910: Albrecht Kossel (Medicine)
* 1930: Hans Fischer (Chemistry)
* 1936: Otto Loewi (Medicine)
* 1939: Adolf Butenandt (Chemistry)
* 1944: Otto Hahn (Chemistry)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Hanke |first=Franz-Josef |date=2008-06-23 |title=Ehre, wem Ehre gebührt – Wissenschaftspreise ehren die Forscher und nutzen auch wieder der Wissenschaft |work=[[Badische Zeitung]] |pages=12 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1958: Boris Pasternak (Literature)
* 1963: Karl Ziegler (Chemistry)
* 1979: Georg Wittig (Chemistry)
* 2011: Jules Hoffmann (Medicine)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Breu |first=Michael |date=2011-10-04 |title=Nobelpreis geht an einen Toten. Medizinpreis erstmals posthum vergeben |work=[[Basler Zeitung]] |pages=12 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Manan-na'in sira Prémiu Leibniz nian ===
Prémiu Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz fó ba peskizadór sira tuirmai ne'ebé iha afiliasaun ho Universidade Marburg: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2021-12-10 |title=Trägerinnen und Träger des Leibnizpreises an der Philipps-Universität Marburg |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |pages=3 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* 1987: Rudolf K. Thauer – Mikrobiolojia Biokímika
* 1989: Manfred T. Reetz – Kímika Orgánika
* 1991: Ernst O. Göbel – Fízika Estadu-Sólidu
* 1991: Rolf Müller – Biokímika / Biolojia Molekulár
* 1996: Reinhard Lührmann – Biolojia Molekulár
* 1997: Paul Knochel – Kímika Organometálika
* 1997: Stephan W. Koch – Fízika Teórika
* 2002: Bruno Eckhardt – Fízika Teórika
* 2003: Roland Lill – Biolojia Sélula / Biokímika
* 2006: Gyburg Radke (kaben ho Uhlmann) – Filolójia no Filozofia Klásiku
* 2011: Friederike Pannewick – Estudu Árabe
* 2022: Stefanie Dehnen – Kímika Inorgánika
* 2024: Tobias Erb – Mikrobiolojia Sintétika

=== Prémiu Ars legend ba ensinu universitáriu ne'ebé di'ak tebes ===
Prémiu Ars legendi ba Ensinu Universitáriu Exelente, prémiu aas liu iha Alemaña iha área ensinu superiór nian, ne'ebé aprezenta hosi Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft no Konferénsia Reitór Alemaña nian (HRK), fó ba ema sira tuirmai ne'ebé hanorin iha Universidade Marburg: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |title=Ars legendi-Preis |url=https://www.stifterverband.org/ars-legendi-preis |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Stifterverband |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Preisträger*innen |url=https://www.uni-marburg.de/de/universitaet/profil/zahlen-fakten-preise/preise |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=Uni Marburg |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* 2010: Jürgen Schäfer (Prémiu Fakuldade ba Medisina)
* 2015: Jürgen Handke (ba &quot;Ensinu no Aprendizajen Dijitál&quot;)
* 2016: Ilka Agricola (Prémiu Fakuldade nian ba Matemátika)
* 2017: Stefan Bösner (Prémiu Fakuldade ba Medisina)
* 2018: Evelyn Korn (ba &quot;Alineamentu Konstrutivu&quot;)
* 2024: Rolf Kreyer (ba &quot;Teoria no prátika linguístika Inglés nian kombinadu&quot;) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-06-05 |title=Marburger Anglist Professor Kreyer erhält Preis für ausgezeichnete Lehre |url=https://www.op-marburg.de/lokales/marburg-biedenkopf/marburg/marburger-anglist-professor-kreyer-erhaelt-preis-fuer-ausgezeichnete-lehre-IVUZOSGCCREO3F2XUUNLS5N474.html |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Instituisaun sientífika sira ===
Universidade Marburg simu instituisaun akadémika no peskiza oioin:

* Akademia Peskiza Universidade Marburg (MARA) apoia peskizadór sira iha kareira inisiál liuhosi formasaun interdisiplinár, finansiamentu, no servisu dezenvolvimentu kareira nian. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2010-12-23 |title=Bedingungen für Promotion transparent machen |work=Gießener Anzeiger |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sentru Dokumentasaun Alemaña ba Istória Arte nian (Bildarchiv Foto Marburg) maka arkivu imajen ida ne'ebé boot liu iha Europa ba arte no arkitetura, ne'ebé fornese rekursu no servisu sira ba muzeu sira, matenek-na'in sira, no editór sira. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Brockschmidt |first=Rolf |date=2023-09-02 |title=Für den Fall der Fälle |work=[[Der Tagesspiegel]] |pages=34 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sentru Demokrasia Hesse koordena esforsu sira hasoru estremizmu direita no oferese programa Mestradu ida iha akonsellamentu iha kontestu ne'ebá. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Haschink |first=Gregor |date=2022-05-11 |title=Opferberatung studieren |work=[[Frankfurter Rundschau]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sentru Peskiza Deutscher Sprachatlas dokumenta no estuda variedade rejionál sira hosi lian Alemaña no mantein arkivu ida ne'ebé luan hosi materiál dialetu sira hosi fatin 50,000 resin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Rummel |first=Silke |date=2014-09-09 |title=Forschungszentrum Deutscher Sprachatlas |work=Darmstädter Echo |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sentru Estudu Jéneru no Peskiza Feminista, harii iha 2001, promove serbisu interdisiplinár iha estudu jéneru no koordena programa akadémiku sira ne'ebé iha relasaun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2017-11-10 |title=Bildungsministerium gibt knapp eine Million Euro für Gender-Forschung |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jardim Botániku, ne'ebé lokaliza iha kampus Lahnberge, ho luan hektar 20 no inklui kolesaun ai-horis ne'ebé luan, área peskiza nian, no estufa sira; Jardim Botániku Antigu agora serve hanesan parke públiku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ahlers |first=Wolfram |date=2021-08-20 |title=Botanischer Garten in Marburg muss renoviert werden |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/rhein-main/region-und-hessen/botanischer-garten-in-marburg-muss-renoviert-werden-17488145.html |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* SYNMIKRO, Sentru ba Mikrobiolojia Sintétika, avansa peskiza kona-ba enjeñaria funsaun mikrobiál sira, ho aplikasaun sira iha bioteknolojia no medisina, iha kolaborasaun ho Sosiedade Max Planck . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Hitzeroth |first=Manfred |date=2018-11-10 |title=Sieg mit mikrobiologischem Baukasten |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Estudante sira''' ==
[[Imajen:Alte_Universität_(Marburg)_2.jpg|miniaturadaimagem|''Universidade Antiga'', ne'ebé maka iha igreja universitáriu, departamentu ba estudu relijiozu sira no sala palestra reprezentativu ida]]
Students at Marburg University are represented by the General Student Committee (AStA) and the Student Parliament (StuPa), with additional representation at faculty level through student councils. The universal transit pass (semester ticket), negotiated by the AStA, allows students extensive access to public transport in Hesse and neighbouring areas, including use of selected InterCity (IC) and InterCity Express (ICE) trains.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-10-24 |title=ICE: Für Asta war Ticket-Reichweite zentraler Punkt |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Robinson |first=Patrick |date=2025-03-06 |title=Nach der Prüfung ist vor der Prüfung |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |pages=4 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Universidade oferese rezidénsia oioin ba estudante sira, inklui Christian-Wolff-Haus, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-11-16 |title=Kernsanierung für Christian-Wolff-Haus |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |pages=5 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; istóriku Collegium Philippinum, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-09-08 |title=Felina Karle bekommt dank jahrhundertealten Rechts einen Platz im Collegium Philippinum in Marburg |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |pages=4 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; no Vilmarhaus, ne'ebé maka jere hosi Igreja Protestante. Konrad-Biesalski-Haus nafatin notavel ba nia asesibilidade pioneiru ba estudante sira ho defisiénsia fíziku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Maas |first=Marie-Charlotte |date=2012-06-14 |title=Gleichheit unter Ungleichen |work=[[Die Zeit]] |pages=71 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Antigu alunu no profesór sira ne'ebé notavel''' ==

=== Sientista naturál sira ===
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=== Teólogu sira ===
Marburg sempre koñesidu hanesan universidade ida ne'ebé foka ba umanidade . Ida-ne'e mantein forsa ne'e, liuliu iha Filozofia no Teolojia ba tempu naruk hafoin Funu Mundiál Daruak . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Peter |first=Lothar |date=2020-05-02 |title=Ein Partisan im Land der Mitläufer |url=https://jacobin.de/artikel/wolfgang-abendroth-marburg-marxismus-partisanenprofessor |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Jacobin Magazin |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sieg |first=Ulrich |date=2005-02-05 |title=Aus dem Geiste Kants Hermann Cohen, Paul Natorp und der Erste Weltkrieg |work=[[Neue Zürcher Zeitung]] |pages=64 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Div col/styles.css&quot; /&gt;

=== Filózofu sira ===

=== Seluk ===
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      <text bytes="28015" sha1="6wlff5trh2hu5sk9rlkm7q3mhu0mdp0" xml:space="preserve">[[Imajen:Marburg asv2022-02 img02 Old University.jpg|miniaturadaimagem]]

'''Universidade Marburg''' mak universidade peskiza públika ida ne'ebé lokaliza iha [[:de:Marburg|Marburg]], [[Alemaña]]. Universidade ne'e harii iha tinan 1527 husi [[:de:Philipp_I._(Hessen)|Filipe I]], Landgrave husi [[:de:Hessen|Hesse]], no konsidera hanesan universidade ida ne'ebé tuan liu iha [[Alemaña]] no universidade [[:de:Protestantismus|protestante]] tuan liu ne'ebé sei kontinua funsiona to'o ohin loron iha mundu.

== '''Introdusaun''' ==
Ohin loron, Universidade Marburg mak universidade públika ida ne'ebé pertense ba Estadu [[:de:Hessen|Hesse]], no la iha afiliasaun relijioza.

Universidade Marburg iha estudante hamutuk 21.162 iha tinan akademiku 2024/2025. Universidade ne'e lokaliza iha Marburg, Alemaña, no oferese programa estudu internasionál oioin. Aleinde ne'e, universidade ne'e mós partisipa iha [[:de:Erasmus-Programm|programa Erasmus]], ne'ebé fó oportunidade ba estudante sira atu tuir programa troka ''estudante ho universidade sira seluk iha Europa''.

== '''Istória''' ==
=== Tinan sira iha Fundasaun nian ===
Iha loron 1 fulan-Jullu 1527, xefe rai-na'in nian Johann Feige inaugura oficialmente Universidade Marburg, ne'ebé harii husi Landgrave Philip I liuhusi dekretu ida iha loron 30 fulan Maiu tinan ne'ebá. Iha tempu inaugurasaun, universidade ne'e iha profesór 11 no estudante 88.

Reitór dahuluk Universidade Marburg mak Johannes Eisermann, ne'ebé koñesidu mós ho naran latín ''Ferrarius Montanus''. Nia hanorin direitu no servisu hanesan asesór ba tribunál landgravial iha Amöneburg. Iha tinan ne'ebá duni, Philip I fó ba universidade ne'e liberdade akadémika ne'ebé presiza atu hala'o nia atividade sira.

Iha loron 4 fulan Outubru 1541, Universidade Marburg hetan independénsia finanseira liuhosi eskritura dotasaun. Tinan tuirmai, Landgrave Philip I simu priviléjiu universitáriu hosi Imperadór Carlos V durante Dieta Imperiál iha Regensburg.

Iha tempu dahuluk, Universidade Marburg uza edifísiu monástiku antigu sira ne'ebé uluk pertense ba Dominikanu sira, Fransiskanu sira, no Irmaun sira husi Vida Komún.

Landgrave Philip I mós fó ba universidade priviléjiu oioin, inklui direitu atu haruka reprezentante ida ba asembleia rejionál, no izensaun hosi taxa no impostu ba membru universitáriu sira.

Iha tinan 1529, Landgrave Philip I sai uma-na'in ba Marburg Colloquy, debate relijiozu ida entre Martin Luther, Ulrich Zwingli, no Philip Melanchthon.

Reputasaun husi fakuldade teolójia Universidade Marburg atrai estudante internasionál sira, liuliu husi Suisa, Dinamarka, Suésia, Olanda, no Eskósia. Entre estudante sira ne'e iha Patrick Hamilton, ne'ebé estuda iha Marburg ba tempu badak.

Durante sékulu dahuluk universidade nian, surtu moras oioin, hanesan moras suar Inglés no peste, obriga universidade atu muda temporariamente ba sidade sira ne'ebé besik.

=== sékulu XVI no XVII ===
To'o nia mate iha tinan 1560, Johann Friedrich Dryander kaer kadeira medisina iha Universidade Marburg. Iha loron 15 fulan-Novembru 1565, Landgrave William IV hosi Hesse-Kassel nomeia Georg Marius nu'udar profesór, lahó hetan uluk konsentimentu formál husi universidade.

Iha tinan 1566, universidade harii kadeira medisina daruak, ne'ebé prenxe husi Victorinus Schönfeldt. Antes ne'e, nia serbisu nu'udar profesór matemátika iha universidade.

Entre tinan 1580 no 1628, Rudolph Goclenius maka profesór filozofia, lójika, no étika iha Universidade Marburg. 

Bainhira Landgrave Maurice husi Hesse-Kassel hetan eransa husi Landgraviate Hesse-Marburg iha tinan 1604, nia konverte ba Calvinizmu iha tinan tuirmai. Tanba ne'e, universidade hetan obrigasaun atu adopta konfisaun Reformada, ne'ebé nia mantein to'o nia alinhamentu konfisionál nia rohan iha tinan 1866.

Mudansa konfisionál ida ne'e lori profesór Luteranu barak ba Universidade Giessen, ne'ebé foin harii iha tinan 1607. Iha tinan 1625, bainhira Marburg temporariamente tama iha okos Hesse-Darmstadt Luteranu, Universidade Giessen fila fali ba Universidade Marburg no depois taka. 

Iha loron 24 fulan-Juñu 1653, universidade ne'e loke fali husi William VI husi Hesse-Kassel, ne'ebé muda fali universidade estadu nian husi Kassel ba Marburg, nune'e taka Universidade Kassel. Iha tinan sira tuirmai, universidade hasoru tempu difisil sira tanba konfisionalizasaun ne'ebé la'o hela no susar finanseiru. 

=== sékulu 18 ===
Iha tinan 1723, filózofu Christian Wolff hetan nomeasaun ba kadeira ida iha Universidade Marburg hafoin hetan espulsaun hosi Halle hosi Frederick William I. Maski hetan opozisaun hosi parte sira hosi fakuldade teolójika, Wolff hanorin iha Marburg to'o 1740 ho protesaun hosi Landgrave, molok hetan bolu fali ba Prússia hosi Frederick the Great . Funu Tinan Hitu nian ikusmai perturba universidade, tanba Hesse sai hanesan kampu funu nian no Marburg hetan fortifikasaun. 

Iha tinan 1785, universidade ne'e iha estatutu legál no polítiku espesiál: nia iha nia jurisdisaun rasik, dotasaun ekleziástiku sira, no kadeira ida iha asembleia rejionál. Landgrave hala'o knaar nu'udar reitór, ministru finansas nu'udar kuradór, no senadu kompostu hosi reprezentante sira hosi teolojia, lei, medisina, no filozofia, hamutuk ho instrutór linguajen no tékniku sira. 

Universidade Marburg hetan kreximentu foun durante era Napoleónika . Iha tinan 1807, Eleitoradu Hesse nian sai parte hosi Reinu Westfalia ne'ebé foin harii, estadu satélite fransés ida. Maski universidade oioin iha reinu foun nia laran taka, Marburg hetan salvasaun no benefísiu finanseiru hosi redistribuisaun rekursu sira-nian, liuliu hafoin taka universidade sira iha Rinteln no Helmstedt . Biblioteka universitáriu habelar maka'as liuhosi transferénsia sira hosi Rinteln. 

Iha tinan 1810, autoridade sira Westfalia nian bandu estudante sira atu uza kór no farda rejionál sira, hodi hamosu konflitu ne'ebé naruk entre estudante sira no administrasaun. Iha Maiu 1811, estudante 200 resin halo protestu hodi marxa ba Gladenbach, ne'ebé lori ba libertasaun estudante ida ne'ebé dadur no inkéritu ofisiál ida. 

Hafoin retornu hosi prínsipe-eleitor iha tinan 1813, reforma barak maka inverte, inklui disolusaun hosi estrutura administrativu sira hosi Westfalia no finansiamentu sentralizadu.  Influensiadu husi Funu Libertasaun nian, movimentu estudante sira ne'ebé promove unidade nasionál no ideia liberál sira hetan trasaun iha Marburg. Iha tinan 1816, sosiedade estudante ''Teutonia nian'' hamutuk ho asosiasaun estudante lokál sira hodi forma ''Germania Marburgensis'', maski nia dezenvolvimentu hetan impedimentu hosi Dekretu Carlsbad nian to'o tinan 1850. Iha prínsipe-eleitór Wilhelm I nia okos, restrisaun relijioza sira sai kmaan, hodi permite nomeasaun ba profesór katóliku sira hamutuk ho luteranu sira. Wilhelm II depois fó igualdade konfisionál tomak, ne'ebé kontribui ba aumentu iha matríkula. Durante dékada 1820 no dékada sira tuirmai, universidade habelar nia instalasaun sira, inklui jardín botániku foun, biblioteka, laboratóriu kímiku, teatru anatómiku, observatóriu, no klínika sira. Klínika feto nian, hahú iha Hessian nia ukun, remata iha tinan 1867. 

Tuir aneksasaun Hesse nian hosi Prússia iha tinan 1866, universidade tranzita hosi instituisaun rejionál ida ba parte ida hosi sistema edukasaun Prússia nian, hodi hetan benefísiu hosi ninia reforma sira. Iha tempu ne'ebá, iha estudante na'in 264 (na'in 22 hosi li'ur Hesse) no profesór na'in 51. 

Tanba limitasaun propriedade no preferénsia atu uza edifísiu estadu nian ne'ebé eziste, universidade desentralizadu nafatin iha sidade tomak envezde adota modelu kampus unifikadu. Númeru estudante sira aumenta beibeik, to'o 500 iha 1880 no liu 1,000 iha 1887. 

=== sékulu XX ===
Iha tinan 1909, matríkula estudante nian iha Universidade Marburg aumenta dala rua. Maski feto sira seidauk hetan admisaun formál, Tadako Urata simu grau doutoramentu iha medisina iha tinan 1905 tuir provizaun espesiál ida. Onra akadémika dahuluk ne'ebé fó ba feto ida iha universidade fó ona iha tinan 1827 ba Daniel Jeanne Wyttenbach, ne'ebé simu doutoramentu onoráriu ida ba nia hakerek filozófiku sira kona-ba estétika.  Admisaun formál ba feto sira hahú iha semestre invernu 1908/09 ho estudante feto na'in 26; sira nia númeru sa'e ba 206 bainhira mosu Funu Mundiál I. 

Funu marka interupsaun boot ida. Enkuantu estudante mane 2,258 maka rejista iha veraun 1914, númeru ne'e tun ba 1,899 iha semestre tuirmai, ho de'it 478 ne'ebé tuir palestra sira. Iha fulan tolu nia laran funu nian, universidade lakon ona estudante na'in 55. 

=== Períodu Nazi ===
 
Iha tinan 1926, kapítulu ida hosi Liga Nasionál Sosialista Estudante Alemaña nian (NSDStB) harii iha Marburg. Iha tinan 1931, ida-ne'e kaer maioria iha konsellu estudante nian no lidera ida-ne'e hahú hosi ne'ebá.  Hafoin Nazi sira sa'e ba podér iha tinan 1933, profesór na'in 21—liu désimu ida hosi pesoál profesór sira—hetan demisaun tanba razaun polítika ka rasiál tuir lei sira funsaun públika nian. Entre sira maka matenek-na'in sira ne'ebé notavel hanesan ekonomista Wilhelm Röpke, filólogu romanu Erich Auerbach, no filozofu Karl Löwith . Profesór Hermann Jacobsohn, linguista ida, oho-an iha fulan-Abril tinan 1933 hafoin nia suspensaun. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Zinn, Holger (2002). Zwischen Republik und Diktatur: die Studentenschaft der Philipps-Universität Marburg in den Jahren von 1925 bis 1945 (Thesis) (in German). Cologne: SH-Verl. pp. 313–314. ISBN 3894981105.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1933-05-01 |title=Professor Kills Self |url=https://www.jta.org/archive/professor-kills-self |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuota rasial no jéneru foun sira impoin ba estudante sira, limita matríkula Judeu nian ba 1.5% iha jerál no 5% ba estudante sira tinan dahuluk nian. Proporsaun estudante feto sira nian limitadu temporariamente ba 10%.

=== Depois 1945 ===
Tuir 1945, universidade haree kreximentu lalais iha númeru estudante sira.  Atu akomoda demanda, esforsu espansaun sira hahú iha dékada 1960, inklui edifísiu administrativu foun, jantar, no palestra sira, no muda Fakuldade Filozofia nian. Fakuldade Siénsia Naturál ida harii iha kampus Lahnberge ne'ebé foin dezenvolve, ne'ebé nia edifísiu sira maka entre sira dahuluk iha Alemaña ne'ebé tuir modelu konstrusaun prefabrikadu ne'ebé koñesidu hanesan ''Sistema Marburg'' . 

=== sékulu 21 ===
Eventu nasionál ida ne'ebé maka laiha presedente akontese iha loron 1 fulan-Janeiru tinan 2006, bainhira ospitál universitáriu hetan privatizasaun no fa'an ba Rhön-Klinikum AG, empreza privadu ida kuidadu saúde nian, hafoin nia fuzaun ho Ospitál Universitáriu Gießen nian. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Conrad |first=Till |date=2022-05-16 |title=Die langen Kämpfe ums Krankenhaus |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |pages=4 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iha tinan 2012 universidade loke muzeu kímika interativu dahuluk alemaun nian, ho naran ''Chemicum'' . Ninia programa kursu esperimentál ho objetivu atu enkoraja foin-sa'e sira atu buka kareira iha siénsia. &lt;ref name=&quot;chemicum-news&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 February 2011 |title=&quot;Chemikum Marburg&quot; hat ein dauerhaftes Domizil |url=https://idw-online.de/pages/en/news454460 |access-date=23 January 2012 |publisher=Informationsdienst Wissenschaft }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111075522/https://idw-online.de/pages/en/news454460 |date=11 November 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Estrutura''' ==
[[Imajen:Marburg_UB_Neubau_Eingang_Alter_Botanischer_Garten_von_OSO.jpg|miniaturadaimagem|Biblioteka universitáriu]]
[[Imajen:Uni_Marburg_Lahnberge_04.jpg|miniaturadaimagem|''Kampus Lahnberge'' dedika ba siénsia naturál sira. Imajen hatudu ''Edifísiu ho Objetivu Múltiplu'', uma ba Departamentu Matemátika no Siénsia Informátika, no mós laboratóriu sira ba peskiza iha siénsia materiál no kímika fízika]]

=== Departamentu sira ===
Universidade Marburg fahe ba 16 fakuldade. Iha nia tempu dahuluk, universidade ne'e kompostu husi Fakuldade Teolojia, Fakuldade Medisina, Fakuldade Direitu, no Fakuldade Filosofia. Husi Fakuldade Filosofia, Fakuldade Matemátika no Siénsia Naturál separa iha tinan 1964.

Iha tinan 1970, tuir Lei Edukasaun Asentu-Superiór Hesse nian, fakuldade sira ne'e hetan reestruturasaun sai fakuldade 20. Depois husi fusaun sira ne'ebé akontese liu husi tinan 1997, organizasaun atual kompostu husi 16 fakuldade, ne'ebé numerasaun la tuir ona sequência kontinua. [1]

Hanesan parte ida hosi Prosesu Bologna nian, Universidade introdús númeru boot ida hosi programa foun sira Lisensiatura no Mestradu nian. Iha tempu hanesan, programa lisensiatura tradisionál sira ho Majistradu, Diplom no kualifikasaun sira ne'ebé hanesan hapara tiha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2007-11-06 |title=Marburger Lehrer informieren sich über neues Studiensystem |url=https://www.uni-marburg.de/archive/news/2007-11-6-marburger-lehrer-informieren-sich-uber-neues-studiensystem.html |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Uni Marburg}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Institutu no muzeu asosiadu sira ===
Universidade koopera ho institutu afiliadu sira tuirmai:

* Fundasaun Christoph Dornier ba Psikolojia Klínika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Dietrich |first=Simon |date=1991-10-23 |title=Philipps-Universitaet. Viele Kooperationen mit Unternehmen |work=[[Handelsblatt]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sentru Peskiza ba Hakerek Pesoál sira &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2012-09-20 |title=Aufschlussreiche Würdigungen Verstorbener |work=[[Ostthüringer Zeitung]] |pages=14 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Institutu Hans von Soden ba Peskiza Teolójika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2003-11-11 |title=Universität Marburg Neues Institut zur Förderung von Theologen |work=[[Frankfurter Rundschau]] |pages=34 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jestaun Kuidadu Saúde eV &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2005-06-18 |title=Gesundheitsmanagement |work=[[Salzburger Nachrichten]] |pages=39 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Institutu ba Estudu Kooperativu sira (fundasaun legál privadu ida) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Fehl |first=Ulrich |date=1998-01-26 |title=Im Rahmen marktwirtschaftlicher Ordnung |work=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]] |pages=14 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Institutu ba Terapia Komportamentál no Medisina Komportamentál (IVV) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2008-11-21 |title=Vortrag über Selbstverletzungen bei Jugendlichen |work=Gießener Anzeiger |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Institutu ba Étika Negósiu no Sosiál &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Meyer |first=Claus-Peter |date=2001-11-29 |title=Debeka als Arbeitgeber ausgezeichnet |work=VersicherungsJournal Deutschland |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Semináriu Katóliku-Teolójiku Fakuldade Teolojia nian iha Fulda &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2020-10-16 |title=Keine Priester mehr aus Fulda? |work=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]] |pages=5 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muzeu sira tuirmai ne'e iha afiliasaun ho universidade:

* Muzeu Mineralójiku hosi Universidade Philipps Marburg &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2013-08-27 |title=Bedeutende Sammlung von Mineralien gestiftet |work=Oberhessische Zeitung |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Muzeu Arte no Istória Kulturál &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kunstmuseum |url=https://www.uni-marburg.de/de/museum/kunstmuseum |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Uni Marburg |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Schwarzwäller |first=Nadja |date=2018-06-19 |title=Verein macht sich stark für Museum |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kolesaun sira husi universidade (selesaun) ===

* Alter Botanischer Garten Marburg, the university's old [[botanical garden]]
* Botanischer Garten Marburg, the university's current botanical garden
* Forschungsinstitut Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden bis 1250 (Collection of photographs taken from medieval charters)
* Bildarchiv Foto Marburg (German national picture archive of arts)
* Religionskundliche Sammlung (Collection of religious objects)
* Deutscher Sprachatlas (Linguistic Atlas of Germany)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Research Center Deutscher Sprachatlas |url=https://www.uni-marburg.de/en/fb09/dsa |access-date=1 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mineralogisches Museum (Museum of Mineralogy)
* Museum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte (Museum of Arts)
* Museum Anatomicum (Museum of Anatomy and Medical History, currently closed)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Pfaffel |first=Dorothee |date=2025-04-04 |title=Wollen Sie das sehen? |work=Neuburger Rundschau |pages=25 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* University Archive https://www.uni-marburg.de/de/uniarchiv

== '''Peskiza''' ==

=== Klasifikasaun sira ===
Departamentu sira psikolojia no jeografia nian atinji ona estatutu Grupu Exelénsia nian iha Klasifikasaun Exelénsia CHE nian iha Europa tomak 2009.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Tuir QS World University Rankings of 2024, instituisaun ne'e situa iha intervalu 761-770 globalmente, no nia kaer pozisaun 40-41 nasionalmente.  Tuir THE World University Rankings of 2024, nia hetan klasifikasaun iha grupu 401-500 iha nivel mundiál, enkuantu nia klasifikasaun nasionál monu entre 37 no 41.  Iha ARWU World Rankings of 2023, universidade ne'e lista iha 401-500 iha mundu tomak no nia hetan pozisaun entre 25 no nasionál 31. 

=== Sentru Peskiza Kolaborativu sira ===
Universidade ne'e signifikativu ba nia peskiza siénsia-moris nian maibé mós uma ba sentru ida hosi sentru uitoan ne'ebé hala'o peskiza kona-ba Médiu Oriente, CNMS ( Sentru ba Estudu sira Médiu Oriente no Besik nian ).

Peskiza universidade nian ilustra hosi nia partisipasaun iha SFB oioin ( ''Sonderforschungsbereiche'' ). Sentru peskiza kolaborativu sira-ne'e hetan finansiamentu hosi Fundasaun Siénsia Alemaña ''DFG'' . Sira enkoraja peskizadór sira atu hakat liu baliza sira hosi dixiplina sira, institutu sira, departamentu sira no fakuldade sira iha universidade partisipante nia laran. SFB atuál iha Universidade Marburg maka: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sonderforschungsbereiche |url=https://www.uni-marburg.de/de/forschung/spitzenfoerderung/sfb |access-date=9 May 2020 |website=Philipps-Universität Marburg}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* SFB 1083 – Estrutura no Dinámika Interfase Internu sira-nian (hahú iha 2013, iha kooperasaun ho Sentru Fízika Internasionál Donostia San Sebastián ) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-04-09 |title=SFB1083 |url=https://www.internal-interfaces.de/ |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Internal Interfaces |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* SFB/TRR 138 – Dinámika Seguransa nian: Forma sira Titulizasaun nian iha Perspetiva Istóriku (hahú iha 2014)
* CRC/TRR 393 – Trajetória sira husi Transtornu Afetivu sira (dezde 2024)

=== Manan-na'in sira Prémiu Nobel nian ===
Entre 1901 no 2011, ema na'in sanulu-resin-ida ne'ebé asosiadu ho Universidade Marburg liuhosi estudu ka hanorin hetan Prémiu Nobel[[File:Nobel_Prize.png|15x15px]] : &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nobelpreisträger |url=https://www.uni-marburg.de/de/universitaet/profil/geschichte/nobelpreistraeger |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=Uni Marburg |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* 1901: Emil von Behring (Medicine)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Warnecke |first=Christiane |date=2009-06-13 |title=Mit Emil von Behring fing alles an |work=[[Frankfurter Neue Presse]] |pages=1 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1909: Ferdinand Braun (Physics)
* 1910: Albrecht Kossel (Medicine)
* 1930: Hans Fischer (Chemistry)
* 1936: Otto Loewi (Medicine)
* 1939: Adolf Butenandt (Chemistry)
* 1944: Otto Hahn (Chemistry)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Hanke |first=Franz-Josef |date=2008-06-23 |title=Ehre, wem Ehre gebührt – Wissenschaftspreise ehren die Forscher und nutzen auch wieder der Wissenschaft |work=[[Badische Zeitung]] |pages=12 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1958: Boris Pasternak (Literature)
* 1963: Karl Ziegler (Chemistry)
* 1979: Georg Wittig (Chemistry)
* 2011: Jules Hoffmann (Medicine)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Breu |first=Michael |date=2011-10-04 |title=Nobelpreis geht an einen Toten. Medizinpreis erstmals posthum vergeben |work=[[Basler Zeitung]] |pages=12 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Manan-na'in sira Prémiu Leibniz nian ===
Prémiu Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz fó ba peskizadór sira tuirmai ne'ebé iha afiliasaun ho Universidade Marburg: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2021-12-10 |title=Trägerinnen und Träger des Leibnizpreises an der Philipps-Universität Marburg |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |pages=3 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* 1987: Rudolf K. Thauer – Mikrobiolojia Biokímika
* 1989: Manfred T. Reetz – Kímika Orgánika
* 1991: Ernst O. Göbel – Fízika Estadu-Sólidu
* 1991: Rolf Müller – Biokímika / Biolojia Molekulár
* 1996: Reinhard Lührmann – Biolojia Molekulár
* 1997: Paul Knochel – Kímika Organometálika
* 1997: Stephan W. Koch – Fízika Teórika
* 2002: Bruno Eckhardt – Fízika Teórika
* 2003: Roland Lill – Biolojia Sélula / Biokímika
* 2006: Gyburg Radke (kaben ho Uhlmann) – Filolójia no Filozofia Klásiku
* 2011: Friederike Pannewick – Estudu Árabe
* 2022: Stefanie Dehnen – Kímika Inorgánika
* 2024: Tobias Erb – Mikrobiolojia Sintétika

=== Prémiu Ars legend ba ensinu universitáriu ne'ebé di'ak tebes ===
Prémiu Ars legendi ba Ensinu Universitáriu Exelente, prémiu aas liu iha Alemaña iha área ensinu superiór nian, ne'ebé aprezenta hosi Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft no Konferénsia Reitór Alemaña nian (HRK), fó ba ema sira tuirmai ne'ebé hanorin iha Universidade Marburg: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |title=Ars legendi-Preis |url=https://www.stifterverband.org/ars-legendi-preis |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Stifterverband |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Preisträger*innen |url=https://www.uni-marburg.de/de/universitaet/profil/zahlen-fakten-preise/preise |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=Uni Marburg |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* 2010: Jürgen Schäfer (Prémiu Fakuldade ba Medisina)
* 2015: Jürgen Handke (ba &quot;Ensinu no Aprendizajen Dijitál&quot;)
* 2016: Ilka Agricola (Prémiu Fakuldade nian ba Matemátika)
* 2017: Stefan Bösner (Prémiu Fakuldade ba Medisina)
* 2018: Evelyn Korn (ba &quot;Alineamentu Konstrutivu&quot;)
* 2024: Rolf Kreyer (ba &quot;Teoria no prátika linguístika Inglés nian kombinadu&quot;) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-06-05 |title=Marburger Anglist Professor Kreyer erhält Preis für ausgezeichnete Lehre |url=https://www.op-marburg.de/lokales/marburg-biedenkopf/marburg/marburger-anglist-professor-kreyer-erhaelt-preis-fuer-ausgezeichnete-lehre-IVUZOSGCCREO3F2XUUNLS5N474.html |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Instituisaun sientífika sira ===
Universidade Marburg simu instituisaun akadémika no peskiza oioin:

* Akademia Peskiza Universidade Marburg (MARA) apoia peskizadór sira iha kareira inisiál liuhosi formasaun interdisiplinár, finansiamentu, no servisu dezenvolvimentu kareira nian. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2010-12-23 |title=Bedingungen für Promotion transparent machen |work=Gießener Anzeiger |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sentru Dokumentasaun Alemaña ba Istória Arte nian (Bildarchiv Foto Marburg) maka arkivu imajen ida ne'ebé boot liu iha Europa ba arte no arkitetura, ne'ebé fornese rekursu no servisu sira ba muzeu sira, matenek-na'in sira, no editór sira. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Brockschmidt |first=Rolf |date=2023-09-02 |title=Für den Fall der Fälle |work=[[Der Tagesspiegel]] |pages=34 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sentru Demokrasia Hesse koordena esforsu sira hasoru estremizmu direita no oferese programa Mestradu ida iha akonsellamentu iha kontestu ne'ebá. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Haschink |first=Gregor |date=2022-05-11 |title=Opferberatung studieren |work=[[Frankfurter Rundschau]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sentru Peskiza Deutscher Sprachatlas dokumenta no estuda variedade rejionál sira hosi lian Alemaña no mantein arkivu ida ne'ebé luan hosi materiál dialetu sira hosi fatin 50,000 resin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Rummel |first=Silke |date=2014-09-09 |title=Forschungszentrum Deutscher Sprachatlas |work=Darmstädter Echo |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sentru Estudu Jéneru no Peskiza Feminista, harii iha 2001, promove serbisu interdisiplinár iha estudu jéneru no koordena programa akadémiku sira ne'ebé iha relasaun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2017-11-10 |title=Bildungsministerium gibt knapp eine Million Euro für Gender-Forschung |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jardim Botániku, ne'ebé lokaliza iha kampus Lahnberge, ho luan hektar 20 no inklui kolesaun ai-horis ne'ebé luan, área peskiza nian, no estufa sira; Jardim Botániku Antigu agora serve hanesan parke públiku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ahlers |first=Wolfram |date=2021-08-20 |title=Botanischer Garten in Marburg muss renoviert werden |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/rhein-main/region-und-hessen/botanischer-garten-in-marburg-muss-renoviert-werden-17488145.html |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* SYNMIKRO, Sentru ba Mikrobiolojia Sintétika, avansa peskiza kona-ba enjeñaria funsaun mikrobiál sira, ho aplikasaun sira iha bioteknolojia no medisina, iha kolaborasaun ho Sosiedade Max Planck . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Hitzeroth |first=Manfred |date=2018-11-10 |title=Sieg mit mikrobiologischem Baukasten |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Estudante sira''' ==
[[Imajen:Alte_Universität_(Marburg)_2.jpg|miniaturadaimagem|''Universidade Antiga'', ne'ebé maka iha igreja universitáriu, departamentu ba estudu relijiozu sira no sala palestra reprezentativu ida]]
Students at Marburg University are represented by the General Student Committee (AStA) and the Student Parliament (StuPa), with additional representation at faculty level through student councils. The universal transit pass (semester ticket), negotiated by the AStA, allows students extensive access to public transport in Hesse and neighbouring areas, including use of selected InterCity (IC) and InterCity Express (ICE) trains.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-10-24 |title=ICE: Für Asta war Ticket-Reichweite zentraler Punkt |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Robinson |first=Patrick |date=2025-03-06 |title=Nach der Prüfung ist vor der Prüfung |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |pages=4 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Universidade oferese rezidénsia oioin ba estudante sira, inklui Christian-Wolff-Haus, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-11-16 |title=Kernsanierung für Christian-Wolff-Haus |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |pages=5 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; istóriku Collegium Philippinum, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-09-08 |title=Felina Karle bekommt dank jahrhundertealten Rechts einen Platz im Collegium Philippinum in Marburg |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |pages=4 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; no Vilmarhaus, ne'ebé maka jere hosi Igreja Protestante. Konrad-Biesalski-Haus nafatin notavel ba nia asesibilidade pioneiru ba estudante sira ho defisiénsia fíziku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Maas |first=Marie-Charlotte |date=2012-06-14 |title=Gleichheit unter Ungleichen |work=[[Die Zeit]] |pages=71 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Antigu alunu no profesór sira ne'ebé notavel''' ==

=== Sientista naturál sira ===
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Div col/styles.css&quot; /&gt; 

=== Teólogu sira ===
Marburg sempre koñesidu hanesan universidade ida ne'ebé foka ba umanidade . Ida-ne'e mantein forsa ne'e, liuliu iha Filozofia no Teolojia ba tempu naruk hafoin Funu Mundiál Daruak . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Peter |first=Lothar |date=2020-05-02 |title=Ein Partisan im Land der Mitläufer |url=https://jacobin.de/artikel/wolfgang-abendroth-marburg-marxismus-partisanenprofessor |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Jacobin Magazin |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sieg |first=Ulrich |date=2005-02-05 |title=Aus dem Geiste Kants Hermann Cohen, Paul Natorp und der Erste Weltkrieg |work=[[Neue Zürcher Zeitung]] |pages=64 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Div col/styles.css&quot; /&gt;

=== Filózofu sira ===

=== Seluk ===
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'''Universidade Marburg''' mak universidade peskiza públika ida ne'ebé lokaliza iha [[:de:Marburg|Marburg]], [[Alemaña]]. Universidade ne'e harii iha tinan 1527 husi [[:de:Philipp_I._(Hessen)|Filipe I]], Landgrave husi [[:de:Hessen|Hesse]], no konsidera hanesan universidade ida ne'ebé tuan liu iha [[Alemaña]] no universidade [[:de:Protestantismus|protestante]] tuan liu ne'ebé sei kontinua funsiona to'o ohin loron iha mundu.

== '''Introdusaun''' ==
Ohin loron, Universidade Marburg mak universidade públika ida ne'ebé pertense ba Estadu Hesse, no la iha afiliasaun relijioza.

Universidade Marburg iha estudante hamutuk 21.162 iha tinan akademiku 2024/2025. Universidade ne'e lokaliza iha Marburg, Alemaña, no oferese programa estudu internasionál oioin. Aleinde ne'e, universidade ne'e mós partisipa iha [[:de:Erasmus-Programm|programa Erasmus]], ne'ebé fó oportunidade ba estudante sira atu tuir programa troka ''estudante ho universidade sira seluk iha Europa''.

== '''Istória''' ==
=== Tinan sira iha Fundasaun nian ===
Iha loron 1 fulan-Jullu 1527, xefe rai-na'in nian Johann Feige inaugura oficialmente Universidade Marburg, ne'ebé harii husi Landgrave Philip I liuhusi dekretu ida iha loron 30 fulan Maiu tinan ne'ebá. Iha tempu inaugurasaun, universidade ne'e iha profesór 11 no estudante 88.

Reitór dahuluk Universidade Marburg mak Johannes Eisermann, ne'ebé koñesidu mós ho naran latín ''Ferrarius Montanus''. Nia hanorin direitu no servisu hanesan asesór ba tribunál landgravial iha Amöneburg. Iha tinan ne'ebá duni, Philip I fó ba universidade ne'e liberdade akadémika ne'ebé presiza atu hala'o nia atividade sira.

Iha loron 4 fulan Outubru 1541, Universidade Marburg hetan independénsia finanseira liuhosi eskritura dotasaun. Tinan tuirmai, Landgrave Philip I simu priviléjiu universitáriu hosi Imperadór Carlos V durante Dieta Imperiál iha Regensburg.

Iha tempu dahuluk, Universidade Marburg uza edifísiu monástiku antigu sira ne'ebé uluk pertense ba Dominikanu sira, Fransiskanu sira, no Irmaun sira husi Vida Komún.

Landgrave Philip I mós fó ba universidade priviléjiu oioin, inklui direitu atu haruka reprezentante ida ba asembleia rejionál, no izensaun hosi taxa no impostu ba membru universitáriu sira.

Iha tinan 1529, Landgrave Philip I sai uma-na'in ba Marburg Colloquy, debate relijiozu ida entre Martin Luther, Ulrich Zwingli, no Philip Melanchthon.

Reputasaun husi fakuldade teolójia Universidade Marburg atrai estudante internasionál sira, liuliu husi Suisa, Dinamarka, Suésia, Olanda, no Eskósia. Entre estudante sira ne'e iha Patrick Hamilton, ne'ebé estuda iha Marburg ba tempu badak.

Durante sékulu dahuluk universidade nian, surtu moras oioin, hanesan moras suar Inglés no peste, obriga universidade atu muda temporariamente ba sidade sira ne'ebé besik.

=== sékulu XVI no XVII ===
To'o nia mate iha tinan 1560, Johann Friedrich Dryander kaer kadeira medisina iha Universidade Marburg. Iha loron 15 fulan-Novembru 1565, Landgrave William IV hosi Hesse-Kassel nomeia Georg Marius nu'udar profesór, lahó hetan uluk konsentimentu formál husi universidade.

Iha tinan 1566, universidade harii kadeira medisina daruak, ne'ebé prenxe husi Victorinus Schönfeldt. Antes ne'e, nia serbisu nu'udar profesór matemátika iha universidade.

Entre tinan 1580 no 1628, Rudolph Goclenius maka profesór filozofia, lójika, no étika iha Universidade Marburg. 

Bainhira Landgrave Maurice husi Hesse-Kassel hetan eransa husi Landgraviate Hesse-Marburg iha tinan 1604, nia konverte ba Calvinizmu iha tinan tuirmai. Tanba ne'e, universidade hetan obrigasaun atu adopta konfisaun Reformada, ne'ebé nia mantein to'o nia alinhamentu konfisionál nia rohan iha tinan 1866.

Mudansa konfisionál ida ne'e lori profesór Luteranu barak ba Universidade Giessen, ne'ebé foin harii iha tinan 1607. Iha tinan 1625, bainhira Marburg temporariamente tama iha okos Hesse-Darmstadt Luteranu, Universidade Giessen fila fali ba Universidade Marburg no depois taka. 

Iha loron 24 fulan-Juñu 1653, universidade ne'e loke fali husi William VI husi Hesse-Kassel, ne'ebé muda fali universidade estadu nian husi Kassel ba Marburg, nune'e taka Universidade Kassel. Iha tinan sira tuirmai, universidade hasoru tempu difisil sira tanba konfisionalizasaun ne'ebé la'o hela no susar finanseiru. 

=== sékulu 18 ===
Iha tinan 1723, filózofu Christian Wolff hetan nomeasaun ba kadeira ida iha Universidade Marburg hafoin hetan espulsaun hosi Halle hosi Frederick William I. Maski hetan opozisaun hosi parte sira hosi fakuldade teolójika, Wolff hanorin iha Marburg to'o 1740 ho protesaun hosi Landgrave, molok hetan bolu fali ba Prússia hosi Frederick the Great . Funu Tinan Hitu nian ikusmai perturba universidade, tanba Hesse sai hanesan kampu funu nian no Marburg hetan fortifikasaun. 

Iha tinan 1785, universidade ne'e iha estatutu legál no polítiku espesiál: nia iha nia jurisdisaun rasik, dotasaun ekleziástiku sira, no kadeira ida iha asembleia rejionál. Landgrave hala'o knaar nu'udar reitór, ministru finansas nu'udar kuradór, no senadu kompostu hosi reprezentante sira hosi teolojia, lei, medisina, no filozofia, hamutuk ho instrutór linguajen no tékniku sira. 

Universidade Marburg hetan kreximentu foun durante era Napoleónika . Iha tinan 1807, Eleitoradu Hesse nian sai parte hosi Reinu Westfalia ne'ebé foin harii, estadu satélite fransés ida. Maski universidade oioin iha reinu foun nia laran taka, Marburg hetan salvasaun no benefísiu finanseiru hosi redistribuisaun rekursu sira-nian, liuliu hafoin taka universidade sira iha Rinteln no Helmstedt . Biblioteka universitáriu habelar maka'as liuhosi transferénsia sira hosi Rinteln. 

Iha tinan 1810, autoridade sira Westfalia nian bandu estudante sira atu uza kór no farda rejionál sira, hodi hamosu konflitu ne'ebé naruk entre estudante sira no administrasaun. Iha Maiu 1811, estudante 200 resin halo protestu hodi marxa ba Gladenbach, ne'ebé lori ba libertasaun estudante ida ne'ebé dadur no inkéritu ofisiál ida. 

Hafoin retornu hosi prínsipe-eleitor iha tinan 1813, reforma barak maka inverte, inklui disolusaun hosi estrutura administrativu sira hosi Westfalia no finansiamentu sentralizadu.  Influensiadu husi Funu Libertasaun nian, movimentu estudante sira ne'ebé promove unidade nasionál no ideia liberál sira hetan trasaun iha Marburg. Iha tinan 1816, sosiedade estudante ''Teutonia nian'' hamutuk ho asosiasaun estudante lokál sira hodi forma ''Germania Marburgensis'', maski nia dezenvolvimentu hetan impedimentu hosi Dekretu Carlsbad nian to'o tinan 1850. Iha prínsipe-eleitór Wilhelm I nia okos, restrisaun relijioza sira sai kmaan, hodi permite nomeasaun ba profesór katóliku sira hamutuk ho luteranu sira. Wilhelm II depois fó igualdade konfisionál tomak, ne'ebé kontribui ba aumentu iha matríkula. Durante dékada 1820 no dékada sira tuirmai, universidade habelar nia instalasaun sira, inklui jardín botániku foun, biblioteka, laboratóriu kímiku, teatru anatómiku, observatóriu, no klínika sira. Klínika feto nian, hahú iha Hessian nia ukun, remata iha tinan 1867. 

Tuir aneksasaun Hesse nian hosi Prússia iha tinan 1866, universidade tranzita hosi instituisaun rejionál ida ba parte ida hosi sistema edukasaun Prússia nian, hodi hetan benefísiu hosi ninia reforma sira. Iha tempu ne'ebá, iha estudante na'in 264 (na'in 22 hosi li'ur Hesse) no profesór na'in 51. 

Tanba limitasaun propriedade no preferénsia atu uza edifísiu estadu nian ne'ebé eziste, universidade desentralizadu nafatin iha sidade tomak envezde adota modelu kampus unifikadu. Númeru estudante sira aumenta beibeik, to'o 500 iha 1880 no liu 1,000 iha 1887. 

=== sékulu XX ===
Iha tinan 1909, matríkula estudante nian iha Universidade Marburg aumenta dala rua. Maski feto sira seidauk hetan admisaun formál, Tadako Urata simu grau doutoramentu iha medisina iha tinan 1905 tuir provizaun espesiál ida. Onra akadémika dahuluk ne'ebé fó ba feto ida iha universidade fó ona iha tinan 1827 ba Daniel Jeanne Wyttenbach, ne'ebé simu doutoramentu onoráriu ida ba nia hakerek filozófiku sira kona-ba estétika.  Admisaun formál ba feto sira hahú iha semestre invernu 1908/09 ho estudante feto na'in 26; sira nia númeru sa'e ba 206 bainhira mosu Funu Mundiál I. 

Funu marka interupsaun boot ida. Enkuantu estudante mane 2,258 maka rejista iha veraun 1914, númeru ne'e tun ba 1,899 iha semestre tuirmai, ho de'it 478 ne'ebé tuir palestra sira. Iha fulan tolu nia laran funu nian, universidade lakon ona estudante na'in 55. 

=== Períodu Nazi ===
 
Iha tinan 1926, kapítulu ida hosi Liga Nasionál Sosialista Estudante Alemaña nian (NSDStB) harii iha Marburg. Iha tinan 1931, ida-ne'e kaer maioria iha konsellu estudante nian no lidera ida-ne'e hahú hosi ne'ebá.  Hafoin Nazi sira sa'e ba podér iha tinan 1933, profesór na'in 21—liu désimu ida hosi pesoál profesór sira—hetan demisaun tanba razaun polítika ka rasiál tuir lei sira funsaun públika nian. Entre sira maka matenek-na'in sira ne'ebé notavel hanesan ekonomista Wilhelm Röpke, filólogu romanu Erich Auerbach, no filozofu Karl Löwith . Profesór Hermann Jacobsohn, linguista ida, oho-an iha fulan-Abril tinan 1933 hafoin nia suspensaun. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Zinn, Holger (2002). Zwischen Republik und Diktatur: die Studentenschaft der Philipps-Universität Marburg in den Jahren von 1925 bis 1945 (Thesis) (in German). Cologne: SH-Verl. pp. 313–314. ISBN 3894981105.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1933-05-01 |title=Professor Kills Self |url=https://www.jta.org/archive/professor-kills-self |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuota rasial no jéneru foun sira impoin ba estudante sira, limita matríkula Judeu nian ba 1.5% iha jerál no 5% ba estudante sira tinan dahuluk nian. Proporsaun estudante feto sira nian limitadu temporariamente ba 10%.

=== Depois 1945 ===
Tuir 1945, universidade haree kreximentu lalais iha númeru estudante sira.  Atu akomoda demanda, esforsu espansaun sira hahú iha dékada 1960, inklui edifísiu administrativu foun, jantar, no palestra sira, no muda Fakuldade Filozofia nian. Fakuldade Siénsia Naturál ida harii iha kampus Lahnberge ne'ebé foin dezenvolve, ne'ebé nia edifísiu sira maka entre sira dahuluk iha Alemaña ne'ebé tuir modelu konstrusaun prefabrikadu ne'ebé koñesidu hanesan ''Sistema Marburg'' . 

=== sékulu 21 ===
Eventu nasionál ida ne'ebé maka laiha presedente akontese iha loron 1 fulan-Janeiru tinan 2006, bainhira ospitál universitáriu hetan privatizasaun no fa'an ba Rhön-Klinikum AG, empreza privadu ida kuidadu saúde nian, hafoin nia fuzaun ho Ospitál Universitáriu Gießen nian. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Conrad |first=Till |date=2022-05-16 |title=Die langen Kämpfe ums Krankenhaus |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |pages=4 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iha tinan 2012 universidade loke muzeu kímika interativu dahuluk alemaun nian, ho naran ''Chemicum'' . Ninia programa kursu esperimentál ho objetivu atu enkoraja foin-sa'e sira atu buka kareira iha siénsia. &lt;ref name=&quot;chemicum-news&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 February 2011 |title=&quot;Chemikum Marburg&quot; hat ein dauerhaftes Domizil |url=https://idw-online.de/pages/en/news454460 |access-date=23 January 2012 |publisher=Informationsdienst Wissenschaft }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111075522/https://idw-online.de/pages/en/news454460 |date=11 November 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Estrutura''' ==
[[Imajen:Marburg_UB_Neubau_Eingang_Alter_Botanischer_Garten_von_OSO.jpg|miniaturadaimagem|Biblioteka universitáriu]]
[[Imajen:Uni_Marburg_Lahnberge_04.jpg|miniaturadaimagem|''Kampus Lahnberge'' dedika ba siénsia naturál sira. Imajen hatudu ''Edifísiu ho Objetivu Múltiplu'', uma ba Departamentu Matemátika no Siénsia Informátika, no mós laboratóriu sira ba peskiza iha siénsia materiál no kímika fízika]]

=== Departamentu sira ===
Universidade Marburg fahe ba 16 fakuldade. Iha nia tempu dahuluk, universidade ne'e kompostu husi Fakuldade Teolojia, Fakuldade Medisina, Fakuldade Direitu, no Fakuldade Filosofia. Husi Fakuldade Filosofia, Fakuldade Matemátika no Siénsia Naturál separa iha tinan 1964.

Iha tinan 1970, tuir Lei Edukasaun Asentu-Superiór Hesse nian, fakuldade sira ne'e hetan reestruturasaun sai fakuldade 20. Depois husi fusaun sira ne'ebé akontese liu husi tinan 1997, organizasaun atual kompostu husi 16 fakuldade, ne'ebé numerasaun la tuir ona sequência kontinua. [1]

Hanesan parte ida hosi Prosesu Bologna nian, Universidade introdús númeru boot ida hosi programa foun sira Lisensiatura no Mestradu nian. Iha tempu hanesan, programa lisensiatura tradisionál sira ho Majistradu, Diplom no kualifikasaun sira ne'ebé hanesan hapara tiha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2007-11-06 |title=Marburger Lehrer informieren sich über neues Studiensystem |url=https://www.uni-marburg.de/archive/news/2007-11-6-marburger-lehrer-informieren-sich-uber-neues-studiensystem.html |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Uni Marburg}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Institutu no muzeu asosiadu sira ===
Universidade koopera ho institutu afiliadu sira tuirmai:

* Fundasaun Christoph Dornier ba Psikolojia Klínika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Dietrich |first=Simon |date=1991-10-23 |title=Philipps-Universitaet. Viele Kooperationen mit Unternehmen |work=[[Handelsblatt]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sentru Peskiza ba Hakerek Pesoál sira &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2012-09-20 |title=Aufschlussreiche Würdigungen Verstorbener |work=[[Ostthüringer Zeitung]] |pages=14 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Institutu Hans von Soden ba Peskiza Teolójika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2003-11-11 |title=Universität Marburg Neues Institut zur Förderung von Theologen |work=[[Frankfurter Rundschau]] |pages=34 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jestaun Kuidadu Saúde eV &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2005-06-18 |title=Gesundheitsmanagement |work=[[Salzburger Nachrichten]] |pages=39 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Institutu ba Estudu Kooperativu sira (fundasaun legál privadu ida) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Fehl |first=Ulrich |date=1998-01-26 |title=Im Rahmen marktwirtschaftlicher Ordnung |work=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]] |pages=14 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Institutu ba Terapia Komportamentál no Medisina Komportamentál (IVV) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2008-11-21 |title=Vortrag über Selbstverletzungen bei Jugendlichen |work=Gießener Anzeiger |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Institutu ba Étika Negósiu no Sosiál &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Meyer |first=Claus-Peter |date=2001-11-29 |title=Debeka als Arbeitgeber ausgezeichnet |work=VersicherungsJournal Deutschland |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Semináriu Katóliku-Teolójiku Fakuldade Teolojia nian iha Fulda &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2020-10-16 |title=Keine Priester mehr aus Fulda? |work=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]] |pages=5 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muzeu sira tuirmai ne'e iha afiliasaun ho universidade:

* Muzeu Mineralójiku hosi Universidade Philipps Marburg &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2013-08-27 |title=Bedeutende Sammlung von Mineralien gestiftet |work=Oberhessische Zeitung |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Muzeu Arte no Istória Kulturál &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kunstmuseum |url=https://www.uni-marburg.de/de/museum/kunstmuseum |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Uni Marburg |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Schwarzwäller |first=Nadja |date=2018-06-19 |title=Verein macht sich stark für Museum |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kolesaun sira husi universidade (selesaun) ===

* Alter Botanischer Garten Marburg, the university's old [[botanical garden]]
* Botanischer Garten Marburg, the university's current botanical garden
* Forschungsinstitut Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden bis 1250 (Collection of photographs taken from medieval charters)
* Bildarchiv Foto Marburg (German national picture archive of arts)
* Religionskundliche Sammlung (Collection of religious objects)
* Deutscher Sprachatlas (Linguistic Atlas of Germany)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Research Center Deutscher Sprachatlas |url=https://www.uni-marburg.de/en/fb09/dsa |access-date=1 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mineralogisches Museum (Museum of Mineralogy)
* Museum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte (Museum of Arts)
* Museum Anatomicum (Museum of Anatomy and Medical History, currently closed)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Pfaffel |first=Dorothee |date=2025-04-04 |title=Wollen Sie das sehen? |work=Neuburger Rundschau |pages=25 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* University Archive https://www.uni-marburg.de/de/uniarchiv

== '''Peskiza''' ==

=== Klasifikasaun sira ===
Departamentu sira psikolojia no jeografia nian atinji ona estatutu Grupu Exelénsia nian iha Klasifikasaun Exelénsia CHE nian iha Europa tomak 2009.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Tuir QS World University Rankings of 2024, instituisaun ne'e situa iha intervalu 761-770 globalmente, no nia kaer pozisaun 40-41 nasionalmente.  Tuir THE World University Rankings of 2024, nia hetan klasifikasaun iha grupu 401-500 iha nivel mundiál, enkuantu nia klasifikasaun nasionál monu entre 37 no 41.  Iha ARWU World Rankings of 2023, universidade ne'e lista iha 401-500 iha mundu tomak no nia hetan pozisaun entre 25 no nasionál 31. 

=== Sentru Peskiza Kolaborativu sira ===
Universidade ne'e signifikativu ba nia peskiza siénsia-moris nian maibé mós uma ba sentru ida hosi sentru uitoan ne'ebé hala'o peskiza kona-ba Médiu Oriente, CNMS ( Sentru ba Estudu sira Médiu Oriente no Besik nian ).

Peskiza universidade nian ilustra hosi nia partisipasaun iha SFB oioin ( ''Sonderforschungsbereiche'' ). Sentru peskiza kolaborativu sira-ne'e hetan finansiamentu hosi Fundasaun Siénsia Alemaña ''DFG'' . Sira enkoraja peskizadór sira atu hakat liu baliza sira hosi dixiplina sira, institutu sira, departamentu sira no fakuldade sira iha universidade partisipante nia laran. SFB atuál iha Universidade Marburg maka: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sonderforschungsbereiche |url=https://www.uni-marburg.de/de/forschung/spitzenfoerderung/sfb |access-date=9 May 2020 |website=Philipps-Universität Marburg}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* SFB 1083 – Estrutura no Dinámika Interfase Internu sira-nian (hahú iha 2013, iha kooperasaun ho Sentru Fízika Internasionál Donostia San Sebastián ) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-04-09 |title=SFB1083 |url=https://www.internal-interfaces.de/ |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Internal Interfaces |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* SFB/TRR 138 – Dinámika Seguransa nian: Forma sira Titulizasaun nian iha Perspetiva Istóriku (hahú iha 2014)
* CRC/TRR 393 – Trajetória sira husi Transtornu Afetivu sira (dezde 2024)

=== Manan-na'in sira Prémiu Nobel nian ===
Entre 1901 no 2011, ema na'in sanulu-resin-ida ne'ebé asosiadu ho Universidade Marburg liuhosi estudu ka hanorin hetan Prémiu Nobel[[File:Nobel_Prize.png|15x15px]] : &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nobelpreisträger |url=https://www.uni-marburg.de/de/universitaet/profil/geschichte/nobelpreistraeger |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=Uni Marburg |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* 1901: Emil von Behring (Medicine)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Warnecke |first=Christiane |date=2009-06-13 |title=Mit Emil von Behring fing alles an |work=[[Frankfurter Neue Presse]] |pages=1 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1909: Ferdinand Braun (Physics)
* 1910: Albrecht Kossel (Medicine)
* 1930: Hans Fischer (Chemistry)
* 1936: Otto Loewi (Medicine)
* 1939: Adolf Butenandt (Chemistry)
* 1944: Otto Hahn (Chemistry)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Hanke |first=Franz-Josef |date=2008-06-23 |title=Ehre, wem Ehre gebührt – Wissenschaftspreise ehren die Forscher und nutzen auch wieder der Wissenschaft |work=[[Badische Zeitung]] |pages=12 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1958: Boris Pasternak (Literature)
* 1963: Karl Ziegler (Chemistry)
* 1979: Georg Wittig (Chemistry)
* 2011: Jules Hoffmann (Medicine)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Breu |first=Michael |date=2011-10-04 |title=Nobelpreis geht an einen Toten. Medizinpreis erstmals posthum vergeben |work=[[Basler Zeitung]] |pages=12 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Manan-na'in sira Prémiu Leibniz nian ===
Prémiu Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz fó ba peskizadór sira tuirmai ne'ebé iha afiliasaun ho Universidade Marburg: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2021-12-10 |title=Trägerinnen und Träger des Leibnizpreises an der Philipps-Universität Marburg |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |pages=3 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* 1987: Rudolf K. Thauer – Mikrobiolojia Biokímika
* 1989: Manfred T. Reetz – Kímika Orgánika
* 1991: Ernst O. Göbel – Fízika Estadu-Sólidu
* 1991: Rolf Müller – Biokímika / Biolojia Molekulár
* 1996: Reinhard Lührmann – Biolojia Molekulár
* 1997: Paul Knochel – Kímika Organometálika
* 1997: Stephan W. Koch – Fízika Teórika
* 2002: Bruno Eckhardt – Fízika Teórika
* 2003: Roland Lill – Biolojia Sélula / Biokímika
* 2006: Gyburg Radke (kaben ho Uhlmann) – Filolójia no Filozofia Klásiku
* 2011: Friederike Pannewick – Estudu Árabe
* 2022: Stefanie Dehnen – Kímika Inorgánika
* 2024: Tobias Erb – Mikrobiolojia Sintétika

=== Prémiu Ars legend ba ensinu universitáriu ne'ebé di'ak tebes ===
Prémiu Ars legendi ba Ensinu Universitáriu Exelente, prémiu aas liu iha Alemaña iha área ensinu superiór nian, ne'ebé aprezenta hosi Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft no Konferénsia Reitór Alemaña nian (HRK), fó ba ema sira tuirmai ne'ebé hanorin iha Universidade Marburg: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |title=Ars legendi-Preis |url=https://www.stifterverband.org/ars-legendi-preis |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Stifterverband |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Preisträger*innen |url=https://www.uni-marburg.de/de/universitaet/profil/zahlen-fakten-preise/preise |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=Uni Marburg |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* 2010: Jürgen Schäfer (Prémiu Fakuldade ba Medisina)
* 2015: Jürgen Handke (ba &quot;Ensinu no Aprendizajen Dijitál&quot;)
* 2016: Ilka Agricola (Prémiu Fakuldade nian ba Matemátika)
* 2017: Stefan Bösner (Prémiu Fakuldade ba Medisina)
* 2018: Evelyn Korn (ba &quot;Alineamentu Konstrutivu&quot;)
* 2024: Rolf Kreyer (ba &quot;Teoria no prátika linguístika Inglés nian kombinadu&quot;) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-06-05 |title=Marburger Anglist Professor Kreyer erhält Preis für ausgezeichnete Lehre |url=https://www.op-marburg.de/lokales/marburg-biedenkopf/marburg/marburger-anglist-professor-kreyer-erhaelt-preis-fuer-ausgezeichnete-lehre-IVUZOSGCCREO3F2XUUNLS5N474.html |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Instituisaun sientífika sira ===
Universidade Marburg simu instituisaun akadémika no peskiza oioin:

* Akademia Peskiza Universidade Marburg (MARA) apoia peskizadór sira iha kareira inisiál liuhosi formasaun interdisiplinár, finansiamentu, no servisu dezenvolvimentu kareira nian. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2010-12-23 |title=Bedingungen für Promotion transparent machen |work=Gießener Anzeiger |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sentru Dokumentasaun Alemaña ba Istória Arte nian (Bildarchiv Foto Marburg) maka arkivu imajen ida ne'ebé boot liu iha Europa ba arte no arkitetura, ne'ebé fornese rekursu no servisu sira ba muzeu sira, matenek-na'in sira, no editór sira. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Brockschmidt |first=Rolf |date=2023-09-02 |title=Für den Fall der Fälle |work=[[Der Tagesspiegel]] |pages=34 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sentru Demokrasia Hesse koordena esforsu sira hasoru estremizmu direita no oferese programa Mestradu ida iha akonsellamentu iha kontestu ne'ebá. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Haschink |first=Gregor |date=2022-05-11 |title=Opferberatung studieren |work=[[Frankfurter Rundschau]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sentru Peskiza Deutscher Sprachatlas dokumenta no estuda variedade rejionál sira hosi lian Alemaña no mantein arkivu ida ne'ebé luan hosi materiál dialetu sira hosi fatin 50,000 resin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Rummel |first=Silke |date=2014-09-09 |title=Forschungszentrum Deutscher Sprachatlas |work=Darmstädter Echo |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sentru Estudu Jéneru no Peskiza Feminista, harii iha 2001, promove serbisu interdisiplinár iha estudu jéneru no koordena programa akadémiku sira ne'ebé iha relasaun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2017-11-10 |title=Bildungsministerium gibt knapp eine Million Euro für Gender-Forschung |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jardim Botániku, ne'ebé lokaliza iha kampus Lahnberge, ho luan hektar 20 no inklui kolesaun ai-horis ne'ebé luan, área peskiza nian, no estufa sira; Jardim Botániku Antigu agora serve hanesan parke públiku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ahlers |first=Wolfram |date=2021-08-20 |title=Botanischer Garten in Marburg muss renoviert werden |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/rhein-main/region-und-hessen/botanischer-garten-in-marburg-muss-renoviert-werden-17488145.html |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* SYNMIKRO, Sentru ba Mikrobiolojia Sintétika, avansa peskiza kona-ba enjeñaria funsaun mikrobiál sira, ho aplikasaun sira iha bioteknolojia no medisina, iha kolaborasaun ho Sosiedade Max Planck . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Hitzeroth |first=Manfred |date=2018-11-10 |title=Sieg mit mikrobiologischem Baukasten |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Estudante sira''' ==
[[Imajen:Alte_Universität_(Marburg)_2.jpg|miniaturadaimagem|''Universidade Antiga'', ne'ebé maka iha igreja universitáriu, departamentu ba estudu relijiozu sira no sala palestra reprezentativu ida]]
Students at Marburg University are represented by the General Student Committee (AStA) and the Student Parliament (StuPa), with additional representation at faculty level through student councils. The universal transit pass (semester ticket), negotiated by the AStA, allows students extensive access to public transport in Hesse and neighbouring areas, including use of selected InterCity (IC) and InterCity Express (ICE) trains.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-10-24 |title=ICE: Für Asta war Ticket-Reichweite zentraler Punkt |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Robinson |first=Patrick |date=2025-03-06 |title=Nach der Prüfung ist vor der Prüfung |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |pages=4 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Universidade oferese rezidénsia oioin ba estudante sira, inklui Christian-Wolff-Haus, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-11-16 |title=Kernsanierung für Christian-Wolff-Haus |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |pages=5 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; istóriku Collegium Philippinum, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-09-08 |title=Felina Karle bekommt dank jahrhundertealten Rechts einen Platz im Collegium Philippinum in Marburg |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |pages=4 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; no Vilmarhaus, ne'ebé maka jere hosi Igreja Protestante. Konrad-Biesalski-Haus nafatin notavel ba nia asesibilidade pioneiru ba estudante sira ho defisiénsia fíziku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Maas |first=Marie-Charlotte |date=2012-06-14 |title=Gleichheit unter Ungleichen |work=[[Die Zeit]] |pages=71 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Antigu alunu no profesór sira ne'ebé notavel''' ==

=== Sientista naturál sira ===
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=== Teólogu sira ===
Marburg sempre koñesidu hanesan universidade ida ne'ebé foka ba umanidade . Ida-ne'e mantein forsa ne'e, liuliu iha Filozofia no Teolojia ba tempu naruk hafoin Funu Mundiál Daruak . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Peter |first=Lothar |date=2020-05-02 |title=Ein Partisan im Land der Mitläufer |url=https://jacobin.de/artikel/wolfgang-abendroth-marburg-marxismus-partisanenprofessor |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Jacobin Magazin |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sieg |first=Ulrich |date=2005-02-05 |title=Aus dem Geiste Kants Hermann Cohen, Paul Natorp und der Erste Weltkrieg |work=[[Neue Zürcher Zeitung]] |pages=64 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Div col/styles.css&quot; /&gt;

=== Filózofu sira ===

=== Seluk ===
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'''Universidade Marburg''' mak universidade peskiza públika ida ne'ebé lokaliza iha [[:de:Marburg|Marburg]], [[Alemaña]]. Universidade ne'e harii iha tinan 1527 husi [[:de:Philipp_I._(Hessen)|Filipe I]], Landgrave husi [[:de:Hessen|Hesse]], no konsidera hanesan universidade ida ne'ebé tuan liu iha [[Alemaña]] no universidade [[:de:Protestantismus|protestante]] tuan liu ne'ebé sei kontinua funsiona to'o ohin loron iha mundu.

== '''Introdusaun''' ==
Ohin loron, Universidade Marburg mak universidade públika ida ne'ebé pertense ba Estadu Hesse, no la iha afiliasaun relijioza.

Universidade Marburg iha estudante hamutuk 21.162 iha tinan akademiku 2024/2025. Universidade ne'e lokaliza iha Marburg, Alemaña, no oferese programa estudu internasionál oioin. Aleinde ne'e, universidade ne'e mós partisipa iha [[:de:Erasmus-Programm|programa Erasmus]], ne'ebé fó oportunidade ba estudante sira atu tuir programa troka ''estudante ho universidade sira seluk iha Europa''.

== '''Istória''' ==
=== Tinan sira iha Fundasaun nian ===
Iha loron 1 fulan-Jullu 1527, xefe rai-na'in nian Johann Feige inaugura oficialmente Universidade Marburg, ne'ebé harii husi Landgrave Philip I liuhusi dekretu ida iha loron 30 fulan Maiu tinan ne'ebá. Iha tempu inaugurasaun, universidade ne'e iha profesór 11 no estudante 88.

Reitór dahuluk Universidade Marburg mak Johannes Eisermann, ne'ebé koñesidu mós ho naran latín ''Ferrarius Montanus''. Nia hanorin direitu no servisu hanesan asesór ba tribunál landgravial iha Amöneburg. Iha tinan ne'ebá duni, Philip I fó ba universidade ne'e liberdade akadémika ne'ebé presiza atu hala'o nia atividade sira.

Iha loron 4 fulan Outubru 1541, Universidade Marburg hetan independénsia finanseira liuhosi eskritura dotasaun. Tinan tuirmai, Landgrave Philip I simu priviléjiu universitáriu hosi Imperadór Carlos V durante Dieta Imperiál iha Regensburg.

Iha tempu dahuluk, Universidade Marburg uza edifísiu monástiku antigu sira ne'ebé uluk pertense ba [[:de:Dominikaner|Dominikanu]] sira, [[:de:Franziskaner|Fransiskanu]] sira, no Irmaun sira husi Vida Komún.

Landgrave Philip I mós fó ba universidade priviléjiu oioin, inklui direitu atu haruka reprezentante ida ba asembleia rejionál, no izensaun hosi taxa no impostu ba membru universitáriu sira.

Iha tinan 1529, Landgrave Philip I sai uma-na'in ba Marburg Colloquy, debate relijiozu ida entre Martin Luther, Ulrich Zwingli, no [[:de:Philipp_Melanchthon|Philipp Melanchthon]].

Reputasaun husi fakuldade teolójia Universidade Marburg atrai estudante internasionál sira, liuliu husi [[Suisa]], [[Dinamarka]], [[Suésia]], [[Olanda]], no [[Eskósia]]. Entre estudante sira ne'e iha Patrick Hamilton, ne'ebé estuda iha Marburg ba tempu badak.

Durante sékulu dahuluk universidade nian, surtu moras oioin, hanesan moras suar Inglés no peste, obriga universidade atu muda temporariamente ba sidade sira ne'ebé besik.

=== sékulu XVI no XVII ===
To'o nia mate iha tinan 1560, Johann Friedrich Dryander kaer kadeira medisina iha Universidade Marburg. Iha loron 15 fulan-Novembru 1565, Landgrave William IV hosi Hesse-Kassel nomeia Georg Marius nu'udar profesór, lahó hetan uluk konsentimentu formál husi universidade.

Iha tinan 1566, universidade harii kadeira medisina daruak, ne'ebé prenxe husi Victorinus Schönfeldt. Antes ne'e, nia serbisu nu'udar profesór matemátika iha universidade.

Entre tinan 1580 no 1628, Rudolph Goclenius maka profesór filozofia, lójika, no étika iha Universidade Marburg. 

Bainhira Landgrave Maurice husi Hesse-Kassel hetan eransa husi Landgraviate Hesse-Marburg iha tinan 1604, nia konverte ba Calvinizmu iha tinan tuirmai. Tanba ne'e, universidade hetan obrigasaun atu adopta konfisaun Reformada, ne'ebé nia mantein to'o nia alinhamentu konfisionál nia rohan iha tinan 1866.

Mudansa konfisionál ida ne'e lori profesór Luteranu barak ba [[:de:Universität_Gießen|Universidade Giessen]], ne'ebé foin harii iha tinan 1607. Iha tinan 1625, bainhira Marburg temporariamente tama iha okos Hesse-Darmstadt Luteranu, Universidade Giessen fila fali ba Universidade Marburg no depois taka. 

Iha loron 24 fulan-Juñu 1653, universidade ne'e loke fali husi William VI husi Hesse-Kassel, ne'ebé muda fali universidade estadu nian husi Kassel ba Marburg, nune'e taka Universidade Kassel. Iha tinan sira tuirmai, universidade hasoru tempu difisil sira tanba konfisionalizasaun ne'ebé la'o hela no susar finanseiru. 

=== sékulu 18 ===
Iha tinan 1723, filózofu Christian Wolff hetan nomeasaun ba kadeira ida iha Universidade Marburg hafoin hetan espulsaun hosi Halle hosi Frederick William I. Maski hetan opozisaun hosi parte sira hosi fakuldade teolójika, Wolff hanorin iha Marburg to'o 1740 ho protesaun hosi Landgrave, molok hetan bolu fali ba Prússia hosi Frederick the Great . Funu Tinan Hitu nian ikusmai perturba universidade, tanba Hesse sai hanesan kampu funu nian no Marburg hetan fortifikasaun. 

Iha tinan 1785, universidade ne'e iha estatutu legál no polítiku espesiál: nia iha nia jurisdisaun rasik, dotasaun ekleziástiku sira, no kadeira ida iha asembleia rejionál. Landgrave hala'o knaar nu'udar reitór, ministru finansas nu'udar kuradór, no senadu kompostu hosi reprezentante sira hosi teolojia, lei, medisina, no filozofia, hamutuk ho instrutór linguajen no tékniku sira. 

Universidade Marburg hetan kreximentu foun durante era Napoleónika . Iha tinan 1807, Eleitoradu Hesse nian sai parte hosi Reinu Westfalia ne'ebé foin harii, estadu satélite fransés ida. Maski universidade oioin iha reinu foun nia laran taka, Marburg hetan salvasaun no benefísiu finanseiru hosi redistribuisaun rekursu sira-nian, liuliu hafoin taka universidade sira iha Rinteln no Helmstedt . Biblioteka universitáriu habelar maka'as liuhosi transferénsia sira hosi Rinteln. 

Iha tinan 1810, autoridade sira Westfalia nian bandu estudante sira atu uza kór no farda rejionál sira, hodi hamosu konflitu ne'ebé naruk entre estudante sira no administrasaun. Iha Maiu 1811, estudante 200 resin halo protestu hodi marxa ba Gladenbach, ne'ebé lori ba libertasaun estudante ida ne'ebé dadur no inkéritu ofisiál ida. 

Hafoin retornu hosi prínsipe-eleitor iha tinan 1813, reforma barak maka inverte, inklui disolusaun hosi estrutura administrativu sira hosi Westfalia no finansiamentu sentralizadu.  Influensiadu husi Funu Libertasaun nian, movimentu estudante sira ne'ebé promove unidade nasionál no ideia liberál sira hetan trasaun iha Marburg. Iha tinan 1816, sosiedade estudante ''Teutonia nian'' hamutuk ho asosiasaun estudante lokál sira hodi forma ''Germania Marburgensis'', maski nia dezenvolvimentu hetan impedimentu hosi Dekretu Carlsbad nian to'o tinan 1850. Iha prínsipe-eleitór Wilhelm I nia okos, restrisaun relijioza sira sai kmaan, hodi permite nomeasaun ba profesór katóliku sira hamutuk ho luteranu sira. Wilhelm II depois fó igualdade konfisionál tomak, ne'ebé kontribui ba aumentu iha matríkula. Durante dékada 1820 no dékada sira tuirmai, universidade habelar nia instalasaun sira, inklui jardín botániku foun, biblioteka, laboratóriu kímiku, teatru anatómiku, observatóriu, no klínika sira. Klínika feto nian, hahú iha Hessian nia ukun, remata iha tinan 1867. 

Tuir aneksasaun Hesse nian hosi Prússia iha tinan 1866, universidade tranzita hosi instituisaun rejionál ida ba parte ida hosi sistema edukasaun Prússia nian, hodi hetan benefísiu hosi ninia reforma sira. Iha tempu ne'ebá, iha estudante na'in 264 (na'in 22 hosi li'ur Hesse) no profesór na'in 51. 

Tanba limitasaun propriedade no preferénsia atu uza edifísiu estadu nian ne'ebé eziste, universidade desentralizadu nafatin iha sidade tomak envezde adota modelu kampus unifikadu. Númeru estudante sira aumenta beibeik, to'o 500 iha 1880 no liu 1,000 iha 1887. 

=== sékulu XX ===
Iha tinan 1909, matríkula estudante nian iha Universidade Marburg aumenta dala rua. Maski feto sira seidauk hetan admisaun formál, Tadako Urata simu grau doutoramentu iha medisina iha tinan 1905 tuir provizaun espesiál ida. Onra akadémika dahuluk ne'ebé fó ba feto ida iha universidade fó ona iha tinan 1827 ba Daniel Jeanne Wyttenbach, ne'ebé simu doutoramentu onoráriu ida ba nia hakerek filozófiku sira kona-ba estétika.  Admisaun formál ba feto sira hahú iha semestre invernu 1908/09 ho estudante feto na'in 26; sira nia númeru sa'e ba 206 bainhira mosu Funu Mundiál I. 

Funu marka interupsaun boot ida. Enkuantu estudante mane 2,258 maka rejista iha veraun 1914, númeru ne'e tun ba 1,899 iha semestre tuirmai, ho de'it 478 ne'ebé tuir palestra sira. Iha fulan tolu nia laran funu nian, universidade lakon ona estudante na'in 55. 

=== Períodu Nazi ===
 
Iha tinan 1926, kapítulu ida hosi Liga Nasionál Sosialista Estudante Alemaña nian (NSDStB) harii iha Marburg. Iha tinan 1931, ida-ne'e kaer maioria iha konsellu estudante nian no lidera ida-ne'e hahú hosi ne'ebá.  Hafoin Nazi sira sa'e ba podér iha tinan 1933, profesór na'in 21—liu désimu ida hosi pesoál profesór sira—hetan demisaun tanba razaun polítika ka rasiál tuir lei sira funsaun públika nian. Entre sira maka matenek-na'in sira ne'ebé notavel hanesan ekonomista Wilhelm Röpke, filólogu romanu Erich Auerbach, no filozofu Karl Löwith . Profesór Hermann Jacobsohn, linguista ida, oho-an iha fulan-Abril tinan 1933 hafoin nia suspensaun. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Zinn, Holger (2002). Zwischen Republik und Diktatur: die Studentenschaft der Philipps-Universität Marburg in den Jahren von 1925 bis 1945 (Thesis) (in German). Cologne: SH-Verl. pp. 313–314. ISBN 3894981105.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1933-05-01 |title=Professor Kills Self |url=https://www.jta.org/archive/professor-kills-self |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuota rasial no jéneru foun sira impoin ba estudante sira, limita matríkula Judeu nian ba 1.5% iha jerál no 5% ba estudante sira tinan dahuluk nian. Proporsaun estudante feto sira nian limitadu temporariamente ba 10%.

=== Depois 1945 ===
Tuir 1945, universidade haree kreximentu lalais iha númeru estudante sira.  Atu akomoda demanda, esforsu espansaun sira hahú iha dékada 1960, inklui edifísiu administrativu foun, jantar, no palestra sira, no muda Fakuldade Filozofia nian. Fakuldade Siénsia Naturál ida harii iha kampus Lahnberge ne'ebé foin dezenvolve, ne'ebé nia edifísiu sira maka entre sira dahuluk iha Alemaña ne'ebé tuir modelu konstrusaun prefabrikadu ne'ebé koñesidu hanesan ''Sistema Marburg'' . 

=== sékulu 21 ===
Eventu nasionál ida ne'ebé maka laiha presedente akontese iha loron 1 fulan-Janeiru tinan 2006, bainhira ospitál universitáriu hetan privatizasaun no fa'an ba Rhön-Klinikum AG, empreza privadu ida kuidadu saúde nian, hafoin nia fuzaun ho Ospitál Universitáriu Gießen nian. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Conrad |first=Till |date=2022-05-16 |title=Die langen Kämpfe ums Krankenhaus |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |pages=4 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iha tinan 2012 universidade loke muzeu kímika interativu dahuluk alemaun nian, ho naran ''Chemicum'' . Ninia programa kursu esperimentál ho objetivu atu enkoraja foin-sa'e sira atu buka kareira iha siénsia. &lt;ref name=&quot;chemicum-news&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 February 2011 |title=&quot;Chemikum Marburg&quot; hat ein dauerhaftes Domizil |url=https://idw-online.de/pages/en/news454460 |access-date=23 January 2012 |publisher=Informationsdienst Wissenschaft }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111075522/https://idw-online.de/pages/en/news454460 |date=11 November 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Estrutura''' ==
[[Imajen:Marburg_UB_Neubau_Eingang_Alter_Botanischer_Garten_von_OSO.jpg|miniaturadaimagem|Biblioteka universitáriu]]
[[Imajen:Uni_Marburg_Lahnberge_04.jpg|miniaturadaimagem|''Kampus Lahnberge'' dedika ba siénsia naturál sira. Imajen hatudu ''Edifísiu ho Objetivu Múltiplu'', uma ba Departamentu Matemátika no Siénsia Informátika, no mós laboratóriu sira ba peskiza iha siénsia materiál no kímika fízika]]

=== Departamentu sira ===
Universidade Marburg fahe ba 16 fakuldade. Iha nia tempu dahuluk, universidade ne'e kompostu husi Fakuldade Teolojia, Fakuldade Medisina, Fakuldade Direitu, no Fakuldade Filosofia. Husi Fakuldade Filosofia, Fakuldade Matemátika no Siénsia Naturál separa iha tinan 1964.

Iha tinan 1970, tuir Lei Edukasaun Asentu-Superiór Hesse nian, fakuldade sira ne'e hetan reestruturasaun sai fakuldade 20. Depois husi fusaun sira ne'ebé akontese liu husi tinan 1997, organizasaun atual kompostu husi 16 fakuldade, ne'ebé numerasaun la tuir ona sequência kontinua. [1]

Hanesan parte ida hosi Prosesu Bologna nian, Universidade introdús númeru boot ida hosi programa foun sira Lisensiatura no Mestradu nian. Iha tempu hanesan, programa lisensiatura tradisionál sira ho Majistradu, Diplom no kualifikasaun sira ne'ebé hanesan hapara tiha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2007-11-06 |title=Marburger Lehrer informieren sich über neues Studiensystem |url=https://www.uni-marburg.de/archive/news/2007-11-6-marburger-lehrer-informieren-sich-uber-neues-studiensystem.html |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Uni Marburg}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Institutu no muzeu asosiadu sira ===
Universidade koopera ho institutu afiliadu sira tuirmai:

* Fundasaun Christoph Dornier ba Psikolojia Klínika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Dietrich |first=Simon |date=1991-10-23 |title=Philipps-Universitaet. Viele Kooperationen mit Unternehmen |work=[[Handelsblatt]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sentru Peskiza ba Hakerek Pesoál sira &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2012-09-20 |title=Aufschlussreiche Würdigungen Verstorbener |work=[[Ostthüringer Zeitung]] |pages=14 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Institutu Hans von Soden ba Peskiza Teolójika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2003-11-11 |title=Universität Marburg Neues Institut zur Förderung von Theologen |work=[[Frankfurter Rundschau]] |pages=34 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jestaun Kuidadu Saúde eV &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2005-06-18 |title=Gesundheitsmanagement |work=[[Salzburger Nachrichten]] |pages=39 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Institutu ba Estudu Kooperativu sira (fundasaun legál privadu ida) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Fehl |first=Ulrich |date=1998-01-26 |title=Im Rahmen marktwirtschaftlicher Ordnung |work=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]] |pages=14 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Institutu ba Terapia Komportamentál no Medisina Komportamentál (IVV) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2008-11-21 |title=Vortrag über Selbstverletzungen bei Jugendlichen |work=Gießener Anzeiger |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Institutu ba Étika Negósiu no Sosiál &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Meyer |first=Claus-Peter |date=2001-11-29 |title=Debeka als Arbeitgeber ausgezeichnet |work=VersicherungsJournal Deutschland |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Semináriu Katóliku-Teolójiku Fakuldade Teolojia nian iha Fulda &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2020-10-16 |title=Keine Priester mehr aus Fulda? |work=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]] |pages=5 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muzeu sira tuirmai ne'e iha afiliasaun ho universidade:

* Muzeu Mineralójiku hosi Universidade Philipps Marburg &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2013-08-27 |title=Bedeutende Sammlung von Mineralien gestiftet |work=Oberhessische Zeitung |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Muzeu Arte no Istória Kulturál &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kunstmuseum |url=https://www.uni-marburg.de/de/museum/kunstmuseum |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Uni Marburg |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Schwarzwäller |first=Nadja |date=2018-06-19 |title=Verein macht sich stark für Museum |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kolesaun sira husi universidade (selesaun) ===

* Alter Botanischer Garten Marburg, the university's old [[botanical garden]]
* Botanischer Garten Marburg, the university's current botanical garden
* Forschungsinstitut Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden bis 1250 (Collection of photographs taken from medieval charters)
* Bildarchiv Foto Marburg (German national picture archive of arts)
* Religionskundliche Sammlung (Collection of religious objects)
* Deutscher Sprachatlas (Linguistic Atlas of Germany)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Research Center Deutscher Sprachatlas |url=https://www.uni-marburg.de/en/fb09/dsa |access-date=1 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mineralogisches Museum (Museum of Mineralogy)
* Museum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte (Museum of Arts)
* Museum Anatomicum (Museum of Anatomy and Medical History, currently closed)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Pfaffel |first=Dorothee |date=2025-04-04 |title=Wollen Sie das sehen? |work=Neuburger Rundschau |pages=25 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* University Archive https://www.uni-marburg.de/de/uniarchiv

== '''Peskiza''' ==

=== Klasifikasaun sira ===
Departamentu sira psikolojia no jeografia nian atinji ona estatutu Grupu Exelénsia nian iha Klasifikasaun Exelénsia CHE nian iha Europa tomak 2009.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Tuir QS World University Rankings of 2024, instituisaun ne'e situa iha intervalu 761-770 globalmente, no nia kaer pozisaun 40-41 nasionalmente.  Tuir THE World University Rankings of 2024, nia hetan klasifikasaun iha grupu 401-500 iha nivel mundiál, enkuantu nia klasifikasaun nasionál monu entre 37 no 41.  Iha ARWU World Rankings of 2023, universidade ne'e lista iha 401-500 iha mundu tomak no nia hetan pozisaun entre 25 no nasionál 31. 

=== Sentru Peskiza Kolaborativu sira ===
Universidade ne'e signifikativu ba nia peskiza siénsia-moris nian maibé mós uma ba sentru ida hosi sentru uitoan ne'ebé hala'o peskiza kona-ba Médiu Oriente, CNMS ( Sentru ba Estudu sira Médiu Oriente no Besik nian ).

Peskiza universidade nian ilustra hosi nia partisipasaun iha SFB oioin ( ''Sonderforschungsbereiche'' ). Sentru peskiza kolaborativu sira-ne'e hetan finansiamentu hosi Fundasaun Siénsia Alemaña ''DFG'' . Sira enkoraja peskizadór sira atu hakat liu baliza sira hosi dixiplina sira, institutu sira, departamentu sira no fakuldade sira iha universidade partisipante nia laran. SFB atuál iha Universidade Marburg maka: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sonderforschungsbereiche |url=https://www.uni-marburg.de/de/forschung/spitzenfoerderung/sfb |access-date=9 May 2020 |website=Philipps-Universität Marburg}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* SFB 1083 – Estrutura no Dinámika Interfase Internu sira-nian (hahú iha 2013, iha kooperasaun ho Sentru Fízika Internasionál Donostia San Sebastián ) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-04-09 |title=SFB1083 |url=https://www.internal-interfaces.de/ |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Internal Interfaces |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* SFB/TRR 138 – Dinámika Seguransa nian: Forma sira Titulizasaun nian iha Perspetiva Istóriku (hahú iha 2014)
* CRC/TRR 393 – Trajetória sira husi Transtornu Afetivu sira (dezde 2024)

=== Manan-na'in sira Prémiu Nobel nian ===
Entre 1901 no 2011, ema na'in sanulu-resin-ida ne'ebé asosiadu ho Universidade Marburg liuhosi estudu ka hanorin hetan Prémiu Nobel[[File:Nobel_Prize.png|15x15px]] : &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nobelpreisträger |url=https://www.uni-marburg.de/de/universitaet/profil/geschichte/nobelpreistraeger |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=Uni Marburg |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* 1901: Emil von Behring (Medicine)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Warnecke |first=Christiane |date=2009-06-13 |title=Mit Emil von Behring fing alles an |work=[[Frankfurter Neue Presse]] |pages=1 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1909: Ferdinand Braun (Physics)
* 1910: Albrecht Kossel (Medicine)
* 1930: Hans Fischer (Chemistry)
* 1936: Otto Loewi (Medicine)
* 1939: Adolf Butenandt (Chemistry)
* 1944: Otto Hahn (Chemistry)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Hanke |first=Franz-Josef |date=2008-06-23 |title=Ehre, wem Ehre gebührt – Wissenschaftspreise ehren die Forscher und nutzen auch wieder der Wissenschaft |work=[[Badische Zeitung]] |pages=12 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1958: Boris Pasternak (Literature)
* 1963: Karl Ziegler (Chemistry)
* 1979: Georg Wittig (Chemistry)
* 2011: Jules Hoffmann (Medicine)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Breu |first=Michael |date=2011-10-04 |title=Nobelpreis geht an einen Toten. Medizinpreis erstmals posthum vergeben |work=[[Basler Zeitung]] |pages=12 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Manan-na'in sira Prémiu Leibniz nian ===
Prémiu Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz fó ba peskizadór sira tuirmai ne'ebé iha afiliasaun ho Universidade Marburg: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2021-12-10 |title=Trägerinnen und Träger des Leibnizpreises an der Philipps-Universität Marburg |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |pages=3 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* 1987: Rudolf K. Thauer – Mikrobiolojia Biokímika
* 1989: Manfred T. Reetz – Kímika Orgánika
* 1991: Ernst O. Göbel – Fízika Estadu-Sólidu
* 1991: Rolf Müller – Biokímika / Biolojia Molekulár
* 1996: Reinhard Lührmann – Biolojia Molekulár
* 1997: Paul Knochel – Kímika Organometálika
* 1997: Stephan W. Koch – Fízika Teórika
* 2002: Bruno Eckhardt – Fízika Teórika
* 2003: Roland Lill – Biolojia Sélula / Biokímika
* 2006: Gyburg Radke (kaben ho Uhlmann) – Filolójia no Filozofia Klásiku
* 2011: Friederike Pannewick – Estudu Árabe
* 2022: Stefanie Dehnen – Kímika Inorgánika
* 2024: Tobias Erb – Mikrobiolojia Sintétika

=== Prémiu Ars legend ba ensinu universitáriu ne'ebé di'ak tebes ===
Prémiu Ars legendi ba Ensinu Universitáriu Exelente, prémiu aas liu iha Alemaña iha área ensinu superiór nian, ne'ebé aprezenta hosi Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft no Konferénsia Reitór Alemaña nian (HRK), fó ba ema sira tuirmai ne'ebé hanorin iha Universidade Marburg: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |title=Ars legendi-Preis |url=https://www.stifterverband.org/ars-legendi-preis |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Stifterverband |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Preisträger*innen |url=https://www.uni-marburg.de/de/universitaet/profil/zahlen-fakten-preise/preise |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=Uni Marburg |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* 2010: Jürgen Schäfer (Prémiu Fakuldade ba Medisina)
* 2015: Jürgen Handke (ba &quot;Ensinu no Aprendizajen Dijitál&quot;)
* 2016: Ilka Agricola (Prémiu Fakuldade nian ba Matemátika)
* 2017: Stefan Bösner (Prémiu Fakuldade ba Medisina)
* 2018: Evelyn Korn (ba &quot;Alineamentu Konstrutivu&quot;)
* 2024: Rolf Kreyer (ba &quot;Teoria no prátika linguístika Inglés nian kombinadu&quot;) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-06-05 |title=Marburger Anglist Professor Kreyer erhält Preis für ausgezeichnete Lehre |url=https://www.op-marburg.de/lokales/marburg-biedenkopf/marburg/marburger-anglist-professor-kreyer-erhaelt-preis-fuer-ausgezeichnete-lehre-IVUZOSGCCREO3F2XUUNLS5N474.html |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Instituisaun sientífika sira ===
Universidade Marburg simu instituisaun akadémika no peskiza oioin:

* Akademia Peskiza Universidade Marburg (MARA) apoia peskizadór sira iha kareira inisiál liuhosi formasaun interdisiplinár, finansiamentu, no servisu dezenvolvimentu kareira nian. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2010-12-23 |title=Bedingungen für Promotion transparent machen |work=Gießener Anzeiger |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sentru Dokumentasaun Alemaña ba Istória Arte nian (Bildarchiv Foto Marburg) maka arkivu imajen ida ne'ebé boot liu iha Europa ba arte no arkitetura, ne'ebé fornese rekursu no servisu sira ba muzeu sira, matenek-na'in sira, no editór sira. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Brockschmidt |first=Rolf |date=2023-09-02 |title=Für den Fall der Fälle |work=[[Der Tagesspiegel]] |pages=34 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sentru Demokrasia Hesse koordena esforsu sira hasoru estremizmu direita no oferese programa Mestradu ida iha akonsellamentu iha kontestu ne'ebá. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Haschink |first=Gregor |date=2022-05-11 |title=Opferberatung studieren |work=[[Frankfurter Rundschau]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sentru Peskiza Deutscher Sprachatlas dokumenta no estuda variedade rejionál sira hosi lian Alemaña no mantein arkivu ida ne'ebé luan hosi materiál dialetu sira hosi fatin 50,000 resin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Rummel |first=Silke |date=2014-09-09 |title=Forschungszentrum Deutscher Sprachatlas |work=Darmstädter Echo |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sentru Estudu Jéneru no Peskiza Feminista, harii iha 2001, promove serbisu interdisiplinár iha estudu jéneru no koordena programa akadémiku sira ne'ebé iha relasaun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2017-11-10 |title=Bildungsministerium gibt knapp eine Million Euro für Gender-Forschung |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jardim Botániku, ne'ebé lokaliza iha kampus Lahnberge, ho luan hektar 20 no inklui kolesaun ai-horis ne'ebé luan, área peskiza nian, no estufa sira; Jardim Botániku Antigu agora serve hanesan parke públiku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ahlers |first=Wolfram |date=2021-08-20 |title=Botanischer Garten in Marburg muss renoviert werden |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/rhein-main/region-und-hessen/botanischer-garten-in-marburg-muss-renoviert-werden-17488145.html |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* SYNMIKRO, Sentru ba Mikrobiolojia Sintétika, avansa peskiza kona-ba enjeñaria funsaun mikrobiál sira, ho aplikasaun sira iha bioteknolojia no medisina, iha kolaborasaun ho Sosiedade Max Planck . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Hitzeroth |first=Manfred |date=2018-11-10 |title=Sieg mit mikrobiologischem Baukasten |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Estudante sira''' ==
[[Imajen:Alte_Universität_(Marburg)_2.jpg|miniaturadaimagem|''Universidade Antiga'', ne'ebé maka iha igreja universitáriu, departamentu ba estudu relijiozu sira no sala palestra reprezentativu ida]]
Students at Marburg University are represented by the General Student Committee (AStA) and the Student Parliament (StuPa), with additional representation at faculty level through student councils. The universal transit pass (semester ticket), negotiated by the AStA, allows students extensive access to public transport in Hesse and neighbouring areas, including use of selected InterCity (IC) and InterCity Express (ICE) trains.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-10-24 |title=ICE: Für Asta war Ticket-Reichweite zentraler Punkt |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Robinson |first=Patrick |date=2025-03-06 |title=Nach der Prüfung ist vor der Prüfung |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |pages=4 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Universidade oferese rezidénsia oioin ba estudante sira, inklui Christian-Wolff-Haus, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-11-16 |title=Kernsanierung für Christian-Wolff-Haus |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |pages=5 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; istóriku Collegium Philippinum, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-09-08 |title=Felina Karle bekommt dank jahrhundertealten Rechts einen Platz im Collegium Philippinum in Marburg |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |pages=4 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; no Vilmarhaus, ne'ebé maka jere hosi Igreja Protestante. Konrad-Biesalski-Haus nafatin notavel ba nia asesibilidade pioneiru ba estudante sira ho defisiénsia fíziku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Maas |first=Marie-Charlotte |date=2012-06-14 |title=Gleichheit unter Ungleichen |work=[[Die Zeit]] |pages=71 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Antigu alunu no profesór sira ne'ebé notavel''' ==

=== Sientista naturál sira ===
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Div col/styles.css&quot; /&gt; 

=== Teólogu sira ===
Marburg sempre koñesidu hanesan universidade ida ne'ebé foka ba umanidade . Ida-ne'e mantein forsa ne'e, liuliu iha Filozofia no Teolojia ba tempu naruk hafoin Funu Mundiál Daruak . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Peter |first=Lothar |date=2020-05-02 |title=Ein Partisan im Land der Mitläufer |url=https://jacobin.de/artikel/wolfgang-abendroth-marburg-marxismus-partisanenprofessor |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Jacobin Magazin |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sieg |first=Ulrich |date=2005-02-05 |title=Aus dem Geiste Kants Hermann Cohen, Paul Natorp und der Erste Weltkrieg |work=[[Neue Zürcher Zeitung]] |pages=64 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Div col/styles.css&quot; /&gt;

=== Filózofu sira ===

=== Seluk ===
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'''Universidade Marburg''' mak universidade peskiza públika ida ne'ebé lokaliza iha [[:de:Marburg|Marburg]], [[Alemaña]]. Universidade ne'e harii iha tinan 1527 husi [[:de:Philipp_I._(Hessen)|Filipe I]], Landgrave husi [[:de:Hessen|Hesse]], no konsidera hanesan universidade ida ne'ebé tuan liu iha [[Alemaña]] no universidade [[:de:Protestantismus|protestante]] tuan liu ne'ebé sei kontinua funsiona to'o ohin loron iha mundu.

== '''Introdusaun''' ==
Ohin loron, Universidade Marburg mak universidade públika ida ne'ebé pertense ba Estadu Hesse, no la iha afiliasaun relijioza.

Universidade Marburg iha estudante hamutuk 21.162 iha tinan akademiku 2024/2025. Universidade ne'e lokaliza iha Marburg, Alemaña, no oferese programa estudu internasionál oioin. Aleinde ne'e, universidade ne'e mós partisipa iha [[:de:Erasmus-Programm|programa Erasmus]], ne'ebé fó oportunidade ba estudante sira atu tuir programa troka ''estudante ho universidade sira seluk iha Europa''.

== '''Istória''' ==
=== Tinan sira iha Fundasaun nian ===
Iha loron 1 fulan-Jullu 1527, xefe rai-na'in nian Johann Feige inaugura oficialmente Universidade Marburg, ne'ebé harii husi Landgrave Philip I liuhusi dekretu ida iha loron 30 fulan Maiu tinan ne'ebá. Iha tempu inaugurasaun, universidade ne'e iha profesór 11 no estudante 88.

Reitór dahuluk Universidade Marburg mak Johannes Eisermann, ne'ebé koñesidu mós ho naran latín ''Ferrarius Montanus''. Nia hanorin direitu no servisu hanesan asesór ba tribunál landgravial iha Amöneburg. Iha tinan ne'ebá duni, Philip I fó ba universidade ne'e liberdade akadémika ne'ebé presiza atu hala'o nia atividade sira.

Iha loron 4 fulan Outubru 1541, Universidade Marburg hetan independénsia finanseira liuhosi eskritura dotasaun. Tinan tuirmai, Landgrave Philip I simu priviléjiu universitáriu hosi Imperadór Carlos V durante Dieta Imperiál iha Regensburg.

Iha tempu dahuluk, Universidade Marburg uza edifísiu monástiku antigu sira ne'ebé uluk pertense ba Dominikanu sira, Fransiskanu sira, no Irmaun sira husi Vida Komún.

Landgrave Philip I mós fó ba universidade priviléjiu oioin, inklui direitu atu haruka reprezentante ida ba asembleia rejionál, no izensaun hosi taxa no impostu ba membru universitáriu sira.

Iha tinan 1529, Landgrave Philip I sai uma-na'in ba Marburg Colloquy, debate relijiozu ida entre Martin Luther, Ulrich Zwingli, no Philip Melanchthon.

Reputasaun husi fakuldade teolójia Universidade Marburg atrai estudante internasionál sira, liuliu husi Suisa, Dinamarka, Suésia, Olanda, no Eskósia. Entre estudante sira ne'e iha Patrick Hamilton, ne'ebé estuda iha Marburg ba tempu badak.

Durante sékulu dahuluk universidade nian, surtu moras oioin, hanesan moras suar Inglés no peste, obriga universidade atu muda temporariamente ba sidade sira ne'ebé besik.

=== sékulu XVI no XVII ===
To'o nia mate iha tinan 1560, Johann Friedrich Dryander kaer kadeira medisina iha Universidade Marburg. Iha loron 15 fulan-Novembru 1565, Landgrave William IV hosi Hesse-Kassel nomeia Georg Marius nu'udar profesór, lahó hetan uluk konsentimentu formál husi universidade.

Iha tinan 1566, universidade harii kadeira medisina daruak, ne'ebé prenxe husi Victorinus Schönfeldt. Antes ne'e, nia serbisu nu'udar profesór matemátika iha universidade.

Entre tinan 1580 no 1628, Rudolph Goclenius maka profesór filozofia, lójika, no étika iha Universidade Marburg. 

Bainhira Landgrave Maurice husi Hesse-Kassel hetan eransa husi Landgraviate Hesse-Marburg iha tinan 1604, nia konverte ba Calvinizmu iha tinan tuirmai. Tanba ne'e, universidade hetan obrigasaun atu adopta konfisaun Reformada, ne'ebé nia mantein to'o nia alinhamentu konfisionál nia rohan iha tinan 1866.

Mudansa konfisionál ida ne'e lori profesór Luteranu barak ba Universidade Giessen, ne'ebé foin harii iha tinan 1607. Iha tinan 1625, bainhira Marburg temporariamente tama iha okos Hesse-Darmstadt Luteranu, Universidade Giessen fila fali ba Universidade Marburg no depois taka. 

Iha loron 24 fulan-Juñu 1653, universidade ne'e loke fali husi William VI husi Hesse-Kassel, ne'ebé muda fali universidade estadu nian husi Kassel ba Marburg, nune'e taka Universidade Kassel. Iha tinan sira tuirmai, universidade hasoru tempu difisil sira tanba konfisionalizasaun ne'ebé la'o hela no susar finanseiru. 

=== sékulu 18 ===
Iha tinan 1723, filózofu Christian Wolff hetan nomeasaun ba kadeira ida iha Universidade Marburg hafoin hetan espulsaun hosi Halle hosi Frederick William I. Maski hetan opozisaun hosi parte sira hosi fakuldade teolójika, Wolff hanorin iha Marburg to'o 1740 ho protesaun hosi Landgrave, molok hetan bolu fali ba Prússia hosi Frederick the Great . Funu Tinan Hitu nian ikusmai perturba universidade, tanba Hesse sai hanesan kampu funu nian no Marburg hetan fortifikasaun. 

Iha tinan 1785, universidade ne'e iha estatutu legál no polítiku espesiál: nia iha nia jurisdisaun rasik, dotasaun ekleziástiku sira, no kadeira ida iha asembleia rejionál. Landgrave hala'o knaar nu'udar reitór, ministru finansas nu'udar kuradór, no senadu kompostu hosi reprezentante sira hosi teolojia, lei, medisina, no filozofia, hamutuk ho instrutór linguajen no tékniku sira. 

Universidade Marburg hetan kreximentu foun durante era Napoleónika . Iha tinan 1807, Eleitoradu Hesse nian sai parte hosi Reinu Westfalia ne'ebé foin harii, estadu satélite fransés ida. Maski universidade oioin iha reinu foun nia laran taka, Marburg hetan salvasaun no benefísiu finanseiru hosi redistribuisaun rekursu sira-nian, liuliu hafoin taka universidade sira iha Rinteln no Helmstedt . Biblioteka universitáriu habelar maka'as liuhosi transferénsia sira hosi Rinteln. 

Iha tinan 1810, autoridade sira Westfalia nian bandu estudante sira atu uza kór no farda rejionál sira, hodi hamosu konflitu ne'ebé naruk entre estudante sira no administrasaun. Iha Maiu 1811, estudante 200 resin halo protestu hodi marxa ba Gladenbach, ne'ebé lori ba libertasaun estudante ida ne'ebé dadur no inkéritu ofisiál ida. 

Hafoin retornu hosi prínsipe-eleitor iha tinan 1813, reforma barak maka inverte, inklui disolusaun hosi estrutura administrativu sira hosi Westfalia no finansiamentu sentralizadu.  Influensiadu husi Funu Libertasaun nian, movimentu estudante sira ne'ebé promove unidade nasionál no ideia liberál sira hetan trasaun iha Marburg. Iha tinan 1816, sosiedade estudante ''Teutonia nian'' hamutuk ho asosiasaun estudante lokál sira hodi forma ''Germania Marburgensis'', maski nia dezenvolvimentu hetan impedimentu hosi Dekretu Carlsbad nian to'o tinan 1850. Iha prínsipe-eleitór Wilhelm I nia okos, restrisaun relijioza sira sai kmaan, hodi permite nomeasaun ba profesór katóliku sira hamutuk ho luteranu sira. Wilhelm II depois fó igualdade konfisionál tomak, ne'ebé kontribui ba aumentu iha matríkula. Durante dékada 1820 no dékada sira tuirmai, universidade habelar nia instalasaun sira, inklui jardín botániku foun, biblioteka, laboratóriu kímiku, teatru anatómiku, observatóriu, no klínika sira. Klínika feto nian, hahú iha Hessian nia ukun, remata iha tinan 1867. 

Tuir aneksasaun Hesse nian hosi Prússia iha tinan 1866, universidade tranzita hosi instituisaun rejionál ida ba parte ida hosi sistema edukasaun Prússia nian, hodi hetan benefísiu hosi ninia reforma sira. Iha tempu ne'ebá, iha estudante na'in 264 (na'in 22 hosi li'ur Hesse) no profesór na'in 51. 

Tanba limitasaun propriedade no preferénsia atu uza edifísiu estadu nian ne'ebé eziste, universidade desentralizadu nafatin iha sidade tomak envezde adota modelu kampus unifikadu. Númeru estudante sira aumenta beibeik, to'o 500 iha 1880 no liu 1,000 iha 1887. 

=== sékulu XX ===
Iha tinan 1909, matríkula estudante nian iha Universidade Marburg aumenta dala rua. Maski feto sira seidauk hetan admisaun formál, Tadako Urata simu grau doutoramentu iha medisina iha tinan 1905 tuir provizaun espesiál ida. Onra akadémika dahuluk ne'ebé fó ba feto ida iha universidade fó ona iha tinan 1827 ba Daniel Jeanne Wyttenbach, ne'ebé simu doutoramentu onoráriu ida ba nia hakerek filozófiku sira kona-ba estétika.  Admisaun formál ba feto sira hahú iha semestre invernu 1908/09 ho estudante feto na'in 26; sira nia númeru sa'e ba 206 bainhira mosu Funu Mundiál I. 

Funu marka interupsaun boot ida. Enkuantu estudante mane 2,258 maka rejista iha veraun 1914, númeru ne'e tun ba 1,899 iha semestre tuirmai, ho de'it 478 ne'ebé tuir palestra sira. Iha fulan tolu nia laran funu nian, universidade lakon ona estudante na'in 55. 

=== Períodu Nazi ===
 
Iha tinan 1926, kapítulu ida hosi Liga Nasionál Sosialista Estudante Alemaña nian (NSDStB) harii iha Marburg. Iha tinan 1931, ida-ne'e kaer maioria iha konsellu estudante nian no lidera ida-ne'e hahú hosi ne'ebá.  Hafoin Nazi sira sa'e ba podér iha tinan 1933, profesór na'in 21—liu désimu ida hosi pesoál profesór sira—hetan demisaun tanba razaun polítika ka rasiál tuir lei sira funsaun públika nian. Entre sira maka matenek-na'in sira ne'ebé notavel hanesan ekonomista Wilhelm Röpke, filólogu romanu Erich Auerbach, no filozofu Karl Löwith . Profesór Hermann Jacobsohn, linguista ida, oho-an iha fulan-Abril tinan 1933 hafoin nia suspensaun. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Zinn, Holger (2002). Zwischen Republik und Diktatur: die Studentenschaft der Philipps-Universität Marburg in den Jahren von 1925 bis 1945 (Thesis) (in German). Cologne: SH-Verl. pp. 313–314. ISBN 3894981105.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1933-05-01 |title=Professor Kills Self |url=https://www.jta.org/archive/professor-kills-self |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuota rasial no jéneru foun sira impoin ba estudante sira, limita matríkula Judeu nian ba 1.5% iha jerál no 5% ba estudante sira tinan dahuluk nian. Proporsaun estudante feto sira nian limitadu temporariamente ba 10%.

=== Depois 1945 ===
Tuir 1945, universidade haree kreximentu lalais iha númeru estudante sira.  Atu akomoda demanda, esforsu espansaun sira hahú iha dékada 1960, inklui edifísiu administrativu foun, jantar, no palestra sira, no muda Fakuldade Filozofia nian. Fakuldade Siénsia Naturál ida harii iha kampus Lahnberge ne'ebé foin dezenvolve, ne'ebé nia edifísiu sira maka entre sira dahuluk iha Alemaña ne'ebé tuir modelu konstrusaun prefabrikadu ne'ebé koñesidu hanesan ''Sistema Marburg'' . 

=== sékulu 21 ===
Eventu nasionál ida ne'ebé maka laiha presedente akontese iha loron 1 fulan-Janeiru tinan 2006, bainhira ospitál universitáriu hetan privatizasaun no fa'an ba Rhön-Klinikum AG, empreza privadu ida kuidadu saúde nian, hafoin nia fuzaun ho Ospitál Universitáriu Gießen nian. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Conrad |first=Till |date=2022-05-16 |title=Die langen Kämpfe ums Krankenhaus |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |pages=4 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iha tinan 2012 universidade loke muzeu kímika interativu dahuluk alemaun nian, ho naran ''Chemicum'' . Ninia programa kursu esperimentál ho objetivu atu enkoraja foin-sa'e sira atu buka kareira iha siénsia. &lt;ref name=&quot;chemicum-news&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 February 2011 |title=&quot;Chemikum Marburg&quot; hat ein dauerhaftes Domizil |url=https://idw-online.de/pages/en/news454460 |access-date=23 January 2012 |publisher=Informationsdienst Wissenschaft }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111075522/https://idw-online.de/pages/en/news454460 |date=11 November 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Estrutura''' ==
[[Imajen:Marburg_UB_Neubau_Eingang_Alter_Botanischer_Garten_von_OSO.jpg|miniaturadaimagem|Biblioteka universitáriu]]
[[Imajen:Uni_Marburg_Lahnberge_04.jpg|miniaturadaimagem|''Kampus Lahnberge'' dedika ba siénsia naturál sira. Imajen hatudu ''Edifísiu ho Objetivu Múltiplu'', uma ba Departamentu Matemátika no Siénsia Informátika, no mós laboratóriu sira ba peskiza iha siénsia materiál no kímika fízika]]

=== Departamentu sira ===
Universidade Marburg fahe ba 16 fakuldade. Iha nia tempu dahuluk, universidade ne'e kompostu husi Fakuldade Teolojia, Fakuldade Medisina, Fakuldade Direitu, no Fakuldade Filosofia. Husi Fakuldade Filosofia, Fakuldade Matemátika no Siénsia Naturál separa iha tinan 1964.

Iha tinan 1970, tuir Lei Edukasaun Asentu-Superiór Hesse nian, fakuldade sira ne'e hetan reestruturasaun sai fakuldade 20. Depois husi fusaun sira ne'ebé akontese liu husi tinan 1997, organizasaun atual kompostu husi 16 fakuldade, ne'ebé numerasaun la tuir ona sequência kontinua. [1]

Hanesan parte ida hosi Prosesu Bologna nian, Universidade introdús númeru boot ida hosi programa foun sira Lisensiatura no Mestradu nian. Iha tempu hanesan, programa lisensiatura tradisionál sira ho Majistradu, Diplom no kualifikasaun sira ne'ebé hanesan hapara tiha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2007-11-06 |title=Marburger Lehrer informieren sich über neues Studiensystem |url=https://www.uni-marburg.de/archive/news/2007-11-6-marburger-lehrer-informieren-sich-uber-neues-studiensystem.html |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Uni Marburg}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Institutu no muzeu asosiadu sira ===
Universidade koopera ho institutu afiliadu sira tuirmai:

* Fundasaun Christoph Dornier ba Psikolojia Klínika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Dietrich |first=Simon |date=1991-10-23 |title=Philipps-Universitaet. Viele Kooperationen mit Unternehmen |work=[[Handelsblatt]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sentru Peskiza ba Hakerek Pesoál sira &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2012-09-20 |title=Aufschlussreiche Würdigungen Verstorbener |work=[[Ostthüringer Zeitung]] |pages=14 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Institutu Hans von Soden ba Peskiza Teolójika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2003-11-11 |title=Universität Marburg Neues Institut zur Förderung von Theologen |work=[[Frankfurter Rundschau]] |pages=34 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jestaun Kuidadu Saúde eV &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2005-06-18 |title=Gesundheitsmanagement |work=[[Salzburger Nachrichten]] |pages=39 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Institutu ba Estudu Kooperativu sira (fundasaun legál privadu ida) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Fehl |first=Ulrich |date=1998-01-26 |title=Im Rahmen marktwirtschaftlicher Ordnung |work=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]] |pages=14 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Institutu ba Terapia Komportamentál no Medisina Komportamentál (IVV) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2008-11-21 |title=Vortrag über Selbstverletzungen bei Jugendlichen |work=Gießener Anzeiger |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Institutu ba Étika Negósiu no Sosiál &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Meyer |first=Claus-Peter |date=2001-11-29 |title=Debeka als Arbeitgeber ausgezeichnet |work=VersicherungsJournal Deutschland |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Semináriu Katóliku-Teolójiku Fakuldade Teolojia nian iha Fulda &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2020-10-16 |title=Keine Priester mehr aus Fulda? |work=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]] |pages=5 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muzeu sira tuirmai ne'e iha afiliasaun ho universidade:

* Muzeu Mineralójiku hosi Universidade Philipps Marburg &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2013-08-27 |title=Bedeutende Sammlung von Mineralien gestiftet |work=Oberhessische Zeitung |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Muzeu Arte no Istória Kulturál &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kunstmuseum |url=https://www.uni-marburg.de/de/museum/kunstmuseum |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Uni Marburg |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Schwarzwäller |first=Nadja |date=2018-06-19 |title=Verein macht sich stark für Museum |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kolesaun sira husi universidade (selesaun) ===

* Alter Botanischer Garten Marburg, the university's old [[botanical garden]]
* Botanischer Garten Marburg, the university's current botanical garden
* Forschungsinstitut Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden bis 1250 (Collection of photographs taken from medieval charters)
* Bildarchiv Foto Marburg (German national picture archive of arts)
* Religionskundliche Sammlung (Collection of religious objects)
* Deutscher Sprachatlas (Linguistic Atlas of Germany)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Research Center Deutscher Sprachatlas |url=https://www.uni-marburg.de/en/fb09/dsa |access-date=1 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mineralogisches Museum (Museum of Mineralogy)
* Museum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte (Museum of Arts)
* Museum Anatomicum (Museum of Anatomy and Medical History, currently closed)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Pfaffel |first=Dorothee |date=2025-04-04 |title=Wollen Sie das sehen? |work=Neuburger Rundschau |pages=25 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* University Archive https://www.uni-marburg.de/de/uniarchiv

== '''Peskiza''' ==

=== Klasifikasaun sira ===
Departamentu sira psikolojia no jeografia nian atinji ona estatutu Grupu Exelénsia nian iha Klasifikasaun Exelénsia CHE nian iha Europa tomak 2009.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Tuir QS World University Rankings of 2024, instituisaun ne'e situa iha intervalu 761-770 globalmente, no nia kaer pozisaun 40-41 nasionalmente.  Tuir THE World University Rankings of 2024, nia hetan klasifikasaun iha grupu 401-500 iha nivel mundiál, enkuantu nia klasifikasaun nasionál monu entre 37 no 41.  Iha ARWU World Rankings of 2023, universidade ne'e lista iha 401-500 iha mundu tomak no nia hetan pozisaun entre 25 no nasionál 31. 

=== Sentru Peskiza Kolaborativu sira ===
Universidade ne'e signifikativu ba nia peskiza siénsia-moris nian maibé mós uma ba sentru ida hosi sentru uitoan ne'ebé hala'o peskiza kona-ba Médiu Oriente, CNMS ( Sentru ba Estudu sira Médiu Oriente no Besik nian ).

Peskiza universidade nian ilustra hosi nia partisipasaun iha SFB oioin ( ''Sonderforschungsbereiche'' ). Sentru peskiza kolaborativu sira-ne'e hetan finansiamentu hosi Fundasaun Siénsia Alemaña ''DFG'' . Sira enkoraja peskizadór sira atu hakat liu baliza sira hosi dixiplina sira, institutu sira, departamentu sira no fakuldade sira iha universidade partisipante nia laran. SFB atuál iha Universidade Marburg maka: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sonderforschungsbereiche |url=https://www.uni-marburg.de/de/forschung/spitzenfoerderung/sfb |access-date=9 May 2020 |website=Philipps-Universität Marburg}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* SFB 1083 – Estrutura no Dinámika Interfase Internu sira-nian (hahú iha 2013, iha kooperasaun ho Sentru Fízika Internasionál Donostia San Sebastián ) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-04-09 |title=SFB1083 |url=https://www.internal-interfaces.de/ |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Internal Interfaces |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* SFB/TRR 138 – Dinámika Seguransa nian: Forma sira Titulizasaun nian iha Perspetiva Istóriku (hahú iha 2014)
* CRC/TRR 393 – Trajetória sira husi Transtornu Afetivu sira (dezde 2024)

=== Manan-na'in sira Prémiu Nobel nian ===
Entre 1901 no 2011, ema na'in sanulu-resin-ida ne'ebé asosiadu ho Universidade Marburg liuhosi estudu ka hanorin hetan Prémiu Nobel[[File:Nobel_Prize.png|15x15px]] : &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nobelpreisträger |url=https://www.uni-marburg.de/de/universitaet/profil/geschichte/nobelpreistraeger |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=Uni Marburg |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* 1901: Emil von Behring (Medicine)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Warnecke |first=Christiane |date=2009-06-13 |title=Mit Emil von Behring fing alles an |work=[[Frankfurter Neue Presse]] |pages=1 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1909: Ferdinand Braun (Physics)
* 1910: Albrecht Kossel (Medicine)
* 1930: Hans Fischer (Chemistry)
* 1936: Otto Loewi (Medicine)
* 1939: Adolf Butenandt (Chemistry)
* 1944: Otto Hahn (Chemistry)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Hanke |first=Franz-Josef |date=2008-06-23 |title=Ehre, wem Ehre gebührt – Wissenschaftspreise ehren die Forscher und nutzen auch wieder der Wissenschaft |work=[[Badische Zeitung]] |pages=12 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1958: Boris Pasternak (Literature)
* 1963: Karl Ziegler (Chemistry)
* 1979: Georg Wittig (Chemistry)
* 2011: Jules Hoffmann (Medicine)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Breu |first=Michael |date=2011-10-04 |title=Nobelpreis geht an einen Toten. Medizinpreis erstmals posthum vergeben |work=[[Basler Zeitung]] |pages=12 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Manan-na'in sira Prémiu Leibniz nian ===
Prémiu Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz fó ba peskizadór sira tuirmai ne'ebé iha afiliasaun ho Universidade Marburg: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2021-12-10 |title=Trägerinnen und Träger des Leibnizpreises an der Philipps-Universität Marburg |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |pages=3 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* 1987: Rudolf K. Thauer – Mikrobiolojia Biokímika
* 1989: Manfred T. Reetz – Kímika Orgánika
* 1991: Ernst O. Göbel – Fízika Estadu-Sólidu
* 1991: Rolf Müller – Biokímika / Biolojia Molekulár
* 1996: Reinhard Lührmann – Biolojia Molekulár
* 1997: Paul Knochel – Kímika Organometálika
* 1997: Stephan W. Koch – Fízika Teórika
* 2002: Bruno Eckhardt – Fízika Teórika
* 2003: Roland Lill – Biolojia Sélula / Biokímika
* 2006: Gyburg Radke (kaben ho Uhlmann) – Filolójia no Filozofia Klásiku
* 2011: Friederike Pannewick – Estudu Árabe
* 2022: Stefanie Dehnen – Kímika Inorgánika
* 2024: Tobias Erb – Mikrobiolojia Sintétika

=== Prémiu Ars legend ba ensinu universitáriu ne'ebé di'ak tebes ===
Prémiu Ars legendi ba Ensinu Universitáriu Exelente, prémiu aas liu iha Alemaña iha área ensinu superiór nian, ne'ebé aprezenta hosi Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft no Konferénsia Reitór Alemaña nian (HRK), fó ba ema sira tuirmai ne'ebé hanorin iha Universidade Marburg: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |title=Ars legendi-Preis |url=https://www.stifterverband.org/ars-legendi-preis |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Stifterverband |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Preisträger*innen |url=https://www.uni-marburg.de/de/universitaet/profil/zahlen-fakten-preise/preise |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=Uni Marburg |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* 2010: Jürgen Schäfer (Prémiu Fakuldade ba Medisina)
* 2015: Jürgen Handke (ba &quot;Ensinu no Aprendizajen Dijitál&quot;)
* 2016: Ilka Agricola (Prémiu Fakuldade nian ba Matemátika)
* 2017: Stefan Bösner (Prémiu Fakuldade ba Medisina)
* 2018: Evelyn Korn (ba &quot;Alineamentu Konstrutivu&quot;)
* 2024: Rolf Kreyer (ba &quot;Teoria no prátika linguístika Inglés nian kombinadu&quot;) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-06-05 |title=Marburger Anglist Professor Kreyer erhält Preis für ausgezeichnete Lehre |url=https://www.op-marburg.de/lokales/marburg-biedenkopf/marburg/marburger-anglist-professor-kreyer-erhaelt-preis-fuer-ausgezeichnete-lehre-IVUZOSGCCREO3F2XUUNLS5N474.html |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Instituisaun sientífika sira ===
Universidade Marburg simu instituisaun akadémika no peskiza oioin:

* Akademia Peskiza Universidade Marburg (MARA) apoia peskizadór sira iha kareira inisiál liuhosi formasaun interdisiplinár, finansiamentu, no servisu dezenvolvimentu kareira nian. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2010-12-23 |title=Bedingungen für Promotion transparent machen |work=Gießener Anzeiger |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sentru Dokumentasaun Alemaña ba Istória Arte nian (Bildarchiv Foto Marburg) maka arkivu imajen ida ne'ebé boot liu iha Europa ba arte no arkitetura, ne'ebé fornese rekursu no servisu sira ba muzeu sira, matenek-na'in sira, no editór sira. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Brockschmidt |first=Rolf |date=2023-09-02 |title=Für den Fall der Fälle |work=[[Der Tagesspiegel]] |pages=34 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sentru Demokrasia Hesse koordena esforsu sira hasoru estremizmu direita no oferese programa Mestradu ida iha akonsellamentu iha kontestu ne'ebá. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Haschink |first=Gregor |date=2022-05-11 |title=Opferberatung studieren |work=[[Frankfurter Rundschau]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sentru Peskiza Deutscher Sprachatlas dokumenta no estuda variedade rejionál sira hosi lian Alemaña no mantein arkivu ida ne'ebé luan hosi materiál dialetu sira hosi fatin 50,000 resin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Rummel |first=Silke |date=2014-09-09 |title=Forschungszentrum Deutscher Sprachatlas |work=Darmstädter Echo |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sentru Estudu Jéneru no Peskiza Feminista, harii iha 2001, promove serbisu interdisiplinár iha estudu jéneru no koordena programa akadémiku sira ne'ebé iha relasaun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2017-11-10 |title=Bildungsministerium gibt knapp eine Million Euro für Gender-Forschung |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jardim Botániku, ne'ebé lokaliza iha kampus Lahnberge, ho luan hektar 20 no inklui kolesaun ai-horis ne'ebé luan, área peskiza nian, no estufa sira; Jardim Botániku Antigu agora serve hanesan parke públiku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ahlers |first=Wolfram |date=2021-08-20 |title=Botanischer Garten in Marburg muss renoviert werden |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/rhein-main/region-und-hessen/botanischer-garten-in-marburg-muss-renoviert-werden-17488145.html |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* SYNMIKRO, Sentru ba Mikrobiolojia Sintétika, avansa peskiza kona-ba enjeñaria funsaun mikrobiál sira, ho aplikasaun sira iha bioteknolojia no medisina, iha kolaborasaun ho Sosiedade Max Planck . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Hitzeroth |first=Manfred |date=2018-11-10 |title=Sieg mit mikrobiologischem Baukasten |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Estudante sira''' ==
[[Imajen:Alte_Universität_(Marburg)_2.jpg|miniaturadaimagem|''Universidade Antiga'', ne'ebé maka iha igreja universitáriu, departamentu ba estudu relijiozu sira no sala palestra reprezentativu ida]]
Students at Marburg University are represented by the General Student Committee (AStA) and the Student Parliament (StuPa), with additional representation at faculty level through student councils. The universal transit pass (semester ticket), negotiated by the AStA, allows students extensive access to public transport in Hesse and neighbouring areas, including use of selected InterCity (IC) and InterCity Express (ICE) trains.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-10-24 |title=ICE: Für Asta war Ticket-Reichweite zentraler Punkt |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Robinson |first=Patrick |date=2025-03-06 |title=Nach der Prüfung ist vor der Prüfung |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |pages=4 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Universidade oferese rezidénsia oioin ba estudante sira, inklui Christian-Wolff-Haus, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-11-16 |title=Kernsanierung für Christian-Wolff-Haus |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |pages=5 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; istóriku Collegium Philippinum, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-09-08 |title=Felina Karle bekommt dank jahrhundertealten Rechts einen Platz im Collegium Philippinum in Marburg |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |pages=4 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; no Vilmarhaus, ne'ebé maka jere hosi Igreja Protestante. Konrad-Biesalski-Haus nafatin notavel ba nia asesibilidade pioneiru ba estudante sira ho defisiénsia fíziku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Maas |first=Marie-Charlotte |date=2012-06-14 |title=Gleichheit unter Ungleichen |work=[[Die Zeit]] |pages=71 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Antigu alunu no profesór sira ne'ebé notavel''' ==

=== Sientista naturál sira ===
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Div col/styles.css&quot; /&gt; 

=== Teólogu sira ===
Marburg sempre koñesidu hanesan universidade ida ne'ebé foka ba umanidade . Ida-ne'e mantein forsa ne'e, liuliu iha Filozofia no Teolojia ba tempu naruk hafoin Funu Mundiál Daruak . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Peter |first=Lothar |date=2020-05-02 |title=Ein Partisan im Land der Mitläufer |url=https://jacobin.de/artikel/wolfgang-abendroth-marburg-marxismus-partisanenprofessor |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Jacobin Magazin |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sieg |first=Ulrich |date=2005-02-05 |title=Aus dem Geiste Kants Hermann Cohen, Paul Natorp und der Erste Weltkrieg |work=[[Neue Zürcher Zeitung]] |pages=64 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Div col/styles.css&quot; /&gt;

=== Filózofu sira ===

=== Seluk ===
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'''Universidade Marburg''' mak universidade peskiza públika ida ne'ebé lokaliza iha [[:de:Marburg|Marburg]], [[Alemaña]]. Universidade ne'e harii iha tinan 1527 husi [[:de:Philipp_I._(Hessen)|Filipe I]], Landgrave husi [[:de:Hessen|Hesse]], no konsidera hanesan universidade ida ne'ebé tuan liu iha [[Alemaña]] no universidade [[:de:Protestantismus|protestante]] tuan liu ne'ebé sei kontinua funsiona to'o ohin loron iha mundu.

== '''Introdusaun''' ==
Ohin loron, Universidade Marburg mak universidade públika ida ne'ebé pertense ba Estadu Hesse, no la iha afiliasaun relijioza.

Universidade Marburg iha estudante hamutuk 21.162 iha tinan akademiku 2024/2025. Universidade ne'e lokaliza iha Marburg, Alemaña, no oferese programa estudu internasionál oioin. Aleinde ne'e, universidade ne'e mós partisipa iha [[:de:Erasmus-Programm|programa Erasmus]], ne'ebé fó oportunidade ba estudante sira atu tuir programa troka ''estudante ho universidade sira seluk iha Europa''.

== '''Istória''' ==
=== Tinan sira iha Fundasaun nian ===
Iha loron 1 fulan-Jullu 1527, xefe rai-na'in nian Johann Feige inaugura oficialmente Universidade Marburg, ne'ebé harii husi Landgrave Philip I liuhusi dekretu ida iha loron 30 fulan Maiu tinan ne'ebá. Iha tempu inaugurasaun, universidade ne'e iha profesór 11 no estudante 88.

Reitór dahuluk Universidade Marburg mak Johannes Eisermann, ne'ebé koñesidu mós ho naran latín ''Ferrarius Montanus''. Nia hanorin direitu no servisu hanesan asesór ba tribunál landgravial iha Amöneburg. Iha tinan ne'ebá duni, Philip I fó ba universidade ne'e liberdade akadémika ne'ebé presiza atu hala'o nia atividade sira.

Iha loron 4 fulan Outubru 1541, Universidade Marburg hetan independénsia finanseira liuhosi eskritura dotasaun. Tinan tuirmai, Landgrave Philip I simu priviléjiu universitáriu hosi Imperadór Carlos V durante Dieta Imperiál iha Regensburg.

Iha tempu dahuluk, Universidade Marburg uza edifísiu monástiku antigu sira ne'ebé uluk pertense ba Dominikanu sira, Fransiskanu sira, no Irmaun sira husi Vida Komún.

Landgrave Philip I mós fó ba universidade priviléjiu oioin, inklui direitu atu haruka reprezentante ida ba asembleia rejionál, no izensaun hosi taxa no impostu ba membru universitáriu sira.

Iha tinan 1529, Landgrave Philip I sai uma-na'in ba Marburg Colloquy, debate relijiozu ida entre Martin Luther, Ulrich Zwingli, no Philip Melanchthon.

Reputasaun husi fakuldade teolójia Universidade Marburg atrai estudante internasionál sira, liuliu husi Suisa, Dinamarka, Suésia, Olanda, no Eskósia. Entre estudante sira ne'e iha Patrick Hamilton, ne'ebé estuda iha Marburg ba tempu badak.

Durante sékulu dahuluk universidade nian, surtu moras oioin, hanesan moras suar Inglés no peste, obriga universidade atu muda temporariamente ba sidade sira ne'ebé besik.

=== sékulu XVI no XVII ===
To'o nia mate iha tinan 1560, Johann Friedrich Dryander kaer kadeira medisina iha Universidade Marburg. Iha loron 15 fulan-Novembru 1565, Landgrave William IV hosi Hesse-Kassel nomeia Georg Marius nu'udar profesór, lahó hetan uluk konsentimentu formál husi universidade.

Iha tinan 1566, universidade harii kadeira medisina daruak, ne'ebé prenxe husi Victorinus Schönfeldt. Antes ne'e, nia serbisu nu'udar profesór matemátika iha universidade.

Entre tinan 1580 no 1628, Rudolph Goclenius maka profesór filozofia, lójika, no étika iha Universidade Marburg. 

Bainhira Landgrave Maurice husi Hesse-Kassel hetan eransa husi Landgraviate Hesse-Marburg iha tinan 1604, nia konverte ba Calvinizmu iha tinan tuirmai. Tanba ne'e, universidade hetan obrigasaun atu adopta konfisaun Reformada, ne'ebé nia mantein to'o nia alinhamentu konfisionál nia rohan iha tinan 1866.

Mudansa konfisionál ida ne'e lori profesór Luteranu barak ba Universidade Giessen, ne'ebé foin harii iha tinan 1607. Iha tinan 1625, bainhira Marburg temporariamente tama iha okos Hesse-Darmstadt Luteranu, Universidade Giessen fila fali ba Universidade Marburg no depois taka. 

Iha loron 24 fulan-Juñu 1653, universidade ne'e loke fali husi William VI husi Hesse-Kassel, ne'ebé muda fali universidade estadu nian husi Kassel ba Marburg, nune'e taka Universidade Kassel. Iha tinan sira tuirmai, universidade hasoru tempu difisil sira tanba konfisionalizasaun ne'ebé la'o hela no susar finanseiru. 

=== sékulu 18 ===
Iha tinan 1723, filózofu Christian Wolff hetan nomeasaun ba kadeira ida iha Universidade Marburg hafoin hetan espulsaun hosi Halle hosi Frederick William I. Maski hetan opozisaun hosi parte sira hosi fakuldade teolójika, Wolff hanorin iha Marburg to'o 1740 ho protesaun hosi Landgrave, molok hetan bolu fali ba Prússia hosi Frederick the Great . Funu Tinan Hitu nian ikusmai perturba universidade, tanba Hesse sai hanesan kampu funu nian no Marburg hetan fortifikasaun. 

Iha tinan 1785, universidade ne'e iha estatutu legál no polítiku espesiál: nia iha nia jurisdisaun rasik, dotasaun ekleziástiku sira, no kadeira ida iha asembleia rejionál. Landgrave hala'o knaar nu'udar reitór, ministru finansas nu'udar kuradór, no senadu kompostu hosi reprezentante sira hosi teolojia, lei, medisina, no filozofia, hamutuk ho instrutór linguajen no tékniku sira. 

Universidade Marburg hetan kreximentu foun durante era Napoleónika . Iha tinan 1807, Eleitoradu Hesse nian sai parte hosi Reinu Westfalia ne'ebé foin harii, estadu satélite fransés ida. Maski universidade oioin iha reinu foun nia laran taka, Marburg hetan salvasaun no benefísiu finanseiru hosi redistribuisaun rekursu sira-nian, liuliu hafoin taka universidade sira iha Rinteln no Helmstedt . Biblioteka universitáriu habelar maka'as liuhosi transferénsia sira hosi Rinteln. 

Iha tinan 1810, autoridade sira Westfalia nian bandu estudante sira atu uza kór no farda rejionál sira, hodi hamosu konflitu ne'ebé naruk entre estudante sira no administrasaun. Iha Maiu 1811, estudante 200 resin halo protestu hodi marxa ba Gladenbach, ne'ebé lori ba libertasaun estudante ida ne'ebé dadur no inkéritu ofisiál ida. 

Hafoin retornu hosi prínsipe-eleitor iha tinan 1813, reforma barak maka inverte, inklui disolusaun hosi estrutura administrativu sira hosi Westfalia no finansiamentu sentralizadu.  Influensiadu husi Funu Libertasaun nian, movimentu estudante sira ne'ebé promove unidade nasionál no ideia liberál sira hetan trasaun iha Marburg. Iha tinan 1816, sosiedade estudante ''Teutonia nian'' hamutuk ho asosiasaun estudante lokál sira hodi forma ''Germania Marburgensis'', maski nia dezenvolvimentu hetan impedimentu hosi Dekretu Carlsbad nian to'o tinan 1850. Iha prínsipe-eleitór Wilhelm I nia okos, restrisaun relijioza sira sai kmaan, hodi permite nomeasaun ba profesór katóliku sira hamutuk ho luteranu sira. Wilhelm II depois fó igualdade konfisionál tomak, ne'ebé kontribui ba aumentu iha matríkula. Durante dékada 1820 no dékada sira tuirmai, universidade habelar nia instalasaun sira, inklui jardín botániku foun, biblioteka, laboratóriu kímiku, teatru anatómiku, observatóriu, no klínika sira. Klínika feto nian, hahú iha Hessian nia ukun, remata iha tinan 1867. 

Tuir aneksasaun Hesse nian hosi Prússia iha tinan 1866, universidade tranzita hosi instituisaun rejionál ida ba parte ida hosi sistema edukasaun Prússia nian, hodi hetan benefísiu hosi ninia reforma sira. Iha tempu ne'ebá, iha estudante na'in 264 (na'in 22 hosi li'ur Hesse) no profesór na'in 51. 

Tanba limitasaun propriedade no preferénsia atu uza edifísiu estadu nian ne'ebé eziste, universidade desentralizadu nafatin iha sidade tomak envezde adota modelu kampus unifikadu. Númeru estudante sira aumenta beibeik, to'o 500 iha 1880 no liu 1,000 iha 1887. 

=== sékulu XX ===
Iha tinan 1909, matríkula estudante nian iha Universidade Marburg aumenta dala rua. Maski feto sira seidauk hetan admisaun formál, Tadako Urata simu grau doutoramentu iha medisina iha tinan 1905 tuir provizaun espesiál ida. Onra akadémika dahuluk ne'ebé fó ba feto ida iha universidade fó ona iha tinan 1827 ba Daniel Jeanne Wyttenbach, ne'ebé simu doutoramentu onoráriu ida ba nia hakerek filozófiku sira kona-ba estétika.  Admisaun formál ba feto sira hahú iha semestre invernu 1908/09 ho estudante feto na'in 26; sira nia númeru sa'e ba 206 bainhira mosu Funu Mundiál I. 

Funu marka interupsaun boot ida. Enkuantu estudante mane 2,258 maka rejista iha veraun 1914, númeru ne'e tun ba 1,899 iha semestre tuirmai, ho de'it 478 ne'ebé tuir palestra sira. Iha fulan tolu nia laran funu nian, universidade lakon ona estudante na'in 55. 

=== Períodu Nazi ===
 
Iha tinan 1926, kapítulu ida hosi Liga Nasionál Sosialista Estudante Alemaña nian (NSDStB) harii iha Marburg. Iha tinan 1931, ida-ne'e kaer maioria iha konsellu estudante nian no lidera ida-ne'e hahú hosi ne'ebá.  Hafoin Nazi sira sa'e ba podér iha tinan 1933, profesór na'in 21—liu désimu ida hosi pesoál profesór sira—hetan demisaun tanba razaun polítika ka rasiál tuir lei sira funsaun públika nian. Entre sira maka matenek-na'in sira ne'ebé notavel hanesan ekonomista Wilhelm Röpke, filólogu romanu Erich Auerbach, no filozofu Karl Löwith . Profesór Hermann Jacobsohn, linguista ida, oho-an iha fulan-Abril tinan 1933 hafoin nia suspensaun. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Zinn, Holger (2002). Zwischen Republik und Diktatur: die Studentenschaft der Philipps-Universität Marburg in den Jahren von 1925 bis 1945 (Thesis) (in German). Cologne: SH-Verl. pp. 313–314. ISBN 3894981105.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1933-05-01 |title=Professor Kills Self |url=https://www.jta.org/archive/professor-kills-self |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuota rasial no jéneru foun sira impoin ba estudante sira, limita matríkula Judeu nian ba 1.5% iha jerál no 5% ba estudante sira tinan dahuluk nian. Proporsaun estudante feto sira nian limitadu temporariamente ba 10%.

=== Depois 1945 ===
Tuir 1945, universidade haree kreximentu lalais iha númeru estudante sira.  Atu akomoda demanda, esforsu espansaun sira hahú iha dékada 1960, inklui edifísiu administrativu foun, jantar, no palestra sira, no muda Fakuldade Filozofia nian. Fakuldade Siénsia Naturál ida harii iha kampus Lahnberge ne'ebé foin dezenvolve, ne'ebé nia edifísiu sira maka entre sira dahuluk iha Alemaña ne'ebé tuir modelu konstrusaun prefabrikadu ne'ebé koñesidu hanesan ''Sistema Marburg'' . 

=== sékulu 21 ===
Eventu nasionál ida ne'ebé maka laiha presedente akontese iha loron 1 fulan-Janeiru tinan 2006, bainhira ospitál universitáriu hetan privatizasaun no fa'an ba Rhön-Klinikum AG, empreza privadu ida kuidadu saúde nian, hafoin nia fuzaun ho Ospitál Universitáriu Gießen nian. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Conrad |first=Till |date=2022-05-16 |title=Die langen Kämpfe ums Krankenhaus |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |pages=4 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iha tinan 2012 universidade loke muzeu kímika interativu dahuluk alemaun nian, ho naran ''Chemicum'' . Ninia programa kursu esperimentál ho objetivu atu enkoraja foin-sa'e sira atu buka kareira iha siénsia. &lt;ref name=&quot;chemicum-news&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 February 2011 |title=&quot;Chemikum Marburg&quot; hat ein dauerhaftes Domizil |url=https://idw-online.de/pages/en/news454460 |access-date=23 January 2012 |publisher=Informationsdienst Wissenschaft }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111075522/https://idw-online.de/pages/en/news454460 |date=11 November 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Estrutura''' ==
[[Imajen:Marburg_UB_Neubau_Eingang_Alter_Botanischer_Garten_von_OSO.jpg|miniaturadaimagem|Biblioteka universitáriu]]
[[Imajen:Uni_Marburg_Lahnberge_04.jpg|miniaturadaimagem|''Kampus Lahnberge'' dedika ba siénsia naturál sira. Imajen hatudu ''Edifísiu ho Objetivu Múltiplu'', uma ba Departamentu Matemátika no Siénsia Informátika, no mós laboratóriu sira ba peskiza iha siénsia materiál no kímika fízika]]

=== Departamentu sira ===
Universidade Marburg fahe ba 16 fakuldade. Iha nia tempu dahuluk, universidade ne'e kompostu husi Fakuldade Teolojia, Fakuldade Medisina, Fakuldade Direitu, no Fakuldade Filosofia. Husi Fakuldade Filosofia, Fakuldade Matemátika no Siénsia Naturál separa iha tinan 1964.

Iha tinan 1970, tuir Lei Edukasaun Asentu-Superiór Hesse nian, fakuldade sira ne'e hetan reestruturasaun sai fakuldade 20. Depois husi fusaun sira ne'ebé akontese liu husi tinan 1997, organizasaun atual kompostu husi 16 fakuldade, ne'ebé numerasaun la tuir ona sequência kontinua. [1]

Hanesan parte ida hosi Prosesu Bologna nian, Universidade introdús númeru boot ida hosi programa foun sira Lisensiatura no Mestradu nian. Iha tempu hanesan, programa lisensiatura tradisionál sira ho Majistradu, Diplom no kualifikasaun sira ne'ebé hanesan hapara tiha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2007-11-06 |title=Marburger Lehrer informieren sich über neues Studiensystem |url=https://www.uni-marburg.de/archive/news/2007-11-6-marburger-lehrer-informieren-sich-uber-neues-studiensystem.html |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Uni Marburg}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Institutu no muzeu asosiadu sira ===
Universidade koopera ho institutu afiliadu sira tuirmai:

* Fundasaun Christoph Dornier ba Psikolojia Klínika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Dietrich |first=Simon |date=1991-10-23 |title=Philipps-Universitaet. Viele Kooperationen mit Unternehmen |work=[[Handelsblatt]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sentru Peskiza ba Hakerek Pesoál sira &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2012-09-20 |title=Aufschlussreiche Würdigungen Verstorbener |work=[[Ostthüringer Zeitung]] |pages=14 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Institutu Hans von Soden ba Peskiza Teolójika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2003-11-11 |title=Universität Marburg Neues Institut zur Förderung von Theologen |work=[[Frankfurter Rundschau]] |pages=34 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jestaun Kuidadu Saúde eV &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2005-06-18 |title=Gesundheitsmanagement |work=[[Salzburger Nachrichten]] |pages=39 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Institutu ba Estudu Kooperativu sira (fundasaun legál privadu ida) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Fehl |first=Ulrich |date=1998-01-26 |title=Im Rahmen marktwirtschaftlicher Ordnung |work=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]] |pages=14 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Institutu ba Terapia Komportamentál no Medisina Komportamentál (IVV) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2008-11-21 |title=Vortrag über Selbstverletzungen bei Jugendlichen |work=Gießener Anzeiger |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Institutu ba Étika Negósiu no Sosiál &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Meyer |first=Claus-Peter |date=2001-11-29 |title=Debeka als Arbeitgeber ausgezeichnet |work=VersicherungsJournal Deutschland |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Semináriu Katóliku-Teolójiku Fakuldade Teolojia nian iha Fulda &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2020-10-16 |title=Keine Priester mehr aus Fulda? |work=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]] |pages=5 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muzeu sira tuirmai ne'e iha afiliasaun ho universidade:

* Muzeu Mineralójiku hosi Universidade Philipps Marburg &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2013-08-27 |title=Bedeutende Sammlung von Mineralien gestiftet |work=Oberhessische Zeitung |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Muzeu Arte no Istória Kulturál &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kunstmuseum |url=https://www.uni-marburg.de/de/museum/kunstmuseum |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Uni Marburg |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Schwarzwäller |first=Nadja |date=2018-06-19 |title=Verein macht sich stark für Museum |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kolesaun sira husi universidade (selesaun) ===

* Alter Botanischer Garten Marburg, the university's old [[botanical garden]]
* Botanischer Garten Marburg, the university's current botanical garden
* Forschungsinstitut Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden bis 1250 (Collection of photographs taken from medieval charters)
* Bildarchiv Foto Marburg (German national picture archive of arts)
* Religionskundliche Sammlung (Collection of religious objects)
* Deutscher Sprachatlas (Linguistic Atlas of Germany)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Research Center Deutscher Sprachatlas |url=https://www.uni-marburg.de/en/fb09/dsa |access-date=1 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mineralogisches Museum (Museum of Mineralogy)
* Museum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte (Museum of Arts)
* Museum Anatomicum (Museum of Anatomy and Medical History, currently closed)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Pfaffel |first=Dorothee |date=2025-04-04 |title=Wollen Sie das sehen? |work=Neuburger Rundschau |pages=25 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* University Archive https://www.uni-marburg.de/de/uniarchiv

== '''Peskiza''' ==

=== Klasifikasaun sira ===
Departamentu sira psikolojia no jeografia nian atinji ona estatutu Grupu Exelénsia nian iha Klasifikasaun Exelénsia CHE nian iha Europa tomak 2009.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Tuir QS World University Rankings of 2024, instituisaun ne'e situa iha intervalu 761-770 globalmente, no nia kaer pozisaun 40-41 nasionalmente.  Tuir THE World University Rankings of 2024, nia hetan klasifikasaun iha grupu 401-500 iha nivel mundiál, enkuantu nia klasifikasaun nasionál monu entre 37 no 41.  Iha ARWU World Rankings of 2023, universidade ne'e lista iha 401-500 iha mundu tomak no nia hetan pozisaun entre 25 no nasionál 31. 

=== Sentru Peskiza Kolaborativu sira ===
Universidade ne'e signifikativu ba nia peskiza siénsia-moris nian maibé mós uma ba sentru ida hosi sentru uitoan ne'ebé hala'o peskiza kona-ba Médiu Oriente, CNMS ( Sentru ba Estudu sira Médiu Oriente no Besik nian ).

Peskiza universidade nian ilustra hosi nia partisipasaun iha SFB oioin ( ''Sonderforschungsbereiche'' ). Sentru peskiza kolaborativu sira-ne'e hetan finansiamentu hosi Fundasaun Siénsia Alemaña ''DFG'' . Sira enkoraja peskizadór sira atu hakat liu baliza sira hosi dixiplina sira, institutu sira, departamentu sira no fakuldade sira iha universidade partisipante nia laran. SFB atuál iha Universidade Marburg maka: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sonderforschungsbereiche |url=https://www.uni-marburg.de/de/forschung/spitzenfoerderung/sfb |access-date=9 May 2020 |website=Philipps-Universität Marburg}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* SFB 1083 – Estrutura no Dinámika Interfase Internu sira-nian (hahú iha 2013, iha kooperasaun ho Sentru Fízika Internasionál Donostia San Sebastián ) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-04-09 |title=SFB1083 |url=https://www.internal-interfaces.de/ |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Internal Interfaces |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* SFB/TRR 138 – Dinámika Seguransa nian: Forma sira Titulizasaun nian iha Perspetiva Istóriku (hahú iha 2014)
* CRC/TRR 393 – Trajetória sira husi Transtornu Afetivu sira (dezde 2024)

=== Manan-na'in sira Prémiu Nobel nian ===
Entre 1901 no 2011, ema na'in sanulu-resin-ida ne'ebé asosiadu ho Universidade Marburg liuhosi estudu ka hanorin hetan Prémiu Nobel[[File:Nobel_Prize.png|15x15px]] : &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nobelpreisträger |url=https://www.uni-marburg.de/de/universitaet/profil/geschichte/nobelpreistraeger |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=Uni Marburg |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* 1901: Emil von Behring (Medicine)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Warnecke |first=Christiane |date=2009-06-13 |title=Mit Emil von Behring fing alles an |work=[[Frankfurter Neue Presse]] |pages=1 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1909: Ferdinand Braun (Physics)
* 1910: Albrecht Kossel (Medicine)
* 1930: Hans Fischer (Chemistry)
* 1936: Otto Loewi (Medicine)
* 1939: Adolf Butenandt (Chemistry)
* 1944: Otto Hahn (Chemistry)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Hanke |first=Franz-Josef |date=2008-06-23 |title=Ehre, wem Ehre gebührt – Wissenschaftspreise ehren die Forscher und nutzen auch wieder der Wissenschaft |work=[[Badische Zeitung]] |pages=12 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1958: Boris Pasternak (Literature)
* 1963: Karl Ziegler (Chemistry)
* 1979: Georg Wittig (Chemistry)
* 2011: Jules Hoffmann (Medicine)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Breu |first=Michael |date=2011-10-04 |title=Nobelpreis geht an einen Toten. Medizinpreis erstmals posthum vergeben |work=[[Basler Zeitung]] |pages=12 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Manan-na'in sira Prémiu Leibniz nian ===
Prémiu Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz fó ba peskizadór sira tuirmai ne'ebé iha afiliasaun ho Universidade Marburg: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2021-12-10 |title=Trägerinnen und Träger des Leibnizpreises an der Philipps-Universität Marburg |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |pages=3 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* 1987: Rudolf K. Thauer – Mikrobiolojia Biokímika
* 1989: Manfred T. Reetz – Kímika Orgánika
* 1991: Ernst O. Göbel – Fízika Estadu-Sólidu
* 1991: Rolf Müller – Biokímika / Biolojia Molekulár
* 1996: Reinhard Lührmann – Biolojia Molekulár
* 1997: Paul Knochel – Kímika Organometálika
* 1997: Stephan W. Koch – Fízika Teórika
* 2002: Bruno Eckhardt – Fízika Teórika
* 2003: Roland Lill – Biolojia Sélula / Biokímika
* 2006: Gyburg Radke (kaben ho Uhlmann) – Filolójia no Filozofia Klásiku
* 2011: Friederike Pannewick – Estudu Árabe
* 2022: Stefanie Dehnen – Kímika Inorgánika
* 2024: Tobias Erb – Mikrobiolojia Sintétika

=== Prémiu Ars legend ba ensinu universitáriu ne'ebé di'ak tebes ===
Prémiu Ars legendi ba Ensinu Universitáriu Exelente, prémiu aas liu iha Alemaña iha área ensinu superiór nian, ne'ebé aprezenta hosi Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft no Konferénsia Reitór Alemaña nian (HRK), fó ba ema sira tuirmai ne'ebé hanorin iha Universidade Marburg: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |title=Ars legendi-Preis |url=https://www.stifterverband.org/ars-legendi-preis |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Stifterverband |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Preisträger*innen |url=https://www.uni-marburg.de/de/universitaet/profil/zahlen-fakten-preise/preise |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=Uni Marburg |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* 2010: Jürgen Schäfer (Prémiu Fakuldade ba Medisina)
* 2015: Jürgen Handke (ba &quot;Ensinu no Aprendizajen Dijitál&quot;)
* 2016: Ilka Agricola (Prémiu Fakuldade nian ba Matemátika)
* 2017: Stefan Bösner (Prémiu Fakuldade ba Medisina)
* 2018: Evelyn Korn (ba &quot;Alineamentu Konstrutivu&quot;)
* 2024: Rolf Kreyer (ba &quot;Teoria no prátika linguístika Inglés nian kombinadu&quot;) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-06-05 |title=Marburger Anglist Professor Kreyer erhält Preis für ausgezeichnete Lehre |url=https://www.op-marburg.de/lokales/marburg-biedenkopf/marburg/marburger-anglist-professor-kreyer-erhaelt-preis-fuer-ausgezeichnete-lehre-IVUZOSGCCREO3F2XUUNLS5N474.html |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Instituisaun sientífika sira ===
Universidade Marburg simu instituisaun akadémika no peskiza oioin:

* Akademia Peskiza Universidade Marburg (MARA) apoia peskizadór sira iha kareira inisiál liuhosi formasaun interdisiplinár, finansiamentu, no servisu dezenvolvimentu kareira nian. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2010-12-23 |title=Bedingungen für Promotion transparent machen |work=Gießener Anzeiger |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sentru Dokumentasaun Alemaña ba Istória Arte nian (Bildarchiv Foto Marburg) maka arkivu imajen ida ne'ebé boot liu iha Europa ba arte no arkitetura, ne'ebé fornese rekursu no servisu sira ba muzeu sira, matenek-na'in sira, no editór sira. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Brockschmidt |first=Rolf |date=2023-09-02 |title=Für den Fall der Fälle |work=[[Der Tagesspiegel]] |pages=34 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sentru Demokrasia Hesse koordena esforsu sira hasoru estremizmu direita no oferese programa Mestradu ida iha akonsellamentu iha kontestu ne'ebá. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Haschink |first=Gregor |date=2022-05-11 |title=Opferberatung studieren |work=[[Frankfurter Rundschau]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sentru Peskiza Deutscher Sprachatlas dokumenta no estuda variedade rejionál sira hosi lian Alemaña no mantein arkivu ida ne'ebé luan hosi materiál dialetu sira hosi fatin 50,000 resin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Rummel |first=Silke |date=2014-09-09 |title=Forschungszentrum Deutscher Sprachatlas |work=Darmstädter Echo |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sentru Estudu Jéneru no Peskiza Feminista, harii iha 2001, promove serbisu interdisiplinár iha estudu jéneru no koordena programa akadémiku sira ne'ebé iha relasaun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2017-11-10 |title=Bildungsministerium gibt knapp eine Million Euro für Gender-Forschung |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jardim Botániku, ne'ebé lokaliza iha kampus Lahnberge, ho luan hektar 20 no inklui kolesaun ai-horis ne'ebé luan, área peskiza nian, no estufa sira; Jardim Botániku Antigu agora serve hanesan parke públiku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ahlers |first=Wolfram |date=2021-08-20 |title=Botanischer Garten in Marburg muss renoviert werden |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/rhein-main/region-und-hessen/botanischer-garten-in-marburg-muss-renoviert-werden-17488145.html |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* SYNMIKRO, Sentru ba Mikrobiolojia Sintétika, avansa peskiza kona-ba enjeñaria funsaun mikrobiál sira, ho aplikasaun sira iha bioteknolojia no medisina, iha kolaborasaun ho Sosiedade Max Planck . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Hitzeroth |first=Manfred |date=2018-11-10 |title=Sieg mit mikrobiologischem Baukasten |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Estudante sira''' ==
[[Imajen:Alte_Universität_(Marburg)_2.jpg|miniaturadaimagem|''Universidade Antiga'', ne'ebé maka iha igreja universitáriu, departamentu ba estudu relijiozu sira no sala palestra reprezentativu ida]]
Students at Marburg University are represented by the General Student Committee (AStA) and the Student Parliament (StuPa), with additional representation at faculty level through student councils. The universal transit pass (semester ticket), negotiated by the AStA, allows students extensive access to public transport in Hesse and neighbouring areas, including use of selected InterCity (IC) and InterCity Express (ICE) trains.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-10-24 |title=ICE: Für Asta war Ticket-Reichweite zentraler Punkt |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Robinson |first=Patrick |date=2025-03-06 |title=Nach der Prüfung ist vor der Prüfung |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |pages=4 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Universidade oferese rezidénsia oioin ba estudante sira, inklui Christian-Wolff-Haus, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-11-16 |title=Kernsanierung für Christian-Wolff-Haus |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |pages=5 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; istóriku Collegium Philippinum, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-09-08 |title=Felina Karle bekommt dank jahrhundertealten Rechts einen Platz im Collegium Philippinum in Marburg |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |pages=4 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; no Vilmarhaus, ne'ebé maka jere hosi Igreja Protestante. Konrad-Biesalski-Haus nafatin notavel ba nia asesibilidade pioneiru ba estudante sira ho defisiénsia fíziku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Maas |first=Marie-Charlotte |date=2012-06-14 |title=Gleichheit unter Ungleichen |work=[[Die Zeit]] |pages=71 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Antigu alunu no profesór sira ne'ebé notavel''' ==

=== Sientista naturál sira ===
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=== Teólogu sira ===
Marburg sempre koñesidu hanesan universidade ida ne'ebé foka ba umanidade . Ida-ne'e mantein forsa ne'e, liuliu iha Filozofia no Teolojia ba tempu naruk hafoin Funu Mundiál Daruak . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Peter |first=Lothar |date=2020-05-02 |title=Ein Partisan im Land der Mitläufer |url=https://jacobin.de/artikel/wolfgang-abendroth-marburg-marxismus-partisanenprofessor |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Jacobin Magazin |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sieg |first=Ulrich |date=2005-02-05 |title=Aus dem Geiste Kants Hermann Cohen, Paul Natorp und der Erste Weltkrieg |work=[[Neue Zürcher Zeitung]] |pages=64 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Div col/styles.css&quot; /&gt;

=== Filózofu sira ===

=== Seluk ===
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'''Universidade Marburg''' mak universidade peskiza públika ida ne'ebé lokaliza iha [[:de:Marburg|Marburg]], [[Alemaña]]. Universidade ne'e harii iha tinan 1527 husi [[:de:Philipp_I._(Hessen)|Filipe I]], Landgrave husi [[:de:Hessen|Hesse]], no konsidera hanesan universidade ida ne'ebé tuan liu iha [[Alemaña]] no universidade [[:de:Protestantismus|protestante]] tuan liu ne'ebé sei kontinua funsiona to'o ohin loron iha mundu.

== '''Introdusaun''' ==
Ohin loron, Universidade Marburg mak universidade públika ida ne'ebé pertense ba Estadu Hesse, no la iha afiliasaun relijioza.

Universidade Marburg iha estudante hamutuk 21.162 iha tinan akademiku 2024/2025. Universidade ne'e lokaliza iha Marburg, Alemaña, no oferese programa estudu internasionál oioin. Aleinde ne'e, universidade ne'e mós partisipa iha [[:de:Erasmus-Programm|programa Erasmus]], ne'ebé fó oportunidade ba estudante sira atu tuir programa troka ''estudante ho universidade sira seluk iha Europa''.

== '''Istória''' ==
=== Tinan sira iha Fundasaun nian ===
Iha loron 1 fulan-Jullu 1527, xefe rai-na'in nian Johann Feige inaugura oficialmente Universidade Marburg, ne'ebé harii husi Landgrave Philip I liuhusi dekretu ida iha loron 30 fulan Maiu tinan ne'ebá. Iha tempu inaugurasaun, universidade ne'e iha profesór 11 no estudante 88.

Reitór dahuluk Universidade Marburg mak Johannes Eisermann, ne'ebé koñesidu mós ho naran latín ''Ferrarius Montanus''. Nia hanorin direitu no servisu hanesan asesór ba tribunál landgravial iha Amöneburg. Iha tinan ne'ebá duni, Philip I fó ba universidade ne'e liberdade akadémika ne'ebé presiza atu hala'o nia atividade sira.

Iha loron 4 fulan Outubru 1541, Universidade Marburg hetan independénsia finanseira liuhosi eskritura dotasaun. Tinan tuirmai, Landgrave Philip I simu priviléjiu universitáriu hosi Imperadór Carlos V durante Dieta Imperiál iha Regensburg.

Iha tempu dahuluk, Universidade Marburg uza edifísiu monástiku antigu sira ne'ebé uluk pertense ba Dominikanu sira, Fransiskanu sira, no Irmaun sira husi Vida Komún.

Landgrave Philip I mós fó ba universidade priviléjiu oioin, inklui direitu atu haruka reprezentante ida ba asembleia rejionál, no izensaun hosi taxa no impostu ba membru universitáriu sira.

Iha tinan 1529, Landgrave Philip I sai uma-na'in ba Marburg Colloquy, debate relijiozu ida entre Martin Luther, Ulrich Zwingli, no Philip Melanchthon.

Reputasaun husi fakuldade teolójia Universidade Marburg atrai estudante internasionál sira, liuliu husi Suisa, Dinamarka, Suésia, Olanda, no Eskósia. Entre estudante sira ne'e iha Patrick Hamilton, ne'ebé estuda iha Marburg ba tempu badak.

Durante sékulu dahuluk universidade nian, surtu moras oioin, hanesan moras suar Inglés no peste, obriga universidade atu muda temporariamente ba sidade sira ne'ebé besik.

=== sékulu XVI no XVII ===
To'o nia mate iha tinan 1560, Johann Friedrich Dryander kaer kadeira medisina iha Universidade Marburg. Iha loron 15 fulan-Novembru 1565, Landgrave William IV hosi Hesse-Kassel nomeia Georg Marius nu'udar profesór, lahó hetan uluk konsentimentu formál husi universidade.

Iha tinan 1566, universidade harii kadeira medisina daruak, ne'ebé prenxe husi Victorinus Schönfeldt. Antes ne'e, nia serbisu nu'udar profesór matemátika iha universidade.

Entre tinan 1580 no 1628, Rudolph Goclenius maka profesór filozofia, lójika, no étika iha Universidade Marburg. 

Bainhira Landgrave Maurice husi Hesse-Kassel hetan eransa husi Landgraviate Hesse-Marburg iha tinan 1604, nia konverte ba Calvinizmu iha tinan tuirmai. Tanba ne'e, universidade hetan obrigasaun atu adopta konfisaun Reformada, ne'ebé nia mantein to'o nia alinhamentu konfisionál nia rohan iha tinan 1866.

Mudansa konfisionál ida ne'e lori profesór Luteranu barak ba Universidade Giessen, ne'ebé foin harii iha tinan 1607. Iha tinan 1625, bainhira Marburg temporariamente tama iha okos Hesse-Darmstadt Luteranu, Universidade Giessen fila fali ba Universidade Marburg no depois taka. 

Iha loron 24 fulan-Juñu 1653, universidade ne'e loke fali husi William VI husi Hesse-Kassel, ne'ebé muda fali universidade estadu nian husi Kassel ba Marburg, nune'e taka Universidade Kassel. Iha tinan sira tuirmai, universidade hasoru tempu difisil sira tanba konfisionalizasaun ne'ebé la'o hela no susar finanseiru. 

=== sékulu 18 ===
Iha tinan 1723, filózofu Christian Wolff hetan nomeasaun ba kadeira ida iha Universidade Marburg hafoin hetan espulsaun hosi Halle hosi Frederick William I. Maski hetan opozisaun hosi parte sira hosi fakuldade teolójika, Wolff hanorin iha Marburg to'o 1740 ho protesaun hosi Landgrave, molok hetan bolu fali ba Prússia hosi Frederick the Great . Funu Tinan Hitu nian ikusmai perturba universidade, tanba Hesse sai hanesan kampu funu nian no Marburg hetan fortifikasaun. 

Iha tinan 1785, universidade ne'e iha estatutu legál no polítiku espesiál: nia iha nia jurisdisaun rasik, dotasaun ekleziástiku sira, no kadeira ida iha asembleia rejionál. Landgrave hala'o knaar nu'udar reitór, ministru finansas nu'udar kuradór, no senadu kompostu hosi reprezentante sira hosi teolojia, lei, medisina, no filozofia, hamutuk ho instrutór linguajen no tékniku sira. 

Universidade Marburg hetan kreximentu foun durante era Napoleónika . Iha tinan 1807, Eleitoradu Hesse nian sai parte hosi Reinu Westfalia ne'ebé foin harii, estadu satélite fransés ida. Maski universidade oioin iha reinu foun nia laran taka, Marburg hetan salvasaun no benefísiu finanseiru hosi redistribuisaun rekursu sira-nian, liuliu hafoin taka universidade sira iha Rinteln no Helmstedt . Biblioteka universitáriu habelar maka'as liuhosi transferénsia sira hosi Rinteln. 

Iha tinan 1810, autoridade sira Westfalia nian bandu estudante sira atu uza kór no farda rejionál sira, hodi hamosu konflitu ne'ebé naruk entre estudante sira no administrasaun. Iha Maiu 1811, estudante 200 resin halo protestu hodi marxa ba Gladenbach, ne'ebé lori ba libertasaun estudante ida ne'ebé dadur no inkéritu ofisiál ida. 

Hafoin retornu hosi prínsipe-eleitor iha tinan 1813, reforma barak maka inverte, inklui disolusaun hosi estrutura administrativu sira hosi Westfalia no finansiamentu sentralizadu.  Influensiadu husi Funu Libertasaun nian, movimentu estudante sira ne'ebé promove unidade nasionál no ideia liberál sira hetan trasaun iha Marburg. Iha tinan 1816, sosiedade estudante ''Teutonia nian'' hamutuk ho asosiasaun estudante lokál sira hodi forma ''Germania Marburgensis'', maski nia dezenvolvimentu hetan impedimentu hosi Dekretu Carlsbad nian to'o tinan 1850. Iha prínsipe-eleitór Wilhelm I nia okos, restrisaun relijioza sira sai kmaan, hodi permite nomeasaun ba profesór katóliku sira hamutuk ho luteranu sira. Wilhelm II depois fó igualdade konfisionál tomak, ne'ebé kontribui ba aumentu iha matríkula. Durante dékada 1820 no dékada sira tuirmai, universidade habelar nia instalasaun sira, inklui jardín botániku foun, biblioteka, laboratóriu kímiku, teatru anatómiku, observatóriu, no klínika sira. Klínika feto nian, hahú iha Hessian nia ukun, remata iha tinan 1867. 

Tuir aneksasaun Hesse nian hosi Prússia iha tinan 1866, universidade tranzita hosi instituisaun rejionál ida ba parte ida hosi sistema edukasaun Prússia nian, hodi hetan benefísiu hosi ninia reforma sira. Iha tempu ne'ebá, iha estudante na'in 264 (na'in 22 hosi li'ur Hesse) no profesór na'in 51. 

Tanba limitasaun propriedade no preferénsia atu uza edifísiu estadu nian ne'ebé eziste, universidade desentralizadu nafatin iha sidade tomak envezde adota modelu kampus unifikadu. Númeru estudante sira aumenta beibeik, to'o 500 iha 1880 no liu 1,000 iha 1887. 

=== sékulu XX ===
Iha tinan 1909, matríkula estudante nian iha Universidade Marburg aumenta dala rua. Maski feto sira seidauk hetan admisaun formál, Tadako Urata simu grau doutoramentu iha medisina iha tinan 1905 tuir provizaun espesiál ida. Onra akadémika dahuluk ne'ebé fó ba feto ida iha universidade fó ona iha tinan 1827 ba Daniel Jeanne Wyttenbach, ne'ebé simu doutoramentu onoráriu ida ba nia hakerek filozófiku sira kona-ba estétika.  Admisaun formál ba feto sira hahú iha semestre invernu 1908/09 ho estudante feto na'in 26; sira nia númeru sa'e ba 206 bainhira mosu Funu Mundiál I. 

Funu marka interupsaun boot ida. Enkuantu estudante mane 2,258 maka rejista iha veraun 1914, númeru ne'e tun ba 1,899 iha semestre tuirmai, ho de'it 478 ne'ebé tuir palestra sira. Iha fulan tolu nia laran funu nian, universidade lakon ona estudante na'in 55. 

=== Períodu Nazi ===
 
Iha tinan 1926, kapítulu ida hosi Liga Nasionál Sosialista Estudante Alemaña nian (NSDStB) harii iha Marburg. Iha tinan 1931, ida-ne'e kaer maioria iha konsellu estudante nian no lidera ida-ne'e hahú hosi ne'ebá.  Hafoin Nazi sira sa'e ba podér iha tinan 1933, profesór na'in 21—liu désimu ida hosi pesoál profesór sira—hetan demisaun tanba razaun polítika ka rasiál tuir lei sira funsaun públika nian. Entre sira maka matenek-na'in sira ne'ebé notavel hanesan ekonomista Wilhelm Röpke, filólogu romanu Erich Auerbach, no filozofu Karl Löwith . Profesór Hermann Jacobsohn, linguista ida, oho-an iha fulan-Abril tinan 1933 hafoin nia suspensaun. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Zinn, Holger (2002). Zwischen Republik und Diktatur: die Studentenschaft der Philipps-Universität Marburg in den Jahren von 1925 bis 1945 (Thesis) (in German). Cologne: SH-Verl. pp. 313–314. ISBN 3894981105.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1933-05-01 |title=Professor Kills Self |url=https://www.jta.org/archive/professor-kills-self |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kuota rasial no jéneru foun sira impoin ba estudante sira, limita matríkula Judeu nian ba 1.5% iha jerál no 5% ba estudante sira tinan dahuluk nian. Proporsaun estudante feto sira nian limitadu temporariamente ba 10%.

=== Depois 1945 ===
Tuir 1945, universidade haree kreximentu lalais iha númeru estudante sira.  Atu akomoda demanda, esforsu espansaun sira hahú iha dékada 1960, inklui edifísiu administrativu foun, jantar, no palestra sira, no muda Fakuldade Filozofia nian. Fakuldade Siénsia Naturál ida harii iha kampus Lahnberge ne'ebé foin dezenvolve, ne'ebé nia edifísiu sira maka entre sira dahuluk iha Alemaña ne'ebé tuir modelu konstrusaun prefabrikadu ne'ebé koñesidu hanesan ''Sistema Marburg'' . 

=== sékulu 21 ===
Eventu nasionál ida ne'ebé maka laiha presedente akontese iha loron 1 fulan-Janeiru tinan 2006, bainhira ospitál universitáriu hetan privatizasaun no fa'an ba Rhön-Klinikum AG, empreza privadu ida kuidadu saúde nian, hafoin nia fuzaun ho Ospitál Universitáriu Gießen nian. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Conrad |first=Till |date=2022-05-16 |title=Die langen Kämpfe ums Krankenhaus |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |pages=4 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iha tinan 2012 universidade loke muzeu kímika interativu dahuluk alemaun nian, ho naran ''Chemicum'' . Ninia programa kursu esperimentál ho objetivu atu enkoraja foin-sa'e sira atu buka kareira iha siénsia. &lt;ref name=&quot;chemicum-news&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 February 2011 |title=&quot;Chemikum Marburg&quot; hat ein dauerhaftes Domizil |url=https://idw-online.de/pages/en/news454460 |access-date=23 January 2012 |publisher=Informationsdienst Wissenschaft }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111075522/https://idw-online.de/pages/en/news454460 |date=11 November 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Estrutura''' ==
[[Imajen:Marburg_UB_Neubau_Eingang_Alter_Botanischer_Garten_von_OSO.jpg|miniaturadaimagem|Biblioteka universitáriu]]
[[Imajen:Uni_Marburg_Lahnberge_04.jpg|miniaturadaimagem|''Kampus Lahnberge'' dedika ba siénsia naturál sira. Imajen hatudu ''Edifísiu ho Objetivu Múltiplu'', uma ba Departamentu Matemátika no Siénsia Informátika, no mós laboratóriu sira ba peskiza iha siénsia materiál no kímika fízika]]

=== Departamentu sira ===
Universidade Marburg fahe ba 16 fakuldade. Iha nia tempu dahuluk, universidade ne'e kompostu husi Fakuldade Teolojia, Fakuldade Medisina, Fakuldade Direitu, no Fakuldade Filosofia. Husi Fakuldade Filosofia, Fakuldade Matemátika no Siénsia Naturál separa iha tinan 1964.

Iha tinan 1970, tuir Lei Edukasaun Asentu-Superiór Hesse nian, fakuldade sira ne'e hetan reestruturasaun sai fakuldade 20. Depois husi fusaun sira ne'ebé akontese liu husi tinan 1997, organizasaun atual kompostu husi 16 fakuldade, ne'ebé numerasaun la tuir ona sequência kontinua. [1]

Hanesan parte ida hosi Prosesu Bologna nian, Universidade introdús númeru boot ida hosi programa foun sira Lisensiatura no Mestradu nian. Iha tempu hanesan, programa lisensiatura tradisionál sira ho Majistradu, Diplom no kualifikasaun sira ne'ebé hanesan hapara tiha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2007-11-06 |title=Marburger Lehrer informieren sich über neues Studiensystem |url=https://www.uni-marburg.de/archive/news/2007-11-6-marburger-lehrer-informieren-sich-uber-neues-studiensystem.html |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Uni Marburg}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Institutu no muzeu asosiadu sira ===
Universidade koopera ho institutu afiliadu sira tuirmai:

* Fundasaun Christoph Dornier ba Psikolojia Klínika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Dietrich |first=Simon |date=1991-10-23 |title=Philipps-Universitaet. Viele Kooperationen mit Unternehmen |work=[[Handelsblatt]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sentru Peskiza ba Hakerek Pesoál sira &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2012-09-20 |title=Aufschlussreiche Würdigungen Verstorbener |work=[[Ostthüringer Zeitung]] |pages=14 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Institutu Hans von Soden ba Peskiza Teolójika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2003-11-11 |title=Universität Marburg Neues Institut zur Förderung von Theologen |work=[[Frankfurter Rundschau]] |pages=34 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jestaun Kuidadu Saúde eV &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2005-06-18 |title=Gesundheitsmanagement |work=[[Salzburger Nachrichten]] |pages=39 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Institutu ba Estudu Kooperativu sira (fundasaun legál privadu ida) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Fehl |first=Ulrich |date=1998-01-26 |title=Im Rahmen marktwirtschaftlicher Ordnung |work=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]] |pages=14 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Institutu ba Terapia Komportamentál no Medisina Komportamentál (IVV) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2008-11-21 |title=Vortrag über Selbstverletzungen bei Jugendlichen |work=Gießener Anzeiger |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Institutu ba Étika Negósiu no Sosiál &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Meyer |first=Claus-Peter |date=2001-11-29 |title=Debeka als Arbeitgeber ausgezeichnet |work=VersicherungsJournal Deutschland |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Semináriu Katóliku-Teolójiku Fakuldade Teolojia nian iha Fulda &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2020-10-16 |title=Keine Priester mehr aus Fulda? |work=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]] |pages=5 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muzeu sira tuirmai ne'e iha afiliasaun ho universidade:

* Muzeu Mineralójiku hosi Universidade Philipps Marburg &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2013-08-27 |title=Bedeutende Sammlung von Mineralien gestiftet |work=Oberhessische Zeitung |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Muzeu Arte no Istória Kulturál &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kunstmuseum |url=https://www.uni-marburg.de/de/museum/kunstmuseum |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Uni Marburg |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Schwarzwäller |first=Nadja |date=2018-06-19 |title=Verein macht sich stark für Museum |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kolesaun sira husi universidade (selesaun) ===

* Alter Botanischer Garten Marburg, the university's old [[botanical garden]]
* Botanischer Garten Marburg, the university's current botanical garden
* Forschungsinstitut Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden bis 1250 (Collection of photographs taken from medieval charters)
* Bildarchiv Foto Marburg (German national picture archive of arts)
* Religionskundliche Sammlung (Collection of religious objects)
* Deutscher Sprachatlas (Linguistic Atlas of Germany)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Research Center Deutscher Sprachatlas |url=https://www.uni-marburg.de/en/fb09/dsa |access-date=1 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mineralogisches Museum (Museum of Mineralogy)
* Museum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte (Museum of Arts)
* Museum Anatomicum (Museum of Anatomy and Medical History, currently closed)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Pfaffel |first=Dorothee |date=2025-04-04 |title=Wollen Sie das sehen? |work=Neuburger Rundschau |pages=25 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* University Archive https://www.uni-marburg.de/de/uniarchiv

== '''Peskiza''' ==

=== Klasifikasaun sira ===
Departamentu sira psikolojia no jeografia nian atinji ona estatutu Grupu Exelénsia nian iha Klasifikasaun Exelénsia CHE nian iha Europa tomak 2009.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Tuir QS World University Rankings of 2024, instituisaun ne'e situa iha intervalu 761-770 globalmente, no nia kaer pozisaun 40-41 nasionalmente.  Tuir THE World University Rankings of 2024, nia hetan klasifikasaun iha grupu 401-500 iha nivel mundiál, enkuantu nia klasifikasaun nasionál monu entre 37 no 41.  Iha ARWU World Rankings of 2023, universidade ne'e lista iha 401-500 iha mundu tomak no nia hetan pozisaun entre 25 no nasionál 31. 

=== Sentru Peskiza Kolaborativu sira ===
Universidade ne'e signifikativu ba nia peskiza siénsia-moris nian maibé mós uma ba sentru ida hosi sentru uitoan ne'ebé hala'o peskiza kona-ba Médiu Oriente, CNMS ( Sentru ba Estudu sira Médiu Oriente no Besik nian ).

Peskiza universidade nian ilustra hosi nia partisipasaun iha SFB oioin ( ''Sonderforschungsbereiche'' ). Sentru peskiza kolaborativu sira-ne'e hetan finansiamentu hosi Fundasaun Siénsia Alemaña ''DFG'' . Sira enkoraja peskizadór sira atu hakat liu baliza sira hosi dixiplina sira, institutu sira, departamentu sira no fakuldade sira iha universidade partisipante nia laran. SFB atuál iha Universidade Marburg maka: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sonderforschungsbereiche |url=https://www.uni-marburg.de/de/forschung/spitzenfoerderung/sfb |access-date=9 May 2020 |website=Philipps-Universität Marburg}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* SFB 1083 – Estrutura no Dinámika Interfase Internu sira-nian (hahú iha 2013, iha kooperasaun ho Sentru Fízika Internasionál Donostia San Sebastián ) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-04-09 |title=SFB1083 |url=https://www.internal-interfaces.de/ |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Internal Interfaces |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* SFB/TRR 138 – Dinámika Seguransa nian: Forma sira Titulizasaun nian iha Perspetiva Istóriku (hahú iha 2014)
* CRC/TRR 393 – Trajetória sira husi Transtornu Afetivu sira (dezde 2024)

=== Manan-na'in sira Prémiu Nobel nian ===
Entre 1901 no 2011, ema na'in sanulu-resin-ida ne'ebé asosiadu ho Universidade Marburg liuhosi estudu ka hanorin hetan Prémiu Nobel[[File:Nobel_Prize.png|15x15px]] : &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nobelpreisträger |url=https://www.uni-marburg.de/de/universitaet/profil/geschichte/nobelpreistraeger |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=Uni Marburg |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* 1901: Emil von Behring (Medicine)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Warnecke |first=Christiane |date=2009-06-13 |title=Mit Emil von Behring fing alles an |work=[[Frankfurter Neue Presse]] |pages=1 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1909: Ferdinand Braun (Physics)
* 1910: Albrecht Kossel (Medicine)
* 1930: Hans Fischer (Chemistry)
* 1936: Otto Loewi (Medicine)
* 1939: Adolf Butenandt (Chemistry)
* 1944: Otto Hahn (Chemistry)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Hanke |first=Franz-Josef |date=2008-06-23 |title=Ehre, wem Ehre gebührt – Wissenschaftspreise ehren die Forscher und nutzen auch wieder der Wissenschaft |work=[[Badische Zeitung]] |pages=12 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1958: Boris Pasternak (Literature)
* 1963: Karl Ziegler (Chemistry)
* 1979: Georg Wittig (Chemistry)
* 2011: Jules Hoffmann (Medicine)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Breu |first=Michael |date=2011-10-04 |title=Nobelpreis geht an einen Toten. Medizinpreis erstmals posthum vergeben |work=[[Basler Zeitung]] |pages=12 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Manan-na'in sira Prémiu Leibniz nian ===
Prémiu Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz fó ba peskizadór sira tuirmai ne'ebé iha afiliasaun ho Universidade Marburg: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2021-12-10 |title=Trägerinnen und Träger des Leibnizpreises an der Philipps-Universität Marburg |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |pages=3 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* 1987: Rudolf K. Thauer – Mikrobiolojia Biokímika
* 1989: Manfred T. Reetz – Kímika Orgánika
* 1991: Ernst O. Göbel – Fízika Estadu-Sólidu
* 1991: Rolf Müller – Biokímika / Biolojia Molekulár
* 1996: Reinhard Lührmann – Biolojia Molekulár
* 1997: Paul Knochel – Kímika Organometálika
* 1997: Stephan W. Koch – Fízika Teórika
* 2002: Bruno Eckhardt – Fízika Teórika
* 2003: Roland Lill – Biolojia Sélula / Biokímika
* 2006: Gyburg Radke (kaben ho Uhlmann) – Filolójia no Filozofia Klásiku
* 2011: Friederike Pannewick – Estudu Árabe
* 2022: Stefanie Dehnen – Kímika Inorgánika
* 2024: Tobias Erb – Mikrobiolojia Sintétika

=== Prémiu Ars legend ba ensinu universitáriu ne'ebé di'ak tebes ===
Prémiu Ars legendi ba Ensinu Universitáriu Exelente, prémiu aas liu iha Alemaña iha área ensinu superiór nian, ne'ebé aprezenta hosi Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft no Konferénsia Reitór Alemaña nian (HRK), fó ba ema sira tuirmai ne'ebé hanorin iha Universidade Marburg: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |title=Ars legendi-Preis |url=https://www.stifterverband.org/ars-legendi-preis |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Stifterverband |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Preisträger*innen |url=https://www.uni-marburg.de/de/universitaet/profil/zahlen-fakten-preise/preise |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=Uni Marburg |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* 2010: Jürgen Schäfer (Prémiu Fakuldade ba Medisina)
* 2015: Jürgen Handke (ba &quot;Ensinu no Aprendizajen Dijitál&quot;)
* 2016: Ilka Agricola (Prémiu Fakuldade nian ba Matemátika)
* 2017: Stefan Bösner (Prémiu Fakuldade ba Medisina)
* 2018: Evelyn Korn (ba &quot;Alineamentu Konstrutivu&quot;)
* 2024: Rolf Kreyer (ba &quot;Teoria no prátika linguístika Inglés nian kombinadu&quot;) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-06-05 |title=Marburger Anglist Professor Kreyer erhält Preis für ausgezeichnete Lehre |url=https://www.op-marburg.de/lokales/marburg-biedenkopf/marburg/marburger-anglist-professor-kreyer-erhaelt-preis-fuer-ausgezeichnete-lehre-IVUZOSGCCREO3F2XUUNLS5N474.html |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Instituisaun sientífika sira ===
Universidade Marburg simu instituisaun akadémika no peskiza oioin:

* Akademia Peskiza Universidade Marburg (MARA) apoia peskizadór sira iha kareira inisiál liuhosi formasaun interdisiplinár, finansiamentu, no servisu dezenvolvimentu kareira nian. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2010-12-23 |title=Bedingungen für Promotion transparent machen |work=Gießener Anzeiger |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sentru Dokumentasaun Alemaña ba Istória Arte nian (Bildarchiv Foto Marburg) maka arkivu imajen ida ne'ebé boot liu iha Europa ba arte no arkitetura, ne'ebé fornese rekursu no servisu sira ba muzeu sira, matenek-na'in sira, no editór sira. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Brockschmidt |first=Rolf |date=2023-09-02 |title=Für den Fall der Fälle |work=[[Der Tagesspiegel]] |pages=34 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sentru Demokrasia Hesse koordena esforsu sira hasoru estremizmu direita no oferese programa Mestradu ida iha akonsellamentu iha kontestu ne'ebá. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Haschink |first=Gregor |date=2022-05-11 |title=Opferberatung studieren |work=[[Frankfurter Rundschau]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sentru Peskiza Deutscher Sprachatlas dokumenta no estuda variedade rejionál sira hosi lian Alemaña no mantein arkivu ida ne'ebé luan hosi materiál dialetu sira hosi fatin 50,000 resin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Rummel |first=Silke |date=2014-09-09 |title=Forschungszentrum Deutscher Sprachatlas |work=Darmstädter Echo |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sentru Estudu Jéneru no Peskiza Feminista, harii iha 2001, promove serbisu interdisiplinár iha estudu jéneru no koordena programa akadémiku sira ne'ebé iha relasaun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2017-11-10 |title=Bildungsministerium gibt knapp eine Million Euro für Gender-Forschung |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jardim Botániku, ne'ebé lokaliza iha kampus Lahnberge, ho luan hektar 20 no inklui kolesaun ai-horis ne'ebé luan, área peskiza nian, no estufa sira; Jardim Botániku Antigu agora serve hanesan parke públiku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ahlers |first=Wolfram |date=2021-08-20 |title=Botanischer Garten in Marburg muss renoviert werden |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/rhein-main/region-und-hessen/botanischer-garten-in-marburg-muss-renoviert-werden-17488145.html |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* SYNMIKRO, Sentru ba Mikrobiolojia Sintétika, avansa peskiza kona-ba enjeñaria funsaun mikrobiál sira, ho aplikasaun sira iha bioteknolojia no medisina, iha kolaborasaun ho Sosiedade Max Planck . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Hitzeroth |first=Manfred |date=2018-11-10 |title=Sieg mit mikrobiologischem Baukasten |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Estudante sira''' ==
[[Imajen:Alte_Universität_(Marburg)_2.jpg|miniaturadaimagem|''Universidade Antiga'', ne'ebé maka iha igreja universitáriu, departamentu ba estudu relijiozu sira no sala palestra reprezentativu ida]]
Students at Marburg University are represented by the General Student Committee (AStA) and the Student Parliament (StuPa), with additional representation at faculty level through student councils. The universal transit pass (semester ticket), negotiated by the AStA, allows students extensive access to public transport in Hesse and neighbouring areas, including use of selected InterCity (IC) and InterCity Express (ICE) trains.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-10-24 |title=ICE: Für Asta war Ticket-Reichweite zentraler Punkt |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Robinson |first=Patrick |date=2025-03-06 |title=Nach der Prüfung ist vor der Prüfung |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |pages=4 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Universidade oferese rezidénsia oioin ba estudante sira, inklui Christian-Wolff-Haus, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-11-16 |title=Kernsanierung für Christian-Wolff-Haus |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |pages=5 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; istóriku Collegium Philippinum, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-09-08 |title=Felina Karle bekommt dank jahrhundertealten Rechts einen Platz im Collegium Philippinum in Marburg |work=[[Oberhessische Presse]] |pages=4 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; no Vilmarhaus, ne'ebé maka jere hosi Igreja Protestante. Konrad-Biesalski-Haus nafatin notavel ba nia asesibilidade pioneiru ba estudante sira ho defisiénsia fíziku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Maas |first=Marie-Charlotte |date=2012-06-14 |title=Gleichheit unter Ungleichen |work=[[Die Zeit]] |pages=71 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Antigu alunu no profesór sira ne'ebé notavel''' ==

=== Sientista naturál sira ===
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Div col/styles.css&quot; /&gt; 

=== Teólogu sira ===
Marburg sempre koñesidu hanesan universidade ida ne'ebé foka ba umanidade . Ida-ne'e mantein forsa ne'e, liuliu iha Filozofia no Teolojia ba tempu naruk hafoin Funu Mundiál Daruak . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Peter |first=Lothar |date=2020-05-02 |title=Ein Partisan im Land der Mitläufer |url=https://jacobin.de/artikel/wolfgang-abendroth-marburg-marxismus-partisanenprofessor |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Jacobin Magazin |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sieg |first=Ulrich |date=2005-02-05 |title=Aus dem Geiste Kants Hermann Cohen, Paul Natorp und der Erste Weltkrieg |work=[[Neue Zürcher Zeitung]] |pages=64 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Div col/styles.css&quot; /&gt;

=== Filózofu sira ===

=== Seluk ===
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Div col/styles.css&quot; /&gt;

[[Kategoria:Páginas com traduções não revistas]]
[[Kategoria:Alemaña]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Arkitetura Timór Lorosa'e</title>
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      <comment>Pájina foun: 'Timor Leste mak hanesan Nasaun Ki'ik liu iha mundu nia ilha partensia entre Asian no Pasifiku bele dehan entre Australia no Indonesian no ilha ki'ik maibe fahe mos ba rua Timor Leste no Indonesia Atambua,no ilha hetan fahe hosi tempu uluk invazaun Belanda nian Portugues.So iha Timor Leste iha Tipos Modelu Uma Lisan Oin-Oin ho nia Kultural nebe mos Lahanesan kada Distritu ida idak.Modelu uma Lisan Total iha Distritu hotu hamutuk Tipos Sia(9).'</comment>
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      <text bytes="445" sha1="ee32vzaj7m2xp3efdi8e6dt8v7t4z57" xml:space="preserve">Timor Leste mak hanesan Nasaun Ki'ik liu iha mundu nia ilha partensia entre Asian no Pasifiku bele dehan entre Australia no Indonesian no ilha ki'ik maibe fahe mos ba rua Timor Leste no Indonesia Atambua,no ilha hetan fahe hosi tempu uluk invazaun Belanda nian Portugues.So iha Timor Leste iha Tipos Modelu Uma Lisan Oin-Oin ho nia Kultural nebe mos Lahanesan kada Distritu ida idak.Modelu uma Lisan Total iha Distritu hotu hamutuk Tipos Sia(9).</text>
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      <contributor>
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      <text bytes="679" sha1="5dbpa37kcoitnbzoe2lmrouyk4l3gkn" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Lospalos klein.jpg|thumb|[[Fataluku]] nia uma lulik ida iha [[Lospalos]]]]

Timor Leste mak hanesan Nasaun Ki'ik liu iha mundu nia ilha partensia entre Asian no Pasifiku bele dehan entre Australia no Indonesian no ilha ki'ik maibe fahe mos ba rua Timor Leste no Indonesia Atambua,no ilha hetan fahe hosi tempu uluk invazaun Belanda nian Portugues.So iha Timor Leste iha Tipos Modelu Uma Lisan Oin-Oin ho nia Kultural nebe mos Lahanesan kada Distritu ida idak.Modelu uma Lisan Total iha Distritu hotu hamutuk Tipos Sia(9).

[[File:Haustypen in Osttimor.png|thumb|center|1000px|Tipu uma iha Timor Leste tuir Ruy Cinatti]]

[[Kategoria:Kultura]]
[[Kategoria:Timór Lorosa'e]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1750" sha1="j32u639p3avj3m05gmv359a05wv7meb" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Lospalos klein.jpg|thumb|[[Fataluku]] nia uma lulik ida iha [[Lospalos]]]]

'''Arkitetura [[Timór Lorosa'e]]''' nian reflete tradisaun husi grupu étniku oin-oin nasaun ne’e nian no períodu sira ukun estranjeiru nian. To'o ohin loron, baraka sira harii ho estilu tradisionál uza ai, ai-palmeira nia tahan, bambu, du'ut, rai-mean, no materiál lokál sira seluk, maski materiál modernu sira hanesan uma-kakuluk ho zinku uza beibeik. Estrutura fatuk sira hanaran tranqueiras (signifika &quot;kakuluk&quot; ka &quot;fortifikasaun&quot;) maka estrutura defeza antigu ne'ebé timoroan sira harii hodi proteje sira nia hela-fatin. Diferensa iha materil neeb disponivel, no ms klima oioin iha rejiaun sira Timr Lorosae nian, influensia arkitetura lokl. Maski nune'e, buat sira ne'ebé hanesan maka evidente.&lt;ref&gt;Eloisa Maria Gago Agostinho de Pina: [https://fenix.tecnico.ulisboa.pt/downloadFile/281870113703017/Tese.pdf ''Arquitetura Sustentável em Timor-Leste''], Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Timor Leste mak hanesan Nasaun Ki'ik liu iha mundu nia ilha partensia entre [[Ázia]] no Pasifiku bele dehan entre [[Austrália]] no [[Indonézia|Indonesian]] no ilha ki'ik maibe fahe mos ba rua Timor Leste no Indonesia [[Atambua]], no ilha hetan fahe hosi tempu uluk invazaun [[Olanda]] nian [[Portugál|Portugues]]. So iha Timor Leste iha Tipos Modelu Uma Lisan Oin-Oin ho nia Kultural nebe mos Lahanesan kada Distritu ida idak. Modelu uma Lisan Total iha Distritu hotu hamutuk Tipos Sia (9).

[[File:Haustypen in Osttimor.png|thumb|center|1000px|Tipu uma iha Timor Leste tuir Ruy Cinatti]]

== Ligasaun ba li'ur ==
{{Commons|Category:Architecture of East Timor|Arkitetura Timor Lorosa’e}}

== Referensia ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategoria:Kultura]]
[[Kategoria:Timór Lorosa'e]]</text>
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        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>J. Patrick Fischer moveu [[Typos de uma Lisan iha Timor Leste]] para [[Arkitetura Timór Lorosa'e]]: other title</comment>
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      <text bytes="1750" sha1="j32u639p3avj3m05gmv359a05wv7meb" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Lospalos klein.jpg|thumb|[[Fataluku]] nia uma lulik ida iha [[Lospalos]]]]

'''Arkitetura [[Timór Lorosa'e]]''' nian reflete tradisaun husi grupu étniku oin-oin nasaun ne’e nian no períodu sira ukun estranjeiru nian. To'o ohin loron, baraka sira harii ho estilu tradisionál uza ai, ai-palmeira nia tahan, bambu, du'ut, rai-mean, no materiál lokál sira seluk, maski materiál modernu sira hanesan uma-kakuluk ho zinku uza beibeik. Estrutura fatuk sira hanaran tranqueiras (signifika &quot;kakuluk&quot; ka &quot;fortifikasaun&quot;) maka estrutura defeza antigu ne'ebé timoroan sira harii hodi proteje sira nia hela-fatin. Diferensa iha materil neeb disponivel, no ms klima oioin iha rejiaun sira Timr Lorosae nian, influensia arkitetura lokl. Maski nune'e, buat sira ne'ebé hanesan maka evidente.&lt;ref&gt;Eloisa Maria Gago Agostinho de Pina: [https://fenix.tecnico.ulisboa.pt/downloadFile/281870113703017/Tese.pdf ''Arquitetura Sustentável em Timor-Leste''], Juni 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

Timor Leste mak hanesan Nasaun Ki'ik liu iha mundu nia ilha partensia entre [[Ázia]] no Pasifiku bele dehan entre [[Austrália]] no [[Indonézia|Indonesian]] no ilha ki'ik maibe fahe mos ba rua Timor Leste no Indonesia [[Atambua]], no ilha hetan fahe hosi tempu uluk invazaun [[Olanda]] nian [[Portugál|Portugues]]. So iha Timor Leste iha Tipos Modelu Uma Lisan Oin-Oin ho nia Kultural nebe mos Lahanesan kada Distritu ida idak. Modelu uma Lisan Total iha Distritu hotu hamutuk Tipos Sia (9).

[[File:Haustypen in Osttimor.png|thumb|center|1000px|Tipu uma iha Timor Leste tuir Ruy Cinatti]]

== Ligasaun ba li'ur ==
{{Commons|Category:Architecture of East Timor|Arkitetura Timor Lorosa’e}}

== Referensia ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategoria:Kultura]]
[[Kategoria:Timór Lorosa'e]]</text>
      <sha1>j32u639p3avj3m05gmv359a05wv7meb</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Be'e Manas Marobo Timor Leste</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>8747</id>
    <revision>
      <id>74204</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T14:53:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Taugen</username>
        <id>11610</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pájina foun: 'Distritu Bobonaro mak,Distritu nebe ema hosi distritu seluk sempre temi ou hanaran Bobonaru Kuda ulun,katak iha tempu kolonial Portugues nia ukun transporte hanesan Kareta no Motor laiha atu uja ba Viagem, ho ne ema hotu halo viagen dok ka besik ho det transportesaun nebe bele uja mak  sa'e Kuda tamba Bobonaro konesidu ho Kuda barak,kada familia uma ka'in iha Kuda ou haki'ak Kuda iha tempu uluk to'o mai tempu Indonesia i Kada uma bele iha kuda sanulu (10)mai kra'ik.Hau nia a...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="978" sha1="kdrsikqdgrdy7k5py5j0h95axwhaxs0" xml:space="preserve">Distritu Bobonaro mak,Distritu nebe ema hosi distritu seluk sempre temi ou hanaran Bobonaru Kuda ulun,katak iha tempu kolonial Portugues nia ukun transporte hanesan Kareta no Motor laiha atu uja ba Viagem, ho ne ema hotu halo viagen dok ka besik ho det transportesaun nebe bele uja mak  sa'e Kuda tamba Bobonaro konesidu ho Kuda barak,kada familia uma ka'in iha Kuda ou haki'ak Kuda iha tempu uluk to'o mai tempu Indonesia i Kada uma bele iha kuda sanulu (10)mai kra'ik.Hau nia abo Mane serbisu Militar tempu neba Bolu Cabo i Hotu hotu tenke sa'e Kuda,nia Halo Kontrola hosi Bobonaro mai Likisa no to'o mai Dili uja KUDA sai hanesan transportesaun ba nia Viagem ou Tula sasan mos.
Distritu Bobonaro nian Objectu Turistiku nebe atrai liu mak Be'e Manas Marobo,be'e Manas Marobo iha desde tempu uluk nia hun suli mai husi Foho Marobo,Be'e nia Manas Maka'as no i'is hanesan Manu tolun a'at,maibe nia forsa mos bele kura moras isin kulit sira nebe nunka hetan kura ho ai moruk sira.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>74216</id>
      <parentid>74204</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T16:08:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>74216</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1823" sha1="gb7zkbl7z33guols0zlje65crgrjd55" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Explore the beauty of Timor Leste Marobo Hot Spring. (51732390206).jpg|thumb|Bee-manas Marobo nian, ho foho Matuloun iha kotuk (2021)]]

'''Be'e Manas Marobo''' hanesan komplexu spa termál ida ne'ebé lokaliza besik bee-manas sira iha [[Timor Lorosa'e]]. Sira situa iha Suco [[Ilat-Laun]] atuál (Rejiaun [[Marobo]], Distritu Administrativu [[Bobonaru (postu administrativu)|Bobonaru]], Munisípiu [[Bobonaru (munisípiu)|Bobonaru]]), maizumenus kilómetru lima ba norte hosi sidade Bobonaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;dred&quot;&gt;COMMANDO CAMPAIGN SITES – EAST TIMOR: [https://doublereds.org.au/forums/topic/237-commando-campaign-sites-%E2%80%93-east-timor-bobonaro-district-marobo/ '' BOBONARO DISTRICT, MAROBO'', 11.01.2020].&lt;/ref&gt;

Distritu Bobonaro mak, Distritu nebe ema hosi distritu seluk sempre temi ou hanaran Bobonaru Kuda ulun, katak iha tempu kolonial Portugues nia ukun transporte hanesan Kareta no Motor laiha atu uja ba Viagem, ho ne ema hotu halo viagen dok ka besik ho det transportesaun nebe bele uja mak  sa'e Kuda tamba Bobonaro konesidu ho Kuda barak, kada familia uma ka'in iha Kuda ou haki'ak Kuda iha tempu uluk to'o mai tempu Indonesia i Kada uma bele iha kuda sanulu (10) mai kra'ik.Hau nia abo Mane serbisu Militar tempu neba Bolu Cabo i Hotu hotu tenke sa'e Kuda,nia Halo Kontrola hosi Bobonaro mai Likisa no to'o mai Dili uja KUDA sai hanesan transportesaun ba nia Viagem ou Tula sasan mos.

Distritu Bobonaro nian Objectu Turistiku nebe atrai liu mak Be'e Manas Marobo,be'e Manas Marobo iha desde tempu uluk nia hun suli mai husi Foho Marobo,Be'e nia Manas Maka'as no i'is hanesan Manu tolun a'at,maibe nia forsa mos bele kura moras isin kulit sira nebe nunka hetan kura ho ai moruk sira.

== Ligasaun ba li'ur ==
{{Commons|Category:Marobo hot springs|Be'e Manas Marobo}}

== Referensia ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>gb7zkbl7z33guols0zlje65crgrjd55</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>74270</id>
      <parentid>74216</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T17:10:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Referensia */</comment>
      <origin>74270</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1882" sha1="skdjngu76kxn3wzddv5idsit2g13wpp" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Explore the beauty of Timor Leste Marobo Hot Spring. (51732390206).jpg|thumb|Bee-manas Marobo nian, ho foho Matuloun iha kotuk (2021)]]

'''Be'e Manas Marobo''' hanesan komplexu spa termál ida ne'ebé lokaliza besik bee-manas sira iha [[Timor Lorosa'e]]. Sira situa iha Suco [[Ilat-Laun]] atuál (Rejiaun [[Marobo]], Distritu Administrativu [[Bobonaru (postu administrativu)|Bobonaru]], Munisípiu [[Bobonaru (munisípiu)|Bobonaru]]), maizumenus kilómetru lima ba norte hosi sidade Bobonaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;dred&quot;&gt;COMMANDO CAMPAIGN SITES – EAST TIMOR: [https://doublereds.org.au/forums/topic/237-commando-campaign-sites-%E2%80%93-east-timor-bobonaro-district-marobo/ '' BOBONARO DISTRICT, MAROBO'', 11.01.2020].&lt;/ref&gt;

Distritu Bobonaro mak, Distritu nebe ema hosi distritu seluk sempre temi ou hanaran Bobonaru Kuda ulun, katak iha tempu kolonial Portugues nia ukun transporte hanesan Kareta no Motor laiha atu uja ba Viagem, ho ne ema hotu halo viagen dok ka besik ho det transportesaun nebe bele uja mak  sa'e Kuda tamba Bobonaro konesidu ho Kuda barak, kada familia uma ka'in iha Kuda ou haki'ak Kuda iha tempu uluk to'o mai tempu Indonesia i Kada uma bele iha kuda sanulu (10) mai kra'ik.Hau nia abo Mane serbisu Militar tempu neba Bolu Cabo i Hotu hotu tenke sa'e Kuda,nia Halo Kontrola hosi Bobonaro mai Likisa no to'o mai Dili uja KUDA sai hanesan transportesaun ba nia Viagem ou Tula sasan mos.

Distritu Bobonaro nian Objectu Turistiku nebe atrai liu mak Be'e Manas Marobo,be'e Manas Marobo iha desde tempu uluk nia hun suli mai husi Foho Marobo,Be'e nia Manas Maka'as no i'is hanesan Manu tolun a'at,maibe nia forsa mos bele kura moras isin kulit sira nebe nunka hetan kura ho ai moruk sira.

== Ligasaun ba li'ur ==
{{Commons|Category:Marobo hot springs|Be'e Manas Marobo}}

== Referensia ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategoria:Bobonaru (munisípiu)]]
[[Kategoria:Turizmu]]</text>
      <sha1>skdjngu76kxn3wzddv5idsit2g13wpp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>74311</id>
      <parentid>74270</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T20:23:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>74311</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1902" sha1="rp85pkik8fwaxbqmlfer8heq6rh9slh" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Explore the beauty of Timor Leste Marobo Hot Spring. (51732390206).jpg|thumb|Bee-manas Marobo nian, ho foho Matuloun iha kotuk (2021)]]

'''Be'e Manas Marobo''' hanesan komplexu spa termál ida ne'ebé lokaliza besik bee-manas sira iha [[Timor Lorosa'e]]. Sira situa iha Suco [[Ilat-Laun]] atuál (Rejiaun [[Marobo]], Distritu Administrativu [[Bobonaru (postu administrativu)|Bobonaru]], Munisípiu [[Bobonaru (munisípiu)|Bobonaru]]), maizumenus kilómetru lima ba norte hosi sidade [[Bobonaru]].&lt;ref name=&quot;dred&quot;&gt;COMMANDO CAMPAIGN SITES – EAST TIMOR: [https://doublereds.org.au/forums/topic/237-commando-campaign-sites-%E2%80%93-east-timor-bobonaro-district-marobo/ '' BOBONARO DISTRICT, MAROBO'', 11.01.2020].&lt;/ref&gt;

Distritu Bobonaru mak, Distritu nebe ema hosi distritu seluk sempre temi ou hanaran Bobonaru Kuda ulun, katak iha tempu kolonial [[Portugal|Portugues]] nia ukun transporte hanesan Kareta no Motor laiha atu uja ba Viagem, ho ne ema hotu halo viagen dok ka besik ho det transportesaun nebe bele uja mak sa'e [[Kuda]] tamba Bobonaro konesidu ho Kuda barak, kada familia uma ka'in iha Kuda ou haki'ak Kuda iha tempu uluk to'o mai tempu Indonesia i Kada uma bele iha kuda sanulu (10) mai kra'ik.Hau nia abo Mane serbisu Militar tempu neba Bolu Cabo i Hotu hotu tenke sa'e Kuda,nia Halo Kontrola hosi Bobonaro mai Likisa no to'o mai Dili uja KUDA sai hanesan transportesaun ba nia Viagem ou Tula sasan mos.

Distritu Bobonaro nian Objectu Turistiku nebe atrai liu mak Be'e Manas Marobo,be'e Manas Marobo iha desde tempu uluk nia hun suli mai husi Foho Marobo,Be'e nia Manas Maka'as no i'is hanesan Manu tolun a'at,maibe nia forsa mos bele kura moras isin kulit sira nebe nunka hetan kura ho ai moruk sira.

== Ligasaun ba li'ur ==
{{Commons|Category:Marobo hot springs|Be'e Manas Marobo}}

== Referensia ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategoria:Bobonaru (munisípiu)]]
[[Kategoria:Turizmu]]</text>
      <sha1>rp85pkik8fwaxbqmlfer8heq6rh9slh</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Uza-na'in:J. Patrick Fischer/Be'e Manas Marobo</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>8748</id>
    <revision>
      <id>74205</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T15:29:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pájina foun: '[[File:Explore the beauty of Timor Leste Marobo Hot Spring. (51732390206).jpg|thumb|Bee-manas Marobo nian, ho foho Matuloun iha kotuk (2021)]]  '''Be'e Manas Marobo''' hanesan komplexu spa termál ida ne'ebé lokaliza besik bee-manas sira iha [[Timor Lorosa'e]]. Sira situa iha Suco [[Ilat-Laun]] atuál (Rejiaun [[Marobo]], Distritu Administrativu [[Bobonaru (postu administrativu)|Bobonaru]], Munisípiu [[Bobonaru (munisípiu)|Bobonaru]]), maizumenus kilómetru lima ba norte...'</comment>
      <origin>74205</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1965" sha1="123s84z98x2i3sgwi2bgvhuolnpruus" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Explore the beauty of Timor Leste Marobo Hot Spring. (51732390206).jpg|thumb|Bee-manas Marobo nian, ho foho Matuloun iha kotuk (2021)]]

'''Be'e Manas Marobo''' hanesan komplexu spa termál ida ne'ebé lokaliza besik bee-manas sira iha [[Timor Lorosa'e]]. Sira situa iha Suco [[Ilat-Laun]] atuál (Rejiaun [[Marobo]], Distritu Administrativu [[Bobonaru (postu administrativu)|Bobonaru]], Munisípiu [[Bobonaru (munisípiu)|Bobonaru]]), maizumenus kilómetru lima ba norte hosi sidade Bobonaro.[1]

== Istoria ==
Durante períodu koloniál portugés, harii hariis-fatin sira, ne'ebé hetan bee-manas.[2] Kavalaria portugés ne’ebé destakadu iha Bobonaro halo toman atu sa’e kuda ba hariis-fatin semana ida dala ida no husik sira-nia kuda sira hariis iha bee-manas, ne’ebé di’ak tebes ba sira-nia kulit.[1]

Durante Funu Timor iha Funu Mundiál Daruak, elementu sira hosi Forsa Sparrow Austrália halo operasaun iha rejiaun ne'e to'o Japonés sira hadau kontrolu ba área ne'e iha Agostu 1942. Hafoin retirada hosi forsa kombate Aliadu sira iha Fevereiru 1943, Marobo sai hanesan sentru rekreasaun ba ezérsitu Japonés.[1] Durante tempu ne'e, edifísiu sira seluk konstrui liuhosi serbisu forsadu, balun ne'ebé maka to'o ohin loron sai hanesan ruin. Okupante Japaun sira obriga feto timoroan sira hosi área ne'ebé hale'u atu serbisu iha hariis-fatin sira nu'udar feto konsolasaun. Marta Abu Bere, ne'ebé maka kaer iha ne'ebá durante fulan neen hosi militár Japaun nian, fó sasin kona-ba nia esperiénsia sira hamutuk ho Esmeralda Boe iha &quot;Tribunál Internasionál Feto nian ba Krime Funu nian&quot; iha Tókiu iha Dezembru 2000.[1][3]

&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; caption=&quot;Harii iha era koloniál&quot;&gt;
Nos banhos termais de Marobo.jpg
17048 - Termas do Marabo.jpg|1930er-Jahre
Marobo--arredores de Bobonaro.jpg|Die Becken (1970)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Ligasaun ba li'ur ==
{{Commons|Category:Marobo hot springs|Be'e Manas Marobo}}

== Referensia ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>123s84z98x2i3sgwi2bgvhuolnpruus</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>74206</id>
      <parentid>74205</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T15:35:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>74206</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2647" sha1="8jbhoj8qsxa9rhekvd1pzjzakcas9s6" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Explore the beauty of Timor Leste Marobo Hot Spring. (51732390206).jpg|thumb|Bee-manas Marobo nian, ho foho Matuloun iha kotuk (2021)]]

'''Be'e Manas Marobo''' hanesan komplexu spa termál ida ne'ebé lokaliza besik bee-manas sira iha [[Timor Lorosa'e]]. Sira situa iha Suco [[Ilat-Laun]] atuál (Rejiaun [[Marobo]], Distritu Administrativu [[Bobonaru (postu administrativu)|Bobonaru]], Munisípiu [[Bobonaru (munisípiu)|Bobonaru]]), maizumenus kilómetru lima ba norte hosi sidade Bobonaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;dred&quot;&gt;COMMANDO CAMPAIGN SITES – EAST TIMOR: [https://doublereds.org.au/forums/topic/237-commando-campaign-sites-%E2%80%93-east-timor-bobonaro-district-marobo/ '' BOBONARO DISTRICT, MAROBO'', 11.01.2020].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Istoria ==
Durante períodu koloniál portugés, harii hariis-fatin sira, ne'ebé hetan bee-manas.&lt;ref name=&quot;AO&quot;&gt;Atlas Obscura: [https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/marobo-hot-springs ''Marobo Hot Springs'']&lt;/ref&gt; Kavalaria portugés ne’ebé destakadu iha Bobonaro halo toman atu sa’e kuda ba hariis-fatin semana ida dala ida no husik sira-nia kuda sira hariis iha bee-manas, ne’ebé di’ak tebes ba sira-nia kulit.&lt;ref name=&quot;dred&quot; /&gt;

Durante Funu Timor iha Funu Mundiál Daruak, elementu sira hosi Forsa Sparrow Austrália halo operasaun iha rejiaun ne'e to'o Japonés sira hadau kontrolu ba área ne'e iha Agostu 1942. Hafoin retirada hosi forsa kombate Aliadu sira iha Fevereiru 1943, Marobo sai hanesan sentru rekreasaun ba ezérsitu Japonés.&lt;ref name=&quot;dred&quot; /&gt; Durante tempu ne'e, edifísiu sira seluk konstrui liuhosi serbisu forsadu, balun ne'ebé maka to'o ohin loron sai hanesan ruin. Okupante Japaun sira obriga feto timoroan sira hosi área ne'ebé hale'u atu serbisu iha hariis-fatin sira nu'udar feto konsolasaun. Marta Abu Bere, ne'ebé maka kaer iha ne'ebá durante fulan neen hosi militár Japaun nian, fó sasin kona-ba nia esperiénsia sira hamutuk ho Esmeralda Boe iha &quot;Tribunál Internasionál Feto nian ba Krime Funu nian&quot; iha Tókiu iha Dezembru 2000.&lt;ref name=&quot;dred&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Final Report of the HAK-Japan Coalition's joint research: ''Luta ba Lia Loos no Justisa: Relatoriu Final ba Peskiza Konjunta Assosiasaun HAK no Koliagasaun Japones sira ba Timor-Leste kona-ba Eskravidaun Seksual Militar Japones iha Timor-Leste, 1942-1945'', [[HAK Association]], [[Farol]], Dili.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; caption=&quot;Harii iha era koloniál&quot;&gt;
Nos banhos termais de Marobo.jpg
17048 - Termas do Marabo.jpg|1930er-Jahre
Marobo--arredores de Bobonaro.jpg|Die Becken (1970)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Ligasaun ba li'ur ==
{{Commons|Category:Marobo hot springs|Be'e Manas Marobo}}

== Referensia ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>8jbhoj8qsxa9rhekvd1pzjzakcas9s6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>74207</id>
      <parentid>74206</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T15:38:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Istoria */</comment>
      <origin>74207</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5298" sha1="jk68jswrgxs86au43k8zdpcy4lhbb5t" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Explore the beauty of Timor Leste Marobo Hot Spring. (51732390206).jpg|thumb|Bee-manas Marobo nian, ho foho Matuloun iha kotuk (2021)]]

'''Be'e Manas Marobo''' hanesan komplexu spa termál ida ne'ebé lokaliza besik bee-manas sira iha [[Timor Lorosa'e]]. Sira situa iha Suco [[Ilat-Laun]] atuál (Rejiaun [[Marobo]], Distritu Administrativu [[Bobonaru (postu administrativu)|Bobonaru]], Munisípiu [[Bobonaru (munisípiu)|Bobonaru]]), maizumenus kilómetru lima ba norte hosi sidade Bobonaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;dred&quot;&gt;COMMANDO CAMPAIGN SITES – EAST TIMOR: [https://doublereds.org.au/forums/topic/237-commando-campaign-sites-%E2%80%93-east-timor-bobonaro-district-marobo/ '' BOBONARO DISTRICT, MAROBO'', 11.01.2020].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Istoria ==
Durante períodu koloniál portugés, harii hariis-fatin sira, ne'ebé hetan bee-manas.&lt;ref name=&quot;AO&quot;&gt;Atlas Obscura: [https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/marobo-hot-springs ''Marobo Hot Springs'']&lt;/ref&gt; Kavalaria portugés ne’ebé destakadu iha Bobonaro halo toman atu sa’e kuda ba hariis-fatin semana ida dala ida no husik sira-nia kuda sira hariis iha bee-manas, ne’ebé di’ak tebes ba sira-nia kulit.&lt;ref name=&quot;dred&quot; /&gt;

Durante Funu Timor iha Funu Mundiál Daruak, elementu sira hosi Forsa Sparrow Austrália halo operasaun iha rejiaun ne'e to'o Japonés sira hadau kontrolu ba área ne'e iha Agostu 1942. Hafoin retirada hosi forsa kombate Aliadu sira iha Fevereiru 1943, Marobo sai hanesan sentru rekreasaun ba ezérsitu Japonés.&lt;ref name=&quot;dred&quot; /&gt; Durante tempu ne'e, edifísiu sira seluk konstrui liuhosi serbisu forsadu, balun ne'ebé maka to'o ohin loron sai hanesan ruin. Okupante Japaun sira obriga feto timoroan sira hosi área ne'ebé hale'u atu serbisu iha hariis-fatin sira nu'udar feto konsolasaun. Marta Abu Bere, ne'ebé maka kaer iha ne'ebá durante fulan neen hosi militár Japaun nian, fó sasin kona-ba nia esperiénsia sira hamutuk ho Esmeralda Boe iha &quot;Tribunál Internasionál Feto nian ba Krime Funu nian&quot; iha Tókiu iha Dezembru 2000.&lt;ref name=&quot;dred&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Final Report of the HAK-Japan Coalition's joint research: ''Luta ba Lia Loos no Justisa: Relatoriu Final ba Peskiza Konjunta Assosiasaun HAK no Koliagasaun Japones sira ba Timor-Leste kona-ba Eskravidaun Seksual Militar Japones iha Timor-Leste, 1942-1945'', [[HAK Association]], [[Farol]], Dili.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; caption=&quot;Harii iha era koloniál&quot;&gt;
Nos banhos termais de Marobo.jpg
17048 - Termas do Marabo.jpg|1930er-Jahre
Marobo--arredores de Bobonaro.jpg|Die Becken (1970)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Übersicht ==
[[Datei:Nascentes do Marobo.jpg|mini|links|Die Quellen (1970)]]
[[Datei:Marobo.png|mini|Die Region [[Marobo]]]]

Das Bad existiert noch immer und ist heute eine touristische Sehenswürdigkeit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Webarchiv|url=http://www.janesoceania.com/timor/index.htm |wayback=20180109075501 |text=Jane's Oceania: Timor - Facts about Timor}}&lt;/ref&gt; Von der Landeshauptstadt [[Dili]] aus benötigt man den ganzen Tag, um die Thermen mit dem Geländewagen über [[Gleno]], [[Letefoho]] und [[Atsabe]] zu erreichen.&lt;ref name=&quot;dred&quot; /&gt; Südöstlich des Bades liegen noch Ruinen von Gebäuden aus der Kolonialzeit. Die Becken und Terrassen des Bades selbst wurden 2016 renoviert, nachdem sie Jahrzehnte ebenfalls nur noch aus Ruinen bestanden. Neben Toiletten und Umkleideräumen gibt es bei den Becken nun auch Aussichtsplattformen und Picknickplätze. Besuchern wird die lokale Kultur der [[Kemak]] näher gebracht.&lt;ref name=&quot;dred&quot; /&gt;

Es gibt zwei heiße Quellen, die 20 Meter voneinander entfernt sind. In der ersten steht das Wasser in einem Becken. Es hat eine Temperatur von 47&amp;nbsp;°C. Aus der zweiten Quelle strömen 10 Liter Wasser pro Sekunde mit einer Temperatur von 46&amp;nbsp;°C. Schlamm aus [[Calcit]], [[Gips]] und [[Schwefel]] lagert sich aus der Quelle ab.&lt;ref name=&quot;pot&quot;&gt;James V. Lawless, Brian G. Lovelock und Greg N. Ussher: [https://www.geothermal-energy.org/pdf/IGAstandard/WGC/2005/2604.pdf ''Geothermal potential of East Timor'', Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2005 Antalya, Türkei, 24.-29. April 2005], abgerufen am 11. Januar 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Andere Quellen nennen eine Temperatur von bis zu 49&amp;nbsp;°C und eine Wassermenge aus allen Quellen von etwa 2000 Liter pro Minute. Das Wasser hat einen schwachen, aber deutlichen Schwefelgeruch und enthält außerdem große Mengen an [[Natrium]] und [[Calcium]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AO&quot; /&gt; Das Gebiet besteht aus [[Pliozän]]-[[Ainaro (Gemeinde)|Ainaro]]-Kies mit [[Calciumcarbonat|Kalkstein]], der auf Kämmen über den Quellen aufragt.&lt;ref name=&quot;pot&quot; /&gt;

In der Umgebung finden sich einige kleinere Wasserfälle und pittoreske Flussbecken.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=822530191440123&amp;set=pcb.822531154773360&amp;type=3&amp;theater Facebookauftritt des Marobo Tourist Information Centre, 26. März 2019], abgerufen am 11. Januar 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
Marobo hot springs, Bobonaro, Timor-Leste D.JPG|2009
Marobo Hot Springs.jpg|2014
2016-07-25 Termas do Marobo 2.jpg|2016
2016-07-25 Termas do Marobo 3.jpg|Eine der heißen Quelle 2016
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Ligasaun ba li'ur ==
{{Commons|Category:Marobo hot springs|Be'e Manas Marobo}}

== Referensia ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Ligasaun ba li'ur ==
{{Commons|Category:Marobo hot springs|Be'e Manas Marobo}}

== Referensia ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>jk68jswrgxs86au43k8zdpcy4lhbb5t</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>74208</id>
      <parentid>74207</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T15:49:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Istoria */</comment>
      <origin>74208</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5951" sha1="2vltb7t18nu21f8ffvciztl5rxip37d" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Explore the beauty of Timor Leste Marobo Hot Spring. (51732390206).jpg|thumb|Bee-manas Marobo nian, ho foho Matuloun iha kotuk (2021)]]

'''Be'e Manas Marobo''' hanesan komplexu spa termál ida ne'ebé lokaliza besik bee-manas sira iha [[Timor Lorosa'e]]. Sira situa iha Suco [[Ilat-Laun]] atuál (Rejiaun [[Marobo]], Distritu Administrativu [[Bobonaru (postu administrativu)|Bobonaru]], Munisípiu [[Bobonaru (munisípiu)|Bobonaru]]), maizumenus kilómetru lima ba norte hosi sidade Bobonaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;dred&quot;&gt;COMMANDO CAMPAIGN SITES – EAST TIMOR: [https://doublereds.org.au/forums/topic/237-commando-campaign-sites-%E2%80%93-east-timor-bobonaro-district-marobo/ '' BOBONARO DISTRICT, MAROBO'', 11.01.2020].&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Explore the beauty of Timor Leste Marobo Hot Spring. (51732390206).jpg|thumb|Bee-manas Marobo nian, ho foho Matuloun iha kotuk (2021)]]

'''Be'e Manas Marobo''' hanesan komplexu spa termál ida ne'ebé lokaliza besik bee-manas sira iha [[Timor Lorosa'e]]. Sira situa iha Suco [[Ilat-Laun]] atuál (Rejiaun [[Marobo]], Distritu Administrativu [[Bobonaru (postu administrativu)|Bobonaru]], Munisípiu [[Bobonaru (munisípiu)|Bobonaru]]), maizumenus kilómetru lima ba norte hosi sidade [[Bobonaru]].&lt;ref name=&quot;dred&quot;&gt;COMMANDO CAMPAIGN SITES – EAST TIMOR: [https://doublereds.org.au/forums/topic/237-commando-campaign-sites-%E2%80%93-east-timor-bobonaro-district-marobo/ '' BOBONARO DISTRICT, MAROBO'', 11.01.2020].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Istoria ==
Durante períodu koloniál portugés, harii hariis-fatin sira, ne'ebé hetan bee-manas.&lt;ref name=&quot;AO&quot;&gt;Atlas Obscura: [https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/marobo-hot-springs ''Marobo Hot Springs'']&lt;/ref&gt; Kavalaria portugés ne’ebé destakadu iha Bobonaro halo toman atu sa’e kuda ba hariis-fatin semana ida dala ida no husik sira-nia kuda sira hariis iha bee-manas, ne’ebé di’ak tebes ba sira-nia kulit.&lt;ref name=&quot;dred&quot; /&gt;

Durante Funu Timor iha Funu Mundiál Daruak, elementu sira hosi Forsa Sparrow Austrália halo operasaun iha rejiaun ne'e to'o Japonés sira hadau kontrolu ba área ne'e iha Agostu 1942. Hafoin retirada hosi forsa kombate Aliadu sira iha Fevereiru 1943, Marobo sai hanesan sentru rekreasaun ba ezérsitu Japonés.&lt;ref name=&quot;dred&quot; /&gt; Durante tempu ne'e, edifísiu sira seluk konstrui liuhosi serbisu forsadu, balun ne'ebé maka to'o ohin loron sai hanesan ruin. Okupante Japaun sira obriga feto timoroan sira hosi área ne'ebé hale'u atu serbisu iha hariis-fatin sira nu'udar feto konsolasaun. Marta Abu Bere, ne'ebé maka kaer iha ne'ebá durante fulan neen hosi militár Japaun nian, fó sasin kona-ba nia esperiénsia sira hamutuk ho Esmeralda Boe iha &quot;Tribunál Internasionál Feto nian ba Krime Funu nian&quot; iha Tókiu iha Dezembru 2000.&lt;ref name=&quot;dred&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Final Report of the HAK-Japan Coalition's joint research: ''Luta ba Lia Loos no Justisa: Relatoriu Final ba Peskiza Konjunta Assosiasaun HAK no Koliagasaun Japones sira ba Timor-Leste kona-ba Eskravidaun Seksual Militar Japones iha Timor-Leste, 1942-1945'', [[HAK Association]], [[Farol]], Dili.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; caption=&quot;Harii iha era koloniál&quot;&gt;
Nos banhos termais de Marobo.jpg
17048 - Termas do Marabo.jpg|1930er-Jahre
Marobo--arredores de Bobonaro.jpg|Die Becken (1970)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Jeralmente ==
[[File:Nascentes do Marobo.jpg|thumb|left|Die Quellen (1970)]]
[[File:Marobo.png|thumb|Die Region [[Marobo]]]]

Banho ne'e eziste nafatin no agora sai hanesan atrasaun turístiku.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180109075501/http://www.janesoceania.com/timor/index.htm ''Jane's Oceania: Timor - Facts about Timor'']&lt;/ref&gt; Husi sidade kapitál [[Dili]], presiza loron tomak atu to’o iha banho termál sira ho veíkulu off-road liuhosi [[Gleno]], [[Letefoho]] no [[Atsabe]].&lt;ref name=&quot;dred&quot; /&gt; Sudeste hosi hariis-fatin sira iha edifísiu sira hosi era koloniál nia ruin sira. Piscina sira no terraço sira hosi hariis-fatin sira ne'e rasik hetan renovasaun iha 2016, hafoin dékada barak ne'ebé sai ruin. Aleinde sintina no troka roupa sira, piscina sira agora mós iha plataforma sira ba haree no área sira piknik nian. Vizitante sira hetan introdusaun ba kultura [[Kemak]] lokál.&lt;ref name=&quot;dred&quot; /&gt;

Iha bee-manas rua, ho distánsia metru 20. Iha ida uluk, bee ne'e kontein iha bacia ida. Nia iha temperatura 47&amp;nbsp;°C. Husi bee-matan daruak, bee litru 10 kada segundu suli ho temperatura 46&amp;nbsp;°C. Lafaek ne'ebé kompostu hosi [[kalsita]], [[jips]], no [[sulfur]] maka depozita hosi bee-matan.&lt;ref name=&quot;pot&quot;&gt;James V. Lawless, Brian G. Lovelock und Greg N. Ussher: [https://www.geothermal-energy.org/pdf/IGAstandard/WGC/2005/2604.pdf ''Geothermal potential of East Timor'', Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2005 Antalya, Türkiye, 24-29 Abril 2005].&lt;/ref&gt; Fonte sira seluk sita temperatura ida to'o 49&amp;nbsp;°C no taxa fluxu bee nian hosi fonte hotu-hotu maizumenus litru 2000 kada minutu. Bee ne'e iha morin sulfuru ne'ebé fraku maibé distintu no mós iha kuantidade boot [[sódiu]] no [[kalsiu]] nian.&lt;ref name=&quot;AO&quot; /&gt; Área ne'e kompostu hosi [[Pliocene]]-[[Ainaru (munisípiu)|Ainaru]] rai-henek ho [[Kalsiu karbonatu|kalkáriu]], ne'ebé sa'e iha foho-lolon sira iha bee-matan nia leten.&lt;ref name=&quot;pot&quot; /&gt;

Área ne'ebé hale'u iha bee-moos ki'ik oioin no kolam mota nian ne'ebé furak.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=822530191440123&amp;set=pcb.822531154773360&amp;type=3&amp;theater Pájina Facebook Sentru Informasaun Turístika Marobo, 26 Marsu 2019], abgerufen am 11. Januar 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
Marobo hot springs, Bobonaro, Timor-Leste D.JPG|2009
Marobo Hot Springs.jpg|2014
2016-07-25 Termas do Marobo 2.jpg|2016
2016-07-25 Termas do Marobo 3.jpg|Eine der heißen Quelle 2016
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Ligasaun ba li'ur ==
{{Commons|Category:Marobo hot springs|Be'e Manas Marobo}}

== Referensia ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Ligasaun ba li'ur ==
{{Commons|Category:Marobo hot springs|Be'e Manas Marobo}}

== Referensia ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>2vltb7t18nu21f8ffvciztl5rxip37d</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>74215</id>
      <parentid>74208</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T16:07:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>74215</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5835" sha1="dkpv5yth8sygd02ssdrl4xvu8dg7a6k" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Explore the beauty of Timor Leste Marobo Hot Spring. (51732390206).jpg|thumb|Bee-manas Marobo nian, ho foho Matuloun iha kotuk (2021)]]

'''Be'e Manas Marobo''' hanesan komplexu spa termál ida ne'ebé lokaliza besik bee-manas sira iha [[Timor Lorosa'e]]. Sira situa iha Suco [[Ilat-Laun]] atuál (Rejiaun [[Marobo]], Distritu Administrativu [[Bobonaru (postu administrativu)|Bobonaru]], Munisípiu [[Bobonaru (munisípiu)|Bobonaru]]), maizumenus kilómetru lima ba norte hosi sidade Bobonaro.&lt;ref name=&quot;dred&quot;&gt;COMMANDO CAMPAIGN SITES – EAST TIMOR: [https://doublereds.org.au/forums/topic/237-commando-campaign-sites-%E2%80%93-east-timor-bobonaro-district-marobo/ '' BOBONARO DISTRICT, MAROBO'', 11.01.2020].&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Explore the beauty of Timor Leste Marobo Hot Spring. (51732390206).jpg|thumb|Bee-manas Marobo nian, ho foho Matuloun iha kotuk (2021)]]

'''Be'e Manas Marobo''' hanesan komplexu spa termál ida ne'ebé lokaliza besik bee-manas sira iha [[Timor Lorosa'e]]. Sira situa iha Suco [[Ilat-Laun]] atuál (Rejiaun [[Marobo]], Distritu Administrativu [[Bobonaru (postu administrativu)|Bobonaru]], Munisípiu [[Bobonaru (munisípiu)|Bobonaru]]), maizumenus kilómetru lima ba norte hosi sidade [[Bobonaru]].&lt;ref name=&quot;dred&quot;&gt;COMMANDO CAMPAIGN SITES – EAST TIMOR: [https://doublereds.org.au/forums/topic/237-commando-campaign-sites-%E2%80%93-east-timor-bobonaro-district-marobo/ '' BOBONARO DISTRICT, MAROBO'', 11.01.2020].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Istoria ==
Durante períodu koloniál portugés, harii hariis-fatin sira, ne'ebé hetan bee-manas.&lt;ref name=&quot;AO&quot;&gt;Atlas Obscura: [https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/marobo-hot-springs ''Marobo Hot Springs'']&lt;/ref&gt; Kavalaria portugés ne’ebé destakadu iha Bobonaro halo toman atu sa’e kuda ba hariis-fatin semana ida dala ida no husik sira-nia kuda sira hariis iha bee-manas, ne’ebé di’ak tebes ba sira-nia kulit.&lt;ref name=&quot;dred&quot; /&gt;

Durante Funu Timor iha Funu Mundiál Daruak, elementu sira hosi Forsa Sparrow Austrália halo operasaun iha rejiaun ne'e to'o Japonés sira hadau kontrolu ba área ne'e iha Agostu 1942. Hafoin retirada hosi forsa kombate Aliadu sira iha Fevereiru 1943, Marobo sai hanesan sentru rekreasaun ba ezérsitu Japonés.&lt;ref name=&quot;dred&quot; /&gt; Durante tempu ne'e, edifísiu sira seluk konstrui liuhosi serbisu forsadu, balun ne'ebé maka to'o ohin loron sai hanesan ruin. Okupante Japaun sira obriga feto timoroan sira hosi área ne'ebé hale'u atu serbisu iha hariis-fatin sira nu'udar feto konsolasaun. Marta Abu Bere, ne'ebé maka kaer iha ne'ebá durante fulan neen hosi militár Japaun nian, fó sasin kona-ba nia esperiénsia sira hamutuk ho Esmeralda Boe iha &quot;Tribunál Internasionál Feto nian ba Krime Funu nian&quot; iha Tókiu iha Dezembru 2000.&lt;ref name=&quot;dred&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Final Report of the HAK-Japan Coalition's joint research: ''Luta ba Lia Loos no Justisa: Relatoriu Final ba Peskiza Konjunta Assosiasaun HAK no Koliagasaun Japones sira ba Timor-Leste kona-ba Eskravidaun Seksual Militar Japones iha Timor-Leste, 1942-1945'', [[HAK Association]], [[Farol]], Dili.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; caption=&quot;Harii iha era koloniál&quot;&gt;
Nos banhos termais de Marobo.jpg
17048 - Termas do Marabo.jpg|1930er-Jahre
Marobo--arredores de Bobonaro.jpg|Die Becken (1970)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Jeralmente ==
[[File:Nascentes do Marobo.jpg|thumb|left|Die Quellen (1970)]]
[[File:Marobo.png|thumb|Die Region [[Marobo]]]]

Banho ne'e eziste nafatin no agora sai hanesan atrasaun turístiku.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180109075501/http://www.janesoceania.com/timor/index.htm ''Jane's Oceania: Timor - Facts about Timor'']&lt;/ref&gt; Husi sidade kapitál [[Dili]], presiza loron tomak atu to’o iha banho termál sira ho veíkulu off-road liuhosi [[Gleno]], [[Letefoho]] no [[Atsabe]].&lt;ref name=&quot;dred&quot; /&gt; Sudeste hosi hariis-fatin sira iha edifísiu sira hosi era koloniál nia ruin sira. Piscina sira no terraço sira hosi hariis-fatin sira ne'e rasik hetan renovasaun iha 2016, hafoin dékada barak ne'ebé sai ruin. Aleinde sintina no troka roupa sira, piscina sira agora mós iha plataforma sira ba haree no área sira piknik nian. Vizitante sira hetan introdusaun ba kultura [[Kemak]] lokál.&lt;ref name=&quot;dred&quot; /&gt;

Iha bee-manas rua, ho distánsia metru 20. Iha ida uluk, bee ne'e kontein iha bacia ida. Nia iha temperatura 47&amp;nbsp;°C. Husi bee-matan daruak, bee litru 10 kada segundu suli ho temperatura 46&amp;nbsp;°C. Lafaek ne'ebé kompostu hosi [[kalsita]], [[jips]], no [[sulfur]] maka depozita hosi bee-matan.&lt;ref name=&quot;pot&quot;&gt;James V. Lawless, Brian G. Lovelock und Greg N. Ussher: [https://www.geothermal-energy.org/pdf/IGAstandard/WGC/2005/2604.pdf ''Geothermal potential of East Timor'', Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2005 Antalya, Türkiye, 24-29 Abril 2005].&lt;/ref&gt; Fonte sira seluk sita temperatura ida to'o 49&amp;nbsp;°C no taxa fluxu bee nian hosi fonte hotu-hotu maizumenus litru 2000 kada minutu. Bee ne'e iha morin sulfuru ne'ebé fraku maibé distintu no mós iha kuantidade boot [[sódiu]] no [[kalsiu]] nian.&lt;ref name=&quot;AO&quot; /&gt; Área ne'e kompostu hosi [[Pliocene]]-[[Ainaru (munisípiu)|Ainaru]] rai-henek ho [[Kalsiu karbonatu|kalkáriu]], ne'ebé sa'e iha foho-lolon sira iha bee-matan nia leten.&lt;ref name=&quot;pot&quot; /&gt;

Área ne'ebé hale'u iha bee-moos ki'ik oioin no kolam mota nian ne'ebé furak.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=822530191440123&amp;set=pcb.822531154773360&amp;type=3&amp;theater Pájina Facebook Sentru Informasaun Turístika Marobo, 26 Marsu 2019], abgerufen am 11. Januar 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
Marobo hot springs, Bobonaro, Timor-Leste D.JPG|2009
Marobo Hot Springs.jpg|2014
2016-07-25 Termas do Marobo 2.jpg|2016
2016-07-25 Termas do Marobo 3.jpg|Eine der heißen Quelle 2016
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Ligasaun ba li'ur ==
{{Commons|Category:Marobo hot springs|Be'e Manas Marobo}}

== Referensia ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>dkpv5yth8sygd02ssdrl4xvu8dg7a6k</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>74307</id>
      <parentid>74215</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T20:07:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>74307</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5131" sha1="fpkae0pfd6lbjm3h163g4afva8hro7r" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Explore the beauty of Timor Leste Marobo Hot Spring. (51732390206).jpg|thumb|Bee-manas Marobo nian, ho foho Matuloun iha kotuk (2021)]]

'''Be'e Manas Marobo''' hanesan komplexu spa termál ida ne'ebé lokaliza besik bee-manas sira iha [[Timor Lorosa'e]]. Sira situa iha Suco [[Ilat-Laun]] atuál (Rejiaun [[Marobo]], Distritu Administrativu [[Bobonaru (postu administrativu)|Bobonaru]], Munisípiu [[Bobonaru (munisípiu)|Bobonaru]]), maizumenus kilómetru lima ba norte hosi sidade [[Bobonaru]].&lt;ref name=&quot;dred&quot;&gt;COMMANDO CAMPAIGN SITES – EAST TIMOR: [https://doublereds.org.au/forums/topic/237-commando-campaign-sites-%E2%80%93-east-timor-bobonaro-district-marobo/ '' BOBONARO DISTRICT, MAROBO'', 11.01.2020].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Istoria ==
Durante períodu koloniál [[Portugál|portugés]], harii hariis-fatin sira, ne'ebé hetan bee-manas.&lt;ref name=&quot;AO&quot;&gt;Atlas Obscura: [https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/marobo-hot-springs ''Marobo Hot Springs'']&lt;/ref&gt; Kavalaria portugés ne’ebé destakadu iha Bobonaru halo toman atu sa’e kuda ba hariis-fatin semana ida dala ida no husik sira-nia kuda sira hariis iha bee-manas, ne’ebé di’ak tebes ba sira-nia kulit.&lt;ref name=&quot;dred&quot; /&gt;

Durante [[Funu Timor]] iha [[Funu Mundiál Daruak]], elementu sira hosi Forsa Sparrow [[Austrália]] halo operasaun iha rejiaun ne'e to'o Japonés sira hadau kontrolu ba área ne'e iha Agostu 1942. Hafoin retirada hosi forsa kombate Aliadu sira iha Fevereiru 1943, Marobo sai hanesan sentru rekreasaun ba ezérsitu [[Japaun]].&lt;ref name=&quot;dred&quot; /&gt; Durante tempu ne'e, edifísiu sira seluk konstrui liuhosi serbisu forsadu, balun ne'ebé maka to'o ohin loron sai hanesan ruin. Okupante Japaun sira obriga feto timoroan sira hosi área ne'ebé hale'u atu serbisu iha hariis-fatin sira nu'udar feto konsolasaun. Marta Abu Bere, ne'ebé maka kaer iha ne'ebá durante fulan neen hosi militár Japaun nian, fó sasin kona-ba nia esperiénsia sira hamutuk ho Esmeralda Boe iha &quot;Tribunál Internasionál Feto nian ba Krime Funu nian&quot; iha Tókiu iha Dezembru 2000.&lt;ref name=&quot;dred&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Final Report of the HAK-Japan Coalition's joint research: ''Luta ba Lia Loos no Justisa: Relatoriu Final ba Peskiza Konjunta Assosiasaun HAK no Koliagasaun Japones sira ba Timor-Leste kona-ba Eskravidaun Seksual Militar Japones iha Timor-Leste, 1942-1945'', [[HAK Association]], [[Farol]], Dili.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; caption=&quot;Harii iha era koloniál&quot;&gt;
Nos banhos termais de Marobo.jpg
17048 - Termas do Marabo.jpg|tinan 1930
Marobo--arredores de Bobonaro.jpg|Piscina sira (1970)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Jeralmente ==
[[File:Nascentes do Marobo.jpg|thumb|left|Fonte sira (1970)]]
[[File:Marobo.png|thumb|Rejiaun [[Marobo]]]]

Banho ne'e eziste nafatin no agora sai hanesan atrasaun turístiku.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180109075501/http://www.janesoceania.com/timor/index.htm ''Jane's Oceania: Timor - Facts about Timor'']&lt;/ref&gt; Husi sidade kapitál [[Dili]], presiza loron tomak atu to’o iha banho termál sira ho veíkulu off-road liuhosi [[Gleno]], [[Letefuó]] no [[Atsabe]].&lt;ref name=&quot;dred&quot; /&gt; Sudeste hosi hariis-fatin sira iha edifísiu sira hosi era koloniál nia ruin sira. Piscina sira no terraço sira hosi hariis-fatin sira ne'e rasik hetan renovasaun iha 2016, hafoin dékada barak ne'ebé sai ruin. Aleinde sintina no troka roupa sira, piscina sira agora mós iha plataforma sira ba haree no área sira piknik nian. Vizitante sira hetan introdusaun ba kultura [[Kemak]] lokál.&lt;ref name=&quot;dred&quot; /&gt;

Iha bee-manas rua, ho distánsia metru 20. Iha ida uluk, bee ne'e kontein iha bacia ida. Nia iha temperatura 47&amp;nbsp;°C. Husi bee-matan daruak, bee litru 10 kada segundu suli ho temperatura 46&amp;nbsp;°C. Lafaek ne'ebé kompostu hosi [[kalsita]], [[jips]], no [[sulfur]] maka depozita hosi bee-matan.&lt;ref name=&quot;pot&quot;&gt;James V. Lawless, Brian G. Lovelock und Greg N. Ussher: [https://www.geothermal-energy.org/pdf/IGAstandard/WGC/2005/2604.pdf ''Geothermal potential of East Timor'', Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2005 Antalya, Türkiye, 24-29 Abril 2005].&lt;/ref&gt; Fonte sira seluk sita temperatura ida to'o 49&amp;nbsp;°C no taxa fluxu bee nian hosi fonte hotu-hotu maizumenus litru 2000 kada minutu. Bee ne'e iha morin sulfuru ne'ebé fraku maibé distintu no mós iha kuantidade boot [[sódiu]] no [[kalsiu]] nian.&lt;ref name=&quot;AO&quot; /&gt; Área ne'e kompostu hosi [[Pliocene]]-[[Ainaru (munisípiu)|Ainaru]] rai-henek ho [[Kalsiu karbonatu|kalkáriu]], ne'ebé sa'e iha foho-lolon sira iha bee-matan nia leten.&lt;ref name=&quot;pot&quot; /&gt;

Área ne'ebé hale'u iha bee-moos ki'ik oioin no kolam mota nian ne'ebé furak.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=822530191440123&amp;set=pcb.822531154773360&amp;type=3&amp;theater Pájina Facebook Sentru Informasaun Turístika Marobo, 26 Marsu 2019], abgerufen am 11. Januar 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
Marobo hot springs, Bobonaro, Timor-Leste D.JPG|2009
Marobo Hot Springs.jpg|2014
2016-07-25 Termas do Marobo 2.jpg|2016
2016-07-25 Termas do Marobo 3.jpg|Bee-matan manas ida 2016
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Ligasaun ba li'ur ==
{{Commons|Category:Marobo hot springs|Be'e Manas Marobo}}

== Referensia ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>fpkae0pfd6lbjm3h163g4afva8hro7r</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kategoria:Amérika</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>8749</id>
    <revision>
      <id>74228</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T16:15:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pájina foun: '[[Kategoria:Kontinente]]'</comment>
      <origin>74228</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24" sha1="djcumv101xzwdwy8zvc30tece18gfxw" xml:space="preserve">[[Kategoria:Kontinente]]</text>
      <sha1>djcumv101xzwdwy8zvc30tece18gfxw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kategoria:Organizasaun internasionál sira</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>8750</id>
    <revision>
      <id>74253</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T16:34:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pájina foun: '[[Kategoria:Jeografia]] [[Kategoria:Polítika]]'</comment>
      <origin>74253</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="47" sha1="b5ausr1its5visitvqnibi2f2caljrd" xml:space="preserve">[[Kategoria:Jeografia]]
[[Kategoria:Polítika]]</text>
      <sha1>b5ausr1its5visitvqnibi2f2caljrd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>74254</id>
      <parentid>74253</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T16:36:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>J. Patrick Fischer moveu [[Kategoria:Uniaun estadu sira-nian]] para [[Kategoria:Organizasaun internasionál sira]]: better</comment>
      <origin>74253</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="47" sha1="b5ausr1its5visitvqnibi2f2caljrd" xml:space="preserve">[[Kategoria:Jeografia]]
[[Kategoria:Polítika]]</text>
      <sha1>b5ausr1its5visitvqnibi2f2caljrd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>74264</id>
      <parentid>74254</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T16:41:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>74264</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="57" sha1="74jbmw8s2s5t6m7j9314ugmiouz28te" xml:space="preserve">[[Kategoria:Jeografia]]
[[Kategoria:Organizaun politiku]]</text>
      <sha1>74jbmw8s2s5t6m7j9314ugmiouz28te</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kategoria:Uniaun estadu sira-nian</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>8751</id>
    <revision>
      <id>74255</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T16:36:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>J. Patrick Fischer moveu [[Kategoria:Uniaun estadu sira-nian]] para [[Kategoria:Organizasaun internasionál sira]]: better</comment>
      <origin>74255</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="65" sha1="lvrfnpd0wptk6uf0xrjldgklizuu1w5" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECIONAMENTO [[:Kategoria:Organizasaun internasionál sira]]</text>
      <sha1>lvrfnpd0wptk6uf0xrjldgklizuu1w5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>74257</id>
      <parentid>74255</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T16:38:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Remoção do redirecionamento para [[Kategoria:Organizasaun internasionál sira]]</comment>
      <origin>74257</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="94" sha1="8a9iiqqbw0fq9dbnkzpayuwb24gl99o" xml:space="preserve">{{Halakon|No need anymore}}

#REDIRECIONAMENTO [[:Kategoria:Organizasaun internasionál sira]]</text>
      <sha1>8a9iiqqbw0fq9dbnkzpayuwb24gl99o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kategoria:Polítika hafoin estadu</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>8752</id>
    <revision>
      <id>74266</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T16:43:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pájina foun: '[[Kategoria:Polítika]]'</comment>
      <origin>74266</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="23" sha1="dpqdskgcxgg227h5ovgo1j7r3ni9qiu" xml:space="preserve">[[Kategoria:Polítika]]</text>
      <sha1>dpqdskgcxgg227h5ovgo1j7r3ni9qiu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kategoria:Turizmu</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>8753</id>
    <revision>
      <id>74271</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T17:10:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pájina foun: '[[Kategoria:Ekonomia]]'</comment>
      <origin>74271</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22" sha1="fgp98l5k511y68hjwbgr3j5vp238kzz" xml:space="preserve">[[Kategoria:Ekonomia]]</text>
      <sha1>fgp98l5k511y68hjwbgr3j5vp238kzz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Typos de uma Lisan iha Timor Leste</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>8754</id>
    <redirect title="Arkitetura Timór Lorosa&#039;e" />
    <revision>
      <id>74274</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T17:23:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>J. Patrick Fischer moveu [[Typos de uma Lisan iha Timor Leste]] para [[Arkitetura Timór Lorosa'e]]: other title</comment>
      <origin>74274</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="48" sha1="hg9w7iwo0jt0njv86aymwb0c7uctoza" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECIONAMENTO [[Arkitetura Timór Lorosa'e]]</text>
      <sha1>hg9w7iwo0jt0njv86aymwb0c7uctoza</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kategoria:Foho</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>8755</id>
    <revision>
      <id>74282</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T18:46:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pájina foun: '[[Kategoria:Jeografia]]'</comment>
      <origin>74282</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="23" sha1="pc69hnaywrdq2vydvov68qzoh13ae6n" xml:space="preserve">[[Kategoria:Jeografia]]</text>
      <sha1>pc69hnaywrdq2vydvov68qzoh13ae6n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Historia Sao Tarcisio</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>8756</id>
    <revision>
      <id>74288</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T19:07:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>J. Patrick Fischer moveu [[Historia Sao Tarcisio]] para [[São Tarcisio]]: Not only history</comment>
      <origin>74288</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="35" sha1="n4ssim3t7ak2zieb1ncnpm9hk3tqw9r" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECIONAMENTO [[São Tarcisio]]</text>
      <sha1>n4ssim3t7ak2zieb1ncnpm9hk3tqw9r</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>74292</id>
      <parentid>74288</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T19:08:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Remoção do redirecionamento para [[São Tarcisio]]</comment>
      <origin>74292</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="56" sha1="gny6ivjp8041a40o01qjswldyd1vkfn" xml:space="preserve">{{Halakon|No need}}

#REDIRECIONAMENTO [[São Tarcisio]]</text>
      <sha1>gny6ivjp8041a40o01qjswldyd1vkfn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Diskusaun:Historia Sao Tarcisio</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>8757</id>
    <redirect title="Diskusaun:São Tarcisio" />
    <revision>
      <id>74290</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T19:07:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>J. Patrick Fischer moveu [[Diskusaun:Historia Sao Tarcisio]] para [[Diskusaun:São Tarcisio]]: Not only history</comment>
      <origin>74290</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="45" sha1="3mg8v5u4kq1x8l06vyjk7d6ubzhz4vr" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECIONAMENTO [[Diskusaun:São Tarcisio]]</text>
      <sha1>3mg8v5u4kq1x8l06vyjk7d6ubzhz4vr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jesus Cristo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>8758</id>
    <revision>
      <id>74297</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T19:28:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>from German Wikipedia</comment>
      <origin>74297</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1743" sha1="k6p4q3jd9p97rrnsj26mp8ispnb5ygw" xml:space="preserve">[[Imajen:3-Igreja da Imaculada Conceição Viqueque 2015-08-22.jpg|miniaturadaimagem|Estatua Jesus Cristo iha Igreja Imaculada Conceição Vikeke]]

'''Jesus Cristo''' (Latina hosi Gregu Antigu Ἰησοῦς Χριστός Iēsus Christos [iɛːˈsuːs ʰriːsˈtos], signifika &quot;Jesus, Ida-ne'ebé Ungidu&quot;) maka, tuir [[Testamentu Foun]], Mesias no Oan-Mane Maromak nian, ne'ebé Maromak haruka ba rekonsiliasaun no ema hotu-hotu.

Ema kristaun sira uluk identifika Jesus Nazaré nian ho Mesias (gregu, latinizadu Christus) ne'ebé promete iha [[Tanakh]], [[Bíblia]] Ebraiku. Husi sira nia konfisaun fiar nian, &quot;Jesus mak Cristo,&quot; naran &quot;Jesus Cristo&quot; mosu uluk kedas. Títulu barak seluk neʼebé ema kristaun uluk uza ba Jesus atu interpreta ninia moris, mate no moris-hiʼas mós mai husi Bíblia [[Judismu|Judeu]] nian. Dezignasaun &quot;Oan-Mane hosi Ema&quot; bele mós mai hosi Jesus rasik.

Ema kristaun sira uluk identifika Jesus Nazaré nian ho Mesias (gregu, latinizadu Christus) ne'ebé promete iha Tanakh, Bíblia Ebraiku. Ninia mate iha krús ema komprende, bazeia ba motivu bíbliku oioin, nu udar Maromak nia sakrifísiu no mate vikáriu iha tesi-lia ba umanidade nia salvasaun husi sala no mate. Tuir Testamentu Foun, fiar iha Jesus nia moris-hi'as bazeia ba aparénsia sira Jesus moris-hi'as nian ba nia seguidor sira uluk nian balun, no mós ba [[Paulo husi Tarsu]], orijinalmente adversáriu ida ba sarani sira uluk nian. Ida-ne'e forma baze ba sira nia konfisaun katak Maromak hasa'e ona Jesus nu'udar Maromak nia Oan-Mane no nomeia nia nu'udar juis mundu nian ne'ebé sei mai.

== Ligasaun ba li'ur ==
{{Commons|Category:Jesus Christ|Jesus Cristo}}

== Referensia ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategoria:Kristianizmu]]

[[Kategoria:Mane]]</text>
      <sha1>k6p4q3jd9p97rrnsj26mp8ispnb5ygw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>74305</id>
      <parentid>74297</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T19:51:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>74305</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1743" sha1="9s90b81icrsxd00vvawggvcyxjrfzdx" xml:space="preserve">[[Imajen:3-Igreja da Imaculada Conceição Viqueque 2015-08-22.jpg|miniaturadaimagem|Estatua Jesus Cristo iha Igreja Imaculada Conceição Vikeke]]

'''Jesus Cristo''' (Latina hosi Gregu Antigu Ἰησοῦς Χριστός Iēsus Christos [iɛːˈsuːs ʰriːsˈtos], signifika &quot;Jesus, Ida-ne'ebé Ungidu&quot;) maka, tuir [[Testamentu Foun]], Mesias no Oan-Mane Maromak nian, ne'ebé Maromak haruka ba rekonsiliasaun no ema hotu-hotu.

Ema kristaun sira uluk identifika Jesus Nazaré nian ho Mesias (gregu, latinizadu Christus) ne'ebé promete iha [[Tanakh]], [[Bíblia]] Ebraiku. Husi sira nia konfisaun fiar nian, &quot;Jesus mak Cristo,&quot; naran &quot;Jesus Cristo&quot; mosu uluk kedas. Títulu barak seluk neʼebé ema kristaun uluk uza ba Jesus atu interpreta ninia moris, mate no moris-hiʼas mós mai husi Bíblia [[Judizmu|Judeu]] nian. Dezignasaun &quot;Oan-Mane hosi Ema&quot; bele mós mai hosi Jesus rasik.

Ema kristaun sira uluk identifika Jesus Nazaré nian ho Mesias (gregu, latinizadu Christus) ne'ebé promete iha Tanakh, Bíblia Ebraiku. Ninia mate iha krús ema komprende, bazeia ba motivu bíbliku oioin, nu udar Maromak nia sakrifísiu no mate vikáriu iha tesi-lia ba umanidade nia salvasaun husi sala no mate. Tuir Testamentu Foun, fiar iha Jesus nia moris-hi'as bazeia ba aparénsia sira Jesus moris-hi'as nian ba nia seguidor sira uluk nian balun, no mós ba [[Paulo husi Tarsu]], orijinalmente adversáriu ida ba sarani sira uluk nian. Ida-ne'e forma baze ba sira nia konfisaun katak Maromak hasa'e ona Jesus nu'udar Maromak nia Oan-Mane no nomeia nia nu'udar juis mundu nian ne'ebé sei mai.

== Ligasaun ba li'ur ==
{{Commons|Category:Jesus Christ|Jesus Cristo}}

== Referensia ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategoria:Kristianizmu]]

[[Kategoria:Mane]]</text>
      <sha1>9s90b81icrsxd00vvawggvcyxjrfzdx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>74306</id>
      <parentid>74305</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T19:52:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>74306</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1729" sha1="b12tb0hjsofaes2wf56jamctcdnzw86" xml:space="preserve">[[Imajen:3-Igreja da Imaculada Conceição Viqueque 2015-08-22.jpg|miniaturadaimagem|Estatua Jesus Cristo iha Igreja Imaculada Conceição Vikeke]]

'''Jesus Cristo''' (Latina hosi Gregu Antigu Ἰησοῦς Χριστός Iēsus Christos [iɛːˈsuːs ʰriːsˈtos], signifika &quot;Jesus, Ida-ne'ebé Ungidu&quot;) maka, tuir [[Testamentu Foun]], Mesias no Oan-Mane Maromak nian, ne'ebé Maromak haruka ba rekonsiliasaun no ema hotu-hotu.

Ema kristaun sira uluk identifika Jesus Nazaré nian ho Mesias (gregu, latinizadu Christus) ne'ebé promete iha [[Tanakh]], [[Bíblia]] Judeu. Husi sira nia konfisaun fiar nian, &quot;Jesus mak Cristo,&quot; naran &quot;Jesus Cristo&quot; mosu uluk kedas. Títulu barak seluk neʼebé ema kristaun uluk uza ba Jesus atu interpreta ninia moris, mate no moris-hiʼas mós mai husi Bíblia Judeu nian. Dezignasaun &quot;Oan-Mane hosi Ema&quot; bele mós mai hosi Jesus rasik.

Ema kristaun sira uluk identifika Jesus Nazaré nian ho Mesias (gregu, latinizadu Christus) ne'ebé promete iha Tanakh, Bíblia Ebraiku. Ninia mate iha krús ema komprende, bazeia ba motivu bíbliku oioin, nu udar Maromak nia sakrifísiu no mate vikáriu iha tesi-lia ba umanidade nia salvasaun husi sala no mate. Tuir Testamentu Foun, fiar iha Jesus nia moris-hi'as bazeia ba aparénsia sira Jesus moris-hi'as nian ba nia seguidor sira uluk nian balun, no mós ba [[Paulo husi Tarsu]], orijinalmente adversáriu ida ba sarani sira uluk nian. Ida-ne'e forma baze ba sira nia konfisaun katak Maromak hasa'e ona Jesus nu'udar Maromak nia Oan-Mane no nomeia nia nu'udar juis mundu nian ne'ebé sei mai.

== Ligasaun ba li'ur ==
{{Commons|Category:Jesus Christ|Jesus Cristo}}

== Referensia ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategoria:Kristianizmu]]

[[Kategoria:Mane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kategoria:Ema Austrália</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>8759</id>
    <revision>
      <id>74304</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T19:48:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pájina foun: '[[Kategoria:Austrália]] [[Kategoria:Ema]]'</comment>
      <origin>74304</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="42" sha1="6hyvmgsvucw8wv6i6mrd0njgij8rv3b" xml:space="preserve">[[Kategoria:Austrália]]
[[Kategoria:Ema]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sódiu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>8760</id>
    <revision>
      <id>74310</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T20:17:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>J. Patrick Fischer</username>
        <id>73</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pájina foun: '[[Imajen:Na (Sodium).jpg|miniaturadaimagem|Sódiu]]  '''Sódiu''' maka [[elementu kímiku]] ida ho símbolu Na no númeru atómiku 11. Iha tabela periódika elementu sira-nian, nia lokaliza iha [[períodu datoluk]] no, hanesan metal alkali, iha grupu IUPAC dahuluk (ka grupu prinsipál 1). Sódiu maka elementu monoisótopu ida, ne'ebé nia isótopu úniku ne'ebé estável maka &lt;sup&gt;23&lt;/sup&gt;Na.  Hamutuk ho [[kloru]], ida-ne'e forma [[Kloridu sódiu|masin-midar]].  Iha kondisau...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="981" sha1="tnyt6iyffme4geozuxi1rv7juhhgiqp" xml:space="preserve">[[Imajen:Na (Sodium).jpg|miniaturadaimagem|Sódiu]]

'''Sódiu''' maka [[elementu kímiku]] ida ho símbolu Na no númeru atómiku 11. Iha tabela periódika elementu sira-nian, nia lokaliza iha [[períodu datoluk]] no, hanesan metal alkali, iha grupu IUPAC dahuluk (ka grupu prinsipál 1). Sódiu maka elementu monoisótopu ida, ne'ebé nia isótopu úniku ne'ebé estável maka &lt;sup&gt;23&lt;/sup&gt;Na.

Hamutuk ho [[kloru]], ida-ne'e forma [[Kloridu sódiu|masin-midar]].

Iha kondisaun normál sira, sódiu maka metal ida ne'ebé hanesan lisa, mutin-osan-mutin, no reativa tebes. Tanba nia reatividade maka'as, sódiu metáliku (elementál) rai iha kondisaun inerte, normalmente iha mina-parafina ka petróleu, no iha kuantidade boot liu iha tambor besi ne'ebé taka metin.

Sódiu maka elementu ida hosi elementu sanulu ne'ebé barak liu iha rai-lolon no hetan iha minerál oioin. Tasi-been iha kuantidade signifikativa sódiu nian iha forma [[ion]] sódiu nian.

[[Kategoria:Kímika]]</text>
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